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Relations of Panama and the United States 2nd Part

PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTE OF THE

AMERICAS

ADILSON EDGAR REAL COSME

N1960378

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RELATIONS OF PANAMA WITH THE UNITED
STATES
FIRST AND SECOND PART

PANAMÁ
IPLA Martes,10 de Julio de 2018 Professional Institute of the Americas
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Relations of Panama and the United States 1st Part

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RELATIONS OF PANAMA AND THE UNITED STATES

FIRST PART

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EXERCISE N° 1: Answer the following questions

1. Explain what the isthmus protocols consisted of

The Congress of Panama, often designated as the Amphictyonic Congress of Panama in memory
of the Amphictyonic League of ancient Greece , was a diplomatic assembly that took place in 1826
in Panama City.
June 22, 1826: Following the consolidation of Peru's independence and the end of most conflicts
over independence from Spain in South America, Simón Bolívar called a congress designed to
bring together the majority of the newly liberated countries. This congress sought to formalize the
ties between the countries that today are known as Latin American, prevent the invasion of the
continent by European powers, in addition to creating political and commercial agreements. The
congress was also called amphictyonic, for trying to emulate a meeting of diverse peoples that took
place in classical Greece. This congress took place between June 22 and July 15, 1826 in Panama
City.
The congress was attended by Greater Colombia, Mexico, Peru and the United Provinces of
Central America. Bolivia did not arrive on time. Argentina and Chile did not show interest, in
addition to the fact that their political leaders expressed distrust of the Bolivarian project. Paraguay
was not invited, consistent with the policy of isolationism maintained by its president Gaspar
Rodríguez of France. The Empire of Brazil did not participate, as it wanted to avoid the bad
atmosphere that the conflict it had with the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata could generate.
Great Britain and the Netherlands each sent one observer in their personal capacity. Bolívar did
not want to invite the United States, but at the insistence of some regional leaders, a formal
invitation was finally sent to the former British colony. However, the American envoys were unable
to reach Congress on time.
As a result of the congress, a document known as the Protocols of the Isthmus was produced,
in which a policy of union between the participating countries was proposed, the abolition of
slavery in the new nations, the political solution of territorial conflicts between the American
countries, the joint pressure for the European powers to ratify and respect the autonomy of
liberated America, among other agreements. However, a large part of these protocols remained
only on paper due to the absence of key countries, the internal conflicts that many of the signatory
nations experienced and the disappearance of Greater Colombia, the main guarantor country of
the agreements.
2. Analyzes how the United States managed to expand its territory during the 19th
century.
LOUISIANA
The Louisiana Purchase, completed in 1803 , was negotiated by Robert Livingston during the
presidency of Thomas Jefferson ; The territory was purchased from France for $15,000,000. A
small portion of this land was ceded to the United Kingdom in 1818 in exchange for the Red River
basin. Another part was ceded to Spain in 1819 with the purchase of Florida , but was later
reacquired through the annexation of Texas and the Mexican Cession.
WEST FLORIDA
West Florida was declared by President James Madison as a US possession in 1810 , after the
territory had proclaimed its independence from Spain.

EASTERN FLORIDA

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The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819 with Spain gave rise to the cession, by Spain, of East Florida .
Article III of the treaty, properly researched, resulted in the acquisition of a small part of central
Colorado .
ALONG THE CANADIAN BORDER
The Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 which ended the border between the United States and
Canada (a British colony at the time).
TEXAS
In an attempt to reinforce the border, Mexico allowed Anglo-American colonization. The United
States took advantage of the differences between the Texan settlers and the Mexican government
over the issue of Texan sovereignty and slavery, which Mexico refused, but on which the settlers
depended. Since the United States failed to achieve the purchase of Texas through a series of
diplomatic maneuvers by the United States Prime Minister of Mexico, Joel Roberts Poinsett , and
his successor; He intervened in the conflict by supporting the pro-slavery settlers with militia and
resources and sending Samuel Houston , a close friend of the American president Andrew
Jackson , to lead the fight against Antonio López de Santa Anna . Houston defeated Santa Anna at
the Battle of San Jacinto and was elected president of Texas. In March 1836 a convention meeting
in Washington on the Brazos declared the independence of Texas .
Annexation of Texas of 1845 : The independent Republic of Texas sought to join the US, despite
claims from Mexico and the warning of Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna , who
warned that this would be "tantamount to a declaration of war against the Mexican Republic."
Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845 . On December 29, 1845 ,
Texas became the 28th state. Mexico recognized the loss of Texas and New Mexico in the Treaty
of Guadalupe Hidalgo , signed February 2, 1848 .
OREGON
Oregon , was jointly controlled by the US and the United Kingdom after the Anglo-American
Convention of 1818 until June 15, 1846 when the Oregon Treaty divided the territory with the 49th
parallel. The San Juan Islands were jointly alleged to have been occupied by the US. and the
United Kingdom split from 1846-1872 due to ambiguities in the treaty.

