Manual of

physiology
The exercise

PER-OLOF ÅSTRAND
Professor Emeritus, Swedish College of
Physical Education, Stockholm, Sweden

KAARE RODAHL
Professor Emeritus, Norwegian University
of Sports and Physical Education, Oslo, Norway
Former Director of the Norwegian Institute of Work Physiology

HANS A. DAHL

SIGMUND B. STRØMME
Professors, Norwegian Labor University
and Physical Education, Oslo, Norway

PAIDOTRIBO EDITORIAL
 Index

Preface

Chapter 1 Manual of physiology The exercise.....................................................................1

Index..................................................................................................................2
Preface................................................................................................................5

Structure of skeletal muscle • Interaction of actin and myosin • Force transmission

Episode 2 from muscle fiber to tendon • Types of muscle fibers res and its molecular basis •
Types of muscle activation • Mechanical efficiency of muscle contraction • Storage
and utilization of elastic energy

Chapter 3 motor function 89

Basic structure and function of neurons • Motor units, system effectors motor topic •
The role of sensory systems and reflexes in motor function • Motor control • Motor
function throughout life • Autonomous nervous system

Body fluids, blood and circulation 155

Chapter 4 Body fluids • Blood • Heart • Hemodynamics • Blood vessels • Regulation of
circulation at rest • Regulation of circulation during exercise • Cardiac output and
oxygen transport • Cardiac output and oxygen consumption

Breathing 213
Anatomy and histology • Mechanics of respiration • Volume changes •
Chapter 5

Chapter 6
 Pulmonary ventilation at rest and during exercise • Diffusion in lung tissues, gas
pressure • Ventilation and perfusion • Oxygen pressure and oxygen-carrying capacity
of blood • Regulation of respiration tion • Dyspnea • Catching breath • Elevated
atmospheric pressure and submarines mo in apnea

Chapter 7 Skeletal system 253

Tissues of the human skeletal system • Joints • Adaptive capacity of the skeletal
system

Chapter 8 physical performance 281

Demand versus capacity • Aerobic processes • Anaerobic processes • Production,
distribution and elimination of lactate • Interaction between aerobic and anaerobic
energy production • Maximum aerobic power: age and sex • Anaerobic power: age
and sex • Muscular strength: age and sex • Sports performance: women versus men •
Genetics of physical performance

Chapter 9 Evaluation of physical performance through tests 323

Maximum aerobic power tests • Anaerobic power evaluation • Muscular strength •
Specific tests for specific types of performance

Chapter 10 Body dimensions and muscle exercise 353

Measurement of body dimensions • Functional importance of dimensions body sions
• Conclusion

Chapter 11
physical training 369
Principles of training • Strength training • Molecular biology of the response to
strength training • Metabolic adaptations of muscle • Effect of detraining and
inactivity • System adaptations oxygen transport issue • Hormonal responses to
exercise • Other changes training-induced body bios • Genetic factors of the beef put
to training • Undesirable effects of training

Chapter 12
Nutrition and performance 437
Nutrition in general • Digestion • Energy metabolism and factors that govern the
selection of energy sources for muscular work • Regulatory mechanisms • Nutrition
of the athlete • Physical activity, food intake cough and body weight

Chapter 13 Thermoregulation 467

Thermal balance • Effect of climate • Effect of exercise • Physiology of
thermoregulation • Acclimatization • Tolerance limits • Water balance • Work area:
practical application
Chapter 14 Factors affecting performance 511
Height • Smoking • Alcohol and exercise • Caffeine

Chapter 15 Fatigue 535

General physical fatigue and its symptoms • Muscle fatigue • Fatigue attributable to
processes beyond the neuromuscular junction: peripheral fatigue • Role of fac
metabolic tors in muscle fatigue • Measurement of muscle fatigue • Muscle fatigue in
daily life

Chapter 16 Physiology applied to sports 565

Analysis of specific sports tests

Chapter 17 Physiology applied to work 593

Factors affecting work performance • Evaluation of workload in relation to work
capacity • Energy expenditure at work, rest and leisure • Working in heat • Working
in cold • Vibrations • Noise • Circadian rhythms and performance

