Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

EDUCATIONAL UNIT “DR. JOSÉ MARÍA VARGAS”

Via San Diego de los Altos, Quebrada Honda Sector, Carrizal
Municipality
Miranda State Telephones: 372-44-60/373-55-17
Website: www.uevargas.com / Email: secretjmv@cantv.net

Preparation and Compilation

Prof. María Eugenia García
2016
 INTRODUCTION

The Educational Unit “Dr. José María Vargas” always concerned about
the academic training of its students and their educational and
successful continuity in Higher Education, has decided to implement,
starting in the 2016-2017 school year, a TECHNICAL DRAWING
PROGRAM that consists of adding to the curriculum of 1st year study
of General Secondary Education the subject Technical Drawing. The
reason for this percentage (30%) is that the young person recognizes
the importance of the subject in their academic training.
The incorporation of Technical Drawing to the 1st year curriculum is
due to the consideration that mathematical knowledge is not enough
to solve practical problems, but rather the ability to take the problem
from common language to the symbols used in drawing is of greater
importance. as well as recognizing the data involved in the Sheets and
Theory.
The subject Technical Drawing is annexed to the 1st year curriculum
with the purpose of providing our students with the fundamental basis
that facilitates success in the subject Technical Drawing.
The structuring of the aforementioned subjects in the study
curriculum is indicated below.

TECHNICAL DRAWING

Total Hours: 52
Weekly Hours: 2
8 theoretical hours
8 hours of exercise
Hours I Span: 16

Hours II Span: 20 10 theoretical hours

10 hours of exercise 8 hours of theory
8 hours of exercise
Hours III Span: 16
 GOALS

UNIT I. - Recognize: The Evolution of Technical Drawing. Measurement

and the use of Technical Drawing Instruments. Classification and Use
of the Types of Lines used in Technical Drawing.

OBJECTIVE I. The Process of the Evolution of Technical Drawing-

Importance.

OBJECTIVE 2. Measurement in Technical Drawing. Technical

Drawing Instruments.

OBJECTIVE 3. The Types of Lines used in Technical Drawing.

UNIT II.- Recognize: Layout Techniques. The Labeling. The Formats.

OBJECTIVE 4. Apply Layout Techniques in Technical Drawing.

OBJECTIVE 5. Prepare the Labels in the Technical Drawing.

OBJECTIVE 6. Apply the Formats in Technical Drawing.

UNIT III. –Recognize: Geometric Constructions. The Layout of Triangles

and Quadrilaterals. The Lines-The Tangents and
Junctions.

OBJECTIVE 7. Apply the Techniques of Geometric

Constructions.

OBJECTIVE 8. Apply the Techniques in the Layout of Triangles

and Quadrilaterals.

OBJECTIVE 9. Delineate Lines, Tangents and Joints.

PROGRAMMATIC CONTENT

UNIT I: Recognize: The Evolution of Technical Drawing-Measurement-

Lines.
OBJECTIVE I.-
EVOLUTION OF THE TECHNICAL DRAWING
Concepts-Types-Importance.

OBJECTIVE 2.-
MEASUREMENT IN THE TECHNICAL DRAWING

Concepts-Types-Instrument-Use-

OBJECTIVE 3.-
THE LINES IN THE TECHNICAL DRAWING
Concepts-Types-Uses-Forms-

UNIT II: Recognize: The Layout-The Labeling-The Formats.

OBJECTIVE 4.-
THE LAYOUT
Concept-Techniques-handling of Drawing Instruments.

OBJECTIVE 5.-
THE LETTERING
Concept-Types-Uses.

OBJECTIVE 6.-
THE FORMATS
Concepts-Types-Uses.

UNIT III: Recognize: Geometric Constructions-Triangles-Quadrilaterals-

Lines-Tangents-Joints.

OBJECTIVE 7.-
GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONS
Concepts-Layouts-Angles-Circumference-Regular Polygons-
Compass Rose.

OBJECTIVE 8.-
LAYOUTS OF TRIANGLES AND QUADRILATERALS
Concepts-Types-Strokes.

