Research Work El Niño Phenomenon

ARCHITECTURE
Fernández Rojas
Kenj.
Huertas Pérez
Leonardo.
García García
Adan.
Villarreal Dávila
Manuel.
PEDRO RUIZ GALLO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS AND
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
THE CHILD
PHENOMENON
> FERNANDEZ ROJAS KENYI
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SYSTEMS AND

ARCHITECTURE PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
RESEARCH WORK
AUTHORS
:
> HUERTAS PEREZ LEONARDO
> GARCIA GARCIA ADAN faith I
> 36 VILLARREAL DAVILA MANUEL
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SYSTEMS AND ARCHITECTURE
HYDROLOGY
INDEX
QUALIFICATION
PRESENTATION
SUMMARY
GENERAL AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION
I. PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.1. DEMONSTRATION OF EXISTING PROBLEMS
1.1.1. How it affects Chiclayo
1.1.2. How it affects Peru
1.1.3. How it affects Latin America
1.2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
1.2.1. What is El Niño?
1.2.2. Evolution of the definition of El Niño
1.2.3. El Niño Modes: Canonical and Modoki
1.2.4. Kelvin waves and their relationship with the El Niño
phenomenon
1.2.5. What are the Pros and Cons of the phenomenon?
1.2.6. Most known causes
1.2.7. Consequences of the phenomenon
1.2.8. An operational definition for the coastal region of Peru
1.2.9. Characteristics of El Niño in Peru
1.2.10. El Niño impacts of strong to extraordinary intensity
1.2.11. El Niño in Peru: Historical record
II. PROPOSED SOLUTION

2.1. PREVENTIVE MEASURES
2.1.1. Institutional Prevention
2.1.2. Family Prevention
III. ACTION PLAN

3.1. What should we do?
3.2. Institutional strategy to monitor and forecast El Niño
3.3. State strategy for disaster risk management in Peru
IV. CHILD PHENOMENON 2017
CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY-LINKOGRAPHY
ANNEXES
PRESENTATION
At the end of the 19th century, fishermen in northern Peru noticed that every year
towards the end of December, around Christmas, an increase in sea water
temperature usually occurred, which was observable along the northern coast.
They attributed this warming to the arrival of a warm water marine current that they
HYDROLOGY
called the “El Niño” current.
The presence of these warm waters along the Peruvian coasts is a recurring
phenomenon that lasts for several months. We now know that this marine-coastal
warming is accentuated every certain number of years, being a manifestation of
the changes that occur in the surface and subsurface layers of the ocean. This is
linked to complex interactions with the atmosphere that occur in the equatorial
Pacific Ocean, thousands of kilometers from the Peruvian coast.
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SUMMARY
One of the most serious problems that humanity is going through is The
phenomenon of children; to which the most affected is the social and economic
aspect, which is also detrimental to the flora and fauna.
The intense rains caused floods and landslides in Peru. They affected the national
infrastructure (communication roads).
In Latin America, El Niño generated heavy rains on the Western Coast of the
South American tropics and the subtropical latitudes of North America (Gulf Coast
of Mexico) and South America (southern Brazil to central Argentina). On the
contrary, precipitation is reduced in Central America, in the Caribbean islands,
Venezuela and northern Brazil.
The appearance of warm waters was identified by Peruvian fishermen from the
town of Paita centuries ago, who gave it the name “El Niño” in reference to the
arrival of the baby Jesus, because they were observed at the end of December,
close to Christmas. .
This phenomenon occurs at intervals of two to seven years, even though scientists
assure that this phenomenon is becoming increasingly recurrent due to global
warming and climate changes.
The presence of this phenomenon brings with it both positive and negative effects.
We also find causes and consequences at a global level, Southeast Asia and for
the Peruvian coast.
As a historical record, in Peru “El Niño” has been known since pre-Inca civilizations
such as the Moche, the Lima and the Nazca settled on the coasts of ancient Peru.
Geomorphology, sediment studies and paleontology indicate that this
Phenomenon has occurred for at least 40,000 years and in addition, these
archaeological investigations demonstrate that drastic climate changes affected
the central coast of Peru (Lima Culture, approximately 400 AD)
Within the Solution proposals we can consider prevention measures, both at the
institutional and family level; and thus develop an action plan with accurate
strategies against said disaster.
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GENERAL AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
GENERAL:
• Understand and clarify the seriousness of this phenomenon
SPECIFICS:
• Determine the causes that originate the El Niño phenomenon.
• Point out the necessary prevention measures against the El
Niño phenomenon.
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INTRODUCTION
El Niño is a climate system that affects almost everyone on the planet; Every
time it appears it produces thousands of deaths, spreads diseases and changes
history.
It is the deadliest climate phenomenon on earth; It is a matter of life or death, the
terror and fear of the child's impact is truly enormous.
It has taken scientists over a hundred years to discover how powerful the child is;
but now they are making new discoveries about the child. His theory is that it is
changing; that it might be getting stronger; so in the future it would cause even
more catastrophes and what is worse, humans could be the culprits.
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1. PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.1. DEMONSTRATION OF EXISTING PROBLEMS
Among the existing problems most affected by the El Niño phenomenon are the
social, economic, flora and fauna aspects throughout the world.
Social Aspects: The presence of the phenomenon of the child is a serious fact that
affects everyone in all types of aspects, as well as bringing irreparable damage,
causing material damage and human lives, it also affects the daily activities of man
mostly.
Economic Aspect: The phenomenon of the child is detrimental to humanity since if

humanity cannot carry out its daily activities, man will not be able to satisfy its
necessary needs that are prevented by this phenomenon that from our perspective
I can affirm that the "Phenomena of the child is a series of climatic variations that
harm human development socially and economically.
- Agriculture: Primary crops such as potatoes, cotton, rice, hard corn and
fruit trees suffer from the high temperatures of the El Niño phenomenon,
water shortages and frosts in the mountains. Thus, the national agriculture
was affected in the final stretch of the 96-97 campaign that ended in July
1998. El Niño has caused problems in executing an agricultural campaign.
Like agriculture, another activity that suffered from this disease was fishing
as it is suffering contractions as a result of lower volumes of catch for
industrial use. The presence of warm waters and the deepening and
displacement of schools of anchovy (the main catch species) explain this
result. To this must be added the ban imposed by the government to protect
the species.
- The industry: The industry is affected by conflicts induced by the presence
of El Niño. On the one hand, branches linked to primary processing such as
fishmeal and foods of agricultural origin such as rice, corn, among other
things, receive a negative impact. Also, textile and clothing branches, due to
lower demand for winter clothing.
- In the flora: This phenomenon results in the destruction of parks, plants,
vegetation, forests and even produces forest fires due to climate changes.
- In the fauna: This phenomenon brought about climatic changes in which
we will name the animals that are affected and are facing extinction due to
this phenomenon.
Multisectoral Committee in charge of the National Study of the El Niño

