Y12 Cambridge 3U Worked Solutions

Chapter 1 worked solutions – Sequences and series
Solutions to Exercise 1A
1a Each term is 150 more than the previous term. The sequence is as follows:
850, 1000, 1150, 1300, 1450, 1600, 1750, 1900, 2050, 2200, 2350, 2500, 2650, 2800
1b Looking at the sequence from part (a), 𝑇9 = 2050.

Alex’s stamp collection first exceeded 2000 stamps after 9 months.
6, 16, 26, 36, 46, 56, 66
2b Each term is double the previous term. The sequence is as follows:

3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192
2c Each term is 4 less than the previous term. The sequence is as follows:
38, 34, 30, 26, 22, 18, 14
2d Each term is half the previous term. The sequence is as follows:

3 3
24, 12, 6, 3, 112, 4 , 8
2e Each term is the previous term multiplied by −1. The sequence is as follows:
−1, 1, −1, 1, −1, 1, −1
2f Each term is squared. The sequence is as follows:

1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49
𝑛
2g Each term is of the form 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑛+1. The sequence is as follows:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
, , , , , ,
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2h Each term is the previous term divided by −2. The sequence is as follows:
1 1
16, −8, 4, −2, 1, − 2 , 4
© Cambridge University Press 2019 1

3a 𝑇𝑛 = 5𝑛 − 2
𝑇1 = 5 − 2 = 3
𝑇2 = 10 − 2 = 8
𝑇3 = 15 − 2 = 13
𝑇4 = 20 − 2 = 18
3b 𝑇𝑛 = 5𝑛
𝑇1 = 51 = 5
𝑇2 = 52 = 25
𝑇3 = 53 = 125
𝑇4 = 54 = 625
3c 𝑇𝑛 = 6 − 2𝑛
𝑇1 = 6 − 2 = 4
𝑇2 = 6 − 4 = 2
𝑇3 = 6 − 6 = 0
𝑇4 = 6 − 8 = −2
3d 𝑇𝑛 = 7 × 10𝑛
𝑇1 = 7 × 10 = 70
𝑇2 = 7 × 100 = 700
𝑇3 = 7 × 1 000 = 7000
𝑇4 = 7 × 10 000 = 70 000
3e 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑛3
𝑇1 = 13 = 1
𝑇2 = 23 = 8
𝑇3 = 33 = 27
𝑇4 = 43 = 64
3f 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
𝑇1 = 1(2) = 2
𝑇2 = 2(3) = 6
𝑇3 = 3(4) = 12
𝑇4 = 4(5) = 20

3g 𝑇𝑛 = (−1)𝑛
𝑇1 = (−1)1 = −1
𝑇2 = (−1)2 = 1
𝑇3 = (−1)3 = −1
𝑇4 = (−1)4 = 1
3h 𝑇𝑛 = (−3)𝑛
𝑇1 = (−3)1 = −3
𝑇2 = (−3)2 = 9
𝑇3 = (−3)3 = −27
𝑇4 = (−3)4 = 81
4a Start with 11 as the first term, and add 50 to find the next term:
11, 61, 111, 161
4b Start with 15 as the first term, then subtract 3 to find the next term:
15, 12, 9, 6
4c Start with 5 as the first term, then double it to find the next term:
5, 10, 20, 40
4d Start with −100 as the first term, then divide by 5 to find the next term:
4
−100, −20, −4, − 5
5 Each term is 5 more than the previous term. The sequence is as follows:
7, 12, 17, 22, 27, 32, 37, 42, 47, 52, 57, 62
5a Counting the number of terms:

𝟕, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟕, 𝟐𝟐, 𝟐𝟕, 32, 37, 42, 47, 52, 57, 62
5 terms are less than 30.
5b Counting the number of terms:

7, 12, 17, 𝟐𝟐, 𝟐𝟕, 𝟑𝟐, 𝟑𝟕, 42, 47, 52, 57, 62
4 terms lie between 20 and 40.

5c 7, 12, 17, 22, 27, 32, 37, 42, 47, 𝟓𝟐, 57, 62
The tenth term is 52.
5d 37 is the 7th term.
5e This sequence is in the form: 𝑇𝑛 = 5𝑛 + 2

Put 𝑇𝑛 = 87
Then 87 = 5𝑛 + 2
85 = 5𝑛
𝑛 = 17
Hence 87 is the 17th term.
5f This sequence is in the form: 𝑇𝑛 = 5𝑛 + 2

Put 𝑇𝑛 = 201
Then 201 = 5𝑛 + 2
199 = 5𝑛
4
𝑛 = 39
5
Hence 201 is not a term of this sequence.
6 Each term is double the previous term:

3 1
, 1 2 , 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192, 384, 768, 1536
4
6a Counting the number of terms:

𝟑 𝟏
, 𝟏 𝟐 , 𝟑, 𝟔, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟐𝟒, 𝟒𝟖, 𝟗𝟔, 𝟏𝟗𝟐, 𝟑𝟖𝟒, 768, 1536
𝟒
10 terms are less than 400
6b Counting the number of terms:

3 1
, 1 , 3, 6, 12, 𝟐𝟒, 𝟒𝟖, 𝟗𝟔, 192, 384, 768, 1536
4 2
3 terms are between 20 and 100.
6c 384 is the 10th term.

6d 192 is the 9th term.
6e Looking at the sequence:

Yes, 𝑇8 = 96
6f Looking at the sequence:

No, 100 is not a term in the sequence.
7a 𝑇𝑛 = 12 + 𝑛
𝑇1 = 12 + 1 = 13
𝑇2 = 12 + 2 = 14
𝑇3 = 12 + 3 = 15
𝑇4 = 12 + 4 = 16
𝑇5 = 12 + 5 = 17
The first term is 12, and every term after that is 1 more than the previous one.
7b 𝑇𝑛 = 4 + 5𝑛
𝑇1 = 4 + 5 = 9
𝑇2 = 4 + 10 = 14
𝑇3 = 4 + 15 = 19
𝑇4 = 4 + 20 = 24
𝑇5 = 4 + 25 = 29
The first term is 9, and every term after that is 5 more than the previous one.
7c 𝑇𝑛 = 15 − 5𝑛
𝑇1 = 15 − 5 = 10
𝑇2 = 15 − 10 = 5
𝑇3 = 15 − 15 = 0
𝑇4 = 15 − 20 = −5
𝑇5 = 15 − 25 = −10
The first term is 10, and every term after that is 5 less than the previous one.
7d 𝑇𝑛 = 3 × 2𝑛
𝑇1 = 3 × 2 = 6
𝑇2 = 3 × 4 = 12
𝑇3 = 3 × 8 = 24
𝑇4 = 3 × 16 = 48

𝑇5 = 3 × 32 = 96
The first term is 6, and every term after that is double the previous one.
7e 𝑇𝑛 = 7 × (−1)𝑛
𝑇1 = 7 × (−1)1 = −7
𝑇2 = 7 × (−1)2 = 7
𝑇3 = 7 × (−1)3 = −7
𝑇4 = 7 × (−1)4 = 7
𝑇5 = 7 × (−1)5 = −7
The first term is −7, and every term after that is the previous one multiplied by
−1.
1 𝑛
7f 𝑇𝑛 = 80 × (2)
1 1
𝑇1 = 80 × (2) = 40
1 2
𝑇2 = 80 × (2) = 20
1 3
𝑇3 = 80 × (2) = 10
1 4
𝑇4 = 80 × (2) = 5
1 5 1
𝑇𝑛 = 80 × (2) = 2 2
The first term is 40, and every term after that is half the previous term.
8a 𝑇𝑛 = 3𝑛 + 1
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 40
Then 40 = 3𝑛 + 1
39 = 3𝑛
𝑛 = 13
Hence 40 is the 13th term.
8b 𝑇𝑛 = 3𝑛 + 1
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 30
Then 30 = 3𝑛 + 1
29 = 3𝑛
𝑛 = 9.666666 ….
Hence this is not a term in the sequence as 9.666666 …. is not an integer

8c 𝑇𝑛 = 3𝑛 + 1
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 100
Then 100 = 3𝑛 + 1
99 = 3𝑛
𝑛 = 33
Hence this is a term in the sequence as 33 is an integer.
𝑇𝑛 = 3𝑛 + 1
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 200
Then 200 = 3𝑛 + 1
119 = 3𝑛
𝑛 = 39.666666 ….
Hence this is not a term in the sequence as 39.666666 …. is not an integer.
𝑇𝑛 = 3𝑛 + 1
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 1000
Then 1000 = 3𝑛 + 1
999 = 3𝑛
𝑛 = 333
Hence this is a term in the sequence as 333 is an integer.
9a 𝑇𝑛 = 10𝑛 − 6
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 44
Then 44 = 10𝑛 − 6
50 = 10𝑛
𝑛=5
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 200
Then 200 = 10𝑛 − 6
206 = 10𝑛
6
𝑛 = 20 10
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 306
Then 306 = 10𝑛 − 6
312 = 10𝑛
2
𝑛 = 31 10
Hence 200 and 306 are not terms in this sequence. 44 is the 5th term in the
sequence.
9b 𝑇𝑛 = 2𝑛2
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 40
Then 40 = 2𝑛2
20 = 𝑛2
𝑛 = 4.47214 …

Put 𝑇𝑛 = 72
Then 72 = 2𝑛2
36 = 𝑛2
𝑛=6
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 200
Then 200 = 2𝑛2
100 = 𝑛2
𝑛 = 10
Hence 40 is not a term in this sequence. 72 is the 6th term in this sequence, and
200 is the 10th term in this sequence.
9c 𝑇𝑛 = 2𝑛
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 8
Then 8 = 2𝑛
𝑛 = log 2 8
𝑛=3
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 96
Then 96 = 2𝑛
𝑛 = log 2 96
𝑛 = 6.58496 …
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 128
Then 128 = 2𝑛
𝑛 = log 2 128
𝑛=7
Hence 96 is not a term in this sequence. 8 is the 3rd term in the sequence and
128 is the 7th term in the sequence.
10a 𝑇𝑛 = 10𝑛 + 4
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 100
Then 10𝑛 + 4 < 100
10𝑛 < 96
𝑛 < 9.6
Hence there are 9 terms less than 100.
10b 𝑇𝑛 = 10𝑛 + 4
Put 𝑇𝑛 > 56
Then 10𝑛 + 4 > 56
10𝑛 > 52
𝑛 > 5.2
Hence 𝑇6 = 64 is the first term greater then 56.

11a 𝑇𝑛 = 2𝑛 − 5
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 100
Then 2𝑛 − 5 < 100
2𝑛 < 105
𝑛 < 52.5
Hence there are 52 terms less than 100.
11b 𝑇𝑛 = 7𝑛 − 44
Put 𝑇𝑛 > 100
Then 7𝑛 − 44 > 100
7𝑛 > 144
𝑛 > 20.57
Hence the first term greater than 100 is 𝑇21 = 103.
12a 𝑇1 = 5
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 + 12 = 5 + 12 = 17
𝑇3 = 𝑇2 + 12 = 17 + 12 = 29
𝑇4 = 𝑇3 + 12 = 19 + 12 = 41
12b 𝑇1 = 12
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 − 10 = 12 − 10 = 2
𝑇3 = 𝑇2 − 10 = 2 − 10 = −8
𝑇4 = 𝑇3 − 10 = −8 − 10 = −18
12c 𝑇1 = 20
1 1
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 = × 20 = 10
2 2
1 1
𝑇3 = 𝑇2 = × 10 = 5
2 2
1 1 1
𝑇4 = 𝑇3 = × 5 = 2
2 2 2
12d 𝑇1 = 1
𝑇2 = −𝑇1 = −1 × 1 = −1
𝑇3 = −𝑇2 = −1 × −1 = 1
𝑇4 = −𝑇3 = −1 × 1 = −1

13a This is an AP as all terms have the same common difference, so

𝑑 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 21 − 16 = 5
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑇𝑛−1 + 𝑑 = 𝑇𝑛−1 + 5
13b This is a GP as all terms have the same common ratio, so

𝑇2 14
𝑟= = =2
𝑇1 7
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑟𝑇𝑛−1 = 2𝑇𝑛−1
13c This is an AP as all terms have the same common difference, so

𝑑 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 2 − 9 = −7
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑇𝑛−1 + 𝑑 = 𝑇𝑛−1 − 7
13d This is a GP as all terms have the same common ratio, so

𝑇2 4
𝑟= = = −1
𝑇1 −4
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑟𝑇𝑛−1 = −𝑇𝑛−1
14a 𝑇1 = sin 90° = 1

𝑇2 = sin 180° = 0
𝑇3 = sin 270° = −1
𝑇4 = sin 360° = 0
Terms are zero where 𝑛 is even.
14b 𝑇1 = cos 90° = 0

𝑇2 = cos 180° = −1
𝑇3 = cos 270° = 0
𝑇4 = cos 360° = 1
Terms are zero where 𝑛 is odd.
14c 𝑇1 = cos 180° = −1

𝑇2 = cos 360° = 1
𝑇3 = cos 540° = −1
𝑇4 = cos 720° = 1
No terms are zero.

14d 𝑇1 = sin 180° = 0

𝑇2 = sin 360° = 0
𝑇3 = sin 540° = 0
𝑇4 = sin 720° = 0
All terms are zero.
15a 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑛2 − 3𝑛
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 28
Then 𝑛2 − 3𝑛 = 28
𝑛2 − 3𝑛 − 28 = 0
(𝑛 − 7)(𝑛 + 4) = 0
𝑛 = −4 or 7
But 𝑛 ≥ 1 so 𝑇7 = 28
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 70
Then 𝑛2 − 3𝑛 = 70
𝑛2 − 3𝑛 − 70 = 0
(𝑛 − 10)(𝑛 + 7) = 0
𝑛 = 10 or −7
But 𝑛 ≥ 1 so 𝑇10 = 70
15b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑛2 − 3𝑛
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 18
Then 𝑛2 − 3𝑛 < 18
𝑛2 − 3𝑛 − 18 < 0
(𝑛 − 6)(𝑛 + 3) < 0
−3 < 𝑛 < 6
Now 𝑛 is an integer greater than or equal to 1.
1≤𝑛≤5
So there are 5 terms less than 18.
3
16a 𝑇𝑛 = 32 × 2𝑛
1
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 1 2
3 1
Then × 2𝑛 = 1 2
32
𝑛
2 = 16
𝑛=4

1
So 𝑇4 = 1 2
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 96
3
Then 32 × 2𝑛 = 96
2𝑛 = 1024
𝑛 = 10
So 𝑇10 = 96
3
16b 𝑇𝑛 = 32 × 2𝑛
Put 𝑇𝑛 > 10
3
Then 32 × 2𝑛 > 10
2
2𝑛 > 106 6
By trial and error the lowest integer solution is 𝑛 = 7.
So 𝑇7 = 12 is the first term greater than 10
17a 𝑦 = 10𝑥 − 4
17b 𝑦 = 2𝑥−1 × 3

17c 𝑦 = 42 − 4𝑥
17d 𝑦 = 48 × 2−𝑥
17e Here 𝑇𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 , but there is no curve and no real-valued function.

17f 𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑥
17g 𝑦 = 𝑥−1
17h Here 𝑇𝑛 = (−2)5−𝑛 , but there is no curve and no real-valued function.
18a 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 + 𝑇4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= − + − + − + −
1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
1
= 1−
5
4
=
5
𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + ⋯ + 𝑇𝑛
1 1 1 1 1 1
= − + − + ⋯+ −
1 2 2 3 𝑛 𝑛+1
1
= 1−
𝑛+1

𝑛+1−1
=
𝑛+1
𝑛
=
𝑛+1
1 1
18b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑛 − 𝑛+1
𝑛+1−𝑛
=
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
1
=
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
1
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 30
1 1
Then 𝑛(𝑛+1) = 30
30 = 𝑛2 + 𝑛
𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 30 = 0
(𝑛 + 6)(𝑛 − 5) = 0
𝑛 = −6 or 𝑛 = 5
1
But 𝑛 ≥ 1 so 𝑇5 = 30
𝑛−1
19a 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑛
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 0.9
𝑛−1
Then 𝑛 = 0.9
𝑛 − 1 = 0.9𝑛
0.1𝑛 = 1
𝑛 = 10
So 𝑇10 = 0.9
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 0.99
𝑛−1
Then 𝑛 = 0.99
𝑛 − 1 = 0.99𝑛
0.01𝑛 = 1
𝑛 = 100
So 𝑇100 = 0.99

19b 𝑇𝑛+1 : 𝑇𝑛
𝑛+1−1 𝑛−1
= :
𝑛+1 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛−1
= :
𝑛+1 𝑛
So:
𝑛−1
𝑇𝑛 𝑛
= 𝑛
𝑇𝑛+1
𝑛+1
𝑛−1 𝑛+1
= ×
𝑛 𝑛
𝑛2 − 1
=
𝑛2
𝑇𝑛 1 𝑛2 − 1 1
+ = + 2
𝑇𝑛+1 𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑛
𝑛2 − 1 + 1
=
𝑛2
𝑛2
=
𝑛2
=1
1 2 𝑛−2 𝑛−1 1
19c 𝑇2 × 𝑇3 × … × 𝑇𝑛 = 2 × 3 × … × 𝑛−1 × =𝑛
𝑛
19d 𝑇𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑛−1

𝑛+1−1 𝑛−1−1
= −
𝑛+1 𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑛−2
= −
𝑛+1 𝑛−1
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 + 1)
= −
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 − 1)
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) − (𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 + 1)
=
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 − 1)
𝑛 − 𝑛 − (𝑛2 − 𝑛 − 2)
2
=
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 − 1)
2
= 2
𝑛 −1

20a 𝐹1 = 1
𝐹2 = 1
𝐹3 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 = 1 + 1 = 2
𝐹4 = 𝐹3 + 𝐹2 = 2 + 1 = 3
𝐹5 = 𝐹4 + 𝐹3 = 3 + 2 = 5
𝐹6 = 8
𝐹7 = 13
𝐹8 = 21
𝐹9 = 34
𝐹10 = 55
𝐹11 = 89
𝐹12 = 144
20b 𝐿1 = 1
𝐿2 = 3
𝐿3 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 = 1 + 3 = 4
𝐿4 = 𝐿3 + 𝐿2 = 3 + 4 = 7
𝐿5 = 𝐿4 + 𝐿3 = 4 + 7 = 11
𝐿6 = 18
𝐿7 = 29
𝐿8 = 47
𝐿9 = 76
𝐿10 = 123
𝐿11 = 199
𝐿12 = 322
20c The sum of two odd integers is even, and the sum of an even and an odd integer
is odd.
20d The first is 2, 4, 6, 10, 16, …, which is 2𝐹𝑛+1.

The second is 0, 2, 2, 4, 6, …, which is 2𝐹𝑛−1 .
21 Investigation question – answers will vary.
22a The 20th number is 10, and −20 is the 41st number on the list.

1 2 1 3 2
22b Start by writing down the successive diagonals 1, 2, 2 , 3, 2 , 3 , 4, 2 , 3 , 14, …
Then remove every fraction that can be cancelled because it has previously been
listed.
22c The number 𝑥 is not on the list because it differs from the 𝑛th number on the list
at the 𝑛th decimal place.

Solutions to Exercise 1B
3, 8, 13, 18, 23, 28
1b Each term is 10 less than the previous term. The sequence is as follows:
35, 25, 15, 5, −5, −15
1
1c Each term is 1 2 more than the previous term. The sequence is as follows:
1 1 1
4 2 , 6, 7 2 , 9, 10 2 , 12
2a Start at 3 and add 2. The sequence is as follows:

3, 5, 7, 9
2b Start at 7 and subtract 4. The sequence is as follows:

7, 3, −1, −5
2c Start at 30 and subtract 11. The sequence is as follows:

30, 19, 8, −3
2d Start at −9 and add 4. The sequence is as follows:

−9, −5, −1, 3
1
2e Start at 3 2 and subtract 2. The sequence is as follows:
1 1 1 1
3 2 , 1 2 , − 2 , −2 2
2f Start at 0.9 and add 0.7. The sequence is as follows:

0.9, 1.6, 2.3, 3.0
3a 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 7 − 3 = 4
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 11 − 7 = 4
Hence this sequence is an AP with 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑑 = 4.

3b 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 7 − 11 = −4
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 3 − 7 = −4
Hence this sequence is an AP with 𝑎 = 11 and 𝑑 = −4.
3c 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 34 − 23 = 11
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 45 − 34 = 11
3d 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = (−7) − (−12) = 5
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = (−7) − (−2) = 5
Hence this sequence is an AP with 𝑎 = −12 and 𝑑 = 5.
3e 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 20 − (−40) = 60
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = (−10) − 20 = −30
Hence this sequence is not an AP, as the differences are not all the same.
3f 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 11 − 1 = 10
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 111 − 11 = 100
3g 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = (−2) − 8 = −10
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = (−12) − (−2) = −10
3h 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 0 − (−17) = 17
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 17 − 0 = 17
1 1
3i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 7 2 − 10 = −2 2
1 1
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 5 − 7 2 = −2 2
1
Hence this sequence is an AP with 𝑎 = 10 and 𝑑 = −2 2.
4a 𝑎 = 7 and 𝑑 = 6
𝑇𝑛 = 7 + 6(𝑛 − 1)

= 7 + 6𝑛 − 6
= 1 + 6𝑛
𝑇11 = 1 + 6 × 11 = 67
4b 𝑎 = 15 and 𝑑 = −7
𝑇𝑛 = 15 − 7(𝑛 − 1)
= 15 − 7𝑛 + 7
= 22 − 7𝑛
𝑇11 = 22 − 7 × 11 = −55
1
4c 𝑎 = 10 2 and 𝑑 = 4
1
𝑇𝑛 = 10 2 + 4(𝑛 − 1)
1
= 10 2 + 4𝑛 − 4
1
= 6 2 + 4𝑛
1 1
𝑇11 = 6 2 + 4 × 11 = 50 2
5a 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑑 = 4
𝑇𝑛 = 1 + 4(𝑛 − 1)
= 1 + 4𝑛 − 4
= −3 + 4𝑛
5b 𝑎 = 100 and 𝑑 = −7
𝑇𝑛 = 100 − 7(𝑛 − 1)
= 100 − 7𝑛 + 7
= 107 − 7𝑛
5c 𝑎 = −13 and 𝑑 = 6
𝑇𝑛 = −13 + 6(𝑛 − 1)
= −13 + 6𝑛 − 6
= −19 + 6𝑛
6a 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 16 − 6 = 10
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 26 − 16 = 10

6b 𝑇9 = 6 + 10(9 − 1)
𝑇9 = 86
𝑇21 = 6 + 10(21 − 1) = 206
𝑇100 = 6 + 10(100 − 1) = 996
6c 𝑇𝑛 = 6 + 10(𝑛 − 1)
= 6 + 10𝑛 − 10
= 10𝑛 − 4
7a 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 11 − 8 = 3
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 14 − 11 = 3
𝑇𝑛 = 8 + 3(𝑛 − 1)
= 8 + 3𝑛 − 3
= 5 + 3𝑛
7b 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 15 − 21 = −6
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 9 − 15 = −6
𝑇𝑛 = 21 − 6(𝑛 − 1)
= 21 − 6𝑛 + 6
= 27 − 6𝑛
7c 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 4 − 8 = −4
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 2 − 4 = −2
7d 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 1 − (−3) = 4
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 5 − 1 = 4
𝑇𝑛 = −3 + 4(𝑛 − 1)
= −3 + 4𝑛 − 4
= 4𝑛 − 7

3 1
7e 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 3 − 1 4 = 1 4
1 1
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 4 4 − 3 = 1 4
3 1
Hence this sequence is an AP with 𝑎 = 1 4 and 𝑑 = 1 4.
3 1
𝑇𝑛 = 1 4 + 1 4 (𝑛 − 1)
3 1 1
= 14 + 14𝑛 − 14
1 1
= 14𝑛 + 2
1
= 4 (2 + 5𝑛)
7f 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = −5 − 12 = −17
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = −22 − (−5) = −17
𝑇𝑛 = 12 − 17(𝑛 − 1)
= 12 − 17𝑛 + 17
= 29 − 17𝑛
7g 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 2√2 − √2 = √2
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 3√2 − 2√2 = √2
Hence this sequence is an AP with 𝑎 = √2 and 𝑑 = √2.
𝑇𝑛 = √2 + √2(𝑛 − 1)
= √2 + 𝑛√2 − √2
= 𝑛√2
7h 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 4 − 1 = 3
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 9 − 4 = 5
𝑇4 − 𝑇3 = 16 − 9 = 7
1 1
7i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 1— 2 2 = 3 2
1 1
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 4 2 − 1 = 3 2
1 1
Hence this sequence is an AP with 𝑎 = −2 2 and 𝑑 = 3 2.
1 7
𝑇𝑛 = −2 2 + 2 (𝑛 − 1)
1 7 1
= −2 2 + 2 𝑛 − 3 2
7
= 2𝑛 − 6

8a 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 160 − 165 = −5
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 160 − 165 = −5
𝑇𝑛 = 165 − 5(𝑛 − 1)
= 165 − 5𝑛 + 5
= 170 − 5𝑛
8b Put 𝑇𝑛 = 40
Then: 40 = 165 − 5(𝑛 − 1)
40 = 165 − 5𝑛 + 5
40 = 170 − 5𝑛
130 = 5𝑛
𝑛 = 26
There are 26 terms in the sequence.
8c Put 𝑇𝑛 < 0
Then: 0 > 165 − 5(𝑛 − 1)
0 > 165 − 5𝑛 + 5
0 > 170 − 5𝑛
5𝑛 > 170
𝑛 > 34
The first negative term is 𝑇35 = −5
9a 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 17 − 20 = −3
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 14 − 17 = −3
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 0
Then: 0 > 20 − 3(𝑛 − 1)
0 > 20 − 3𝑛 + 3
0 > 23 − 3𝑛
3𝑛 > 23
𝑛 > 7.66 …
Hence the first negative term is 𝑇8 = −1
9b 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 79 − 82 = −3
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 76 − 79 = −3
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 0
Then: 0 > 82 − 3(𝑛 − 1)

0 > 82 − 3𝑛 + 3
0 > 85 − 3𝑛
3𝑛 > 85
𝑛 > 28.33 …
Hence the first negative term is 𝑇29 = −2
1 1
9c 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 24 − 24 2 = − 2
1 1
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 23 2 − 24 = − 2
1 1
Hence this sequence is an AP with 𝑎 = 24 2 and 𝑑 = − 2.
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 0
1 1
Then: 0 > 24 2 − 2 (𝑛 − 1)
1 1 1
0 > 24 2 − 2 𝑛 + 2
1
0 > 25 − 2 𝑛
1
𝑛 > 25
2
𝑛 > 50
1
Hence the first negative term is 𝑇51 = − 2
10a 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 12 − 10 = 2
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 14 − 12 = 2
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 30
Then: 30 = 10 + 2(𝑛 − 1)
30 = 10 + 2𝑛 − 2
30 = 8 + 2𝑛
22 = 2𝑛
𝑛 = 11
10b 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 4 − 1 = 3
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 7 − 4 = 3
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 100
Then: 100 = 1 + 3(𝑛 − 1)
100 = 1 + 3𝑛 − 3
100= 3𝑛 − 2
102 = 3𝑛

𝑛 = 34
10c 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 100 − 105 = −5

𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 95 − 100 = −5
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 30
Then: 30 = 105 − 5(𝑛 − 1)
30 = 105 − 5𝑛 + 5
30 = 110 − 5𝑛
−80 = −5
𝑛 = 16
10d 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 92 − 100 = −8
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 84 − 92 = −8
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 4
Then: 4 = 100 − 8(𝑛 − 1)
4= 100 − 8𝑛 + 8
4 = 108 − 8𝑛
−104 = −8𝑛
𝑛 = 13
1 1
10e 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = (−10 2) − (−12) = 1 2
1 1
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = (−9) − (−10 2) = 1 2
1
Hence this sequence is an AP with 𝑎 = −12 and 𝑑 = 1 2.
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 0
3
Then: 0 = −12 + 2 (𝑛 − 1)
3 3
0 = −12 + 2 𝑛 − 2
3 27
0 = 2𝑛 − 2
3 27
𝑛=
2 2
𝑛=9

10f 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 5 − 2 = 3
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 8 − 5 = 3
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 2000
Then: 2000 = 2 + 3(𝑛 − 1)
2000 = 2 + 3𝑛 − 3
2000 = 3𝑛 − 1
2001 = 3𝑛
𝑛 = 667
11a 𝑇𝑛 = 7 + 4𝑛
𝑇1 = 7 + 4 = 11
𝑇2 = 7 + 8 = 15
𝑇3 = 7 + 12 = 19
𝑇4 = 7 + 16 = 23
11b 𝑇25 + 𝑇50 = (7 + 4 × 25) + (7 + 4 × 50)

= 107 + 207
= 314
𝑇50 − 𝑇25 = (7 + 4 × 50) − (7 + 4 × 25)
= 207 − 107
= 100
11c 5𝑇1 + 4𝑇2 = 5(7 + 4 × 1) + 4(7 + 4 × 2)

= 5(11) + 4(15)
= 115
𝑇27 = 7 + 4 × 27 = 115
Hence, 5𝑇1 + 4𝑇2 = 𝑇27 .
11d Put 𝑇𝑛 = 815

Then 815 = 7 + 4𝑛
808 = 4𝑛
𝑛 = 202
Hence 815 is the 202nd term in this sequence.

11e Put 𝑇𝑛 = 1000

Then 1000 = 7 + 4𝑛
993 = 4𝑛
1
𝑛 = 248 4
Hence the last term less than 1000 is 𝑇248 = 999, and the first term greater than
1000 is 𝑇249 = 1003.
11f Put 𝑇𝑛 > 200

Then 200 < 7 + 4𝑛
193 < 4𝑛
1
𝑛 > 48 4
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 300
Then 300 > 7 + 4𝑛
293 > 4𝑛
1
𝑛 < 73 4
Hence, the terms 𝑇49 = 203, … , 𝑇73 = 299 are between 200 and 300. There are 25
terms between 200 and 300.
12a i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 16 − 8 = 8
𝑇3 − 𝑇 − 2 = 24 − 16 = 8
This is an AP with 𝑑 = 8 and 𝑎 = 8
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 8 + 8(𝑛 − 1)
= 8 + 8𝑛 − 8
= 8𝑛
12a ii Put 𝑇𝑛 > 500

Then: 8𝑛 > 500
𝑛 > 62.5
Hence the first term greater than 500 is 𝑇63 = 504
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 850
Then: 8𝑛 < 850
𝑛 < 106.25
Hence the last term less than 850 is 𝑇106 = 848
12a iii 106 − 63 + 1 = 44 gives 44 multiples of 8 between 500 and 850.

12b Considering the AP with 𝑎 = 11, 𝑑 = 11

𝑇𝑛 = 11 + 11(𝑛 − 1)
𝑇𝑛 = 11𝑛
Put 𝑇𝑛 > 1000
11𝑛 > 1000
𝑛 > 90.9
Hence the first term above 1000 is 𝑇91 = 1001
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 2000
11𝑛 < 2000
𝑛 < 181.81
Hence the first term below 2000 is 𝑇181 = 1991
181 − 91 + 1 = 91 gives 91 multiples of 11 between 1000 and 2000
12c Considering the AP with 𝑎 = 7, 𝑑 = 7

𝑇𝑛 = 7 + 7(𝑛 − 1)
𝑇𝑛 = 7𝑛
Put 𝑇𝑛 > 800
7𝑛 > 800
𝑛 > 114.28
Hence the first term above 800 is 𝑇115 = 805
Put 𝑇𝑛 < 2000
7𝑛 < 2000
𝑛 < 285.71
Hence the first term below 2000 is 𝑇285 = 1995
285 − 115 + 1 = 171 gives 171 multiples of 7 between 800 and 2000
13a 𝑇4 = 16 and 𝑎 = 7
Put 16 = 7 + (4 − 1)𝑑
16 = 7 + 3𝑑
9 = 3𝑑
𝑑=3
The first four terms in the sequence are 7, 10, 13, 16.

13b 𝑇11 = 108 and 𝑎 = 28

Put 108 = 28 + (11 − 1)𝑑
108 = 28 + 10𝑑
80 = 10𝑑
𝑑=8
𝑇20 = 28 + 8(20 − 1)
= 180
13c 𝑇20 = −6 and 𝑎 = 32

Put −6 = 32 + (20 − 1)𝑑
−6 = 32 + 19𝑑
−38 = 19𝑑
𝑑 = −2
𝑇100 = 32 − 2(100 − 1)
= −166
14a 𝑇1 = 500
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 + 300 = 500 + 300 = $800
𝑇3 = 𝑇2 + 300 = 800 + 300 = $1100
𝑇4 = 𝑇3 + 300 = 1100 + 300 = $1400
14b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 500 + (𝑛 − 1)(300)
= 500 + 300𝑛 − 300
= 200 + 300𝑛
𝑇15 = 200 + 300(15) = $4700
14c 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 500 + (𝑛 − 1)(300)
= 500 + 300𝑛 − 300
= 200 + 300𝑛
14d Put 𝑇𝑛 < 10 000

200 + 300𝑛 < 10 000
300𝑛 < 9800
𝑛 < 32.666 …

So the maximum number of windows whose total cost is less than $10 000 is 32.
15a The track is 160 km before building resumes. It is 20 km longer one month later,
and each term is 20 km more than the previous term. The sequence is as follows:
180, 200, 220, …
15b 𝑇𝑛 = 180 + 20(𝑛 − 1)

𝑇12 = 180 + 20(12 − 1)
= 400
After 12 months, there is 400 km of track.
15c 𝑇𝑛 = 180 + 20(𝑛 − 1)

= 180 + 20𝑛 − 20
= 160 + 20𝑛
15d Put 𝑇𝑛 = 540

Then 540 = 160 + 20𝑛
380 = 20𝑛
𝑛 = 19
It took 19 months to complete the track.
16a 𝐴1 = 2000 × 1.06 = $2120

𝐴2 = 2120 × 1.06 = $2240
𝐴3 = 2240 × 1.06 = $2360
𝐴4 = 2360 × 1.06 = $2480
16b Put 𝐴1 = 2120

𝑎 + (1 − 1)𝑑 = 2120
𝑎 + 0 = 2120
𝑎 = 2120
Put 𝐴2 = 2240
𝑎 + (2 − 1)𝑑 = 2240
2120 + 𝑑 = 2240
𝑑 = 120

Hence 𝐴𝑛 = 2120 + 120(𝑛 − 1) = 2000 + 120𝑛

Thus 𝐴12 = 2000 + 120(12) = 3340
16c Put 𝑇𝑛 > 6000

2000 + 120𝑛 > 6000
120𝑛 > 4000
𝑛 > 33.33
Hence, it will take 34 years before the total amount exceeds $6000.
17a 𝑓(1) = 9, 𝑓(2) = 6, 𝑓(3) = 3

𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 6 − 9 = −3
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 3 − 6 = −3
This is an AP with 𝑎 = 9, 𝑑 = −3. Hence:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 9 − 3(𝑛 − 1)
= 9 − 3𝑛 + 3
= 12 − 3𝑛
17b i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = −1 − (−3) = 2
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 1 − (−1) = 2
This is an AP with 𝑎 = −3, 𝑑 = 2. Hence:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= −3 + 2(𝑛 − 1)
= −3 + 2𝑛 − 2
= 2𝑛 − 5
The linear function that generates this is 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 5.

17b ii
18a This is an AP with 𝑎 = 5𝑥 − 9 and 𝑑 = (5𝑥 − 5) − (5𝑥 − 9) = 4. Hence:

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 5𝑥 − 9 + (𝑛 − 1) × 4
= 5𝑥 − 9 + 4𝑛 − 4
= 5𝑥 + 4𝑛 − 13
Put 𝑇11 = 36
36 = 5𝑥 + 4(11) − 13
36 = 5𝑥 + 31
5 = 5𝑥
𝑥=1
18b This is an AP with 𝑎 = 16 and 𝑑 = (16 + 6𝑥) − 16 = 6𝑥. Hence:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 16 + (𝑛 − 1) × 6𝑥
Put 𝑇11 = 36
36 = 16 + (11 − 1) × 6𝑥
36 = 16 + 60𝑥
20 = 60𝑥
1
𝑥=
3
19a This is an AP with 𝑎 = log 3 2 and
𝑑 = log 3 4 − log 3 2
𝑑 = log 3 ( 2 × 2) − log 3 2
𝑑 = log 3 2 + log 3 2 − log 3 2
𝑑 = log 3 2
Hence:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= log 3 2 + (𝑛 − 1) log 3 2
= log 3 2 + 𝑛 log 3 2 − log 3 2
= 𝑛 log 3 2

19b This is an AP with 𝑎 = log 𝑎 54 and

𝑑 = log 𝑎 18 − log 𝑎 54
𝑑 = log 𝑎 18 − log 𝑎 (3 × 18)
𝑑 = log 𝑎 18 − log 𝑎 3 − log 𝑎 18
𝑑 = − log 𝑎 3
Hence:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= log 𝑎 54 + (𝑛 − 1)(− log 𝑎 3)
= log 𝑎 (2 × 33 ) + (𝑛 − 1)(− log 𝑎 3)
= log 𝑎 2 + 3 log 𝑎 3 − 𝑛 log 𝑎 3 + log 𝑎 3
= log 𝑎 2 + (4 − 𝑛) log 𝑎 3
19c This is an AP with 𝑎 = 𝑥 − 3𝑦 and

𝑑 = (2𝑥 + 𝑦) − (𝑥 − 3𝑦)
𝑑 = 𝑥 + 4𝑦
Hence:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + (𝑛 − 1)(𝑥 + 4𝑦)
= 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑛𝑥 + 4𝑛𝑦 − 𝑥 − 4𝑦
= 𝑛𝑥 + (4𝑛 − 7)𝑦
19d This is an AP with 𝑎 = 5 − 6√5 and

𝑑 = 1 + √5 − (5 − 6√5 )
𝑑 = −4 + 7√5
Hence:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 5 − 6√5 + (𝑛 − 1)(−4 + 7√5)
= 5 − 6√5 − 4𝑛 + 7√5𝑛 + 4 − 7√5
= 9 − 4𝑛 + (7𝑛 − 13)√5
19e This is an AP with 𝑎 = 1.36 and

𝑑 = −0.52 − 1.36
𝑑 = −1.88
Hence:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 1.36 + (𝑛 − 1)(−1.88)
= 3.24 − 1.88𝑛

19f This is an AP with 𝑎 = log 𝑎 3𝑥 2 = log 𝑎 3 + 2 log 𝑎 𝑥 and

𝑑 = log 𝑎 3𝑥 − log 𝑎 3𝑥 2
𝑑 = log 𝑎 3 + log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 3 − 2 log 𝑎 𝑥
𝑑 = −log 𝑎 𝑥
Hence:
𝑇𝑛 = log 𝑎 3 + 2 log 𝑎 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)(−log 𝑎 𝑥)
𝑇𝑛 = log 𝑎 3 + (3 − 𝑛) log 𝑎 𝑥
20 This is an AP with 𝑎 = 100, 𝑑 = −3. So 𝑇𝑛 = 100 + (𝑛 − 1)(−3) = 103 − 3𝑛.