MEXICAN ASSIGNMENT
These northern Mexican lands were captured in the Mexican-American War in 1846-48, and ceded
by Mexico in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, where Mexico agreed to the cession of the border
states to the United States except for the last Gadsden purchase. The United States paid $15
million and agreed to pay claims made by American citizens against Mexico, which amounted to
more than $3 million (equivalent to $70 million today).

3. What were the basic principles of the Monroe Doctrine and Manifest Destiny
The Monroe Doctrine was noted in the annual message of North American President James
Monroe to the United States Congress on December 2, 1823. Over time, it was promoted
strategically in such a way that it became a fundamental part of North American foreign policy. . In
it, the United States indicated that they would not admit any European interference in the entire
American continent, and that any attempt to occupy or invade these countries would be classified
as an act of war, especially if they are part of England and France, nations that They stood out for
their policies of imperialist expansion .
The doctrine of “Manifest Destiny” was also created by the United States since the 19th century to

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demonstrate their intervention or what they believed to be protection, in the countries of the
American continent, under the pretext of effectively resolving hemispheric conflicts.
The fulfillment of our manifest destiny is to spread throughout the continent that has been
assigned to us by Providence, for the development of the great experiment of freedom and self-
government. It is a right like that of a tree to obtain the air and land necessary for the full
development of its capabilities and the growth that is its destiny.

4. What territories did the United States obtain after the war with Mexico?

The United States began the conflict when the annexation of the state of Texas to its territory was
proposed. Although President Adams offered a large sum of money for the sale of these lands, the
Mexicans refused. In 1837 Texans sought separation from Mexico and in response, the latter
broke diplomatic relations with the United States.

Finally, in 1845, the great power annexed Texas to its territory after a long press campaign and
war was soon declared. In 1948, through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , signed by both
countries, Mexico ceded to the United States all the territories north of the Río Grande , which it
recognized as its northern limit.

In this war, Mexico lost half of its surface; the current states of Texas, Arizona, Colorado, New
Mexico, Nevada, Utah and a part of California. On the other hand, it allowed the United States to
expand its borders and receive immigrants such as Spaniards, Italians, etc., who enriched ethnic
Americans.

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The infamous sale of our brothers is already consummated. Our Government, our representatives,
have covered us with disgrace and ignominy.
Message written by Don Valentín Gómez Farías to his children, regarding the signing of the
Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty.

5. Mention the countries that participated in the Amphictyonic Congress of Panama

The congress was attended by: Greater Colombia , Mexico , Peru and the Federal Republic of
Central America . Bolivia and the United States did not arrive on time. The United Provinces of the
Río de la Plata and Chile did not show interest. Paraguay was not invited. The Brazilian Empire
also showed no interest. Great Britain sent an observer and the Netherlands another in a personal
capacity.
6. Mention Simón Bolívar's ideas regarding the integration of Latin American countries
Very early on, Simón Bolívar understood the existence of a common destiny in the countries
oppressed by the colonial metropolis and the need to unite their efforts to shake off the yoke. He
dreamed and fought for the creation of a group of sister nations, with their own characteristics, and
with them balance the world.
The Liberator's thoughts regarding Latin American integration are framed within the process of the
independence struggles in Latin America (1810-1825) in the years following its achievement until
his premature death in 1830, when he was only 47 years old. , so it is inferred that their projects
and ideas in this regard will be developed under extremely difficult conditions.
We will be able to understand the richness that his thought reveals. Firstly, his denunciation arises
from the morality of the emergency of a subject continent that demands the recognition of its right:
"a right with which nature has endowed it": freedom . The denunciation of European society that
exalts itself by recognizing itself as the only subject of history , that recognizes itself as the creditor
of the title of civilization, has only known the dark dictates of a reason determined to consider itself
legitimate, at the expense of the illegitimacy of his actions .
Secondly, the subject who enunciates this discourse returns to himself, "affirms himself" as a
subject and in doing so values himself and demands the recognition of his "own humanity" and his
" identity ." The consciousness of his being, the intended affirmation of the American subject who

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had begun his task in political emancipation, is now faced with the conflict of accounting for his
own identity, finding in his nakedness the complexity that exists in that particular way of being. .
7. Mention the results of the Amphictyonic Congress of Panama
The Congress of Panama was an assembly convened by the Venezuelan military officer Simón
Bolívar in Panama City, to create a federation of independent Latin American countries. It was
celebrated between June 22 and July 5, 1826 and included the participation of the former Gran
Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia and Guatemala. Great Britain and the Netherlands sent observers
to the event, but the United States, which had also been invited, did not attend. At this meeting, a
perpetual treaty of union and confederation was agreed upon, the creation of an inter-American
army for common defense and the biannual renewal of Congress. Due to the rivalries between the
countries and the opposition of the United States, which did not want the formation of a system of
federated states in South America, the agreements were only ratified by Greater Colombia and
there were no effective consequences.