Phenomenon – ENFEN, has determined an index to define the occurrence and
magnitude of the El Niño phenomenon in the coastal region of Peru, called ICEN
(El Niño Coastal Index).
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The ICEN is based on an average of three consecutive months of monthly sea

surface temperature anomalies in the region called Niño 1+2. That is, the term “El
Niño Event in the coastal region of Peru” (or similar expression) is the period in
which the ICEN indicates “warm conditions” for at least three (3) consecutive
months.
1.1.1. How it affects Chiclayo
Chiclayo .- The moderate and heavy rains expected on the coast and northern
mountains will affect 45 provinces in six departments, warned the National
Meteorology and Hydrology Service (Senamhi). Likewise, in Lambayeque to the
provinces of Ferreñafe, Chiclayo and Lambayeque; in Piura to Talara, Sullana,
Ayabaca, Huancabamba, Morropón, Paita, Piura, Sechura; while in Tumbes to
Zarumilla, Tumbes and Contralmirante Villar).
Other crops also affected

He also said that about 50 hectares of bean, coffee, and corn crops are affected in
the community of San Juan, after the fall of landslides due to the El Niño
Phenomenon and the intense rains in Chiclayo.
1.1.2. How it affects Peru
The El Niño Phenomenon, also known as the South Pacific Oscillation (ENSO = El
Niño Southern Oscillation) is an event that occurs in certain years with obvious
manifestations in the sea and the coast of Peru, and, as has been recently
demonstrated, it has connections with events in other parts of the planet. It consists
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of a series of oceanographic and climatic alterations with important consequences.

- The presence of abnormally high temperatures in the sea, with the invasion
of warm waters that advance in the opposite direction to the Peruvian
Current, that is, from north to south.
- Biological alterations in the sea such as "aguaje". The sea turns red due to
the presence of anomalies in the plankton, the anchovies and sardines go
deeper, and there is mortality of guano birds, which cannot find food near
the surface.
- There is an increase in rain on the Peruvian coast, mainly to the north, but
which may reach further south, depending on the advance of warm waters.
These rains cause natural disasters, such as floods, and affect
infrastructure (roads, cities, etc.).
The exact causes of this phenomenon are not yet known, but some clues have
been determined:
1. During the El Niño Phenomenon, the anticyclone and the trade winds weaken
more than normal, and the strength of the Peruvian Current also decreases more
than normal in the summers, with which the El Niño Current has greater strength
and its masses of warm water advance further south. The main engine of the
Peruvian Current is the South Pacific anticyclone, a low pressure system of winds
that circulate counterclockwise. The trade winds of the anticyclone are more
intense in autumn and winter and push the waters towards the north. During every
summer, the anticyclone weakens and loses the strength of the Peruvian Current.
2. As the Peruvian Current weakens more than normal in the summer, the warm
waters located to the west of it also penetrate towards the coast. These water
masses, under normal current conditions, are kept away by the south-north
movement of coastal waters.
3. As the sea warms, the temperature of the atmosphere increases and more
intense rains occur. In normal years, summer rains do not occur on the Peruvian
coast south of 51 L. S., due to the thermal inversion caused by cold waters, which
does not allow the condensation and elevation of clouds to more than 800 m.
In the years 1891, 1925, 1942, 1957-58, 1965, 1972, 1982-83 and 1997-1998,
especially intense El Niño phenomena have been recorded, with serious
consequences for the sea and the coast. The city of Saña (Lambayeque), founded
in 1586 on the banks of the river of the same name, was destroyed in 1686 due to
torrential rains, which fell for 15 days and completely flooded it. The ruins of
important temples remain to this day.
The Emergency Operations Center for the El Niño Phenomenon (COE-FEN)
reported today that twelve regions of the national territory are in emergency, due to
the weather phenomenon that affects the country. He specified that Piura,
Cajamarca, Lambayeque, Lima, Pasco, Huánuco, Huancavelica, Cusco,
Moquegua, Madre de Dios, Loreto and San Martín are those that still have active
emergencies as a result of the El Niño Phenomenon (FEN).
In these jurisdictions, floods, floods, rains, landslides, landslides and strong winds
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occur, as proof of the presence of the climatic event in the country. The National
Institute of Civil Defense (INDECI) records occurrences related to the FEN daily, in
order to monitor timely attention from the authorities.
The COEN recalled that the National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology
(Senamhi) reported that the FEN went from strong to moderate intensity, making it
likely that temperatures in the northern part of the country will begin to normalize in
April.
As reported by the COE-FEN, the damage assessment and needs analysis
(EDAN) actions continue, which allows each government sector to know the reality
of the districts hit by nature.
The COE-FEN is a multisector entity that houses 14 institutions between Ministries,
scientific entities and the Armed Forces. The Center is interconnected with other
local and regional emergency operations centers. Likewise, it permanently receives
data from stations, as well as HF, VHF and satellite communication.
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1.1.3. How it affects Latin America

Centuries ago, fishermen on the northern coast of Peru noticed that the region's
electricity sector is exposed to the effects of this phenomenon and, consequently,
compromises the productive development of the countries. Below we will briefly
see the main risks that the region's electrical systems face in the presence of the El
Niño phenomenon in Latin America.
El Niño affects the Caribbean, Colombia, the Northeast of Brazil and Venezuela
with drought, the rainfall deficit gives rise to droughts, severely impacts the
hydrographic basins.
The most notable effect that occurs on the electrical sectors of these countries is
that the unavailability of water in the reservoirs strongly affects their hydroelectric
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generation capacity, the main source of generation in Colombia, Brazil and

Venezuela. In addition, there are high levels of erosion and therefore the shortage
of water makes it easier for the generation of fires to affect large areas of
vegetation, mainly in places where the infrastructure for the generation,
transmission and distribution of electrical energy is located.
As an example, in Colombia the Caribbean coast has witnessed intense periods of
drought for more than a year, however not only the low hydrology scenario has had
an impact. In this situation, there are increases in thermoelectric generation based
on fossil fuels, which in turn puts pressure on electricity rates, even leading to an
insufficiency in the logistical capacity to import and store sufficient fuels to meet the
electrical needs and mobility of people.
To the south of the South American subcontinent, El Niño produces an extreme
increase in precipitation, causing strong rises in river flows. For example, the
Paraná River, one of the largest in South America, on which two dams of primary
importance are located, Yacyretá and Itaipú, has seen its average flow double in
2015, leaving families affected and populations on alert.
In general, it can be said that the risks of countries that are affected by floods
during the development of the event is the destruction of existing infrastructure,
which represents a loss of investments made. This reality raises special concern
when taking into account that ENSO is a recurring event.
Image: In the Andean and Caribbean region of Colombia, river levels have
decreased.
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1.2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
1.2.1. What is El Niño?