Put 𝑇𝑛2 < 400
(103 − 3𝑛)2 < 400
10 609 − 618𝑛 + 9𝑛2 < 400
9𝑛2 − 618𝑛 + 10 209 < 0
By the quadratic formula, the solutions to the equation 9𝑛2 − 618𝑛 + 10209 = 0
are:
618 ± √6182 − 4 × 9 × 10209

𝑛= = 27.66, 41
2×9
Thus, as we want the region of the parabola below the axis,
27.66 < 𝑛 < 41
So for integer solutions
28 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 40
Hence, the 13 terms 𝑇28 = 19, … , 𝑇40 = −17 have squares less than 400.
21a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(1) = 𝑚 + 𝑏; so 𝑇1 = 𝑚 + 𝑏
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(2) = 2𝑚 + 𝑏; so 𝑇2 = 2𝑚 + 𝑏
First term: 𝑎 = 𝑚 + 𝑏
Difference: 𝑑 = 2𝑚 + 𝑏 − (𝑚 + 𝑏) = 𝑚

21b 𝑇1 = 𝑎 and 𝑇2 = 𝑎 + 𝑑
For a linear function, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(1) = 𝑚 + 𝑏; so 𝑇1 = 𝑎 = 𝑚 + 𝑏 or 𝑏 = 𝑎 − 𝑚
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(2) = 2𝑚 + 𝑏; so 𝑇2 = 𝑎 + 𝑑 = 2𝑚 + 𝑏
𝑎 + 𝑑 = 2𝑚 + 𝑏 becomes:
𝑚 + 𝑏 + 𝑑 = 2𝑚 + 𝑏
𝑏 + 𝑑 − 𝑏 = 2𝑚 − 𝑚
𝑚=𝑑
So the gradient is 𝑑 and the 𝑦-intercept is 𝑎 − 𝑚 or 𝑎 − 𝑑.
22a Take an arbitrary 𝜆 and 𝜇. For 𝑇𝑛 we have 𝑇𝑛 = 𝜆𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝜆𝑑1 and for 𝑈𝑛 we
have 𝑈𝑛 = 𝜇𝑎2 + (𝑛 − 1)𝜇𝑑1 . Hence the sum of the sequences will be:
𝑇𝑛 + 𝑈𝑛
= 𝜆𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝜆𝑑1 + 𝜇𝑎2 + (𝑛 − 1)𝜇𝑑1
= (𝜆𝑎1 + 𝜇𝑎2 ) + (𝑛 − 1)(𝜆𝑑1 + 𝜇𝑑2 )
This is the equation of an AP with 𝑎 = 𝜆𝑎1 + 𝜇𝑎2 , 𝑑 = 𝜆𝑑1 + 𝜇𝑑2
22b 𝐴(1, 0) has 𝑇𝑛 = 1 + (𝑛 − 1)(0) = 1 and thus is 1, 1, 1, …

𝐴(0, 1) has 𝑇𝑛 = 0 + (𝑛 − 1)(1) = 𝑛 − 1 and thus is 0, 1, 2 …
𝐴(𝑎, 𝑑) is:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 𝑎 + 0𝑑 + (0 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
= 𝑎(1 + 0𝑑) + 𝑑(0 + (𝑛 − 1)(1))
= 𝑎𝐴(1, 0) + 𝑑𝐴(0, 1)
Hence, 𝑇𝑛 is of the form 𝜆𝐴(1, 0) + 𝜇𝐴(0, 1) where 𝜆 = 𝑎 and 𝜇 = 𝑑.

Solutions to Exercise 1C
1a Each term is 2 times the previous term. The next three terms are:
8, 16, 32
1
1b Each term is 3 of the previous term. The next three terms are:
1
3, 1, 3
1c Each term is 2 times the previous term. The next three terms are:
−56, −112, −224
1
1d Each term is 5 of the previous term. The next three terms are:
4
−20, −4, − 5
1e Each term is −2 times the previous term. The next three terms are:
−24, 48, −96
1f Each term is −2 times the previous term. The next three terms are:
200, −400, 800
1g Each term is −1 times the previous term. The next three terms are:
−5, 5, −5
1
1h Each term is − of the previous term. The next three terms are:
10
1 1
1, − 10 , 100
1i Each term is 10 times the previous term. The next three terms are:
40, 400, 4000
2a Start with 12. Each term is 2 times the previous term. The sequence is:
12, 24, 48, 96

2b Start with 5. Each term is −2 times the previous term. The sequence is:
5, −10, 20, −40
1
2c Start with 18. Each term is of the previous term. The sequence is:
3
2
18, 6, 2, 3
1
2d Start with 18. Each term is − 3 of the previous term. The sequence is:
2
18, −6, 2, − 3
1
2e Start with 6. Each term is − 2 of the previous term. The sequence is:
3 3
6, −3, 2 , − 4
2f Start with −7. Each term is −1 times the previous term. The sequence is:
−7, 7, −7, 7
𝑇3 16
3a = =2
𝑇2 8
𝑇2 8
=4=2
𝑇1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 4 and 𝑟 = 2.
𝑇3 4 1
3b =8=2
𝑇2
𝑇2 8 1
= 16 = 2
𝑇1
1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 16 and 𝑟 = .
2
𝑇3 6 3
3c =4=2
𝑇2
𝑇2 4
=2=2
𝑇1
This is not a GP, as the ratios are not all the same.

𝑇3 −10 1
3d = −100 = 10
𝑇2
𝑇2 −100 1
= −1000 = 10
𝑇1
1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = −1000 and 𝑟 = 10.
𝑇3 −20 1
3e = = −2
𝑇2 40
𝑇2 40 1
= −80 = − 2
𝑇1
1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = −80 and 𝑟 = − 2.
𝑇3 29
3f = 29 = 1
𝑇2
𝑇2 29
= 29 = 1
𝑇1
𝑇3 9
3g =4
𝑇2
𝑇2 4
= =4
𝑇1 1
This is not a GP, as the ratios are not all the same.
𝑇3 −14
3h = = −1
𝑇2 14
𝑇2 14
= −14 = −1
𝑇1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = −14 and 𝑟 = −1.
1
𝑇3 6 1
3i = =6
𝑇2 1
𝑇2 1
=6
𝑇1
1
4a 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑇4 = 5 × 23
=5×8
= 40

4b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
1 3
𝑇4 = 300 × (10)
1
= 300 × 1000
3
= 10
4c 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑇4 = −7 × 23
= −7 × 8
= −56
4d 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
1 3
𝑇4 = −64 × (2)
1
= −64 × 8
= −8
4e 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑇4 = 11 × (−2)3
= 11 × −8
= −88
4f 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑇4 = −15 × (−2)3
𝑇4 = −15 × −8
𝑇4 = 120
5a 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 with 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = 3
𝑇𝑛 = 1 × 3𝑛−1 = 3𝑛−1
5b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 with 𝑎 = 5, 𝑟 = 7
𝑇𝑛 = 5 × 7𝑛−1

1
5c 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 with 𝑎 = 8, 𝑟 = 3
1
𝑇𝑛 = 8 × (− 3)𝑛−1
𝑇3 28
6a = 14 = 2
𝑇2
𝑇2 14
= =2
𝑇1 7
𝑇6 = 7 × 25
= 7 × 32
= 224
𝑇50 = 7 × 249
𝑎 = 7 and 𝑟 = 2
𝑇𝑛 = 7 × 2𝑛−1
𝑇3 90
7a = −30 = −3
𝑇2
𝑇2 −30
= = −3
𝑇1 10
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 10 and 𝑟 = −3.
𝑇6 = 10 × (−3)5
= 10 × −243
= −2430
𝑇25 = 10 × (−3)24
= 10 × 324
𝑎 = 10 and 𝑟 = −3
𝑇𝑛 = 10 × (−3)𝑛−1

𝑇3 40
8a = 20 = 2
𝑇2
𝑇2 20
= 10 = 2
𝑇1
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
= 10 × 2𝑛−1
𝑇6 = 10 × 25
= 10 × 32
= 320
𝑇3 20 1
8b = 60 = 3
𝑇2
𝑇2 60 1
= 180 = 3
𝑇1
1
1 𝑛−1
= 180 × (3)
1 5
𝑇6 = 180 × (3)
1
= 180 × 243
20
= 27
𝑇3 100
8c =
𝑇2 81
𝑇2 81
= 64
𝑇1
This is not a GP, as the ratios are not the same.
𝑇3 65 13
8d = 50 = 10
𝑇2
𝑇2 50 10
= 35 =
𝑇1 7
This is not a GP, as the ratios are not the same.
𝑇3 12
8e = =4
𝑇2 3
𝑇2 3
= 3 =4
𝑇1
4
3
3
= 4 × 4𝑛−1

3
𝑇6 = 4 × 45
3
= 4 × 1024
= 768
𝑇3 −12 1
8f = −24 = 2
𝑇2
𝑇2 −24 1
= −48 = 2
𝑇1
1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = −48 and 𝑟 = 2.
1 𝑛−1
= −48 × (2)
1 5
𝑇6 = −48 × (2)
1
= −48 × 32
3
= −2
𝑇2 −1
9a = = −1
𝑇1 1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = −1

= 1 × (−1)𝑛−1
𝑇6 = 1 × (−1)5
= −1
𝑇2 4
9b = −2 = −2
𝑇1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = −2 and 𝑟 = −2

= −2 × (−2)𝑛−1
= (−2)𝑛
𝑇6 = (−2)6
= 64

𝑇2 24
9c = −8 = −3
𝑇1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = −8 and 𝑟 = −3

= −8 × (−3)𝑛−1
𝑇6 = −8 × (−3)5
= 1944
𝑇2 −30 1
9d = =−
𝑇1 60 2
1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 60 and 𝑟 = − 2
1 𝑛−1
= 60 × (− 2)
1 5
𝑇6 = 60 × (− 2)
15
=− 8
𝑇2 512 1
9e = −1024 = − 2
𝑇1
1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = −1024 and 𝑟 = − 2
1 𝑛−1
= −1024 × (− 2)
1 5
𝑇6 = −1024 × (− 2)
= 32
3
𝑇2 −
8
9f = 1 = −6
𝑇1
16
1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 16 and 𝑟 = −6
1
= 16 × (−6)𝑛−1
1
𝑇6 = 16 × (−6)5
= −486

10a 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 2
𝑇𝑛 = 2𝑛−1
64 = 2𝑛−1
26 = 2𝑛−1
𝑛−1=6
𝑛=7
Hence there are 7 terms in this finite sequence.
10b 𝑎 = −1 and 𝑟 = 3
𝑇𝑛 = −3𝑛−1
−81 = −3𝑛−1
81 = 3𝑛−1
34 = 3𝑛−1
𝑛−1=4
𝑛=5
10c 𝑎 = 8 and 𝑟 = 5
𝑇𝑛 = 8 × 5𝑛−1
125 000 = 8 × 5𝑛−1
15 625 = 5𝑛−1
56 = 5𝑛−1
𝑛−1=6
𝑛=7
10d 𝑎 = 7 and 𝑟 = 2
𝑇𝑛 = 7 × 2𝑛−1
224 = 7 × 2𝑛−1
32 = 2𝑛−1
25 = 2𝑛−1
𝑛−1=5
𝑛=6

10e 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑟 = 7
𝑇𝑛 = 2 × 7𝑛−1
4802 = 2 × 7𝑛−1
2401 = 7𝑛−1
74 = 7𝑛−1
𝑛−1=4
𝑛=5
1
10f 𝑎 = 25 and 𝑟 = 5
1
𝑇𝑛 = 25 × 5𝑛−1
𝑇𝑛 = 5−2 × 5𝑛−1
𝑇𝑛 = 5𝑛−3
625 = 5𝑛−3
54 = 5𝑛−3
𝑛−3=4
𝑛=7
11a 𝑇𝑛 = 25𝑟 𝑛−1

Put 𝑇4 = 200
25𝑟 4−1 = 200
𝑟3 = 8
𝑟=2
𝑇1 = 25
𝑇2 = 50
𝑇3 = 100
𝑇4 = 200
𝑇5 = 400
11b i 𝑇6 = 96, 𝑎 = 3
𝑎𝑟 5 = 96
3𝑟 5 = 96
𝑟 5 = 32
𝑟=2

11b ii 𝑇7 = 0.001, 𝑎 = 1000

𝑎𝑟 6 = 0.001
1000𝑟 6 = 0.001
𝑟 6 = 0.000 001
𝑟 = ±0.1
11b iii 𝑇6 = 32, 𝑎 = 32

𝑎𝑟 5 = −243
32𝑟 5 = −243
243
𝑟5 = −
32
3
𝑟=−
2
11b iv 𝑇7 = 40, 𝑎 = 5
5𝑟 6 = 40
𝑟6 = 8
𝑟 = ±√2
12a 𝑇1 = 50
𝑇2 = 100
𝑇3 = 200
𝑇4 = 400
𝑇5 = 800
𝑇6 = 1600
𝑇 100
𝑎 = 50, 𝑟 = 𝑇2 = =2
1 50
12b Put 𝑇𝑛 = 6400

25 × 2𝑛 = 6400
2𝑛 = 256
𝑛=8
Hence 𝑇8 = 6400
12c 𝑇50 × 𝑇25 = 25(2)50 × 25(2)25 = 252 × 275 = 54 × 275

𝑇50 ÷ 𝑇25 = 25(2)50 ÷ 25(2)25 = 225

12d 𝑇9 × 𝑇11 = 25(2)9 × 25(2)11 = 25 × 25 × (2)20 = 25 × 𝑇20
12e There are 6 terms, they are:

𝑇6 = 1600
𝑇7 = 3200
𝑇8 = 6400
𝑇9 = 12 800
𝑇10 = 25 600
𝑇11 = 51 200
12f 𝑇12 = 25 × 212 = 102 400 whereas

𝑇11 = 25 × 211 = 51 200. Hence 𝑇11 is the last term less than 100 000 and
𝑇12 = 102 400 is the first term greater than 100 000.
13 Start with 0.1. Each term is 2 times the previous term. The sequence is:
0.1, 0.2, 0.4, …
Hence, this is a GP with 𝑎 = 0.1 and 𝑟 = 2.
𝑇101 is equivalent to the thickness from 100 successive folds.
𝑇101 = 0.1 × 2100
2100
𝑇101 = mm ≑ 1.27 × 1023 km ≑ 1.34 × 1010 light years
10
This is close to the present estimate of the distance to the Big Bang.
14a 𝐴1 = 𝑃 × 1.07, 𝐴2 = 𝑃 × (1.07)2 , 𝐴3 = 𝑃 × (1.07)3
14b This is a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑃 × 1.07 and 𝑟 = 1.07. Hence:

𝐴𝑛 = (𝑃 × 1.07) × (1.07)𝑛−1 = 𝑃 × (1.07)𝑛
14c By trial and error it will take 11 full years to double, 35 years to increase tenfold.
80
15a 𝑊1 = 20 000 × 100 = 20 000 × 0.8
80 80
𝑊2 = 20 000 × × = 20 000 × (0.8)2
100 100
80 80 80
𝑊3 = 20 000 × × × = 20 000 × (0.8)3
100 100 100

Hence, by observation:
𝑊𝑛 = 20000 × (0.8)𝑛
15b The first term below $2000 is 𝑊11 = 1717.99, hence it takes 11 years for the
value to fall below $2000.
𝑇 2√3 2 2√2
16a This is a GP with 𝑟 = 𝑇2 = = = = √2 and 𝑎 = √6.
1 √6 √2 2
𝑛−1 √6 𝑛 𝑛
Hence 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = √6(√2) = (√2) = √3(√2)
√2
𝑇 𝑎2 𝑥 3
16b This is a GP with 𝑟 = 𝑇2 = 𝑎𝑥
= 𝑎𝑥 2 and 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥.
1
Hence 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 𝑎𝑥(𝑎𝑥 2 )𝑛−1
= 𝑎𝑥𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 2𝑛−2 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛−1
𝑇 1 𝑦 𝑥
16c This is a GP with 𝑟 = 𝑇2 = − 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑎 = − 𝑦.
1 −
𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑦 −1 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑛−2
Hence 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = (− ) ( ) = −( ) ( ) = −( ) = −𝑥 2−𝑛 𝑦 𝑛−2
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑇 2𝑥 2
17a This is a GP with 𝑟 = 𝑇2 = = 𝑥 and 𝑎 = 2𝑥.
1 2𝑥
Hence 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 2𝑥(𝑥) 𝑛−1
= 2𝑥 𝑛
Put 𝑇6 = 2
2𝑥 6 = 2
𝑥6 = 1
𝑥 = ±1
𝑇 𝑥2
17b This is a GP with 𝑟 = 𝑇2 = 𝑥 4 = 𝑥 −2 and 𝑎 = 𝑥 4 .
1
Hence 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 𝑥 4 (𝑥 −2 )𝑛−1 = 𝑥 4 𝑥 2−2𝑛 = 𝑥 6−2𝑛
Put 𝑇6 = 36
𝑥 6−12 = 36
𝑥 −6 = 36
𝑥 6 = 3−6
6
1 6
𝑥 =( )
3
1
𝑥=±
3

𝑇 2−12 𝑥
17c This is a GP with 𝑟 = 𝑇2 = 2−16 𝑥 = 2−12+16 = 24 and 𝑎 = 2−16 𝑥.
1
Hence 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 2−16 𝑥(24 )𝑛−1 = 2−16 𝑥24𝑛−4 = 24𝑛−20 𝑥
Put 𝑇6 = 96
24(6)−20 𝑥 = 96
24 𝑥 = 96
16𝑥 = 96
𝑥=6
𝑇2 22
18a = 25 = 2−3
𝑇1
𝑇3 2−1
= 2 = 2−3
𝑇2 2
𝑇4 2−4
= = 2−3
𝑇3 2−1
Hence this is a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑇1 = 25 and 𝑟 = 2−3.
= 25 × (2−3 )𝑛−1
= 25 × 23−3𝑛
= 28−3𝑛
18b 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
= log 2 24 − log 2 96
= log 2 (3 × 23 ) − log 2 (3 × 25 )
= log 2 3 + 3 log 2 2 − (log 2 3 + 5 log 2 2)
= −2 log 2 2
= −2
𝑇3 − 𝑇2
= log 2 6 − log 2 24
= log 2 (3 × 2) − log 2 (3 × 23 )
= log 2 3 + log 2 2 − (log 2 3 + 3 log 2 2)
= −2 log 2 2
= −2
Hence this is an AP with common ratio 𝑟 = −2 and 𝑎 = 𝑇1 = log 2 96
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= log 2 96 + (𝑛 − 1)(−2)
= log 2 (3 × 25 ) + (𝑛 − 1)(−2)
= log 2 3 + 5 log 2 2 − 2(𝑛 − 1)

= log 2 3 + 5 − 2𝑛 + 2
= 7 − 2𝑛 + log 2 3
4 4
19a 𝑇1 = 𝑓(1) = 25 × 51 = 5
4
𝑇2 = 𝑓(2) = × 52 = 4
25
4
𝑇3 = 𝑓(3) = × 53 = 20
25
4
𝑇4 = 𝑓(4) = × 54 = 100
25
4
𝑇5 = 𝑓(4) = × 55 = 500
25
4
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑓(𝑛) = × 5𝑛
25
10
19b i This is a GP with 𝑎 = 5, 𝑟 = = 2, hence:
5
𝑇𝑛 = 5 × 2𝑛−1
5
= × 2𝑛
2
5
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 × 2𝑥
19b ii

𝑇𝑛 𝑘𝑏 𝑛
20a = 𝑘𝑏𝑛−1 = 𝑏
𝑇𝑛−1
Hence all terms have the same common ratio so this is a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑘𝑏1 = 𝑘𝑏
and 𝑟 = 𝑏.
20b Suppose that 𝑇𝑛 is a GP with first term 𝑎 and ratio 𝑟. This means that 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 .
The exponential function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟 𝑥−1 is such that 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑓(𝑛).
20c
𝑓(2) 𝑐𝑏 2
21a 𝑎 = 𝑓(1) = 𝑐𝑏, 𝑟 = 𝑓(1) = =𝑏
𝑐𝑏
First term is 𝑐𝑏 and common ratio is 𝑏.
21b We know for a sequence with first term 𝑎 and ratio 𝑟 that
𝑛−1
𝑟𝑛 𝑎
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 × 𝑟 =𝑎× = × 𝑟𝑛
𝑟 𝑟
𝑎
Hence a generating function for this sequence would be 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑟 × 𝑟 𝑥 .

22a
𝑉𝑛
𝑉𝑛−1
𝑇𝑛 𝑈𝑛
=
𝑇𝑛−1 𝑈𝑛−1
𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 𝐴𝑅 𝑛−1
= 𝑛−1−1 𝑛−1−1
𝑎𝑟 𝐴𝑅
=
= 𝑟𝑅
Hence all term have the same common ratio of 𝑟𝑅.
The first term is 𝑉1 = 𝑇1 𝑈1 = 𝑎𝑟 1−1 𝐴𝑅1−1 = 𝑎𝐴.
22b Suppose that 𝑊𝑛 is a GP, then we have that:
𝑊𝑛 𝑊𝑛+2 = 𝑊𝑛+1 2
(𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝐴𝑅 𝑛−1 )(𝑎𝑟 𝑛+1 + 𝐴𝑅 𝑛+1 ) = (𝑎𝑟 𝑛 + 𝐴𝑅 𝑛 )2
𝑎2 𝑟 2𝑛 + 𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑅 𝑛+1 + 𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛+1 𝑅 𝑛−1 + 𝐴2 𝑅 2𝑛 = 𝑎2 𝑟 2𝑛 + 2𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛 𝑅 𝑛 + 𝐴2 𝑅 2𝑛
𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑅 𝑛+1 + 𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛+1 𝑅 𝑛−1 = 2𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛 𝑅 𝑛
𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑅 𝑛−1 (𝑅2 + 𝑟 2 ) = 2𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛 𝑅 𝑛
2𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛 𝑅 𝑛
(𝑅 2 +𝑟 2)
=
𝑎𝐴𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑅 𝑛−1
𝑅 2 + 𝑟 2 = 2𝑟𝑅
𝑅 2 − 2𝑅𝑟 + 𝑟 2 = 0
(𝑅 − 𝑟)2 = 0
𝑟=𝑅
Hence, if 𝑟 = 𝑅 then:
𝑊𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝐴𝑅 𝑛−1
= 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 + 𝐴𝑟 𝑛−1
= (𝑎 + 𝐴)𝑟 𝑛−1 where 𝑎 + 𝐴 ≠ 0

Solutions to Exercise 1D
1a 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑚 − 5 = 17 − 𝑚
2𝑚 = 22
𝑚 = 11
1b 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑚 − 32 = 14 − 𝑚
2𝑚 = 46
𝑚 = 23
1c 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑚 − (−12) = (−50) − 𝑚
2𝑚 = −62
𝑚 = −31
1d 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑚 − (−23) = 7 − 𝑚
2𝑚 = −16
𝑚 = −8
1e 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
22 − 𝑚 = 32 − 22
22 − 𝑚 = 10
𝑚 = 12
1f 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
−5 − (−20) = 𝑚 − (−5)
15 = 𝑚 + 5
𝑚 = 10
𝑇2 𝑇
2a = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑔 18
=
2 𝑔
2
𝑔 = 36
𝑔 = 6 or − 6

𝑇2 𝑇
2b = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑔 3
=𝑔
48
2
𝑔 = 144
𝑔 = 12 or − 12
𝑇2 𝑇
2c = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑔 −90
=
−10 𝑔
2
𝑔 = 900
𝑔 = 30 or − 30
𝑇2 𝑇
2d = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑔 −2
=
−98 𝑔
2
𝑔 = 196
𝑔 = 14 or − 14
𝑇2 𝑇
2e = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
20 80
= 20
𝑔
20
=4
𝑔
4𝑔 = 20
𝑔=5
𝑇2 𝑇
2f = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
4 𝑔
=
−1 4
𝑔 = −16
3a i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − 4 = 16 − 𝑥
2𝑥 = 20
𝑥 = 10

𝑇2 𝑇
3a ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 16
=
4 𝑥
2
𝑥 = 64
𝑥 = 8 or − 8
3b i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − 1 = 49 − 𝑥
2𝑥 = 50
𝑥 = 25
𝑇2 𝑇
3b ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 49
=
1 𝑥
𝑥 2 = 49
𝑥 = 7 or − 7
3c i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − 16 = 25 − 𝑥
2𝑥 = 41
1
𝑥 = 20 2
𝑇2 𝑇
3c ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 25
=
16 𝑥
𝑥 2 = 400
𝑥 = 20 or − 20
3d i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − (−5) = −20 − 𝑥
2𝑥 = −25
1
𝑥 = −12 2

𝑇2 𝑇
3d ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 −20
=
−5 𝑥
2
𝑥 = 100
𝑥 = 10 or − 10
3e i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
10 − 𝑥 = 50 − 10
10 − 𝑥 = 40
𝑥 = −30
𝑇2 𝑇
3e ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
10 50
= 10
𝑥
10
=5
𝑥
5𝑥 = 10
𝑥=2
3f i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
12 − 𝑥 = 24 − 12
12 − 𝑥 = 12
𝑥=0
𝑇2 𝑇
3f ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
12 24
= 12
𝑥
12
=2
𝑥
2𝑥 = 12
𝑥=6
3g i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
−1 − 𝑥 = 1 − (−1)
−1 − 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 = −3

𝑇2 𝑇
3g ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
−1 1
= −1
𝑥
1
− 𝑥 = −1
𝑥=1
3h i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
6 − 𝑥 = −12 − 6
6 − 𝑥 = −18
𝑥 = 24
𝑇2 𝑇
3h ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
6 −12
=
𝑥 6
6
= −2
𝑥
−2𝑥 = 6
𝑥 = −3
3i i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
30 − 20 = 𝑥 − 30
10 = 𝑥 − 30
𝑥 = 40
𝑇2 𝑇
3i ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
30 𝑥
= 30
20
900
𝑥= 20
𝑥 = 45
3j i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
24 − (−36) = 𝑥 − 24
60 = 𝑥 − 24
𝑥 = 84

𝑇2 𝑇
3j ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
24 𝑥
− 36 = 24
576
𝑥=− 36
𝑥 = −16
3k i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
1
−3 − (− 4) = 𝑥 − (−3)
3
−2 4 = 𝑥 + 3
3
𝑥 = −5 4
𝑇2 𝑇
3k ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
−3 𝑥
1 = −3
−
4
𝑥
− 3 = 12
𝑥 = −36
3l i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
−7 − 7 = 𝑥 − (−7)
−14 = 𝑥 + 7
𝑥 = −21
𝑇2 𝑇
3l ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
−7 𝑥
= −7
7
𝑥
− 7 = −1
𝑥=7
4a 𝑇𝑛 = 7 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
Put 𝑇6 = 42
7 + (6 − 1)𝑑 = 42
7 + 5𝑑 = 42
5𝑑 = 42 − 7
5𝑑 = 35
𝑑=7

𝑇𝑛 = 7 + 7(𝑛 − 1)
𝑇𝑛 = 7𝑛
𝑇1 = 7
𝑇2 = 14
𝑇3 = 21
𝑇4 = 28
𝑇5 = 35
𝑇6 = 42
4b 𝑇𝑛 = 27𝑟 𝑛−1
Put 𝑇4 = 8
8 = 27𝑟 4−1
8 = 27𝑟 3
8
𝑟3 =
27
2
𝑟=
3
𝑇1 = 27
𝑇2 = 18
𝑇3 = 12
𝑇4 = 8
4c 𝑇𝑛 = 48 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
Put 𝑇5 = 3
3 = 48 + (5 − 1)𝑑
−45 = 4𝑑
1
𝑑 = −11
4
1
𝑇𝑛 = 48 − 11 (𝑛 − 1)
4
𝑇1 = 48
3
𝑇2 = 36
4
1
𝑇3 = 25
2
1
𝑇4 = 14
4

𝑇5 = 3
4d 𝑇𝑛 = 48𝑟 𝑛−1
Put 𝑇5 = 3
3 = 48𝑟 5−1
1
= 𝑟4
16
1
𝑟=±
2
1
When 𝑟 = 2
𝑇𝑛 = 3(2)𝑛−1
𝑇1 = 48
𝑇2 = 24
𝑇3 = 12
𝑇4 = 6
𝑇5 = 3
1
When 𝑟 = − 2
𝑇𝑛 = 3(−2)𝑛−1
𝑇1 = 48
𝑇2 = −24
𝑇3 = 12
𝑇4 = −6
𝑇5 = 3
5a 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑇10 = 18 gives 18 = 𝑎 + 9𝑑 (1)
𝑇20 = 48 gives 48 = 𝑎 + 19𝑑 (2)
Subtract (1) from (2):
30 = 10𝑑
𝑑=3
Substitute 𝑑 = 3 into (1):
18 = 𝑎 + 9 × 3
𝑎 = −9

5b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑇5 = 24 gives 24 = 𝑎 + 4𝑑 (1)
𝑇9 = −12 gives −12 = 𝑎 + 8𝑑 (2)
−36 = 4𝑑
𝑑 = −9
Substitute 𝑑 = −9 into (1):
24 = 𝑎 + 4 × −9
𝑎 = 60
5c 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑇4 = 6 gives 6 = 𝑎 + 3𝑑 (1)
𝑇12 = 34 gives 34 = 𝑎 + 11𝑑 (2)
28 = 8𝑑
1
𝑑 = 32
1
Substitute 𝑑 = 3 2 into (1):
1
6 = 𝑎 + 3 × 32
1
𝑎 = −4 2
𝑇6 𝑎𝑟 6−1 𝑎𝑟 5
6a = 𝑎𝑟 3−1 = 𝑎𝑟 2 = 𝑟 3
𝑇3
𝑇6 128
= =8
𝑇3 16
𝑟3 = 8
𝑟=2
𝑇3 = 𝑎𝑟 3−1 = 𝑎𝑟 2 = 𝑎(2)2 = 4𝑎 and 𝑇3 = 16
4𝑎 = 16
𝑎=4
𝑇6 𝑎𝑟 6−1 𝑎𝑟 5
6b = 𝑎𝑟 2−1 = = 𝑟4
𝑇2 𝑎𝑟
𝑇6 27
= = 81
𝑇2 1
3
𝑟 4 = 81

𝑟 = 3 or − 3
When 𝑟 = 3,
𝑇6 = 𝑎𝑟 6−1 = 𝑎𝑟 5 = 𝑎(3)5 = 243𝑎 and 𝑇6 = 27
243𝑎 = 27
1
𝑎=9
When 𝑟 = −3,
𝑇6 = 𝑎𝑟 6−1 = 𝑎𝑟 5 = 𝑎(−3)5 = −243𝑎 and 𝑇6 = 27
−243𝑎 = 27
1
𝑎 = −9
𝑇9 𝑎𝑟 9−1 𝑎𝑟 8
6c = 𝑎𝑟 5−1 = 𝑎𝑟 4 = 𝑟 4
𝑇5
𝑇9 24
= =4
𝑇5 6
𝑟4 = 4
𝑟 = √2 or −√2
When 𝑟 = √2,
4
𝑇5 = 𝑎𝑟 5−1 = 𝑎𝑟 4 = 𝑎(√2) = 4𝑎 and 𝑇5 = 6
4𝑎 = 6
3
𝑎=2
When 𝑟 = −√2,
4
𝑇5 = 𝑎𝑟 5−1 = 𝑎𝑟 4 = 𝑎(−√2) = 4𝑎 and 𝑇5 = 6
4𝑎 = 6
3
𝑎=2
7a 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑇3 = 7 gives 7 = 𝑎 + 2𝑑 (1)
𝑇7 = 31 gives 31 = 𝑎 + 6𝑑 (2)

24 = 4𝑑
𝑑=6
Substitute 𝑑 = 6 into (1):
7=𝑎+2×6
𝑎 = −5
𝑇8 = −5 + 7 × 6 = 37
7b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑑 = −7
𝑇10 = 3 gives 3 = 𝑎 + 9 × −7
3 = 𝑎 − 63
𝑎 = 66
𝑇2 = 66 − 7 = 59
𝑟=2
𝑇6 = 6 gives 6 = 𝑎 × 25
6 3
𝑎 = 32 = 16
3 3
𝑇2 = × 21 =
16 8
8a 3𝑛 > 1 000 000

ln 3𝑛 > ln 1 000 000
𝑛 ln 3 > ln 1 000 000
ln 1 000 000
𝑛>
ln 3
𝑛 > 12.575 …
The smallest integer solution is 𝑛 = 13.
8b 5𝑛 < 1 000 000

ln 5𝑛 < ln 1 000 000
𝑛 ln 5 < ln 1 000 000
ln 1 000 000
𝑛<
ln 5
𝑛 < 8.584 …
The largest integer solution is 𝑛 = 8.


8c 7𝑛 > 1 000 000 000

ln 7𝑛 > ln 1 000 000 000
𝑛 ln 7 > ln 1 000 000 000
ln 1 000 000 000
𝑛>
ln 7
𝑛 > 10.64 …
8d 12𝑛 < 1 000 000 000

ln 12𝑛 < ln 1 000 000 000
𝑛 ln 12 < ln 1 000 000 000
ln 1 000 000 000
𝑛<
ln 12
𝑛 < 8.339 …
The largest integer solution is 𝑛 = 8.
𝑇2 4 𝑇3 8
9a = 2 = 2 and =4=2
𝑇1 𝑇2
Hence the sequence is a GP with 𝑟 = 2 and 𝑎 = 2.
𝑇𝑛 = 2 × 2𝑛−1
= 21 × 2𝑛−1
= 2𝑛
9b 𝑇𝑛 < 1 000 000

2𝑛 < 1 000 000
log10 2𝑛 < log10 1 000 000
𝑛 log10 2 < log10 1 000 000
log10 1 000 000
𝑛< log10 2
𝑛 < 19.93 …
Hence there are 19 terms less than 1 000 000.
9c 𝑇𝑛 < 1 000 000 000

2𝑛 < 1 000 000 000
log10 2𝑛 < log10 1 000 000 000
𝑛 log10 2 < log10 1 000 000 000
log10 1 000 000 000
𝑛< log10 2

𝑛 < 29.8973 …
Hence there are 29 terms less than 1 000 000 000.
9d 𝑇𝑛 < 1020
2𝑛 < 1020
log10 2𝑛 < log10 1020
𝑛 log10 2 < 20
20
𝑛 < log 2
10
𝑛 < 66.43 …
Hence there are 66 terms less than 1020 .
9e Using the answers to parts b and c, there are 10 terms between 1 000 000 and
1 000 000 000.
9f Using the answers to parts c and d, there are 37 terms between 1 000 000 000
and 1020 .
𝑇2 14 1
10a = 98 = 7
𝑇1
1 1 𝑛−1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 98, 𝑟 = 7 so 𝑇𝑛 = 98 (7) .
𝑇𝑛 > 10−6
1 𝑛−1
98 ( ) > 10−6
7
1 𝑛−1 10−6
( ) >
7 98
1 𝑛−1 10−6
ln ( ) > ln
7 98
1 10−6
(𝑛 − 1) ln > ln
7 98
10−6
ln 1
98
𝑛−1< 1 (Note that ln 7 < 0, hence we must reverse the sign)
ln
7
𝑛 − 1 < 9.46 …
𝑛 < 10.46 …

Hence there are 10 terms greater than 10−6.
𝑇2 5 1
10b = 25 = 5
𝑇1
1 1 𝑛−1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 25, 𝑟 = 5 so 𝑇𝑛 = 25 (5) .
𝑇𝑛 > 10−6
1 𝑛−1
25 ( ) > 10−6
5
1 𝑛−1 10−6
( ) >
5 25
1 𝑛−1 10−6
ln ( ) > ln
5 25
1 10−6
(𝑛 − 1) ln > ln
5 25
10−6
ln
𝑛−1< 25
1
ln
5
𝑛 − 1 < 10.58 …
𝑛 < 11.58 …
Hence there are 11 terms greater than 10−6.
𝑇2 0.9
10c = = 0.9
𝑇1 1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = 0.9 so 𝑇𝑛 = (0.9)𝑛−1 .

𝑇𝑛 > 10−6
(0.9)𝑛−1 > 10−6
(𝑛 − 1) ln 0.9 > ln 10−6
ln 10−6
𝑛−1<
ln 0.9
𝑛 − 1 < 131.13 …
𝑛 < 132.13 …
Hence there are 132 terms greater than 10−6 .

11a This is a GP with 𝑇𝑛 = 0.97𝑛 , where 𝑇𝑛 is the intensity of the light, and 𝑛
represents the number of sheets of glass.
For 50 sheets of glass:
𝑇50 = 0.9750 = 0.22 or 22%
Hence the light’s intensity is reduced by 1 − 22% = 78% after passing through
50 sheets of glass.
11b 𝑇𝑛 < 0.01

0.97𝑛 < 0.01
ln(0.97𝑛 ) < ln(0.01)
𝑛 ln(0.97) < ln(0.01)
ln(0.01)
𝑛 > ln(0.97)
𝑛 > 151.19 …
𝑇152 = 0.97152 = 0.975 … %
Hence a minimum of 152 sheets of glass are required to reduce the light’s
intensity to below 1%.
12a 𝑇6 + 𝑇8 = 44
𝑎 + (6 − 1)𝑑 + 𝑎 + (8 − 1)𝑑 = 44
2𝑎 + 12𝑑 = 44 (1)
𝑇10 + 𝑇13 = 35
𝑎 + (10 − 1)𝑑 + 𝑎 + (13 − 1)𝑑 = 35
𝑎 + 9𝑑 + 𝑎 + 12𝑑 = 35
2𝑎 + 21𝑑 = 35 (2)
9𝑑 = −9 (2)−(1)
𝑑 = −1 (3)
2𝑎 + 12(−1) = 44 (3) in (1)
2𝑎 = 56
𝑎 = 28
So 𝑎 = 28 and 𝑑 = −1.
12b 𝑇2 + 𝑇3 = 4
𝑎𝑟 2−1 + 𝑎𝑟 3−1 = 4
𝑎𝑟 1 + 𝑎𝑟 2 = 4
𝑎𝑟(1 + 𝑟) = 4 (1)

𝑇4 + 𝑇5 = 36
𝑎𝑟 3 + 𝑎𝑟 4 = 36
𝑎𝑟 3 (1 + 𝑟) = 36 (2)
𝑟2 = 9 (2) ÷ (1)
𝑟 = ±3
When 𝑟 = −3, (3)
𝑎(−3)(1 − 3) = 4 (3) in (1)
6𝑎 = 4
2
𝑎=
3
When 𝑟 = 3 (4)
𝑎(3)(1 + 3) = 4 (4) in (1)
12𝑎 = 4
1
𝑎=
3
2 1
So 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑟 = −3, or 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑟 = 3
12c 𝑇4 + 𝑇6 + 𝑇8 = −6
As this is an AP, 𝑇8 = 𝑇6 + 2𝑑 and 𝑇4 = 𝑇6 − 2𝑑, hence
𝑇6 + 2𝑑 + 𝑇6 + 𝑇6 − 2𝑑 = −6
3𝑇6 = −6
𝑇6 = −2
13a 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
17 − (𝑥 − 1) = (𝑥 + 15) − 17
18 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2
2𝑥 = 20
𝑥 = 10
The numbers are: 9, 17, 25.
13b 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
(𝑥 − 4) − (2𝑥 + 2) = 5𝑥 − (𝑥 − 4)
−𝑥 − 6 = 4𝑥 + 4
5𝑥 = −10

𝑥 = −2
The numbers are: −2, −6, −10.
13c 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
5 − (𝑥 − 3) = (2𝑥 + 7) − 5
8 − 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 2
3𝑥 = 6
𝑥=2
The numbers are: −1, 5, 11.
13d 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − (3𝑥 − 2) = (𝑥 + 10) − 𝑥
−2𝑥 + 2 = 10
−2𝑥 = 8
𝑥 = −4
The numbers are: −14, −4, 6.
𝑇3 𝑇
14a = 𝑇2
𝑇2 1
𝑥 𝑥+1
=
𝑥+1 𝑥
𝑥 2 = (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
2𝑥 = −1
1
𝑥=−
2
1 1 1
The numbers are: − 2 , 2 , − 2.
𝑇3 𝑇
14b = 𝑇2
𝑇2 1
5−𝑥 2
=
2 2−𝑥
(5 − 𝑥)(2 − 𝑥) = 4
10 − 7𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 4
𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 6) = 0

𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = 6
When 𝑥 = 1, the numbers are: 1, 2, 4.
When 𝑥 = 6, the numbers are: −4, 2, −1.
15a i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
24 − 𝑥 = 96 − 24
24 − 𝑥 = 72
𝑥 = −48
The numbers are: −48, 24, 96.
𝑇2 𝑇
15a ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
24 96
= 24
𝑥
24
=4
𝑥
4𝑥 = 24
𝑥=6
15b i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − 0.2 = 0.000 02 − 𝑥
2𝑥 = 0.200 02
𝑥 = 0.100 01
The numbers are: 0.2, 0.100 01, 0.000 02.
𝑇2 𝑇
15b ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 0.000 02
=
0.2 𝑥
𝑥 2 = 0.000 004
𝑥 = 0.002 or − 0.002
The numbers are: 0.2, 0.002, 0.000 02 or 0.2, −0.002, 0.000 02.
15c i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
0.2 − 𝑥 = 0.002 − 0.2
−𝑥 = −0.398
𝑥 = 0.398
The numbers are: 0.398, 0.2, 0.002.

