Lumbini Province

Lumbini Province (Nepali: लुम्बिनी प्रदेश, romanized: Lumbinī pradēśa) is a province in western Nepal.
The country's third largest province in terms of area as well as population, Lumbini is home to the Lumbini Province
Lumbini Pradesh
World Heritage Site of Lumbini, where according to the Buddhist tradition, the founder of Buddhism,
Gautama Buddha was born.[1] Province

Lumbini borders Gandaki Province and Karnali Province to the north, Sudurpashchim Province to the - transcription(s)
west, and Uttar Pradesh and Bihar of India to the south. Lumbini's capital, Deukhuri, is near the • Nepali लुम्बिनी प्रदेश
geographic center of the province; it is a small town which is currently being developed to meet the Lumbinī pradēśa
prerequisite of a provincial capital. The major cities in the province are Butwal and Siddharthanagar in
Rupandehi district, Nepalgunj in Banke district, Tansen in Palpa district, and Ghorahi and Tulsipur in
Dang district.

Etymology
The Lumbini province is named after the holy pilgrimage site of Lumbini in Rupandehi district, the
birthplace of Gautama Buddha – the founder of Buddhism. The Provincial Assembly adopted Lumbini
Province as the permanent name by replacing its initial name Province No. 5 on 6 October 2020 and
Deukhuri was declared the provincial capital.[2][3][4]

History

Pre-history
The Churiya range linked with the Dang valley of Lumbini province has been archaeologically
considered very ancient with the existence of Sivapithecus, a link between man and ape. The pre-
historic studies of the valley have been carried out extensively since the last century; by Tribhuvan
University since 1966, American Museum of Natural History and the Department of Mines of then His
Majesty's Government of Nepal from 1976, as well as the paleolithic study of Dang valley by
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg of Germany in 1984, among others. These researches have pointed
out that Dang valley was a lake approximately 2.5 to 1 million years ago.[5] In addition, Hand axes and
other artefacts dated to early Paleolithic (1.8 million to 100,000 years ago) have been found in alluvial
deposits along the Babai River in Dang Valley, which have been classified as Acheulean or second-
generation tools that succeed the oldest Olduwan. Also along the Babai River, there have been
discoveries of archeological sites dated to Upper Paleolithic/Late Pleistocene (about 50,000 to 10,000
years ago).

Shakya-era
As per the Buddhist tradition, Queen Maya Devi of Kapilavastu was traveling to her father's Koliya
kingdom in Devdaha to give birth to her child as was the Shakya tradition. However, on the way she
stopped near the garden of Lumbini to rest and went into labour thus giving birth to the future Buddha
under a sal tree. Gautama Buddha was born in 623 BC in Lumbini, testified by the inscription on the From Top left to right
pillar erected by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka in 249 BC which marks the spot as the birthplace of World Peace Pagoda in Lumbini, Dhorpatan Hunting
Reserve, Dhaulagiri Himalayas in Eastern Rukum,
Buddha Shakyamuni.[1] The inscription mentions, as translated by Paranavitana:[6]
Ranighat Palace in Palpa, Bageshwori Temple and
a Bengal tiger at Bardiya National Park
When King Devanampriya Priyadarsin had been anointed twenty years, he came himself and
worshipped (this spot) because the Buddha Shakyamuni was born here. (He) both caused to
be made a stone bearing a horse and caused a stone pillar to be set up, (in order to show) that
the Blessed One was born here. (He) made the village of Lumbini free of taxes, and paying
(only) an eighth share (of the produce).
Seal

According to the Buddhist texts, Gautama Buddha was born as a prince in a royal Shakya clan reigning
over the kingdom of Kapilavastu. This ancient city has been widely identified as Tilaurakot of present
Kapilvastu district where ruins of the ancient fortified city have been found.[7] Gautama was a prince of
Kapilavastu until the age of 29, after which he left the palace behind and wandered throughout the
Ganges plain as an ascetic – learning yoga and related concepts from various teachers.[8] Gautama
became the Buddha or the Enlightened One after several years of his wandering, one day under the
Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya. After enlightenment, he began his teachings and travelled extensively
throughout the Ganges plain. The original teachings of Buddha later culminated into Buddhism,
spreading through much of Asia then and the world at present.
Location of Lumbini Province
 After the death of Gautama Buddha, eight princes out of sixteen
Sudur Eastern
mahājanapadās received Buddha's relics, one of them a Koliyan Province
Karnali
Rukum

king of Rāmagrāma (present Parasi district) who built a stupa Province

Gandaki
Bardiya Rolpa Province
enshrining the relic. Buddhist texts point out the princes
Pyuthan
constructed a stupa at or near their capital city and enshrined Banke Gulmi
Dang
Buddha's relics.[9] The site has the only undisturbed original
Argha
khanchi Palpa
stupa containing the relic of Gautama Buddha in the world,[10] Kapil
vastu
Rupan NP
dehi West
Gautama Buddha's s birth in Lumbini and was added to the World Heritage Tentative List by
India (Uttar Pradesh)
(His mother Maya Devi depicted UNESCO on 23 May 1996.
holding a branch of sal tree) Divisions of Lumbini
Coordinates: 27°39′33.13″N 83°26′18.3″E
Reign of Ashoka the Great
Country Nepal
Emperor Ashoka The Great, having converted to Buddhism after being
Formation 20 September 2015
victorious in brutal wars, devoted himself to the spread of Buddha's teachings
and erected monolithic columns known as Pillars of Ashoka at sites associated Capital Deukhuri
with the life of Gautama Buddha. One such pillar was erected by Ashoka in Largest City Ghorahi
Lumbini in 249 BC, commemorating the sacred site of Gautama Buddha's birth Districts 12