At the end of the 19th century, fishermen in northern Peru appreciated that all
Years towards the end of
December, close to Christmas,
an increase in sea water
temperature usually occurred,
which was observable along the
northern coast. They attributed
this warming to the arrival of a
warm water marine current that
they called the “El Niño” current.
The presence of these warm

waters along the Peruvian coasts is a recurring phenomenon that lasts for several
months. We now know that this marine-coastal warming is accentuated every
certain number of years, being a manifestation of the changes that occur in the
surface and subsurface layers of the ocean. This is linked to complex interactions
with the atmosphere that occur in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, thousands of
kilometers from the Peruvian coast.
1.2.2. Evolution of the definition of El Niño

The meaning of the El Niño phenomenon has been changing over the years. In
some South American countries such as Peru and Ecuador, the increase in the
Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the area is called “El Niño”.
coastline of the west coast of
South America with the
occurrence of intense rains.
Before, it was considered as
a
local phenomenon. Currently,
it is recognized as the main
modulator of variability
climatic
year-on-year worldwide.
The term “El Niño” includes

the observed changes in SST
in the central equatorial
Pacific, as well as changes in atmospheric pressure in the Pacific, from Australia
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(Darwin) to Tahiti (central-eastern tropical Pacific).
In recent years, to focus attention on the process of the evolution of ocean surface
temperatures and winds, scientists have sectored the equatorial strip of the Pacific
Ocean into four quadrants (Figure ). Most of them focus their attention on the Child
3 and Child 3.4 quadrants to try to understand the formation of this phenomenon.
Figure: The four regions of the Pacific Ocean that scientists focus their attention on
to study winds, sea surface temperatures and precipitation. Source: NOAA1
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States of

America - NOAA, uses the Oceanic El Niño Index (ONI) to identify El Niño and La
Niña. This index is calculated by averaging over 3 consecutive months the monthly
series of sea surface temperature anomalies measured in the tropical Pacific in the
El Niño 3.4 Region (5ºN - 5ºS, 120º - 170ºW). Warm and cold episodes are
considered when the ONI index exceeds the threshold of +/- 0.5 ºC. When this
threshold is covered for a minimum of 5 continuous months, they are defined as El
Niño (+) or La Niña (-) episodes.
El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a natural event of climate variability in

which the ocean and atmosphere interrelate in the tropical region of the Pacific
Ocean. This term became known in the 1980s, when the scientific community
demonstrated that there was an interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere
that explained it. The warm phase of ENSO corresponds to El Niño (ocean
warming and negative IOS4), while the cold phase of ENSO corresponds to La
Niña (ocean cooling and positive IOS) (Figure).
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Category Oceanic El Niño Index (ONI)
strong warm Greater than or equal to +1.4
Moderate warm Greater than +0.9 and less than +1.4
weak warm Greater than +0.5 and less than +1.0
Neutral Greater than -0.5 and less than +0.5
weak cold Less than -0.5 and less than -0.9
moderate cold Less than -1.0 and less than -1.5
strong cold Less than or equal to -1.5
Board.
Thresholds to identify the magnitude of El Niño/La Niña, according to NOAA in the
tropical Pacific region Niño 3.4
During the warm phase of ENSO (El Niño), the tropical atmosphere warms and
becomes humid, altering the storm zones, which move towards the eastern Pacific
(South American coast). Although Peruvians are more interested in what happens
near our coasts (Niño 1+2 quadrant), the impact of ocean-atmospheric anomalies
in the equatorial strip of the Pacific Ocean associated with ENSO are not only
limited to the tropics. , but they have repercussions in other regions of the world
through teleconnections.
Figure: Southern Oscillation Index, blue color (ocean warming) and red color
(ocean cooling).
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1.2.3. El Niño Modes: Canonical and Modoki
Until before the 1982/83 El Niño, several events known as “Canonic El Niño” had
been documented (Rasmusson and Carpenter, 1982), based on their temporal
evolution, that is, when sea warming begins on the Peruvian coast. during the fall
and spreads westward, with maximum warming in the eastern-central Pacific
during the following summer
Recent research (Ashok et al., 2007; Ashok and Yamagata, 2009; Takahashi et al,
2011) reports another pattern of surface temperature anomalies in the central
Pacific that does not necessarily couple with the eastern Pacific, constituting the
second dominant mode of interannual variability in the tropical Pacific, and is
known as “Niño Modoki”, whose characteristics include little effect on water, air and
rainfall temperatures on the Peruvian coast, even though they can continue to
generate impacts. remote in other parts of Peru and the world.
But El Niño does not act alone, it is coupled with another phenomenon known as
the “Pacific Decadal Oscillation” (PDO8), which is a natural fluctuation that
alternates warming and cooling phases every 20 or 30 years. , detectable through
the measurement of the surface temperature of the North Pacific (north of the 20th
parallel). Studies indicate that this natural oscillation would determine the
frequency and intensity of El Niño.
Today there is a lot of uncertainty in global climate research centers regarding the
evolution of the intensity and frequency of El Niño in the future, due to the
recurrence of patterns associated with new modes of interannual variability, and
the context of climate change.
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1.2.4. Kelvin waves and their relationship with the El Niño

phenomenon
The Multisector Committee in charge of the National Study of the El Niño

Phenomenon – ENFEN10, systematically monitors and estimates the arrival of
warm and cold Kelvin oceanic waves to our coasts. This is in order to predict
variations in sea surface temperature, its impact on air temperatures and, if
applicable, its relationship with precipitation, when it coincides with the rainy period.
In many cases their impact is short-lived and in other cases they can be the
beginning of an El Niño episode.
When the trade winds (which blow from east to west along the equator) weaken in
various areas of the equatorial Pacific, warm equatorial oceanic Kelvin waves
(gravity waves modified by the Earth's rotation) can be generated that propagate
towards the South American coasts. This results in the subsidence of the
thermocline and an increase in temperature anomalies both at the sea surface and
below it.
Kelvin waves form near Indonesia (Western Pacific) in an area called the “hot
pool,” the largest area of warm water on our planet. These waves travel east
towards South America, deepening the thermocline. Its propagation speed is on
average 2 to 3 m/s, so its arrival from the center of the equatorial Pacific to our
coasts takes about two months.
The Red-TAO (set of buoys along the equatorial Pacific) is one of the most reliable
observation systems to monitor surface and sub-surface seawater temperature,
winds, atmospheric temperature and relative humidity in the El Niño monitoring
regions. Observation by satellites also plays an important role since they can
measure the height of the ocean surface, surface winds, among others. These
technologies, added to the numerical models of the propagation of these waves,
allow them to be tracked and the estimation of their arrival on the coasts of South
America.
Kelvin waves form near Indonesia (Western Pacific) in an area called the “hot
pool,” the largest area of warm water on our planet.
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1.2.5. What are the Pros and Cons of the phenomenon?