𝑇2 𝑇
15c ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
0.2 0.002
=
𝑥 0.2
0.2
= 0.01
𝑥
0.01𝑥 = 0.2
𝑥 = 20
The numbers are: 20, 0.2, 0.002.
15d i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
(𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 − 4) = (𝑥 + 11) − (𝑥 + 1)
5 = 10 FALSE
Hence, these numbers cannot form an AP.
𝑇2 𝑇3
15d ii =
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑥+1 𝑥+11
=
𝑥−4 𝑥+1
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) = (𝑥 + 11)(𝑥 − 4)
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 44
2𝑥 + 1 = 7𝑥 − 44
5𝑥 = 45
𝑥=9
15e i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
(𝑥 + 2) − (𝑥 − 2) = (5𝑥 − 2) − (𝑥 + 2)
4 = 4𝑥 − 4
4𝑥 = 8
𝑥=2
𝑇2 𝑇
15e ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥+2 5𝑥−2
=
𝑥−2 𝑥+2
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2) = (5𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 = 5𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 4
0 = 4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥
0 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
0 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 4)

𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 4
The numbers are: −2, 2, −2 or 2, 6, 18.

15f i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − (√5 + 1) = (√5 − 1) − 𝑥
2𝑥 = 2√5
𝑥 = √5
The numbers are: √5 + 1, √5, √5 − 1.
𝑇2 𝑇
15f ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 √5−1
=
√5+1 𝑥
2
𝑥 = (√5 + 1)(√5 − 1)
𝑥2 = 5 − 1 = 4
𝑥 = −2 or 2
The numbers are: √5 + 1, −2, √5 − 1 or √5 + 1, 2, √5 − 1.
15g i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − √2 = √8 − 𝑥
𝑥 − √2 = 2√2 − 𝑥
2𝑥 = 3√2
3
𝑥 = 2 √2
3
The numbers are: √2, 2 √2, √8.
𝑇2 𝑇
15g ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 √8
=
√2 𝑥
2
𝑥 = √2 × 8
𝑥 2 = √16
𝑥2 = 4
𝑥 = −2 or 2
The numbers are: √2, −2, √8 or √2, 2, √8.
15h i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − 24 = 26 − 𝑥
2𝑥 = 24 + 26
2𝑥 = 80
𝑥 = 40
The numbers are: 24 , 40, 26 .

𝑇2 𝑇
15h ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 26
=
24 𝑥
𝑥 2 = 210
𝑥 = 25 or −25
The numbers are: 24 , 25 , 26 or 24 , −25 , 26 .
15i i 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑥 − 7 = −7 − 𝑥
𝑥=0
The numbers are: 7, 0, −7.
𝑇2 𝑇
15i ii = 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 −7
=
7 𝑥
2
𝑥 = −49 This is a false statement.
These numbers cannot form a GP.
16a For a GP:

𝑇3 𝑇2
=
𝑇2 𝑇1
1 𝑏
=
𝑏 𝑎
𝑎 = 𝑏2 (1)
For an AP:
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
10 − 𝑎 = 𝑎 − 𝑏
2𝑎 − 𝑏 − 10 = 0 (2)
2
2𝑏 − 𝑏 − 10 = 0 (1) in (2)
(2𝑏 − 5)(𝑏 + 2) = 0
5 1 5 2 1
Hence 𝑏 = 2 = 2 2 and 𝑎 = (2) = 6 4 or 𝑏 = −2 and 𝑎 = (−2)2 = 4.
16b For a GP:

𝑇3 𝑇2
=
𝑇2 𝑇1

𝑎+𝑏 1
=
1 𝑎
𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 = 1 (1)
For an AP:
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
1 1
𝑎−𝑏− = −𝑏
2 2
𝑎=1 (2)
1+𝑏 =1 (2) in (1)
𝑏=0
Hence 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 0
17a For an AP, the terms must be of the form

𝑇1 = 𝑥 − 𝑑
𝑇2 = 𝑥
𝑇2 = 𝑥 + 𝑑
as given.
For a GP:
𝑇2 𝑇
= 𝑇3
𝑇1 2
𝑥 𝑥+𝑑
=
𝑥−𝑑 𝑥
𝑥 2 = (𝑥 − 𝑑)(𝑥 + 𝑑)
𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑑2
0 = −𝑑 2
𝑑2 = 0
𝑑=0
Hence 𝑇1 = 𝑇2 = 𝑇3 = 𝑥 so all terms are the same.
17b In an AP:
𝑇1 = 𝑎
𝑇4 = 𝑎 + 3𝑑

𝑇7 = 𝑎 + 6𝑑
𝑇7 − 𝑇4 = 𝑎 + 6𝑑 − (𝑎 + 3𝑑) = 3𝑑
𝑇4 − 𝑇1 = 𝑎 + 3𝑑 − (𝑎) = 3𝑑
So 𝑇7 − 𝑇4 = 𝑇4 − 𝑇1and thus 𝑇1 , 𝑇4 and 𝑇7 form an AP as they have the same
common difference.
17c In an GP:
𝑇1 = 𝑎
𝑇4 = 𝑎𝑟 3
𝑇7 = 𝑎𝑟 6
𝑇7 𝑎𝑟 6 𝑟 6
= = = 𝑟3
𝑇4 𝑎𝑟 3 𝑟 3
𝑇4 𝑎𝑟 3 𝑟 3
= = = 𝑟3
𝑇1 𝑎 1
𝑇 𝑇
So 𝑇7 = 𝑇4 and thus 𝑇1 , 𝑇4 and 𝑇7 form a GP as they have the same common ratio.
4 1
18a For an AP, the terms must be of the form:

𝑇1 = 𝑎
𝑇2 = 𝑎 + 𝑑
𝑇4 = 𝑎 + 3𝑑
To form a GP, terms must have the same common ratio so
𝑎 + 3𝑑 𝑎 + 𝑑
=
𝑎+𝑑 𝑎
𝑎(𝑎 + 3𝑑) = (𝑎 + 𝑑)2
𝑎2 + 3𝑎𝑑 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑑 + 𝑑 2
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑑 2 = 0
𝑑(𝑎 − 𝑑) = 0
Hence 𝑑 = 0 or 𝑎 = 𝑑.
If 𝑑 = 0, then the AP sequence is constant.

If 𝑎 = 𝑑 then 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑎 = 𝑛𝑎 = 𝑛𝑇1 and so the terms are positive integer

multiples of the first term.
18b For an AP, the terms must be of the form:

𝑇1 = 𝑎
𝑇2 = 𝑎 + 𝑑
𝑇5 = 𝑎 + 4𝑑
To form a GP, terms must have the same common ratio so
𝑎 + 4𝑑 𝑎 + 𝑑
=
𝑎+𝑑 𝑎
𝑎(𝑎 + 4𝑑) = (𝑎 + 𝑑)2
𝑎2 + 4𝑎𝑑 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑑 + 𝑑 2
2𝑎𝑑 − 𝑑2 = 0
𝑑(2𝑎 − 𝑑) = 0
Hence 𝑑 = 0 or 𝑑 = 2𝑎.
If 𝑑 = 0, then the AP sequence is constant.
If 𝑑 = 2𝑎 then 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1) × 2𝑎 = (2𝑛 − 1)𝑎 = (2𝑛 − 1)𝑇1 and so the terms
are odd positive integer multiples of the first term.
18c For an AP, the terms must be of the form:

𝑇1 = 𝑎
𝑇2 = 𝑎𝑟
𝑇4 = 𝑎𝑟 3
To form an AP, terms must have the same common difference so
𝑎𝑟 3 − 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑎𝑟 − 𝑎
𝑟3 − 𝑟 = 𝑟 − 1
𝑟 3 − 2𝑟 + 1 = 0
(𝑟 − 1)(𝑟 2 − 𝑟 − 1) = 0
Hence 𝑟 = 1 or 𝑟 2 − 𝑟 − 1 = 0
Using the quadratic formula:

1 ± √12 − 4(1)(−1)
𝑟=
2
1 ± √5
=
2
1 1 1 1
So 𝑟 = 1, + 2 √5 or − 2 √5
2 2
18d For the GP:

𝑇1 = 𝑎, 𝑇2 = 𝑎𝑟, 𝑇3 = 𝑎𝑟 2
𝑆1 = 𝑎, 𝑆2 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟, 𝑆3 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2
However, each term is one more than the sum of all the previous terms.
𝑇2 = 𝑎𝑟 and 𝑇2 = 1 + 𝑆1 = 1 + 𝑎 so 𝑎𝑟 = 1 + 𝑎
1+𝑎
or 𝑟 = (1)
𝑎
𝑇3 = 𝑎𝑟 2 and 𝑇3 = 1 + 𝑆2 = 1 + 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 so
𝑎𝑟 2 = 1 + 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 (2)
Substituting (1) into (2):
1+𝑎 2 1+𝑎
𝑎×( ) =1+𝑎+𝑎×
𝑎 𝑎
(1 + 𝑎)2
=1+𝑎+1+𝑎
𝑎
(1 + 𝑎)2 = 𝑎(2 + 2𝑎)
1 + 2𝑎 + 𝑎2 = 2𝑎 + 2𝑎2
1 = 𝑎2
𝑎 = ±1
Substituting in (1):
1+𝑎 1+1
When 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = = =2
𝑎 1
1+𝑎 1−1
When 𝑎 = −1, 𝑟 = = = 0 (Not possible values for the GP.)
𝑎 −1
So the GP is 1, 2, 4, 8, …
19a The square of any real number cannot be negative so (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 ≥ 0.


19b (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 ≥ 0
𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ≥ 0
𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 + 4𝑎𝑏 ≥ 0 + 4𝑎𝑏
𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ≥ 4𝑎𝑏
(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 ≥ 4𝑎𝑏
𝑎 + 𝑏 ≥ 2√𝑎𝑏
1
(𝑎 + 𝑏) ≥ 2𝑎𝑏
2
𝑚≥𝑔
Hence 𝑔 ≤ 𝑚
1
19c Set 𝑎 = 1 for both sets of sequences so 𝑚 = 2 (1 + 𝑏) or 𝑏 = 2𝑚 − 1
1
If 𝑚 = 1 then 𝑔 = 2 (1 + 1) = 1 and 𝑏 = 2 × 1 − 1 = 1.
Hence we have that 1, 1, 1 is trivially an AP and a GP.

1
If 𝑚 = 5 then 𝑔 = 2 (1 + 5) = 3 and 𝑏 = 2 × 5 − 1 = 9.
Hence we have that 1, 5, 9 is an AP whilst 1, 3, 9 is a GP.
1
20a Put 𝑇13 = 2 𝑇1
1
𝑎𝑟 12 = 𝑎
2
1
𝑟 12 =
2
1
1 12
𝑟= (2) (taking 𝑟 > 0 as pipes do not have negative lengths)
1 7 7
7 1 12 1 12 2
20b 𝑇8 = 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑇1 ((2) ) = 𝑇1 (2) ≑ 0.667𝑇1 ≑ 3 𝑇1
4
4 1 12 4
20c 𝑇5 = 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑇1 (2) ≑ 0.7937𝑇1 ≑ 5 𝑇1

3
20d Put 𝑇𝑛 = 4 𝑇1
3
𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 𝑎
4
1 𝑛−1
1 12 3
(( ) ) =
2 4
1−𝑛 3
2 12 =
4
By trial and error, the closest integer solution is 𝑛 = 6 so the sixth pipe is about
three-quarters of the length of the first pipe.
5
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 6 𝑇1
5
𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 𝑎
6
1 𝑛−1
1 12 5
(( ) ) =
2 6
1−𝑛 5
2 12 =
6
By trial and error, the closest integer solution is 𝑛 = 4 so the fourth pipe is about
five-sixths of the length of the first pipe.
2
2 1 12 8
20e 𝑇3 = 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑇1 (2) ≑ 0.8908𝑇1 ≑ 9 𝑇1
1
1
1 12 17
𝑇2 = 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑇1 ( ) ≑ 0.9439𝑇1 ≑ 𝑇
2 18 1

21a-d
21e ∠𝑂𝑇𝑀 = 90° because it is an angle in a semi-circle, so 𝑂𝑇 is a tangent.
As 𝑂𝑇 is a tangent, it follows that ∠𝑂𝑇𝐴 = ∠𝑂𝐵𝑇 as angle of a triangle inscribed

in a circle is equal to the angle formed by the opposing chord and tangent.
∠𝐵𝑂𝑇 = ∠𝐴𝑂𝑇 as they are the same angle. Hence 𝑂𝐴𝑇 and 𝑂𝑇𝐵 are equiangular
and thus similar. As 𝑂𝐴𝑇 and 𝑂𝑇𝐵 are similar triangles, by the equal ratio of
𝑂𝑇 𝑂𝐴
sides in similar triangles 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑂𝑇 . Thus 𝑂𝑇 2 = 𝑂𝐴 × 𝑂𝐵.

Solutions to Exercise 1E
1a 𝑆4 = 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 24
1b 𝑆4 = 2 + 6 + 18 + 54 = 80
1 1 3
1c 𝑆4 = 2 + 1 + 2 + 4 = 3 4
1d 𝑆4 = 32 − 16 + 8 − 4 = 20
2a 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − 6 : by alternating positive and negative numbers

The sums are:
𝑛 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 −4 5 −6
𝑆𝑛 −2 3 −3
1
2b 81 + 27 + 9 + 3 + 1, 3 : dividing by 3
The sums are:

𝑛 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 3 1 1
3
𝑆𝑛 120 121 1
121
3

2c 30 + 20 + 10 + 0 − 10 − 20 : subtract 10
The sums are:
𝑛 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 0 −10 −20
𝑆𝑛 60 50 30
2d 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + 0.0001 + 0.00001 + 0.0000001 : dividing by 3

The sums are:
𝑛 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 0.0001 0.00001 0.000001
𝑆𝑛 0.1111 0.111 11 0.111 111
3a
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑇𝑛 2 5 8 11 14 17 20
𝑆𝑛 2 7 15 26 40 57 77
3b
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑇𝑛 40 38 36 34 32 30 28
𝑆𝑛 40 78 114 148 180 210 238
3c
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑇𝑛 2 −4 6 −8 10 −12 14
𝑆𝑛 2 −2 4 −4 6 −6 8

3d
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑇𝑛 7 −7 7 −7 7 −7 7
𝑆𝑛 7 0 7 0 7 0 7
4a ∑6𝑛=1 2𝑛 = 2(1) + 2(2) + 2(3) + 2(4) + 2(5) + 2(6) = 42
4b ∑6𝑛=1(3𝑛 + 2) = 5 + 8 + 11 + 14 + 17 + 20 = 75
4c ∑7𝑘=3(18 − 3𝑛) = 9 + 6 + 3 + 0 + (−3) = 15
4d ∑8𝑛=5 𝑛2 = 52 + 62 + 72 + 82 = 174
4e ∑4𝑛=1 𝑛3 = 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 = 100
4f ∑5𝑛=0 2𝑛 = 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 + 24 + 25 = 63
4g ∑4𝑛=2 3𝑛 = 32 + 33 + 34 = 117
4h ∑31 𝑙 1 2
𝑙=1(−1) = (−1) + (−1) + ⋯ + (−1)
31
= (−1) + 1 + (−1) + ⋯ + (−1) = −1
4i ∑40
𝑙=1(−1)
𝑙−1
= (−1)0 + (−1)1 + ⋯ + (−1)39 = (1) + (−1) + ⋯ + (−1) = 0
4j ∑105
𝑛=5 4 = 4 + 4 … 4 = 101 × 4 = 404
4k ∑4𝑛=0(−1)𝑛 (𝑛 + 5) = 5 − 6 + 7 − 8 + 9 = 7
4l ∑4𝑛=0(−1)𝑛+1 (𝑛 + 5) = −5 + 6 − 7 + 8 − 9 = −7

5a By looking at the diagram, it forms the shape of a square. The area of a square,
with side length 𝑛, is 𝑛2 . Consequently, applying this logic, as the formation of the
first 𝑛 odd positive integers forms a square, the sum of them, which is equivalent
to the area of the square, is 𝑛2 .
5b The way to calculate the sum is using the equation below:

Sum = total elements in main diagonal + half of remaining elements
By looking at the picture,
Total elements in matrix: 𝑛2
Total elements in main diagonal: 𝑛
𝑛2 − 𝑛
Sum = 𝑛 +
2
2𝑛 + 𝑛2 − 𝑛
=
2
𝑛2 + 𝑛
=
2
1
= 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
2
5c 𝑇1 = 1
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 + 2 = 3
𝑇3 = 𝑇2 + 3 = 6
𝑇4 = 𝑇3 + 4 = 10
𝑇5 = 𝑇4 + 5 = 15
𝑇6 = 𝑇5 + 6 = 21
𝑇7 = 𝑇6 + 7 = 28
𝑇8 = 𝑇7 + 8 = 36
𝑇9 = 𝑇8 + 9 = 45
𝑇10 = 𝑇9 + 10 = 55
𝑇11 = 𝑇10 + 11 = 66
𝑇12 = 𝑇11 + 12 = 78
𝑇13 = 𝑇12 + 13 = 91
𝑇14 = 𝑇13 + 14 = 105
𝑇15 = 𝑇14 + 15 = 120

6a
𝑇𝑛 1 3 5 7 9 11 13
𝑆𝑛 1 4 9 16 25 36 49
6b
𝑇𝑛 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
𝑆𝑛 2 6 14 30 62 126 254
6c
𝑇𝑛 −3 −5 −7 −9 −11 −13 −15
𝑆𝑛 −3 −8 −15 −24 −35 −48 −63
6d
𝑇𝑛 8 −8 8 −8 8 −8 8
𝑆𝑛 8 0 8 0 8 0 8
7a
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
𝑇𝑛 1 1 1 2 3 5 8 13
𝑆𝑛 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
7b
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
𝑇𝑛 3 1 3 4 7 11 18 29
𝑆𝑛 3 4 7 11 18 29 47 76

8a 𝑆1 = 3 − 1 = 2
𝑆2 = 32 − 1 = 8
𝑆3 = 33 − 1 = 26
𝑆4 = 34 − 1 = 80
𝑆5 = 35 − 1 = 242
8b 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 2
𝑇2 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = 8 − 2 = 6
𝑇3 = 𝑆3 − 𝑆2 = 26 − 8 = 18
𝑇4 = 𝑆4 − 𝑆3 = 80 − 26 = 54
𝑇5 = 𝑆5 − 𝑆4 = 242 − 80 = 162
8c 𝑆𝑛−1 = 3𝑛−1 − 1
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
= (3𝑛 − 1) − (3𝑛−1 − 1)
= 3𝑛 − 3𝑛−1
= 3𝑛−1 (3 − 1)
= 2 × 3𝑛−1
9a 𝑆1 = 10
𝑆2 = 30
𝑆3 = 70
𝑆4 = 150
𝑆5 = 310
𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 10
𝑇2 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = 30 − 10 = 20
𝑇3 = 𝑆3 − 𝑆2 = 70 − 30 = 40
𝑇4 = 𝑆4 − 𝑆3 = 150 − 70 = 80
𝑇5 = 𝑆5 − 𝑆4 = 310 − 150 = 160
𝑆𝑛−1 = 10(2𝑛−1 − 1)
= 10(2𝑛 − 1) − 10(2𝑛−1 − 1)
= 10(2𝑛 − 1 − 2𝑛−1 + 1)
= 10(2𝑛 − 2𝑛−1 )
= 10 × 2𝑛−1 (2 − 1)
10
= × 2𝑛 (1)
2
= 5 × 2𝑛

9b 𝑆1 = 16
𝑆2 = 96
𝑆3 = 496
𝑆4 = 2496
𝑆5 = 12496
𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 16
𝑇2 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = 96 − 16 = 80
𝑇3 = 𝑆3 − 𝑆2 = 496 − 96 = 400
𝑇4 = 𝑆4 − 𝑆3 = 2496 − 496 = 2000
𝑇5 = 𝑆5 − 𝑆4 = 12496 − 2496 = 1000
𝑆𝑛−1 = 4(5𝑛−1 − 1)
= 4(5𝑛 − 1) − 4(5𝑛−1 − 1)
= 4(5𝑛 − 1 − 5𝑛−1 + 1)
= 4(5𝑛 − 5𝑛−1 )
= 4 × 5𝑛−1 (5 − 1)
= 4 × 5𝑛−1 (4)
= 16 × 5𝑛−1
3
9c 𝑆1 = 4
15
𝑆2 =
4
63
𝑆3 =
4
255
𝑆4 =
4
1023
𝑆5 =
4
3
𝑇1 = 𝑆1 =
4
15 3
𝑇2 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = − =3
4 4
63 15
𝑇3 = 𝑆3 − 𝑆2 = − = 12
4 4
255 63
𝑇4 = 𝑆4 − 𝑆3 = − = 48
4 4
1023 255
𝑇5 = 𝑆5 − 𝑆4 = − = 192
4 4
1
𝑆𝑛−1 = 4 (4𝑛−1 − 1)

1 1
= (4𝑛−1 − 1) − (4𝑛−1 − 1)
4 4
1 𝑛 1 𝑛−1
= (4 − 1) − (4 − 1)
4 4
1
= (4𝑛 − 4𝑛−1 )
4
1
= 4𝑛−1 (4 − 1)
4
= 4𝑛−2 (3)
= 3 × 4𝑛−2
10a 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
= 3𝑛(𝑛 + 1) − 3(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 1 + 1)
= 3𝑛(𝑛 + 1) − 3𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
= 3𝑛(𝑛 + 1 − (𝑛 − 1))
= 3𝑛(2)
= 6𝑛
𝑇1 = 6, 𝑇2 = 12, 𝑇3 = 18
10b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
= 5𝑛 − 𝑛2 − (5(𝑛 − 1) − (𝑛 − 1)2 )
= 5𝑛 − 𝑛2 − (5(𝑛 − 1) − (𝑛2 − 2𝑛 + 1))
= 5𝑛 − 𝑛2 − (5𝑛 − 5 − 𝑛2 + 2𝑛 − 1)
= 5𝑛 − 𝑛2 − (−𝑛2 + 7𝑛 − 6)
= 6 − 2𝑛
𝑇1 = 4, 𝑇2 = 2, 𝑇3 = 0
10c 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
= 4𝑛 − 4(𝑛 − 1)
=4
𝑇1 = 4, 𝑇2 = 4, 𝑇3 = 4
10d 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
= 𝑛3 − (𝑛 − 1)3
= (𝑛 − (𝑛 − 1))(𝑛2 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) + (𝑛 − 1)2 )
= (𝑛2 + 𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 𝑛2 − 2𝑛 + 1)
= 3𝑛2 − 3𝑛 + 1
𝑇1 = 1, 𝑇2 = 7, 𝑇3 = 19

10e 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
= 1 − 3−𝑛 − (1 − 3−(𝑛−1) )
= 1 − 3−𝑛 − (1 − 31−𝑛 )
= 31−𝑛 − 3−𝑛
= 3−𝑛 (3 − 1)
= 3−𝑛 (2)
= 2 × 3−𝑛
2 2 2
𝑇1 = 3, 𝑇2 = 9, 𝑇3 = 27
10f 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
1 𝑛 1 𝑛−1
= ( ) − 1 − (( ) − 1)
7 7
1 𝑛 1 𝑛−1
=( ) −( )
7 7
1 𝑛−1 1
=( ) ( − 1)
7 7
1 𝑛−1 6
=( ) (− )
7 7
𝑛−1
1 1
= −6 ( ) ( )
7 7
1 𝑛
= −6 ( )
7
6 6 6
𝑇1 = − 7, 𝑇2 = − 49, 𝑇3 = − 343
11a ∑40
𝑛=1 𝑛
3
1
11b ∑40
𝑛=1 𝑛
11c ∑20
𝑛=1(𝑛 + 2)
11d ∑12
𝑛=1 2
𝑛
11e ∑10 𝑛
𝑛=1(−1) 𝑛

11f ∑10
𝑛=1(−1)
𝑛+1
𝑛 or ∑10
𝑛=1(−1)
𝑛−1
𝑛
12a 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 1 + 4 + 3 = 8
= 𝑛2 + 4𝑛 + 3 − ((𝑛 − 1)2 + 4(𝑛 − 1) + 3)
= 𝑛2 + 4𝑛 + 3 − (𝑛2 − 2𝑛 + 1 + 4𝑛 − 4 + 3)
= 2𝑛 + 3 for 𝑛 ≥ 2
12b 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 7(31 − 4) = −7
= 7(3𝑛 − 4) − 7(3𝑛−1 − 4)
= 7(3𝑛 − 3𝑛−1 )
= 7 × 3𝑛−1 (3 − 1)
= 7 × 3𝑛−1 (2)
= 14 × 3𝑛−1 for 𝑛 ≥ 2
1
12c 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 1
1 1
= −
𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑛−1 𝑛
= −
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
−1
= 𝑛(𝑛−1) for 𝑛 ≥ 2
12d 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
= 𝑛3 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛 − ((𝑛 − 1)3 + (𝑛 − 1)2 + (𝑛 − 1))
= 𝑛3 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛 − (𝑛 − 1)((𝑛 − 1)2 + (𝑛 − 1) + 1)
= 𝑛3 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛 − (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛2 − 2𝑛 + 1 + 𝑛 − 1 + 1)
= 𝑛3 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛 − (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 1)
= 𝑛3 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛 − (𝑛3 − 𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 1)
= 3𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 1 for 𝑛 ≥ 1
The formula holds for 𝑛 = 1 when 𝑆0 = 0.

13a 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 21 = 2
= 2𝑛 − 2𝑛−1
= 2𝑛−1 (2 − 1)
= 2𝑛−1 for 𝑛 ≥ 2
13b
𝑇𝑛 2 2 4 8 16 32 64
𝑆𝑛 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
13c The derivative of 𝑒 𝑥 is the original function 𝑒 𝑥 . Remove the initial term 2 from
the sequence in part b, and the successive differences are the original sequence.
𝑇𝑛 2 4 8 16 32 64
𝑆𝑛 4 8 16 32 64 128
𝑆𝑛 − 𝑇𝑛 2 4 8 16 32 64
14a 𝑛3 − (𝑛 − 1)3 = 𝑛3 − (𝑛3 − 3𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 1) = 3𝑛2 − 3𝑛 + 1
14b 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 13 = 1
= 𝑛3 − (𝑛 − 1)3
= 3𝑛2 − 3𝑛 + 1 for 𝑛 ≥ 2
14c 𝑈1 = 𝑇1 = 1,
𝑈𝑛 = 𝑇𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑛
= (3(𝑛 + 1)2 − 3(𝑛 + 1) + 1) − (3𝑛2 − 3𝑛 + 1)
= (3𝑛2 + 6𝑛 + 3 − 3𝑛 − 3 + 1) − (3𝑛2 − 3𝑛 + 1)
= 6𝑛 for 𝑛 ≥ 2

14d
𝑇𝑛 1 7 19 37 61 91
𝑆𝑛 1 6 12 18 24 30
14e The derivative of 𝑥 3 is the quadratic 3𝑥 2 , and its derivative is the linear function
6𝑥. Taking successive differences once gives a quadratic, and taking them twice
gives a linear function.
15a
10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 10
∑( − ) = − + − +⋯+ − = − = − =
𝑟 𝑟+1 1 2 2 3 10 11 1 11 11 11 11
𝑟=1
15b
1
√𝑘 + 1 + √𝑘
1 × (√𝑘 + 1 − √𝑘)
=
(√𝑘 + 1 + √𝑘)(√𝑘 + 1 − √𝑘)
√𝑘 + 1 − √𝑘
=
(𝑘 + 1) − 𝑘
√𝑘 + 1 − √𝑘
=
1
= √𝑘 + 1 − √𝑘
15
1
∑
𝑘=1
√𝑘 + 1 + √𝑘
15
= ∑(√𝑘 + 1 − √𝑘)
𝑘=1
= √2 − √1 + √3 − √2 + √4 − √3 + √5 − √4 … + √16 − √15
= √16 − √1
= 4−1
=3

15c
4 4 4
∑ (∑ (∑ 𝑟𝑠𝑡))
𝑟=1 𝑠=1 𝑡=1
4 4
= ∑ (∑(𝑟𝑠 + 2𝑟𝑠 + 3𝑟𝑠 + 4𝑟𝑠))

𝑟=1 𝑠=1
4 4
= ∑ (∑ 𝑟𝑠(1 + 2 + 3 + 4))
𝑟=1 𝑠=1
4 4
= ∑ (∑ 10𝑟𝑠)
𝑟=1 𝑠=1
4
= ∑(10𝑟(1) + 10𝑟(2) + 10𝑟(3) + 10𝑟(4))

𝑟=1
4
= ∑ 10𝑟(1 + 2 + 3 + 4)
𝑟=1
4
= ∑ 100𝑟
𝑟=1
= 100(1) + 100(2) + 100(3) + 100(4)
= 1000

Solutions to Exercise 1F
1 𝑆7 = 2 + 5 + 8 + 11 + 14 + 17 + 20
𝑆7 = 20 + 17 + 14 + 11 + 8 + 5 + 2
2𝑆7 = 7 × 22 = 154
154
𝑆7 = = 77
2
2a 𝑛 = 100
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
𝑎 = 1, 𝑙 = 100
1
𝑆100 = × 100(100 + 1) = 5050
2
2b 𝑛 = 50
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
𝑎 = 1, 𝑙 = 99
1
𝑆50 = × 50(99 + 1) = 2500
2
2c 𝑛 = 50
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
𝑎 = 2, 𝑙 = 100
1
𝑆50 = × 50(100 + 2) = 2550
2
2d 𝑛 = 100
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
𝑎 = 3, 𝑙 = 300

1
𝑆100 = × 100(300 + 3) = 15 150
2
2e 𝑛 = 50
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
𝑎 = 101, 𝑙 = 199
1
𝑆50 = × 50(101 + 199) = 7500
2
2f 𝑛 = 9000
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
𝑎 = 1001, 𝑙 = 10000
1
𝑆100 = × 100(100 + 1) = 49 504 500
2
1
3a 𝑆6 = 2 × 6(10 + 5 × 10) = 3(60) = 180
1
3b 𝑆6 = 2 × 6(16 + 5 × 2) = 3(26) = 78
1
3c 𝑆6 = 2 × 6(−6 + 5 × −9) = 3(51) = −153
1
3d 𝑆6 = 2 × 6(−14 + 5 × −12) = 3(−74) = −222
4a 𝑎 = 2, 𝑑 = 3
1
𝑆12 = × 12(4 + 11 × 3) = 6(37) = 222
2

4b 𝑎 = 40, 𝑑 = −7
1
𝑆21 = × 21(80 + 20 × −7) = 10.5(−60) = −630
2
4c 𝑎 = −6, 𝑑 = 4
1
𝑆200 = × 200(−12 + 199 × 4) = 100(784) = 78 400
2
4d 𝑎 = 33, 𝑑 = −3
1
𝑆23 = × 23(66 + 22 × −3) = 11.5(0) = 0
2
4e 𝑎 = −10, 𝑑 = 2.5
1
𝑆13 = × 13(−20 + 12 × 2.5) = 6.5(−10) = 65
2
4f 𝑎 = 10.5, 𝑑 = −0.5
1
𝑆40 = × 40(21 + 39 × −0.5) = 20(1.5) = 30
2
5a 150 = 50 + (𝑛 − 1)1
100 = 𝑛 − 1
𝑛 = 101
𝑆101 = 50.5(50 + 150) = 50.5(200) = 10 100
5b 92 = 8 + (𝑛 − 1)7
84
=𝑛−1
7
𝑛 = 13
𝑆13 = 6.5(8 + 92) = 6.5(100) = 650

5c 60 = −10 + (𝑛 − 1)7
70
=𝑛−1
7
𝑛 = 11
𝑆11 = 5.5(−10 + 60) = 5.5(50) = 275
5d 301 = 4 + (𝑛 − 1)3
297
=𝑛−1
3
𝑛 = 100
𝑆100 = 50(4 + 301) = 50(305) = 15 250
5e 51.5 = 6.5 + (𝑛 − 1)4.5

45
=𝑛−1
4.5
𝑛 = 11
𝑆11 = 5.5(6.5 + 51.5) = 5.5(58) = 319
2 1 2
5f 13 3 = −1 3 + (𝑛 − 1)1 3
15
=𝑛−1
5
3
𝑛 = 10
1 2 1 2
𝑆10 = 5 (−1 + 13 ) = 5 (12 ) = 61
3 3 3 3
6a 1000 = 2 + (𝑛 − 1)2
998
=𝑛−1
2
𝑛 = 500
𝑆500 = 250(2 + 1000) = 250(1002) = 250 500

6b 3000 = 1000 + (𝑛 − 1)1

2000 = 𝑛 − 1
𝑛 = 2001
𝑆2001 = 1000.5(1000 + 3000) = 1000.5(4000) = 4 002 000
1
6c 𝑆40 = 2 × 40(2 + 39 × 4) = 20(158) = 3160
1
6d 𝑆12 = 2 × 12(20 + 11 × 20) = 6(240) = 1440
7a This is an AP with 𝑎 = 5 and 𝑑 = 10 − 5 = 5. Hence:

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (2(5) + 5(𝑛 − 1))
2
𝑛
= (10 + 5𝑛 − 5)
2
𝑛
= (5 + 5𝑛)
2
7b This is an AP with 𝑎 = 10 and 𝑑 = 13 − 10 = 3. Hence:

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (2(10) + 3(𝑛 − 1))
2
𝑛
= (20 + 3𝑛 − 3)
2
𝑛
= (17 + 3𝑛)
2
7c This is an AP with 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑑 = 7 − 3 = 4. Hence:

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (2(3) + 4(𝑛 − 1))
2
𝑛
= (6 + 4𝑛 − 4)
2
𝑛
= (2 + 4𝑛)
2
= 𝑛(1 + 2𝑛)

7d This is an AP with 𝑎 = −9 and 𝑑 = −4 − (−9) = 5. Hence:

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (2(−9) + 5(𝑛 − 1))
2
𝑛
= (−18 + 5𝑛 − 5)
2
𝑛
= (5𝑛 − 23)
2
1 1
7e This is an AP with 𝑎 = 5 and 𝑑 = 4 2 − 5 = − 2. Hence:
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛 1
= (2(5) + (− ) (𝑛 − 1))
2 2
𝑛 𝑛 1
= (10 − + )
2 2 2
𝑛
= (21 − 𝑛)
4
7f This is an AP with 𝑎 = (1 − √2) and 𝑑 = 1 − (1 − √2) = √2. Hence:

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (2(1 − √2) + √2(𝑛 − 1))
2
𝑛
= (2 − 2√2 + 𝑛√2 − √2)
2
𝑛
= (2 + 𝑛√2 − 3√2)
2
8a 𝑛 positive integers are: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ….

𝑎 = 1, 𝑑 = 1
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (2 + (𝑛 − 1))
2
1
= 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
2

8b Odd positive integers are: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ⋯

𝑎 = 1, 𝑑 = 2
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (2 + (𝑛 − 1)2)
2
1
= 𝑛(2 + 2𝑛 − 2)
2
1
= 𝑛(2𝑛)
2
= 𝑛2
8c Positive integers divisible by 3 are: 3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15 + ⋯

𝑎 = 3, 𝑑 = 3
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (6 + (𝑛 − 1)3)
2
1
= 𝑛(3𝑛 + 3)
2
3
= 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
2
8d Odd positive multiples of 100 are: 100 + 300 + 500 + 700 + ⋯

𝑎 = 100, 𝑑 = 200
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (200 + (𝑛 − 1)200)
2
1
= 𝑛(200 + 200𝑛 − 200)
2
1
= 𝑛(200𝑛)
2
= 100𝑛2

9a 15 × 0 + 15 × 2 + 15 × 4 + 15 × 6 + 15 × 8 + 15 × 10 = 450
450
The mean number of legs is = 5. No creature has this number of legs.
90
6+17
9b 1200 × ( ) + 100 × 30 + 60 = 16 860 years
2
9c His earnings are a GP with 𝑎 = 28 000, 𝑟 = 1600 and 𝑛 = 10. Hence:

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆10 =
𝑟−1
28 000(160010 − 1)
=
1600 − 1
= $352 000
10a When 𝑘 = 1: 𝑎 = 598

When 𝑘 = 200: 𝑙 = 200
200 = 598 + (𝑛 − 1)(−2)
398
− =𝑛−1
−2
𝑛 = 200
𝑆200 = 100(598 + 200) = 100(798) = 79 800
10b When 𝑘 = 1: 𝑎 = 90
When 𝑘 = 61: 𝑙 = −90
−90 = 90 + (𝑛 − 1)(−3)
0
=𝑛−1
3
𝑛=1
𝑆1 = 0.5(90 − 90) = 0.5(0) = 0

10c When 𝑘 = 1: 𝑎 = −47

When 𝑘 = 40: 𝑙 = 70
70 = −47 + (𝑛 − 1)3
117
=𝑛−1
3
𝑛 = 40
𝑆40 = 20(−47 + 70) = 20(23) = 460
10d When 𝑘 = 10: 𝑎 = 53

When 𝑘 = 30: 𝑙 = 153
153 = 53 + (𝑛 − 1)5
100
=𝑛−1
5
𝑛 = 21
𝑆21 = 10.5(53 + 153) = 10.5(206) = 2163
11a For the AP:

𝑎 = log 𝑎 2
𝑑 = log 𝑎 4 − log 𝑎 2
= log 𝑎 22 − log 𝑎 2
= 2 log 𝑎 2 − log 𝑎 2
= log 𝑎 2
For the last term:
𝑇𝑛 = log 𝑎 1024
𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = log 𝑎 1024
log 𝑎 2 + (𝑛 − 1) log 𝑎 2 = log 𝑎 1024
𝑛 log 𝑎 2 = log 𝑎 1024
𝑛 log 𝑎 2 = log 𝑎 210
𝑛 log 𝑎 2 = 10 log 𝑎 2
𝑛 = 10

1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
1
𝑆10 = × 10 × (log 𝑎 2 + log 𝑎 1024)
2
= 5(log 𝑎 2 + 10 log 𝑎 2)
= 5 × 11 log 𝑎 2
= 55 log 𝑎 2
11b For the AP:

𝑎 = log 5 243
𝑑 = log 5 81 − log 5 243
= log 5 34 − log 5 35
= 4 log 5 3 − 5 log 5 3
= − log 5 3
For the last term:
1
𝑇𝑛 = log 5
243
1
𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = log 5
243
log 5 243 + (𝑛 − 1)(− log 5 3) = log 5 3−5
log 5 35 + (𝑛 − 1)(− log 5 3) = log 5 3−5
5 log 5 3 + (𝑛 − 1)(− log 5 3) = −5 log 5 3
(𝑛 − 1)(− log 5 3) = −10 log 5 3
𝑛 − 1 = 10
𝑛 = 11
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
1 1
𝑆11 = × 11 × (log 5 243 + log 5 )
2 243
11
= (log 5 243 − log 5 243)
2
=0

11c For the AP:

𝑎 = log 𝑏 36
𝑑 = log 𝑏 18 − log 𝑏 36
18
= log 𝑏
36
1
= log 𝑏
2
= − log 𝑏 2
For the last term:
9
𝑇𝑛 = log 𝑏
8
9
𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = log 𝑏
8
9
log 𝑏 36 + (𝑛 − 1)(− log 𝑏 2) = log 𝑏
8
9
(𝑛 − 1)(− log 𝑏 2) = log 𝑏 − log 𝑏 36
8
9
(𝑛 − 1)(− log 𝑏 2) = log 𝑏 ( ÷ 36)
8
1
(𝑛 − 1)(− log 𝑏 2) = log 𝑏
32
(𝑛 − 1)(− log 𝑏 2) = log 𝑏 2−5
(𝑛 − 1)(− log 𝑏 2) = −5 log 𝑏 2
𝑛−1=5
𝑛=6
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
1 9
𝑆6 = × 6 × (log 𝑏 36 + log 𝑏 )
2 8
9
= 3 log 𝑏 (36 × )
8
81
= 3 log 𝑏 ( )
2
= 3 (log 𝑏 81 − log 𝑏 2)

= 3 (log 𝑏 34 − log 𝑏 2)
= 3 (4log 𝑏 3 − log 𝑏 2)
11d For the AP:

27
𝑎 = log 𝑥
8
9 27
𝑑 = log 𝑥 − log 𝑥
4 8
9 27
𝑑 = log 𝑥 ( ÷ )
4 8
9 8
𝑑 = log 𝑥 ( × )
4 27
2
𝑑 = log 𝑥
3
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1 27 2
𝑆10 = × 10 × (2 log 𝑥 + (10 − 1) log 𝑥 )
2 8 3
27 2
= 5 (2 log 𝑥 + 9 log 𝑥 )
8 3
27 2 2 9
= 5 (log 𝑥 ( ) + log 𝑥 ( ) )
8 3
36 29
= 5 (log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 9)
26 3
36 × 29
= 5 log 𝑥 ( 6 )
2 × 39
23
= 5 log 𝑥 ( )
33
= 5 (log 𝑥 23 − log 𝑥 33 )
= 5 (3log 𝑥 2 − 3log 𝑥 3)
= 15 (log 𝑥 2 − log 𝑥 3)

𝑛
12a 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑙)
10
−5 = (−23 + 𝑙)
2
−1 = −23 + 𝑙
𝑙 = 22
𝑛
12b 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑙)
40 1
28 = (𝑎 + 8 )
2 2
28 1
=𝑎+8
20 2
28 1
𝑎= −8
20 2
= −7.1
𝑛
12c 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
8
348 = (2(5) + (8 − 1)𝑑)
2
87 = 10 + (8 − 1)𝑑
87 = 10 + 7𝑑
7𝑑 = 77
𝑑 = 11
𝑛
12d 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
15 2
−15 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1) )
2 7
2
−2 = (2𝑎 + (15 − 1) )
7
2
−2 = (2𝑎 + (14) )
7
−2 = 2𝑎 + 4
2𝑎 + 4 = −2
2𝑎 = −6
𝑎 = −3

13a 𝑎 = 60, 𝑑 = −8, 𝑛 = 𝑛

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑛
= (120 + (𝑛 − 1)(−8))
2
𝑛
= (120 − 8𝑛 + 8)
2
𝑛
= (128 − 8𝑛)
2
= 4𝑛(16 − 𝑛)
13b i 0 = 4𝑛(16 − 𝑛)
Either 4𝑛 = 0 and therefore 𝑛 = 0
or 16 − 𝑛 = 0 and 𝑛 = 16
Therefore, 16 terms.
13b ii To make it negative, it would be more than 16 terms.
13c 220 = 4𝑛(16 − 𝑛)

220 = 64𝑛 − 4𝑛2
0 = −4𝑛2 + 64𝑛 − 220
0 = −4(𝑛2 − 16𝑛 + 55)
0 = −4(𝑛 − 11)(𝑛 − 5)
Therefore, either 5 terms or 11 terms.
13d −144 = 4𝑛(16 − 𝑛)

−144 = 64𝑛 − 4𝑛2
0 = −4𝑛2 + 64𝑛 + 144
0 = −4(𝑛2 − 16𝑛 − 36)
0 = −4(𝑛 − 18)(𝑛 + 2)
Therefore, 𝑛 = 18 or 𝑛 = −2, but 𝑛 must be a positive integer

13e 156 < 4𝑛(16 − 𝑛)

0 < −4𝑛2 + 64𝑛 − 156
0 < −4(𝑛2 − 16𝑛 + 39)
0 < −4(𝑛 − 13)(𝑛 − 3)
0 > (𝑛 − 13)(𝑛 − 3)
3 < 𝑛 < 13
Therefore, 𝑛 = 4, 5, 6, … , 12.
13f 4𝑛(16 − 𝑛) > 256

−4𝑛2 + 64𝑛 − 256 > 0
−4(𝑛2 + 16𝑛 − 64) > 0
(𝑛 − 8)2 < 0
𝑆𝑛 > 256 gives (𝑛 − 8)2 < 0, which has no solutions.
Therefore, the sum cannot exceed 256.
14a 𝑎 = 42, 𝑑 = 40 − 42 = −2. Hence:

1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
= 𝑛(2 × 42 + (𝑛 − 1)(−2))
2
1
= 𝑛(84 − 2𝑛 + 2)
2
1
= 𝑛(86 − 2𝑛)
2
= 𝑛(43 − 𝑛)
Put 𝑆𝑛 = 0
𝑛(43 − 𝑛) = 0
𝑛 = 0 or 43
Hence 43 terms.