and declared the village free of taxation.[1][6] Government

• Type Self governing province
In dedication to the two Buddhas of the past, Ashoka also set up a stone pillar • Body Government of Lumbini
and enlarged the stupa marking the birthplace of Buddha Kanakamuni at Nigali Pradesh
Sagar in Kapilvastu District. Another pillar, also in Kapilvastu District, was • Governor Amik Sherchan
• Chief Minister Jokh Bahadur Mahara
Ashoka pillar of erected commemorating Kakusandha Buddha.[11]
Lumbini
(CPN (Maoist center))
• High Court Tulsipur High Court
Medieval Period • Provincial Unicameral (87 seats)
Assembly
During the medieval period after the 11th century, Khasa Kingdom dominated much of western Nepal • Parliamentary 26
and western Tibet which was initially oriented towards Buddhism and Shamanism, and at their peak constituency
encompassed Guge and Purang of Tibet and western Nepal up to Kaskikot. King Ripumalla, one of the Area
initial Khasa rulers, left an inscription on the Ashoka pillar with six-syllable mantra of Buddhism and • Total 22,288 km2
his wish "Om mani padme hum: May Prince Ripu Malla be long victorious", dated around 1312 (8,605 sq mi)
CE.[12][13][14] • Rank 3rd
Highest elevation 7,246 m (23,773 ft)
After the late 13th century, Khasa kingdom disintegrated into numerous principalities each with its own (Putha Hiunchuli)
ruler. In the 18th century, King Prithvi Narayan Shah, born from the marriage of king Nara Bhupal Lowest elevation 90 m (300 ft)
Shah of the Gorkha Kingdom and Queen Kaushalyavati Devi, the princess of the Palpa kingdom; set (Rupandehi)
out on a conquest to unify the region into modern Nepal. Population (2021)
• Total 5,124,225
Modern history • Rank 3rd
• Density 230/km2 (600/sq mi)
• Rank 3rd
Anglo-Nepalese War Time zone UTC+5:45 (NST)
The Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816) took place between the Gorkhali army of the Kingdom of Geocode NP-FI
Nepal and the British forces of the East India Company for two years leading to the Sugauli Treaty in
Official language Nepali (51.6%)
1816 which demarcated the boundary of the Kingdom of Nepal. Among the prominent battles during
Other Official 1. Tharu (Dangaura)
the Anglo-Nepalese War, the Battle of Jitgadhi - fought in January 1815 and again in April 1815 - was language(s) 2. Awadhi
marked by the victory of the Gorkhali army. The Nepalese Colonel Ujir Singh Thapa, who led the
HDI 0.563 (medium)
kingdom of Nepal to victory in this battle, is revered as one of the national heroes in the military history
Literacy 78.1%
of Nepal.[15]
Sex ratio 90.43 ♂ /100 ♀ (2011)
GDP 5 billion USD
Battle of Jit Gadhi
GDP rank 3rd
After the Kingdom of Nepal outright refused the proposal of British East India Company which wanted Website http://ocmcm.p5.gov.np/
to claim its sovereignty in the territories of Butwal and Sheoraj, General John
Sullivan Wood of the East India Company led an offensive column to the fort of Jit Gadhi in
January 1815 AD. The frontier fort, which was surrounded by dense forest and situated on the
west bank of the river Tinau on a primary route to Tansen, was being held by Nepalese Colonel
Ujir Singh Thapa - the nephew of Nepalese Prime Minister Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa.

Although low in number and acutely inferior in firepower, the strong resistance put forward by
Colonel Ujir Singh Thapa thwarted the incursion of the British forces into Nepal twice in The Lumbini pillar inscription of
Colonel Ujir Singh January 1815 and April 1815. The battle established Colonel Thapa as a national military hero Khas King Ripu Malla: "Om
Thapa stood and forced the English troops to withdraw.[15] mani padme hum, May Prince
victorious against Ripu Malla be long victorious."
the English troops (1312 CE)
Historical Districts
During the Rana regime, the region was politically divided into administrative districts Butwal, Palpa, Deukhuri,
Sallyana, Banke, Bardiya and Pyuthan.

Geography
Lumbini, with an area of 22,288 square kilometers (8,605.44 sq. mi) covers about 15.1% of the country's total area.
Jit Gadhi fort - used by the
Lumbini Province is almost the size of US state of New Jersey. The province extends 150 km (93 mi) north to south and
victorious Nepalese troops in the
about 300 km (186 mi) east to west at its maximum width. It shares 413.14 km (256 mi) of border with India (states of battle against the British East
Bihar and Uttar Pradesh).[16] India Company (1815 AD)

The Province is geographically bordered with Gandaki Province to the east and north, by Karnali province to the north
and west, by Sudurpaschim Province to the west and by India to the south. There are three ecological regions of Mountains, Hills and Terai; each occupying
3.1%, 69.3% and 27.6% of the province respectively.[17]

Ecological regions of Lumbini Province

Ecological regions Percentage of territory

Mountains 3.1%
Hills 69.3%

Terai (plain) 27.6%

Climate
Lumbini has a humid subtropical climate and experiences four seasons. The winter in January and February is followed
by summer between March and May and the monsoon season between June and September.[18] In winter, it's sunny Land Utilization in
and mild, pleasantly warm during the day but cool at night, sometimes even cold. The average temperature in January is Lumbini
around 15 °C (59 °F). But the northern parts of the province get colder and can experience snowfall. By March, the
temperature rises considerably and it begins to be hot, while from April to June it's scorching hot, and highs can reach Forest (45%)
or exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in southern plains. Agriculture (29%)
Housing (14%)
In June, the summer monsoon arrives, characterized by heavy rains, in the form of downpours and thunderstorms. The Grassland (5%)
monsoon arrives first in the east, in early June, while in the west it comes in the middle of the month or so. The Barren vegetation (5%)
temperature decreases, with the maximum dropping to around 32 °C (90 °F) in July and August, but the humidity Water (1%)
increases, making the heat muggy. The rains are heavy, especially in July and August, when they exceed 300 Others (1%)
millimeters (12 inches) per month, but in certain areas at the foot of the mountains, they can exceed 600 mm (23.5 in)
per month.[19] The monsoon starts to withdraw by early October in the west, and about a week later in the east. The
weather returns to be sunny, and even though October is still a hot month, the humidity decreases, and the night temperature becomes a bit cooler.

