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1science Chapter11
1science Chapter11
1science Chapter11
Understanding matter
Chapter 11
States of Matter
* What physical changes and energy changes occur as matter goes from one state to
another?
Lesson1
Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Describing Matter
Take a closer look at the photo on the previous page. Do you see matter? The three
most common forms, or states, of matter on Earth are solids, liquids, and gases.
The giant bubble contains air, which is a mixture of gases. The ocean water and the
soap mixture used to make the bubble are liquids. The sand, sign, and walkway are a
few of the solids in the photo.
There is a fourth state of matter, plasma, that is not shown in this photo. Plasma
is high-energy matter consisting of positively and negatively charged particles.
Plasma is the most common state of matter in space. It is also in lightning
flashes, fluorescent lighting, and stars, such as the Sun.
There are many ways to describe the matter. You can describe the state, the color,
the texture, and the odor of matter using your senses. You also can describe matter
using measurements, such as mass, volume, and density. Mass is the amount of matter
in an object. The units for mass are often grams (g) or kilograms (kg). Volume is
the amount of space that a sample of matte occupies. The units for liquid volume
are usually liters (L) or milliliters (mL). The units for solid volume are usually
cubic centimeters (cm³) or cubic meters (m³). Density is the mass per unit volume
of a substance. The units are usually g/cm³ or g/mL. Density of a given substance
remains constant, regardless of the size of the sample.
Take a closer look at the photo on the previous page. Do you see matter? The three
most common forms, or states, of matter on Earth are solids, liquids, and gases.
The giant bubble contains air, which is a mixture of gases. The ocean water and the
soap mixture used to make the bubble are liquids. The sand, sign, and walkway are a
few of the solids in the photo.
There is a fourth state of matter, plasma, that is not shown in this photo. Plasma
is high-energy matter consisting of positively and negatively charged particles.
Plasma is the most common state of matter in space. It is also in lightning
flashes, fluorescent lighting, and stars, such as the Sun.
There are many ways to describe the matter. You can describe the state, the color,
the texture, and the odor of matter using your senses. You also can describe matter
using measurements, such as mass, volume, and density. Mass is the amount of matter
in an object. The units for mass are often grams (g) or kilograms (kg). Volume is
the amount of space that a sample of matte occupies. The units for liquid volume
are usually liters (L) or milliliters (mL). The units for solid volume are usually
cubic centimeters (cm³) or cubic meters (m³). Density is the mass per unit volume
of a substance. The units are usually g/cm³ or g/mL. Density of a given substance
remains constant, regardless of the size of the sample.
4 호기
물질의 이해
제 11 장
물질의 상태
* 물질이 한 상태에서 다른 상태로 이동할 때 어떤 물리적 변화와 에너지 변화가 발생합니까?
레슨 1
고체, 액체 및 기체
문제 설명
문제를 설명하는 방법에는 여러 가지가 있습니다. 감각을 사용하여 물질의 상태, 색상, 질감, 냄새를 설명할
수 있습니다. 질량, 부피, 밀도와 같은 측정값을 사용하여 물질을 설명할 수도 있습니다. 질량은 물체에
들어있는 물질의 양입니다. 질량 단위는 그램(g)이나 킬로그램(kg)을 사용하는 경우가 많습니다. 볼륨은
매트 샘플이 차지하는 공간의 양입니다. 액체 부피의 단위는 일반적으로 리터(L) 또는 밀리리터(mL)입니다.
고체 부피의 단위는 일반적으로 입방센티미터(cm3) 또는 입방미터(m3)입니다. 밀도는 물질의 단위 부피당
질량입니다. 단위는 일반적으로 g/cm³ 또는 g/mL 입니다. 주어진 물질의 밀도는 샘플의 크기에 관계없이
일정하게 유지됩니다.
P318
(( Particles in Motion )) Have you ever wondered what makes something a solid, a
liquid, or a gas? Two main factors that determine the state of matter are particle
motion and particle forces..
Particles, such as atoms, ions, or molecules, moving in different ways make up all
matter. The particles that make up some matter are close together and vibrate back
and forth. In other types of matter, the particles are farther apart, move freely,
and can spread out. Regardless of how close particles are to each other, they all
move in random motion-movement in all directions and at different speeds. However,
particles will move in straight lines until they collide with something. Collisions
usually change the speed and direction of the particles' movements.