14b 𝑎 = 60, 𝑑 = 57 − 60 = −3. Hence:

1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
= 𝑛(2 × 60 + (𝑛 − 1)(−3))
2
1
= 𝑛(120 − 3𝑛 + 3)
2
1
= 𝑛(123 − 3𝑛)
2
3
= 𝑛(41 − 𝑛)
2
Put 𝑆𝑛 = 0
3
𝑛(41 − 𝑛) = 0
2
𝑛(41 − 𝑛) = 0
𝑛 = 0 or 41
Hence 41 terms.
14c 𝑎 = 45, 𝑑 = 51 − 45 = 6. Hence:

1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
= 𝑛(2 × 45 + (𝑛 − 1) × 6)
2
1
= 𝑛(90 + 6𝑛 − 6)
2
1
= 𝑛(84 + 6𝑛)
2
= 𝑛(42 + 3𝑛)
= 3𝑛(𝑛 + 14)
Put 𝑆𝑛 = 153
3𝑛(𝑛 + 14) = 153
3𝑛2 + 42𝑛 = 153
3𝑛2 + 42𝑛 − 153 = 0
𝑛2 + 14𝑛 − 51 = 0
(𝑛 + 17)(𝑛 − 3) = 0
𝑛 = −17 or 3
Hence 3 terms.

1 1 1
14d 𝑎 = 2 2, 𝑑 = 3 − 2 2 = 2. Hence:
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1 1 1
= 𝑛 (2 × 2 + (𝑛 − 1) × )
2 2 2
1 1 1
= 𝑛 (5 + 𝑛 − )
2 2 2
1 1 1
= 𝑛 (4 + 𝑛)
2 2 2
1
= 𝑛(9 + 𝑛)
4
1
Put 𝑆𝑛 = 22 2
1 1
𝑛(9 + 𝑛) = 22
4 2
𝑛(9 + 𝑛) = 90
𝑛2 + 9𝑛 − 90 = 0
(𝑛 + 15)(𝑛 − 6) = 0
𝑛 = 6 or −15
Hence 6 terms.
15a Put 𝑆𝑛 = 0
𝑛
(𝑎 + 𝑙) = 0
2
𝑛
(𝑎 + 32) = 0
2
𝑎 = −32
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = −32 + (𝑛 − 1)(4) = 4𝑛 − 36
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑙 = 32
4𝑛 − 36 = 32
4𝑛 = 68
𝑛 = 17
15b Put 𝑆𝑛 = 55
𝑛
(𝑎 + 𝑙) = 55
2
𝑛
(𝑎 − 10) = 55 (1)
2

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)(−3)
Put 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑙 = −10
𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)(−3) = −10
𝑎 − 3𝑛 + 3 = −10
𝑎 − 3𝑛 = −13
𝑎 = 3𝑛 − 13 (2)
Substituting this into (1) gives
𝑛
(3𝑛 − 13 − 10) = 55
2
3𝑛2 − 23𝑛 = 110
3𝑛2 − 26𝑛 − 110 = 0
23 ± √232 − 4(3)(−110)
𝑛=
2(3)
23 ± 43
=
2(3)
10
= 11, −
3
So 𝑛 = 11 as 𝑛 must be a positive integer.
Substituting this into (2) gives 𝑎 = 20.
16a The number of logs in a row is an AP with 𝑎 = 10 and 𝑑 = 1

1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
= 𝑛(20 + (𝑛 − 1) × 1)
2
1
= 𝑛(𝑛 + 19)
2
Put 𝑆𝑛 = 390
1
390 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 19)
2
780 = 𝑛2 + 19𝑛
𝑛2 + 19𝑛 − 780 = 0

(𝑛 − 20)(𝑛 + 39) = 0
𝑛 = 20 is the only positive solution, hence there are 20 rows, the bottom row will
have 𝑇20 = 10 + (20 − 1) × 1 = 29 logs.
16b Distance per second is an AP with 𝑎 = 5 and 𝑑 = 10.

Hence the total distance travelled after 𝑛 seconds is:
1
𝑆𝑛 = 2 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
1
= 𝑛(2 × 5 + (𝑛 − 1) × 10)
2
= 5𝑛2
For a total distance of 245 m, set 𝑆𝑛 = 245, hence:
245 = 5𝑛2
𝑛2 = 49
𝑛 = ±7
As time is positive, it will be 7 seconds until the stone hits the ground.
16c The distance with each trip and back forms an AP with 𝑎 = 20 × 2 = 40 and
𝑙 = 30 × 2 = 60.
Now, 𝑆𝑛 = 550 and hence:
1
550 = 2 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙)
1100 = 𝑛(40 + 60)

𝑛 = 11
So there are 11 trips.
Now considering one way trips:
𝑇11 = 30
30 = 20 + (11 − 1)𝑑
10 = 10𝑑
𝑑=1
So the deposits are 1 km apart.

17a 𝑇4 + 𝑇1 = 16
𝑎 + 3𝑑 + 𝑎 = 16
2𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 16 (1)
𝑇3 + 𝑇8 = 4
𝑎 + 2𝑑 + 𝑎 + 7𝑑 = 4
2𝑎 + 9𝑑 = 4 (2)
6𝑑 = −12 (2) − (1)
𝑑 = −2 (3)
2𝑎 − 6 = 16 (3) in (1)
𝑎 = 11
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
𝑆10 = 5(2 × 11 + 9 × −2)
= 5(22 − 18)
= 20
17b 𝑆10 = 0
1
× 10 × (2𝑎 + (10 − 1)𝑑) = 0
2
5(2𝑎 + 9𝑑) = 0
2𝑎 + 9𝑑 = 0 (1)
𝑇10 = −9
𝑎 + (10 − 1)𝑑 = −9
𝑎 + 9𝑑 = −9 (2)
𝑎=9 (1) − (2)
Substituting 𝑎 = 9 into (2) gives:
9 + 9𝑑 = −9
9𝑑 = −18
𝑑 = −2
𝑇1 = 𝑎 = 9

𝑇2 = 𝑎 + (2 − 1)𝑑 = 9 − 2 = 7
17c 𝑆16 = 96
1
(16)(2𝑎 + (16 − 1)𝑑) = 96
2
8(2𝑎 + 15𝑑) = 96
2𝑎 + 15𝑑 = 12 (1)
𝑇2 + 𝑇4 = 45
𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 45
2𝑎 + 4𝑑 = 45 (2)
11𝑑 = −33 (1) − (2)
𝑑 = −3
Substituting 𝑑 = −3 into (1) gives:
2𝑎 + 15(−3) = 12
2𝑎 = 57
1
𝑎 = 28
2
1 1
𝑇4 = 𝑎 + 3𝑑 = 28 + 3(−3) = 19
2 2
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
𝑆4 = 2 (2 × 28 + 3 × −3)
2
= 2(57 − 9)
= 96
18a This is an AP with 𝑎 = 1, 𝑙 = 24 and 𝑛 = 24. Hence:

24
1 + 2 + ⋯ + 24 = 𝑆24 = (1 + 24) = 300
2

1 𝑛
18b This is an AP with 𝑎 = 𝑛, 𝑙 = 𝑛 and 𝑛 = 𝑛. Hence:
1 2 𝑛 𝑛 1 𝑛 𝑛 1+𝑛 𝑛+1
+ + ⋯ + = 𝑆𝑛 = ( + ) = ( )=
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 2 𝑛 𝑛 2 𝑛 2
1 1 2 1 2 3
18c The sequence is (1) + (2 + 2) + (3 + 3 + 3) + ⋯
Now the number of terms in each set of brackets is 1, 2, 3, …

1 1 2 1 2 3 1 24
Hence, using part a, we see that ( ) + ( + ) + ( + + ) + ⋯ + ( + ⋯+ )
1 2 2 3 3 3 24 24
will have 300 terms. Rearranging this sequence, and using part b we get:
1+1 2+1 3+1 24 + 1
+ + + ⋯+
2 2 2 2
1
= (1 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 3 + 1 + ⋯ + 24 + 1)
2
1
= ((1 + 1 + ⋯ + 1) + (1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 24))
2
1
= (24 + 300)
2
= 162
19a This is an AP with 𝑎 = 1, 𝑙 = 𝑛, 𝑛 = 𝑛 and hence:

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑙)
𝑛
= (1 + 𝑛)
2
1
= 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
2
1
19b i 𝑆𝑛 = 2 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) is divisible by 5 if 𝑛 is divisible by 5 (in which case 𝑛 ends in 0 or
5) or 𝑛 + 1 is divisible by 5 (in which case 𝑛 ends in 4 or 9).
19b ii 𝑆𝑛 is even if 𝑛 is divisible by 4 or 𝑛 + 1 is divisible by 4 (in which case the

remainder is 3 when 𝑛 + 1 is divided by 4).
19c i 29 is prime, so 𝑆𝑛 is divisible by 29 if 𝑛 is divisible by 29 or 𝑛 + 1 is divisible by

1
29. So the smallest value of 𝑛 is 𝑛 = 28. 𝑆28 = 2 × 28 × 29 = 14 × 29

19c ii We want prime factors of 7 and 5 in order to obtain the smallest value of 𝑛. So we
require consecutive integers 𝑛 and 𝑛 + 1 of which one is divisible by 7 and the
other by 5. By trial and error, the smallest value of 𝑛 that fulfils this requirement
is 𝑛 = 14.
1
𝑆14 = × 14 × 15 = 7 × 15 = 7 × 5 × 3
2
19c iii We want prime factors of 2 and 13 in order to obtain the smallest value of 𝑛. So
we require consecutive integers 𝑛 and 𝑛 + 1 of which one is divisible by 2 and
the other by 13. By trial and error, the smallest value of 𝑛 that fulfils this
requirement is 𝑛 = 12.
1
𝑆12 = × 12 × 13 = 6 × 13 = 3 × 2 × 13
2
19c iv We want prime factors of 2 and 19 in order to obtain the smallest value of 𝑛. So
we require consecutive integers 𝑛 and 𝑛 + 1 of which one is divisible by 2 and
the other by 19. By trial and error, the smallest value of 𝑛 that fulfils this
requirement is 𝑛 = 19.
1
𝑆19 = × 19 × 20 = 19 × 10 = 19 × 2 × 10
2
19c v We want two distinct prime numbers (eg 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,…) in order to obtain the
smallest value of 𝑛. So we require consecutive integers 𝑛 and 𝑛 + 1 of which one
is divisible by a prime number and the other by a different prime number. By
trial and error, the smallest value of 𝑛 that fulfils this requirement is 𝑛 = 3 where
𝑆𝑛 is divisible by the two distinct primes 2 and 3.
1
𝑆3 = ×3×4 =3×2
2
19c vi We want three distinct prime numbers in order to obtain the smallest value of 𝑛.
So we require consecutive integers 𝑛 and 𝑛 + 1 of which one is divisible by one
or more distinct prime numbers and the other by one or more different prime
numbers. By trial and error, the smallest value of 𝑛 that fulfils this requirement is
𝑛 = 11 where 𝑆𝑛 is divisible by the three distinct primes 2, 3 and 11.
1
𝑆11 = × 11 × 12 = 11 × 6 = 11 × 2 × 3
2

19c vii We want four distinct prime numbers in order to obtain the smallest value of 𝑛.
So we require consecutive integers 𝑛 and 𝑛 + 1 of which one is divisible by one
or more distinct prime numbers and the other by one or more different prime
numbers. By trial and error, the smallest value of 𝑛 that fulfils this requirement is
𝑛 = 20 where 𝑆𝑛 is divisible by the three distinct primes 2, 3, 5 and 7.
1
𝑆20 = × 20 × 21 = 10 × 21 = 2 × 5 × 3 × 7
2

Solutions to Exercise 1G
1 3𝑆6 = (2 × 3) + (6 × 3) + (18 × 3) + (54 × 3) + (162 × 3) + (486 × 3)
= 6 + 18 + 54 + 162 + 486 + 1458
𝑆6 = 2 + 6 + 18 + 54 + 162 + 486
3𝑆6 − 𝑆6 = (6 − 2) + (18 − 6) + (54 − 18) + (162 − 54) + (486 − 163)
+ (1458 − 486)
2𝑆6 = 1456
𝑆6 = 728
2 If one speaker was going to St Ives, the rest are going the other way:
Number going other way = 70 + 71 + 72 + 73 + 74
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 7
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1 × (75 − 1)
𝑆5 =
7−1
= 2801
3a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 3
𝑎(𝑟 7 − 1)
𝑆7 =
𝑟−1
1 × (37 − 1)
𝑆7 =
3−1
= 1093
3b GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = −3
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 7 )
𝑆7 =
1−𝑟
1 × (1 − (−3)7 )
𝑆7 =
1 − (−3)
= 547

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1 × (210 − 1)
𝑆10 =
2−1
= 1023
1(2𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
2−1
= 2𝑛 − 1
4b GP with 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑟 = 3
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
2 × (35 − 1)
𝑆5 =
3−1
= 242
2(3𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
3−1
= 3𝑛 − 1
4c GP with 𝑎 = −1 and 𝑟 = 10
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
−1 × (105 − 1)
𝑆5 =
10 − 1
= −11 111
−1(10𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
10 − 1
1
=− 9 (10𝑛 − 1)

4d GP with 𝑎 = −1 and 𝑟 = 5
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
−1 × (55 − 1)
𝑆5 =
5−1
= −781
−1(5𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
5−1
1
= − 4 (5𝑛 − 1)
4e GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = −2
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
1 × (1 − (−2)10 )
𝑆10 =
1 − (−2)
= −341
1(1 − (−2𝑛 ))
𝑆𝑛 =
1 − (−2)
1
= 3 (1 − (−2)𝑛 )
4f GP with 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑟 = −3
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
2 × (1 − (−3)5 )
𝑆5 =
1 − (−3)
= 122
2(1 − (−3𝑛 ))
𝑆𝑛 =
1 − (−3)
1
= 2 (1 − (−3)𝑛 )

4g GP with 𝑎 = −1 and 𝑟 = −10

𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
−1 × (1 − (−10)5 )
𝑆5 =
1 − (−10)
= −9091
−1(1 − (−10)𝑛 ))
𝑆𝑛 =
1 − (−10)
1
= − 11 (1 − (−10)𝑛 )
4h GP with 𝑎 = −1 and 𝑟 = −5
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
−1 × (1 − (−5)5 )
𝑆5 =
1 − (−5)
= −521
−1(1 − (−5)𝑛 ))
𝑆𝑛 =
1 − (−5)
1
= − 6 (1 − (−5)𝑛 )
1
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1 10
8 × ((2) − 1)
𝑆10 =
1
2−1
1
8 × (1024 − 1)
=
1
−2
1
= −16 ( − 1)
1024

1023
= 16 ( )
1024
1023
=
64
1 𝑛
8 ((2) − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
1
2−1
1 𝑛
= −16 (( ) − 1)
2
1 𝑛
= 16 (1 − ( ) )
2
1
5b GP with 𝑎 = 9 and 𝑟 = 3
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1 6
9 × (( ) − 1)
3
𝑆6 =
1
3−1
1
9 × (729 − 1)
=
2
−3
27 1
=− ( − 1)
2 729
27 −728
=− ( )
2 729
364
=
27
1 𝑛
9 ((3) − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
1
3−1
27 1 𝑛
= − (( ) − 1)
2 3

27 1 𝑛
= (1 − ( ) )
2 3
1
5c GP with 𝑎 = 45 and 𝑟 = 3
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1 5
45 × ((3) − 1)
𝑆5 =
1
3−1
1
45 × (243 − 1)
=
2
−3
135 1
=− ( − 1)
2 243
135 −242
=− ( )
2 243
605
=
9
1 𝑛
45 ((3) − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
1
3−1
135 1 𝑛
= − (( ) − 1)
2 3
135 1 𝑛
= (1 − ( ) )
2 3
2 3
5d GP with 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑟 = 2
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
2 3 5
× ((
3 2) − 1)
𝑆5 =
3
2−1

2 243
× ( 32 − 1)
= 3
1
2
4 1
= ( − 1)
3 1024
4 211
= ( )
3 32
211
=
24
2 3 𝑛
× ((
3 2) − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
3
2−1
4 3 𝑛
= (( ) − 1)
3 2
1
5e GP with 𝑎 = 8 and 𝑟 = − 2
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
1 10
8 × (1 − (− 2) )
𝑆10 =
1
1 − (− 2)
1
8 × (1 − 1024)
=
3
2
16 1023
= ( )
3 1024
341
=
64
1 𝑛
8 × (1 − (− 2) )
𝑆𝑛 =
1
1 − (− 2)
16 1 𝑛
= (1 − (− ) )
3 2

1
5f GP with 𝑎 = 9 and 𝑟 = − 3
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
1 6
9 × (1 − (− 3) )
𝑆6 =
1
1 − (− 3)
1
9 × (1 − 729)
=
4
3
27 728
= ( )
4 729
182
=
27
1 𝑛
9 × (1 − (− 3) )
𝑆𝑛 =
1
1 − (− 3)
27 1 𝑛
= (1 − (− ) )
4 3
1
5g GP with 𝑎 = −45 and 𝑟 = − 3
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
1 5
−45 × (1 − (− 3) )
𝑆5 =
1
1 − (− 3)
1
−45 × (1 − 243)
=
4
3
135 242
=− ( )
4 243
305
=−
9

1 𝑛
−45 × (1 − (− 3) )
𝑆𝑛 =
1
1 − (− 3)
1
−45 × (1 − (− 3)𝑛 )
=
4
3
135 1 𝑛
=− (1 − (− ) )
4 3
2 3
5h GP with 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑟 = − 2
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
2 3 5
× (1 − (−
3 2) )
𝑆5 =
3
1 − (− 2)
2 243
× (1 + 32 )
= 3
5
2
4 275
= ( )
15 32
55
=
24
2 3 𝑛
× (1 − (−
3 2) )
𝑆𝑛 =
3
1 − (− 2)
2 3 𝑛
× (1 − (−
3 2) )
=
5
2
4 3 𝑛
= (1 − (− ) )
15 2

6a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 1.2

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1(1.2𝑛 − 1)
=
1.2 − 1
1.2𝑛 − 1
=
0.2
= 5(1.2𝑛 − 1)
𝑆10 = 5(1.210 − 1) ≑ 25.96
6b GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 0.95

𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
1(1 − 0.95𝑛 )
=
1 − 0.95
1 − 0.95𝑛
=
0.05
= 20(1 − 0.95𝑛 )
𝑆10 = 20(1 − 0.95𝑛 ) ≑ 8.025
6c GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 1.01

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1(1.01𝑛 − 1)
=
1.01 − 1
1.01𝑛 − 1
=
0.01
= 100(1.01𝑛 − 1)
𝑆10 = 100(1.0110 − 1) ≑ 10.46

6d GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 0.99

𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
1(1 − 0.99𝑛 )
=
1 − 0.99
1 − 0.99𝑛
=
0.01
= 100(1 − 0.99𝑛 )
𝑆10 = 100(1 − 0.9910 ) ≑ 9.562
7a i Number of grains in last square = 263
7a ii GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 2
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1 × (264 − 1)
𝑆64 =
2−1
𝑆64 = 264 − 1
Number of grains in whole chessboard = 264 − 1
7b 1 L = 1−12 km3 = 3 × 104 grains

Volume of wheat
264 −1
= 3×104 litres
= 6.148 × 1014 litres

= 1−12 × 6. 148 × 1014 km3
= 615 km3

8a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = √2
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1 × ((√2)𝑛 − 1)
=
√2 − 1
((√2)𝑛 − 1) √2 + 1
= ×
√2 − 1 √2 + 1
𝑛
((√2) − 1) (√2 + 1)
=
2−1
𝑛
= ((√2) − 1) (√2 + 1)
10
𝑆10 = ((√2) − 1) (√2 + 1)
= (32 − 1)(√2 + 1)
= 31(√2 + 1)
8b GP with 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑟 = −√5

𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
2 × (1 − (−√5)𝑛 )
=
1 − (−√5)
2(1 − (−√5)𝑛 ) 1 − √5
= ×
1 + √5 1 − √5
𝑛
2 (1 − (−√5) ) (1 − √5)
=
1−5
1 𝑛
= − (1 − (−√5) ) (1 − √5)
2
1 𝑛
= (1 − (−√5) ) (√5 − 1)
2
1 10
𝑆10 = (1 − (−√5) ) (√5 − 1)
2
= −1562(√5 − 1)

9a 𝑇1 = 3 × 21 = 6
𝑇2 = 3 × 22 = 12
𝑇3 = 3 × 23 = 24
GP with 𝑎 = 6 and 𝑟 = 2
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
6 × (27 − 1)
𝑆7 =
2−1
= 6 × 127
= 762
9b 𝑇1 = 32 = 9
𝑇2 = 33 = 27
𝑇3 = 34 = 81
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
9 × (36 − 1)
𝑆6 =
3−1
9
= 2 × 728
= 3276
9c 𝑇1 = 3 × 22 = 12
𝑇2 = 3 × 21 = 6
𝑇3 = 3 × 20 = 3
1
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟

1 8
12 × (1 − (2) )
𝑆8 =
1
1−2
1 8
= 2 × 12 × (1 − ( ) )
2
255
= 24 ( )
256
6120
=
256
765
=
32
1
10a 𝑇1 = 𝑎 = 8
𝑇5 = 𝑎𝑟 4 = 162
1 4
𝑟 = 162
8
𝑟 4 = 1296
𝑟 = ±6
1 3 9
When 𝑟 = 6, first five terms are: 8 , 4 , 2 , 27, 162
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1 5
(6 − 1)
𝑆6 = 8
6−1
1
= (7776 − 1)
40
3
= 194 8
1 3 9
When 𝑟 = −6, first five terms are: 8 , − 4 , 2 , −27, 162
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1
8 ((−6)5 − 1)
𝑆6 =
(−6) − 1

1
=− (−7776 − 1)
56
7
= 138 8
3
10b 𝑇1 = 𝑎 = − 4
𝑇4 = 𝑎𝑟 3 = 6
3
− 𝑟3 = 6
4
𝑟 3 = −8
𝑟 = −2
3
− 4 ((−2)𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
−2 − 1
3
− 4 ((−2)6 − 1)
𝑆6 =
−2 − 1
3
− 4 ((−2)6 − 1)
=
−2 − 1
63
=
4
3
= 15
4
10c 𝑇2 = 𝑎𝑟 = 0.08, 𝑇3 = 𝑎𝑟 2 = 0.4

0.08𝑟 = 0.4
𝑟=5
𝑎𝑟 = 0.08
5𝑎 = 0.08
𝑎 = 0.016
0.016(5𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
5−1
0.016(58 − 1)
𝑆8 =
4
= 1562.496

10d 𝑟=2
𝑆8 = 1785
𝑎(28 − 1)
1785 =
2−1
1785 = 255𝑎
𝑎=7
1
10e 𝑟 = − 2, 𝑆8 = 425
1 8
𝑎 (1 − (− 2) )
425 =
1
1 − (− 2)
85
425 = 𝑎
128
𝑎 = 640
1 9
11a i Amount = 6 × (2) ≑ 0.011 72 tonnes
1
11a ii GP with 𝑎 = 6 and 𝑟 = 2
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1 9
6 × ((2) − 1)
𝑆9 =
1
−1
2
1 9
6 ((2) − 1)
=
1
−2
1
= −12 ( − 1)
512
6132
=
512
≑ 11.98 tonnes

1 12
11b Amount = 20 × (2) = 4.9 × 10−3 g
11c i GP with 𝑎 = 𝑃 and 𝑟 = 1.1

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
𝑃 × (1.110 − 1)
𝑆10 =
1.1 − 1
𝑃 × (1.110 − 1)
=
0.1
= 10𝑃(1.110 − 1)
11c ii 𝑆10 = 10𝑃(1.110 − 1)

900 = 10𝑃(1.110 − 1)
90 = 𝑃(1.110 − 1)
𝑃 = $56.47
12a For the Abletown Show: GP with 𝑎 = 5000, 𝑟 = 1.05, hence:

5000((1.05)6 − 1)
𝑆6 =
1.05 − 1
5000((1.05)6 − 1)
=
0.05
= 100 000((1.05)6 − 1)
= 34 010
For the Bush Creek Show: GP with 𝑎 = 5000, 𝑟 = 0.95, hence:
5000((0.95)6 − 1)
𝑆6 =
0.95 − 1
5000((0.95)6 − 1)
=
−0.05
= −100 000((0.95)6 − 1)
= 26 491

12b For the Abletown Show, 𝑇𝑛 = 5000 × (1.05)𝑛−1

For the Bush Creek Show, 𝑇𝑛 = 5000 × (0.95)𝑛−1
Put 5000 × (1.05)𝑛−1 > 10 × 5000 × (0.95)𝑛−1
(1.05)𝑛−1 > 10 × (0.95)𝑛−1
(1.05)𝑛−1
> 10
(0.95)𝑛−1
1.05 𝑛−1
( ) > 10
0.95
1.05 𝑛−1
ln ( ) > ln 10
0.95
1.05
(𝑛 − 1)ln ( ) > ln 10
0.95
ln 10
𝑛−1>
1.05
ln
0.95
ln 10
𝑛> +1
1.05
ln
0.95
𝑛 > 24.0066 …
The number attending the Abletown Show first exceeds ten times the number
attending the Bush Creek show in the 25th year.
12c For the Abletown Show: GP with 𝑎 = 5000, 𝑟 = 1.05, hence:

5000((1.05)25 − 1)
𝑆25 =
1.05 − 1
5000((1.05)25 − 1)
=
0.05
= 100 000((1.05)25 − 1)
= 238 635

For the Bush Creek Show: GP with 𝑎 = 5000, 𝑟 = 0.95, hence:

5000((0.95)25 − 1)
𝑆25 =
0.95 − 1
5000((0.95)25 − 1)
=
−0.05
= −100 000((0.95)25 − 1)
= 72 261
238 635
Thus, the ratio is ≑ 3.30.
72 261
14
13a This is a GP with 𝑎 = 7, 𝑟 = = 2, hence:
2
7(2𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 = = 7(2𝑛 − 1)
2−1
13b Put 𝑆𝑛 = 1785

7(2𝑛 − 1) = 1785
2𝑛 − 1 = 255
2𝑛 = 256
2𝑛 = 28
𝑛=8
13c 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 7 × 2𝑛−1

Put 𝑇𝑛 < 70 000
7 × 2𝑛−1 < 70 000
2𝑛−1 < 10 000
(𝑛 − 1) ln 2 < ln 10 000
ln 10 000
𝑛−1<
ln 2
𝑛 < 14.28 …
Hence there are 14 terms less than 70 000.

13d Put 𝑆𝑛 > 70 000

7(2𝑛 − 1) > 70 000
2𝑛 − 1 > 10 000
2𝑛 > 10 001
By trial and error the lowest integer solution is 14, hence, the first 𝑆𝑛 greater
than 70 000 is 𝑆14 = 114 681.
Alternatively:
𝑛 ln 2 > ln 10 001
ln 10 001
𝑛>
ln 2
𝑛 > 13.28 …
13e Need to prove that: 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑇𝑛+1 − 7

𝑆𝑛 = 7(2𝑛 − 1)
𝑇𝑛+1 − 7 = 7 × 2𝑛+1−1 − 7 = 7 × 2𝑛 − 7 = 7(2𝑛 − 1) = 𝑆𝑛
as required
14a For the GP of powers of 3, 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑟 = 3.

𝑇1 = 3 is the first term greater than 2.
For the last term less than 1020 :
𝑇𝑛 < 1020
3 × 3𝑛−1 < 1020
3𝑛 < 1020
𝑛 < log 3 1020
𝑛 < 41.91 …
Hence there are 41 powers of 3.

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1)
14b 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑟−1
3(3𝑛 − 1)
=
3−1
3 𝑛
= (3 − 1)
2
Hence the smallest value of 𝑛 for which 𝑆𝑛 > 1020 is:
3 𝑛
(3 − 1) > 1020
2
2
3𝑛 − 1 > × 1020
3
2
3𝑛 > × 1020 + 1
3
2
𝑛 > log 3 ( × 1020 + 1)
3
𝑛 > 41.5 …
Hence the smallest value for which 𝑆𝑛 > 1020 is 42.
15a This is a GP with 𝑎 = 5, 𝑟 = 2.

5(2𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
2−1
5(2𝑛 − 1)
315 =
2−1
2𝑛 − 1 = 63
2𝑛 = 64
2𝑛 = 26
𝑛=6
15b This is a GP with 𝑎 = 5, 𝑟 = −2.

5((−2)𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
(−2) − 1
5((−2)𝑛 − 1)
−425 =
−3
(−2)𝑛 − 1 = 255
(−2)𝑛 = 256
(−2)𝑛 = (−2)8
𝑛=8
1
15c This is a GP with 𝑎 = 18, 𝑟 = 3.
1 𝑛
18 (1 − (3) )
𝑆𝑛 =
1
1−3
1 𝑛
8 18 (1 − (3) )
26 =
9 1
1−
3
1 𝑛 242
1−( ) =
3 243
1 𝑛 1
( ) =
3 243
1 𝑛 1 5
( ) =( )
3 3
𝑛=5
1
15d This is a GP with 𝑎 = 48, 𝑟 = − 2.
1 𝑛
48 (1 − (− 2) )
𝑆𝑛 =
1
1 − (− 2)
1 𝑛
1 48 (1 − (− 2) )
32 =
4 3
2
1 𝑛 129
1 − (− ) =
2 128
1 𝑛 1
(− ) = −
2 128
𝑛=7

16a The terms in the numerator form an AP with 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑑 = 2.

The sum of these terms is given by:
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
= 𝑛(4 + (𝑛 − 1) × 2)
2
1
= 𝑛(2𝑛 + 2)
2
= 𝑛2 + 𝑛
The terms in the denominator form an AP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑑 = 2.
1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
= 𝑛(2 + (𝑛 − 1) × 2)
2
1
= 𝑛(2𝑛)
2
= 𝑛2
Thus the 𝑛th term of the sequence is:
𝑛2 + 𝑛 𝑛 + 1
𝑇𝑛 = =
𝑛 𝑛
16b The terms in the numerator form an GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 2.

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1(2𝑛 − 1)
=
2−1
= 2𝑛 − 1
The terms in the denominator form an GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑑 = 4.

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1(4𝑛 − 1)
=
3−1
4𝑛 − 1
=
3
Thus the 𝑛th term of the sequence is:
2𝑛 − 1
𝑇𝑛 =
4𝑛 − 1
3
3(2𝑛 − 1)
=
(22 )𝑛 − 1
3(2𝑛 − 1)
=
(2𝑛 )2 − 1
3(2𝑛 − 1)
= 𝑛
(2 − 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
3
=
2𝑛 +1
17a 𝑆2𝑛 : 𝑆𝑛
𝑎(𝑟 2𝑛 − 1) 𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
:
𝑟−1 𝑟−1
(𝑟 2𝑛 − 1): (𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)(𝑟 𝑛 + 1): (𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
(𝑟 𝑛 + 1): 1
𝑆12 : 𝑆6 = 65: 1
(𝑟 6 + 1): 1 = 65: 1
Hence:
𝑟 6 + 1 = 65
𝑟 6 = 64
𝑟 = ±2

17b ∑𝑛: 𝑆𝑛
𝑎((𝑟 2 )𝑛 − 1) 𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
:
𝑟2 − 1 𝑟−1
𝑟 2𝑛 − 1 𝑟 𝑛 − 1
:
𝑟2 − 1 𝑟 − 1
(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)(𝑟 𝑛 + 1) 𝑟 𝑛 − 1
:
(𝑟 − 1)(𝑟 + 1) 𝑟−1
𝑟𝑛 + 1
:1
𝑟+1
(𝑟 𝑛 + 1): (𝑟 + 1)
17c 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑇𝑛+1 + 𝑇𝑛+2 + ⋯ + 𝑇2𝑛 = 𝑆2𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛

𝑅𝑛 : 𝑆𝑛
(𝑆2𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛 ): 𝑆𝑛
𝑎(𝑟 2𝑛 − 1) 𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
( − ):
𝑟−1 𝑟−1 𝑟−1
((𝑟 2𝑛 − 1) − (𝑟 𝑛 − 1)): (𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
(𝑟 2𝑛 − 𝑟 𝑛 ): (𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑟 𝑛 (𝑟 𝑛 − 1): (𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑟𝑛: 1
𝑅8 : 𝑆8 = 1: 81
𝑟 8 : 1 = 1: 81
1
𝑟 8: 1 = :1
81
1
𝑟8 =
81
1
𝑟=±
√3
1 1
𝑟 = 3−2 or −3−2

18 𝑆10 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + ⋯ + 𝑇10 = 2
Hence:
𝑎(𝑟 10 −1)
=2 (1)
𝑟−1
𝑆30 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + ⋯ + 𝑇10 + 𝑇11 + ⋯ + 𝑇30 = 2 + 12 = 14

Hence:
𝑎(𝑟 30 −1)
= 14 (2)
𝑟−1
𝑟 30 −1
=7 (2) ÷ (1)
𝑟 10 −1
(𝑟 10 )3 − 1
=7
𝑟 10 − 1
(𝑟 10 − 1)((𝑟 10 )2 + 𝑟 10 + 1)
=7
𝑟 10 − 1
(𝑟 10 )2 + 𝑟 10 + 1 = 7
(𝑟 10 )2 + 𝑟 10 − 6 = 0
(𝑟 10 + 3)(𝑟10 − 2) = 0
𝑟 10 = 2 (note that 𝑟 10 > 0 and hence 𝑟 10 = −3 is not a solution)
Substituting this into (1) gives:
𝑎(2 − 1)
=2
𝑟−1
𝑎
=2
𝑟−1
Thus we conclude that:
𝑇31 + 𝑇32 + ⋯ + 𝑇60
= 𝑆60 − 𝑆30
𝑎(𝑟 60 − 1)
= − 14
𝑟−1
𝑎
= × (𝑟 60 − 1) − 14
𝑟−1
𝑎
= 2 × ((𝑟 10)6 − 1) − 14 (as 𝑟−1 = 2)
= 2(26 − 1) − 14 (as 𝑟 10 = 2)
= 112

19 Since 𝑙 = 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 we have that 𝑙𝑟 = 𝑇𝑛 𝑟 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛 hence:

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
𝑎𝑟 𝑛 − 𝑎
=
𝑟−1
𝑙𝑟 − 𝑎
=
𝑟−1
𝑎−𝑟𝑙
= as required
1−𝑟
19a i This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = 2, 𝑙 = 1 048 576. Hence:

𝑙𝑟 − 𝑎 1 048 576 × 2 − 1
𝑆𝑛 = = = 2 097 151
𝑟−1 2−1
1 1
19a ii This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = 3, 𝑙 = 2187. Hence:
1 1
𝑎 − 𝑟𝑙 1 − 2187 × 3 6560
𝑆𝑛 = = =
1−𝑟 1 4374
1−3
19b Put 𝑆𝑛 = 85
𝑙𝑟 − 𝑎
= 85
𝑟−1
64𝑟 − 1
= 85
𝑟−1
64𝑟 − 1 = 85𝑟 − 85
21𝑟 = 84
𝑟=4
Put 𝑆𝑛 = 85
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
= 85
𝑟−1
1(4𝑛 − 1)
= 85
4−1

1(4𝑛 − 1)
= 85
3
4𝑛 − 1 = 255
4𝑛 = 256
𝑛=4
19c Put 𝑆𝑛 = −910

𝑙𝑟 − 𝑎
= −910
𝑟−1
𝑙(−3) − 5
= −910
(−3) − 1
𝑙(−3) − 5 = −910 × −4
−3𝑙 − 5 = 3640
−3𝑙 = 3645
𝑙 = −1215
Put 𝑆𝑛 = −910
5((−3)𝑛 − 1)
= −910
−3 − 1
5(−3)𝑛 − 5 = 3640
5(−3)𝑛 = 3645
(−3)𝑛 = 729
(−3)𝑛 = (−3)6
𝑛=6
20a For the first GP, 𝑇𝑛 = 2 × 3𝑛 = (2 × 3) × 3𝑛−1 so 𝑎 = 2 × 3 = 6 and 𝑟 = 3.