Average temperatures and precipitation for selected communities in Lumbini[20]

Annual
August August January January Precipitation
Location (°F) (°C) (°F) (°C)
(mm/in)

Butwal 79 26.1 55.6 13.1 1827.2/71.9

Gulariya 84.4 29.1 59.4 15.2 1503.7/59.2

Nepalgunj 84.4 29.1 59.5 15.3 1302.1/51.3

Siddharthanagar 79.7 29 55.4 15.9 1762.7/69.4

Sitganga 75.6 24.2 51.8 11 1633.2/64.3

Tansen 76.8 24.9 53.4 11.9 1949.3/76.7

Tulsipur 79.7 26.5 55.4 13 1495.4/58.9

Valleys

Dang-Deukhuri
Dang and Deukhuri valleys, 10 km apart, are located in the Dang Deukhuri District. The Dang Valley lies between the Mahabharat Range in the north and
the Churia Range in the south. It forms a nearly 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) plain within a local drainage basin of less than 3,000 km2 (1,200 sq mi). It is drained
by the Babai River, and is one of the largest Inner Terai valleys. Deukhuri Valley is southeast of the Dang Valley and extends about 60 km (37 mi) in WNW-
ESE direction with a maximum width of 20 km (12 mi), and is surrounded by Sivalik Hills on all sides. It forms a nearly 600 km2 (230 sq mi) plain within a
drainage basin of 6,100 km2 (2,400 sq mi). The valley is drained by the West Rapti River.

The elevations of Dang and Deukhuri valleys are 700 meters and 300 meters from sea level respectively. Late Cenozoic sedimentary sequences are well
exposed along the southern part of Dang and all sides of Deukhuri valley, and mostly consist of deformed rocks resulting from the persistence of shortening
between Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate.[21] The two valleys have been considered a vital location of Paleolithic archeology in South Asia due to the
abundant presence of ancient Paleolithic tool sites.[22]
Other small valleys of the province are located in districts like Arghakhanchi (Rapti), Palpa (Rampur), Gulmi
(Simaltari), Pyuthan (Darban and Bajipur).[23]

Forests
About 15% of the total land is covered in protected forest in the province.

Forest area by districts in the province.[24]

Dang valley is one of the largest Inner Terai
Districts Forest (%) Area (ha.th.) valleys of Nepal
Arghakhanchi 59.69 73.96

Banke 62.70 117.91

Bardiya 56.82 113.69

Dang 65.60 200.72

Gulmi 41.83 46.34

Kapilvastu 36.92 60.97

Parasi 81.30 22

Palpa 56.62 82.77

Pyuthan 48.95 64.67 Forest zone in Bardiya district

Rolpa 52.82 99.60

Rukum 39.39 66.25

Rupandehi 19.54 25.51

Total 50.43 974.38

Mountains
Being the only mountain district of Lumbini province, most of the prominent peaks of the province lie in Eastern Rukum District along the Dhaulagiri
range.[25] The tallest mountain of Lumbini Province in Eastern Rukum, Putha Himchuli also known as Mount Dhaulagiri VII, has an altitude of 7,246
meters and is one of the popular trekking peak of the Dhaulagiri region.[26] The mountain was first ascended jointly by British explorer J.O.M Roberts and
Nepalese climber Ang Nyima Sherpa in 1954.[27] Mount Sisne I remained an unclimbed summit until 2013, and the first successful ascent was made by a
mountaineering team led by Man Bahadur Khatri.[28]

List of highest peaks of Lumbini[29]

Elevation Additional
S/N Mountains (meters) District Range Information

95th highest in the world.

Eastern
Dhaulagiri Date of first ascent:
1 Mount Putha I 7,246 Rukum
Range 1954 AD
District

Putha Himchuli (Dhaulagiri VII), East Rukum

Mount Putha II Eastern
Dhaulagiri
2 (Putha 6,598 Rukum
Range
shoulder) District

Eastern
Mount Dogari Dhaulagiri
3 6,315 Rukum
(South) Range
District

Eastern
Mount Dhaulagiri
4 5,924 Rukum
Samjang Range
District
Eastern
Hiunchuli Dhaulagiri
5 5,916 Rukum
Patan Range
District Mount Sisne, East Rukum

Eastern
Dhaulagiri
6 Mount Nimku 5,864 Rukum
Range
District

Eastern
Dhaulagiri
7 Mount Sisne II 5,854 Rukum
Range
District
Date of first ascent:
Eastern
Dhaulagiri
8 Mount Sisne I 5,849 Rukum
Range 26 May 2021 AD[30]
District

Protected areas
Three regions of the province have been designated as protected; two national parks in the Terai lowlands of
Banke and Bardiya - namely Banke National Park and Bardiya National Park which constitute the Tiger
Conservation Unit of Nepal and a hunting reserve in the north of the province called Dhorpatan Hunting
Reserve in Eastern Rukum which is the only hunting reserve in the country.[31]

Lakes and Rivers Gharials (Gavialis gangeticus) sun basking in

With a multi-altitudinal variation in regional landscape stretching from high mountains in the north, to the hills Bardiya National Park
in the middle and to the plains of the south; Lumbini province has 97 lakes with the plains of Terai
constituting 92% of all the lakes of the province. The hilly and the mountain region constitute 6% and 2% of
all the lakes respectively. District-wise, Rupandehi has 28 lakes making it the district with the largest number of lakes of the province; followed by
Kapilvastu (24), Parasi (21), Dang (8), Banke (4), Bardiya (3), Arghakhanchi (2), Palpa (2),Pyuthan (2), Eastern Rukum (2) and Rolpa (2).[32] Some of the
most popular lakes of the province are Bahrakune, Jakhera, Gajedi and Taalpokhara.