Recall that atoms that make up matter contain positively charged protons and
negatively charged electrons. There is a force of attractions between these
oppositely charged particles, as shown in Figure 1.
You just read that the particles that make up matter move at all speeds and in all
directions. If the motion of particles slows, the particles move closer together.
This is because the attraction between them pulls them toward each other. Strong
attractive forces hold particles close together. As the motion of particles
increases, particles move farther apart. The attractive forces between particles
get weaker. The spaces between them increase and the particles can slip past one
another. As the motion of particles continues to increase, they move even farther
apart. Eventually, the distance between particles is so great that there are little
or no attractive forces between the particles. The particles move randomly and
spread out. As you continue to read, you will learn how particle motion and
particle forces determine whether matter is a solid, a liquid, or a gas.
(( 움직이는 입자 )) 무엇이 무언가를 고체, 액체 또는 기체로 만드는지 궁금한 적이 있습니까? 물질의 상태를
결정하는 두 가지 주요 요소는 입자 운동과 입자 힘입니다.
원자, 이온, 분자와 같은 입자가 서로 다른 방식으로 움직이는 것이 모든 물질을 구성합니다. 어떤 물질을
구성하는 입자들은 서로 가까이 붙어 있고 앞뒤로 진동합니다. 다른 유형의 물질에서는 입자가 더 멀리 떨어져
있고 자유롭게 움직이며 퍼질 수 있습니다. 입자가 서로 얼마나 가까이 있는지에 관계없이 모든 입자는 모든
방향과 다른 속도로 무작위 동작으로 움직입니다. 그러나 입자는 무언가와 충돌할 때까지 직선으로 움직입니다.
충돌은 일반적으로 입자 이동의 속도와 방향을 변경합니다.
(( 입자 사이의 힘 ))
물질을 구성하는 원자에는 양전하를 띤 양성자와 음전하를 띤 전자가 포함되어 있음을 기억하십시오. 그림 1
에서 볼 수 있듯이 이러한 반대 하전 입자 사이에는 인력이 작용합니다.
방금 물질을 구성하는 입자가 모든 속도와 모든 방향으로 움직인다는 내용을 읽었습니다. 입자의 움직임이
느려지면 입자가 서로 더 가깝게 이동합니다. 서로의 이끌림이 서로를 끌어당기기 때문이다. 강한 인력은
입자를 서로 가깝게 유지합니다. 입자의 움직임이 증가할수록 입자는 더 멀리 이동합니다. 입자 사이의 인력이
약해집니다. 입자 사이의 공간이 늘어나고 입자가 서로 지나갈 수 있습니다. 입자의 움직임이 계속해서
증가함에 따라 입자들은 더욱 멀리 떨어져 움직입니다. 결국 입자 사이의 거리가 너무 멀어 입자 사이에 인력이
거의 또는 전혀 없게 됩니다. 입자가 무작위로 움직이며 퍼집니다. 계속 읽으면서 입자 운동과 입자 힘이
물질이 고체인지, 액체인지, 기체인지를 결정하는 방법을 배우게 됩니다.
P319
Solids
If you had to describe a solid, what would you say? You might say, a solid is
matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume. For example, if the
skateboard in Figure 2 moves from one location to another, the shape and volume of
it do not change.
Particles in a Solid
Why does a solid not change its shape and volume? Notice in Figure 2 how the
particles in a solid are close together. The particles are very close to their
neighboring particles. That's because the attractive forces between the particles
are strong and hold them close together. The strong attractive forces and slow
motion of the particles keep them tightly held in their positions. The particles
simply vibrate back and forth in place. This arrangement gives solids a definite
shape and volume.
Key Concept Check Describe the non movement of particles in a solid and the forces
between them.
고체
만약 고체를 묘사해야 한다면 무엇을 말하시겠습니까? 고체란 일정한 모양과 일정한 부피를 가진 물질이라고
말할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 그림 2 의 스케이트보드가 한 위치에서 다른 위치로 이동하더라도 스케이트보드의
모양과 부피는 변하지 않습니다.