8. What were the causes that motivated the signing of the Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty
The Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty was a treaty signed on December 12, 1846, between the Republic of
New Granada (present-day Colombia and Panama) and the United States. It was officially called
the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Navigation and Commerce, and in essence it was an agreement
of commercial reciprocity between both countries; but it turned out to be the first legal action in
which the United States intervened economically in the isthmus of Panama, which at that time was
part of New Granada. The name by which the treaty is known is due to the signatories: Manuel
María Mallarino, minister who would become President of Colombia from 1855 to 1857 and
Benjamín Alden Bidlack, lawyer who became a representative for Pennsylvania in the House of
Representatives of the USA.
9. Explain the difference between the first and second Hay-Pauncefote treatises
Great Britain was willing to allow the United States to begin the construction of the canal alone,
especially because of the problems it was in, with a war in South Africa and conflicts in India, and
its ambassador Julian Pauncefote signed with There is the agreement that contained these
provisions, on February 5, 1900, which would constitute the first Hay-Pauncefote Treaty.

However, despite the approval of the fact by President McKinley, and by Hay himself, who
considered it a feat, it was not ratified by the Senate for not having complied with the
corresponding formalities, in addition to the fact that it did not comply with certain aspects that the
Senate considered important for the treaty to be totally favorable to the United States.

But years later, and under the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, the second Hay-Pauncefote
treaty was signed, with all the modifications that the Senate had required to ratify it, on the morning
of November 18, 1901 in the same Hay office, in an act whose only ceremonial aspect was the
turning on and off of the candelabra with which the seals that both Pauncefote and Hay placed on
the treaty along with their signature were heated. The treaty was ratified on December 19 of that
same year, by the US Senate.

And with this the beginning of what was the largest engineering company ever seen until that time,
the product of the desire for power and glory of a nation that obeyed the adventurous and hard-
working spirit of its several million inhabitants.

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10. Explain the causes that led to the signing of the Clayton Bulwer Treaty
By 1830, the United Kingdom had acquired the Mosquito Coast in Nicaragua, establishing a
protectorate in this Kingdom, which occupied the entire mouth of the San Juan River in Nicaragua
to the eastern Caribbean of Honduras. And at this time it was considered more feasible to build a
bridge on the San Juan River than on the Panama route.
-The interest of the powers in the control of the interoceanic route.
-The control of the Mosquito Coast by Great Britain gave it hegemony over the region, just as the
United States benefited from the Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty, since New Granada allowed it to build
an interoceanic route through Panama.
The situation that Central America reflected in the mid -19th century gave rise to the interest of two
powers in the control of an interoceanic route. For the United States, the control of the Mosquito
Coast by Great Britain meant a barrier that was erected against the fulfillment of Manifest Destiny
in Central America and Panama and the control of this region by the United States. For Great
Britain, the signing of the Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty means an advantage for the United States,
since New Granada gave it the right to build an interoceanic waterway through Panama, an
advantage that went against British interests.
By the middle of the 19th century, the United Kingdom was a maritime empire , and on the other
hand, the United States had established itself as a world power since the beginning of the century.
The signing of a treaty meant for the United Kingdom to neutralize the advantage acquired by the
United States with the Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty. For the United States, the signing of a treaty
meant the implementation of a shared policy to equal the United Kingdom on the interoceanic
route, since the Americans were not in a position to expel the British from Central America.
On April 19 , 1850 , United States Secretary of State John Middleton Clayton and United Kingdom
Minister Plenipotentiary Henry Lytton Bulwer signed the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty.
Among the most important points that the treaty highlights are:

 Neither one nor the other will ever obtain for itself any exclusive predominance over the
Channel.
 Neither one nor the other will ever build or maintain fortifications that dominate it or are in its
vicinity.
 The parties will use any influence they respectively exercise over any State or government that
possesses or claims jurisdiction or right over the territory crossed by the Canal.
 The parties agree that, once the Canal is completed, they will protect it against any
interruption, embargo or unjust confiscation; and that they will guarantee its neutrality so that it
is always open and free, and the capital invested in it is safe.