One of the five sacred rivers of Buddhism, the ancient Airavati river now known as the West Rapti River,
has its drainage source in the lesser Himalayas of Eastern Rukum in the north of the province.[33] The river
flows traversing the districts of Eastern Rukum, Rolpa, Arghakhanchi, Pyuthan, Dang, and Banke. The river
then flows to the Sravasti district of Indian State of Uttar Pradesh - one of the ancient and most sacred city of
Buddhism where Gautama Buddha spent most of his life after enlightenment.[34] The Rohini River, one of
the prominent river flowing through Kapilvastu and Rupandehi, is a left tributary of the West Rapti River.
Gandaki River, on the north-east, marks the boundary of Lumbini province with Gandaki Province.

Another river called Babai River draining the inner Terai of Dang Valley, Salyan and Bardiya remains a river
of particular international archeological interest. The discovery of ancient Hand axes and other artifacts on
the deposits along the river in Dang Valley have marked the region as prehistoric. The artifacts have been
Babai River of Lumbini Province is a site of
dated to early Paleolithic (1.8 million to 100,000 years ago) and are classified as Acheulean or second- Paleolithic Hand axes, dated (1.8 million to
generation tools that succeed the oldest Olduwan.[5] 100,000 years ago)

Demographics
In 2021 Lumbini had a census population of 5,122,078 with 1,141,902 households.[35]

Ethnicity
The province is very ethnically diverse. The largest group is the Magar with 14.58% of the population. The second largest is Tharu with 14.30%. The
Chhetri (14.24%), Hill Brahmin (11.27%), Kami (6.01%), Damai (1.93%), Kurmi(1.73%), Musalman (6.93%), Yadav (4.01%), Chamar (2.01%), 1.[36]

Religion
The majority of population in the province practices Hinduism, followed by Islam, Buddhism and Christianity. Among
these, almost 90% of the people identify themselves as Hindus and 7% identify themselves as Muslims, 3% as
Buddhists and 1% as Christians. Often cited as an example of social harmony, the majority population of Hindus and
Muslims of Lumbini and the surrounding villages have safeguarded and promoted the Buddhist heritage sites together
in unison.[37]

Language
Nepali is the most spoken language of the province, but is also a home to Tharu
Ethnicities/castes of
community and 'Tharu language' with 600,000 speakers. The province also has
Lumbini
many speakers of Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Sanskrit and Magar languages.[38]
Magar (14.58%)
Tharu (14.30%) The Language Commission of Nepal has recommended Tharu and Awadhi as
Chhetri (14.24%) official language in the province. The commission has also recommended
Hill Brahmin (11.27%) Bhojpuri, Sanskrit, Magar and Maithili to be additional official languages, for
Musalman (6.93%) specific regions and purposes in the province.[39]
Kami (6.01%)
Religion in Lumbini
Yadav (4.01%)
Chamar (2.01%) Hinduism (88.8%)
Damai (1.93%) Islam (6.9%)
Kurmi (1.73%) Buddhism (3.1%)
Others (23.00%) Christianity (1%)
Other or not religious (0.3%)
 Languages of Lumbini (2011)[38]
Languages Percentage Speakers Number of Speakers
Nepali 50.09% 2,273,980

Tharu 13.3% 595,304

Bhojpuri 11.4% 508,630

Awadhi 11.2% 497,701

Sanskrit 5.1% 228,371

Magar 4.6% 204,034

Maithili 1.2% 54,135

Nepal Bhasa 0.6% 27,413

Gurung 0.4% 19,520

Other 1.3% 56,097

Administrative subdivisions
There is a total of 109 local administrative units in the province which include four sub-metropolitan cities, 32 urban municipalities, and 73 rural
municipalities.[40]

Districts
Districts in Nepal are the second level of administrative divisions after provinces. Lumbini Province is divided
into 12 districts, which are listed below. A district is administered by the head of the District Coordination
Committee and the District Administration Officer. The districts are further divided into municipalities or rural
municipalities.

After the state's reconstruction of administrative divisions, Nawalparasi District and Rukum District were
Districts of Lumbini
divided into Parasi District and Nawalpur District, and Eastern Rukum District and Western Rukum District
respectively.[41]

Districts of Lumbini Province

Districts Nepali Headquarters Area (km2.) Population (2011)[42] Official Website

Kapilvastu District कपिलवस्तु जिल्ला Taulihawa 1,738 571,936 [1] (http://www.ddckapilvastu.gov.np)

Parasi District परासी जिल्ला Ramgram 634.88 321,058 [2] (http://www.ddcnawalparasi.gov.np)

Rupandehi District रुपन्देही जिल्ला Siddharthanagar 1,360 880,196 [3] (http://www.ddcrupandehi.gov.np)

Arghakhanchi District अर्घाखाँची जिल्ला Sandhikharka 1,193 197,632 [4] (http://www.ddcarghakhanchi.gov.np)

Gulmi District गुल्मी जिल्ला Tamghas 1,149 280,160 [5] (http://www.ddcgulmi.gov.np)

Palpa District पाल्पा जिल्ला Tansen 1,373 261,180 [6] (http://www.ddcpalpa.gov.np)

Dang District दाङ देउखुरी जिल्ला Ghorahi 2,955 552,583 [7] (http://www.ddcdang.gov.np)

Pyuthan District प्युठान जिल्ला Pyuthan 1,309 228,102 [8] (http://www.ddcpyuthan.gov.np)

Rolpa District रोल्पा जिल्ला Liwang 1,879 224,506 [9] (http://www.ddcrolpa.gov.np)

Eastern Rukum District पूर्वी रूकु म जिल्ला Rukumkot 1,161.13 53,018 [10] (http://www.ddcrukum.gov.np)

Banke District बाँके जिल्ला Nepalganj 2,337 491,313 [11] (http://www.ddcbanke.gov.np)

Bardiya District बर्दिया जिल्ला Gulariya 2,025 426,576 [12] (http://www.ddcbardiya.gov.np)

Lumbini Province लुम्बिनी प्रदेश Deukhuri 2 4,499,272 [13] (http://www.p5.gov.np)

22,288 km

Municipality
Cities and villages are governed by municipalities in Nepal. A district may have one or more municipalities. Lumbini has two types of municipalities.