고체의 입자
고체는 왜 모양과 부피가 변하지 않습니까? 그림 2 에서 고체의 입자들이 어떻게 서로 가까이 있는지
확인하십시오. 입자는 이웃 입자와 매우 가깝습니다. 입자 사이의 인력이 강하고 입자를 서로 가깝게 유지하기
때문입니다. 입자의 강한 인력과 느린 움직임으로 인해 입자가 제자리에 단단히 고정됩니다. 입자는 단순히
제자리에서 앞뒤로 진동합니다. 이 배열은 고체에 명확한 모양과 부피를 제공합니다.
주요 개념 확인
고체에서 입자의 움직임이 없는 것과 입자 사이의 힘에 대해 설명합니다.
Types of Solids
All solids are not the same. For example, a diamond and a piece of charcoal don't
look alike. However, they are both solids made of only carbon atoms. A diamond and
a lump of charcoal both contain particles that strongly attract each other and
vibrate in place. What makes them different is the arrangement of their particles.
Notice in Figure 3 that the arrangement of particles in a diamond is different from
that in charcoal. A diamond is a crystalline solid. It has particles arranged in a
specific, repeating order. Charcoal is an amorphous solid. It has particles
arranged randomly. Different particle arrangements give these materials different
properties. For example, a diamond is a hard material, and charcoal is a brittle
material.
Reading Check What is the difference between crystalline and amorphous solids?
고체의 종류
P320
Liquids
You have probably seen a waterfall, such as the one in Figure 4. Water is a liquid.
A liquid is matter with a definite volume but no definite shape. Liquids flow and
can take the shape of their containers. The container for this water is the
riverbed.
Particles in a Liquid
How can liquids change their shape? The particle motion in the liquid state of a
material is faster than the particle motion in the solid state. This increased
particle motion causes the particles to move slightly farther apart. As the
particles move farther apart, the attractive forces between the particles decrease.
The weaker attractive forces allow particles to slip past one another. The weather
forces also enable liquids to flow and take the shape of their containers.
scosity
If you have ever poured or dipped honey, as shown in Figure 5, you have experienced
a liquid with a high viscosity. Viscosity (vihs KAW sih tee) is a measurement of a
liquid's resistance to flow. Honey has high viscosity, while water has low
viscosity. Viscosity is due to particle mass, particle shape, and the strength of
the attraction between the particles of a liquid. In general, the stronger the
attractive forces between particles, the higher the viscosity. For many liquids,
viscosity decreases as the liquid becomes warmer. As a liquid becomes warmer,
particles begin to move faster and the attractive forces between them get weaker.
This allows particles to more easily slip past one another. The mass and shape of
particles that make up a liquid also affect viscosity. Large particles or particles
with complex shapes tend to move more slowly and have difficulty slipping past one
another.
액체
액체의 입자
점도
P321
Surface Tension
How can the nursery web spider in Figure 6 walk on water? Believe it or not, it is
because of the interactions between molecules.
The blowout in Figure 6 shows the attractive forces between water molecules. Water
molecules below the surface are surrounded on all sides by other water molecules.
Therefore, they have attractive forces, or pulls, in all directions. The attraction
between similar molecules, such as water molecules, is called cohesion.
Water molecules at the surface of a liquid do not have liquid water molecules above
them. As a result, they experience a greater downward pull, and the surface
particles become tightly stretched like the head of a drum. Molecules at the
surface of a liquid have surface tension, the uneven forces acting on the particles
on the surface of a liquid. Surface tension allows a spider to walk on water. In
general, the stronger the attractive forces between particles, the greater the
surface tension of the liquid.
Recall the giant bubbles at the beginning of the chapter. The thin water-soap film
surrounding the bubbles forms because of surface tension between the particles.
Key Concept Check Describe the movement of particles in a liquid and the forces
between them.
표면 장력
P322
Gases
Look at the photograph in Figure 7. Where is the gas? A gas is matter that has no
definite volume and no definite shape. It is not easy to identify the gas because
you cannot see it. However, gas particles are inside and outside the inflatable
balls. Air is a mixture of gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon
dioxide.