Pro Against
• The abundant rain brings • The ways and roads
lots of life and vegetation for the They interrupted, they fell
fields, that they bridges.
will be
grazed by livestock animals. • The floods of the
rivers
• The reduction of some they started with
pests such as the coffee borer. households,
farms and canals.
• Greater amount of water there is
in the reservoirs. • The crops were lost.
• The rainwater washes the • Diseases appeared

salty coastal lands. skin, respiratory and diarrheal
diseases.
• That in the sea there is an
increase in fish of
hot,
water • That crops are lost, such as
cotton, beans, lemon, mango,
abound the prawns, papaya, etc.
shells, sharks, etc.
• Crops and livestock were
• That tubular and open-hole wells attacked by pests
recover due to increase of and
the waters
diseases.
underground.
• The phenomenon of the child
• That the production and quality of
makes one feel crops decreases.
the value of helping others, since
we unite to combat such
• The bridle paths and the
Roads were destroyed by a lot of
misfortune. rain and landslides.
• In the mountains, the mingas
• As drinking water services are
gain greater strength like
clearing a path. destroyed, people collect
rainwater to drink.
1.2.6. Most known causes
> Increase in sea surface temperature.

> increase in air temperature in coastal areas.
> Decrease in atmospheric pressure in coastal areas. weak winds.
> Decrease in marine upwelling.
> Rising sea level off the coast.
Negative Causes
> These rains will produce floods and often overflow the rivers, causing
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considerable losses for the residents near the rivers.

> Lack of rain in the country's mountains.
> The arrival of cold water fish such as anchovy, sardine and etc. is beginning
to increase.
> Diseases and pests begin to reach crops, epidemics are also seen.
> Finally, marine and coastal ecosystems are altered.
Positive Causes.
> The warm water will provide consumption of fish and mollusks that are well
known in the north of the country.
> Another positive cause would be the presence of vegetation from the arid
coast of the country.
1.2.7. Consequences of the phenomenon

Consequences of the phenomenon of the child at a global level
> Change of atmospheric circulation.
> Global warming of the planet and increase in the temperature of coastal
waters during recent decades.
> There are species that do not survive the change in temperature and die,
generating economic loss in primary activities.
> Diseases such as cholera arise, which sometimes become epidemics that
are very difficult to eradicate.
Consequences for Southeast Asia
> Scarce rain.
> Ocean cooling.
> Low cloud formation.
> Very dry periods.
> High atmospheric pressure.
Consequences for the coast of Peru

> Changes in Temperature
The last El Niño phenomenon with catastrophic consequences was
recorded in 1998, when normal air temperature levels rose and fell by
almost 5 degrees. If Lima will have a normal temperature of 24 degrees
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Celsius, with El Niño it will rise to level 30 or more during the day.
At night, the normal temperature would also drop. If Lima in autumn would
have a normal temperature of 11 degrees Celsius, with El Niño it would drop
to 6 degrees and even more, this means that the Peruvian coast will have
warm days and freezing nights, which would bring respiratory diseases.
> Agricultural
In the agricultural sector, the change in temperature will not allow the
planting of products on the coast to be harvested, since high temperatures
will generate the appearance of pests and cause rivers to overflow,
generating million-dollar losses for the agricultural sector.
> Fishery
With the arrival of warm waters to the Peruvian coast, Anchoveta, which is
90% of Peru's fishing production, will leave the Peruvian sea to go further
south or go deeper into the sea, generating losses for this sector. This will
generate the loss of biomass for subsequent years. On the Peruvian coast
and mountains there will not be many consequences, however, we must all
be alert to any weather threat.
1.2.8. An operational definition for the coastal region of Peru
The Multisectoral Committee in charge of the National Study of the El Niño

Phenomenon – ENFEN, has determined an index to define the occurrence and
magnitude of the El Niño phenomenon in the coastal region of Peru, called ICEN
(El Niño Coastal Index).
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In this context, ENFEN's declaration of El Niño conditions may or may not coincide
with NOAA diagnoses, because NOAA is based on the monitoring of thermal
anomalies in the central equatorial Pacific (Niño Region 3.4), whose manifestations
large scale, depending on their intensity, alter the global climate through
teleconnections, including Peru.
The ICEN is based on an average of three consecutive months of monthly sea

surface temperature anomalies in the region called Niño 1+2. That is, the term “El
Niño Event in the coastal region of Peru” (or similar expression) is the period in
which the ICEN indicates “warm conditions” for at least three (3) consecutive
months.
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(Figure: El Niño Coastal Index (ICEN). Coastal El Niño and La Niña events
indicated in red and blue, respectively. Source: ENFEN).
1.2.9. Characteristics of El Niño in Peru

During the development of an El Niño episode, depending on its intensity and
timing, the behavior of meteorological conditions in the national territory are
altered, causing anomalies in the behavior of rainfall and air temperatures, mainly
on the western slope and the Altiplano. , as can be seen through data observed by
SENAMHI during the two large extraordinary El Niño episodes that occurred in the
years 1982/1983 and 1997/1998.
Table a. Characteristics of the two extraordinary episodes of El Niño in Peru.
Epicodius Minimum
The Child temperature Precipitation anomalies
anomalies
The boy +8,0 °C (Chiclayo) On the north coast: 3000 mm between September and
1982-1983 +10,0 °C (Chimbóte) May; in summer, larger centers in Piura. In the
southern mountains": severe precipitation deficit.
The boy +8.0 °C from Chiclayo North coast: 3000 mm between September and May;
1997-1998 to the Little North insummer, larger centers in Piura and Tumbes;
increases of around 2000% in some northern coastal
stations: Miraflores, Talara (Piura), Tumbes; intense
rains in Lambayeque; Rains in Lima.
In the southern mountains: precipitation deficit
Table b. General manifestations of El Niño

