BENCH MECHANICS AND HAND TOOLS

It is one of the specialties in the mechanical workshop, which consists of the use of
manual tools and instruments to assemble and disassemble machines and/or equipment,
as well as finishing or manufacturing pieces of simple or complex shapes with relative
precision. The operations that were practiced in bench mechanics are: Filing, Chiseling,
Sawing, Layout, Assembly, etc.

MANUAL TOOLS
A manual or hand tool is called a utensil, generally made of steel , wood or rubber ,
that is used to carry out construction or repair tasks more appropriately, simply
and with the use of less energy , than only with a high degree of difficulty and
effort could be done without them.

Basic tool equipment of a workshop or a mechanical professional The basic tools of

a mechanical workshop can be classified into four different groups:

 Cutting tools : they are used to work with materials that are not harder
than normal untempered steel. Hardened materials cannot be worked with
hand cutting tools. As manual cutting tools we can mention the following:

Hand saw , file , drill bit, tap , reamer , threading die , scissors , cold cutter ,
burin , chisel , shears , pliers .

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  Holding tools: used to hold or immobilize parts. In this group the following
can be considered:

Pliers , vise , clamp .

 Fixing tools: they are used to assemble some parts with others: The
different types of keys that exist belong to this group:

Wrench , screwdriver , riveter .

 Auxiliary tools for various uses:

Hammer , punch , mechanical extractor , numbers and letters for engraving,

cylindrical punch , hoist , gramil , scriber, compass , hydraulic jack, hydraulic
lifting table.

 The most common measuring instruments in a mechanical workshop can

also be considered basic tools:

Graduated ruler , tape measure , goniometer , caliper , micrometer , dial gauge .

Below is a brief description of the tools mentioned.

Pliers .

 Pliers . Pliers are essential tools in any basic equipment with hand tools
because they are widely used, as they are used to hold, bend or cut. There
are many types of pliers, among which the following should be highlighted:
Universal, cutting, pressure, flat head, and round head, etc.

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Drill bits .

 Multipurpose drill bit . In any mechanical or DIY task, it is often necessary

to make holes with a drill bit. To make a hole, it is necessary to use a
machine that drives the drill bit at sufficient speed and has the necessary
power to drill the desired hole. There are many types of drill bits according
to their size and constituent material.

 Shears . The name shear is a tool and a powerful machine activated with an
electric motor. The shear has the same operating principle as a normal
scissors, only it is more powerful and safer when cutting than scissors. It is
used mainly in printing presses, to cut sheets of paper, and in mechanical
workshops to cut metal sheets that are not very thick or hard.

 Compass . The compass, apart from other concepts, is a tool that is used in
machining workshops to draw circumferences and verify diameters of both
exterior and interior parts.

 Cold cutter , burin and chisel . They are hand tools designed to cut, slot or
grind cold material by hitting these tools with a suitable hammer. The
deficiencies that these tools may have are that the edge can deteriorate
easily, making resharpening necessary. If they are used continuously, a ring
protection must be installed to protect the hand that holds them when hit.

Screwdriver .

 Screwdriver . They are tools used to tighten screws that require little
tightening force and are generally small in diameter. There are four
different screw head types: round head, countersunk head, star head, torx
head. To tighten these types of screws, a different screwdriver is used for
each shape of the tightening slot, and thus we have spade, Philips, or star
and torx screwdrivers. When a screwdriver is used for professional use,
there are electrical or pneumatic devices that allow quick tightening of the

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 screws. These devices have interchangeable heads or shafts, so any type of
head that is present can be tightened. For precision tightening there are
dynamometric screwdrivers, where the tightening torque is regulated.

 Reamer . It is a cutting tool that is used to achieve precision holes when it is

not possible to achieve them with a normal drilling operation. Standard
reamers are manufactured to achieve holes with H7 tolerance, and with
normal diameters in millimeters or inches.

Extractor .

 Mechanical extractor . It is a tool that is basically used to remove the

pulleys , gears or bearings from the axles, when they are very tight and do
not come out with the force of your hands. The pulley can break if the
extractor is incorrectly adjusted.

 Garnet . It is a pointer-shaped tool made of tempered steel sharpened at one

end with a tip of approximately 60º that is used to mark the exact place on a
piece where a hole needs to be made, when a suitable template is not
available.

 Lime . It is a cutting tool consisting of a carbon steel bar with grooves, and
a handle called a handle, which is used to rough and refine all types of
metal, plastic or wooden parts.

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Set of fixed keys .

 Key . It is a tool used to tighten screws. There are wrenches of various

shapes and sizes, including fixed-end wrenches, adjustable-end wrenches
and torque wrenches. When wrenches are used continuously, pneumatic or
electric wrenches are used, which are faster and more convenient.

 Thread tap . It is a manual cutting tool that is used to thread holes that have
been previously drilled to an appropriate size in a metal or plastic part.
There are two types of taps, on the one hand the taps that are used for hand
threading and on the other those that are used for machine threading.

Hammer .

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  Hammer . It is a tool used for hitting and is possibly one of the oldest in
existence. Nowadays they have evolved a lot and there are many different
types and sizes of hammers. For large efforts there are pneumatic hammers
and hydraulic hammers, which are basically used in mining and
construction. Among the manual hammers, it is worth highlighting the
cabinetmaker's hammer, carpenter's hammer, mason's pot, bodybuilder's
hammer and mechanic's ball hammer. Likewise, the range of non-ferrous
hammers that exist is important, with mouths made of nylon , plastic ,
rubber or wood and that are used to deliver soft blows where the piece
being adjusted cannot be damaged.

