Cairo University

Faculty of Engineering

4th Year Chemical Engineering Department

Question Bank
Supervised by Prof. Dr.Fatma Ashour

Prepared by : ChE 2013

Complete
1- The three important properties of asphalt are penetration, softening point, ductility.
2- Softening point is defined as the temperature at which the asphalt attains a certain
degree of softening.
3- Regarding lubricating oil The K.V.I Scale is has been developed on the basis of two
references which are ……. , ……..
Pennsylvanian Crude (PC) , Gulf Coast Crude (GCC)
4- Pennsylvanian Crude is highly ……. Crude
Paraffinic
5- Gulf Coast Crude is highly …… Crude
Naphthenic
6- Formerly Wax was removed from the lubricating oil by …… ,
Chilling Operations
7- Asphalt is an emulsified mixture of ……… , …….. , …….
Asphaltenes , Liquid oil , Resins
8- Regarding Asphalt Softening point is measured using an apparatus called ……

Ring and ball test

9- The main use of asphalt is Road Paving and the minor uses are Battery bodies, Pipe
coating, Asphalt tiles and Insulation in roofs.

10- Penetration is defined as the distance "measured in tenth of mm", which a standard
needle having a load of 100 grams can penetrate for a period of 5 seconds into the sample,
often kept at 25 C.

11- K.V.I stands for ………………………….

Ans : kinematic viscosity index

12- The essential aim of lube oil is to minimize the friction between the moving surfaces
and hence, prevent mechanical wear in the metals, and to absorb the heat of friction.

13- The ductility is measured using an apparatus called ductilometer .

14- In the case of lubricating cylinders of big engines, the speed is .......and the pressure
is....., thus the proper lube oil to be used should have a relatively......... viscosity. Such
lube oils are known as................

Relatively low, high, high and “Cylinder oils”

15- Gear oils and cylinder stocks are usually manufactured from...........
 Residual oils

16- In the case of lubricating, textile spindles, the pressure load is ...........and the speed of
rotation is.......... consequently, the proper lube oil to be used should have.......... viscosity.
For this reason, lube oils with............... viscosity are known as “spindle oils”.

Very low, very high, a very low and the lowest

1- More efficient methods have therefore been developed

involving is………… .
''solvent extraction processes''
2- Propane deasphalting methods, In this process, the
propane dissolves the ……..and leaves…………… .
'' Oil , The asphaltenes ''
3- The lube oil charge (feed) must be…………… before
mixing it with the solvent ( Furfural ), by passing it
through a “………………” which is subjected to a vacuum
system.
'' Deaerated Deaerator ''

4- The ductility of the asphalt should not be too …..……….,and

the reason for that ….…………………………………..…………

''(Little or high) , ( So as not to cause cracks or deformation

under shear stresses) ''

5- Kerosene is mixed with air blown asphalt to produce …….

………….asphalt, the reason for such process ( mixing ) is to
……………….... .
''( Cutback or softer) , ( make it easier during handling and
operation ( road paving) ''
1. Asphalt is ……. Solid or ……. Liquid produced as ……………… from ………
distillation column.
 Ans.
Asphalt is Semi Solid or highly viscous Liquid produced as residual product
from vaccum distillation column.

2. Asphaltenes are …………. Particles, which have ………. Colour, and

…………….… by heating.
 Ans.
Asphaltenes are hard solid Particles, which have very dark Color, and can't be
melted by heating.

3. Resins are ……………. Hydrocarbons, which have ……….. colour, and ……….
Binding power.
 Ans.
Resins are highly polymerized Hydrocarbons, which have pale brown colour,
and good Binding power.

4. Asphalt is ………… mixture of ………............ and ………………. Emulsified

together by the assistance of ………..
 Ans.
Asphalt is a homogeneous mixture of highly viscous oil and asphaltic
particles Emulsified together by the assistance of Resins.

5. …………….. of asphalt is a measure of its hardness, and as the hardness ……….

The needle penetration decreases.
 Ans.
Penetration of asphalt is a measure of its hardness, and as the hardness
increases The needle penetration decreases.

6. Softening point is measured using ……………………. Test.

 Ans.
Softening is measured using ring and ball Test.

7. ……………. Is the maximum length to which a standard molded sample could be

pulled without breaking and, it's measured using …………..
 Ans.
ductility Is the maximum length to which a standard molded sample could be
pulled without breaking and, it's measured using ductilometer.
8. The essential aim of lube oils is to ………………………. between the moving
surfaces and hence, prevent ………………… in metals, and to …….. the heat of
friction.
 Ans.
The essential aim of lube oils is to minimize the friction between the moving
surfaces and hence, prevent mechanical wear in metals, and to absorb the heat
of friction.

9. Lube oils should be solvent refined to ………… the effect of temperature on its
……………….
 Ans.
Lube oils should be solvent refined to decrease the effect of temperature on its
viscosity.

10. Lube oils should be …………. and ………………………. to remove any solid
particles or coloring material.
 Lube oils should be "De-waxed" and “percolated through clay” to remove any
solid particles or coloring material.

11. There are FOUR basic “Lube Oil Stocks”, three of which are …………. oils and
one is a ……….. oil.
 There are FOUR basic “Lube Oil Stocks”, three of which are distillate oils and
one is a residual oil.

12. For …………. friction, ……….. viscosity oils are required for low speed of
rotation and for ………….. between the moving surfaces.
 For minimum friction, higher viscosity oils are required for low speeds of
rotation and for high stresses between the moving surfaces.