In the ocean In the atmosphere
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• Increase in surface and sub-surface temperature • Weakening of the trade winds along the coast.
of the sea. • Increase in air temperature in coastal areas
• Increase in sea level in the warming zone. adjacent to the warm sea, and throughout the
• Decrease in the upwelling of cold waters and troposphere.
nutrients to the surface. • Increase in moisture content in the air.
• Variation in salinity of coastal waters. • Increase in cloudiness in the summer and spring
• Increase in oxygen content. season.
• Decrease in atmospheric pressure.
1.2.10. El Niño impacts of strong to extraordinary intensity

The climate variations that Peru exhibits from one year to the next, known as
interannual variability, are largely determined by the presence of El Niño. The
extreme events associated with this are those that cause impacts, affecting the
living conditions of the population.
They call the El Niño phenomenon of 1972/73 “The Forgotten Child” (Glantz,
1996), since if it is compared to the extraordinary events of 1982/83 and 1997/98,
the statement seems to be true; However, Peru does not forget it. It is in the
context of this Niño that the collapse of the fishing industry occurs in the country.
Furthermore, similar effects were occurring in the world: Russia recorded a severe
drop in grain production, which forced it to import large quantities of wheat and
corn from the United States, which meant a shortage of these products on a global
scale. Soybeans, a food for animal consumption, would replace wheat at a time of
global food crisis.
The climatic anomalies of the early 1970s, according to Glantz, promoted not only
oceanographic, atmospheric and biological research, but would also lead to the
development of a field of multidisciplinary research that has since been known as
Climate-Related Impact Assessment. Climate. Such assessments interrelate
climate variability and human activities.
Seen in this way, Peru shows great vulnerability to drastic climatic variations, such
as extreme rain events and high temperatures associated with El Niño. Evidence of
this is the economic losses caused by events such as El Niño 1982/83 (losses of
US$ 3,283 million) and El Niño 1997/98 (caused damage estimated at US$ 3,500
million), losses equivalent to 11.6% and 6 .2% of the annual GDP of 1983 and
1998, respectively.
The Table summarizes the positive and negative impacts of El Niño, associated
with the increase in air temperatures and the intense rains that occur during El
Niño episodes of strong to extraordinary intensity.
p. 27
HYDROLOGY
Impacts of El Niño in Peru.
> Positive impacts
• Emergence of other pelagic species.

• The increase in rainfall and air temperature favors
development of rice cultivation on the coast.
• The intense rains, in El Niño events from strong to
extraordinary, they favor the natural regeneration of dry forests
on the north coast.
• The appearance of temporary grasslands on the north coast is
important for livestock farming.
• Excess rainfall favors the recharge of aquifers.
• The high sea temperatures during autumn and winter favor a
decrease in the intensity of frost in the central and northern
mountains.
> Negative impacts
• Acceleration of glacial retreat.

• Loss of agricultural land.
• Clogging of reservoirs.
• Soil salinization.
• Destruction of productive infrastructure (irrigation canals, intakes,
floodgates, etc.).
• Destruction of communication routes (collapsed roads and
bridges).
• Death or migration of some plant and animal species.
• High probability of forest fires occurring, due to high
temperatures.
• High temperatures have an impact on livestock production (low
production of meat and milk).
• Decrease in potato production on the coast and mountains, due
to high temperatures and excess humidity.
• In some crops the vegetative cycle is shortened; absence of
floral induction.
• Destruction of basic sanitation infrastructure.
• Increase in diseases such as cholera, malaria, stomach infection,
conjunctivitis.
• Displacement and deepening of schools of anchovy, which cannot
be compensated with the presence of new species.
p. 28
HYDROLOGY
1.2.11. El Niño in Peru: Historical record

In the last five centuries there have been at least 120 El Niño episodes, according
to historical research compiled by Quinn W., Neal V., and Antúnez de Mayolo S.
(1986, 1987; IMARPE, 1999; INDECI, 2002).
Unlike the countries of the Northern Hemisphere, in Peru adequate instrumentation

for climate observation only began in the second decade of the 20th century and
only occasionally in some regions of the country. It is from 1965, when most of the
meteorological and hydrological stations were installed in our territory, that
sustained climate observation began. That is why Peru does not have
observational records that report the manifestations of El Niño episodes prior to
that date.
However, various publications report testimonies regarding the occurrence of this

phenomenon. For example, the bulletins of the Geographical Society of Lima
published in December 1897, show manuscripts by Antonio Raimondi on the
oceanography and climatology of our coast, which report the occurrence of
extreme events associated with marine-coastal warming in the north of the country.
, which according to Eguiguren (1895) would correspond to an El Niño event.
Below we see some fragments of this text prepared by Antonio Raimondi in

the 19th century:
El Niño as such has been known since pre-Inca civilizations such as the Moche,
the Lima and the Nazca settled on the coasts of ancient Peru. Geomorphology,
sediment studies and paleontology indicate that the El Niño Phenomenon has
occurred for at least 40,000 years. Furthermore, these archaeological
investigations demonstrate that drastic climate changes affected the central coast
of Peru (Lima Culture, approximately 400 AD)
The situation turned out to be especially dramatic for the Moche nation on the
northern coast of Peru (200 – 700 AD). Everything indicates that during the first
decades of the 7th century AD, this prosperous civilization suffered the ravages of
a prolonged and relentless El Niño episode.
During the 20th century and until before the extraordinary El Niño of 1997/98,
about 25 El Niño episodes of different intensity occurred; Bibliographic references
indicate that the El Niño events of 1891 and 1925 were events of comparable
intensity to those of 1982/83 and 1997/98. So far in the 21st century, according to
NOAA's ONI (Oceanic Niño Index), four El Niño episodes have occurred in the
central Pacific; two of weak intensity (Years
2004/05 and 2006/07) and two of moderate intensity (years 2002/03 and 2009/10).
p. 29
HYDROLOGY
Image: Effects of the rains in Piura in 1998. Aerial photos of the Bolognesi Bridge.
Source: Luis Lévano - Diario El Tiempo (Piura)
II. PROPOSED SOLUTION