Reading Check
What is a gas, and what is another object that contains a gas?
(( Particles in a Gas ))
Why don't gases have definite volumes or definite shapes like solids and liquids?
Compare the particles in Figures 2, 4, and 7. Notice how the distance between
particles differs. As the particles move faster, such as when matter goes from the
solid state to the liquid state, the particles move farther apart. When the
particles in matter move even faster, such as when matter goes from the liquid
state to the gas state, the particles move even farther apart. When the distances
between particles change, the attractive forces between the particles also change.
가스
그림 7 의 사진을 보십시오. 가스는 어디에 있습니까? 기체는 일정한 부피나 모양이 없는 물질입니다. 가스는
눈으로 볼 수 없기 때문에 식별이 쉽지 않습니다. 그러나 가스 입자는 풍선 공 내부와 외부에 있습니다.
공기는 질소, 산소, 아르곤, 이산화탄소를 포함한 가스의 혼합물입니다.
읽기 확인
가스란 무엇이며, 가스를 포함하는 또 다른 물체는 무엇입니까?
(( 가스의 입자 ))
기체는 왜 고체나 액체처럼 일정한 부피나 모양을 갖지 않습니까? 그림 2, 4, 7 의 입자를 비교하십시오.
입자 사이의 거리가 어떻게 다른지 확인하십시오. 물질이 고체 상태에서 액체 상태로 변할 때와 같이 입자가 더
빠르게 움직일수록 입자는 더 멀리 이동합니다. 물질이 액체 상태에서 기체 상태로 변하는 경우와 같이 물질 내
입자가 더 빠르게 움직일 때 입자는 더 멀리 이동합니다. 입자 사이의 거리가 변하면 입자 사이의 인력도
변합니다.
As a type of matter goes from the solid state to the liquid state, the distance
between the particles increases and the attractive forces between the particles
decrease. When the same matter goes from the liquid state to the gas state, the
particles are even farther apart and the attractive forces between the particles
are weak or absent. As a result, the particles spread out to fill their container.
Because gas particles lack attractive forces between particles, they have no
definite shape or definite volume.
Vapor
Have you ever heard the term vapor? The gas state of a substance that is normally a
solid or a liquid at room temperature is called vapor. For example, water is
normally a liquid at room temperature. When it is in a gas state, such as in air,
it is called water vapor. Other substances that can form a vapor are rubbing
alcohol, iodine, mercury, and gasoline.
입자 사이의 힘
물질의 종류가 고체 상태에서 액체 상태로 변하면서 입자 사이의 거리가 늘어나고 입자 사이의 인력이
감소합니다. 동일한 물질이 액체 상태에서 기체 상태로 변하면 입자 사이의 거리는 더욱 멀어지고 입자 사이의
인력은 약하거나 없습니다. 결과적으로 입자는 퍼져서 용기를 채웁니다. 기체 입자는 입자 사이에 인력이
부족하기 때문에 일정한 모양이나 일정한 부피가 없습니다.
증기
P323
The Kinetic Molecular Theory
The behavior and properties of gases can be very well explained by the following
postulates of the kinetic molecular theory:
((1 )) Gases are composed of atoms or molecules which are widely separated from one
another. The spaces between individual molecules are so large that the volume
occupied by the molecules themselves can be considered as negligible.
(( 2 )) Gas molecules move at very high speeds, traveling in straight paths but in
random directions. The movement of molecules is fast that the forces of attraction
between them are almost negligible.
(( 3 )) Gas molecules collide with one another and with the sides of the container.
However, there is no energy lost during these collisions.
All molecules, regardless of their masses, have the same average kinetic energy at
the same temperature.
From these basic assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory, ideas about molecular
movement have been developed in greater detail. It is now known that gas movement
from one place to another, or transitional motion, is just one of the possible
motions of molecules. Molecules also have rotational motion. Figure 8 illustrates
the three types of motion for a diatomic molecule.
운동 분자 이론
P324
Lesson 1 Review
Visual Summary
The particles that make up a solid can only vibrate in place. The particles are
close together, and there are strong forces among them.
The particles that make up a liquid are far enough apart that particles can flow
past other particles. The forces among these particles are weaker than those in a
solid.