13. Low viscosity oils are required for …………. speeds of rotation and …………
between the moving surfaces.
 Low viscosity oils are required for high speeds of rotation and low stresses
between the moving surfaces.
14. ……………. and ………….. are usually manufactured from residual oils.
 Gear oils and cylinder stocks are usually manufactured from residual oils.

15. The …………… is a measure of the variation of viscosity with temperature.

 The kinematic viscosity index is a measure of the variation of viscosity with
temperature.

16. The variation of viscosity with temperature depends upon:

- ………………… - ………………………..
 The variation of viscosity with temperature depends upon:
- The type of crude - The extent of refining
17. Lube oil with a (-ve ) K.V.I indicates that the variation in viscosity (kinematic
viscosity) with temperature is ………. than the variation of the kinematic
viscosity of the ………………. reference crude.
 Lube oil with a (-ve ) K.V.I indicates that the variation in viscosity (kinematic
viscosity) with temperature is greater than the variation of the kinematic
viscosity of the Gulf Coast reference crude .
18.Acidity in the lube oil resulting from mineral or organic acids ,leads to corrosion
of the lubricated surfaces.
19.Asphalt could be defined as homogenous mixture of highly viscous oil and
asphaltic particles emulsified together by the assistance of risens.

20.When the lube oil is to be used in high speed steam turbines, it usually has the
tendency to form emulsions with the water.

21.Furfural is must be deaerated before mixing it with the solvent, by passing it

through a “Deaerator” which is subjected to a vacuum system.

22.there are FOUR basic “Lube Oil Stocks” - three of which are distillate oils and one
is a residual oil.

23.Gear oils ,cylinder stocks are usually manufactured from residual oil.

24.KVI depend on type of crude,the extent of refining.

25.to get high KVI start from crude more paraffinic ,add solvent,add KVI improvers.

26. Asphalt is known by…………..

-short residue

27. Asphalt is Produced as………………………..

-A residual product from the vacuum distillation column.

28. Types of asphalt are …………………….

-Straight run asphalt, Air blown asphalt .

29. Softening point is defined as………..

- The temperature at which the asphalt attains a certain degree of softening.

30. 1 PEN =….mm

- 0.1

31. The ductility is defined as…………………….

- The maximum length to which a standard molded sample could be pulled
without breaking

32. Ductility is measured using……….

-(ductilometer)

33. The essential aim of lubricating oils is……………………..

 - To minimize the friction between the moving surfaces, prevent mechanical
wear in the metals, and to absorb the heat of friction.

34. In the case of lubricating, textile spindles, the pressure load is …… and the speed
of rotation is…………consequently, the proper lube oil to be used should have a
………
- (Very low, very high , very low viscosity.)

35. The lowest viscosity lube oils are known as ………

-(Spindle oils)

36. In the case of lubricating cylinders of big engines, the speed is relatively ….. and
the pressure is ….., thus the proper lube oil to be used should have a ……….
(Low, high, high viscosity)

37. Gear oils and cylinder stocks are usually manufactured from……………
- Residual oils

38. K.V.I’s a measure of …………………..

- (The variation of viscosity with temp.)

39. K.V.I depends upon …………………..,……………………..

- (The type of crude, the extent of refinery).

40.Lube oils should have a “suitable viscosity” for a certain lubricating job, the lube
oil must have a definite optimum viscosity
Below this optimum viscosity, the lube oil cannot properly prevent the friction
between the moving metallic parts; while above this optimum viscosity, the lube oil
itself requires a greater power to overcome its high resistance to motion, and
consequently this is a waste of power.

41.Coefficient of Friction” between any moving surfaces depends upon the following
“dimensionless group”[ mN/P]
Where,
m = viscosity of the lube oil.
N = relative speed of the moving surfaces.
P = stress between the moving surfaces.

42.The K.V.I is referring to Kinematic Viscosity Index and measure of the variation
of viscosity with temperature.

43.Deasphalting is therefore one of the main processes adopted in lube oil refining.
 1. There are FOUR basic “Lube Oil Stocks” - three of which are distillate oils
and one is a residual oil.

2. The K.V.I is a measure of the variation of viscosity with temperature.

3. The lube oil charge (feed) must be deaerated before mixing it with the
solvent in Furfural Refining Process.

4. The three important properties or specifications of asphalt:

1. Penetration

2. 2.Softening point

3. Ductility

5. Softening point is defined as the temperature at which the asphalt attains

a certain degree of softening.

1. Penetration of asphalt is a measure of its hardness, as long as the hardness

increase, the needle's penetration decreases.

2. As air blown asphalt is uesd in road paving ,there is no fear from

buckling problem due to it is more hard than staight run asphalt .

3. Cut back asphalt is obtained by blending asphalt with lighter fraction such
as kerosene.

4. Composition of asphalt is very complex Asphaltenes, Liquid oil and

Resins.

5. Before doing the road paving, we must be sure that the hardness of asphalt
is suitable to withstand the stresses of the cars above it without being.
 6. For minimum friction, higher viscosity oils are required for low speeds of
rotation and for high stresses between the moving surfaces.

7. The K.V.I is a measure of the variation of viscosity with temperature.

8. High wax content results in a high pour point, hence the lube will tend to
solidify in cold weather conditions and causing friction.