Exercise No. 2: Fill in the spaces

1. Cites two measures imposed by the United States in the Dominican Republic

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The first American occupation of the Dominican Republic occurred between 1916 and 1924. It was
one of numerous interventions in America carried out by US military forces. On May 13, 1916,
Rear Admiral William Banks Caperton forced the Secretary of War of the Dominican Republic
Desiderio Arias , who had held the position during the government of Juan Isidro Jiménez
Pereyra , to leave Santo Domingo under the threat of carrying out a naval bombardment. to the
city.
Three days after Desiderio Arias left the country, a contingent of the United States Marine Corps
landed and within two months took control of the nation, imposing a military government in
November 1916 under the command of Rear Admiral Harry Shepard Knapp.
The Marines imposed "order" in most of the republic, with the exception of the eastern region. As a
result of the occupation, the country's budget was balanced, foreign debt decreased, and
economic growth resumed. The occupation force led to the implementation of important
infrastructure projects such as the creation of new roads that linked all regions of the country for
the first time in history. The National Guard was also created, a professional military organization
that replaced the caudillist partisan forces that had waged an endless struggle for power.
The second American occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965-1966), called Operation Power
Pack, by American forces, began with the entry of the United States Marine Corps into Santo
Domingo on April 28, 1965. Later, he was joined by most of the United States Army 's 82nd
Airborne Division and its parent company the XVIIIth Airborne Corps.
The intervention ended in September 1966, when the first Brigade of the 82nd Airborne Division ,
the last remnant of the American unit in the country, was withdrawn.
Political measures
1. They dismiss the ministers who had been appointed in the government of Francisco Henríquez y
Carvajal.

2. The press is censored, prohibiting freedom of expression. In this way they prevented complaints
from being made about the abuses they were committing.

2. Mention two causes of the separation of Panama from Colombia.

The abandonment in which Colombia maintained the isthmus throughout the 19th century caused
frustration among our compatriots. In reality, the Colombian government only perceived the
isthmus as the location of the future canal that would one day be built. In this sense, the territory of
Panama was the potential wealth that the republic possessed, it remained totally neglected since
1821, without promoting education or health, building roads and access routes and carrying out
public works, such as the aqueduct or sewers and the paving the streets of the main cities and the
continuous conflicts between liberals and conservatives.

3. Write down three difficulties that arose during the construction of the Panama railroad.
In May 1850, the first ground was broken for the project; but very quickly the difficulty of the project
became evident. The heat was stifling, and torrential rains for nearly half a year required workers to
operate under water up to four feet deep. Yellow fever and malaria took a number of victims, and

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despite the continued importation of large numbers of workers, there were times when work
stagnated due to a lack of suitable workers.
4. Currently the territory of New Granada is called: Colombia

5. Name three routes used to reach California in the 19th century.

The California Trail was one of the main routes of migration to the Western United States in the
mid -19th century , starting from the state of Missouri and going to California . It was used by more
than 250,000 settlers and then gold seekers to found farms and the California gold fields , from the
early 1840s until the construction of railroad tracks in the late 1860s.
The Oregon Trail (also called the Oregon Trail ) was one of the main overland migration routes in
North America, starting from various places on the Missouri River and reaching the Oregon
Territory . This historic route began to be explored by Spanish traders in the late 18th century,
when Greater Louisiana belonged to the Crown of Spain . Manuel Lisa , one of the first, began
trading on the Missouri River going from St. Louis to the Illinues (then a small city that later
became St. Louis, Missouri) , towards the West . After the Louisiana Purchase (1803), the first to
use the route were, around 1820, fur traders (such as the aforementioned Hispanic Lisa), followed
later by missionaries, military expeditions and some groups of civilians from the 1830s.
Starting in 1841, and with the appearance of the doctrine of Manifest Destiny (around 1845),
groups and caravans organized with hundreds of settlers, ranchers, farmers, miners and
businessmen who emigrated to the Pacific began to travel the track or route. Northwest, crossing
the country traveling about 3200 km. They traveled along the route by caravans, wagons, wagons,
ropes, on horseback, on foot, by raft and by boat, to establish new farms, lives and businesses in
the Oregon Territory , a territory that since the early 19th century It was administered jointly by the
United States and Great Britain. Use of the route climaxed with the discovery of gold in California
in 1848.
To reach California, Eastern Americans were presented with three routes: one overland, crossing
the wide North American territory in wagon trains on a long and arduous journey full of dangers.
Another maritime, extensive and expensive, sailing through the Atlantic towards the south,
crossing the Strait of Magellan to take the Pacific towards California. The third mixed, starting from
the North American east along the Atlantic to the mouth of the Chagres River, sailing in canoes
upriver to the river port of Venta Cruces to continue by land, on foot, on horseback or mules along
the colonial Camino de Cruces to the Panama City, where you would take a boat to travel to
California