The particles that make up a gas are far apart. There is little or no attraction
between the particles.
1 과 복습
시각적 요약
고체를 구성하는 입자는 제자리에서만 진동할 수 있습니다. 입자들은 서로 가깝고, 그들 사이에는 강한 힘이
있습니다.
P326
Lesson 2
The Behavior of Gases
The assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory describe all gases. However, they
are absolutely true only for an ideal gas. Hence, we can describe an ideal gas as
one in which intermolecular forces are negligible and gas molecules occupy a
negligible volume as shown in Figure 9. If this is the case, is there such a thing
as an ideal gas?
Real gases behave almost as ideal gases at ordinary temperatures and pressures as
shown in Figure 9. Significant deviations from ideal behavior occur at extremely
high pressures or at very low temperatures. At very high pressures, molecules are
forced closer, hence, molecular volume and intermolecular attraction become
significant. At low temperatures, molecular motion is slowed down and molecular
attraction may become appreciable. To account for the deviation of real gases from
ideal behavior, correction factors may be employed. In this text, we shall only be
considering gases that behave as ideal gases.
레슨 2
가스의 거동
이상기체와 실제기체 비교
이상기체란 무엇인가?
운동 분자 이론의 가정은 모든 기체를 설명합니다. 그러나 그것은 이상기체에 대해서만 절대적으로 사실입니다.
따라서 이상기체란 그림 9 와 같이 분자간 힘이 무시할 수 있고, 기체분자가 무시할 만큼의 부피를 차지하는
기체라고 할 수 있습니다. 그렇다면 이상기체라는 것이 있을까요?
실제 가스는 그림 9 에 표시된 것처럼 일반적인 온도와 압력에서 거의 이상적인 가스처럼 거동합니다. 압력이
매우 높거나 온도가 매우 낮은 경우 이상적인 거동과 상당한 편차가 발생합니다. 매우 높은 압력에서는 분자가
더 가까워지므로 분자 부피와 분자간 인력이 중요해집니다. 저온에서는 분자 운동이 느려지고 분자 인력이 눈에
띄게 될 수 있습니다. 이상적인 거동과 실제 가스의 편차를 설명하기 위해 보정 계수가 사용될 수 있습니다.
이 글에서는 이상기체처럼 행동하는 기체만을 고려할 것입니다.
P327
What is pressure?
Figure 10 also shows the relationship between pressure and volume of gas at a
constant temperature. What happens to pressure if the volume of a container
changes? Notice that when the volume is greater, the particles have more room to
move. This additional space results in fewer collisions within the cylinder, and
pressure is less. The gas particles in the middle cylinder have even less volume
and more pressure. In the cylinder on the right, the pressure is greater because
the volume is less. The particles collide with the container more frequently.
Because of the greater number of collisions within the container pressure is
greater.
압력이란 무엇입니까?
압력과 부피
그림 10 은 또한 일정한 온도에서 압력과 기체 부피 사이의 관계를 보여줍니다. 용기의 부피가 변하면 압력은
어떻게 되나요? 볼륨이 클수록 입자가 이동할 공간이 더 많아집니다. 이러한 추가 공간으로 인해 실린더 내
충돌이 줄어들고 압력도 낮아집니다. 중간 실린더의 가스 입자는 부피가 훨씬 적고 압력은 더 높습니다.
오른쪽 원통에서는 부피가 적기 때문에 압력이 더 큽니다. 입자가 컨테이너와 더 자주 충돌합니다. 컨테이너
내의 충돌 횟수가 많기 때문에 압력도 더 커집니다.
P328
Boyle's Law
You read that the pressure and volume of a gas are related. Robert Boyle (1627-
1691), a British scientist, was the first to describe this property of gases.
Boyle's law states that pressure of a gas increases if the volume decreases and
pressure of a gas decreases if the volume increases, when temperature is constant.
This law can be expressed mathematically as shown on the left.
You have probably felt Boyle's law in action if you have ever traveled in an
airplane. While on the ground, the air pressure inside your middle ear and the
pressure of the air surrounding you are equal. As the airplane takes off and begins
to increase in altitude, the air pressure of the surrounding air decreases.
