BIOGRAPHY of César Vallejo Summary

Cesar Vallejo

César Abraham Vallejo, the greatest national poet, was born in a small mountain
town in the north called Santiago de Chuco in 1892, but

(Santiago de Chuco, 1892 - Paris, 1938). He was born on March 16, 1892 in the Andean city of Santiago
de Chuco in northern Peru. From a mixed-race family, he was the youngest of eleven siblings and grew up
in the midst of great Christian devotion. His family wanted him to become a priest. He completed
secondary school in the city of Huamachuco in 1908 and obtained his bachelor's degree in literature at the
University of Trujillo in 1916, writing two years later his first book of Poetry called "Los Heraldos Negros"
(printed in 1918, circulated in 1919), one of the most representative examples of postmodernism.

In 1920 he returned to his hometown, where due to some problems he was imprisoned; This experience
will have a critical and permanent influence on his life and work, and is reflected very directly in several
poems in his next book, Trilce (1922). A year later he left for Paris, where he would remain (with some
trips to the Soviet Union, Spain and other European countries) until the end of his days.
These years were marked by great poverty and intense physical and moral suffering. He met poets such
as Huidobro, Gerardo Diego, Juan Larrea and Juan Gris, with whom he participated in avant-garde
activities, but he soon renounced his own Trilce and around 1927 he appeared firmly committed to
Marxism and his intellectual and political activism.
He worked for newspapers and magazines, wrote plays, stories and essays with propaganda intent, such
as Russia in 1931. Reflections at the foot of the Kremlin (1931). Registered in the Communist Party of
Spain (1931) and appointed correspondent, he closely followed the actions of the Civil War and wrote his
most political poem: Spain, remove this chalice from me, which appears in 1939 printed by soldiers of the
Republican army. All the poetic work written in Paris, and published in various magazines, was compiled
under the title Human Poems (1939). He died on April 15, 1938.
CÉSAR VALLEJO Maximum Representative of Avant-garde in Peru
It is the most representative of our avant-garde. His initial poetry shows a clear trace of Peruvian
Modernism and Postmodernism, at the same time that it reflects, already in a somewhat incipient way, a
struggle with language to achieve new expressive paths. A clear example of this is the book The Black
Heralds. Once settled in Europe, Vallejo published the collection of poems Trilce .
In it, avant-garde experimentation with language reaches limits unmatched in Latin American poetry. The
destruction of conventional syntax, typographic games, the break with grammatical rules, the use of the
spatial dimension of the poem, etc. are its main features. After his death, the poems he wrote motivated by
the socialist faith he embraced in Europe would be published under the title Human Poems and Spain,
Take This Chalice Away From Me.
PLAYS:
Poetry
Los Heraldos Negros, without imprint, Lima, 1918.
Trilce, prologue by Antenor Orrego, Typographic Workshops of the Pententiary, Lima, 1922.
Spain, take this chalice from me, without imprint, War of Independence, Spain, 1939
Human Poems (1923-1938), culmination of Luis Alberto Sánchez and Jean Cassou; bibliographical note
by Raúl Porras Barrenechea, Paris, Les editions des Presses Modernes, 1939
Narrative
Scales, Typographic Workshops of the Penitentiary, Limas, 1923
Wild story, prologue by Pedro Barrantes, collection “La Novela Peruana”, year I, no. 9, Lima, 1923
El Tungsteno, Editorial Cenit, collection “La Novela Proletaria”, Madrid, 1931
Theses, essays
Romanticism in Castilian literature, thesis for the Bachelor's degree at the Faculty of Philosophy and
Letters of the University of La Libertad, Trujillo, Typography Olaya, 1915

SHORT BIOGRAPHY OF RICARDO PALMA

Painting: Etna
Velarde.
Short biography of Ricardo Palma

Ricardo Palma was born on February 7, 1833, in Lima, Peru. His parents were
Pedro Palma and Guillermina Soriano. He studied Law at the San Marcos
University.

From the age of 15 he wrote poems and stories. He was also a journalist. In
1853, he joined the Navy and in 1859 he participated in the War against
Ecuador. In 1866, he fought against the Spanish squadron that bombarded
Callao in the combat of May 2. In 1876 he married Cristina Román Olivier with
whom he had 7 children.

In 1872, the first part of his famous Peruvian Traditions was published, with
tasty accounts of episodes and customs from the Inca and colonial past. He is
also the author of many books of poetry, novels, theater, criticism, chronicles
and essays. During the War against Chile he was a correspondent for foreign
newspapers. On January 15, 1881 he participated in the battle of Miraflores.
At the end of the battle the Chileans burned down his house and his personal
library.