2.1 PREVENTIVE MEASURES
2.1.1 Institutional Prevention
> Cleaning of drains and main channels in the highest risk areas to avoid
possible overflows.
p. 30
HYDROLOGY
Drain cleaning
} Guarantee the necessary supply to overcome these difficulties due to the
drought.
> Request support from the authorities of the national meteorology and
hydrology service and the national study committee of the El Niño
phenomenon to evaluate climate behavior.
> Carry out work on both clearing rivers and protecting both banks of the
river, rehabilitation of retaining walls, construction and reinforcement of
dams, rockfilling, and cleaning and channeling the flow of rivers.
Santa River clearing

} Prepare the contingency plan at the regional level and with multi-sector
participation for prevention and mitigation works in the event of an
eventual El Niño phenomenon.
> Motivate the education, agriculture, health, transportation, production
and local government sectors to present their contingency plans so that
they also participate in the task of working, caring, informing and
monitoring.
p. 31
HYDROLOGY
} Carry out massive campaigns where information related to what is

happening is given so that people are more aware and do their bit to
help our planet.
Informative talks – Municipality of Villa María del Triunfo – Lima

2.1.2 Family prevention
} Keep the roof of the house clean and free of materials; and if necessary,
protect the roof of the house with polypropylene sheets (plastic
sheeting), giving it a slope for water evacuation.
> If the home has a gable roof, install gutters to drain them, orienting them
towards an evacuation or drainage area.
drainage channel
} Try to clean the roof and its drains, as well as the street and its drains so
that they do not become clogged with garbage.
> If it rains heavily, flooding is likely to occur.
> Protect electrical cables (conductors) that may be on roofs or outside the
house, to avoid contact with water.
} If you drive, slow down, take precautions and do not stop in areas where
large amounts of water may flow. Do not cross flooded sections with your
vehicle or on foot.
> If your home floods, it is advisable to leave it and disconnect the
electricity.
> Carry out a general inspection of your house and repair cracks, cracks,
p. 32
HYDROLOGY
leaks, damaged pipes, etc.

> After heavy rain and strong winds, make sure the danger has passed
before cleaning up.
> Organize with your neighbors to help each other and communicate to the
respective authorities.
> Follow the instructions of the authorities and prepare to evacuate if
necessary.
> Prepare your Emergency Backpack and Reserve Box, with non-
perishable items such as water and food.
> Have the telephone numbers of the Fire Department (116) and the
National Police (105) on hand. Collaborate responsibly in the Civil
Defense Brigades (in support of first response activities: rescue, debris
removal, first aid, firefighting, etc.).
Image: Clearing rivers
111. ACTION PLAN
111.1. What should we do?

Without a doubt, we must intensify monitoring and multidisciplinary research as the
main strategy to generate and manage knowledge about El Niño.
Another aspect, equally important, is to understand the social and economic

dimension of the effects of climate on society. Forecasting the impacts of El Niño is
complex, as each event is different and unique at the same time.
Furthermore, underlying the fact that not all climatic anomalies that occur during El
Niño are attributable to the phenomenon, since these may be part of other forms of
natural variability.
These events associated with climate variability not only affect the economy of the
p. 33
HYDROLOGY
countries that experience them, but also bring a series of impacts on their social
and even political structure.
Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the relevance of new forms of governance
that integrate environmental issues into development policies.
This involves learning to live with climate variability, valuing and taking advantage
of the positive aspects of the event and mitigating the negative aspects through
policies designed for this purpose.
3.2. Institutional strategy to monitor and forecast El Niño

In Peru, monitoring of ocean-atmospheric conditions is carried out by the
Multisector Committee in charge of the National Study of the El Niño Phenomenon
(ENFEN), an official scientific entity that brings together researchers from six
national institutions:
> Institute of the Sea of Peru – IMARPE.

> National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology of Peru -
SENAMHI.
> Geophysical Institute of Peru – IGP.
> Directorate of Hydrography and Navigation – DHN.
> National Institute of Civil Defense – INDECI.
> National Water Authority - ANA.
p. 34
HYDROLOGY
This Committee permanently informs the authorities and the population about
ocean-atmospheric conditions, their relationship with the occurrence of the El Niño
phenomenon and its evolution.
SENAMHI, as part of ENFEN, is the institution in charge of forecasting atmospheric

conditions leading to the occurrence of extreme events associated with El Niño, in
addition to the evaluation and permanent monitoring of atmospheric circulation in
the tropical region for forecasting purposes. The boy. Likewise, it disseminates
information services on El Niño/La Niña, as well as meteorological, hydrological
and climate warnings.
Local, district and provincial governments must consider, in their regulatory and
urban growth plan, the adaptation of urban infrastructure of all types (housing,
schools, hospitals, public buildings, etc.) so that they are resistant to disaster
events. El Niño of any magnitude.
It is also very important that the authorities remain firm and do not allow invasions
or human settlements in flood-prone areas or in the beds of streams. Few or no
municipal ordinances are given to prevent this from happening, which generates
disorderly growth of cities, without considering the climate factor and security
measures.
3.3. State strategy for disaster risk management in Peru

New approach in the allocation of budget resources: “Go from an inertial budget
allocation towards an allocation of resources based on results, taking into account
the care priorities that citizens require and value.”
Since 2007, Peru has been implementing the most important reform in the National
Budget System: the Results-Based Budget (PPR), which is a public management
strategy that links the allocation of resources to products and measurable results in
favor of the population. This strategy involves overcoming the traditional way of
p. 35
HYDROLOGY
carrying out the process of allocation, approval, execution, monitoring and

evaluation of the Public Budget.
The National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru – SENAMHI, has

participated in the PPR since 2012, providing results linked to the reduction of the
vulnerability of the population and their livelihoods to the occurrence of natural
threats of climate origin such as: intense rains, frosts, cold weather, droughts, the
El Niño phenomenon, among other extreme events. Its participation includes a set
of interventions articulated between various sectors: Agriculture, Housing,
Construction and Sanitation, Territorial Planning, Transportation, Health, INDECI,
MEF, etc.
Since 2014, together with other ENFEN institutions, SENAMHI consolidates its
contribution to disaster risk management in the country through the Product:
Entities Informed permanently and with forecasts regarding the El Niño
Phenomenon. This product considers the dissemination of diagnoses of the
evolution of oceanographic, atmospheric and biological-fishery conditions, as well
as forecasts of the El Niño phenomenon based on international climate models,
through monthly technical reports in their compact and extended versions. The
contribution of SENAMHI, in order to strengthen the research capabilities of the El
Niño phenomenon in the country, is through the activity Study and Monitoring of
the effects of the El Niño phenomenon on atmospheric conditions at the national
level.
The role of regional and national governments
It is up to these governments to take advantage of the lulls that El Niño gives,