For the second GP, 𝑇𝑛 = 3 × 2𝑛 = (3 × 2) × 2𝑛−1 so 𝑎 = 3 × 2 = 6 and 𝑟 = 2.
Thus, the sum is given by:
6(3𝑛 − 1) 6(2𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 = +
3−1 2−1

6(3𝑛 − 1) 6(2𝑛 − 1)
= +
2 1
= 3 × 3𝑛 − 3 + 6 × 2𝑛 − 6
= 3 × 3𝑛 + 6 × 2𝑛 − 9
20b The term consists of an AP with 𝑎 = 5, 𝑑 = 2 and a GP with 𝑎 = 2, 𝑟 = 2. Hence

the sum is:
1 2(2𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2 × 5 + (𝑛 − 1) × 2) +
2 2−1
1
= 𝑛(2𝑛 + 8) + 2(2𝑛 − 1)
2
= 𝑛2 + 4𝑛 + 2 × 2𝑛 − 2
= 2 × 2𝑛 + 𝑛2 + 4𝑛 − 2
20c Put 𝑇1 = 10
𝑎 + 𝑑 + 𝑏 × 2 = 10
𝑎 + 𝑑 + 2𝑏 = 10 (1)
Put 𝑇2 = 19
𝑎 + 2𝑑 + 𝑏 × 22 = 19
𝑎 + 2𝑑 + 4𝑏 = 19 (2)
Put 𝑇3 = 34
𝑎 + 3𝑑 + 𝑏 × 23 = 34
𝑎 + 3𝑑 + 8𝑏 = 34 (3)
Hence:
𝑑 + 2𝑏 = 9 (2) − (1) = (4)
𝑑 + 4𝑏 = 15 (3) − (2) = (5)
Subtracting (4) from (5) gives:
2𝑏 = 6
𝑏=3
Substituting 𝑏 = 3 into (4) gives 𝑑 = 3.
Substituting 𝑏 = 3, 𝑑 = 3 into (1) gives 𝑎 = 1.
Hence, 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 3 and 𝑑 = 3.

Hence 𝑇𝑛 is formed by the sum of the terms of an AP with 𝑎 = 1 + 3 = 4, 𝑑 = 3

and a GP with 𝑎 = 3 × 2 = 6, 𝑟 = 2. Thus the total sum is:
1 6(2𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(2 × 4 + (𝑛 − 1) × 3) +
2 2−1
1
= 𝑛(3𝑛 + 5) + 6(2𝑛 − 1)
2
3 5
= 𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 6 × 2𝑛 − 6
2 2
3 5
= 𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 6 + 6 × 2𝑛
2 2

Solutions to Exercise 1H
1a
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 18 6 2 2 2 2
3 9 27
𝑆𝑛 18 24 26 2 8 26
26 26 26
3 9 27
𝑎 18 18 3
1b 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1 = 2 = 2 (18) = 27
1− ( )
3 3
26 1
1c 𝑆∞ − 𝑆6 = 27 − 26 27 = 27
2a
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 24 −12 6 −3 1 3
1 −
2 4
𝑆𝑛 24 12 18 15 1 3
16 15
2 4
𝑎 24 24 2
2b 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1 = 3 = 3 (24) = 16
1−(− )
2 2
3 1
2c 𝑆∞ − 𝑆6 = 16 − 15 =
4 4

1
3a 𝑎 = 8, 𝑟 = 2, hence:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
8
=
1
1−2
8
=
1
2
= 16
1
3b 𝑎 = −4, 𝑟 = 2, hence:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
−4
=
1
1−2
−4
=
1
2
= −8
1
3c 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = − 3, hence:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
1
=
1
1 − (− 3)
1
=
4
3
3
=
4

1
3d 𝑎 = 36, 𝑟 = − 3, hence:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
36
=
1
1 − (− 3)
36
=
4
3
= 27
1
3e 𝑎 = 60, 𝑟 = − 2, hence:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1
1 − (− 2)
60
=
3
2
2
= 60 ×
3
= 40
−12 1
3f 𝑎 = 60, 𝑟 = = − 5, hence:
60
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
60
=
1
1 − (− )
5
60
=
6
5
5
= 60 ×
6
= 50

1
(− ) 1
2
4a 𝑟= = − 2, hence there is a limiting sum as |𝑟| < 1. Now 𝑎 = 1 so:
1
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
1
=
1
1 − (− 2)
1
=
3
2
2
=
3
6
4b 𝑟 = − 4 = −1.5, hence there is no limiting sum as |𝑟| > 1.
4 1
4c 𝑟 = 12 = 3, hence there is a limiting sum as |𝑟| < 1. Now 𝑎 = 12 so:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
12
=
1
1−3
12
=
2
3
3
= 12 ×
2
= 18

100 1
4d 𝑟 = 1000 = 10, hence there is a limiting sum as |𝑟| < 1. Now 𝑎 = 1000 so:
1000
𝑆∞ =
1
1 − 10
1000
=
9
10
10 000
=
9
1
= 1111
9
2
5 1
4e 𝑟= = − 5, hence there is a limiting sum as |𝑟| < 1. Now 𝑎 = −2 so:
−2
−2
𝑆∞ =
1
1 − (− )
5
−2
=
6
5
−10
=
6
5
=−
3
−1
4f 𝑟= = −1, hence there is no limiting sum as |𝑟| > 1.
1
5a The ball must travel 8 metres downwards to the ground, then it bounces back up
1
to half the height which is 8 × 2 = 4 m. This means a total of 8 + 4 = 12 m is
travelled down-and-up.
Successive down-and-up distances are formed by taking the previous down-and-
up distance and then halving the distance to go down and halving the distance to
go back up. This means that each successive down and up sequence is half that of
1
the previous. Hence it forms a GP with 𝑟 = 2.

5b The distance travelled in each up-and-down sequence is given by a GP with

1
𝑎 = 12 and 𝑟 = 2. Thus the total distance travelled is given by:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
12
=
1
1−2
12
=
1
2
= 24
Ball ‘eventually’ travelled 24 metres.
6a
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 10 10 10 10 10 10
𝑆𝑛 10 20 30 40 50 60
𝑆𝑛 → ∞ as 𝑛 → ∞
6b
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 10 −10 10 −10 10 −10
𝑆𝑛 10 0 10 0 10 0
𝑆𝑛 oscillates between 0 and 10 as 𝑛 → ∞
6c
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 10 20 40 80 160 320
𝑆𝑛 10 30 70 150 310 630
𝑆𝑛 → ∞ as 𝑛 → ∞

6d
𝑛 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑇𝑛 10 −20 40 −80 160 −320
𝑆𝑛 10 −10 30 −50 110 −210
𝑆𝑛 oscillates between larger and larger positive and negative numbers as 𝑛 → ∞
40 1
7a For the series 𝑎 = 80 and 𝑟 = =
80 2
1 4
𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 ) 80(1−( ) )
2
Thus 𝑆4 = = 1 = 150
1−𝑟 1−
2
𝑎 80 80
and 𝑆∞ = = 1 = 1 = 160
1−𝑟 1−
2 2
So 𝑆∞ − 𝑆4 = 160 − 150 = 10
10 1
7b For the series 𝑎 = 100 and 𝑟 = 100 = 10.
1 4
𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 ) 100(1−( ) ) 1
10
Thus 𝑆4 = = 1 = 111 10
1−𝑟 1−
10
𝑎 100 100 1000 1

and 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1 = 9 = = 111 9
1− ( ) 9
10 10
1 1 1
So 𝑆∞ − 𝑆4 = 111 9 − 111 10 = 90
−80 4
7c For the series 𝑎 = 100 and 𝑟 = = − 5.
100
4 4
𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 ) 100(1−(− ) ) 164
5
Thus 𝑆4 = = 4 =
1−𝑟 1−(− ) 5
5
𝑎 100 100 500

and 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 4 = 9 =
1−(− ) ( ) 9
5 5
500 164 34
So 𝑆∞ − 𝑆4 = − = 22 45
9 5

8a The numbers installing reflective house numbers in each subsequent month is

20% of that in the previous month. This is equivalent to multiplying the number
in the previous month by 20% = 0.2. Hence, this gives us a GP as all terms have a
common ratio of 0.2.
8b This is a GP with 𝑎 = 10 000 × 0.2 = 2000 and 𝑟 = 0.2

𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
2000
=
1 − 0.2
= 2500
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1)
8c 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑟−1
2000(0.24 − 1)
𝑆4 =
0.3 − 1
= 2496
𝑆∞ − 𝑆4 = 2500 − 2496 = 4
9a This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1000 and 𝑟 = 0.9.

𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
1000
=
1 − 0.9
1000
=
0.1
= 10 000
Thus the advertisements will eventually bring in 10 000 sales.
𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 ) 1000(1−0.910 )
9b The first 10 advertisements 𝑆10 = = = 6513.2…
1−𝑟 1−0.9
Thus 𝑆∞ − 𝑆10 = 10 000 − 6513.2 … ≑ 3487

10a This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 1.01.

As |𝑟| = 1.01 > 1, no limiting sum exists.
10b This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 1.01−1 .

As |𝑟| = 1.01−1 < 1, there is a limiting sum which is:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
1
=
1 − 1.01−1
1
=
1
1 − 1.01
1
=
1.01 1
−
1.01 1.01
1
=
0.01
(1.01)
1.01
=
0.01
= 101
4√5 1
10c This is a GP with 𝑎 = 16√5 and 𝑟 = 16√5 = 4.
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
16√5
=
1
1−4
16√5
=
3
4
4
= (16√5)
3
64√5
=
3

√7
10d This is a GP with 𝑎 = 7 and 𝑟 = .
7
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
7
=
√7
1− 7
7
=
7 − √7
7
49
=
7 − √7
49 7 + √7
= ×
7 − √7 7 + √7
49(7 + √7)
=
49 − 7
49(7 + √7)
=
42
7(7 + √7)
=
6
2√2 √2
10e This is a GP with 𝑎 = 4 and 𝑟 = − =− .
4 2
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
4
=
√2
1 − (− 2 )
4
=
√2
1+ 2
8
=
2 + √2
8 2 − √2
= ×
2 + √2 2 − √2
8(2 − √2)
=
4−2
8(2 − √2)
=
2
= 4(2 − √2)

2√5 2
10f This is a GP with 𝑎 = 5 and 𝑟 = − =− .
5 √5
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
5
=
2
1 − (− )
√5
5
=
2
1+
√5
5√5
=
√5 + 2
5√5 √5 − 2
= ×
√5 + 2 √5 − 2
5√5(√5 − 2)
=
5−4
= 5√5(√5 − 2)
= 25 − 10√5
= 5(5 − 2√5)
3√10 √10 √10

10g This is a GP with 𝑎 = 9 and 𝑟 = = . But 𝑟 = > 1 and hence there is no
9 3 3
limiting sum.
10h This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 1 − √3.

𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
1
=
1 − (1 − √3)
1
=
√3
√3
=
3

11a
∞
1 𝑛 1 1 1
∑( ) = + 2+ 3+⋯
3 3 3 3
𝑛=1
1 1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑟 = 3, hence the sum is given by:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
1
= 3
1
1−3
1
=3
2
3
=2
11b
∞
1 𝑛 7 7 7
∑7×( ) = + 2+ 3+⋯
2 2 2 2
𝑛=1
7 1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑟 = 2, hence the sum is given by:
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
7
= 2
1
1−2
7
=2
1
2
=7
11c
∞
3 𝑛 3 3 2 3 3
∑ 40 × (− ) = −40 ( ) + 40 ( ) − 40 ( ) + ⋯
5 5 5 5
𝑛=1

120 3
This is a GP with 𝑎 = − = −24 and 𝑟 = − 5, hence the sum is given by:
5
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
−24
=
3
1 − (− )
5
−24
=
8
5
= −15
12a The left-hand side forms a GP with 𝑎 = 5 and 𝑟 = 𝑥.

𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
5
=
1−𝑥
Hence solving the equation gives:
𝑆∞ = 10
5
= 10
1−𝑥
5 = 10 − 10𝑥
10𝑥 = 5
1
𝑥=
2
12b The left-hand side forms a GP with 𝑎 = 5 and 𝑟 = −𝑥.

𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
5
=
1 − (−𝑥)
5
=
1+𝑥
𝑆∞ = 15

5
= 15
1+𝑥
5 = 15 + 15𝑥
15𝑥 = −10
2
𝑥=−
3
1
12c The left-hand side forms a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑥 and 𝑟 = .
3
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
𝑥
=
1
1−3
𝑥
=
2
3
3𝑥
=
2
𝑆∞ = 2
3
𝑥=2
2
4
𝑥=
3
1
12d The left-hand side forms a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑥 and 𝑟 = − 3.
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
𝑥
=
1
1 − (− 3)
𝑥
=
4
3
3𝑥
=
4


𝑆∞ = 2
3
𝑥=2
4
8
𝑥=
3
𝑎𝑟 2 𝑎𝑟 𝑎
13a The first sequence is a GP with common ratio = = 𝑟, 𝑆∞ = .
𝑎𝑟 𝑎 1−𝑟
𝑎𝑟 2 −𝑎𝑟
The second sequence is a GP with common ratio −𝑎𝑟 = = −𝑟,
𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
𝑆∞ = 1−(−𝑟) = 1+𝑟.
𝑎𝑟 4 𝑎𝑟 2 𝑎
The third sequence is a GP with common ratio 𝑎𝑟 2 = = 𝑟 2 , 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 2.
𝑎
𝑎𝑟 5 𝑎𝑟 3 𝑎𝑟
The fourth sequence is a GP with common ratio 𝑎𝑟 3 = = 𝑟 2 , 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 2.
𝑎𝑟
Hence the ratio of limiting sums is given by:

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎𝑟
: : :
1 − 𝑟 1 + 𝑟 1 − 𝑟2 1 − 𝑟2
1 1 1 𝑟
: : :
1 − 𝑟 1 + 𝑟 1 − 𝑟 1 − 𝑟2
2
1 − 𝑟 2 1 − 𝑟 2 1 − 𝑟 2 𝑟(1 − 𝑟 2 )
: : :
1 − 𝑟 1 + 𝑟 1 − 𝑟2 1 − 𝑟2
(1 + 𝑟)(1 − 𝑟) (1 + 𝑟)(1 − 𝑟)
: : 1: 𝑟
1−𝑟 1+𝑟
1 + 𝑟: 1 − 𝑟: 1: 𝑟
1 𝑎 48
13b i This is a GP with 𝑎 = 48, 𝑟 = 2 so 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1 = 96
1−
2
1 𝑎 48 48
13b ii This is a GP with 𝑎 = 48, 𝑟 = − 2 so 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1 = 3 = 32
1−(− ) 2
2
1 1 2 𝑎 48
13b iii This is a GP with 𝑎 = 48, 𝑟 = 4 = (2) so 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1 = 64
1−
4

1 1 2 𝑎 24
13b iv This is a GP with 𝑎 = 24, 𝑟 = 4 = (2) so 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1 = 32
1−
4
The ratio of the sequences is 96: 32: 64: 32 = 3: 1: 2: 1

1 1 1 3 1 1
If we apply the above formula we obtain 1 + 2 : 1 − 2 : 1: 2 = 2 : 2 : 1: 2 = 3: 1: 2: 1
which is the same as directly calculating the ratio. So we have verified the
formula proven above.
14a This is a GP with 𝑎 = 7 and 𝑟 = 𝑥.

For a limiting sum, |𝑟| < 1 so |𝑥| < 1 or −1 < 𝑥 < 1
𝑎 7
So 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1−𝑥.
6𝑥 2
14b This is a GP with 𝑎 = 2𝑥 and 𝑟 = = 3𝑥.
2𝑥
1 1
For a limiting sum, |𝑟| < 1 so |3𝑥| < 1 or − 3 < 𝑥 < 3
𝑎 2𝑥
So 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1−3𝑥.
14c This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 𝑥 − 1.

For a limiting sum, |𝑟| < 1 so |𝑥 − 1| < 1 or −1 < 𝑥 − 1 < 1 or 0 < 𝑥 < 2
1 1
So 𝑆∞ = 1−(𝑥−1) = 2−𝑥.
14d This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 1 + 𝑥.

For a limiting sum, |𝑟| < 1 so |1 + 𝑥| < 1 or −1 < 1 + 𝑥 < 1 or −2 < 𝑥 < 0
𝑎 1 1
So 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1−(1+𝑥) = − 𝑥.
15a This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 𝑥 2 − 1

To have a limiting sum, |𝑟| < 1, so:
|𝑥 2 − 1| < 1
−1 < 𝑥 2 − 1 < 1
0 < 𝑥2 < 2

Hence:
−√2 < 𝑥 < √2 and 𝑥 ≠ 0 (since 𝑥 2 ≠ 0)

𝑎 1 1
𝑆∞ = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − (𝑥 − 1) 2 − 𝑥 2
2
1
15b This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = 1+𝑥 2.
To have a limiting sum, |𝑟| < 1, so:

1
| |<1
1 + 𝑥2
1 < |1 + 𝑥 2 |
𝑥 2 + 1 > 1 or 𝑥 2 + 1 < −1
Hence:
𝑥 2 > 0 or 𝑥 2 < −2 (not possible)
Thus there is a limiting sum for 𝑥 ≠ 0.
𝑎 1 1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2
𝑆∞ = = = =
1−𝑟 1− 1 1 + 𝑥2 − 1 𝑥2
1+𝑥 2
16a We know that a GP has a limiting sum if |𝑟| < 1; that is:
−1 < 𝑟 < 1
−1 < −𝑟 < 1
1−1< 1−𝑟 < 1+1
0 < 1 − 𝑟 < 2 as required.
16b Suppose that we have 𝑎 = 8, 𝑆∞ = 2

8
=2
1−𝑟
1 1
=
1−𝑟 4
1−𝑟 =4

This does not lie in the bound 0 < 1 − 𝑟 < 2 and thus we can conclude that there
is no limiting sum.
1 1
16c Since 0 < 1 − 𝑟 < 2, then 1−𝑟 > 2
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
1
𝑆∞ = 𝑎 ×
1−𝑟
1
𝑆∞ > 𝑎 ×
2
1
𝑆∞ > 𝑎
2
16d Note that if 𝑎 < 0

1 1
> 2 becomes
1−𝑟
𝑎 𝑎
<
1−𝑟 2
1
So 𝑆∞ < 2 𝑎
1
16d i Since 𝑎 > 0, 𝑆∞ > 2 𝑎
1
𝑆∞ > ×6
2
𝑆∞ > 3
1
16d ii Since 𝑎 < 0, 𝑆∞ < 2 𝑎
1
𝑆∞ < × (−8)
2
𝑆∞ < −4
1
16d iii Since 𝑎 > 0, 𝑆∞ > 2 𝑎

1
16d iv Since 𝑎 < 0, 𝑆∞ < 2 𝑎
17a This is a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑣 and 𝑟 = 𝑣

𝑎 𝑣
𝑤 = 𝑆∞ = =
1−𝑟 1−𝑣
𝑣
17b 𝑤 = 1−𝑣
𝑤 − 𝑤𝑣 = 𝑣
𝑤 = 𝑣 + 𝑤𝑣
𝑤 = 𝑣(1 + 𝑤)
𝑤
𝑣=
1+𝑤
𝑤2
17c This is a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑤 and 𝑟 = − = −𝑤
𝑤
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
𝑤
=
1 − (−𝑤)
𝑤
=
1+𝑤
=𝑣 (from part b)
1 1
1 3 3 1
17d If 𝑣 = 3 then 𝑤 = 1 = 2 = 2.
1−
3 3
Hence the limiting sum is:

𝑤
𝑆∞ =
1+𝑤
1
= 2
1
1+2

1
=2
3
2
1
=
3
=𝑣
18a 𝑆∞ = 5𝑇1
𝑎
= 5𝑎
1−𝑟
1
=5
1−𝑟
1
1−𝑟 =
5
4
𝑟=
5
18b 𝑇2 = 𝑎𝑟 = 6
6
𝑟=𝑎
𝑆∞ = 27
𝑎
= 27
1−𝑟
𝑎
= 27
6
1−𝑎
𝑎2
= 27
𝑎−6
𝑎2 = 27𝑎 − 162
𝑎2 − 27𝑎 + 162 = 0
(𝑎 − 9)(𝑎 − 18) = 0
𝑎 = 9 or 𝑎 = 18
6 2
When 𝑎 = 9 and 𝑟 = 9 = 3, the first three terms are 9, 6 and 4.
6 1
When 𝑎 = 18 and 𝑟 = 18 = 3, the first three terms are 18, 6 and 2.

18c 𝑆∞ − 𝑆1 = 5𝑇1
𝑆∞ − 𝑇1 = 5𝑇1
𝑆∞ = 6𝑇1
𝑎
= 6𝑎
1−𝑟
1
=6
1−𝑟
1
=1−𝑟
6
1
𝑟 =1−
6
5
𝑟=
6
5
Hence the ratio of the sum of the terms is 𝑟 = 6.
18d The sum of all terms from the third term on is equal to the sum of all terms with
the sum of the first two terms subtracted from it. That is:
𝑆 = 𝑆∞ − 𝑆2
𝑎 𝑎(1 − 𝑟 2 )
= −
1−𝑟 1−𝑟
𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑎𝑟 2
= −
1−𝑟 1−𝑟
𝑎 − 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 2
=
1−𝑟
𝑎𝑟 2
=
1−𝑟
18d i 𝑆 = 𝑇1
𝑎𝑟 2
=𝑎
1−𝑟
𝑟2
=1
1−𝑟
𝑟2 = 1 − 𝑟
𝑟2 + 𝑟 − 1 = 0

−1 ± √12 − 4(1)(−1)
𝑟=
2(1)
−1 ± √1 + 4
=
2
−1 ± √5
=
2
1
But 𝑟 = − 2 − √5 < −1, so it is not a possible solution, hence the solution is
1 1
𝑟 = − + √5
2 2
18d ii 𝑆 = 𝑇2
𝑎𝑟 2
= 𝑎𝑟
1−𝑟
𝑟2
=𝑟
1−𝑟
𝑟2 = 𝑟 − 𝑟2
2𝑟 2 − 𝑟 = 0
𝑟(2𝑟 − 1) = 0
1
𝑟 = 0 or 2 but 𝑟 ≠ 0
1
Hence, 𝑟 = 2.
18d iii 𝑆 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2
𝑎𝑟 2
= 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟
1−𝑟
𝑟2
= 1+𝑟
1−𝑟
𝑟 2 = (1 + 𝑟)(1 − 𝑟)
𝑟2 = 1 − 𝑟2
2𝑟 2 = 1
1
𝑟2 =
2

1
𝑟=±
√2
1 √2 1 √2
𝑟= × or 𝑟 = − ×
√2 √2 √2 √2
√2 √2
𝑟= or 𝑟 = −
2 2
4 4
19 Suppose we consider the sequence 4 + + … which is the extension of the
3 9
sequence to the left of the term.
4 1
Starting at the first term after 4, the sequence has 𝑎 = 3, 𝑟 = 3 and hence:
4
𝑆∞ = 3
1
1−3
4
= 3
2
−3
= −2
This is the same as the limiting sum found in the calculation in the question.
Hence the ‘meaning’ of this sum can be given as the sum of all terms in the
sequence ‘prior’ to the first term.

Solutions to Exercise 1I
1a 0. 3̇ = 0.333 … = 0.3 + 0.03 + 0.003 + ⋯
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 0.3 and 𝑟 = 0.1. Hence:
𝑎 0.3 0.3 3 1
0. 3̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.1 0.9 9 3
1b 0. 1̇ = 0.111 … = 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + ⋯

𝑎 0.1 0.1 1
0. 1̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.1 0.9 9
1c 0. 7̇ = 0.777 … = 0.7 + 0.07 + 0.007 + ⋯

𝑎 0.7 0.7 7
0. 7̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.1 0.9 9
1d 0. 6̇ = 0.666 … = 0.6 + 0.06 + 0.006 + ⋯

𝑎 0.6 0.6 6 2
0. 6̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.1 0.9 9 3
2a 0. 2̇7̇ = 0.2727 … = 0.27 + 0.0027 + 0.000027 + ⋯

𝑎 0.27 0.27 27 3
0. 2̇7̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.01 0.99 99 11
2b 0. 8̇1̇ = 0.8181 … = 0.81 + 0.0081 + 0.000081 + ⋯

𝑎 0.81 0.81 81 9
0. 8̇1̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.01 0.99 99 11

2c 0. 0̇9̇ = 0.0909 … = 0.09 + 0.0009 + 0.000009 + ⋯

𝑎 0.09 0.09 9 1
0. 0̇9̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.01 0.99 99 11
2d 0. 1̇2̇ = 0.1212 … = 0.12 + 0.0012 + 0.000012 + ⋯

𝑎 0.12 0.12 12 4
0. 1̇2̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.01 0.99 99 33
2e 0. 7̇8̇ = 0.7878 … = 0.78 + 0.0078 + 0.000078 + ⋯

𝑎 0.78 0.78 78 26
0. 7̇8̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.01 0.99 99 33
2f 0. 0̇27̇ = 0.027027 … = 0.027 + 0.000027 + 0.000000027 + ⋯

𝑎 0.027 0.027 27 1
0. 0̇27̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.001 0.999 999 37
2g 0. 1̇35̇ = 0.135135 … = 0.135 + 0.000135 + 0.000000135 + ⋯

𝑎 0.135 0.135 135 5
0. 1̇35̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.001 0.999 999 37
2h 0. 1̇85̇ = 0.185185 … = 0.185 + 0.000185 + 0.000000185 + ⋯

𝑎 0.185 0.185 185 5
0. 1̇85̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.001 0.999 999 27

3a 12. 4̇ = 12.444 … = 12 + 0.4 + 0.04 + 0.004 + ⋯

All terms after 12 form a GP with 𝑎 = 0.4 and 𝑟 = 0.1. Hence:
𝑎 0.4 0.4 4
12. 4̇ = 12 + 𝑆∞ = 12 + = 12 + = 12 + = 12
1−𝑟 1 − 0.1 0.9 9
3b 7. 8̇1̇ = 7.8181 … = 0.81 + 0.0081 + 0.000081 + ⋯

All terms after 7 form a GP with 𝑎 = 0.81 and 𝑟 = 0.01. Hence
𝑎 0.81 0.81 9
7. 8̇1̇ = 7 + 𝑆∞ = 7 + =7+ = 7+ =7
1−𝑟 1 − 0.01 0.99 11
3c 8.46̇ = 8.466 … = 8.4 + 0.06 + 0.006 + ⋯

All terms after 8.4 form a GP with 𝑎 = 0.06 and 𝑟 = 0.1. Hence:
𝑎 0.06 0.06 6 7
8.46̇ = 8.4 + 𝑆∞ = 8.4 + = 8.4 + = 8.4 + = 8.4 + =8
1−𝑟 1 − 0.1 0.9 90 15
3d 0.23̇6̇ = 0.23636 … = 0.2 + 0.036 + 0.00036 + ⋯

0.23̇6̇ = 0.2 + 𝑆∞
𝑎
= 0.2 +
1−𝑟
0.036
= 0.2 +
1 − 0.01
0.036
= 0.2 +
0.99
2
= 0.2 +
55
11 2
= +
55 55
13
=
55
4a 0. 9̇ = 0.99999 … = 0.9 + 0.09 + 0.009 + 0.0009 + ⋯

0.09
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 0.9 and 𝑟 = = 0.1, so the sum will be:
0.9
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
0.9
=
1 − 0.1
0.9
=
0.9
=1
Thus 0. 9̇ = 1
4b 2.79̇ = 2.799999 … = 2.7 + 0.09 + 0.009 + 0.0009 + ⋯

0.009
All terms after 2.7 form a GP with 𝑎 = 0.09 and 𝑟 = = 0.1, so the sum will be
0.09
𝑎 0.09 0.09
𝑆∞ = = = = 0.1
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.1 0.9
Hence 2.79̇ = 2.7 + 𝑆∞ = 2.7 + 0.1 = 2.8
5a 0. 9̇57̇ = 0.957 957 957 … = 0.957 + 0.000 957 + 0.000 000 957 + ⋯
𝑎 0.957 0.957 957 29
0. 9̇57̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.001 0.999 999 303
5b 0. 2̇475̇ = 0.247 524 75 … = 0.2475 + 0.000 0247 5 + ⋯

𝑎 0.2475 0.2475 2475 25
0. 2̇475̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.0001 0.9999 9999 101
5c 0. 2̇30 769̇ = 0.230 769 230 769 … = 0.2307 69 + 0.000 002 307 69 + ⋯
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 0.230 769 and 𝑟 = 0.000 01. Hence:
𝑎 0.230 769 0.230 769 230 769 3
0. 2̇30 769̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.000 01 0.999 99 99 999 13

5d 0. 4̇28 571̇ = 0.428 571 … = 0.428 571 + 0.000 004 285 71 + ⋯

This is a GP with 𝑎 = 0.230 769 and 𝑟 = 0.000 01. Hence:
𝑎 0.428 571 0.428 571 428 571 3
0. 4̇28571̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.000 01 0.999 99 999 990 7
5e 0.255̇7̇ = 0.255 757 575 7 … = 0.25 + (0.0057 + 0.000 057 + ⋯ )

The bracketed terms form a GP with 𝑎 = 0.0057 and 𝑟 = 0.01. Hence:
0.255̇7̇ = 0.25 + 𝑆∞
𝑎
= 0.25 +
1−𝑟
1 0.0057
= +
4 1 − 0.01
1 0.0057
= +
4 0.99
1 57
= +
4 9900
211
=
825
5f 1.10̇37̇ = 1.103 703 703 7 … = 1.1 + (0.0037 + 0.000 003 7 + ⋯ )

1.10̇37̇ = 1.1 + 𝑆∞
𝑎
= 1.1 +
1−𝑟
0.0037
= 1.1 +
1 − 0.001
0.0037
= 1.1 +
0.999
10989 37
= +
9990 9990
14
=1
135
5g 0.00̇0 271̇ = 0.000 271 002 710 027 1 …

= 0.000 271 + 0.000 000 002 71 + 0.000 000 000 000 027 1 + ⋯
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 0.000 271 and 𝑟 = 0.0001. Hence:

0.00̇0 271̇ = 𝑆∞
𝑎
=
1−𝑟
0.000 271
=
1 − 0.0001
0.000 271
=
0.9999
1
=
3690
5h 7.77̇1 428 5̇ = 7.771 428 571 428 571 428 5 …

= 7.7 + (0.071 428 5 + 0.000 007 142 85 + ⋯ )
The bracketed terms form a GP with 𝑎 = 0.071 428 5 and 𝑟 = 0.000 01. Hence:
0.00̇0 271̇ = 7.7 + 𝑆∞

𝑎
= 7.7 +
1−𝑟
0.071 428 5
= 7.7 +
1 − 0.000 01
0.071 428 5
= 7.7 +
0.999 99
27
=7
35
6 √2 = 1.414 213 562 … which has no obvious repeating pattern.
If √2 were a recurring decimal, then we could use the methods of this section to
write it as a fraction.
1 1 1
7a Notice that 9 = 0. 1̇, 99 = 0. 0̇1̇, 999 = 0. 0̇0̇1̇, and so on. If the denominator of a
fraction can be made a string of nines, then the fraction will be a multiple of one
of these recurring decimals.
7b Periods: 1, 6, 1, 2, 6, 3, 3, 5, 4, 5 = 0. 9̇, 5. 9̇, 0. 9̇, 1. 9̇, 5. 9̇, 2. 9̇, 2. 9̇, 4. 9̇, 3. 9̇, 4. 9̇
8a 0.469̇ = 0.469 999 999 9 …

= 0.46 + (0.009 + 0.0009 + 0.000 09 + ⋯ )

0.469̇ = 0.46 + 𝑆∞
𝑎
= 0.46 +
1−𝑟
0.009
= 0.46 +
1 − 0.01
0.009
= 0.46 +
0.9
1
= 0.46 +
100
= 0.46 + 0.01
= 0.47
8b The infinite string of 9s can be removed and the last digit that is not a 9 is
increased by 1.
8c The last digit of any decimal can be reduced by 1 and then all following terms
replaced with an infinite string of 9s.
8d The fourth sentence should be changed to, ‘Imagine that each real number 𝑇𝑛 in
the sequence is written as an infinite decimal string of digits 0. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 . .. , where
each 𝑑 represents a digit. Add an infinite string of zeroes to every terminating
decimal, and if there is an infinite string of 9s, rewrite the decimal as a
terminating decimal.’
9-10 Answers are contained in the question.

Chapter 1 Review
1 The first 12 terms of the sequence are:
50, 41, 32, 23, 14, 5, −4, −13, −22, −31, −40, −49
1a The positive terms are 50, 41, 32, 23, 14, 5

Counting, there are a total of 6.
1b The terms between 0 and 40 are 32, 23, 14, 5

Counting, there are a total of 4.
1c 𝑇10 = −31
1d 𝑇8 = −13
1e No, extending the sequence gives:

50, 41, 32, 23, 14, 5, −4, −13, −22, −31, −40, −49, −58, −67, −76, −85, −95, −104 …
which does not contain −100.
1f 𝑇11 = −40
2a 𝑇1 = 58 − 6(1) = 52
𝑇20 = 58 − 6(20) = −62
𝑇100 = 58 − 6(100) = −542
𝑇1 000 000 = 58 − 6(1 000 000) = −5 999 942
2b Solving 𝑇𝑛 = 20
58 − 6𝑛 = 20
6𝑛 = 38
𝑛 = 6.33 …

As 𝑛 is not an integer, 20 is not a term in the sequence.
Solving 𝑇𝑛 = 10
58 − 6𝑛 = 10
6𝑛 = 48
𝑛=8
Thus 𝑇8 = 10 is a term.
Solving 𝑇𝑛 = −56
58 − 6𝑛 = −56
6𝑛 = 114
𝑛 = 19
Thus 𝑇19 = −56 is a term.
Solving 𝑇𝑛 = −100
58 − 6𝑛 = −100
6𝑛 = 158
𝑛 = 26.33 …
As 𝑛 is not an integer, −100 is not a term in the sequence.
2c 𝑇𝑛 < −200
58 − 6𝑛 < −200
6𝑛 > 258
𝑛 > 43
Hence the first term less than −200 is 𝑇44 = −206.
2d 𝑇𝑛 > −600
58 − 6𝑛 > −600
6𝑛 < 658

𝑛 < 109.666
Hence the last term greater than −600 is 𝑇109 = −596
3a 𝑆1 = 𝑇1 = 4
𝑆2 = 𝑇1 + 𝑆1
Hence:
𝑇2 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = 11 − 4 = 7
Similarly:
𝑇3 = 𝑆3 − 𝑆2 = 18 − 11 = 7
𝑇4 = 𝑆4 − 𝑆3 = 25 − 18 = 7
𝑇5 = 𝑆5 − 𝑆4 = 32 − 25 = 7
𝑇6 = 𝑆6 − 𝑆5 = 39 − 32 = 7
Hence giving the sequence:
4, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, …
3b 𝑆1 = 𝑇1 = 0
𝑆2 = 𝑇1 + 𝑆1
Hence:
𝑇2 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = 1 − 0 = 1
Similarly:
𝑇3 = 𝑆3 − 𝑆2 = 3 − 1 = 2
𝑇4 = 𝑆4 − 𝑆3 = 6 − 3 = 3
𝑇5 = 𝑆5 − 𝑆4 = 10 − 6 = 4
𝑇6 = 𝑆6 − 𝑆5 = 15 − 10 = 5
𝑇7 = 𝑆7 − 𝑆6 = 21 − 15 = 6
Hence giving the sequence:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, …

3c 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 12 + 5 = 6
= 𝑛2 + 5 − ((𝑛 − 1)2 + 5)
= 𝑛2 + 5 − (𝑛2 − 2𝑛 + 1 + 5)
= 2𝑛 − 1 for 𝑛 > 1
3d 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 = 31 = 3
= 3𝑛 − 3𝑛−1
= 3𝑛−1 (3 − 1)
= 2 × 3𝑛−1 for 𝑛 > 1
4a
6
∑(𝑛2 − 1) = 8 + 15 + 24 + 35 = 82
𝑛=3
4b
2
∑ (5𝑛 − 3) = −13 + (−8) + (−3) + 2 + 8 = −15

𝑛=−2
4c
6
∑(−1)𝑛 = 1 + (−1) + 1 + (−1) + 1 + (−1) + 1 = 1

𝑛=0
4d
6
1 𝑛 1 1 1 1 1 63
∑( ) = + + + + =
2 2 4 16 32 64 64
𝑛=1

5a The first eight terms are:

𝑇1 = 5 × (−1)1 = −5
𝑇2 = 5 × (−1)2 = 5
𝑇3 = 5 × (−1)3 = −5
𝑇4 = 5 × (−1)4 = 5
𝑇5 = 5 × (−1)5 = −5
𝑇6 = 5 × (−1)6 = 5
𝑇7 = 5 × (−1)7 = −5
𝑇8 = 5 × (−1)8 = 5
Thus the sequence is:
−5, 5, −5, 5, −5, 5, −5, 5
5b The sum of first seven terms is:

𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 ) −5(1 − (−1)7 ) 5(2)
𝑆7 = = =− = −5
1−𝑟 1 − (−1) 2
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 ) −5(1 − (−1)8 ) 5(0)
𝑆8 = = =− =0
1−𝑟 1 − (−1) 2
5c For this particular sequence, one simply adds −5 if the previous term is 0 and
adds 5 if the previous term was −5. This means that 𝑇𝑛 = −5 if 𝑛 is odd and
𝑇𝑛 = 0 of 𝑛 is even.
5d Noting that 𝑇𝑛 = −5 if 𝑛 is odd and 𝑇𝑛 = 0 if 𝑛 is even.

𝑇20 = 0
𝑇75 = −5
𝑇111 = −5
6a 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 83 − 76 = 7
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 90 − 83 = 7
Hence there is a common difference between the terms so it is an AP with
common difference of 7.

6b 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 100 − (−21) = −121

𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = (−21) − (−142) = −121
Hence there is a common difference between the terms so it is an AP with
common difference of −121.
6c 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 9 − 4 = 5
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 4 − 1 = 3
𝑇3 9
= = 2.25
𝑇2 4
𝑇2 4
= =4
𝑇1 1
There is no common ratio nor common difference. Hence it is neither an AP nor a
GP.
6d
𝑇3 54
= =3
𝑇2 18
𝑇2 18
= =3
𝑇1 6
Hence as there is a common ratio, this is a GP with 𝑟 = 3.
6e 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 10 − 6 = 4
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 15 − 10 = 5
𝑇3 15 3
= =
𝑇2 10 2
𝑇2 10 5
= =
𝑇1 6 3
There is no common ratio nor common difference. Hence it is neither an AP nor a
GP.

6f
𝑇3 12 1
= =−
𝑇2 −24 2
𝑇2 −24 1
= =−
𝑇1 48 2
1
Hence as there is a common ratio, this is a GP with 𝑟 = − 2.
7a 𝑎 = 23, 𝑑 = 35 − 23 = 12
7b Since 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 23 + 12(𝑛 − 1)

𝑇20 = 23 + 20(20 − 1) = 251
𝑇600 = 23 + 20(600 − 1) = 7211
7c 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 23 + 12(𝑛 − 1) = 23 + 12𝑛 − 12 = 11 + 12𝑛
7d If 143 is a term, then:

143 = 11 + 12𝑛
12𝑛 = 132
𝑛 = 11
As 𝑛 is a positive integer, 143 is a term.
If 173 is a term, then:
173 = 11 + 12𝑛
12𝑛 = 162
𝑛 = 13.5
As 𝑛 is not a positive integer, 173 is not a term.

7e In order for the term to be greater than 1000, we must have:

𝑇𝑛 > 1000
11 + 12𝑛 > 1000
12𝑛 > 989
𝑛 > 82.4
So the smallest integer that satisfies this inequality is 𝑛 = 83.
Hence the first term greater than 1000 is 𝑇83 = 1007.
In order for the term to be less than 2000 we must have:

11 + 12𝑛 < 2000
12𝑛 < 1989
𝑛 < 165.75
The largest integer that satisfies this inequality is 𝑛 = 165.
Hence the last term less than 2000 is 𝑇165 = 1991.
7f 165 − 83 + 1 = 83 (count both 𝑇83 and 𝑇165 )
8a The amount charged forms an AP with 𝑎 = 20, 𝑑 = 16
8b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 20 + 16(𝑛 − 1) = 20 + 16𝑛 − 16 = 4 + 16𝑛
8c Note that as at most $200 can be spent:

𝑇𝑛 ≤ 200
4 + 16𝑛 ≤ 200
16𝑛 ≤ 196
𝑛 ≤ 12.25
Hence the largest number of cases that can be bought is 12. Furthermore, as
𝑇12 = 196, the twelve cases will cost a total of $196, hence, there will be $4 left in
change.