In 1884, President Miguel Iglesias appointed him director of the National

Library, a position he held diligently until 1912. For his work in its
reconstruction he was called "Beggar Librarian". He spent his last years at his
home in Miraflores enjoying the recognition of his compatriots. Here he died
on October 6, 1919, at the age of 86.
Biography
Luis Jaime Cisneros Vizquerra was the son of Luis Fernán Cisneros Bustamante and
Esperanza Vizquerra Oquendo. He lived in exile, from the age of four, with his parents and
siblings in Buenos Aires , Argentina . He completed his higher studies in Philology and
Medicine at the University of Buenos Aires , until 1947 when he returned to Peru. Then he
would do a Doctorate in Literature at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos . He
married the historian Sara Hamann.
After finishing his studies he dedicated himself to teaching and research. He was a
professor at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos , where he was a teacher of
future notable figures such as Mario Vargas Llosa . Since 1948 he was a professor at the
Pontifical Catholic University of Peru , where he became Dean of the Faculty of Letters and
Human Sciences from 1969 to 1971, in the areas of philology, stylistics and philosophy of
language. Member of the Faculty Council of General Studies Letters. Visiting professor at
the Universities of Uruguay and Caracas (1965) and at the Universities of Colonia (1967-
1968) and Strasbourg (1975-1976).
He participated in the founding of the Christian Democratic Party of Peru , in 1956. Member
of the Board of Directors of the NGO Transparency. He was Director of the newspaper La
Prensa (1976-1978); He founded and directed the newspaper El Observador (1981-1983).
In recent years he served as director of the linguistics and literature magazine Lexis .
He was a full member and former president of the Peruvian Academy of the Language , a
corresponding member of the Royal Spanish Academy , the North American Academy of
the Spanish Language and the Academy of Letters of Uruguay .
He died in Lima, at the age of 89, on January 20 , 2011 . 1 2 The government ordered that
Minister of State honors be given to him at his funeral 3
He was director of the newspaper La Prensa, during the time of Morales Bermúdez, and of
the newspaper Observador, during the second government of Belaúnde. 4

Works [ edit ]
Editions [ edit ]
Lazarillo de Tormes . Buenos Aires: Editorial Kier, 1946.

 Appendix probi . Lima: Publications of the Institute of Philology of the Faculty of Letters
of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos , 1952.
 Ladies defense. Study and edition . Fénix , magazine of the National Library No. 9,
1953. It can be read here
 Poetry by Federico Barreto . Lima: Banco Continental, 1993.
Translation

 Three romantic poets: Gonçalves Dias, Castro Alves, Sousândrade . Lima: Embassy of
Brazil (Brazilian Land - Poetry), 1984. With translations by Washington Delgado ,
Javier Sologuren and L. J. c.
Anthologies

 Literary texts . Lima: Publications of the Faculty of Letters of the Pontifical Catholic
University of Peru , 1955.
 Literary texts. Second series . Lima: Publications of the Faculty of Letters of the
Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, 1957.
 Modern and contemporary storytellers . Lima: Patronage of the Peruvian Book (Second
Series of Peruvian Authors), 1957.
 Linguistic issues . Lima: Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Faculty of Letters
(Publications of the Chair of Spanish Language, I), 1964. In collaboration with José
Luis Rivarola.
 Linguistic issues. Second series . Lima: Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, 1974.
 Peruvian traditions (selection) . Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires,
1964.
 More Peruvian traditions (selection) . Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria de Buenos
Aires, 1966.
 Peruvian traditions. Selection and study . Lima: Studium (Peruvian Classics), 1985.
 Spanish and Latin American Romanticism . Lima: Studium (Peruvian Classics), 1985.
Linguistic studies

 Landforms in modern Spanish . Lima: Huascarán (Indiano Romanesque Philology

Library. Series A: Monographs I), 1957.
 Style and its limits . Lima: Publications of the Institute of Philology of the Faculty of
Letters of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 1958.
 Language and style. Volume I. Lima: Juan Mejía Baca, 1959.
School textbooks

 Language. Secondary course . Lima: Huascarán, 1953.

University texts [ edit ]
 Languages: university course . Lima: Huascarán, 1953.
 Spanish language (first course) . Lima: Simiente Peruvian Editions, 1960.
 Spanish language (second year) . Lima: Simiente Peruvian Editions, 1960.
 Language and teaching . Lima: Studium, 1969.
 The functioning of language . Lima: Editorial Fund of the Pontifical Catholic University
of Peru , 1991.
Literary criticism

 Mariano Melgar . José Gálvez . Lima: Editorial Universitaria (Biblioteca Hombres del
Perú, third series), 1965.
 Juan del Valle and Caviedes . Lima: Editorial Universitaria (Biblioteca Hombres del
Perú, fourth series), 1966.
 José Gálvez . Lima: Peruvian Vision Library "Those who made Peru", vol. 22, 1987.
 Apologetic in favor of Don Luis de Góngora . Lima: Peruvian Academy of Language,
2005.
Education