9. Dewaxing methods are using Solvent Refining methods, by using (propane

or ketones or MEK). By filtered off the Wax and the oil is soluble in these
liquid solvents.

10. Deasphalting is accomplished by the following methods H2SO4 treatment

(98%) or Clay treatment or Solvent extraction

Give reasons
1- Asphaltic particles in lube oils are undesirable.
Ans. because they would tend to stick to the lubricated surface and increase the
friction between them.

2- The flash point of lube oil has a great importance.

Ans.The flash point of lube oil is used to detect contamination with lighter volatile
hydrocarbons.
Ex: Crank-case oil when it is contaminated with gasoline. Flash point determination
is the easiest method to detect such a contamination (or cheating).

3. Resins are an important constituent in Asphalt.

As resins have a good binding power, they are responsible for bonding all the
constituents together.

4. Air blown Asphalt is better than Straight run Asphalt in the road paving.
As Air blown asphalt is harder and there is no fear from buckling problem unlike the
straight run naphtha which is too soft and can buckle under the effect of heat and load .
5- Air blown asphalt has higher amount of resins.

As hot air oxidizes part of the oil giving resins

6- Sometimes you want to have soft asphalt.

During handling and operation of road paving, so cut back asphalt is produced by
blending asphalt with lighter fraction such as kerosene so
- It will be easier to spray and handle in paving processes.
- Light fractions then evaporate leaving asphalt on the ground.
- As the solvent blended with asphalt is lighter, it will evaporate faster and curing
time will be shorter.

7- Lube oils should have a “suitable viscosity

Ans:

- Below this optimum viscosity, the lube oil cannot properly prevent the friction
between the moving metallic parts; while above this optimum viscosity, the lube
oil itself requires a greater power to overcome its high resistance to motion, and
consequently this is a waste of power.
8- Hydrocracking of base stocks in lube oil, followed by solvent extraction.
to remove partially hydrocracked aromatic compounds, offers a more cost-effective route
than production of poly-alpha olefins.

9- Wax particles in lube oils are undesirable

Answer: for the following reasons

a- A high wax content results in a high pour point, hence the lube will tend to solidify in
cold weather conditions (causing friction).

b- Wax is susceptible to cracking at high T & P. Hard solid particles deposited on the
lubricated surfaces will increase the friction.
 c- Wax is easily oxidized and will result in the breaking of the chain into shorter
molecules, and hence the viscosity is lowered.

10- Lube oil charge (feed) must be deaerated before mixing it with the furfural

As furfural is a liquid aldehyde, which is susceptible to oxidation; hence the lube oil
charge (feed) must be deaerated before mixing it with the solvent, by passing it through a
“Deaerator” which is subjected to a vacuum system.

11- Operating temperature of propane deasphalting process shouldn't exceed 70 oC.

To avoid paraffin cracking.

1-Why Dewaxing should be done for the lube oil?

This is because of the following reasons:

i) Wax solidifies at low tempts causing friction and hence more

power is required.
ii) Wax is liable to crack at high temperatures resulting in both
lighter constituents and solid particles which reduce the
viscosity of the oil and cause friction respectively.
iii) Wax is easily oxidized at high tempts resulting in breaking
the chain thus smaller molecules are formed which also reduce
the viscosity of the oil.
2- Aromatics are mixed with ketones in dewaxing process ?
The aromatics reduce the solubility of the wax in oil resulting in
a higher efficiency of dewaxing (greaterthan the propane
dewaxing process).

3-Lube oil basic stocks are “blended” with one another, in

various proportions?
 To produce the optimum viscosity range necessary for the
market.

4-The products obtained from the vacuum distillation tower

cannot be marketed as such .

-They should be refined to produce the required grade of

finished lube oils.

 Deasphalted to remove any asphalt they may contain

 Solvent refined to decrease the effect of temperature on its

viscosity (i.e. improve its Kinematic Viscosity Index-KVI)

 “Dewaxed” and possibly “percolated through clay” to remove

any solid particles or coloring material

 Neutralized”, especially if they have been previously subjected

to acid treatment.
5- For a certain lubricating job, the lube oil must have a definite
optimum viscosity.

- Below this optimum viscosity, the lube oil cannot properly

prevent the friction between the moving metallic parts; while
above this optimum viscosity, the lube oil itself requires a
greater power to overcome its high resistance to motion, and
consequently this is a waste of power
1. Resins are responsible for emulsifying the constituents of asphalt together
 Because they have a good binding power

2. We must measure the hardness of asphalt before road paving.

 To be sure that the asphalt is suitable to withstand the stresses of cars above it
without being penetrated.
3. The lube oil must have a definite optimum viscosity.
 Because below this optimum viscosity, the lube oil cannot properly prevent
the friction between the moving metallic parts; while above this optimum
viscosity, the lube oil itself requires a greater power to overcome its high
resistance to motion, and consequently this is a waste of power.

4. lube oils with the lowest viscosity are known as “spindle oils”.
 Because in case of lubricating, textile spindles, the pressure load is very low
and the speed of rotation is very high consequently, the proper lube oil to be
used should have a very low viscosity.

5. Very high viscosity lube oils are called “Gear Oils”.

 Because in case of lubricating gears, the stresses on the gears are very high,
while the relative motion is significantly low; accordingly, lube oils of very
high viscosities are therefore needed.