sometimes with several years of drought or normal years. During these periods,
planning and works must be carried out that involve adapting the infrastructure to
withstand an El Niño of any magnitude. These government entities must help
public and private institutions to generate knowledge about El Niño and its impacts
in our region and strategies to mitigate its adverse effects as well as try to take
advantage of some positive impact (reforestation, level of aquifers, etc.).
Action must be taken permanently in relation to El Niño and not only at the moment
when its possible occurrence is heard.
In 2015, for the first time, a simulation of the El Niño phenomenon was carried out
in which the response capacity of the population and authorities to the
emergencies posed by the occurrence of these phenomena was tested. This type
of exercise is very good; However, it is necessary to raise awareness among the
population so that they have greater participation.
p. 36
HYDROLOGY
At a business level, the prevention of El Niño must consider possible magnitudes of

these events (weak, moderate, strong or very strong) and, for each of these
scenarios, have an action or contingency plan designed.
The rains that occurred in the summer of 2015, with an accumulated value within
the normal range (75mm), suggest that the period of extreme drought, such as the
years of 2013 and 2014, has already been overcome and that normal or above-
normal years are coming. normal, in terms of rain.
The conditioning of regional infrastructure of all types to deal with rain, as well as to
store and properly use water resources, must be provided for in all instances. Road
infrastructure, roads, paths and bridges must be repaired or built adequately to
avoid deterioration due to rain, ensuring transportation and avoiding the isolation of
towns.
p. 37
HYDROLOGY
IV. COASTAL NIÑO PHENOMENON 2017
> On February 3, the regions of Tumbes , Piura and Lambayeque were declared
in a state of emergency.
> That same day, the Multisectoral Committee in Charge of the National Study
of the El Niño Phenomenon (ENFEN) reported the establishment of the
coastal El Niño alert state that extends throughout all the departments of the
Peruvian coast, including the department of Lima .
> The most serious damage was recorded in northern Peru: the departments of
Tumbes, Piura and Lambayeque were affected by torrential rains that caused
floods and landslides , affecting homes and crop areas.
> Other departments most affected were La Libertad and Áncash . Trujillo was
affected by the ravines and several communication routes are blocked. While
Huarmey was flooded and cut off by the overflowing of the city's homonymous
river .
> In Lima, the riverside areas of the province of Lima suffered the overflowing of
the Chillón, Huaycoloro, Rímac and Lurín rivers; The most affected areas were
Carapongo, Huachipa, Chosica and Cajamarquilla. The water supply in the
capital was restricted and in some sectors even suspended for several days
due to the turbidity of the rivers and the solid material that made its treatment
difficult.
> Further south, the departments of Ica and Arequipa also suffered the
onslaught of rains and river overflows. In January, the activation of the
streams caused the flooding of the town of La Tinguiña (Ica). The city of
Arequipa suffered restrictions in the drinking water service, due to the high
turbidity registered in the Chili River , which made its treatment system
difficult.
> Until March 31, 2017 , a total of 101 deaths, 353 injuries, 19 missing, 141,000
victims and almost one million people affected nationwide since December
2016 were reported.
Districts flooded in Lambayeque due to overflowing rivers

after rain
The overflowing of the La Leche, Motupe, El Taymi, and Loco Rivers has affected the
population of the districts of Íllimo, Pacora, Jayanca, Pítipo, among other localities.
p. 38
HYDROLOGY
Flooded bottom. | Source: RPP | Photographer: Henry Urpeque

Critical was the situation in the Lambayeque region after the intense rain that this
northern area of the country endured. The streets of several districts have been
flooded, many houses collapsed, crops damaged and roads interrupted, leaving
thousands of families affected.
Affected llimo .
In the district of Íllimo, so far, more than 50 houses have collapsed and five hamlets
are completely isolated after the overflowing of the La Leche River, at the height of
the Culpón Bajo sector. The water entered the homes in both the urban and rural
areas and reached a meter high in all the streets of the Lambayecan district. Civil
Defense personnel specified that there is a danger that more houses made of rustic
materials will collapse.
Meanwhile, the residents of the hamlets: Las Juntas, Coloche, Progreso, San Juan,
and another sector, which are located on the bank of the La Leche River, are
completely isolated. The presence of members of the Peruvian Army and Armed
Forces was necessary to support the work of road rehabilitation and evacuation of
the population.
In the urban area of Íllimo, the company Electronorte had to suspend electricity to
avoid further complications in the area. Since early hours, brigades with the help of
residents have been evacuating the elderly and children to safer areas.
p. 39
HYDROLOGY
Overflow of the La Leche River | Source: RPP/Henry Urpeque

Pacora.
Meanwhile, the district of Pacora was also affected by the overflowing of the Motupe
River. There are an average of 8 young towns that were affected after the overflowing
of this river near the Pueblo Viejo sector. The situation worsened in this town
because the La Leche River had overflowed, affecting part of its population.
p. 40
HYDROLOGY
Flood in Pacora Source: RPP/Henry Urpeque

Elms.
On the other hand, the district of Olmos endured intense rain with thunder and
lightning for more than 12 hours. Thousands of farmers were cut off from
communication due to the collapse of motorable trails, after the increase in the flow of
the Olmos, Cascajal and Insculás rivers.
Olmos School flooded

Jayanca.
Another of the affected districts is Jayanca, which was flooded after the Zurita and
Motupe rivers overflowed as a result of the rain, near the Pampa de Lino hamlet. A
truck loaded with a load of papaya overturned and traffic was interrupted on the North
Pan-American Highway, at kilometer 38 on March 13 of this year, between the
Cahuide hamlet and the La Viña town center.
Also, the overflow of the Motupe River affected a large part of the Las Pirkas
p. 41
HYDROLOGY
recreational center in the Jayanca district and severely affected the southern sector
of the town, destroying homes, crops and animals.
Las Pirkas recreational center in Jayanca was affected by the overflowing of the Motupe and Zurita
rivers. | Source: RPP News
p. 42
HYDROLOGY
CONCLUSIONS
The conclusion regarding all natural and artificial events that affect life on earth is
based on the fact that man is not aware of the environmental impact produced by
his products or sustainable behavior due to the following factors: the human being
for ease and idleness does not want to take care of the environment since
protecting and caring for the environment requires effort and labor, due to
marketing, commerce, malice among other factors, the human being in this case
scientists and specialists do not want to create products that do not harm the
environment and do not wish to create incentives that promote the care and
protection of life.
Which leads to the following consequences: global warming: due to damage to the
ozone layer, the harmful rays of the sun and fires that damage life on earth, this
occurs due to the felling of trees and the implementation of toxic substances.
Decrease and pollution of water: due to the unnecessary wear and tear of water
and its inappropriate use, water worldwide has decreased due to many other
factors. Another relative event is pollution as a result of not taking care of the
water, ignorance and malice. of the population that has produced contamination
worldwide which favors diseases and shortages of drinking water. These are just
some consequences of neglecting the environment. It is estimated that life in the
not too distant future will not be as pleasant and satisfying as before, due to the
aforementioned factors, so take care of the environment and life!
p. 43
HYDROLOGY
RECOMMENDATIONS
Without a doubt, we must intensify monitoring and multidisciplinary research as the

main strategy to generate and manage knowledge about El Niño. Another aspect,
equally important, is to understand the social dimension
and economic of the effects of climate on society. Forecasting the impacts of El