Exercise No. 3: Write in the following table the characteristics of the United States intervention in
Latin America

COUNTRY CHARACTERISTICS
Dominican Republic (1905) 1904: The US Marines land in the
Dominican Republic to quell an armed
opposition uprising. A year later, regarding
the intervention in that country, President

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Teodoro Roosevelt declared that the

United States would be "the gendarme" of
the Caribbean.
Haiti (1915) 1915: Marines occupy Haiti to "restore
order." A protectorate is established that
will remain until 1934. Secretary of State
William Jennings Bryan, reporting on the
Haitian situation, commented: "Imagine
this: blacks speaking French."
Nicaragua (1909) Nicaraguan President José Santos Zelaya
must face a conspiracy by the opposition
Juan José Estrada, who seeks the support
of the US government to come to power.
The US seeks an agreement that will allow
it to build an interoceanic passage through
Nicaragua and sends warships to support
Estrada's uprising against Zelaya on
September 10, 1909. Days later, the
Nicaraguan government executed two
North American mercenaries who
participated in the uprising, a circumstance
that Washington used as an excuse to
land troops in Nicaragua and force
Zelaya's resignation on the following
December 18. Since then, Nicaragua has
been governed by governments that
respond to the wishes of the invaders and
North American companies have taken
control of the economy. The occupation
lasted until 1933. Augusto Sandino's
guerrillas began operating in 1927 and
represented a response to the repressive
excesses of the United States and its
Nicaraguan allies.
Venezuela (1903) When the civil war-ridden government of
Cipriano Castro was no longer able to
implement the demands of European
bankers in 1902 , the naval forces of Great
Britain , Italy and Germany blockaded the
Venezuelan coast , and even opened fire
on ports and coastal fortifications. resulting
in numerous deaths and injuries. Although
Secretary of State Elihu Root of the United
States characterized Castro as "a crazy
fool" or "monkey," President Roosevelt
referred to the prospects of penetration
into the region by the German Empire as a
clear challenge to the postulates of the
Monroe Doctrine . Roosevelt threatened
military action against the European

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powers, thus forcing the lifting of the naval

blockade. He subsequently negotiated with
Castro the payment of the foreign debt in
accordance with the Washington Protocols
signed by the parties on February 13, 1903
. This incident was an important stimulus
to implement the Roosevelt Corollary
initiative that laid the foundation for the
subsequent North American Big Stick
policy and dollar diplomacy .

Exercise No. 4: Find the meaning of the following words.

1) Miskitos
The Misquitos or Miskitos are an indigenous ethnic group from Central America , whose native
language belongs to the Misumalpa language family, which is part of the Lenmichí group of the
Macro-Chibcha languages.
Its territory, stretching from Cabo Camarón in Honduras to further south of the Río Grande de
Matagalpa in Nicaragua , remained isolated from Spanish conquest.
2) Protectorate
Protectorate refers to the relationship established between two sovereign States through a treaty
that determines the powers that a protected State cedes to a protecting State .
The protectorate is a type of administration that international law allows when a State cannot fully
comply with its diplomatic and security responsibilities, which is why it grants these powers to a
stronger State in exchange for a series of pre-established benefits.

It should be noted that the protectorate allows each State to maintain its autonomy, although, to a
certain extent, it implies domination by the strongest State.

Likewise, the protectorate is characterized by:

 To be volunteer.
 Temporary.
 Establish a treaty between the States involved.
 The exchange of a set of skills for benefits.
 The stronger State is in charge of diplomatic activities and safeguarding the weaker territory.
 The State under protectorate is considered autonomous.
Once the weaker State manages to overcome and cover its needs related to diplomatic activity and
the safeguarding of its territory, the protectorate ends and regains its total independence again.

However, there are specialists who do not agree with the protectorate, considering it a type of
colonialism that affects the independence of States in different ways, especially in those cases
whose need for a protectorate is doubtful.

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3) Hostility
From the Latin hostis = enemy, it is the hostile quality that indicates a provocative and contrary
attitude, generally without any harm towards another living being. The concept allows reference to
a hostile action and armed aggression
4) Toll
The notion of toll, linked to the terms peatge (Catalan) and toll (French): refers to the right of a
person to transit through a certain space. By extension, the place where said service is paid and
the payment that is made in itself is known as a toll. In our case it refers to the payment that ships
that transit the Panama Canal must make.

5) Autonomous
Autonomous means 'having autonomy'. Also, applied to the world of work, it means that you are
self-employed . For example: where said leave is paid and the payment that is specified in itself...
'They fired me from work and I became self-employed'. This word comes from the Greek
αὐτόνομος. Formed by 'same' and 'law', 'norm'. Some synonyms can be: independent, free,
emancipated and sovereign.
6) Failed

 Judicial resolution .
 Mistake .
 Failure .
 Machine breakdown , alteration in the normal functioning of a machine.
 Ruff (bridge) , the absence of cards of a suit in a bridge hand.
 Product or system failure .