6. Relatively high viscosity lube oils are known as “Cylinder oils”.

 Because in the case of lubricating cylinders of big engines, the speed is
relatively low and the pressure is high, thus the proper lube oil to be used
should have a relatively high viscosity.

7. Wax particles in lube oils are undesirable.

 for the following reasons:
- A high wax content results in a high pour point, hence the lube will tend to
solidify in cold weather conditions (causing friction).
- Wax is susceptible to cracking at high T & P. Hard solid particles
deposited on the lubricated surfaces will increase the friction.
- Wax is easily oxidized and will result in the breaking of the chain into
shorter molecules, and hence the viscosity is lowered.

8. In Solvent refining a “Selective solvent”, which dissolves only the ring

structures which DO NOT have a LONG side chain is used.
 This is because such ring structures with a long side chain could break to
n-paraffins that have a high KVI.
9. Emulsification of lube oil that is used in high speed steam turbines is
important.
 Because lube oil that is used in high speed steam turbines, usually has the
tendency to form emulsions with the water. Such emulsions destroy the
lubricating properties of the oil. For this reason, certain additives are used
to reduce such a tendency.
 10.Rasins are responsible for bonding all the constituents together.
- As resins have a good binding power

11.Pentration is considered as an important test for asphalt.

-As it’s a measure of hardness of asphalt as, asphalt is used in road paving.
If asphalt’s very soft the cars might penetrate it.

12 .Sometimes during paving lighter fractions are added to asphalt.

-To be easier to spray & handle in paving process.

13. Lube oil should have suitable viscosity.

-As if lube oil has low viscosity, it cannot properly prevent the friction between
the moving metallic parts; while at very high viscosity, the lube oil itself requires
a greater power to overcome its high resistance to motion, and consequently this
is a waste of power.

14. Wax particles in lube oils are undesirable.

- A high wax content results in a high pour point, hence the lube will tend to solidify in
cold weather conditions (causing friction).
-Wax is susceptible to cracking at high T & P. Hard solid particles deposited on
the lubricated surfaces will increase the friction.
-Wax is easily oxidized and will result in the breaking of the chain into shorter
molecules, and hence the viscosity is lowered.

15. Asphaltic particles are undesirable.

- Because they would tend to stick to the lubricated surface and increase the friction
between them.

16.Basic stocks are “blended” with other compounds in various proportions

To produce the optimum viscosity range necessary for the market.

17.The lube oil is “compounded” by the addition of various additives

To improve the quality of the oil, and to be ready for selling on the market.

18.Hydrocracking of base stocks, followed by solvent extraction

to remove partially hydrocracked aromatic compounds, offers a more cost-effective
route than production of poly-alphaolefins

1. Composition of asphalt is very complex.

As it is an emulsified mixture of 3 main
constituents which are:
  Asphaltenes
 Liquid oil
 Resins

2. Resins are responsible for bonding all the

constituents together.
As resins have a good binding power.

3. Penetration is very low in some cases and can reach

300 in another.
Incase of hard asphalt, penetration is very low and
can be ZERO
In case of soft asphalt, penetration can reach 300
4. Sometimes cut back asphalt is produced.
To have soft asphalt during handling and operation
of road paving.

By Eman Hamdy (lubricating oil)

1. Crude -The oil is initially fractionated under atmospheric pressure.
To produce the conventional top products (gases and gasoline) side
products (kerosene, gas oil, and perhaps diesel oil) and a bottom product,
usually known as the “Long Residue” (known as Mazot).

2. The long residue is fractionated under vacuum.

To produce a top product used for diesel oil and side products which
could be used for producing finished lube oils These side products of the
vacuum tower are known as “Wax Distillates” The bottom product of the
vacuum tower, known as the “short Residue”, may be asphalt on heavy
oil.
3. The products obtained from the vacuum distillation tower they
should be Deasphalted, and Solvent refined,and Dewaxe and
possibly “percolated through clay, and Neutralized”, especially if
they have been previously subjected to acid treatment.
To remove any asphalt they may contain
To decrease the effect of temperature on its viscosity (i.e. improve its
Kinematic Viscosity Index-KVI)
To remove any solid particles or coloring material
To remove any asphalt they may contain

4. Basic stocks are then “blended” with one another, in various

proportions.
To produce the optimum viscosity range necessary for the market.

5. The lube oil is finally “compounded” by the addition of various

additives.
To improve the quality of the oil. After compounding, the finished lube
oil is ready for selling on the market.

6. Hydro cracking of base stocks, followed by solvent extraction.

To remove partially hydro cracked aromatic compounds, offers a more
cost-effective route than production of poly-alpha olefins

7. Any acidity in the lube oil must be neutralized before marketing.

Because of The presence of acidity in the lube oil, whether resulting from
mineral or organic acids, leads to corrosion of the lubricated surfaces

By Amal Fathi

1) Wax particles in lube oils are undesirable.

 High wax content results in a high pour point, hence the lube
will tend to solidify in cold weather conditions (causing
friction).

 Wax is susceptible to cracking at high temperatures and

pressures. As well as hard solid particles which are deposited
on the lubricated surfaces, increasing the friction between
them.
  Wax is much more easily oxidized than the lube oil itself. The
oxidation results in the breaking of the chain into shorter
molecules, and hence the viscosity is lowered (below the
selected optimum).

2) Lube oils should have a “suitable viscosity”.

 As a matter of fact, for a certain lubricating job, the lube
oil must have a definite optimum viscosity.