Niño is complex, as each event is different and unique at the same time.
Furthermore, underlying the fact that not all climatic anomalies that occur during El
Niño are attributable to the phenomenon, since these may be part of other forms of
natural variability.
These events associated with climate variability not only affect the economy of the
countries that experience them, but also bring a series of impacts on their social
and even political structure.
Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the relevance of new forms of governance

that integrate environmental issues into development policies. This involves
learning to live with climate variability, valuing and taking advantage of the positive
aspects of the event and mitigating the negative aspects through policies designed
for this purpose.
p. 44
HYDROLOGY
LINKOGRAPHY
- http://www.minam.gob.pe/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Dossier-El-
Ni%C3%B1o-Final_web.pdf
- http://diariocorreo.pe/ciudad/fenomeno-del-nino-traera-3-graves-
seguras-a-la-costa-del-peru-574847/
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o_(fen%C3%B3meno)
http://www.senamhi.gob.pe/?p=0814
- http://www.miraflores.gob.pe/
- http://udep.edu.pe/fen/
p. 45
HYDROLOGY
ANNEXES
Federico Villareal Street illimo district
Flooding of hectares of land in tumbes.
p. 46
HYDROLOGY
North Olmos-Piura Pan-American Highway .
Chiclayo-Talara highway.
p. 47
HYDROLOGY
Figure: Most risk management studies analyze the impacts of the “El Niño
Extraordinario” events of 1982/83 and 1997/98, due to the chain of devastating
impacts in Peru and other regions of the world.
p. 48
HYDROLOGY
SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALY

Extraordinary Child: Year 1982. June, July and August.
Figure: Sea surface temperature anomaly patterns (in °C) during “El Niño
Extraordinario” 1982, winter period (June, July and August). Source:
NOAA_OI_SST_V2 data products from PSD - SENAMHI.
Extraordinary Child: Year 1997. June, July and August.
p. 49
HYDROLOGY
Figure: Sea surface temperature anomaly patterns (in °C) during the year's “El
Niño Extraordinario”
1997, winter period (June, July and August). Source: NOAA_OI_SST_V2 data
products from PSD - SENAMHI.

Canonical Children: Years 1965/1969/1972. June, July and August.
Figure: Sea surface temperature anomaly patterns (in °C) during “Canonical El
Niño” 1965, 1969 and 1972, winter period (June, July and August). Source:
COBE-SST2/NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD – SENAMHI.
p. 50
Modoki Children:FACULTY
YearsOF1994/2002/2004.
CIVIL ENGINEERING, SYSTEMS AND ARCHITECTURE
June, July and August.
HYDROLOGY
Figure. Sea surface temperature anomaly patterns (in °C) during “El Niño
Modoki” 1994, 2002 and 2004, winter period (June, July and August). Source:
NOAA_OI_SST_V2 data products from PSD - SENAMHI.
p. 51

Research Work El Niño Phenomenon

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ARCHITECTURE

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SYSTEMS AND

GENERAL AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

II. PROPOSED SOLUTION

III. ACTION PLAN

GENERAL AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1.1. DEMONSTRATION OF EXISTING PROBLEMS

Economic Aspect: The phenomenon of the child is detrimental to humanity since if

Multisectoral Committee in charge of the National Study of the El Niño

The ICEN is based on an average of three consecutive months of monthly sea

1.1.1. How it affects Chiclayo

Other crops also affected

of a series of oceanographic and climatic alterations with important consequences.

1.1.3. How it affects Latin America

generation capacity, the main source of generation in Colombia, Brazil and

1.2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

1.2.1. What is El Niño?

The presence of these warm

1.2.2. Evolution of the definition of El Niño

The term “El Niño” includes

(Darwin) to Tahiti (central-eastern tropical Pacific).

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States of

El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a natural event of climate variability in

Category Oceanic El Niño Index (ONI)

strong warm Greater than or equal to +1.4

Moderate warm Greater than +0.9 and less than +1.4

weak warm Greater than +0.5 and less than +1.0

Neutral Greater than -0.5 and less than +0.5

weak cold Less than -0.5 and less than -0.9

moderate cold Less than -1.0 and less than -1.5

strong cold Less than or equal to -1.5

1.2.3. El Niño Modes: Canonical and Modoki

1.2.4. Kelvin waves and their relationship with the El Niño

The Multisector Committee in charge of the National Study of the El Niño

1.2.5. What are the Pros and Cons of the phenomenon?

• The rainwater washes the • Diseases appeared

1.2.6. Most known causes

> Increase in sea surface temperature.

considerable losses for the residents near the rivers.

1.2.7. Consequences of the phenomenon

Consequences for the coast of Peru

1.2.8. An operational definition for the coastal region of Peru

The Multisectoral Committee in charge of the National Study of the El Niño

The ICEN is based on an average of three consecutive months of monthly sea

1.2.9. Characteristics of El Niño in Peru

Table b. General manifestations of El Niño

1.2.10. El Niño impacts of strong to extraordinary intensity

Impacts of El Niño in Peru.

> Positive impacts

• Emergence of other pelagic species.

• Acceleration of glacial retreat.

1.2.11. El Niño in Peru: Historical record

Unlike the countries of the Northern Hemisphere, in Peru adequate instrumentation

However, various publications report testimonies regarding the occurrence of this

Below we see some fragments of this text prepared by Antonio Raimondi in

II. PROPOSED SOLUTION

2.1.1 Institutional Prevention

Santa River clearing

} Carry out massive campaigns where information related to what is

Informative talks – Municipality of Villa María del Triunfo – Lima

leaks, damaged pipes, etc.

Image: Clearing rivers