7) intimidate
Make someone feel afraid or afraid. Threaten [a person] another.
8) Nepotism
Favorable treatment towards family members or friends, to whom public positions or jobs are
granted for the mere fact of being so, without taking into account their merits
9) Agreement
An agreement is an agreement of wills, a convention or a contract. May refer more specifically to:
A collective bargaining agreement
10) Multinational
A multinational or international company is one that was created and registered in one country, but
that has subsidiaries around the world for sales purposes.
Exercise No. 5. Fill in the spaces
1) The war conflict that took place in Colombia between 1899 and 1902 was called:
a) The war of a thousand days.

2) The conflict, which occurred in the 1920s between Panama and Costa Rica, is known as:
b) The Coto War.

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3) The canal treaty rejected by the Colombian authorities in August 1903 was known as:
c) Herrán – Hay

4) The Panamanian president who decreed the elimination of the army in 1904 was called:
d) Manuel Amador Guerrero.

5) The Hay-Bunau Varilla treaty was based on the document called:

e) Herrán-Hay Treaty.

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RELATIONS OF PANAMA AND THE UNITED STATES

SECOND PART

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EXERCISE N°1: DEFINE THE FOLLOWING CONCEPTS:

1) Abolition: Suspension or annulment of a law or custom by a legal provision.

2) Repeal: Repeal is called, in Law, the procedure through which a regulatory provision, whether of
the rank of law or lower, is rendered ineffective.

3) Conflict: Opposition or disagreement between people or things. War or combat arising from
prolonged opposition or rivalry.

4) Alliance: An alliance is an agreement, agreement or pact between two or more people, made in
order to achieve.

5) Capitalism: Economic and social system based on private ownership of the means of production,
on the importance of capital as a generator of wealth and on the allocation of resources through
the market mechanism.

6) Socialism: Political and economic doctrine that advocates the ownership and
administration of the means of production by the working classes in order to achieve an
organization of society in which there is political, social and economic equality for all
people.
"many artists adhere to the cause of socialism, assuming as their own the sufferings and
aspirations of the dispossessed classes"

7) Communism: Economic, political and social doctrine that defends a social organization in which
private property or class differences do not exist, and in which the means of production would be in
the hands of the State, which would distribute goods equitably and according to the needs.

8) Containment: Action of containing or holding back. Quality of feelings, passions or impulses

contained or restrained

9) Power block: After the defeat of Nazi fascism in 1945, the two blocks that staged what was known
as the "Cold War" for half a century were integrated.
One block was the capitalist countries, the United States and the Western capitalist countries
(France, West Germany, Italy, and the Nordic countries: Sweden, Austria, Switzerland, Denmark);
the Netherlands: Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg
In the other bloc were the Soviet Union and the socialist countries of Eastern Europe (Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, East Germany, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania and China. It
should be noted that both Mao TseTung's China and Tito's Yugoslavia, although they remained
socialist, were not part of this bloc.

10) Iron Curtain: The term “ iron curtain ” or “ iron curtain ” refers to the imaginary barrier/line that
ideologically and politically separated Western Europe (capitalist) from Eastern or Soviet Europe
(communist) after the Second World War .

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EXERCISE N° 2: ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1. What economic, political, and social context existed at the national and international level
when the events of October 1925 took place?
Disillusioned by the Panamanian liberal bourgeoisie after its failed attempt at class structuring, it
has no other recourse—to continue subsisting lightly—than renting houses.
Thus we have the terminal cities widening, because the landlords are preparing to receive »the
avalanche of different human groups that come to work on the Canal works. In this way, the
neighborhoods of Chorrillo and Calidonia emerged in Panama City; then those of San Miguel and
Marañón; and finally, those of Granillo and Malambo. In Colón, Rainbow City and Folk River, they
represent embodiments of the obsession with buildings that characterized the homeowners of that
time. But the lease became difficult. It was already beginning to show its ignominious and
exploitative form. Because, as Tomlinson tells us:
"With conservative legislation derived from Colombia and a Constitution drawn up precisely by the
homeowners and new landowners of the Isthmus, the rental relationship that was reborn due to the
construction of the bodegones in the neighborhoods... could not be more unequal. The tenants
were subjected to a disastrous situation" (5).
The tenants face a situation similar or worse than that which they faced in the second half of the
19th century. This selfish and unscrupulous policy put into practice by the landlords became a
double-edged sword. Because if, on the one hand, it led the tenants to degrading and intolerable
conditions; On the other hand, she created awareness in those men who were imprisoned and who
suffered because of her. Thus we arrive in 1925. Year in which the tenants decide, jointly, to
courageously face the problem. And so, one day in October, the 10th specifically, blood and lives
were generously offered in compliance with a fight that sought to accelerate its obliteration.