8d 𝑇𝑛 = 292
4 + 16𝑛 = 292
16𝑛 = 288
𝑛 = 18
Hence the neighbour purchased 18 cases.
100
9a 𝑎 = 50, 𝑟 = =2
50
9b 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 50 × 2𝑛−1 (or 25 × 2𝑛 )
9c 𝑇8 = 50(2)8−1 = 6400, 𝑇12 = 50(2)12−1 = 102 400
9d If 1600 is a term, then:

1600 = 50(2)𝑛−1 ,
32 = 2𝑛−1
𝑛−1=5
𝑛=6
As 𝑛 is a positive integer, 1600 is a term.
If 4800 is a term, then:

4800 = 50(2)𝑛−1
96 = 2𝑛−1
As 96 is not a power of 2, 𝑛 cannot be a positive integer. This means that 4800 is
not a term.
9e 𝑇4 × 𝑇5 = 50 × 24−1 × 50 × 25−1 = 320 000

9f 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 < 10 000 000

50 × 2𝑛−1 < 10 000 000
2𝑛−1 < 200 000
𝑛 − 1 < log 2 200 000
𝑛 < log 2 200 000 + 1
𝑛 < 18.6
Hence, rounding down, we can conclude that there are 18 terms.
10a The number of visitors on each subsequent day, is given by multiplying the
1
number on the previous day by 3, hence, by definition we are describing a GP
1
with 𝑎 = 486, 𝑟 = 3.
10b 486, 162, 54, 18, 6, 2 (we do not go further as fractions here are nonsensical)
10c 4 days (there are 4 terms greater than 10 in the above sequence)
10d
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆6 =
1−𝑟
1 6
486 (1 − (3) )
=
1
1−3
1 6
486 (1 − (3) )
=
2
3
= 728
Total number of visitors was 728.

10e
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
486
=
1
1−3
= 729
The ‘eventual’ number of visitors is 729.
11a Since terms 1 and 2 and terms 2 and 3 must have the same difference we have:
𝑥 − 15 = 135 − 𝑥
2𝑥 = 150
𝑥 = 75
11b Since terms 1 and 2 and terms 2 and 3 must have the same ratio we have:
𝑥 135
=
15 𝑥
𝑥 2 = 135 × 15
𝑥 2 = 2025
𝑥 = ±45
12a For this AP, 𝑎 = 51, 𝑑 = 11 so:

1
𝑆41 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
= × 41 × (2 × 51 + (41 − 1) × 11)
2
= 11 111

12b For this AP, 𝑎 = 100, 𝑑 = −25 so:

1
𝑆41 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
= × 41 × (2 × 100 + (41 − 1) × −25)
2
= −16 400
12c For this AP, 𝑎 = −35, 𝑑 = 3 so:

1
𝑆41 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1
= × 41 × (2 × −35 + (41 − 1) × 3)
2
= 1025
13a 𝑎 = 23 and 𝑑 = 27 − 23 = 4
Thus, we find the number of terms by solving the equation:
199 = 23 + (𝑛 − 1) × 4
176 = 4(𝑛 − 1)
𝑛 − 1 = 44
𝑛 = 45
Hence:
1 1
𝑆45 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙) = × 45 × (23 + 4) = 4995
2 2
13b 𝑎 = 200 and 𝑑 = 197 − 200 = 3

−100 = 200 + (𝑛 − 1) × −3
−300 = −3(𝑛 − 1)
𝑛 − 1 = 100
𝑛 = 101

Hence:
1 1
𝑆101 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙) = × 101 × (200 − 100) = 5050
2 2
1 1
13c 𝑎 = 12 and 𝑑 = 12 2 − 12 = 2

1
50 = 12 + (𝑛 − 1) ×
2
1
38 = (𝑛 − 1)
2
𝑛 − 1 = 76
𝑛 = 77
Hence:
1 1
𝑆77 = 𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑙) = × 77 × (12 + 50) = 2387
2 2
14a For this GP, 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑟 = 2, hence:

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 3(26 − 1)
𝑆6 = = = 189
𝑟−1 2−1
14b For this GP, 𝑎 = 6 and 𝑟 = −2, hence:

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 6((−2)6 − 1)
𝑆6 = = = −1092
𝑟−1 −2 − 1
1
14c For this GP, 𝑎 = −80 and 𝑟 = 2, hence:
1 6
−80 ((2) − 1)
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 1
𝑆6 = = = −157
𝑟−1 1 2
2−1

48 1
15a This is a GP with 𝑎 = 240 and 𝑟 = 240 = 5.
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
240
=
1
1−
5
240
=
4
5
5
= × 240
4
= 300
9 3
15b 𝑟= = − < −1, so there is no limiting sum.
−6 2
−135 1
15c This is a GP with 𝑎 = −405 and 𝑟 = = − 3.
405
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
−135
=
1
1 − (− 3)
−130
=
4
3
3
= × (−130)
4
3
= −303
4
(2+𝑥)2
16a This is a GP with common ratio 𝑟 = = 2 + 𝑥.
2+𝑥
In order to have a limiting sum we must have |𝑟| < 1 and hence |2 + 𝑥| < 1. This
implies that −1 < 2 + 𝑥 < 1 and so there will be a limiting sum if −3 < 𝑥 < −1.
16b
𝑎 2+𝑥 2+𝑥 2+𝑥
𝑆∞ = = = =−
1 − 𝑟 1 − (2 + 𝑥) −𝑥 − 1 1+𝑥

17a 0. 3̇9̇ = 0.393 939 … = 0.39 + 0.0039 + 0.000 039 + ⋯

𝑎 0.39 0.39 39 13
0. 3̇9̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.01 0.99 99 33
17b 0. 4̇68̇ = 0.468 468 … = 0.468 + 0.000 468 + 0.000 000 468 + ⋯
𝑎 0.468 0.468 468 52
0. 0̇27̇ = 𝑆∞ = = = = =
1 − 𝑟 1 − 0.001 0.999 999 111
17c 12.304̇5̇ = 12.304 545 454 5 …

= 12.30 + 0.0045 + 0.000045 + 0.00000045 + ⋯
12.304̇5̇ = 12.30 + 𝑆∞
𝑎
= 12.30 +
1−𝑟
0.045
= 12.30 +
1 − 0.01
0.045
= 12.30 +
0.999
445
= 12.30 +
999
335
= 12
1100
67
= 12
220
18a 𝑇2 = 21
𝑎 + (2 − 1)𝑑 = 21
𝑎 + 𝑑 = 21 (1)
𝑇9 = 56
𝑎 + (9 − 1)𝑑 = 56
𝑎 + 8𝑑 = 56 (2)
7𝑑 = 35 (2) − (1)

𝑑=5 (3)
𝑎 + 5 = 21 (3) in (1)
𝑎 = 16
𝑇100 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 16 + (100 − 1) × 5 = 511
18b 𝑇3 = 10
𝑎 + (3 − 1)𝑑 = 10
𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 10 (1)
𝑇12 = −89
𝑎 + (12 − 1)𝑑 = −89
𝑎 + 11𝑑 = −89 (2)
9𝑑 = −99 (2) − (1)
𝑑 = −11 (3)
𝑎 + 2(−11) = 10 (3) in (1)
𝑎 = 32
Hence:
1 1
𝑆20 = 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑) = × 20 × (2 × 32 + (20 − 1)(−11)) = −1450
2 2
18c 𝑇3 = 3
𝑎𝑟 3−1 = 3
𝑎𝑟 2 = 3 (1)
𝑇8 = −96
𝑎𝑟 8−1 = −96
𝑎𝑟 7 = −96 (2)
𝑟 5 = −32 (2) ÷ (1)
𝑟 = −2 (3)
𝑎(−2)2 = 3 (3) in (1)
3
𝑎=
4
Hence:
3
𝑇6 = (−2)6−1 = −24
4
18d We are given that 𝑇1 = 𝑎 = 1 and that 𝑆10 = −215

Hence:
𝑆10 = −215
1
× 10 × (2 × 1 + (10 − 1) × 𝑑) = −215
2
5(2 + 9𝑑) = −215
2 + 9𝑑 = −43
9𝑑 = −45
𝑑 = −5
1
18e The AP has 𝑎 = 4 2 and 𝑑 = −1.
If 𝑆𝑛 = 8 where 𝑛 is the number of terms:

1 1
𝑛 (2 × 4 + (𝑛 − 1) × −1) = 8
2 2
𝑛(9 − 𝑛 + 1) = 16
𝑛(10 − 𝑛) = 16
10𝑛 − 𝑛2 = 16
𝑛2 − 10𝑛 + 16 = 0
(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 8) = 0
Thus there are either 2 or 8 terms.

18f
𝑎
𝑆∞ =
1−𝑟
60
45 =
1−𝑟
60
1−𝑟 =
45
4
1−𝑟 =
3
4
𝑟 =1−
3
1
𝑟=−
3
18g 𝑆10 = 682

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
= 682
𝑟−1
𝑎((−2)10 − 1)
= 682
−2 − 1
𝑎(1024 − 1)
= 682
−3
−3
𝑎 = 682 × = −2
1023
𝑇4 = −2 × (−2)3 = 16

Chapter 2 worked solutions – Mathematical induction
1 A
When 𝑛 = 1,
RHS = 12
=1
= LHS
so the statement is true for 𝑛 = 1.
B
Suppose that 𝑘 ≥ 1 is a positive integer for which the statement is true.
That is, suppose 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + (2𝑘 − 1) = 𝑘 2 (∗∗)
We prove the statement for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
That is, we prove 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + (2𝑘 − 1) + (2(𝑘 + 1) − 1) = (𝑘 + 1)2
LHS = 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + (2𝑘 − 1) + (2(𝑘 + 1) − 1)
= 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + (2𝑘 − 1) + (2𝑘 + 2 − 1)
= 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + (2𝑘 − 1) + (2𝑘 + 1)
= 𝑘 2 + (2𝑘 + 1) by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
= 𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 1
= (𝑘 + 1)2
= RHS
C
It follows from parts A and B by mathematical induction, that:
1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + (2𝑛 − 1) = 𝑛2 for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
2a A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS = (1)(1 + 1)
2
=1
= LHS
B

1
That is, suppose 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑘 = 2 𝑘(𝑘 + 1) (∗∗)

1
That is, we prove 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑘 + (𝑘 + 1) = 2 (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)
LHS = 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑘 + (𝑘 + 1)
1
= 2 𝑘(𝑘 + 1) + (𝑘 + 1) by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
1
= (𝑘 + 1) ( 𝑘 + 1)
2
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
2
1
= (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)
2
= RHS
C
1
1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛 = 2 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
2b A
When 𝑛 = 1,
RHS = 21 − 1
=1
= LHS
B
That is, suppose 1 + 2 + 22 + ⋯ + 2𝑘−1 = 2𝑘 − 1 (∗∗)
That is, we prove 1 + 2 + 22 + ⋯ + 2𝑘−1 + 2(𝑘+1)−1 = 2𝑘+1 − 1
LHS = 1 + 2 + 22 + ⋯ + 2𝑘−1 + 2(𝑘+1)−1

= 2𝑘 − 1 + 2(𝑘+1)−1 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
𝑘 𝑘
=2 +2 −1
= 2 × 2𝑘 − 1
= 2𝑘+1 − 1
= RHS

C
1 + 2 + 22 + ⋯ + 2𝑘−1 + 2𝑛−1 = 2𝑛 − 1 for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
2c A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS = (51 − 1)
4
1
= (5 − 1)
4
4
=
4
=1
= LHS
B
1
That is, suppose 1 + 5 + 52 + ⋯ + 5𝑘−1 = 4 (5𝑘 − 1) (∗∗)

1
That is, we prove 1 + 5 + 52 + ⋯ + 5𝑘−1 + 5(𝑘+1)−1 = 4 (5𝑘+1 − 1)
LHS = 1 + 5 + 52 + ⋯ + 5𝑘−1 + 5(𝑘+1)−1

1
= 4 (5𝑘 − 1) + 5(𝑘+1)−1 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
1
= (5𝑘 − 1 + 4 × 5(𝑘+1)−1 )
4
1
= (5𝑘 − 1 + 4 × 5𝑘 )
4
1
= (5 × 5𝑘 − 1)
4
1
= (5𝑘+1 − 1)
4
= RHS

C
1
1 + 5 + 52 + ⋯ + 5𝑛−1 = 4 (5𝑛 − 1) for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
2d A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS = (1)(1 + 1)(1 + 2)
3
1
= ×2×3
3
=1×2
= LHS
B
1
That is, suppose 1 × 2 + 2 × 3 + 3 × 4 + ⋯ + 𝑘(𝑘 + 1) = 3 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) (∗∗)
That is, we prove 1 × 2 + 2 × 3 + 3 × 4 + ⋯ + 𝑘(𝑘 + 1) + (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)

1
= 3 (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 2)
LHS = 1 × 2 + 2 × 3 + 3 × 4 + ⋯ + 𝑘(𝑘 + 1) + (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)

1
= 3 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) + (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)
by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)

1
= 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) + (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
3
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) ( 𝑘 + 1)
3
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 3)
3
1
= (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 2)
3
= RHS

C
1
1 × 2 + 2 × 3 + 3 × 4 + ⋯ + 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) = 3 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
2e A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS = (1)(1 + 1)(2 + 7)
6
1
= ×1×2×9
6
18
=
6
=3
=1×3
= LHS
B
That is, suppose:
1
1 × 3 + 2 × 4 + 3 × 5 + ⋯ + 𝑘(𝑘 + 2) = 6 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 7) (∗∗)

1
= 6 (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)(2(𝑘 + 1) + 7)
LHS = 1 × 2 + 2 × 3 + 3 × 4 + ⋯ + 𝑘(𝑘 + 2) + (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 2)

1
= 6 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 7) + (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 2)

1
= 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 7) + (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 3)
6
1
= (𝑘 + 1) ( 𝑘(2𝑘 + 7) + 𝑘 + 3)
6
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘(2𝑘 + 7) + 6𝑘 + 18)
6
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 2 + 7𝑘 + 6𝑘 + 18)
6

1
= (𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 2 + 13𝑘 + 18)
6
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(2𝑘 + 9)
6
1
= (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)(2(𝑘 + 1) + 7)
6
= RHS
C
1
1 × 3 + 2 × 4 + 3 × 5 + ⋯ + 𝑛(𝑛 + 2) = 6 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 7) for all integers
𝑛 ≥ 1.
2f A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS = (1)(1 + 1)(2(1) + 1)
6
1
= ×1×2×3
6
=1
= LHS
B
1
That is, suppose 12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑘 2 = 6 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 1) (∗∗)

That is, we prove 12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑘 2 + (𝑘 + 1)2
1
= 6 (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)(2(𝑘 + 1) + 1)
LHS = 12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑘 2 + (𝑘 + 1)2
1
= 6 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 1) + (𝑘 + 1)2 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
1
= (𝑘 + 1) × ( 𝑘(2𝑘 + 1) + (𝑘 + 1))
6
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘(2𝑘 + 1) + 6𝑘 + 6)
6
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 2 + 𝑘 + 6𝑘 + 6)
6

1
= (𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 2 + 7𝑘 + 6)
6
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(2𝑘 + 3)
6
1
= (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)(2(𝑘 + 1) + 1)
6
= RHS
C
1
12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑛2 = 6 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1) for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
2g A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS = (1)(2(1) − 1)(2(1) + 1)
3
1
= ×1×1×3
3
=1
= LHS
B
1
That is, suppose 12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ + (2𝑘 − 1)2 = 3 𝑘(2𝑘 − 1)(2𝑘 + 1) (∗∗)

That is, we prove 12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ + (2𝑘 − 1)2 + (2(𝑘 + 1) − 1)2
1
= 3 (𝑘 + 1)(2(𝑘 + 1) − 1)(2(𝑘 + 1) + 1)
LHS = 12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ + (2𝑘 − 1)2 + (2(𝑘 + 1) − 1)2

1
= 3 𝑘(2𝑘 − 1)(2𝑘 + 1) + (2(𝑘 + 1) − 1)2 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
1
= 𝑘(2𝑘 − 1)(2𝑘 + 1) + (2𝑘 + 2 − 1)2
3
1
= 𝑘(2𝑘 − 1)(2𝑘 + 1) + (2𝑘 + 1)2
3
1
= (2𝑘 + 1) ( 𝑘(2𝑘 − 1) + (2𝑘 + 1))
3

1
= (2𝑘 + 1)(𝑘(2𝑘 − 1) + 3(2𝑘 + 1))
3
1
= (2𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 2 − 𝑘 + 6𝑘 + 3)
3
1
= (2𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 2 + 5𝑘 + 3)
3
1
= (2𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 3)
3
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 3)
3
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(2(𝑘 + 1) − 1)(2(𝑘 + 1) + 1)
3
= RHS
C
1
12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ + (2𝑛 − 1)2 = 3 𝑛(2𝑛 − 1)(2𝑛 + 1) for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
2h A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS =
1+1
1
=
2
1
=
1×2
= LHS
B
1 1 1 1 𝑘
That is, suppose 1×2 + 2×3 + 3×4 +. . + 𝑘(𝑘+1) = 𝑘+1 (∗∗)

1 1 1 1 1 𝑘+1
That is, we prove + 2×3 + 3×4 +. . + 𝑘(𝑘+1) + (𝑘+1)((𝑘+1)+1) = (𝑘+1)+1
1×2
1 1 1 1 1
LHS = + + +. . . + +
1×2 2×3 3×4 𝑘(𝑘 + 1) (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)
𝑘 1
= + by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
𝑘+1 (𝑘+1)((𝑘+1)+1)

𝑘 1
= +
𝑘 + 1 (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
𝑘(𝑘 + 2) 1
= +
(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 1
= +
(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 1
=
(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
(𝑘 + 1)2
=
(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
𝑘+1
=
𝑘+2
= RHS
C
1 1 1 1 𝑛
+ 2×3 + 3×4 +. . + 𝑛(𝑛+1) = 𝑛+1 for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
1×2
2i A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS =
2(1) + 1
1
=
3
1
=
1×3
= LHS
B
1 1 1 1 𝑘
That is, suppose 1×3 + 3×5 + 5×7 + ⋯ + (2𝑘−1)(2𝑘+1) = 2𝑘+1 (∗∗)

That is, we prove
1 1 1 1 1 (𝑘+1)
+ 3×5 + 5×7 + ⋯ + (2𝑘−1)(2𝑘+1) + (2(𝑘+1)−1)(2(𝑘+1)+1) = 2(𝑘+1)+1
1×3

1 1 1 1
LHS = + + + ⋯+
1×3 3×5 5×7 (2𝑘 − 1)(2𝑘 + 1)
1
+
(2(𝑘 + 1) − 1)(2(𝑘 + 1) + 1)
𝑘 1
= 2𝑘+1 + (2(𝑘+1)−1)(2(𝑘+1)+1) by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
𝑘 1
= +
2𝑘 + 1 (2𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 3)
𝑘(2𝑘 + 3) 1
= +
(2𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 3) (2𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 3)
2𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 1
= +
(2𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 3) (2𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 3)
2𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 + 1
=
(2𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 3)
(2𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 1)
=
(2𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 3)
𝑘+1
=
2𝑘 + 3
𝑘+1
=
2(𝑘 + 1) + 1
= RHS
C
1 1 1 1 𝑛
+ 3×5 + 5×7 + ⋯ + (2𝑛−1)(2𝑛+1) = 2𝑛+1 for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
1×3
𝑛 1 1 1
3h lim = lim 1 = 1+0 = 1 = 1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1 𝑛→∞ 1+𝑛
𝑛 1 1 1
3i lim = lim 1 = 2+0 = 2
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛+1 𝑛→∞ 2+𝑛
4a A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS = 1(1 + 1)(1 + 2)(3 + 1)
12
1
= (1)(2)(3)(4)
12
1
= (24)
12
=2
= 12 × 2
= LHS
B
That is, suppose 12 × 2 + 22 × 3 + 32 × 4 + ⋯ + 𝑘 2 (𝑘 + 1)
1
= 12 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(3𝑘 + 1) (∗∗)

That is, we prove
12 × 2 + 22 × 3 + 32 × 4 + ⋯ + (𝑘)2 (𝑘 + 1) + (𝑘 + 1)2 ((𝑘 + 1) + 1)

1
= 12 (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 2)(3(𝑘 + 1) + 1)
LHS = 12 × 2 + 22 × 3 + 32 × 4 + ⋯ + (𝑘)2 (𝑘 + 1) + (𝑘 + 1)2 ((𝑘 + 1) + 1)

1
= 12 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(3𝑘 + 1) + (𝑘 + 1)2 ((𝑘 + 1) + 1)

1
= 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(3𝑘 + 1) + (𝑘 + 1)2 (𝑘 + 2)
12
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) ( 𝑘(3𝑘 + 1) + 𝑘 + 1)
12
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘(3𝑘 + 1) + 12𝑘 + 12)
12
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(3𝑘 2 + 𝑘 + 12𝑘 + 12)
12
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(3𝑘 2 + 13𝑘 + 12)
12
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 3)(3𝑘 + 4)
12
1
= (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 2)(3(𝑘 + 1) + 1)
12
= RHS
C
1
12 × 2 + 22 × 3 + 32 × 4 + ⋯ + 𝑛2 (𝑛 + 1) = 12 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)(3𝑛 + 1) for all
integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.

4b A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS = 1(1 + 1)(1 + 2)(3 + 5)
12
1
= (1)(2)(3)(8)
12
1
= (48)
12
=4
= 1 × 22
= LHS
B
That is, suppose 1 × 22 + 2 × 32 + 3 × 42 + ⋯ + 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)2
1
= 12 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(3𝑘 + 5) (∗∗)

That is, we prove
2
1 × 22 + 2 × 32 + 3 × 42 + ⋯ + 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)2 + (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)
1
= 12 (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 2)(3(𝑘 + 1) + 5)
LHS = 1 × 22 + 2 × 32 + 3 × 42 + ⋯ + 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)2 + (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)2

1
= 12 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(3𝑘 + 5) + (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)2

1
= 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(3𝑘 + 5) + (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)2
12
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) ( 𝑘(3𝑘 + 5) + (𝑘 + 2))
12
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘(3𝑘 + 5) + 12(𝑘 + 2))
12
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(3𝑘 2 + 5𝑘 + 12𝑘 + 24)
12
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(3𝑘 2 + 17𝑘 + 24)
12
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 3)(3𝑘 + 8)
12

1
= (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 2)(3(𝑘 + 1) + 5)
12
= RHS
C
1
1 × 22 + 2 × 32 + 3 × 42 + ⋯ + 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)2 = 12 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)(3𝑛 + 5) for all
4c A
When 𝑛 = 1,
RHS = 1 × 21
=2
=2×1
= 2 × 20
= LHS
B
That is, suppose 2 × 20 + 3 × 21 + 4 × 22 + ⋯ + (𝑘 + 1) × 2𝑘−1
= 𝑘 × 2𝑘 (∗∗)
That is, we prove
2 × 20 + 3 × 21 + 4 × 22 + ⋯ + (𝑘 + 1) × 2𝑘−1 + ((𝑘 + 1) + 1) × 2(𝑘+1)−1
= (𝑘 + 1) × 2(𝑘+1)
LHS = 2 × 20 + 3 × 21 + 4 × 22 + ⋯ + (𝑘 + 1) × 2𝑘−1 + ((𝑘 + 1) + 1) × 2(𝑘+1)−1

= 𝑘 × 2𝑘 + ((𝑘 + 1) + 1) × 2(𝑘+1)−1 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
𝑘 ((𝑘 𝑘
=𝑘×2 + + 1) + 1) × 2
= 𝑘 × 2 + + 2) × 2𝑘
𝑘 (𝑘
= (𝑘 + 𝑘 + 2) × 2𝑘
= (2𝑘 + 2) × 2𝑘
= (𝑘 + 1) × 2 × 2𝑘
= (𝑘 + 1) × 2𝑘+1
= RHS

C
2 × 20 + 3 × 21 + 4 × 22 + ⋯ + (𝑛 + 1) × 2𝑛−1 = 𝑛 × 2𝑛 for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
5a A
When 𝑛 = 1,
RHS = (1 + 1)! − 1
= 2! − 1
=2−1
=1
= 1 × 1!
= LHS
B
That is, suppose 1 × 1! + 2 × 2! + 3 × 3! + 𝑘 × 𝑘! = (𝑘 + 1)! − 1 (∗∗)
That is, we prove 1 × 1! + 2 × 2! + 3 × 3! + 𝑘 × 𝑘! + (𝑘 + 1) × (𝑘 + 1)!
= (𝑘 + 2)! − 1
LHS = 1 × 1! + 2 × 2! + 3 × 3! + 𝑘 × 𝑘! + (𝑘 + 1) × (𝑘 + 1)!
= (𝑘 + 1)! − 1 + (𝑘 + 1) × (𝑘 + 1)! by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
= (𝑘 + 1)! + (𝑘 + 1) × (𝑘 + 1)! − 1
= (𝑘 + 1)! (1 + 𝑘 + 1) − 1
= (𝑘 + 1)! (𝑘 + 2) − 1
= (𝑘 + 2)! − 1
= RHS
C
1 × 1! + 2 × 2! + 3 × 3! + 𝑛 × 𝑛! = (𝑛 + 1)! − 1 for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
5b A
When 𝑛 = 1,
RHS = 1(1 + 1)!
= 2!

=2
= 2 × 1!
= LHS
B
That is, suppose 2 × 1! + 5 × 2! + 10 × 3! + ⋯ + (𝑘 2 + 1)𝑘! = 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)! (∗∗)
That is, we prove
2 × 1! + 5 × 2! + 10 × 3! + ⋯ + (𝑘 2 + 1)𝑘! + ((𝑘 + 1)2 + 1)(𝑘 + 1)!
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)!
LHS = 2 × 1! + 5 × 2! + 10 × 3! + ⋯ + (𝑘 2 + 1)𝑘! + ((𝑘 + 1)2 + 1)(𝑘 + 1)!
= 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)! + ((𝑘 + 1)2 + 1)(𝑘 + 1)! by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
= (𝑘 + 1)! (𝑘 + ((𝑘 + 1)2 + 1))
= (𝑘 + 1)! (𝑘 + (𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 1 + 1))
= (𝑘 + 1)! (𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 + 2)
= (𝑘 + 1)! (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 1)!
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)!
= RHS
C
2 × 1! + 5 × 2! + 10 × 3! + ⋯ + (𝑛2 + 1)𝑛! = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)! for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
5c A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS = 1 −
(1 + 1)!
1
=1−
2!
1
=1−
2
1
=
2
1
=
2!
= LHS
B
1 2 3 𝑘 1
That is, suppose + 3! + 4! + ⋯ + (𝑘+1)! = 1 − (𝑘+1)! (∗∗)
2!

1 2 3 𝑘 𝑘+1 1
That is, we prove 2! + 3! + 4! + ⋯ + (𝑘+1)! + (𝑘+2)! = 1 − (𝑘+2)!
1 2 3 𝑘 𝑘+1
LHS = + + + ⋯+ +
2! 3! 4! (𝑘 + 1)! (𝑘 + 2)!
1 𝑘+2
= 1 − (𝑘+1)! + (𝑘+2)! by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
𝑘+2 𝑘+1
=1− +
(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 1)! (𝑘 + 2)!
𝑘+2 𝑘+1
=1− +
(𝑘 + 2)! (𝑘 + 2)!
1
=1−
(𝑘 + 2)!
= RHS
C
1 2 3 𝑛 1
+ 3! + 4! + ⋯ + (𝑛+1)! = 1 − (𝑛+1)! for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
2!
6a Suppose that 𝑘 ≥ 1 is a positive integer for which the statement is true.

That is, suppose 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + (2𝑘 − 1) = (𝑘)2 + 2 (∗∗)
That is, we prove 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + (2𝑘 − 1) + (2(𝑘 + 1) − 1) = (𝑘 + 1)2 + 2
LHS = 1 + 3 + 5 + ⋯ + (2𝑘 − 1) + (2(𝑘 + 1) − 1)
= 𝑘 2 + 2 + (2(𝑘 + 1) − 1) by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
2
= 𝑘 + 2 + (2𝑘 + 2 − 1)
= 𝑘 2 + 2 + 2𝑘 + 1
= 𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 3
= 𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 1 + 2
= (𝑘 + 1)2 + 2
= RHS

6b When 𝑛 = 1,
RHS = 12 + 2
=3
≠ LHS
so the statement is not true for 𝑛 = 1.
7a A
When 𝑛 = 1,
RHS = 1(1 + 1) + 1
=2+1
=3
= LHS
B
That is, suppose 3 + 6 + 9 + ⋯ + 3𝑘 = 𝑘(𝑘 + 1) + 1 (∗∗)
That is, we prove 3 + 6 + 9 + ⋯ + 3𝑘 + 3(𝑘 + 1) = (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1) + 1
LHS = 3 + 6 + 9 + ⋯ + 3𝑘 + 3(𝑘 + 1)
= 𝑘(𝑘 + 1) + 1 + 3(𝑘 + 1) by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
= 𝑘(𝑘 + 1) + 3(𝑘 + 1) + 1
= (𝑘 + 3)(𝑘 + 1) + 1
= 𝑘 2 + 4𝑘 + 3 + 1
= 𝑘 2 + 4𝑘 + 4
But:
RHS = (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1) + 1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) + 1
= 𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 + 2 + 1
= 𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 + 3
≠ LHS
So the proof breaks down.
7b If it is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘, it does not follow that it is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.

8a 𝑃(−1) = 4(−1)3 + 18(−1)2 + 23(−1) + 9 = 0, hence 𝑛 + 1 is a factor.

𝑃(𝑛) = 4𝑛3 + 18𝑛2 + 23𝑛 + 9
= (𝑛 + 1)(4𝑛2 + 14𝑛 + 9)
8b A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS = (1)(4 + 6 − 1)
3
9
=
3
=3
=1×3
= LHS
B
That is, suppose 1 × 3 + 3 × 5 + 5 × 7 + ⋯ + (2𝑘 − 1)(2𝑘 + 1)
1
= 3 𝑘(4𝑘 2 + 6𝑘 − 1) (∗∗)

That is, we prove
1 × 3 + 3 × 5 + 5 × 7 + ⋯ + (2𝑘 − 1)(2𝑘 + 1) + (2(𝑘 + 1) − 1)(2(𝑘 + 1) + 1)
1
= 3 (𝑘 + 1)(4(𝑘 + 1)2 + 6(𝑘 + 1) − 1)
LHS = 1 × 3 + 3 × 5 + 5 × 7 + ⋯ + (2𝑘 − 1)(2𝑘 + 1)

+ (2(𝑘 + 1) − 1)(2(𝑘 + 1) + 1)
1 2
= 3 𝑘(4𝑘 + 6𝑘 − 1) + (2(𝑘 + 1) − 1)(2(𝑘 + 1) + 1)

1
= 𝑘(4𝑘 2 + 6𝑘 − 1) + (2𝑘 + 2 − 1)(2𝑘 + 2 + 1)
3
1
= 𝑘(4𝑘 2 + 6𝑘 − 1) + (2𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 3)
3
1
= (𝑘(4𝑘 2 + 6𝑘 − 1) + 3(2𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 3))
3
1
= (𝑘(4𝑘 2 + 6𝑘 − 1) + 3(4𝑘 2 + 8𝑘 + 3))
3

1
= (4𝑘 3 + 6𝑘 2 − 𝑘 + 12𝑘 2 + 24𝑘 + 9)
3
1
= (4𝑘 3 + 18𝑘 2 + 23𝑘 + 9)
3
1
= 3 (𝑘 + 1)(4𝑘 2 + 14𝑘 + 9) using answer to question 8a
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(4𝑘 2 + 8𝑘 + 4 + 6𝑘 + 6 − 1)
3
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(4(𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 1) + 6(𝑘 + 1) − 1)
3
1
= 3 (𝑘 + 1)(4(𝑘 + 1)2 + 6(𝑘 + 1) − 1)
= RHS
C
1
1 × 3 + 3 × 5 + 5 × 7 + ⋯ + (2𝑛 − 1)(2𝑛 + 1) = 3 𝑛(4𝑛2 + 6𝑛 − 1) for all
9 A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS = (1)(1 + 1)(1 + 2)
6
1
= (1)(2)(3)
6
=1
= LHS
B
That is, suppose 1 + (1 + 2) + (1 + 2 + 3) + ⋯ + (1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑘)
1
= 6 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) (∗∗)

That is, we prove 1 + (1 + 2) + (1 + 2 + 3) + ⋯ + (1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑘) +
1
(1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑘 + (𝑘 + 1)) = 6 (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 2)
LHS = 1 + (1 + 2) + (1 + 2 + 3) + ⋯ + (1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑘)
+(1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑘 + (𝑘 + 1))

1
= 6 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) + (1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑘 + (𝑘 + 1))

1
= 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) + (1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑘) + (𝑘 + 1)
6
1 1
= 6 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) + 2 𝑘(𝑘 + 1) + (𝑘 + 1) from Question 2a
1 1
= (𝑘 + 1) ( (𝑘)(𝑘 + 2) + 𝑘 + 1)
6 2
1
= (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘)(𝑘 + 2) + 3𝑘 + 6)
6
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 3𝑘 + 6)
6
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 2 + 5𝑘 + 6)
6
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 3)
6
1
= (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 2)
6
= RHS
C
1
1 + (1 + 2) + (1 + 2 + 3) + ⋯ + (1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛) = 6 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) for all
10 A
When 𝑛 = 1,
RHS = 21 (1)
=2
= (1 + 1)
= LHS
B
That is, suppose (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 3) × … × 2𝑘
= 2𝑘 (1 × 3 × 5 × … × (2𝑘 − 1)) (∗∗)

That is, we prove ((𝑘 + 1) + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 2)((𝑘 + 1) + 3) × … × 2(𝑘 + 1)
= 2𝑘+1 (1 × 3 × 5 × … × (2𝑘 − 1)(2(𝑘 + 1) − 1)) (∗∗)
LHS = ((𝑘 + 1) + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 2)((𝑘 + 1) + 3) × … 2𝑘 × (2𝑘 + 1) × 2(𝑘 + 1)

= (𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 3) × … × 2𝑘 × (2𝑘 + 1) × 2(𝑘 + 1)
= 2(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 3) × … × 2𝑘 × (2𝑘 + 1)
= 2 × 2𝑘 (1 × 3 × 5 × … × (2𝑘 − 1)) × (2𝑘 + 1)
by the induction hypothesis (∗∗),

𝑘+1
= 2 (1 × 3 × 5 × … × (2𝑘 − 1) × (2𝑘 + 1))
= 2𝑘+1 (1 × 3 × 5 × … × (2𝑘 − 1) × (2(𝑘 + 1) − 1))
= RHS
C
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 3) × … × 2𝑛 = 2𝑛 (1 × 3 × 5 × … × (2𝑛 − 1)) for all integers
𝑛 ≥ 1.
11a A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS = (1 − 1)(1)(1 + 1)(1 + 2)
4
=0
1
LHS = ∑(𝑟 3 − 𝑟)
𝑟=1
= 13 − 1
=0
= RHS
B
1
That is, suppose ∑𝑘𝑟=1(𝑟 3 − 𝑟) = 4 (𝑘 − 1)(𝑘)(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) (∗∗)

That is, we prove ∑𝑘+1 3

𝑟=1 (𝑟 − 𝑟)
1
= ((𝑘 + 1) − 1)((𝑘 + 1))((𝑘 + 1) + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 2)
4
𝑘+1
LHS = ∑(𝑟 3 − 𝑟)
𝑟=1
𝑘
= (𝑘 + 1) − (𝑘 + 1) + ∑(𝑟 3 − 𝑟)
3
𝑟=1
3 1
= (𝑘 + 1) − (𝑘 + 1) + (𝑘 − 1)(𝑘)(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
4

1
= (𝑘 + 1) [(𝑘 + 1)2 − 1 + (𝑘 − 1)(𝑘)(𝑘 + 2)]
4
1
= (𝑘 + 1)[4(𝑘 + 1)2 − 4 + (𝑘 − 1)(𝑘)(𝑘 + 2)]
4
1
= (𝑘 + 1)[4(𝑘 + 1)2 − 4 + (𝑘 2 − 𝑘)(𝑘 + 2)]
4
1
= (𝑘 + 1)[4(𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 1) − 4 + 𝑘 3 + 𝑘 2 − 2𝑘]
4
1
= (𝑘 + 1)[𝑘 3 + 5𝑘 2 + 6𝑘]
4
1
= (𝑘 + 1)𝑘(𝑘 2 + 5𝑘 + 6)
4
1
= (𝑘 + 1)𝑘(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 3)
4
1
= 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 3)
4
1
= ((𝑘 + 1) − 1)((𝑘 + 1))((𝑘 + 1) + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 2)
4
= RHS
C
1
∑𝑛𝑟=1(𝑟 3 − 𝑟) = (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛)(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
4
11b A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS = (1)3 (1 + 1)3
2
8
=
2

=4
1
LHS = ∑(3𝑟 5 + 𝑟 3 )
𝑟=1
=3+1
=4
= RHS
B
1
That is, suppose ∑𝑘𝑟=1(3𝑟 5 + 𝑟 3 ) = 2 𝑘 3 (𝑘 + 1)3 (∗∗)

1
That is, we prove ∑𝑘+1 5 3 3
𝑟=1 (3𝑟 + 𝑟 ) = 2 (𝑘 + 1) (𝑘 + 2)
3
𝑘+1
LHS = ∑(3𝑟 5 + 𝑟 3 )
𝑟=1
𝑘
= 3(𝑘 + 1)5 + (𝑘 + 1)3 + ∑(3𝑟 5 + 𝑟 3 )

𝑟=1
1
= 3(𝑘 + 1)5 + (𝑘 + 1)3 + 2 𝑘 3 (𝑘 + 1)3 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
1
= (𝑘 + 1)3 [3(𝑘 + 1)2 + 1 + 𝑘 3 ]
2
1
= (𝑘 + 1)3 [6(𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 1) + 2 + 𝑘 3 ]
2
1
= (𝑘 + 1)3 [𝑘 3 + 6𝑘 2 + 12𝑘 + 8]
2
1
= (𝑘 + 1)3 (𝑘 + 2)3
2
= RHS
C
1
∑𝑛𝑟=1(3𝑟 5 + 𝑟 3 ) = 𝑛3 (𝑛 + 1)3 for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
2

11c A
When 𝑛 = 1,
RHS = (1 − 2 + 3) × 21+1 − 6
=2×4−6
=2
1
LHS = ∑ 𝑟 2 × 2𝑟
𝑟=1
=1×2
=2
= RHS
B
That is, suppose ∑𝑘𝑟=1 𝑟 2 × 2𝑟 = (𝑘 2 − 2𝑘 + 3) × 2𝑘+1 − 6 (∗∗)
That is, we prove ∑𝑘+1 2 𝑟 2
𝑟=1 𝑟 × 2 = ((𝑘 + 1) − 2(𝑘 + 1) + 3) × 2
(𝑘+1)+1
−6
𝑘+1
LHS = ∑ 𝑟 2 × 2𝑟
𝑟=1
𝑘
2 𝑘+1
= (𝑘 + 1) × 2 + ∑ 𝑟 2 × 2𝑟
𝑟=1
= (𝑘 + 1)2 × 2𝑘+1 + (𝑘 2 − 2𝑘 + 3) × 2𝑘+1 − 6
𝑘+1 [(𝑘 2 (𝑘 2
=2 + 1) + − 2𝑘 + 3)] − 6
𝑘+1 [𝑘 2
=2 + 2𝑘 + 1 + 𝑘 2 − 2𝑘 + 3] − 6
= 2𝑘+1 [2𝑘 2 + 4] − 6
= 2(𝑘 2 + 2) × 2𝑘 − 6
= (𝑘 2 + 2) × 2𝑘+2 − 6
= (𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 1 − 2𝑘 − 2 + 3) × 2𝑘+2 − 6
= ((𝑘 + 1)2 − 2(𝑘 + 1) + 3) × 2(𝑘+1)+1 − 6
= RHS
C
∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑟 2 × 2𝑟 = (𝑛2 − 2𝑛 + 3) × 2𝑛+1 − 6 for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.