 Below this optimum viscosity, the lube oil cannot properly

prevent the friction between the moving metallic parts;
while above this optimum viscosity, the lube oil itself
requires a greater power to overcome its high resistance to
motion.

3) Dewaxed” and possibly “percolated through clay”

To remove any solid particles or coloring material

4) Some lubes have a K.V.I value higher than 100

This means that the change of their viscosities with temperature
is less than the change in viscosity of the corresponding lube oil
from the first reference crude.
 True or false
1- There are FOUR basic “Lube Oil Stocks” - two of which are distillate oils and two is a
residual oil. (False). Three of which are distillate oils and one is a residual oil.

2- The crude oil is initially fractionated under Vacuum pressure (False) , Atmospheric
3. The long residue is then fractionated under Atmospheric Pressure (False), Vacuum
4. Asphaltenes can be melted by heating (False) , Cannot be melted

5-Penetration of asphalt is a measure of its hardness (T)

6- As long as the hardness of asphalt increase, the needle's penetration increase and visa-versa
(F)

Ans: As long as the hardness of asphalt increase, the needle's penetration decrease and visa-
versa.

7- Lubricating oils (or “Lube Oils are heavy petroleum fractions used to lubricate metallic
surfaces which are in relative motion with respect to one another. (True)

8-High wax content results in a high pour point, hence the lube will tend to solidify in cold
weather conditions. (T)

9- You never want to have soft asphalt during handling and operation of road paving. (F)
Sometimes you want to have soft asphalt during handling and operation of road paving, so cut
back asphalt is produced.

10- The pour point of lube oil is used to detect contamination with lighter volatile
hydrocarbons. (False) (Flash point)

11- low-viscosity mineral-based oils have volatilities and tendency to high oil-consumption
and rapid thickening by oxidation during service. (True)

12- In “Solvent Refining” methods for dewaxing which uses solvents like ketones, solvents
dissolve the wax so we can separate the dissolved wax with solvents and obtain a pure
dewaxed lube oil. (False) (Wax is insoluble in ketones)

1- For minimum friction, higher viscosity oils are required for low
speeds of rotation and for high stresses between the moving
 surfaces. Conversely, lower viscosity oils are required for high
speeds of rotation and low stresses between the moving
surfaces ( True ).
2- Lube oils with the lowest viscosity are known as “spindle oils”.
( True)
3- Gear oils and cylinder stocks are usually manufactured from
residual oils.( True)
4- Paraffinic hydrocarbons change their viscosities to a higher
extent than naphthenic ones. (False)
5- Amount of resins presented in fuel oil is higher than that in
asphalt ( False)
6- Asphalt is long residue while fuel oil is short residue ( False)
7- Ductility is measured using an apparatus called ductilometer
(True)
8- Softening point is measured using an apparatus called ring and
ball test . (True)

9- Ductilityis measured using an apparatus called ductilometer .

(True)

10-Asphaltenes Cannot be melted by heating .(True

1. Diesel Oils are heavy petroleum fractions used to lubricate metallic surfaces ( X )
Lubricating oils
2. The aim of Lubricating oils is to maximize the friction between the moving
surfaces and hence, prevent mechanical wear in the metals, and to absorb the heat
of friction ( X ) Minimize
3. The long residue is fractionated under vacuum to produce a top product used for
diesel oil ( √ )
4. The lubricating oils produced from side products are called Wax Distillates ( X )
Distillate oils
5. For producing finished lube oils should be deasphalted and dewaxed only ( X )
deasphalted, dewaxed ,solvent refined and neutralized
6. There are FOUR basic “Lube Oil Stocks” - three of which are residual oils and
one is adistillate oil ( X ) three of which are distillate oils and one is a residual
oil.
7. The lube oil is finally “compounded” by the addition of various additives to
improve the quality of the oil ( √ )
8. For maximum friction, higher viscosity oils are required for high speeds of
rotation and for high stresses between the moving surfaces ( X ) minimum , low
9. lube oils with the lowest viscosity are known as “spindle oils”. ( √ )
10. Gear oils and cylinder stocks are usually manufactured from Lubricating oils (
X ) residual oils.
11. The K.V.I is a measure of the variation of viscosity with pressure ( X )
temperature
12. The variation of viscosity with temperature depends on the type of crude and the
extent of refining( √ )
13. Hydrocracking of base stocks, followed by solvent refined to remove partially
hydrocracked aromatic compounds ( X ) solvent extraction
14. A high wax content results in a low pour point ( X ) high
15. Wax is easily oxidized and will result in the breaking of the chain into shorter
molecules, and hence the viscosity is lowered ( √ )
16. Deasphalting is accomplished by HCl treatment , Clay treatment and Solvent
extraction ( X ) H2SO4 treatment
17. The flash point of lube oil is used to detect contamination with lighter volatile
hydrocarbons ( √ )
18. The rate of precipitation of asphaltic particle is decreased by increasing the
temperature. ( X ) increased
19. Asphaltic particles are obtained as a bottom product from absorber ( X ) a
stripper
20. Any acidity in the lube oil must be neutralized before marketing ( √ )
21. The essential aim of lube oils is to minimize the friction between the moving
surfaces and prevent corrosion (X)
Ans: prevent mechanical wear in the metals, and to absorb the heat of friction.
22. The bottom product of the vacuum tower known as the “Long Residue (Mazot)
".(X)
Ans: known as the “short Residue” .
23. In general, there are THREE basic “Lube Oil Stocks” – all of them are distillate
oils .(X)
Ans: FOUR basic " lube Oil Stocks" ,three of which are distillate oils and one is a
residual oil .
24. For minimum friction, higher viscosity oils are required for low speeds of
rotation and for high stresses between the moving surfaces (√).
25. The K.V.I is a measure of the variation of viscosity with Pressure. (X)
Ans: with Temprature.
26. Wax particles in lube oils are undesirable for the following reason : Wax is
easily oxidized and will result in the breaking of the chain into shorter molecules,
and hence the viscosity is lowered. (√)
27. The flash point of lube oil is used to detect contamination with heavy
hydrocarbons .(X)
Ans: lighter volatile hydrocarbons.