OBJECTIVE 9.-
DELINERA LINES-TANGENTS-JOINTS
Concepts-Types-Strokes.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1) .Fundamentals of Technical Drawing-Jensen Manson-Editorial McGraw-Hill-Mexico.

2) .Initiation of Drawing-Editorial CEAC-Barcelona.

3) .Initiation of Technical Drawing-Juan E Abreu Olivo-Félix García G-Iris Rondón de Rojas-

Eduardo Rodríguez Pérez-Editorial Romor.

4) .Freehand-Technical Drawing-Theory-Eduardo Rodríguez Pérez-Freddy Suarez-

Ramona M de Rivero-Alí Garrido-Editorial Romor.

5) .Precision Technical Drawing-María Gabriela Fernández Silano-Editorial Actualidad

2000.

6) .Technical Skills 1st year-Fernell Páez Téllez-Félix Edmundo García G-Ediarte SA

 LAPSE I

UNIT I: Recognize: The Process of the Evolution of Technical Drawing-The Standards-The Use
and Types of Materials-Measurement-The Line Techniques.

CONCEPTS:

OBJECTIVE I.
The Process of the Evolution of Technical Drawing .
TECHNICAL DRAWING : It is the art of graphically representing shapes and ideas.
It can be done by freehand or by means of specialized instruments, observing certain rules and
regulations.
The Beginning of Technical Drawing dates back to primitive times. An example of this is that the
great monuments of antiquity were based on carefully drawn plans. Generally, it was in the
monastery schools where drawing was developed in the Middle Ages. But Technical Drawing
really received its great boost during the times with the development achieved by the industry.
Currently, Technical Drawing is an important pillar of Artisanal and Industrial Work.
Both loose parts and plans are drawn for the gearing or assembly of the different parts of
machines, devices and installations of all types.
In the Construction of metal structures, installation of pipes, electrical networks and
constructions related to various branches of the Industry, the Technical Drawing is used as
expression and communication or as a link between the project and its execution.

When we use Instruments (ruler-compass-etc.) the Drawing is called Linear Drawing or

Technical Drawing.
When we work without the Instruments it is called Sketch or Pulse Drawing.
Technical Drawing includes a set of principles and rules where an object is represented by its
Lines.
Technical Drawing is an Art, it teaches us how to represent Objects with the greatest accuracy
and clarity possible.

TYPES OF DRAWINGS: These are:

Architectural Drawing-Urban Planning Drawing-Topographic Drawing-Geological Drawing-
Mechanical Drawing-Electrical Drawing-Electronic Drawing-Drawing of Sanitary Facilities-
Cartographic Drawing-Artistic Drawing-

Architectural Drawing : It is the way to graphically represent, through symbols and signs, all
aspects related to Constructions. Example: Villas-Buildings and everything related to Civil
Construction.

Urban Planning Drawing : This Drawing has as its special purpose the Beautification and
Ornamentation of cities from every point of view: Architecture-Services-Traffic-Parks-
Urbanizations- Remodeling, etc.

Topographic Drawing: It is the representation on a plane of the characteristics of a terrain such

as: relief, height at different levels, etc. Through these field data, the Topography of the land is
determined and its Longitudinal Profiles, Plans and Contour Curves are highlighted for the
different projects.

Geological Drawing : Graphically represents the Soil Profile, that is, the mineral content and
composition of a given area. This type of Drawing serves as a Guide to Mining Exploitation.

Mechanical Drawing : Responsible for the Graphic Representation of Parts and machines of
Industrial Complexes. In this type of drawing, previously established Standards and Symbols are
taken into account.

Drawing of Sanitary Facilities : This Drawing indicates the distribution of Sanitary Parts and
indicates the Location and Address.

Cartographic Drawing : Its purpose is to make maps. That is, the Geographic representation of
the earth or part of it on a Flat Surface. Here the Presentation, the use of Symbols and Colors
are taken into account.

Electrical Drawing : It is the way to indicate on the Plans the Location and Distribution of the
Electrical Elements, Switches, Lamps, Panels and Connections of the entire Electrical
Installation.

Electronic Drawing : The Plans that indicate Electronic Circuits related to each other are
represented. It is the way to represent the electronic system of a radio to the complicated
circuit of an electronic computer.