2. What situation causes the creation of tenement houses in Panama and Colon?
In this country, the explosion of tenants in October 1925—just 90 years ago—was triggered by Law
29 of February 11, 1925, intended to reform the Tax Code.
The government of Rodolfo Chiari, which had inherited a difficult economic situation, as a result of
the large investments made by Belisario Porras and the inflation after World War I, imposed a
change in the tax on urban property, which went from 2% on the probable annual gross income, at
five percent of the cadastral value of the property.
As was foreseeable, the owners were not satisfied with this change that taxed commercial and
non-commercial properties equally and that, in the words of businessman and former Secretary of
Government Tomás Arias, cited by La Estrella de Panamá, made it impossible for 'it was a
business to have properties in Panama'.
Thus, the majority of the owners decided to pass the tax increase on to the tenants, affecting,
above all, the large masses of workers and low-income people who lived in rented houses.

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These homes, built since the end of the 19th century to house workers arriving for the construction
of the Canal, were located mainly in the neighborhoods of El Chorrillo, San Miguel, El Marañón, in
Panama City, and Rainbow City and Folk River. , in Columbus.
They were privately owned houses, made up of about seventy or more rooms, separated by thin
walls and a ventilation grill, with a couple of toilets and common bathrooms. Most of the houses
were made of wood and zinc roofs, unhealthy and uncomfortable.
But this did not prevent, as President Chiari later admitted, landlords from beginning to raise rents
between 25% and 50% from January 1925 (the law was approved in February of that year),
evicting those who could not pay.

3. What were the solutions to the conflict of the Tule Revolution?

On February 19, 1925, the Tule Revolution broke out in Guna Yala. To protest the tactics and
arbitrary interference of the Panamanian police in the internal affairs of the Kuna villages. Kuna on
March 4, 1925The Panamanian government signed the peace agreement with the Kuna
4. What aspects remain pending in the solution of the conflict over the interpretations of the
Hay-Bunau Varilla treaty of 1903?
Nowadays that is left behind, but at the time perpetuity was the most important thing that Panama
wanted to abolish from said treaty.
5. Mentions the benefits for Panama by signing the Kellog-Alfaro treaty 1926

That the area where the canal was located was occupied only to protect and
operate it. That Panama can ensure its own development.

EXERCISE N° 3: FILL IN THE SPACES

1. President who opposed the artillery of Panamanian-flagged ships during World War II:

a) Dr. Arnulfo Arias Madrid.

2. Two labor benefits granted by the Remón-Eisenhower treaty

a) Increase in the annuity of the Canal de B/. 1.5 million to B/. 1.93 million

b) Equal salary conditions for Panamanian employees

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3. Mention the three places where the United States acquired land for military bases in
Fábrega Wilson:

a) Rio Hato,
b) Pearl Islands
c) Chiriqui

4. Name of the three treaties that the three-in-one project included

The preliminary drafts of Treaties between the Republic of Panama and the United States of
America, concerning:
a) To the Panama Canal;
b) To a Canal at sea level;
c) To the "Defense of the Panama Canal, and its Neutrality"; which were baptized with the name "3
in 1 Treaties" of 1967.

5. Articles of the Hay-Bunau Varilla treaty not negotiable by the United States, during the
beginning of the negotiations of the Remón-Eisenhower treaty.
Articles relating to the perpetuity and comprehensive review of the Hay-Bunau Varilla treaty

EXERCISE N° 4: INVESTIGATE THREE (3) OF THE FOLLOWING POINTS

1. Investigates the positive and negative aspects of the Panama Canal Treaty in comparison to
the conflictive issues presented by the previous treaty (Hay-Bunau Varilla of 1903), such as:
perpetuity, sovereignty, military bases, interventionism, among others.
The Torrijos-Carter treaty eliminated perpetuity and put us under the umbrella of the Pentagon, as
the General said. Torrijos. Full sovereignty was recovered

2. Investigate the repercussions for Panama of the content of the Santa Fe II Document. It
relates the information investigated to the political and economic crisis in Panama in the
years 1987-1988.
The US and the inter-American system face enormous problems in Latin America. The Central
American crisis remains unresolved and turbulent currents at work in South America are being
overlooked at our peril. Debt, terrorism, drugs, predatory states, enormous migrations, communist
insurgencies and corruption are only part of this scenario.

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The Santa Fe II document is a strategy to attack these problems and promote democracy, freedom
and economic opportunity for the entire region in a proactive rather than reactive way.

