REAL WORK METHOD AND

VIRTUAL
MEMBERS
Santiago Zuluaga Bustos - 20181166002
Daniel Mauricio Lasso - 20181168256
Andres Torres Rivera - 20181166868
 JOB

Work is defined as the ability to transmit energy from one system to

another. The work done by a force F which moves a body at a distance
X whose vectors form an angle θ is given by the scalar product:
W =F ∗ X = FX Cos θ
Actual working
method
• This method uses the principle of conservation of energy, which
generates the external work, which must be equal to the internal
work of deformation product of the stresses caused by the loads.
The disadvantage of the method lies in its limitation, because it only
analyzes one unknown, this method is not extended to more than
one displacement or rotation.
Actual working
method

• Energy has been defined as the ability to do work, or conversely, work can be
transformed into various forms of energy.

W=T+U (equation 1)

Where W is the work done by the external force applied to the structure, T is the kinetic
energy and U is the strain energy stored in the stressed members of the structure.
Actual working
method
The strain energy (U) for the most common structures used in Civil
Engineering is presented below.
Virtual work method

• This is a very versatile method for calculating displacements in

structures. These displacements can be due to loads of any type,
temperature changes, contractions in the structural material or
manufacturing errors (in the case of steel structures or those
based on prefabricated elements).

VIRTUAL WORK = VIRTUAL WORK

EXTERNAL INTERNAL

We = wi
Virtual work method

To the work done by forces F1, F2 ,

Fn during the virtual displacement δr is called virtual
work. The virtual work of all the forces acting on the
particle in the figure is:
U = Fi * Sr + F2 * 8r + .... +F n * Sr
- = (F1-F2 + • • • • +Fn) *

SU = R * Sr
 Virtual work method
• The principle of virtual work for a particle states that if a particle is in equilibrium,
the total virtual work of the forces acting on the particle is zero for any virtual
displacement of the particle.
• The principle of virtual work for a rigid body
states that if the rigid body is in equilibrium,
the total virtual work of the external forces
acting on the rigid body is zero for any virtual
displacement of the body.
Virtual work method
• VIRTUAL MOVEMENTS FOR RIGID BODIES:
“If a rigid body is in equilibrium under a system of forces and is subjected to any virtual
rigid body displacement, the virtual work done by the external forces is zero.”
• VIRTUAL DISPLACEMENT FOR DEFORMABLE BODIES:
“If a deformable structure is in equilibrium under a virtual system of forces (and torques)
and if it is subjected to any small real deformation, consistent with the conditions of
support and continuity of the structure, then the external virtual work done by the
external forces (and external torques) acting through the actual external displacements
(and rotations) is equal to the virtual internal work done by the internal forces (and
internal torques) acting through the actual internal displacements (and rotations).
Virtual work method
• THEOREMS OF RECIPROCAL DISPLACEMENTS, ACCORDING TO MAXWELL and BETTI:
• “The work done by a system of forces A due to the displacements that a system
of forces B produces at its points of application is equal to the work done by the
system of forces B due to the displacements that it produces at its points of
application.” produces the system of forces A”. BETTI
• “The displacement at a point A (in the direction of the force applied at A) due to
the application of a force P at point B is equal to the displacement at point B (in
the direction of the force applied at B) due to the application of a force P at
point A”. MAXWELL
THEOREMS OF RECIPROCAL DISPLACEMENTS, ACCORDING TO
MAXWELL and BETTI:
EXERCISE: VIRTUAL WORK

• Find the force that die B exerts on the block of wood.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• https://slideplayer.es/slide/8853966/

• https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflexi%C3%B3n_de_sistemas_estructurales#:~:text=M%C3
%A9todo%20de%20trabajo%20real%3A%20This, efforts%20causadas%20por%20las% 20loads
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_a2ClSP9Vs
• http://ing.ens.uabc.mx/docencia/apuntes/civil/analisis_structural.pdf
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUpDMXMJ9po
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Uzn2Y5AwwQ
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uEn-LOHrTTk
• https://slideplayer.es/slide/8853966/
• http://tesis.uson.mx/digital/tesis/docs/10737/Capitulo1.pdf
• http://www.dcnetwork.com.mx/rec/ae/M%C3%A9todos%20de%20Trabajo%20y%20Energ%
C3%ADa%20for%20the%20C%C3%A1calculus%20of%20las%20Deflections.pdf