However, the air pressure inside your middle ear does not decrease. The trapped air
in your middle ear increases in volume, which can cause pain. These pressure
changes also occur when the plane is landing. You can equalize this pressure
difference by yawning or chewing gum.
This relationship is shown in the graph in Figure 11. Pressure is on the x-axis,
and volume is on the y-axis. Notice that the line decreases in value from left to
right. This shows that as the pressure of a gas increases, the volume of the gas
decreases.
Figure 11 The graph shows that as pressure increases, volume decreases. This is
true only if the temperature of the gas is constant.
보일의 법칙
가스의 압력과 부피가 관련되어 있다는 것을 읽었습니다. 이러한 기체의 성질을 최초로 기술한 사람은 영국의
과학자 로버트 보일(1627~1691)입니다. 보일의 법칙은 온도가 일정할 때 기체의 부피가 감소하면 압력이
증가하고, 부피가 증가하면 기체의 압력이 감소한다는 것입니다. 이 법칙은 왼쪽 그림과 같이 수학적으로
표현될 수 있다.
핵심 개념 확인
온도가 일정할 때 기체의 압력과 부피 사이에는 어떤 관계가 있습니까?
보일의 법칙의 실제
비행기를 타고 여행해 본 적이 있다면 아마도 보일의 법칙이 실제로 작용하는 것을 느껴본 적이 있을 것입니다.
지상에 있는 동안 중이 내부의 기압과 주변 공기의 압력은 동일합니다. 비행기가 이륙하고 고도가 높아지기
시작하면 주변 공기의 기압이 감소합니다.
그러나 중이 내부의 기압은 감소하지 않습니다. 중이에 갇힌 공기의 양이 증가하여 통증을 유발할 수 있습니다.
이러한 압력 변화는 비행기가 착륙할 때도 발생합니다. 하품을 하거나 껌을 씹으면 이 압력 차이를 균등화할
수 있습니다.
그림 11 그래프는 압력이 증가함에 따라 부피가 감소함을 보여줍니다. 이는 가스의 온도가 일정한 경우에만
해당됩니다.
P329
Pressure and volume changes are not the only factors that affect gas behavior.
Changing the temperature of a gas also affects its behavior, as shown in Figure 12.
The gas in the cylinder on the left has a low temperature. The average kinetic
energy of the particles is low, and they move closer together. The volume of the
gas is less. When thermal energy is added to the cylinder, the gas particles move
faster and spread farther apart. This increases the pressure from gas particles,
which push up the plunger. This increases the volume of the container.
Charles's Law
Jacque Charles (1746-1823) was a French scientist who described the relationship
between temperature and volume of a gas. Charles's law states that the volume of a
gas increases with increasing temperature, if the pressure is constant. Charles's
practical experience with gases was most likely the result of his interest in
balloons. Charles and his colleague were the first to pilot and fly a hydrogen-
filled balloon in 1783.
Key Concept Check How is Boyle's law different from Charles's law?
온도와 부피
압력과 부피 변화만이 가스 거동에 영향을 미치는 유일한 요소는 아닙니다. 그림 12 에 표시된 것처럼 가스
온도를 변경하면 가스 동작에도 영향을 미칩니다. 왼쪽 실린더의 가스는 온도가 낮습니다. 입자의 평균 운동
에너지는 낮고 서로 더 가깝게 움직입니다. 가스의 양이 적습니다. 실린더에 열에너지가 추가되면 가스 입자가
더 빠르게 이동하고 더 멀리 퍼집니다. 이로 인해 플런저를 밀어 올리는 가스 입자의 압력이 증가합니다. 이는
용기의 부피를 증가시킵니다.
찰스의 법칙
P330
You have probably seen Charles's law in action if you have ever taken a balloon
outside on a cold winter day. Why does a balloon appear slightly deflated when you
take it from a warm place to a cold place? When the balloon is in cold air, the
temperature of the gas inside the balloon decreases. Recall that a decrease in
temperature is a decrease in the average kinetic energy of particles. As a result,
the gas particles slow down and begin to get closer together. Fewer particles hit
the inside of the balloon. The balloon appears partially deflated. If the balloon
is returned to a warm place, the kinetic energy of the particles increases. More
particles hit the inside of the balloon and push it out. The volume increases.