Artistic Drawing: These are those represented in the Works of Art.

THE RULES IN DRAWING : It means establishing Rules and Recommendations for the
Organization of Work Processes.

Management and Organization : It refers to everything related to the Standards that have been
made by the “German Standards Commission (DNA).
Their results are expressed in special sheets called “Standard Sheets” that bear the DIN mark.

Characterization of a Standards Sheet : DIN was, since 1917, the abbreviation of German
Industrial Standards.
In 1926, a Central Organization of the standardization commissions of many countries was
influenced by the ISA.
ISA=INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATED STANDARDS FEDERATION.
In 1947 the ISO was an association based in Geneva.
ISO=International Banner Forum Organization.
Standardization makes work easier and cheaper.

Standardization in Venezuela : In Venezuela there is an Organization called “Venezuelan

Commission of Industrial Standards=COVENIN.
It is made up of 2010 representatives from different Organizations, Industrial Associations,
Universities, Ministries, Consumer Institutes, Etc.
COVENIN: Grants the Norven Brand to Products whose manufacturing meets the Established
Quality requirements.

Safety and Hygiene Standards used in Technical Drawing :

- -They should not rest their body on the Board.
- -Do not sharpen the Board.
- -The Sheet with the Drawing Instruments must be on the table.
- -It is recommended that the Light be directed to the Left.
- -Keep Drawing Sheets in a Folder.
- -Once the Compass has been used, close it and place it in a safe place.

Hygiene :
- -Have Clean Hands.
- -Touch the Drawing as little as possible.
- -Clean Drawing Instruments.
- -The Drawing Table must be Clean.
- -Keep the Eraser clean.
- -Only the Drawing materials should be on the Table.

Materials used in Technical Drawing-Measurement in Technical Drawing .

MATERIALS : To obtain good results in the preparation of the Technical Drawing, it is necessary
to have good quality of the materials used and the skill in using them. The Materials used are:
Pencil-Squares-Protractor-Compass-Eraser-Drawing Paper-

Appropriate pencils for drawing : They are the following: HBF-HB-

 VERY SOFT AND BLACK 4B TOO SOFT
VERY SOFT AND VERY BLACK 3B
SOFT AND VERY BLACK 2B SKETCH
SOFT AND BLACK b LETTERING
SOFTER

SEMI SOFT AND BLACK H.B.

SEMI-SOFT F TO DELINEATE
HARD h
HARDER 2H
HARDEST

VERY HARD 3H FOR LAYOUTS

5H
REMARKABLY EXTRAORDINARY HARD
VERY HARD 6H
STONE HARDNESS 7H TOO HARD

PENCIL :

They are Hexagonal and on their upper part they have printed
Letters and Numbers that determine their degree of Hardness.

THE ERASER :
It is recommended that the Eraser be preferably Soft, Flexible
and White, so that it does not mistreat the Sheet and does not
leave colored residue.
As Auxiliary Material there are Metal Templates called Skulls,
which are used to protect nearby lines that you do not want to
erase.
 PAPER : The Sheet of Paper is a very thin sheet, made of
cellulose fibers and reduced by chemical and
mechanical procedures.

For Drawing, two types of Paper are distinguished:

Opaque and Translucent.

Opaque Paper : Its color varies from white to yellowish

and is slightly shiny.
Translucent Paper: It is transparent and bluish-white in
tone.
It is one of the most important instruments of our
subject and that every illustrator must possess. The
most common Types of Rules are: wooden, plastic,
metal.
RULE :

THE SQUADS :
It is mainly used for drawing vertical, inclined, vertical, straight, oblique, perpendicular and
parallel lines.

45° SQUARE SQUARE 30°-60°-90°-

THE TRANSPORTER :

It is a Graduated Circle that is made of different Types of

Materials. Preferably: Transparent Plastic. The Conveyor is
divided into 180 equal parts (180° half the Circumference) and
360 equal parts (360° the full Circumference).

COMPASS:

Instrument that consists of two articulated parts and is used to

draw circles, arcs, and transport measurements.
The compass must have interchangeable parts.
The most common Compasses are: Dry Point Compass, to
transport measurements-Balustrin Compass, to draw Circles of
the Same Measurement with Accuracy-Bomb Compass, to
accurately draw small circles.