1. Urban Municipality (Urban Municipality has three levels):

1. Metropolitan city (Mahanagarpalika)
2. Sub-metropolitan city (Upa-mahanagarpalika) and
3. Municipality (Nagarpalika)
2. Rural Municipality (Gaunpalika)
The government of Nepal has set out a minimum criteria to meet city and towns. These criteria include a certain population, infrastructure and revenues.

Largest cities or towns in Lumbini Province

Central Bureau of Statistics [14] (http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/2017/Population_Ward_Level_753_Local_Unit.pdf)
Rank District Pop. Rank District Pop.
 1 Ghorahi Dang 156,164 11 Shivaraj Kapilvastu 66,781
2 Tulsipur Dang 141,528 12 Gulariya Bardiya 66,679
3 Nepalgunj Banke 138,951 13 Buddhabhumi Kapilvastu 64,949
4 Butwal Rupandehi 138,741 14 Siddharthanagar Rupandehi 63,483
5 Tilottama Rupandehi 100,149 15 Krishnanagar Kapilvastu 65,602 Nepalgunj
6 Kapilvastu Kapilvastu 76,394 16 Rajapur Bardiya 59,553
7 Banganga Kapilvastu 75,242 17 Ramgram Parasi 59,455
8 Lumbini Sanskritik Rupandehi 72,497 18 Bansgadhi Bardiya 55,875
Ghorahi
9 Kohalpur Banke 70,647 19 Sainamaina Rupandehi 55,822
Butwal
10 Barbardiya Bardiya 68,012 20 Sunwal Parasi 55,424

Government
The Governor acts as the head of the province, while the Chief Minister is the head of the provincial government. The Chief Judge of the Tulsipur High
Court is the head of the judiciary.[43] The Speaker of the Assembly is Purna Bahadur Gharti.[44] Umakanta Jha is the first Governor of Lumbini
Province.[45] Current Governor Dharma Nath Yadav was appointed on 4 November 2019 by the President of Nepal.[46]

Provincial Assembly
Lumbini provincial assembly is the unicameral legislative assembly consisting of 87 members. Candidates for each constituency are chosen by the political
parties or stand as independents. Each constituency elects one member under the first past the post (FPTP) system of election. The current constitution
specifies that sixty percent of the members should be elected from the first past the post system and forty percent through the party-list proportional
representation (PR) system. Women should account for one-third of total members elected from each party. If one-third percentage are not elected, the party
that fails to ensure so shall have to elect one-third of the total number as women through the party-list proportional representation.

Party Parliamentary party leader Seats[47]

CPN (UML) Lila Giri 29

Nepali Congress Dilli Bahadur Chaudhary 27

CPN (Maoist Centre) Jokh Bahadur Mahara 10

Nagrik Unmukti Party Dharma Bahadur Chaudhary 4

Rastriya Prajatantra Party Ashish Kumar Chaudhary 4

Janamat Party Chandrakesh Gupta 3

Loktantrik Samajwadi Party Santosh Kumar Pandeya 3

People's Socialist Party 3

CPN (Unified Socialist) 1

Rastriya Janamorcha 1

Independent 2
Total 87

Economy
As of 2021, Lumbini Province is the 2nd fastest growing province in Nepal after Bagmati Province and is
third out of the seven provinces in terms of its contribution to the GDP (14% as of 2021).[48] The two major
custom points of Nepal, Nepalganj and Siddharthanagar (Bhairahawa) are situated in the south of the
province, and are major transit zones of trade and transport through India.[49] The rapidly expanding cities in
Lumbini province, Butwal and Siddharthanagar in Rupandehi District, Ghorahi and Tulsipur in Dang
District, and Nepalgunj and Kohalpur in Banke District are major industrial centers.[50]

Ranking 2nd in the number of banks and financial institutions in Nepal after Bagmati Province;[51] several
projects have been launched in the province to boost economic growth. Construction of the Gautam Buddha
International Airport, upgrade of the Nepalgunj Airport into an international airport as per the 20-years master Butwal is considered the financial capital of
plan, establishment of industrial units in Special economic zone, and the opening of new hotels are expected Lumbini.
to spur further economic growth in the province.[52][53] The national pride projects which have been initiated
in the province include:[51]
 National Pride Projects in Lumbini Province
Project Investment (NPR)

Sikta Irrigation Project 25.2 Billion

Babai Irrigation Project 18 Billion

Bheri-Babai Diversion Multipurpose Project (including Karnali Province) 33 Billion

Gautam Buddha International Airport 6 Billion

Lumbini Development Trust 7.5 Billion

Electricity Transmission Project (including Bagmati Province) 61 Billion

North-South (Karnali) Highway (including Karnali Province) 4.1 Billion

Agriculture
The province has both temperate and tropical climates and is diverse in terms of agriculture crop production potentialities. The province is best suited for
agriculture production with five core terai districts, one inner terai, and 6 other hill districts. The land is very fertile and a good source of irrigation prevails.
Sikta Irrigation Project and Babai Diversion and Irrigation project have benefited the agricultural production. The major crops are paddy, mustard, wheat,
maize, sugarcane, vegetables, potato, lentils and cotton.[54] Lumbini is self-sufficient in milk, cereal crops and pulses.