The relationship described in Charles's law is shown in the graph of several gases
in Figure 13. Temperature is on the x-axis and volume is on the y-axis. Notice that
the lines are straight and represent increasing values. Each line in the graph is
extrapolated to -273°C. Extrapolated means the graph is extended beyond the
observed data points. This temperature also is referred to as 0 K (kelvin), or
absolute zero. This temperature is theoretically the lowest possible temperature of
matter. At absolute zero, all particles are at the lowest possible energy state and
do not move. The particles contain a minima amount of thermal energy (potential
energy + kinetic energy)
Key Concept Check Which factors must be constant in Boyle's law and in Charles's
law?
찰스의 법칙 적용
P330
According to the kinetic molecular theory, a real gas possesses enough energy to
move freely and thus can easily collide and interact with other gases. Now, imagine
describing billion upon billions of gases. It would be very chaotic. If not for the
ideal gas law, describing real gases would probably be an impossible task The ideal
gas law describes the behavior of an ideal gas in terms of pressure / volume V,
temperature 7, and the number of moles of a gas.
The ideal gas law was derived from the combination of three gas laws-Boyle's,
Charles's, and Avogadro's. These gas laws can be combined to show how the volume of
a gas depends on pressure, temperature, and number of moles present. The ideal gas
law may be expressed as:
Math Skills
Example 1
Calculate the volume inside a 2 kg CO, fire extinguisher container at 25°C and
25000 kPa.
이상기체 법칙
이상기체 법칙은 보일의 법칙, 샤를의 법칙, 아보가드로의 세 가지 기체 법칙을 조합하여 도출되었습니다.
이러한 기체 법칙을 결합하여 기체의 부피가 압력, 온도 및 존재하는 몰수에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지 보여줄 수
있습니다. 이상기체 법칙은 다음과 같이 표현될 수 있습니다.
(( 이상기체 법칙 방정식 ))
PV = nRT
어디:
P = 절대 압력; ATM
V = 볼륨; 엘
n = 가스 입자 수; 몰
R = 이상기체 상수(0.08205 Latm/mol-K)
T = 온도: K
수학 능력
실시예 1
P330
Math Skills
The sample has a mass of 4.08 g, a volume of 950 mL, a pressure of 825 torr, and a
temperature of 25.0°C. Calculate its molecular mass.
To calculate the molecular mass, we need the number of grams and the number of
moles. We can get the number of grams directly from the information in the
question. We can calculate the moles from the rest of the information and the ideal
gas equation.
수학 능력
샘플의 질량은 4.08g, 부피는 950mL, 압력은 825torr, 온도는 25.0°C 입니다. 분자 질량을
계산하십시오.
One practical application of the ideal gas law is that of the mechanism of a fire
extinguisher. The first modern version of a portable fire extinguisher was invented
in 1819 by George William Manby. The container was a copper vessel about 3 gallons
of potassium carbonate solution under compressed air pressure. It was eventually
changed to carbon dioxide and water, which are normally a gas and a liquid at room
temperature respectively. Carbon dioxide is compressed to fit into a fire
extinguisher, which has a much lower volume. When the valve was depressed, the
high-pressure mixture of water and carbon dioxide goes rushing out of the tube,
killing the fire.
이상기체 법칙의 실제 적용 중 하나는 소화기 메커니즘의 적용입니다. 최초의 현대식 휴대용 소화기는 1819 년
조지 윌리엄 맨비(George William Manby)에 의해 발명되었습니다. 용기는 압축 공기 압력 하에서 약 3
갤런의 탄산칼륨 용액을 담은 구리 용기였습니다. 결국에는 실온에서 각각 기체와 액체인 이산화탄소와 물로
바뀌었습니다. 이산화탄소는 훨씬 적은 양의 소화기에 맞게 압축됩니다. 밸브를 누르면 물과 이산화탄소의
고압 혼합물이 튜브 밖으로 분출되어 화재가 발생합니다.
Visual Summary
The explanation of particle behavior in solids, liquids, and gases is based on the
kinetic molecular theory.
시각적 요약