OBJECTIVE
2.
Measurement as a
THE MEASUREMENT:

It is related to the proportion and size of a Figure

or Solid that we want to Draw.
The Instruments we need to Measure are : THE
Meter and the Graduated Rule.

THE METER AND ITS MEASUREMENTS : The divisions of the meter as a Unit are the
following:
DECIMETER
METER CENTIMETER
MILLIMETER

One Meter is equivalent to 100 Centimeters.

A Decimeter is equivalent to 10 Centimeters.
One Centimeter is equivalent to 10 Millimeters.
It should be noted that in The Graduated Rule we find: Decimeters, Centimeters and
Millimeters.
It is essential to know the appreciation that a Measuring Instrument has.
“The Appreciation” of a Measuring Instrument is the smallest exact measurement that can
be made with said instrument.

OBSERVE AND VERIFY WITH YOUR GRADUATED RULER, THE MEASUREMENTS OF THE
SIDES OF THESE PLANE FIGURES :

8cm

5.3cm

3cm
OBJECTIVE 3.
Lines Used in Technical Drawing.
THE LINES :
They serve to define and highlight a Drawing.
The Types of Lines that are specifically used in the Technical Drawing are :

FULL AND THICK LINE :

It serves to highlight visible edges of geometric bodies.

FULL AND THIN LINE :

Dimension Line and Auxiliary Lines serve to indicate different lengths.
FREEHAND-PULSE LINE:
It is used to indicate breaks in metals, insulating materials, stones, wood.

FREEHAND LINE

SHORT DASH LINE :

It serves to highlight Hidden Edges and Contours.

SHORT STROKES

LINE OF DASHES AND DOTS :

It is used for Axle and Central Lines. This Line must begin and end in Dashes.

STROKES AND
POINTS
ZIG-ZAG LINE :
It is used to make Interruptions.

CLASSIFICATION OF LINES . In Drawing, Lines must be Clear and Defined, in order to

achieve good work with excellent presentation.
Lines are classified according to their Shape, their Position in Space and the Relationship
between them.

STRAIGHT
CURVE
ACCORDING TO ITS FORM : BROWN
MIXED

VERTICAL
ACCORDING TO INCLINED HORIZONTAL
YOUR POSITION
IN THE SPACE:

ACCORDING TO THE RELATIONSHIP PARALLELS

WHAT THEY KEEP AMONG EACH OTHER: OBLIQUES
— CONVERGENT
DIVERGENT
PERPENDICULAR
ACCORDING TO ITS FORM .
Straight Line : These are all those lines in which all their Points go in the same
 direction.

Curved Line : These are the Lines that are formed in the form of a Curve, their points
go in
Different directions.

Mixed Line : It is made up of Straight and Curved Lines that in turn lead Different
Directions.

Broken Line : This Line is formed by different straight lines that in turn intersect each
other and lead different directions.

ACCORDING TO ITS POSITION IN SPACE .

Vertical Line : It is the Straight Line Perpendicular to the Horizon.

NOTE : The Perpendicular Line is the one that forms a Right Angle (90°) with another
Line.
Horizontal Line : It is the Line that corresponds to the water level when it is at rest.

Inclined Line: It is the Line that abandons its Vertical and Horizontal position and has
an inclined end towards one of its sides.

ACCORDING TO THE RELATIONSHIP THEY HAVE AMONG EACH OTHER .

Parallel Lines : These are two or more lines that, being in the same Plane, never
come together when projecting their ends.

Oblique Lines : It is the Line that meets the Horizontal Line forming an Angle that is
Not Right.

Convergent Lines : They are Lines that, starting from Different Points, join into
Another when projecting their Ends.
UNION

EXTREMES
DIFFERENT POINTS
 Divergent Lines : These are the Lines that start from the same Point and when their
Ends are projected, they separate in different Directions.

ENDS IN DIFFERENT
DIRECTIONS
SAME POINT

Perpendicular Line : It is the Line that meets the Horizontal Line forming an Angle
Straight (90°).