28.In the case of lubricating cylinders of big engines , the lube oil should have a
relatively high viscosity.(Right)
29.The viscosity of a lube oil decreases with decrease in temperature.(Wrong)
increase
30.naphthenic hydrocarbons change their viscosities to a smaller extent than
paraffinic ones.(Wrong)
31.lube oil derived from th Gulf Coast Crude would show large variations of
viscosity with temperatures and is therefore given a K.V.I value of zero.(Right)
32. Methane is the typical solvent for Deasphalting process for lube oil refining.
(Wrong)
33. furfural is the most widely used solvent to improve the KVI of the lube oil
(Right).
34.It has been found that Ketones are excellent dewaxing agents.(Right)
35.The hard asphaltenes that produced from the MEK/benzene dewaxing plant can be
used directly.(Wrong)
36. Composition of asphalt is very complex but we can say that it is an emulsified
mixture of 3 main constituents which are Asphaltenes, Liquid oil Resins
Ans: (√)
37.As asphaltenes have a good binding power, they are responsible for bonding all
the constituents together

Ans: (X) resins have a good binding power, they are responsible for bonding all the
constituents together
38.flash point is defined as the temperature at which the asphalt attains a certain
degree of softening
Ans: (X) Softening point
39.Straight run asphalt is heated to liquid state and a stream of pressurized hot air is
passed through it
 Ans: (√)
40.For minimum friction ,low viscosity Lube oils are required for low speeds of
rotation and for high stresses between the moving surfaces
Ans: (X) higher viscosity
41.Similarly oil with a (-ve ) K.V.I indicates that the variation in viscosity (kinematic
viscosity) with temperature is greater than the variation of the kinematic viscosity of
the Gulf Coast reference crude (GCC).
Ans: (√)
42.Physical properties of asphalt are Semi solid or highly viscous liquid ,Ductile and
white in color ( X ) black
43.uses of asphalt are Battery bodies , Pipe coating,Asphalt tiles and Insulation in
roofs ( √ )
44.Asphalt is an emulsified mixture of 3 main constituents which are asphaltenes,
solid and resins ( X ) liquid oil
45.Fuel oil name as long residue & Asphalt name as short residue ( √ )
46.Fuel oil has high amount of resins & Asphalt has lower amount of resins ( X )
Asphalt has high amount of resins & Fuel oil has lower amount of resins
47.Incase of hard asphalt, penetration is very high and can reach 300 ( X ) Incase of
hard asphalt, penetration is very low and can be ZERO
48.Softening point is defined as the temperature at which the asphalt attains a certain
degree of softening ( √ )
49.The ductility is defined as the minimum length to which a standard molded sample
could be pulled without breaking ( X ) maximum
50.As the solvent blended with asphalt is lighter, it will evaporate slower and curing
time will be longer ( X ) faster, shorter
51.Softening point is measured using an apparatus called ring and ball test ( √ )

1. The lube oil is light petroleum fractions and used to lubricate the
metallic surfaces. ( false )
The lube oil is heavy petroleum fractions and used to lubricate
the metallic surfaces.
2. It doesn’t matter the effect of the temperature on the viscosity.
(false)
There is effect of temperature on the viscosity and when the
temp increases the viscosity decrease and vice versa.
3. Deasphalting is the important and main process in the refining
of the lube oil. (true)
4. One of the disadvantages of the deasphalting that the only
asphaltenes are removed. (false)
 The remove of the aphaltenes from the lube oil is one of its
advantages.
5. Wax is susceptible to cracking at high temperature and pressure
as well as the hard solids particles are deposited on the
lubricating surface. (true)
6. Asphaltic particles are undesirable because of these solids
increase the friction and use the hydrochloric acid treatment to
deasphalting. (false)
Using sulfuric acid treatment, not hydrochloric acid.

By Ahmed Ramadan (Asphalt)

1. Asphalt could be defined as homogenous mixture of low
viscous oil and asphaltic particles emulsified together by the
assistance of resins. ( false)
Asphalt could be defined as homogenous mixture of highly
viscous oil and asphaltic particles emulsified together by the
assistance of resins.

2. As long as the hardness increases, the needle's penetration

increases. (false)
As long as the hardness increase, the needle's penetration
decreases and vice-versa.

3. In case of hard asphalt, penetration is very low and can be

ZERO. (true)

4.Softening point is measured using an apparatus

Called ring and ball test. (True)

5. The ductility is defined as the minimum length to which a

standard molded sample could be pulled without breaking.
(false)
 The ductility is defined as the maximum length to which a
standard molded sample could be pulled without breaking.