The total land used for agriculture in Lumbini is 889,219 hectares. Land Holding for agriculture in the province is 484,678 hectares.
Agriculture land use area in Lumbini[55]
Area
Land use Percentage
(Hectares)

Arable land 45.5% 404,541

Temporary Crops (https://ec.europa.eu/knowledge4policy/glossary/temporary-crops_en#:~:text=Crops%20are%20divided%20into%20te

44.9% 398,849
mporary,year%2C%20sometimes%20more%20than%20once.)
Permanent crops 5% 44,388

Woodland/Forest 0.9% 8,343

Meadows/Pasture 0.6% 5,561

Temporary Fallow 0.5% 4,389

Temporary Meadows 0.2% 1,303

Pondes 0.1% 828

Other 2.4% 21,017

Industry
Lumbini province ranks 2nd in the country after Bagmati Province in the share of small, cottage and micro-level industries numbering 81,164 that create an
estimated 493,686 employment.[48] The province also ranks 2nd nationally, after Bagmati, in the share of manufacturing industry output.[56] By 2021, there
were 16,549 registered companies in the province. In addition, tourism industry is a massively growing industry in Lumbini province, welcoming the largest
numbers of tourists in Nepal from about 113 countries worldwide.[57][58]

Two of the prime industrial estates of Nepal in Lumbini Province - Nepalgunj industrial estate (district), the oldest industrial estate of the province, was
established in 1973 AD and Butwal industrial estate was established in 1975 AD. Combined, the two industrial estates have about a hundred industries in the
zone and are a significant source of revenue of the country. Post-promulgation of the Constitution of Nepal in 2015, further industrial estates were declared
in the province by the Council of Ministers of the Government of Nepal: Motipur industrial estate in Rupandehi and Naubasta industrial estate in Banke
districts.[59] Similarly, Dang industrial estate has been declared in Dang district.[60]

Tourism

Lumbini
Lumbini, considered one of the holiest place in Buddhism associated with the Buddha's birth, is a World Heritage Site and the most visited place in Nepal
with 1.5 million tourist arriving annually.[57] Lumbini has a number of older temples, including the Mayadevi Temple - a site traditionally considered to be
the birthplace of the Buddha, and various new temples funded by Buddhist organizations from various countries that have been completed or are still under
construction.

The ancient ruins of complex structures have been conserved in the area including the Shakya tank – the remains within the Mayadevi Temple with brick
structures and cross-wall system that have been dated from the 3rd century BC, Ashoka pillar, excavated remains of Buddhist monasteries of the 3rd century
BC to the 5th century AD and the remains of Buddhist stupas (memorial shrines) dated between the 3rd century BC to the 15th century AD.[61] In addition
to the ruins of ancient monasteries, there is a sacred Bodhi tree and an ancient bathing pond.
 Mayadevi Temple marking the Buddha's
Royal Thai monastery South Korean Stupa Sri Lankan Temple German monastery birthplace

Austrian monastery Chinese Monastery

French monastery in Lumbini complex
Lumbini complex is divided into three areas: Sacred garden, Monastic zone, Cultural center and new Lumbini
village. The sacred garden is the epicenter of the complex which is centered around the birthplace of Buddha
and consists of the Mayadevi Temple, the Asoka Pillar, the Marker Stone, the Nativity Sculpture, Sacred Pond
(Puskarini), and many structural ruins including Buddhist Viharas & Stupas.[62] The monastic zone is divided into
east and west each reflecting two different schools of Buddhism. As a centre of pilgrimage, many countries have
established their monasteries in the complex reflecting their own cultural design and spirituality. In the large
monastic zone only monasteries can be built; no shops, hotels or restaurants are allowed. The zone is divided into
an eastern and western monastic zone, the eastern having the Theravadin monasteries, the western having the
Mahayana and Vajrayana monasteries. The Cultural Center consists of museums, Lumbini International Research
Institute (LIRI), administration complex etc. and the New Lumbini Village has the World Peace Pagoda and the
Lumbini Crane Sanctuary. World Peace Pagoda lies at the northern end of the Lumbini complex and was designed
by Japanese buddhists to represent universal peace.

World Peace Pagoda, Lumbini

Ruins within Maya Sacred Pond adjacent Little Buddha Statue World Peace Stupa
Devi Temple complex to Temple gate

Kapilvastu Eternal Peace Flame

Widely attributed as the hometown of Gautama Buddha, the Kapilvastu District of present-day Nepal has more than 130 (Shanti dip), Lumbini
archaeological sites, primarily concentrated in Tilaurakot, Kudan, Gotihawa, Niglihawa, Araurakot, Sagarhawa and Sisaniya.
The region is also considered the hometown of two previous Buddhas before Gautama: Kakusandha Buddha who was born in
Gotihawa and Koṇāgamana Buddha who was born in Niglihawa.[11] Among three Ashoka pillars in Nepal, two are situated in Gotihawa and Niglihawa
erected during King Ashoka's visit to ancient Kapilvastu. Tilaurakot, considered the cardinal point of the ancient Shakyan city of Kapilavastu where
Gautama Buddha spent 29 years of his lifetime, was added to the World Heritage Tentative List by UNESCO in 1996.[63]

Ruins of ancient Kakusandha Buddha Koṇāgamana Buddha

Kapilavastu at Ashoka Pillar Ashoka Pillar
Tilaurakot

Ramagrama
After the death of Gautama Buddha, his relics were divided among eight princes out of sixteen mahājanapadās. A Koliyan king of Rāmagrāma (present
Parasi district), built a stupa enshrining one relic.[9] Known as the only undisturbed original relic of Buddha in the world,[10] the site of stupa was added to
the World Heritage Tentative List by UNESCO on 23 May 1996.