 University: challenge for the 21st century. Inaugural lesson of the 1994 academic year .
Lima: Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (Notebooks of the Faculty of Letters and
Human Sciences, 10), 1994.
 Language, laws and religion: religion and appearance (conversation) . Lima: Peruvian
University of Applied Sciences, 2002.
 Open classroom . Lima: Editorial Norma, 2009.
Memoirs [ edit ]
 My jobs and days . Lima: Peisa, 2000.
Various [ edit ]
 Theology, event, silence, language . Lima: Center for Studies and Publications, 1996.
In collaboration with Gustavo Gutiérrez Merino .
 Language, literature . Lima: Pontifical Catholic University, 1998. In collaboration with
María Cecilia Cisneros and Abelardo Oquendo.
Tributes [ edit ]
 "Tribute to L. J. C." In: Lexis , vol. V, No. 1, July 1981.
 From the classroom: Tribute to Luis Jaime Cisneros . Lima: Pontifical Catholic
University of Peru, University Archive, 1998.
 Tribute to Luis Jaime Cisneros. Tribute speeches 1998 . Lima: Pontificia Universidad
Católica del Perú, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences (Notebooks of the Faculty of
Letters and Human Sciences, 21), 2001.
 Tribute Luis Jaime Cisneros. Volume I. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú,
Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú,
Editorial Fund, 2002.

Awards and recognitions [ edit ]

 Decoration Order of the Sun of Peru in the degree of Grand Cross (2006)
 Magisterial Palms in the degree of Amauta (1992)
 National Culture Award in Criticism (1948)
 National Prize for Culture in Pedagogy (1956 and 1963)
 Honorary doctor from the Technical University of Cajamarca.
 Honorary Professor of:
o University of Arequipa
o San Luis Gonzaga University of Ica
o Jorge Basadre National University of Tacna

BIOGRAPHY OF MARIO VARGAS LLOSA (Summary)

Peruvian writer. Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa (Arequipa,
Peru, Sunday, March 28, 1936), better known as Mario
Vargas Llosa, is a Spanish-language writer, considered one
of the most important contemporary novelists and
essayists.
Peruvian by birth, he also has Spanish nationality, which he
obtained in 1993.

His work has garnered numerous awards, including the

Nobel Prize in Literature in 2010, "for his cartography of
the structures of power and his scathing images of
individual resistance, rebellion and defeat"; the Cervantes
Prize (1994) and the Prince of Asturias Prize for Literature
(1986), among others.

Vargas Llosa achieved fame in the 1960s with novels, such

as The City and the Dogs (1962), The Green House (1965),
and Conversation in the Cathedral (1969).

Mario Vargas Llosa spent his childhood between

Cochabamba (Bolivia) and the Peruvian cities of Piura and
Lima.

At the age of sixteen he began his literary and journalistic

career with the premiere of the drama La Huida del Inca
(1952).

Shortly afterward he entered the University of San Marcos

in Lima, where he studied literature. He traveled to Europe,
where he began working at French Radio Television and
taught at Queen Mary College in London.

Vargas Llosa published his first work, The Bosses (1959),

when he was barely twenty-three years old, and with the
novel The City and the Dogs (1962) he already gained
prestige among the writers who at that time were creating
the imminent Ibero-American literary "boom." .

He established his residence first in Paris and then in

London (1867), from where he moved to Washington and
Puerto Rico.

His literary maturity came with The Green House (1966), a

true exhibition of literary virtuosity, whose prose
integrates abundant experimental elements, such as the
mixture of dialogue and description and the combination of
diverse actions and times, resources that he also used in
part in Los puppies (1967) and in Conversation in the
Cathedral (1969), a harsh portrait of the Peruvian
dictatorship of Manuel Odría.

In his later novelistic work, Pantaleón and the Visitors

(1973), Aunt Julia and the Writer (1977), The War at the End
of the World (1981) stands out, in which he addresses the
social and religious problems of Ibero-America, and Who
Killed to Palomino Moreno? (1986), based on a police
investigation, La Fiesta del Chivo (2000).

Many of Vargas Llosa's works are influenced by the writer's

perception of Peruvian society and by his own experiences
as a Peruvian; However, it has increasingly dealt with
issues from other parts of the world.

He has lived in Europe (between Spain, Great Britain,

Switzerland and France) most of the time since 1958, when
he began his literary career, so a certain European
influence can also be perceived in his work.

Like other Latin American authors, Vargas Llosa has

participated in politics throughout his career.

He was a candidate for the presidency of Peru in 1990 for

the center-right political coalition Democratic Front
(Fredemo).