6.Straight run asphalt have higher amount of Resins and more

hard than Air blown asphalt (false)
Air blown asphalt have higher amount of resins and more hard
than straight run asphalt.

By Amal Fathi
1) The essential aim of these oils is to minimize the friction
between the moving surfaces. (true)

2) Some lubes have a K.V.I value higher than 100. (true)

3) Hydrocracking of base stocks, followed by solvent

Extraction. (true)

4) More modern dewaxing methods are now adopted using

“Solvent Refining” methods. (false)

Using solvent extraction

5) The lube oil is to be used in high speed steam turbines.

(True)
 Choose the correct Answer
1. Asphalt is a (Long-Short-Intermediate) Residue Answer: Short
2.Asphalt is the residual product from the vacuum distillation of (Crude-Fuel -Diesel)
Answer : Fuel
3.In penetration test 1 pin = (0.01 – 0.1 – 0.3 – 0.03) mm Answer : 0.1

4- There are FOUR basic “Lube Oil Stocks” (three of which are distillate oils and one is a
residual oil-two of which are distillate oils and two is a residual oil-one of which are distillate
oils and three is a residual oil).

5-In case of soft asphalt, penetration can reach (300 -400-500) tenth of millimeter.

6-Lubricating oil given the grade (600 SR) indicates

A. Oil which has been steam refined and whose flash point is 600˚F.
B. Oil which has been super refined and whose flash point is 6000C.
C. Oil which has been steam reformed and whose fire point is 600oK.

7- The softening point maybe considered roughly as the temperature at which the penetration
is

A. 600 PEN
B. 800 PEN
C. 700 PEN

8-All the following is true about cut back asphalt except:

A. Obtained by blending asphalt with lighter fraction

B. Easier to spray and handle in paving processes
C. Its curing time is longer

1-As ……………have a good binding power, they are responsible for

bonding all the constituents of asphalt together.

a- Resins b- Asphaltenes c- Liquid oil

2- …………… of asphalt is a measure of its hardness

 a- Penetration b- Softening point c- Ductility

3- Softening point is defined as the ………….at which the

asphalt attains a certain degree of softening.

a- Temperature b- Pressure c- stress

4- More modern dewaxing methods are now adopted

using “…………..” methods .

a- Solvent Refining b- Distillation c- Salting out .

5-Regarding Asphalt and fuel oil

a- Asphalt is known as short residue .

b- Fuel oil is known as short residue .
c- Asphalt contains fewer resins than fuel oil .
d- Both are produced as residual products from the
same distillation column .

 Solvent refined to ……….(decrease- increase- remove) the effect of

temperature on its viscosity (i.e. improve its Kinematic Viscosity Index-KVI) .
 Gear oils and cylinder stocks are usually manufactured from …….( light oils-
residual oils - wax).
 As a matter of fact, ………..(Aromatic- olefinic- paraffinic) hydrocarbons
change their viscosities to a smaller extent than naphthenic ones.
 lube oils are not marketed unless their K.V.I. value is at least ….(100-50-80-
70) not less.
 …………(Dewaxing- Deasphalting –Visbreaking) is therefore one of the main
processes adopted in lube oil refining.
 Solvent Extraction: to improve the KVI of the lube oil through the removal of
…..…(naphthenes & aromatics- Paraffins-naphthenes –Olefins& Aromatics)
whose viscosities change substantially with tempt.
  The essential aim of lubricating oils is……………………….
1-minimize the friction between the moving surfaces
2-prevent mechanical wear in the metals
3- absorb the heat of friction
4- all of the above
 The K.V.I is a measure of the variation of …………………………….
1-viscosity with temperature
2- viscosity with pressure
3- viscosity with distance
4-none of the above
 Premium grade oil having a K.V.I of…………….
1- 85 or less
2- 85 or higher
3- 80 or less
4- 80 or higher
 Regular grade oils having a K.V.I of…………………..
1- 85 or less
2- 85 or higher
3- 80 or less
4- 80 or higher
 Hydrocracking of base stocks, followed by …………………………….to
remove partially hydrocracked aromatic compounds
1- solvent extraction
2- solvent refined
3- dewaxed
4- deasphalted
 Wax is susceptible to cracking at ……………………
1- high P & low T
2- high P & high T
3- low P & high T
4- low P & low T
 …………………..treatment to adsorb the asphaltic particles
1- Sulphuric acid
2- Hydrochloric acid
3- Nitric acid
 Solvent refining process is carried out to remove …………………
1- naphthenes &paraffinic
2- aromatics& paraffinic
3- naphthenes & aromatics
4- aromatics &ketones
 Disadvantages of Propane Deasphalting Process…………………………
1- This method could be applied to any lube oil
2- Efficiency of separation is very high
 3- Propane could be obtained from the refinery at a cheap price
4- Adding them to soft asphalt to increase its hardness
 The variation of viscosity with temperature depends upon………..
a. The type of crude b. The extent of refining c.a&b
Ans: C
 For minimum friction, higher viscosity Lube oils are required for
a. low speeds of rotation b. high stresses between the moving surfaces c.
a&b
Ans: C
 The main uses of asphalt…………………..
a. Road Paving b. Pipe coating c. Asphalt tiles
Ans: a
 To find the K.V.I of any lube oil, its kinematic viscosity at two standard
temperature levels of …………………….is measured.
a. 500˚ and200˚F
b. 210˚and 100˚F
c.1000˚ and 400˚F
Ans: b
 Wax particles in lube oils are undesirable for the following reasons:
a. A high wax content results in a high pour point, hence the lube will tend
to solidify in cold weather conditions (causing friction).
b. Wax is easily oxidized and will result in the breaking of the chain into
shorter molecules, and hence the viscosity is lowered.
C. Wax is susceptible to cracking at high T & P. Hard solid particles
deposited on the lubricated surfaces will increase the friction.
d. all above
Ans: d