12 A
When 𝑛 = 1,
RHS = 1 × 𝐻(1)
=1×1
=1
= LHS
B
That is, suppose 𝑘 + 𝐻(1) + 𝐻(2) + ⋯ + 𝐻(𝑘 − 1) = 𝑘 × 𝐻(𝑘) (∗∗)
That is, we prove (𝑘 + 1) + 𝐻(1) + 𝐻(2) + ⋯ + 𝐻(𝑘 − 1) + 𝐻(𝑘)
= (𝑘 + 1) × 𝐻(𝑘 + 1)
LHS = (𝑘 + 1) + 𝐻(1) + 𝐻(2) + ⋯ + 𝐻(𝑘 − 1) + 𝐻(𝑘)
= (𝑘 + 𝐻(1) + 𝐻(2) + ⋯ + 𝐻(𝑘 − 1)) + (1 + 𝐻(𝑘))
= 𝑘 × 𝐻(𝑘) + (1 + 𝐻(𝑘)) by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
= 𝑘 × 𝐻(𝑘) + 1 + 𝐻(𝑘)
= 1 + (𝑘 + 1)𝐻(𝑘)
1 1 1
= 1 + (𝑘 + 1) (1 + + + ⋯ + )
2 3 𝑘
1 1 1 1
= (𝑘 + 1) (1 + + + ⋯ + + )
2 3 𝑘 𝑘+1
= (𝑘 + 1) × 𝐻(𝑘 + 1)
= RHS
C
𝑛 + 𝐻(1) + 𝐻(2) + ⋯ + 𝐻(𝑛 − 1) = 𝑛 × 𝐻(𝑛) for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.

13a
cos 𝛼 − cos 𝛼 cos 2𝛽 + sin 𝛼 sin 2𝛽
LHS =
2 sin 𝛽
cos 𝛼 − cos 𝛼 (1 − 2 sin2 𝛽) + sin 𝛼 × 2 sin 𝛽 cos 𝛽
=
2 sin 𝛽
2
2 cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 + 2 sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 cos 𝛽
=
2 sin 𝛽
= cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽
= sin(𝛼 + 𝛽)
= RHS
13b A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1 − cos 2𝜃
RHS =
2 sin 𝜃
1 − (1 − 2 sin2 𝜃)
=
2 sin 𝜃
2 sin2 𝜃
=
2 sin 𝜃
= sin 𝜃
= LHS
B
1−cos 2𝑘𝜃
That is, suppose sin 𝜃 + sin 3𝜃 + ⋯ + sin(2𝑘 − 1)𝜃 = (∗∗)
2 sin 𝜃

That is, we prove
1−cos 2(𝑘+1)𝜃
sin 𝜃 + sin 3𝜃 + ⋯ + sin(2𝑘 − 1)𝜃 + sin(2𝑘 + 1)𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃
LHS = sin 𝜃 + sin 3𝜃 + ⋯ + sin(2𝑘 − 1)𝜃 + sin(2𝑘 + 1)𝜃

1−cos 2𝑘𝜃
= + sin(2𝑘 + 1)𝜃 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗),
2 sin 𝜃
1 − cos 2𝑘𝜃 + 2 sin 𝜃 sin(2𝑘 + 1)𝜃
=
2 sin 𝜃
1−cos 2𝑘𝜃+(cos 2𝑘𝜃−cos(2𝑘𝜃+2𝜃))
= using part a with 𝛼 = 2𝑘𝜃 and 𝛽 = 𝜃
2 sin 𝜃

1 − cos(2𝑘𝜃 + 2𝜃)
=
2 sin 𝜃
1 − cos(2(𝑘 + 1)𝜃)
=
2 sin 𝜃
= RHS
C
1−cos 2𝑛𝜃
sin 𝜃 + sin 3𝜃 + ⋯ + sin(2𝑛 − 1)𝜃 = for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
2 sin 𝜃

1 A
When 𝑛 = 1, 7𝑛 − 1 = 71 − 1 = 7 − 1 = 6 which is divisible by 6
B
That is, suppose 7𝑘 − 1 = 6𝑚, for some integer 𝑚. (∗∗)
That is, we prove 7𝑘+1 − 1 is divisible by 6.
7𝑘+1 − 1 = 7 × 7𝑘 − 1
= 7 × 7𝑘 − 7 + 6
= 7(7𝑘 − 1) + 6
= 7(6𝑚) + 6 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
= 6(7𝑚 + 1), which is divisible by 6 as required.
C
It follows from parts A and B by mathematical induction that the statement is
true for all positive integers 𝑛.
2a A
When 𝑛 = 1, 5𝑛 − 1 = 51 − 1 = 5 − 1 = 4 which is divisible by 4
B
5𝑘+1 − 1 = 5 × 5𝑘 − 1
= 5 × 5𝑘 − 5 + 4
= 5(5𝑘 − 1) + 4

C
true for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
2b A
When 𝑛 = 1, 9𝑛 + 3 = 91 + 3 = 12 = 2 × 6 which is divisible by 6
B
That is, suppose 9𝑘 + 3 = 6𝑚, for some integer 𝑚. (∗∗)
That is, we prove 9𝑘+1 + 3 is divisible by 6.
9𝑘+1 + 3 = 9 × 9𝑘 + 3
= 9(9𝑘 + 3) − 9 × 3 + 3
= 9(9𝑘 + 3) − 27 + 3
= 9(6𝑚) − 24 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
= 6(9𝑚 − 4), which is divisible by 6 as required.
C
2c A
When 𝑛 = 1, 32 + 7 = 9 + 7 = 16 = 8 × 2 which is divisible by 8
B
That is, suppose 32𝑘 + 7 = 8𝑚, for some integer 𝑚. (∗∗)
That is, we prove 32(𝑘+1) + 7 is divisible by 8.
32(𝑘+1) + 7 = 32𝑘+2 + 7
= 32 × 32𝑘 + 7

= 9 × 32𝑘 + 7
= 9 × (32𝑘 + 7) − 7 × 9 + 7
= 9 × (8𝑚) − 56 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
= 8 × 9𝑚 − 8 × 7
= 8(9𝑚 − 7), which is divisible by 8 as required.
C
2d A
When 𝑛 = 1, 52 − 1 = 25 − 1 = 24 which is divisible by 24
B
That is, we prove 52(𝑘+1) − 1 is divisible by 24.
52(𝑘+1) − 1 = 52𝑘+2 − 1
= 52 × 52𝑘 − 1
= 25 × 52𝑘 − 1
= 25 × (52𝑘 − 1) + 25 − 1
= 25 × (24𝑚) + 24 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
C
3a
𝑛 0 1 2 3 4
11𝑛 − 1 0 10 120 1330 14 640
From this we can hypothesise that the expression will always be divisible by 10.

3b A
B
That is, suppose , 11𝑘 − 1 = 10𝑚, for some integer 𝑚. (∗∗)
11𝑘+1 − 1 = 11 × 11𝑘 − 1
= 11(11𝑘 − 1) + 11 − 1
C
4a A
When 𝑛 = 0, 03 + 2(0) = 0 + 0 = 0 which is divisible by 3
B
Suppose that 𝑘 ≥ 0 is an integer for which the statement is true.
That is, suppose 𝑘 3 + 2𝑘 = 3𝑚, for some integer 𝑚. (∗∗)
That is, we prove (𝑘 + 1)3 + 2(𝑘 + 1) is divisible by 3.
(𝑘 + 1)3 + 2(𝑘 + 1)
= (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1)2 + 2)
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 1 + 2)
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 3)
= 𝑘 3 + 2𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 + 𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 3
= 𝑘 3 + 3𝑘 2 + 5𝑘 + 3
= (𝑘 3 + 2𝑘) + 3𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 + 3

= 3𝑚 + 3𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 + 3 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)

2
= 3(𝑚 + 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 1) which is divisible by 3.
C
4b A
When 𝑛 = 0, 80 − 7(0) + 6 = 1 + 0 + 6 = 7 which is divisible by 7
B
That is suppose , 8𝑘 − 7𝑘 + 6 = 7𝑚, for some integer 𝑚. (∗∗)
That is, we prove 8𝑘+1 − 7(𝑘 + 1) + 6 is divisible by 7.
8𝑘+1 − 7(𝑘 + 1) + 6
= 8 × 8𝑘 − 7𝑘 − 7 + 6
= 8 × 8𝑘 − 7𝑘 − 1
= 8(8𝑘 − 7𝑘 + 6) + 56𝑘 − 48 − 7𝑘 − 1
= 8(8𝑘 − 7𝑘 + 6) + 49𝑘 − 49
= 8(7𝑚) + 7(7𝑘 − 7) by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
= 7(8𝑚 + 7𝑘 − 7) which is divisible by 7.
C
4c A
When 𝑛 = 0, 9(90 − 1) − 8(0) = 9 × 0 = 0 which is divisible by 64
B
That is, suppose 9(9𝑘 − 1) − 8𝑘 = 64𝑚, for some integer 𝑚.
Note that rearranging this gives 9(9𝑘 − 1) = 64𝑚 + 8𝑘. (∗∗)


That is, we prove 9(9𝑘+1 − 1) − 8(𝑘 + 1) is divisible by 64.
9(9𝑘+1 − 1) − 8(𝑘 + 1)
= 9(9 × 9𝑘 − 1) − 8(𝑘 + 1)
= 81 × 9𝑘 − 9 − 8𝑘 − 8
= 81 × 9𝑘 − 17 − 8𝑘
= 81 × 9𝑘 − 81 + 64 − 8𝑘
= 81(9𝑘 − 1) + 64 − 8𝑘
= 9 × 9(9𝑘 − 1) + 64 − 8𝑘
= 9(64𝑚 + 8𝑘) + 64 − 8𝑘 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
= 9 × 64𝑚 + 9 × 8𝑘 + 64 − 8𝑘
= 9 × 64𝑚 + 8 × 8𝑘 + 64
= 9 × 64𝑚 + 64𝑘 + 64
= 64(9𝑚 + 1𝑘 + 1) which is divisible by 64
C
5a A
When 𝑛 = 0, 50 + 2 × 110 = 1 + 2 = 3 which is divisible by 3
B
That is, suppose 5𝑘 + 2 × 11𝑘 = 3𝑚, for some integer 𝑚.
Note that rearranging this gives 5𝑘 = 3𝑚 − 2 × 11𝑘 . (∗∗)
That is, we prove 5𝑘+1 + 2 × 11𝑘+1 is divisible by 3.
5𝑘+1 + 2 × 11𝑘+1
= 5 × 5𝑘 + 2 × 11𝑘+1
= 5 × (3𝑚 − 2 × 11𝑘 ) + 2 × 11𝑘+1 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
𝑘 𝑘
= 15𝑚 − 10 × 11 + 2 × 11 × 11
= 15𝑚 − 10 × 11𝑘 + 22 × 11𝑘
= 15𝑚 + 12 × 11𝑘
= 3(5𝑚 + 4 × 11𝑘 ) which is divisible by 3.

C
5b A
When 𝑛 = 0, 33(0) + 20+2 = 1 + 22 = 1 + 4 = 5 which is divisible by 5

B
That is, suppose 33𝑘 + 2𝑘+2 = 5𝑚, for some integer 𝑚.
Note that rearranging this gives 33𝑘 = 5𝑚 − 2𝑘+2 . (∗∗)
That is, we prove 33(𝑘+1) + 2(𝑘+1)+2 is divisible by 5.
33(𝑘+1) + 2(𝑘+1)+2
= 33𝑘+3 + 2𝑘+3
= 33 × 33𝑘 + 2 × 2𝑘+2
= 27 × 33𝑘 + 2 × 2𝑘+2
= 27(5𝑚 − 2𝑘+2 ) + 2 × 2𝑘+2 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
𝑘+2 𝑘+2
= 27 × 5𝑚 − 27 × 2 +2×2
𝑘+2
= 27 × 5𝑚 − 25 × 2
= 5(27 × 𝑚 − 5 × 2𝑘+2 ) which is divisible by 5.
C
5c A
When 𝑛 = 0, 110+2 + 120+1 = 112 + 12 = 133 which is divisible by 133.
So, the statement is true for 𝑛 = 0.
B
Suppose that 𝑘 ≥ 0 is an integer for which the statement is true
That is, suppose 11𝑘+2 + 122𝑘+1 = 133𝑚, for some integer 𝑚.
Note that rearranging this gives 11𝑘+2 = 133𝑚 − 122𝑘+1 . (∗∗)


That is, we prove 11(𝑘+1)+2 + 122(𝑘+1)+1 is divisible by 133.
11(𝑘+1)+2 + 122(𝑘+1)+1
= 11𝑘+3 + 122𝑘+3
= 11 × 11𝑘+2 + 122 × 122𝑘+1
= 11 × (133𝑚 − 122𝑘+1 ) + 122 × 122𝑘+1 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
2𝑘+1 2 2𝑘+1
= 11 × 133𝑚 − 11 × 12 + 12 × 12
= 11 × 133𝑚 + (12 − 11)122𝑘+1
2
= 11 × 133𝑚 + 133 × 122𝑘+1

= 133(11𝑚 + 122𝑘+1 ) which is divisible by 133.
C
6 A
When 𝑛 = 1, 𝑥1 − 1 = 𝑥 − 1 which is divisible by 𝑥 − 1.
B
That is, suppose 𝑥 𝑘 − 1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 1) , for some integer 𝑚. (∗∗)
That is, we prove 𝑥 𝑘+1 − 1 is divisible by 𝑥 − 1.
𝑥 𝑘+1 − 1
= 𝑥 × 𝑥𝑘 − 1
= 𝑥(𝑥 𝑘 − 1) + 𝑥 − 1
= 𝑥𝑚(𝑥 − 1) + (𝑥 − 1) by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
= (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑚 + 1) ,which is divisible by 𝑥 − 1
C

7 Suppose that 𝑘 ≥ 1 is a positive integer for which the statement is true.

That is, suppose 8𝑘 2 + 14 = 4𝑚 , for some integer 𝑚. (∗∗)
That is, we prove 8(𝑘 + 1)2 + 14 is divisible by 4.
8(𝑘 + 1)2 + 14
= 8(𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 1) + 14
= 8𝑘 2 + 16𝑘 + 8 + 14
= (8𝑘 2 + 14) + 16𝑘 + 8
= 4𝑚 + 16𝑘 + 8 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
= 4(𝑚 + 4𝑘 + 2) which is divisible by 4.
Now we show that 8𝑛2 + 14 is never divisible by 4 if 𝑛 is an integer.

Firstly, we show by induction that 8𝑛2 + 14 = 4𝑎 + 2 for some integer 𝑎.
When 𝑛 = 1, 8(1) + 14 = 22 = 4 × 5 + 2 which is in the form 4𝑎 + 2.
That is, suppose 8𝑘 2 + 14 = 4𝑚 + 2 , for some integer 𝑚. (∗∗)
That is, we prove 8(𝑘 + 1)2 + 14 = 4𝑎 + 2 for some integer 𝑎.
8(𝑘 + 1)2 + 14
= 8(𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 1) + 14
= 8𝑘 2 + 16𝑘 + 8 + 14
= (8𝑘 2 + 14) + 16𝑘 + 8
= 4𝑚 + 2 + 16𝑘 + 8 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
= 4(𝑚 + 4𝑘 + 2) + 2 which is in the form 4𝑎 + 2 where 𝑎 is an integer
4𝑎 + 2 always has remainder 2 upon division by 4 and hence is never divisible by
4 (assuming that 𝑛 was a whole number).
This shows that the first step of the proof, showing true for a base case such as
𝑛 = 0 or 𝑛 = 1, is necessary.

8a Show that the statement is true for 𝑛 = 0.

𝑓(0) = 0 − 0 + 17 = 17 which is prime.
That is, suppose 𝑘 2 − 𝑘 + 17 = 𝑃 , where 𝑃 is a prime. (∗∗)
We attempt to prove the statement for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
That is, we attempt to prove (𝑘 + 1)2 − (𝑘 + 1) + 17 is prime.
(𝑘 + 1)2 − (𝑘 + 1) + 17
= 𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 1 − 𝑘 − 1 + 17
= (𝑘 2 − 𝑘 + 17) + 2𝑘
= 𝑃 + 2𝑘 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
And now we are stuck!
Hence, we require the step showing that the statement is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1
given that it is true for any 𝑛 = 𝑘. Below we list the first 17 outputs of the
function. Note that the first 16 are prime.
𝑛 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
𝑓(𝑛) 17 17 19 23 29 37 47 59 73 89
𝑛 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
𝑓(𝑛) 107 127 149 173 199 227 257 289
Note that 289 = 172 and hence it is not prime.
8b Show that the statement is true for 𝑛 = 0.

𝑓(0) = 0 + 0 + 41 = 41 which is prime.
That is, suppose 𝑘 2 + 𝑘 + 41 = 𝑃 , where 𝑃 is a prime. (∗∗)
We attempt to prove the statement for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
That is, we attempt to prove (𝑘 + 1)2 + (𝑘 + 1) + 41 is prime.
(𝑘 + 1)2 + (𝑘 + 1) + 41
= 𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 1 + 𝑘 + 1 + 41
= (𝑘 2 + 𝑘 + 41) + 2𝑘 + 2

= 𝑃 + 2𝑘 + 2 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)

And now we are stuck!
Hence, we require the step showing that the statement is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1
given that it is true for any 𝑛 = 𝑘.
Note that 𝑓(40) = 1681 = 412 and hence is not prime, thus providing us with a
counter-example.
9 A
0
When 𝑛 = 0, 32 − 1 = 31 − 1 = 3 − 1 = 2 which is divisible by 21
B
𝑘
That is, suppose 32 − 1 = 2𝑘+1 𝑚, for some positive integer 𝑚.
𝑘
Note that rearranging this gives 32 = 2𝑘+1 𝑚 + 1. (∗∗)
𝑘+1
That is, we prove 32 − 1 is divisible by 2𝑘+2 .
𝑘+1
32 − 1
𝑘
= 32×2 − 1
𝑘 2
= (32 ) − 1
= (2𝑘+1 𝑚 + 1)2 − 1 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
2𝑘+2 2 𝑘+2
=2 𝑚 +2 𝑚+1−1
= 2 (2 𝑚 + 𝑚), which is divisible by 2𝑘+2 .
𝑘+2 𝑘 2
C
10 A
When 𝑛 = 3, (3 − 2) × 180° = 180° which is the angle sum of a triangle or
1 straight angle so the statement is true for 𝑛 = 3.

B
Assume that a 𝑘-gon, where 𝑘 ≥ 3, has angle sum (𝑘 − 2) × 180°. (∗∗)
Prove that a (𝑘 + 1)-gon has angle sum (𝑘 − 1) × 180°.
A𝑘+1
The angle sum of the (𝑘 + 1)-gon 𝐴1 𝐴2 … 𝐴𝑘 𝐴𝑘+1

= the angle sum of the 𝑘-gon 𝐴1 𝐴2 … 𝐴𝑘 + the angle sum of Δ𝐴1 𝐴𝑘 𝐴𝑘+1
= (𝑘 − 2) × 180° + 180° by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
= (𝑘 − 1) × 180° as required.
C
11 A
A 0-member set is the empty set which has 20 = 1 subset (itself) so the result is
true for 𝑛 = 0.
B
Assume that a 𝑘-member set has 2𝑘 subsets. (∗∗)
Prove that a (𝑘 + 1)-member set has 2𝑘+1 subsets.

Suppose we have a 𝑘-member set, and we add a new member.

Then each subset of the 𝑘-member set (there are 2𝑘 of these by (∗∗)) is also a
subset of the (𝑘 + 1)-member set, and we get 2𝑘 new subsets when we add the
new member to each of the previous 2𝑘 subsets.
So the resulting number of subsets for the (𝑘 + 1)-member set is
2𝑘 + 2𝑘 = 2 × 2𝑘 = 2𝑘+1 as required.
C
12 A
𝑑
(𝑥1 ) = 1 = 1𝑥 0 so the result is true for 𝑛 = 1.
𝑑𝑥
B
𝑑
Assume that 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑘 ) = 𝑘𝑥 𝑘−1 . (∗∗)
𝑑
Prove that (𝑥 𝑘+1 ) = (𝑘 + 1)𝑥 𝑘 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
LHS = (𝑥 × 𝑥 𝑘 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑥 × 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑘 ) + 𝑥 𝑘 × 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) by the product rule
𝑘−1 𝑘
= 𝑥 × 𝑘𝑥 +𝑥 ×1 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
𝑘 𝑘
= 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑥
= (𝑘 + 1)𝑥 𝑘
= RHS
C

13a A
When 𝑛 = 0, 𝑛2 + 2𝑛 = 02 + 2(0) = 0 which is a multiple of 8
so the result is true for 𝑛 = 0.
B
Assume that the result is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘, where 𝑘 is even.
That is, assume that 𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 = 8𝑚, where 𝑚 is a positive integer. (∗∗)
Prove the result is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 2.
That is, prove that (𝑘 + 2)2 + 2(𝑘 + 2) is a multiple of 8.
(𝑘 + 2)2 + 2(𝑘 + 2)
= 𝑘 2 + 4𝑘 + 4 + 2𝑘 + 4
= (𝑘 2 + 2𝑘) + 4𝑘 + 8
= 8𝑚 + 4𝑘 + 8 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
= 8𝑚 + 4 × 2𝑙 + 8 (𝑘 is even, so 𝑘 = 2𝑙 for some integer 𝑙)
= 8(𝑚 + 𝑙 + 1) which is a multiple of 8.
C
true for all even integers 𝑛 ≥ 0.
13b A
When 𝑛 = 1, 31 + 71 = 10 which is divisible by 10
so the result is true for 𝑛 = 1.
B
Assume that the result is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘, where 𝑘 is odd.
That is, assume that 3𝑘 + 7𝑘 = 10𝑚, where 𝑚 is a positive integer.
This can be rearranged as 3𝑘 = 10𝑚 − 7𝑘 . (∗∗)
Prove the result is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 2.
That is, prove that 3𝑘+2 + 7𝑘+2 is a multiple of 10.
3𝑘+2 + 7𝑘+2
= 32 × 3𝑘 + 72 × 7𝑘
= 9 × 3𝑘 + 49 × 7𝑘
= 9 × (10𝑚 − 7𝑘 ) + 49 × 7𝑘 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
= 90𝑚 − 9 × 7𝑘 + 49 × 7𝑘

= 90𝑚 + 40 × 7𝑘
= 10(9𝑚 + 4 × 7𝑘 ) which is divisible by 10.
C
true for all odd integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.

Solutions to Chapter 2 Review

1a A
When 𝑛 = 1,
RHS = 1(2(1) − 1)
=1
= LHS
B
That is, suppose 1 + 5 + 9 + ⋯ + (4𝑘 − 3) = 𝑘(2𝑘 − 1) (∗∗)
That is, we prove
1 + 5 + 9 + ⋯ + (4𝑘 − 3) + (4(𝑘 + 1) − 3) = (𝑘 + 1)(2(𝑘 + 1) − 1)
LHS = 1 + 5 + 9 + ⋯ + (4𝑘 − 3) + (4(𝑘 + 1) − 3)
= 1 + 5 + 9 + ⋯ + (4𝑘 − 3) + (4𝑘 + 4 − 3)
= 1 + 5 + 9 + ⋯ + (4𝑘 − 3) + (4𝑘 + 1)
= 𝑘(2𝑘 − 1) + (4𝑘 + 1) by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
2
= 2𝑘 − 𝑘 + 4𝑘 + 1
= 2𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 + 1
= (𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 1)
= (𝑘 + 1)(2(𝑘 + 1) − 1)
= RHS
C
1 + 5 + 9 + ⋯ + (4𝑛 − 3) = 𝑛(2𝑛 − 1) for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
1b A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS = (71 − 1)
6
6
=
6
=1
= LHS


B
1
That is, suppose 1 + 7 + 72 + ⋯ + 7𝑘−1 = 6 (7𝑘 − 1) (∗∗)

1
That is, we prove 1 + 7 + 72 + ⋯ + 7𝑘−1 + 7𝑘+1−1 = 6 (7𝑘+1 − 1)
LHS = 1 + 7 + 72 + ⋯ + 7𝑘−1 + 7𝑘+1−1

= 1 + 7 + 72 + ⋯ + 7𝑘−1 + 7𝑘
1
= 6 (7𝑘 − 1) + 7𝑘 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
1
= (7𝑘 − 1 + 6 × 7𝑘 )
6
1
= (7 × 7𝑘 − 1)
6
1
= (7𝑘+1 − 1)
6
= RHS
C
1
1 + 7 + 72 + ⋯ + 7𝑛−1 = 6 (7𝑛 − 1) for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
1c A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS = (1)(1 + 1)(2 × 1 + 13)
6
1
= (1)(2)(15)
6
=5
= LHS

B
That is, suppose 1 × 5 + 2 × 6 + 3 × 7 + ⋯ + 𝑘(𝑘 + 4)
1
= 6 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 13) (∗∗)

1
= 6 (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)(2(𝑘 + 1) + 13)
LHS = 1 × 5 + 2 × 6 + 3 × 7 + ⋯ + 𝑘(𝑘 + 4) + (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 4)

1
= 6 𝑘(𝑘 + 1)(2𝑘 + 13) + (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 4)

1
= (𝑘 + 1)[𝑘(2𝑘 + 13) + 6((𝑘 + 1) + 4)]
6
1
= (𝑘 + 1)[𝑘(2𝑘 + 13) + 6(𝑘 + 5)]
6
1
= (𝑘 + 1)[2𝑘 2 + 13𝑘 + 6𝑘 + 30]
6
1
= (𝑘 + 1)[2𝑘 2 + 19𝑘 + 30]
6
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)(2𝑘 + 15)
6
1
= (𝑘 + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 1)(2(𝑘 + 1) + 13)
6
= RHS
C
1
1 × 5 + 2 × 6 + 3 × 7 + ⋯ + 𝑛(𝑛 + 4) = 6 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 13) for all integers
𝑛 ≥ 1.
1d A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS =
2(1 + 2)
1
=
2(3)

1
=
6
= LHS
B
1 1 1 1 𝑘
That is, suppose 2×3 + 3×4 + 4×5 + ⋯ + (𝑘+1)(𝑘+2) = 2(𝑘+2) (∗∗)

1 1 1 1 1 (𝑘+1)
That is, we prove 2×3 + 3×4 + 4×5 + ⋯ + (𝑘+1)(𝑘+2) + ((𝑘+1)+1)((𝑘+1)+2) = 2((𝑘+1)+2)
1 1 1 1 1
LHS = + + + ⋯+ +
2×3 3×4 4×5 (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2) ((𝑘 + 1) + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 2)
𝑘 1
= 2(𝑘+2) + ((𝑘+1)+1)((𝑘+1)+2) by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
𝑘 2
= +
2(𝑘 + 2) 2((𝑘 + 1) + 1)((𝑘 + 1) + 2)
𝑘 2
= +
2(𝑘 + 2) 2(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 3)
𝑘(𝑘 + 3) 2
= +
2(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 3) 2(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 3)
𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 + 2
=
2(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 3)
(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
=
2(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 3)
(𝑘 + 1)
=
2(𝑘 + 3)
(𝑘 + 1)
=
2((𝑘 + 1) + 2)
= RHS
C
1 1 1 1 𝑛
+ 3×4 + 4×5 + ⋯ + (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2) = 2(𝑛+2) for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
2×3

1e A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1+2
RHS = 2 −
21
3
=2−
2
1
=
2
= LHS
B
1 2 3 𝑘 𝑘+2
That is, suppose 2 + 22 + 23 + ⋯ + 2𝑘 = 2 − (∗∗)
2𝑘

1 2 3 𝑘 𝑘+1 𝑘+3
That is, we prove 2 + 22 + 23 + ⋯ + 2𝑘 + 2𝑘+1 = 2 − 2𝑘+1
1 2 3 𝑘 𝑘+1
LHS = + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑘 + 𝑘+1
2 2 2 2 2
𝑘+2 𝑘+1
= 2 − 2𝑘 + 2𝑘+1 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
2(𝑘 + 2) − (𝑘 + 1)
=2−
2𝑘+1
2𝑘 + 4 − 𝑘 − 1
=2−
2𝑘+1
𝑘+3
= 2 − 𝑘+1
2
= RHS
C
1 2 3 𝑛 𝑛+2
+ 22 + 23 + ⋯ + 2𝑛 = 2 − for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
2 2𝑛
2a A
When 𝑛 = 1, 72−1 + 5 = 7 + 5 = 12 which is divisible by 12

B
That is, suppose 72𝑘−1 + 5 = 12𝑚, for some integer 𝑚.
Note that rearranging this gives 72𝑘−1 = 12𝑚 − 5. (∗∗)
That is, we prove 72(𝑘+1)−1 + 5 is divisible by 12.
72(𝑘+1)−1 + 5
= 72𝑘+2−1 + 5
= 72𝑘+1 + 5
= 72 × 72𝑘−1 + 5
= 72 (12𝑚 − 5) + 5 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
= 49(12𝑚 − 5) + 5
= 49 × 12𝑚 − 5 × 49 + 5 × 1
= 49 × 12𝑚 + 5(1 − 49)
= 49 × 12𝑚 − 5 × 12 × 4
= 12(49𝑚 − 20) which is divisible by 12.
C
2b A
When 𝑛 = 0, 20 + 6(0) − 1 = 1 + 0 − 1 = 0 which is divisible by 9
B
That is, suppose 22𝑘 + 6𝑘 − 1 = 9𝑚, for some integer 𝑚.
Note that rearranging this gives 22𝑘 = 9𝑚 − 6𝑘 + 1. (∗∗)
That is, we prove 22(𝑘+1) + 6(𝑘 + 1) − 1 is divisible by 9.
22(𝑘+1) + 6(𝑘 + 1) − 1
= 22𝑘+2 + 6𝑘 + 6 − 1
= 22 × 22𝑘 + 6𝑘 + 5

= 22 × (9𝑚 − 6𝑘 + 1) + 6𝑘 + 5 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)

= 36𝑚 − 24𝑘 + 4 + 6𝑘 + 5
= 36𝑚 − 18𝑘 + 9
= 9(4𝑚 − 2𝑘 + 1) which is divisible by 9.
C
2c A
When 𝑛 = 1, 24 + 51 = 16 + 5 = 21 which is divisible by 21.
B
That is, suppose 22𝑘+2 + 52𝑘−1 = 21𝑚, for some integer 𝑚.
Note that rearranging this gives 22𝑘+2 = 21𝑚 − 52𝑘−1 . (∗∗)
That is, we prove 22(𝑘+1)+2 + 52(𝑘+1)−1 is divisible by 21.
22(𝑘+1)+2 + 52(𝑘+1)−1
= 22𝑘+2+2 + 52𝑘−1+2
= 22 × 22𝑘+2 + 52 × 52𝑘−1
= 22 × (21𝑚 − 52𝑘−1 ) + 52 × 52𝑘−1 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
2𝑘−1 2 2𝑘−1
= 4 × (21𝑚 − 5 )+5 ×5
2𝑘−1
= 4 × 21𝑚 − 4 × 5 + 52 × 52𝑘−1
= 4 × 21𝑚 − 4 × 52𝑘−1 + 25 × 52𝑘−1
= 4 × 21𝑚 + 21 × 52𝑘−1
= 21(4𝑚 + 52𝑘−1 ) which is divisible by 21.
C

2d A
When 𝑛 = 0, 0 + 13 + 23 = 0 + 1 + 8 = 9 which is divisible by 9
B
That is, suppose 𝑘 3 + (𝑘 + 1)3 + (𝑘 + 2)3 = 9𝑚, for some integer 𝑚.
Note that rearranging this gives (𝑘 + 1)3 + (𝑘 + 2)3 = 9𝑚 − 𝑘 3 (∗∗)
That is, we prove (𝑘 + 1)3 + ((𝑘 + 1) + 1)3 + ((𝑘 + 1) + 2)3 is divisible by 9.
(𝑘 + 1)3 + ((𝑘 + 1) + 1)3 + ((𝑘 + 1) + 2)3
= (𝑘 + 1)3 + (𝑘 + 2)3 + (𝑘 + 3)3
= 9𝑚 − 𝑘 3 + (𝑘 + 3)3 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
3 3 2
= 9𝑚 − 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 9𝑘 + 27𝑘 + 27
= 9𝑚 + 9𝑘 2 + 27𝑘 + 27
= 9(𝑚 + 𝑘 2 + 3𝑘 + 3) which is divisible by 9.
C
3a
𝑛 0 1 2 3
23𝑛 − 3𝑛 0 5 55 485
The expression is always divisible by 5 for all whole numbers 𝑛 ≥ 0.
3b A
B
That is, suppose 23𝑘 − 3𝑘 = 5𝑚, for some integer 𝑚.
Note that rearranging this gives 23𝑘 = 5𝑚 + 3𝑘 . (∗∗)


That is, we prove 23(𝑘+1) − 3𝑘+1 is divisible by 5.
23(𝑘+1) − 3𝑘+1
= 23𝑘+3 − 3𝑘+1
= 23 × 23𝑘 − 3 × 3𝑘
= 23 × (5𝑚 + 3𝑘 ) − 3 × 3𝑘 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
= 8 × (5𝑚 + 3𝑘 ) − 3 × 3𝑘
= 5 × 8𝑚 + 8 × 3𝑘 − 3 × 3𝑘
= 5 × 8𝑚 + 5 × 3𝑘
= 5(8𝑚 + 3𝑘 ) which is divisible by 5.
C
true for all whole numbers 𝑛 ≥ 0.
4a A
When 𝑛 = 1,
RHS = (1 + 1)! − 1
= 2! − 1
=2−1
=1
1
LHS = ∑ 𝑟 × 𝑟!
𝑟=1
= 1 × 1!
=1
= RHS
B
That is, suppose ∑𝑘𝑟=1 𝑟 × 𝑟! = (𝑘 + 1)! − 1 (∗∗)
That is, we prove ∑𝑘+1
𝑟=1 𝑟 × 𝑟! = ((𝑘 + 1) + 1)! − 1.
𝑘+1
LHS = ∑ 𝑟 × 𝑟!
𝑟=1

= ∑ 𝑟 × 𝑟! + (𝑘 + 1) × (𝑘 + 1)!
𝑟=1
= (𝑘 + 1)! − 1 + (𝑘 + 1) × (𝑘 + 1)! by the induction hypothesis (∗∗),
= (𝑘 + 1)! + (𝑘 + 1) × (𝑘 + 1)! − 1
= (1 + (𝑘 + 1))(𝑘 + 1)! − 1
= (𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 + 1)! − 1
= (𝑘 + 2)! − 1
= ((𝑘 + 1) + 1)! − 1
= RHS
C
∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑟 × 𝑟! = (𝑛 + 1)! − 1 for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
4b A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS = 1 −
1!
=1−1
=0
1
𝑟−1
LHS = ∑
𝑟!
𝑟=1
1−1
=
1!
=0
= RHS
B
𝑟−1 1
That is, suppose ∑𝑘𝑟=1 = 1 − 𝑘! (∗∗)
𝑟!

𝑟−1 1
That is, we prove ∑𝑘+1
𝑟=1 = 1 − (𝑘+1)!.
𝑟!
𝑘+1
𝑟−1
LHS = ∑
𝑟!
𝑟=1

𝑘
𝑟 − 1 (𝑘 + 1) − 1
=∑ +
𝑟! (𝑘 + 1)!
𝑟=1
1 (𝑘+1)−1
= 1 − 𝑘! + (𝑘+1)!
𝑘+1 (𝑘 + 1) − 1
=1− +
(𝑘 + 1)! (𝑘 + 1)!
𝑘+1−𝑘
=1−
(𝑘 + 1)!
1
=1−
(𝑘 + 1)!
= RHS
C
𝑟−1 1
∑𝑛𝑟=1 = 1 − 𝑛! for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
𝑟!
The limiting sum of the series in part b is:

1
lim (1 − )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛!
=1
5 A
When 𝑛 = 1,
1
RHS = (1)(6 − 3 − 1)
2
2
=
2
=1
LHS = 12
=1
= RHS
B

1
That is, suppose 12 + 42 + 72 + ⋯ + (3𝑘 − 2)2 = 2 𝑘(6𝑘 2 − 3𝑘 − 1) (∗∗)

1
= 2 (𝑘 + 1)(6(𝑘 + 1)2 − 3(𝑘 + 1) − 1)
LHS = 12 + 42 + 72 + ⋯ + (3𝑘 − 2)2 + (3(𝑘 + 1) − 2)2

1
= 2 𝑘(6𝑘 2 − 3𝑘 − 1) + (3(𝑘 + 1) − 2)2 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
1
= 𝑘(6𝑘 2 − 3𝑘 − 1) + (3𝑘 + 3 − 2)2
2
1
= 𝑘(6𝑘 2 − 3𝑘 − 1) + (3𝑘 + 1)2
2
1
= (6𝑘 3 − 3𝑘 2 − 𝑘) + 9𝑘 2 + 6𝑘 + 1
2
1
= (6𝑘 3 − 3𝑘 2 − 𝑘 + 18𝑘 2 + 12𝑘 + 2)
2
1
= (6𝑘 3 + 15𝑘 2 + 11𝑘 + 2)
2
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(6𝑘 2 + 9𝑘 + 2)
2
1
RHS = (𝑘 + 1)(6(𝑘 + 1)2 − 3(𝑘 + 1) − 1)
2
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(6(𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 1) − 3𝑘 − 3 − 1)
2
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(6𝑘 2 + 12𝑘 + 6 − 3𝑘 − 4)
2
1
= (𝑘 + 1)(6𝑘 2 + 9𝑘 + 2)
2
= LHS
C
1
12 + 42 + 72 + ⋯ + (3𝑛 − 2)2 = 2 𝑛(6𝑛2 − 3𝑛 − 1) for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.
6 A
When 𝑛 = 1,
RHS = 12 (2 − 1)
=1
= 13
= LHS

B
That is, suppose 13 + 33 + 53 + ⋯ + (2𝑘 − 1)3 = 𝑘 2 (2𝑘 2 − 1) (∗∗)
= (𝑘 + 1)2 (2(𝑘 + 1)2 − 1)
LHS = 13 + 33 + 53 + ⋯ + (2𝑘 − 1)3 + (2(𝑘 + 1) − 1)3
= 𝑘 2 (2𝑘 2 − 1) + (2(𝑘 + 1) − 1)3 by the induction hypothesis (∗∗)
2 (2𝑘 2 3
=𝑘 − 1) + (2𝑘 + 2 − 1)
2 (2𝑘 2
=𝑘 − 1) + (2𝑘 + 1)3
= 𝑘 2 (2𝑘 2 − 1) + 8𝑘 3 + 12𝑘 2 + 6𝑘 + 1
= 2𝑘 4 − 𝑘 2 + 8𝑘 3 + 12𝑘 2 + 6𝑘 + 1
= 2𝑘 4 + 8𝑘 3 + 11𝑘 2 + 6𝑘 + 1
= (𝑘 + 1)2 (2𝑘 2 + 4𝑘 + 1)
= (𝑘 + 1)2 (2(𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 1) − 1)
= (𝑘 + 1)2 (2(𝑘 + 1)2 − 1)
= RHS
C
13 + 33 + 53 + ⋯ + (2𝑛 − 1)3 = 𝑛2 (2𝑛2 − 1) for all integers 𝑛 ≥ 1.

Chapter 3 worked solutions – Graphs and equations
1a i −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
1a ii [−1, 2]
1b i −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 2
1b ii (−1, 2]
1c i 𝑥 > −1
1c ii (−1, ∞)
2a i
2a ii [−1, 2)
2b i
2b ii (−∞, 2]
2c i
2c ii (−∞, 2)

3a i
3a ii 𝑥 ≥ −1
3b i
3b ii −1 < 𝑥 < 2
3c i
3c ii 𝑅 (all real numbers). Note that there is no way of writing this in terms of
inequalities.
4a i 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(3) = 𝑔(𝑓(3)) = 𝑔(3 + 1) = 𝑔(4) = 24 = 16
4a ii 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(3) = 𝑓(𝑔(3)) = 𝑓(23 ) = 𝑓(8) = 8 + 1 = 9
4a iii 𝑔 ∘ 𝑔(3) = 𝑔(𝑔(3)) = 𝑔(23 ) = 𝑔(8) = 28 = 256
4a iv 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(3) = 𝑓(𝑓(3)) = 𝑓(3 + 1) = 𝑓(4) = 4 + 1 = 5
4b i 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥 + 1) = 2𝑥+1

4b ii 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(2𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑥
4b iii 𝑔 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑔(2𝑥 ) = 22 = (22 )𝑥 = 4𝑥
4b iv 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 + 1 + 1 = 𝑥 + 2
5a The function is negative for all 𝑥 values where the function is below the 𝑥-axis.
(−∞, 1)
5b The function is negative for all 𝑥 values where the function is below the 𝑥-axis.
(0, 2)
5c The function is negative for all 𝑥 values where the function is below the 𝑥-axis.
(0, 1)
5d The function is negative for all 𝑥 values where the function is below the 𝑥-axis.
(4, ∞)
6a The inequation is true when the curve is above, or on, the 𝑥-axis. This is when
−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0 or 𝑥 ≥ 1
6b The inequation is true when the curve is below, or on, the 𝑥-axis. This is when
−5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ −2 or 𝑥 ≥ 1
6c The inequation is true when the curve is strictly above the 𝑥-axis. This is when
𝑥 < −2 or 𝑥 > 4

6d The inequation is true when the curve is above, or on, the 𝑥-axis. This is when
−2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
6e The inequation is true when the curve is strictly below the 𝑥-axis. This is when
0 < 𝑥 < 2 or 𝑥 < −2
6f The inequation is true when the curve is below, or on, the 𝑥-axis. This is when
−1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0 or 2 < 𝑥 ≤ 3
1
7a The curve is defined for all values of 𝑥 such that the denominator of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥+3
3
is non-zero. This is when 2𝑥 + 3 ≠ 0 or 𝑥 ≠ − 2.
3
Hence the domain is all 𝑥 where 𝑥 ≠ − 2.
7b The curve is defined for all values of 𝑥 such that the values under the square root
sign 𝑓(𝑥) = √2 − 𝑥 is greater than or equal to zero. This is when 2 − 𝑥 ≥ 0.
Hence the domain is 2 ≥ 𝑥 or 𝑥 ≤ 2.