Dhaulagiri circuit
The Dhaulagiri circuit in Eastern Rukum encompasses the Dhaulagiri mountain range of the northern Lumbini
Province. The Dhaulagiri mountain range extends from the northwest to the northeast of Eastern Rukum district and
then continues eastward to its tallest peak at Dhaulagiri I. Putha Hiunchuli (Dhaulagiri VII), one of the most popular
7,000-metre mountains, was first climbed by British explorer J. O. M. Roberts and Sherpa Ang Nyima in 1954.[27]

A Magar village in Eastern Rukum

Dhaulagiri Mountain Range in Eastern Rukum features some of the most

popular 7,000-meter mountains of the Himalayas

The West Dhaulagiri circuit is a tourist trekking circuit close to the Dhaulagiri mountain range and Magar-majority villages, with a distinct preserved Kham
Magar culture of the northern Lumbini province.The circuit's eastern portion is situated along the Dhorpatan reserve of Eastern Rukum, which was
designated to preserve high-altitude ecosystems in western Nepal in 1983.[64] The reserve harbours alpine, sub-alpine and high temperate vegetation and 137
species of birds. Endangered animals in the reserve include the musk deer, wolf, red panda, cheer pheasant and danphe.

National Parks
Bardiya National Park is the largest national park in the lowland Terai, covering 968 square kilometres. It was established in 1976 to protect the
representative ecosystem, habitats of tigers and their prey species. As a beautiful, unspoiled wilderness of sal forest, grassland, and alluvial washes cut by the
many fingers of the Karnali River, it is a popular tourist destination, offering elephant rides and wilderness sight-seeing of Gangetic dolphins, tigers, rhinos
and elephants.

In 1997, a buffer zone of 327 square kilometres surrounding the park was declared, consisting of forests and private lands. The buffer zone is jointly
managed by the local communities and the park and community development and resource management is carried out jointly.[65]

The Babai valley, which is rich in biodiversity, was added to the park in 1984. The zone has wooded grassland and riverine forest and its water is home to
Gharial crocodile. More than 30 different mammals, 513 species of birds and several species of snakes, lizard and fishes have been recorded in the park
area.[66]

A tiger monitoring study conducted (July 2016) in Bardiya National Park in Nepal's Terai Arc Landscape has estimated 56 wild tigers, an increase of six
from the 2013 estimate for the national park. —WWF

Sunset at Bardiya National Park

Forest trees of Banke National Park Deers at Bardiya
Bardiya National Park National Park

Banke National Park, adjacent to the Bardiya National Park with the coherent protected area of 1,518 km2 (586
sq mi), represents the Tiger Conservation Unit (TCU). The national park was established in 2010 and is a
protected area of tiger and four-horned antelopes. The park extends over 550 square kilometers in Banke district
of the province. Banke National Park is connected with Bardiya National Park in the west and wildlife sanctuary
and forests of India in the south. The protected zone is an important component of Terai Arc Landscape (TAL)
that provides habitat for tigers. The park has eight ecosystem types: Sal forest, deciduous Riverine forest,
savannahs and grasslands, mixed hardwood forest, flood plain community, Bhabar and foothills of Chure range.
It is home to 124 plants, 34 mammals, more than 300 birds, 24 reptiles, 7 amphibians and 58 fish species. Under One horned Rhino, Bardiya National Park
the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1973, 3 species of mammals (tiger, striped hyaena, four-horned antelope), 4 species of birds (giant hornbill,
black stork, Bengal florican, and lesser florican) and 2 species of reptiles (gharial crocodile and python) are protected in the park.[67]

Cultural Heritage
Religious sites

The culture of the province has been shaped by multi-religious and multi-ethnic
demography as well as the historical development of the Indian sub-continent.
Hinduism, the dominant religion of the province and the cultural sacred sites related
to it, are prevalent throughout the province. Hinduism flourished overwhelmingly
in Dang valley where the cultural centers of the Hindu Nath tradition connected to
Yogi Gorakhnath were established long before the creation of modern Nepal. A
Ancient Gorakhnath
prominent Gorakhnath temple in Dang district, also known as Ratnanath temple,
Temple in Dang district
remained an ancient temple which was respected and protected by the ruling kings
of the region throughout - including the later kings of the Shah dynasty.[68]

Further popular Hindu sites in Dang district include Ambikeshwori Temple with a
deity of Shiva and Goddess Sati Devi; and Pandaveswor temple which has the
world's largest trident and believed to be where the five Pandavas brother prayed to World's largest trident (Trishula) in Dang
Lord Shiva.[69][70] To the south-western region of Lumbini province, Shiva and valley believed to be where five
Goddess Durga are worshipped in Bageshwori Temple in Banke District.[71] Other Pandavas brother prayed to Lord Shiva
prominent temples of the province include Bhairabsthan Temple of Palpa where
Jama Masjid Rahmaniya, Lord Bhairava is worshipped as a deity and Swargadwari temple of Pyuthan which
one of the oldest mosque has the deities of Shiva and Vishnu.
of Nepal
Islam, the second-most followed religion of the province, is mostly distributed in the
southern districts bordering India. Kapilvastu and Banke districts have one of the
largest Muslim population of Nepal and along with Rupandehi, constitute almost half of all the Muslims in
Nepal.[72] One of the oldest mosque of Nepal established in 1950 AD, Jama Masjid Rahmaniya, is situated in
Rupandehi District.

Within and around Lumbini, sacred sites related to the birth and childhood of Gautama Buddha are pilgrimage
centers for Buddhists throughout the world. Lumbini Development Trust, an autonomous and non-profit
organization manages the Buddhist sites in Lumbini and the master plan is initiated together with the United Buddhist pilgrims resting on a tree in
Nations to ensure long-term safeguarding of the archeological sites of global importance.[73] Lumbini

Rani Mahal

After being forced to drop his royal titles, General Khadga Shumsher was sent to Palpa as a Commander in Chief of Nepal where his beloved youngest
wife, Rani Tej Kumari Devi, died. The General constructed a grand palace and named it after his wife as Rani Mahal ("Queen's Palace") in 1893 AD. He
also named the nearby forest around the palace as Rani ban ("Queen's forest").[74] The palace is at the banks of the Kali Gandaki River.