 ………… of lube oil is used to detect contamination with lighter volatile

hydrocarbons.
a. The flash point b. The Aniline point c. Softing point
Ans: a
--To determine the optimum viscosity of lubricationoil, the Coefficient of Friction
between any moving surfaces depends upon
a- (P ) b-( P/mN)
c- (mN/P) d- mN
--Any lube oil derived from the Pennsylvanian Crude would have a relatively
small variation of viscosity with temperature, and is arbitrarily given a K.V.I
value of
a- zero b-85 c-100 d- 80

--oil with a (-ve ) K.V.I indicates that the variation in kinematic viscosity with
temperature is …………..the variation of the kinematic viscosity of the Gulf
Coast reference crude (GCC) .
a-equal to b- greater than c-less than
 Asphaltic particles are undesirable so they are adsorped by……….--
Acetic acid b- sulphuric acid d-sodium hydroxide

--steam refined oils are the oils that have…….Flash point.

low b-high

--At Furfural Refining Process,The deaerated lube is introduced into an Extraction

tower where it meats a ………….of the furfural solvent.
a-counter current flow b-co current flow

--At thePropane deasphalting process ,The rate of precipitation of asphaltic particle is

increased by …………… the temperature.
a-increasing b-decreasing

--Incase of hard asphalt, penetration is very………

a-high b-low

--………….. is measured using an apparatus called ring and ball test.

a-pour point b-Penetration c-softening point d-Ductility

1) The crude oil is initially fractionated under

 High pressure
 Atmospheric pressure
 Vacuum

2) The long residue is then fractionated under

 High pressure
 Atmospheric pressure
 Vacuum

3) there are FOUR basic “Lube Oil Stocks”

 Two
 Three
 Four
 Five

4) Gear oils and cylinder stocks are usually manufactured from

  Short residue
 Residual oil

5) Paraffinic hydrocarbons change their viscosities to

……………..extent than naphthenic ones
 Equal
 Bigger
 Smaller
6) Any lube oil derived from …………… reference crude would
have a relatively small variation of viscosity with temperature
 Pennsylvanian
 Gulf coast
7) Any lube oil derived from …………..reference crude would
show large variations of viscosity with temperatures
 Pennsylvanian
 Gulf coast

8) Premium grade oil having a K.V.I of

 75 or higher
 80 or higher
 85 or higher
9) Regular grade oils having a K.V.I of
 75 or higher
 80 or higher
 85 or higher
10) All of this is physical property for asphalt except
 Semi solid
 Low viscous liquid
 Ductile
 Black in color
11) In case of hard asphalt, penetration is
 Very high
 Very low
 Medium

Mixed questions
1- Compare between fuel oil and asphalt

2- Suppose that you are a quality engineer and you are asked to test a sample of lube oil, what
is the easiest test that shows if the lube oil is good for use or not and why?

Flash point determination is the easiest method to detect if there are contaminations (or
cheating) as lower flash point indicates contamination with lighter hydrocarbons.

3- Given the following figures of different experimental apparatuses answer the following
questions.
 (1) (2)

(3)

i- What is the name of each equipment?

ii- Show how you can use these equipment to determine the quality of paving asphalt sample.

Answer

1-Ductilometer

2- Ring and ball test apparatus

3- Penetration test apparatus

We can use these three apparatus to identify the ductility, softening point and hardness of
asphalt.

I- Ductility

The ductility is defined as the maximum length to which a standard molded sample could be
pulled without breaking.

II- Softening point

Softening point is defined as the temperature at which the asphalt attains a certain degree of
softening.
 The softening point maybe considered roughly as the temperature at which the penetration is
800, 800 PEN means 80 mm means 8 cm.

III- Hardness

Hardness of asphalt is measured by penetration. Penetration is defined as the distance

"measured in tenth of mm", which a standard needle having a load of 100 grams can penetrate
for a period of 5 seconds into the sample, often kept at 25 C, as long as the hardness
increases, the needle's penetration decreases and vice-versa.

In case of hard asphalt, penetration is very low and can be ZERO and In case of soft asphalt,
penetration can reach 300.

We must be sure that the hardness of asphalt is suitable to withstand the stresses of the cars
above it without being penetrated.

4- Discuss the disadvantages of propane deasphalting process and how we can overcome
these problems.

Answer

The only disadvantage is that hard asphaltenes have No use. This was overcome by any of the
following procedures:

i) Adding them to soft asphalt to increase its hardness.

ii) Adding them to viscous Fuel Oil to convert it to ordinary F.O.

iii) Adding them to soft asphalt then blowing with hot air to produce much harder grade of
asphalt, known as "Air blown asphalt".

5- Draw a block flow diagram that shows the basic processes carried out to produce high
grade lube oil.

Furfural
ketones
Propane

Crude lube oil Furfural solvent

Dewaxing extraction for KVI Deasphalting
improving

Wax Light components Asphalt

Addition of additives Stabilization

High grade lube oil