When the Reagan administration took power, Latin America and US foreign policy toward that
continent mirrored each other: both were in complete disarray. The Santa Fe I document,
published in 1980, was conceived to address some of the most immediate problems facing the
United States. It helped concentrate the North American perception of how Latin America should
be seen in a geo-strategic context; warned of the looming debt crisis, stimulated efforts toward
democracy and the emergence of programs such as the Caribbean Basin Initiative and Radio
Martí.

But not all the proposals of the Santa Fe I document were adequately applied, nor could all the
problems be resolved in just eight years, so the Santa Fe II document, in addition to following the
innovative seal of its predecessor, is also a product of necessity. . As was the case eight years
ago, the inter-American system, especially the OAS, remains underutilized and, in fact, has
witnessed further deterioration in recent years. Therefore, the authors of the Santa Fe II document
tried to provide a regime strategy that goes beyond the establishment of an electoral system, and
that, if followed by the next Administration, can provide stability to political situations that would
otherwise They could be explosive and unstable. Especially this will mean shoring up independent
organizations within Latin American societies, educating people, and confronting Marxist and other
statist political and cultural forces.

The Santa Fe Declaration II document focuses particular attention on the economy, arguing that
democracy requires a degree of political rationality in the economic sphere. Centrally run socialist
systems produce neither equality nor wealth. It is not enough to propose plans for debtor nations to
pay the interest on their debts; Strategies must be drawn up that allow them to get out of the debt
cycle and generate real savings and growth. Statism, gigantic bureaucratic apparatuses and
nationalization are condemned, while the formation of national capital markets, the removal of
regulations and the privatization of existing state-run companies are encouraged. In addition to
defending the values of private enterprise in opposition to state capitalism, the authors also
propose measures ranging from the extension of the Caribbean Basin Initiative to the preservation
of tropical forests.

The problems of terrorism, insurgents, drugs and emigration/immigration are identified as

destabilizing factors that contribute to the volatile nature and lack of security of Latin American
democratic regimes, and that also affect us to a greater or lesser extent in our country. The
terrorism network extends from Chiapas, in Mexico, to the south of the Andes, in Chile. Last year,
Americans spent more money importing illegal drugs from Latin America than on food; Obviously,
these are problems that will not go away. To begin to resolve them, American political strategists
must recognize the crisis they face and be prepared to adopt special measures. However, its first
steps must be aimed at strengthening the normal - and legal - capacity of the judicial systems that
have to carry the burden of the task.

The final section analyzes the problems and opportunities that some particularly important Latin
American countries will face. Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, Cuba, and Panama are examined
separately for the specific issues that American political strategists will have to confront when
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formulating responses to their turbulent policies. The existing crisis in Latin America has not been
resolved; The problems have changed, but they are as serious, or worse, than in 1980. We have
witnessed a lack of communication and persistent confusion, and this has to stop. US political
strategists have an obligation to inform the people of what is happening - decision makers have to
be clear and specific about what problems the US faces and what it intends to do to solve them.
The Santa Fe II document is a guide for the path they must travel.
3. Look for news from any local newspaper about the expansion of the Panama Canal and
attach it to your work. Make a summary of the news.
The investments that validate the expansion project
Wilfredo Jordan
The Canal expansion project was guided by demand studies that demonstrated an increase in tons
of cargo. The Panama Canal Authority (ACP) bases this on three aspects: demand driven by
population growth in the region, redistribution of shipping company networks and cargo movement
in ports.
First neopanamax ship arrives at PSA port
The third set of locks attracts larger vessels to ports.
Wilfredo Jordán 02 Apr 2018 - 2:50 p.m.
TOPICS:
Expansion of the Panama Canal Ports of Panama
The MSC ship has capacity for 13,100 TEU.
The MSC ship has capacity for 13,100 TEU. Courtesy
The first Neopanamax container ship with capacity for 13,100 TEU or 20-foot long containers
arrived this Monday, April 2, at the PSA port in Rodman, located at the entrance to the Canal on
the Pacific side.
PSA Panama is a private company with Singaporean capital that has operated since 2012 the port
terminal at the western entrance of the Panama Canal, on the Pacific side, with three gantry
cranes and a capacity for 450 thousand TEU (20-foot container equivalent unit). long).
The second phase of expansion adds a new capacity of 2 million TEU, 12 rail-mounted quay
cranes and 8 additional gantry cranes with reach of 24 containers wide to serve vessels of up to
18,000 TEU.
This investment, which covers more container yards, represents more than 600 million dollars.

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CONCLUSIONS

- Panama currently enjoys full sovereignty

- It was worth the wait and the generational struggle to recover the channel.
- The country is efficiently managing the canal

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