Chapter 18 Physical Activity and Health 637

Effects of physical inactivity on health • Physical condition for daily life ria •
Physical activity for the prevention of different diseases and disorders • The
importance of physical activity for children and young people • Physical activity and
aging • Physical activity and pregnancy • Conclusions: recommendations for physical
activity and health

Appendix A Definition of units 647

Appendix B Unit Abbreviation Prefixes 649

Appendix C Conversion Tables 651

Appendix D Symbols 653

Glossar 655
y
Bibliograp 675
hy
Alphabetical 733
index
The 755
authors
 Preface

The purpose of this revised and updated fourth English edition of the Manual of Exercise Physiology
The concept is the same as that of the original text: to bring together in one volume the different factors
that affect the physical performance of man, and to do so in a way that is understandable for
physiologists, education professors, physical and medical cation. Unlike more conventional physiology
manuals, which deal with pan of the regulation of the different functions of the body at rest, this book
focuses on the mechanisms regulatory nisms that occur during physical activity. It is assumed that the
reader already has some knowledge of elementary physics and chemistry, as well as human anatomy and
physiology. However, certain knowledge of physiology and biochemistry is presented to facilitate
understanding. sion of some of the physiological and biochemical processes that occur during work and
exercise physical
This book has attempted to cover the needs of physical education students, both undergraduate and
doctoral students. To help readers assimilate the foundations and the latest aspects of current knowledge,
we have included more bibliography than is usual in most manuals. It is, however, a very dynamic field,
and new developments have inevitably occurred since the arrival of the manuscript to the printing press.
To show our In recognition of some of the people who have inspired us, we also offer examples of classic
studies throughout the book.
We are aware that the curriculum of many physical education centers may not allow for such a general
study of physiology as that covered in this book. For that reason, ca This chapter has been written as a
complete entity, relatively independent from the rest of the book. Through this structure, and with the
extensive bibliographic list, the book may also be useful for students who want to delve deeper into a
specific field or a limited area of study. Tam Well for that purpose, we have included “Further Reading”
boxes throughout the book, to serve as a reference for readers who want to know more about a specific
topic outside the scope. ce of these pages. Our hope is that the book will be useful not only for teaching
physical education, but also for teaching clinical and applied physiology. We also hope that it will serve
to stimulate appreciation of the role of physical education for young and old, healthy and sick. mos.
In bringing together much of the unpublished material for this book, we have collaborated with our
colleagues. gas from the Stockholm College of Physical Education (The Swedish School of Sport and
Health Sciences [GIH]), the Institute of Occupational Education and Health, and the Norwegian
University of Sport and Education Oslo Physics School (Norwegian School of Sport Sciences). We thank
you for your kind cooperation. We have also benefited greatly from our personal relationships and
frequent discussions with many colleagues from these and other institutions. We have contracted a special
debt with Per Brodal, Arne T. Høstmark, Svein Linge, Terje Lømo, Egil W. Martinsen, Eric Rinvik, Nina
K. Vøllestad and Ola Wærhaug for their valuable comments and expert suggestions during the writing of
the various chapters. We are also indebted to Hege Underthun, Grete Eggemoen, Anne Grethe Gabrielsen,
Line Arneberg, Kristi Lome and Unni Luna for their help in searching and obtaining relevant literature.
We would also like to thank and acknowledge the technical assistance of Stein Hjeltnes, Gunnar F. Lothe,
Carina Knudsen and Tove Riise during manuscript preparation. In particular, we owe a lot to Joan Rodahl
for her invaluable help with the bibliography. fia. Finally, we would like to thank Michael S. Bahrke and
Myles Schrag for their patient support and advice during the preparation of the book.

7
 Note . Previous editions of this manual have served a global audience; have appeared in ita Italian,
Japanese, Portuguese, French and Chinese.

8 Manual of exercise physiology