Rani Mahal at Palpa

Infrastructure

Education
As per the 2021 census, Lumbini's literacy rate was above the national average at 78.1%, the national average being
76.2%.[75] The breakdown of the data showed that the male literacy stood at 85.2% while female literacy stood at
71.7% in the province. District-wise, Palpa and Dang were the best performers with literacy rate of 83.7% and
81.4% respectively, followed by Rupandehi at 81.2%. Nationally, Palpa was also among the top five districts of
Nepal with highest literacy rate alongside Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur and Kaski.[76]

By 2014, Palpa District was one of the first 4 "fully literate" districts of Nepal, achieving a literacy rate of over Universal College of Medical
95%.[77][78] By 2018, further districts of Lumbini province namely, Arghakhanchi, Gulmi, Pyuthan, Dang, Parasi, Sciences, Siddharthanagar
Rupandehi, Rolpa, Bardiya and Eastern Rukum District were classified as fully literate districts of Nepal.[79]

Universities

Nepal Sanskrit University

Rapti Academy of Health Sciences
 Lumbini Bauddha University

Health
According to the National Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) 2016, the Province's Neonatal Mortality (per 1000
live births) stands at 30 and Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births) stands at 42, both of which are higher than the
national average of 21 and 32 respectively. The province has 670 public health facilities, including four hub
hospitals, 18 hospitals, two regional medical stores, 31 primary health care centers, 570 health posts, 27 urban health
centers, 15 community health units and 9 other health facilities.[80]

Tinau International Hospital in Butwal

Communication
In Lumbini province, 49.2% of the population have radio access and followed by 30.4% have access to TV, and
only 1.3% have access to the internet. Similarly, 4.4% of the population have access to landline telephone, while 65.8% have access to mobile phone. There
are three major cell phone providers in Lumbini Province. They are Nepal Doorsanchar Company Limited (NTC), Ncell Axiata Limited (NCELL) and
Smart Cell. The coverage of Smart Cell providers is only in 5 districts.

There are 66 newspaper channels in Lumbini Province with national, provincial, and local outreach. As per the classification, some of the top-ranking
newspapers are Gorachya Dainik, Dainik Nepalgunj, and Mechikali Sandesh Dainik. There are a total of 63 radio stations in the province, such as Radio
Lumbini, Radio Tulsipur, Bheri F.M., etc.[81]

Energy
91% of the population has access to electricity in the province. Of the 12 districts in Lumbini Province, Parasi,
Kapilvastu and Bardiya have been electrified by more than 99 percent. Gulmi, Arghakhanchi and Rupandehi have
more than 95 percent electrification and Rukum East has the lowest electrification of 11.25 percent.[82] Lumbini
generates 21.2 MW of electricity from hydropower.[83] Total number of electricity consumers in the province is
457992, consuming 370.8 Million MWh of energy annually. According to NEA, Distribution and Consumer
Service Directorate 93% of consumers are domestic users; loss of electricity in the province is 12.17% for the year
2076/77 (2020 AD). Out of the total loss in distribution provincial office, Gularia contributes the highest loss
percentage of 25.02%.
Tinau Hydropower Plant

Butwal Solar PV Project

Butwal Solar PV Project, Nepal's first private grid-connected solar power plant, was connected to national transmission line in October 2020. Ridi
Hydropower Company has constructed the power plant in Tilottama of Rupendehi District. With over 32,000 solar panels of 330 watts each, the plant can
generate 8.5 MW of electricity.[84]

Transportation

Roadways
Transportation routes in Lumbini evolved since H01. Lumbini has two major routes, H01 and
H10 both intersecting in Butwal. 8,931 km of road is constructed in the Province. Out of which
5,293 km is blacktopped.

All 12 districts of the province are connected via blacktopped roads. Major highways of the province are as Butwal-Bhairahawa road (H10)
follows:

1. Mahendra Highway: Mahendra Highway( H01) traverses districts of Bardiya, Banke,

Dang, Kapilvastu, Rupandehi, Parasi latitudinally. It connects to Bagmati to east and
Sudurpaschim to the west.
2. Ratna Highway: Ratna Highway ( H12) to Karnali Province. It starts at Nepal- India border
in Nepalgunj and terminates at Birendranagar, Surkhet. The highway transition into the Karnali
Highway system from the point it terminates.
3. Rapti Highway: Rapti Highway ( H11) starts from Ameliya, Dang and terminates at
Musikot West Rukum. This highway makes hilly regions of Rolpa, Salyan West Rukum and
east Rukum accessible.
4. Siddhartha Highway: Siddhartha Highway( H10) highway starts at Nepal-India Border in Rapti bridge, Nepal's second longest bridge
Siddharthanagar and terminates at Prithivi chowk, Pokhara. The major settlements on the over West Rapti river in Dang district[85]
highway are Siddharthanagar, Butwal, Tansen, Waling, Putalibazar, Syangja and Pokhara.
Bhairahawa and Nepalgunj have always been major trade routes with India. Lumbini has no railways but East West railway, Kathmandu-Lumbini railway
and several other routes connecting Indian cities are planned.[86][87][88]

Air Travel
Gautam Buddha International Airport, Nepalgunj Airport and Dang Airport are major airstrips in the province. Nepalgunj Airport, Nepal's second most
busiest airport after Tribhuwan International Airport, is being upgraded to an international airport as per the 20 year master plan.[53] Being mostly flat land air
travel isn't preferable but Nepalgunj Airport serves as hub for most of the airports in Karnali Province and Sudurpaschim Province and is a transit point for
tourists heading to Lake Manasarovar and Mount Kailash in Tibet.[89][90] New airports are under construction in Resunga (Gulmi District) and
Sandhikharka (Arghakhanchi District).[91][92]

Nepalgunj Airport is Nepal's Lumbini hosts Nepal's second

second-most busiest airport after international airport - Gautam
TIA Buddha International Airport

See also
List of provinces of Nepal
List of districts of Nepal
List of mayors of municipalities in Nepal
List of districts of Lumbini Province

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