 Numbers and letters to engrave. There are many mechanical parts that,
once machined, must be marked with some letters or numbers, which are
usually called "part reference". Other times, when a piece of equipment or
a machine is dismantled, the parts are recorded so that later the order of
assembly can be known so that it is correct.

Hoist functional diagram.

 Hoist . These mechanisms are widely used in workshops that handle very
large and heavy pieces. They serve to facilitate the placement of these heavy
parts in the different machine tools in the workshop. They are usually
attached to a rotating arm that is on each machine, or are mobile from one
place to another. Hoists have various sizes or lifting powers, small ones are
operated by hand and larger ones have an electric motor .

 Punch . This tool has different sizes and is basically used to remove pins
when disassembling parts attached to shafts.

 Scriber . This tool is basically used for drawing and marking reference
lines, such as symmetry axes, drill centers, or excess material on the parts to
be machined, because it leaves an indelible mark during the machining
process.

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Riveter .

 Riveter . It is a tool widely used in DIY and metal carpentry workshops.

Rivets are cylinders that are used to join parts that are not removable, both
metal and wood. The union with rivets guarantees easy fixation of some
pieces with others.

 Sergeant . It is a commonly used tool in many professions, mainly in

carpentry, it is made up of two jaws, adjustable with a pressure screw. They
are basically used to hold pieces that are going to be machined if they are
metal or that are going to be glued if they are wood.

Handsaw .

 Handsaw . The manual saw is a cutting tool that is made up of two different
elements. On one side is the arch or support where it is fixed using tension
screws and the other is the saw blade that provides the cut.

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Extendable tongs .

 Tongs . There are normal pliers for removing tips or cutting wires and
extendable pliers that are very useful tools for holding elements that normal
pliers do not have enough opening to hold. The fact that they are extendable
makes them very versatile.

 Threading die . It is a cutting tool used for manual threading of bolts and
screws, which must be calibrated according to the characteristics of the
thread in question.

Sheet metal scissors.

 Scissors . The main use of scissors in a mechanical workshop is that they are
used to cut packaging straps and thin sheets . You must ensure that they are
well sharpened and that the thickness of the sheet is appropriate to the size
of the scissors.

Bench vise .

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  Bench vise . The vise is a very solid and resistant metal assembly that has
two jaws , one of them is fixed and the other opens and closes when a square
thread screw is turned with a lever. It is a tool that is screwed to a work
table and is very common in mechanics workshops. When the pieces to be
held are delicate or fragile, the jaws must be protected with covers made of
softer material called galteras, which can be made of lead , cork , leather ,
nylon, etc. The clamping pressure must be in accordance with the fragility
characteristics of the piece being clamped.

Measuring and verification instruments in mechanical manufacturing

Normal and digital gramil .

Caliper or vernier caliper .

Every mechanical task carries with it the need to take measurements of the parts
and work being carried out, which is why there is a basic set of measuring
instruments, such as.

 Measuring tape . It is a measuring instrument that is made of a thin sheet of

chrome steel, or aluminum, or a weave of carbon fibers joined by a Teflon
polymer (the most modern). The most used measuring tapes are 10, 15, 20,
25, 30, 50 and 100 meters.

 Squad . The square used in workshops is entirely made of steel, it can be

finned or flat and is basically used for marking and verifying the
perpendicularity of machined parts.

 Measuring tape . It is a measuring instrument, but with a peculiarity that it

is made of elastic sheet that is rolled into a blind-type bellows, inside a
plastic case. They are manufactured in lengths between one and five meters,
and some cases have a brake to prevent automatic winding of the tape.

 Goniometer . It is a measuring instrument that is used to measure angles,

check cones, and tune up machine tools in machining workshops.

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  Gramil . It is a measuring and tracing instrument that is used in metrology
and quality control laboratories, to carry out all types of tracing on parts
such as symmetry axes, centers for drills, excess machining, etc.

Micrometer .

 Micrometer . It is a measuring instrument whose operation is based on the

micrometric screw that is used to measure with high precision of the order
of hundredths in millimeters (0.01 mm) and thousandths of millimeters
(0.001 mm) ( micron ) the dimensions of an object.

 Level It is a measuring instrument used to determine the horizontality or

verticality of an element. There are different types and they are used by
surveyors, carpenters, bricklayers, blacksmiths, aluminum workers, etc. A
level is a very useful instrument for construction in general and even for
placing a painting since perspective generates errors.

Comparator clock .

 Caliber . The caliper or caliper is an instrument for measuring dimensions

of relatively small objects, from centimeters to fractions of millimeters (1/10
of a millimeter or up to 1/20 of a millimeter).

 Ruler . It is a measuring instrument, made of metal, wood or plastic

material, which has a graduated and numbered scale in centimeters and
millimeters and its total length rarely exceeds one meter in length.

 Comparator clock . It is a measuring instrument that is used in workshops

and industries to verify parts since by its own means it does not give a direct
reading, but it is useful to compare the differences that exist in the
dimensions of various parts that you want to verify.

mecanica de banco y herramientas manuales lilian gutierrez choque

mecanica de banco y herramientas manuales lilian gutierrez choque