7c The function is defined for all values of 𝑥.

Hence the domain is all 𝑥. We can see this on the graph below.
7d The function 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑒 (𝑥 + 1) is defined for all values of 𝑥 such that 𝑥 + 1 > 0.
Hence the domain is all values of 𝑥 such that 𝑥 > −1.

7e Note, in order for this function to be defined, the values inside the square root
function must be greater than or equal to zero. The denominator of the function
must also be non-zero. Hence we must have 𝑥 + 3 > 0.
Thus the domain is all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 > −3.
7f The function is defined for all values such that the expression inside the
logarithm is greater than zero. Hence this is when:
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 > 0
(𝑥 + 1)2 + 2 > 0
This is true for all values of 𝑥. Hence the domain is all values of 𝑥.
8a i Note that an open (white) circle, indicates an open interval so we use < and >
for this section of the interval.
−1 < 𝑥 < 1 or 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
8a ii Note that an open (white) circle, indicates an open interval so we use rounded
brackets for this section of the interval.
(−1, 1) ∪ [2, 3]

8b i Note that an open (white) circle, indicates an open interval so we use < and >
𝑥 < 1 or 𝑥 ≥ 2
8b ii Note that an open (white) circle, indicates an open interval so we use rounded
(−∞, 1) ∪ [2, ∞)
8c i Note that an open (white) circle, indicates an open interval so we use < and >
𝑥 < 1 or 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 3
8c ii Note that an open (white) circle, indicates an open interval so we use rounded
(−∞, 1) ∪ [2, 3)
9a i
9a ii [−1, −1] ∪ [2, ∞)
9b i
9b ii (−∞, −1] ∪ (2, 3]

9c i
9c ii (−1, 1] ∪ (2, ∞)
10a i Note that square brackets denote closed intervals and are denoted by a black
circle when drawn on a number line.
10a ii −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 or 𝑥 ≥ 2
10b i
10b ii −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 1 or 𝑥 ≥ 2
10c i
10c ii −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1 or 𝑥 = 3
11a [−1, 0] ∪ [1, ∞)
11b [−5, −2] ∪ [1, ∞ )
11c (−∞, −2) ∪ (4, ∞)

11d [−2, 2]
11e (−∞, −2) ∪ (0, 2)
11f [−1, 0) ∪ (2, 3]
12a The function is undefined when the denominator is zero, that is when 𝑥 = −1.
𝑥−2
The zeroes occur when 𝑥+1 = 0, that is when 𝑥 = 2.
Drawing a table of values gives

𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑓(𝑥) 4 ∗ −2 1 0 1
−
2 4
sign + ∗ − − ∗ +
Thus, the inequation is true when 𝑥 < −1 and when 𝑥 ≥ 2.
12b The function is undefined when the denominator is zero, that is when
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0, or when 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 3.
𝑥−1
The zeroes occur when 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−3 = 0, that is when 𝑥 = 1.

𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑓(𝑥) 3 ∗ 1 0 1 ∗ 3
− −
5 3 3 5
sign − ∗ + ∗ − ∗ +
Thus, the inequation is true when −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1 and when 𝑥 > 3.
12c The function is undefined when the denominator is zero, that is when
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1 (𝑥+1)2
𝑥 − 2 = 0, ie when 𝑥 = 2. The zeroes occur when = = 0, that is
𝑥−2 𝑥−2
when 𝑥 = −1.


𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑓(𝑥) 1 0 1 −4 ∗ 16
− −
4 2
sign − ∗ − − ∗ +
Thus, the inequation is true when 𝑥 < −1 and when −1 < 𝑥 < 2.
13a The square root function is only defined for 𝑥 ≥ 0, this is our first restriction. We
also cannot divide by zero, thus 𝑥 2 − 1 ≠ 0, 𝑥 2 ≠ 1 and thus 𝑥 ≠ ±1. Hence the
domain is [0, 1) ∪ (1, ∞).
13b The domain is all 𝑥 such that the denominator is non-zero, and such that the
expression inside of the square root is non-negative.
That is when 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6 > 0 which is when (𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 1) > 0.
As 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6 is a concave up parabola, it is greater than zero when 𝑥 < −1
and when 𝑥 > 6. In interval notation this is (−∞, −1) ∪ (6, ∞).
13c The domain is all 𝑥 such that the denominator is non-zero, and such that the
expression inside the square root is non-negative. That is when 3 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 > 0
which is when (1 + 𝑥)(3 − 𝑥) > 0.
As 𝑦 = 3 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 is a concave down parabola, it is greater than zero when
−1 < 𝑥 < 3. In interval notation this is (−1, 3).
13d The domain is all 𝑥 such that the denominator is non-zero, and such that the
expression inside the square root is non-negative. That is when 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 > 0
which is when 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 2 > 0 and thus when (𝑥 − 1)2 + 2 > 0. This is true
for all values of 𝑥 and hence in interval notation the domain is (−∞, ∞).
−𝑥
14a When 𝑥 < 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = = −1.
𝑥
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.
𝑥
When 𝑥 > 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 = 1.
Drawing this gives:

14b By observation of the graph, 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 when 𝑥 ≥ 0.
15a The function is defined for all values such that the denominator is non-zero.
Hence this is when 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 = 0. Solving this gives:
𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒𝑥
=1
𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 = 1
2𝑥 = 0
𝑥=0
Thus, the only point at which the function is undefined is when 𝑥 = 0. Thus the
domain is all values of 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ 0. That is 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
15b Using the quotient rule:

𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
ℎ ′ (𝑥)
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
(𝑒 − 𝑒 )(𝑒 − 𝑒 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥
=
(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 0 − 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 − (𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
=
(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
𝑒 2𝑥 − 1 − 1 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 − (𝑒 2𝑥 + 1 + 1 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
=
(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
4
=− 𝑥
(𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2

Since (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 > 0 for all values of 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ 0, it follows that

4
− (𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )2 < 0 and hence we have that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 for all values of 𝑥 in the
domain.
16a i The function is defined for all values such that the denominator is non-zero,
hence, it is defined for all 𝑥 − 1 ≠ 0 which in turn is all 𝑥 ≠ 1.
16a ii The intercepts with the 𝑥-axis occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:
|𝑥|
0=
𝑥−1
0 = |𝑥|
𝑥=0
Hence there is a 𝑥-intercept at (0, 0).
The intercepts with the 𝑦-axis occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:
|0|
𝑦=
0−1
𝑦=0
Hence there is a 𝑦-intercept at (0, 0).
16a iii There are three regions we need to test based on the above information: when
𝑥 < 0, when 0 < 𝑥 < 1 and when 𝑥 > 1. This is because there is an intercept at
𝑥 = 0 and a discontinuity at 𝑥 = 1.
1
For 𝑥 < 0, choose 𝑥 = −1. 𝑦 = − 2 < 0 and hence the function is negative in this
region.
1
For 0 < 𝑥 < 1, choose 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −1 < 0 and hence the function is negative in
this region.
For 𝑥 > 1, choose 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2. Hence the function is positive in this region.
For 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0. Hence the function is positive in this region.
Combining these results, the function is positive in the region [0, 0] ∪ (1, ∞).

16a iv
16b i The function is defined for all values such that the denominator is non-zero.
Hence, it is defined for:
𝑥2 − 1 ≠ 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) ≠ 0
𝑥 ≠ ±1
16b ii The intercepts with the 𝑥-axis occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:
|𝑥|
0=
𝑥2−1
0 = |𝑥|
𝑥=0
Hence there is a 𝑥-intercept at (0, 0).
The intercepts with the 𝑦-axis occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:
|0|
𝑦=
02 − 1
𝑦=0

16b iii There are four regions we need to test based on the above information: when
𝑥 < −1, when −1 < 𝑥 < 0, when 0 < 𝑥 < 1 and when 𝑥 > 1.
This is because there is an intercept at 𝑥 = 0 and a discontinuity at 𝑥 = ±1.
1
For −1 < 𝑥 < 0, choose 𝑥 = − 2.
2
𝑦 = − 3 < 0 and hence the function is negative in this region.
1
For 0 < 𝑥 < 1, choose 𝑥 = 2.
2
𝑦 = − 3 < 0 and hence the function is negative in this region.
For 𝑥 > 1, choose 𝑥 = 2.

2
𝑦 = 3 and hence the function is positive in this region.
For 𝑥 ≤ −1, choose 𝑥 = −2.

2
𝑦 = 3, and hence the function is positive in this region.
Thus, in interval notation the domain in which the function is positive we have
(−∞, −1) ∪ [0, 0] ∪ (1, ∞).
16b iv
𝜋 𝜋
17a (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = sin (𝑔(𝑥) + ) = sin (𝑒 𝑥 + )
3 3
𝜋 2 𝜋
((𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ)(𝑥) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(ℎ(𝑥)) = sin (𝑒 ℎ(𝑥) + ) = sin (𝑒 1−𝑥 + )
3 3
2
(𝑔 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥) = 𝑔(ℎ(𝑥)) = 𝑒 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑒 1−𝑥

𝜋 2 𝜋
(𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ))(𝑥) = 𝑓((𝑔 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥)) = sin ((𝑔 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥) + ) = sin (𝑒 1−𝑥 + )
3 3
2 𝜋
Hence ((𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ)(𝑥) = (𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ))(𝑥) = sin (𝑒 1−𝑥 + 3 ).
17b ((𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ)(𝑥)
= (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(ℎ(𝑥))
= 𝑓 (𝑔(ℎ(𝑥)))
= 𝑓((𝑔 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥))
= (𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ))(𝑥)
18a It has one endpoint 5, which it contains. Thus it must be closed.
18b It does not contain any endpoints.
18c It contains all its endpoints (there are none).
19a

19b
19c

1a Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
2
1−𝑥
0
Hence as 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → =0
1−0
1b Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:

3
1−𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
4
1+𝑥
1−0
Hence as 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → =1
1+0
1c Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:

1
2+𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
3
𝑥−1
2+0
Hence as 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → = −2
0−1
1d Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:

5
−1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
4
𝑥−2
0−1 1
Hence as 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → =
0−2 2
1e Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:

1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2
1
1+
𝑥2

0
Hence as 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → =0
1+0
1f Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives

𝑥 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 = 𝑥
4 4
1+ 2 1+
𝑥 𝑥2
0
Hence as 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → =0
1+0
2a The function is defined for all 𝑥 where 𝑥 − 2 ≠ 0 (so as to avoid dividing by

zero). Hence the natural domain is all real numbers except for 𝑥 = 2.
2b The 𝑦-intercept occurs at the point where 𝑥 = 0. Hence the 𝑦-intercept is when:
0
𝑦= =0
0−2
Thus the 𝑦-intercept is at (0, 0).
The 𝑥-intercept occurs at the point where 𝑦 = 0. Hence the 𝑥-intercept is when:
𝑥
=0
𝑥−2
𝑥=0
Thus the 𝑥-intercept is at (0, 0).

2c Dividing the denominator and numerator by 𝑥 gives:

𝑥
𝑥 1
𝑦= =
𝑥 1 1
𝑥−𝑥 1−𝑥
1 1
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → = =1
1−0 1
1 1
Furthermore as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → = =1
1−0 1
and thus 𝑦 = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.
2d Vertical asymptotes occur when the function on the denominator is zero. This is
when 𝑥 − 2 = 0 and hence is 𝑥 = 2. 𝑦 → ∞ as 𝑥 → 2+ and 𝑦 → −∞ as 𝑥 → 2− .
This confirms that 𝑥 = 2 is a vertical asymptote.
3a The function is undefined when the denominator of the function is zero. This is
when 𝑥 + 3 = 0 and hence is when 𝑥 = −3.
0−1 1
𝑦= =−
0+3 3
1
Thus the 𝑦-intercept is at (0, − 3).
The 𝑥-intercept occurs at the point where 𝑦 = 0. Hence the 𝑥-intercept is when:
𝑥−1
=0
𝑥+3
𝑥−1=0
𝑥=1
Thus the 𝑥-intercept is at (1, 0).
The sign of the function can only change at intercepts or discontinuities, that is
when 𝑥 = −3 or 𝑥 = 1.
−5
When 𝑥 = −4, 𝑦 = −1 = 5
1
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = − 3 as above

1
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 5
Thus the function is positive in the interval (−∞, −3) ∪ [1, ∞) and negative in the
interval (−3, 1).
3c Vertical asymptotes occur when the function in the denominator is zero. This is
when 𝑥 + 3 = 0 and hence is 𝑥 = −3.
𝑦 → ∞ as 𝑥 → −3+ and 𝑦 → −∞ as 𝑥 → −3− . This confirms that 𝑥 = −3 is a
vertical asymptote.
Dividing the denominator and numerator by 𝑥 gives:
𝑥 1 1
−𝑥 1−𝑥
𝑦= 𝑥 =
𝑥 3 3
𝑥+𝑥 1+𝑥
1−0 1
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → = =1
1+0 1
1−0 1
Furthermore as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → = =1
1+0 1
3d
3e This curve is one-to-one as it passes the horizontal line test.

4 The function is defined for all 𝑥 where (𝑥 − 2)2 ≠ 0 (so as to avoid dividing by
zero). Taking the square root of both sides of the equation, gives 𝑥 − 2 ≠ 0.
Hence the natural domain is all real numbers except for 𝑥 = 2. This means there
is a vertical asymptote at 𝑥 = 2.
As 𝑥 → 2+ , 𝑦 < 0, and hence 𝑦 → −∞
As 𝑥 → 2− , 𝑦 < 0, and hence 𝑦 → −∞
As 𝑥 → ∞, we find that 𝑦 → 0− . Similarly, as 𝑥 → −∞, we find that 𝑦 → 0− . So
there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 0.
The 𝑦-intercept occurs at the point where 𝑥 = 0. Hence the 𝑦-intercept is when:
1 1
𝑦=− = − = −1
(𝑥 − 1)2 (0 − 1)2
Thus the 𝑦-intercept is at (0, −1).
The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0, which is when:
1
0=−
(𝑥 − 1)2
But there are no solutions to this equation and hence there are no 𝑥-intercepts.
The sketch graph is:
5a Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:

2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2
1
1+
𝑥2
0
As 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → = 0 so 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
1−0

5b As 𝑥 2 + 1 > 0 for all values of 𝑥. The denominator of the function is never zero
and hence the function is defined for all values of 𝑥.
5c
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2
= ( 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 1
𝑑
= (2(𝑥 2 + 1)−1 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2
= −2(𝑥 2 + 1)−2 × (𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
4𝑥
=−
(𝑥 2 + 1)2
When 𝑥 = 0 (at the 𝑦-intercept),
𝑑𝑦 4(0)
=− 2 =0
𝑑𝑥 (0 + 1)
And hence the tangent is horizontal at the 𝑦-intercept.
5d
5e As can be seen from the graph, the range of the function is 0 < 𝑦 ≤ 2 (note it is
strictly greater than zero as the curve never touches the 𝑥-axis).
5f As can be seen from the graph, the function is many-to-one as it fails the
horizontal line test.

6a The function is defined for all 𝑥 where (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) ≠ 0 (so as to avoid

dividing by zero). Hence the natural domain is all real numbers except for
𝑥 = −1, 3.
3 3 3
𝑦= = = = −1
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) (0 + 1)(0 − 3) −3
Thus the 𝑦-intercept is at (0, −1).
6c Dividing the denominator and numerator by 𝑥 2 gives:

3
𝑦= 𝑥2
1 3
(1 + 𝑥 )(1 − 𝑥 )
0
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → =0
(1 + 0)(1 − 0)
0
Furthermore as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → =0
(1 + 0)(1 − 0)
6d
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦 3 * −1 3 −1 * 3
−
5 4 5
sign + * − − − * +
6e The vertical asymptotes occur at the two values of 𝑥 where the function is
undefined. Hence the vertical asymptotes are at 𝑥 = −1 and at 𝑥 = 3.
As 𝑥 → 3+ , 𝑦 > 0 so 𝑦 → ∞, and as 𝑥 → 3− , 𝑦 < 0 so 𝑦 → −∞.
As 𝑥 → −1+ , 𝑦 < 0 so 𝑦 → −∞, and as 𝑥 → −1− , 𝑦 > 0 so 𝑦 → ∞.

6f
3
As can be seen from the graph, the range is 𝑦 > 0 and 𝑦 ≤ − 4.
7a
4 4
𝑦= 2
=
4−𝑥 (2 − 𝑥)(2 + 𝑥)
This function is defined for all (2 − 𝑥)(2 + 𝑥) ≠ 0 and hence it is defined for all
𝑥 ≠ ±2. Furthermore, this means there will be vertical asymptotes at 𝑥 = ±2.
The 𝑦-intercept occurs when 𝑥 = 0.
4 4
𝑦= = =1
(2 − 0)(2 + 0) 4
Thus the curve passes through (0, 1).
The 𝑥-intercept occurs when 𝑦 = 0.
4
0= which has no solution.
(2 − 𝑥)(2 + 𝑥)
Thus there are no 𝑥-intercepts.

4
Now lim
𝑥→±∞ 4 − 𝑥 2
4
= lim 𝑥2
𝑥→±∞ 4
−1
𝑥2
0
=
0−1
=0
Hence the 𝑥-axis acts as an asymptote as values of 𝑥 tend towards positive and
negative infinity.
The sketch graph is:
7b From the graph, the range is 𝑦 < 0, 𝑦 ≥ 1.
8a Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
−3𝑥 3𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = = − ( ) = −𝑓(𝑥)
(−𝑥)2 + 1 𝑥2 + 1
Hence by definition the function is odd.
8b 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:

3𝑥
=0
𝑥2 + 1

3𝑥 = 0
𝑥=0
3(0)
𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when 𝑦 = 02 +1 = 0.
Hence there is only one intercept which is at the origin.
8c lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 →∞
3𝑥
= lim
𝑥 →∞ 𝑥 2+1
3
= lim 𝑥
𝑥 →∞ 1
1+
𝑥2
0
=
1+0
=0
Hence the line 𝑦 = 0 (the 𝑥-axis) acts as a horizontal asymptote.
8d
9a Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
4 − (−𝑥)2 4 − 𝑥 2
𝑓(−𝑥) = = = 𝑓(𝑥)
4 + (−𝑥)2 4 + 𝑥 2
Hence by definition the function is even.

9b 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:

4 − 𝑥2
=0
4 + 𝑥2
4 − 𝑥2 = 0
𝑥2 = 4
𝑥 = ±2
𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0.
4 − 02
𝑦= =1
4 + 02
Hence there are three intercepts at (−2, 0), (2, 0) and (0, 1).
9c Finding the horizontal asymptotes:

Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:
4
2−1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
4
+1
𝑥2
0−1
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → 0+1 = −1 so 𝑦 = −1 is a horizontal asymptote.
9d

10a
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 →±∞
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6
= lim 2
𝑥 →±∞ 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 3
5 6
1+𝑥+ 2
= lim 𝑥
𝑥 →±∞ 4 3
1−𝑥+ 2
𝑥
1+0+0
=
1−0+0
=1
Hence there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 1.
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)
𝑦=
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)
Vertical asymptotes occur when the function is undefined. This is when
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0 and hence 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 3 are vertical asymptotes.
10b Note that

(𝑥 − 1)2
𝑦=
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 4)
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 →±∞
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
= lim 2
𝑥 →±∞ 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 4
2 1
1−𝑥+ 2
= lim 𝑥
𝑥 →±∞ 5 4
1+𝑥+ 2
𝑥
1−0+0
=
1+0+0
=1
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 4) = 0 and hence 𝑥 = −1, and 𝑥 = −4 are vertical asymptotes.
So the asymptotes are 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = −4 and 𝑦 = 1.

10c Note that

𝑥−5
𝑦=
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 5)
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 →±∞
𝑥−5
= lim
𝑥 →±∞ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 10
1 5
𝑥 − 𝑥2
= lim
𝑥 →±∞ 3 10
1+𝑥− 2
𝑥
0−0
=
1+0+0
=0
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 5) = 0 and hence 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = −5 are vertical asymptotes.
So the asymptotes are 𝑥 = −5, 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = 0.
10d Note that

(1 − 2𝑥)(1 + 2𝑥)
𝑦=
(1 − 3𝑥)(1 + 3𝑥)
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 →±∞
1 − 4𝑥 2
= lim
𝑥 →±∞ 1 − 9𝑥 2
1
𝑥 2−4
= lim
𝑥 →±∞ 1
−9
𝑥2
0−4
=
0−9
4
=
9
4

Vertical asymptotes occur when the function is undefined, this is when

1 1
(1 − 3𝑥)(1 + 3𝑥) = 0 and hence 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑥 = − 3 are vertical asymptotes.
1 1 4
So the asymptotes are 𝑥 = 3, 𝑥 = − 3 and 𝑦 = 9
11a
−𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = 2
= −( 2 ) = −𝑓(𝑥)
(−𝑥) − 4 𝑥 −4
Hence by definition this function is odd and must have rotational (point)
symmetry around the origin.
11b The function is defined for all values for which its denominator is non-zero,
hence it is defined for all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 2 − 4 ≠ 0 which is when
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) ≠ 0 and hence 𝑥 ≠ ±2. That is, the domain is all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ 2
and 𝑥 ≠ −2.
Thus the domain is all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ ±2. The asymptotes will be at these points
where the function is discontinuous, hence they will be at 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = −2.
11c
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 3 * 1 0 1 * 3
− −
5 3 3 5
sign − * + − * +
11d
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 →±∞
𝑥
= lim
𝑥 →±∞ 𝑥 2 − 4
1
= lim 𝑥
𝑥 →±∞ 4
1−
𝑥2
0
=
1−0

=0
So 𝑦 = 0 is the horizontal asymptote.
11e
1(𝑥 2 − 4) − 2𝑥(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
(𝑥 2 − 4)2
𝑥 2 − 4 − 2𝑥 2
=
(𝑥 2 − 4)2
−4 − 𝑥 2
= 2
(𝑥 − 4)2
𝑥2 + 4
=− 2
(𝑥 − 4)2
Now 𝑥 2 + 4 > 0 and (𝑥 2 − 4)2 > 0 for all 𝑥, hence at all points for which the
𝑥 2 +4
curve is defined, − (𝑥 2 −4)2 < 0 so 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 and thus the curve is decreasing.
1
11f As 𝑥 2 ≥ 0, 𝑥 2 + 4 > 0 and hence as − (𝑥 2 −4)2 is strictly negative, it follows that
𝑥 2 +4
− (𝑥 2 −4)2 < 0 for all values of 𝑥. It also follows that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 for all defined
values of 𝑥.
Hence the curve always has a negative gradient (and is thus always decreasing).
Furthermore, this means that it will have no stationary points and hence no
tangent that is horizontal.
11g The range of the function is all real 𝑦 or 𝑅.

12a
𝑥 2 − 4 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
=
𝑥−2 𝑥−2
= 𝑥 + 2 provided 𝑥 − 2 ≠ 0 or 𝑥 ≠ 2.
12b i
(𝑥 + 1)(3 − 𝑥)
𝑦=
(𝑥 + 1)
= 3 − 𝑥 provided 𝑥 + 1 ≠ 0 or 𝑥 ≠ −1

12b ii
𝑥3 − 1
𝑦=
𝑥−1
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
=
𝑥−1
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 provided 𝑥 − 1 ≠ 0 or 𝑥 ≠ 1.
12b iii
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑦=
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥+2
= provided 𝑥 − 2 ≠ 0 or 𝑥 ≠ 2
𝑥+1

1
13a Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥
1 1
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥) + = − (𝑥 + ) = −𝑓(𝑥)
−𝑥 𝑥
Hence the function is odd. A property of odd functions is that they have
rotational (point) symmetry around the origin.
13b The function is defined for all real values of 𝑥 except for 𝑥 = 0 so as to avoid
dividing by 0. This means the domain is 𝑥 ≠ 0. The vertical asymptote occurs
along the vertical line where 𝑥 is undefined and is thus 𝑥 = 0.
13c
𝑥 −1 0 1
𝑦 −2 ∗ 2
sign − ∗ +
13d 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 −1
𝑦 ′ = 1 − 𝑥 −2
𝑥2 1
= 2− 2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥2 − 1
=
𝑥2
13e The tangent is horizontal when 𝑦 ′ = 0. This is when:

𝑥2 − 1
=0
𝑥2
𝑥2 − 1 = 0
𝑥2 = 1
𝑥 = ±1
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2 and when 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −2.
So the points where the tangent is horizontal are (1, 2) and (−1, −2).

13f
1 1
lim (𝑦 − 𝑥) = lim (𝑥 + − 𝑥) = lim ( ) = 0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥
1 1
lim (𝑦 − 𝑥) = lim (𝑥 + − 𝑥) = lim ( ) = 0
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 𝑥→−∞ 𝑥
1
Thus lim (𝑥 + 𝑥) = 0.
|𝑥|→∞
13g
13h By observation of the graph, and noting that our local minima and maxima are
(1, 2) and (−1, −2) respectively, we can conclude that the range is 𝑦 ≥ 2 and
𝑦 ≤ −2 .
14a
lim 𝑦
𝑥→−∞
1 − 𝑒𝑥
= lim
𝑥→−∞ 1 + 𝑒 𝑥
1 − lim 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥→−∞
=
1 + lim 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥→−∞
1−0
=
1+0
=1

14b
1 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦= ×
1 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 0
= −𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒0
𝑒 −𝑥 − 1
=
𝑒 −𝑥 + 1
Hence:
lim 𝑦
𝑥→−∞
𝑒 −𝑥 − 1
= lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑒 −𝑥 + 1
0−1
=
0+1
= −1
14c 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0

1 − 𝑒𝑥
0=
1 + 𝑒𝑥
0 = 1 − 𝑒𝑥
𝑒𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0
1 − 𝑒0 1 − 1
𝑦= = =0
1 + 𝑒0 1 + 1
Thus the intercept is at (0, 0).

14d
1−𝑒 𝑥
14e Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 = 1+𝑒 𝑥
1 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) =
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
= ×
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒0
= 𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒0
𝑒𝑥 − 1
=
𝑒𝑥 + 1
1 − 𝑒𝑥
=−
1 + 𝑒𝑥
= −𝑓(𝑥)
Hence the function is odd.

14f
15a
𝑥2 𝑥2 − 1 + 1
=
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 1
=
𝑥−1
1
=𝑥+1+
𝑥−1
1
As 𝑥 → ∞, → 0+ and 𝑦 → 𝑥 + 1 from above
𝑥−1
1
As 𝑥 → −∞, → 0− and 𝑦 → 𝑥 + 1 from below
𝑥−1
Thus the function approaches an oblique asymptote 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1.
The curve also has a vertical asymptote at 𝑥 − 1 = 0 or 𝑥 = 1.

15b
𝑥2 − 4
𝑥+1
𝑥2 − 1 − 3
=
𝑥+1
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) − 3
=
𝑥+1
3
=𝑥−1−
𝑥+1
3
As 𝑥 → ∞, → 0+ and 𝑦 → 𝑥 − 1 from below
𝑥+1
3
As 𝑥 → −∞, → 0− and 𝑦 → 𝑥 − 1 from above
𝑥+1
Thus the function approaches an oblique asymptote 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1.
The curve also has a vertical asymptote at 𝑥 + 1 = 0 or 𝑥 = −1.
16a
𝑥3 − 1 1
𝑦= = 𝑥2 −
𝑥 𝑥
1
As 𝑥 → ∞, → 0+ and 𝑦 → 𝑥 2 from below
𝑥
1
As 𝑥 → −∞, → 0− and 𝑦 → 𝑥 2 from above
𝑥
Thus the function approaches an oblique asymptote 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .
1
As 𝑥 → 0+ , 𝑥 2 → 0+ and 𝑦 → − from above
𝑥

1
As 𝑥 → 0− , 𝑥 2 → 0+ and 𝑦 → − from above
𝑥
1
Thus the function approaches an oblique asymptote 𝑦 = − 𝑥.
1
Hence there are two oblique asymptotes, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = − 𝑥.
16b
1
𝑦= + √𝑥 (note that 𝑥 > 0)
𝑥
1
As 𝑥 → ∞, → 0+ and 𝑦 → √𝑥 from above
𝑥
Thus the function approaches an oblique asymptote 𝑦 = √𝑥.
1
As 𝑥 → 0+ , √𝑥 → 0+ and 𝑦 → from above
𝑥
1
Thus the function approaches an oblique asymptote 𝑦 = 𝑥.
1
Hence there are two oblique asymptotes, 𝑦 = √𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥.

16c
1
𝑦 = |𝑥| +
𝑥
1
As 𝑥 → ∞, → 0+ and 𝑦 → |𝑥| from above
𝑥
1
As 𝑥 → −∞, → 0− and 𝑦 → |𝑥| from below
𝑥
Thus the function approaches an oblique asymptote 𝑦 = |𝑥|.
1
As 𝑥 → 0+ , |𝑥| → 0+ and 𝑦 → from above
𝑥
1
As 𝑥 → 0− , |𝑥| → 0+ and 𝑦 → from above
𝑥
1
Thus the function approaches an oblique asymptote 𝑦 = 𝑥.
1
Hence there are two oblique asymptotes, 𝑦 = |𝑥| and 𝑦 = 𝑥.

1a Using the difference of two squares:
9 9
𝑦= =
𝑥2 − 9 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)
1b The curve is undefined when (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3) = 0. This is when 𝑥 = ±3.

𝑥 is defined for all other values and hence the domain is:
(−∞, −3) ∪ (−3, 3) ∪ (3, ∞) or 𝑅\{−3, 3}.
1c
9 9
𝑓(−𝑥) = 2
= 2 = 𝑓(𝑥)
(−𝑥) − 9 𝑥 − 9
Hence the function is even and thus has reflective symmetry about the 𝑦-axis.
1d The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:

9 9
𝑦= = = −1
02 − 9 −9
Hence there is a 𝑦-intercept at (0, −1).
The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:
9
0=
𝑥2 −9
This has no solutions. Hence there are no intercepts with the 𝑥-axis.
1e
𝑥 −4 −3 −2 0 2 3 4
𝑦 9 * 9 −1 9 * 9
− −
7 5 5 7
sign + ∗ − − − ∗ +
Hence 𝑦 ≤ 0 for −3 < 𝑥 < 3.

1f The equations of the vertical asymptotes occur when 𝑦 is undefined. Thus the
equations are 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥 = 3.
As 𝑥 → −3+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → −3− , 𝑦 → −∞.
As 𝑥 → 3+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → 3− , 𝑦 → −∞.
1g Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:

9
𝑦= 𝑥2
9
1−
𝑥2
0+ 0+
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 1−0 = 0+ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 1−0 = 0+ .
So the horizontal asymptote is 𝑦 = 0.
1h
1i 𝑦 = 9(𝑥 2 − 9)−1
𝑦 ′ = −9 × (𝑥 2 − 9)−2 × 2𝑥
18𝑥
=−
(𝑥 2 − 9)2
At (0, 0), 𝑦 ′ = 0
This means that the graph is horizontal at that point.

2a
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦= =
4 − 𝑥 2 (2 + 𝑥)(2 − 𝑥)
2b The curve is undefined when (2 + 𝑥)(2 − 𝑥) = 0. This is when 𝑥 = ±2.

𝑥 is defined for all other values and hence the domain is:
(−∞, −2) ∪ (−2, 2) ∪ (2, ∞) or 𝑅\{−2, 2}.
2c 𝑓(−𝑥)
(−𝑥)
=
4 − (−𝑥)2
−𝑥
=
4 − 𝑥2
= −𝑓(𝑥)
Hence by definition the function is odd. All odd functions have point symmetry at
the origin.
2d Finding the 𝑥-intercepts:

The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when;
𝑥
0=
4 − 𝑥2
𝑥=0
𝑥-intercept at (0, 0).
Finding the 𝑦-intercepts:
The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:
0
𝑦=
4 − 02
𝑦=0
𝑦-intercept at (0, 0).

2e
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 3 * 1 0 1 * 3
− −
5 3 3 5
sign + * − 0 + * −
Thus we see that 𝑦 ≥ 0 when 𝑥 < −2 or 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2.
2f The equations of the vertical asymptotes occur when 𝑦 is undefined. Thus the
equations are 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 2.
As 𝑥 → −2+ , 𝑦 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → −2− , 𝑦 → ∞.
As 𝑥 → 2+ , 𝑦 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → 2− , 𝑦 → ∞.
2g Dividing through by the highest power of 𝑥 in the denominator gives:

1
𝑦= 𝑥
4
−1
𝑥2
0+ 0−
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 0−1 = 0− and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 0−1 = 0+ .
So the horizontal asymptote is 𝑦 = 0.
2h

2i
𝑥
𝑦=
4 − 𝑥2
Hence
′
1(4 − 𝑥 2 ) − (−2𝑥)(𝑥)
𝑦 =
(4 − 𝑥 2 )2
4 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2
=
(4 − 𝑥 2 )2
𝑥2 + 4
=
(4 − 𝑥 2 )2
So since 𝑥 2 ≥ 0, 𝑥 2 + 4 > 0 and furthermore (4 − 𝑥 2 )2 ≥ 0 so the fraction must
be greater than zero for all values for which it is defined.
3a
1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = +
𝑥−1 𝑥−4
𝑥−4 𝑥−1
= +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4)
2𝑥 − 5
=
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4)
3b The function is defined for all values when the denominator is not equal to zero.
The denominator is equal to zero when
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑥 = 1, 4
Hence the function is defined for all 𝑥 except 𝑥 = 1, 4.
3c Consider
2(−𝑥) − 5
𝑓(−𝑥) =
((−𝑥) − 1)((−𝑥) − 4)
−2𝑥 − 5
=
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 4)

It is clear that this is not equal to 𝑓(𝑥) or −𝑓(𝑥), and hence, by definition is
neither even nor odd. Thus it is not symmetric about 𝑥 = 0.
3d Finding the 𝑥-intercepts:

2𝑥 − 5
0=
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4)
2𝑥 − 5 = 0
5
𝑥=
2
1
𝑥-intercept at (2 2 , 0).
Finding the 𝑦-intercept:

2(0) − 5
𝑦=
(0 − 1)(0 − 4)
5
𝑦=−
4
5
𝑦-intercept at (0, − 4).
3e
𝑥 0 1 2 1 3 4 5
2
2
𝑦 5 * 1 0 1 * 5
− −
4 2 2 4
sign − * + 0 − ∗ +
3f Vertical asymptotes will occur at the values of 𝑥 where the function is undefined.
This is at 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 4.
As 𝑥 → 1+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → 1− , 𝑦 → −∞.
As 𝑥 → 4+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → 4− , 𝑦 → −∞.

3g Consider the limiting points of the function to find horizontal asymptotes.

2 5
𝑥 − 𝑥2
𝑦=
5 4
1−𝑥+ 2
𝑥
0−0 −0−0
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 1−0+0 = 0+ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 1+0+0 = 0− .
3h
4a 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
4b As the function is defined for all values of 𝑥 the domain is (−∞, ∞)
4c Finding the 𝑥-intercepts:

0 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
𝑥 = 0, ±2
𝑥-intercepts at (−2, 0), (0, 0), (2, 0).

𝑦 = (0)(0 − 2)(0 + 2)
𝑦=0
4d 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)3 − 4(−𝑥) = −𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 = −(𝑥 3 − 4𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

Hence by definition the function is odd. All odd functions have point symmetry at
the origin.
4e The function is defined for all values of 𝑥 and tends towards infinity as 𝑥 → ±∞.
Hence, we cannot find any asymptotes.
4f, g
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑓(𝑥) −15 ∗ 3 ∗ −3 ∗ 15
sign − ∗ + ∗ − ∗ +
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 4
Stationary points occur when 𝑦 ′ = 0
3𝑥 2 − 4 = 0
3𝑥 2 = 4
4
𝑥2 =
3

2
𝑥=±
√3
2
Thus the 𝑥-coordinates of the stationary points are at 𝑥 = ±
√3
5a The function can be rewritten as

3(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦=
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)
The function is defined for all values when the denominator is not equal to zero.
The denominator is equal to zero when:
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = 3, −1
So the domain is 𝑥 ≠ −1 and 𝑥 ≠ 3 or all 𝑥 values except 𝑥 = −1, 3.
Finding the 𝑥-intercepts:
3(𝑥 − 1)
0=
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥−1=0
𝑥=1
3(0 − 1)
𝑦=
(0 − 3)(0 + 1)
−3
𝑦=
−3
𝑦=1
So we have intercepts at (1, 0) and (0, 1).
5b The domain is not symmetric about 𝑥 = 0.

5c Vertical asymptotes occur at values of 𝑥 where the function is undefined, this is

when the denominator is equal to zero.
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = 3, −1
As 𝑥 → −1+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → −1− , 𝑦 → −∞.
As 𝑥 → 3+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → 3− , 𝑦 → −∞.
Now we consider the limiting points of the function to find horizontal
asymptotes.
3 3
𝑥 − 𝑥2
𝑦=
2 3
1−𝑥− 2
𝑥
0−0 0−0
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 1−0−0 = 0+ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 1+0−0 = 0− .
Hence the horizontal asymptote is 𝑦 = 0.

So the asymptotes are 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 3, and 𝑦 = 0.
5d

6 𝑦 = −𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 = −𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4)
6a It is defined for all values of 𝑥 so the domain is −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞.
Intercepts with the 𝑦-axis occur when 𝑥 = 0. This when:
𝑦 = −03 + 6(0)2 − 8(0) = 0 + 0 − 0 = 0.
Hence there is an intercept at (0, 0).
Intercepts with the 𝑥-axis occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:
0 = −𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 8𝑥
0 = −𝑥(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8)
0 = −𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4)
𝑥 = 0, 2, 4
Hence there are intercepts at (0, 0), (2, 0), (4, 0).
6b Table of signs:
𝑥 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑦 15 0 −3 0 3 0 −15
sign + 0 − 0 + 0 −
This information gives us the graph:
6c 𝑦 ′ = −3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 8
𝑦 ′ = 0 for horizontal/stationary points. This is when:
−3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 8 = 0

3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 8 = 0
−(−12) ± √(−12)2 − 4 × 3 × 8
𝑥=
2×3
12 ± √48
=
6
12 ± 4√3
=
6
2√3
=2±
3
2
=2±
√3
7a
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
𝑦= 2
𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3
(𝑥 + 1)2
=
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 = −3, 1
So the domain is 𝑥 ≠ 1 and 𝑥 ≠ −3 or all 𝑥 values.
(𝑥 + 1)2
0=
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥+1=0
𝑥 = −1
𝑥-intercept at (−1, 0).

(0 + 1)2
𝑦=
(0 − 1)(0 + 3)
1
𝑦=
−3
1
𝑦=−
3
1
𝑦-intercept at (0, − 3).
1
So we have intercepts at (−1, 0) and (0, − ).
3
7b The domain is not symmetric about 𝑥 = 0 (algebraically 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(−𝑥) and

𝑓(𝑥) ≠ −𝑓(𝑥)) so the function is neither even nor odd).
7c Vertical asymptotes occur at values of 𝑥 where the function is undefined, this is

(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 = −3, 1
As 𝑥 → −3+ , 𝑦 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → −3− , 𝑦 → ∞.
As 𝑥 → 1+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → 1− , 𝑦 → −∞.
asymptotes.
2 1
1+𝑥+ 2
𝑦= 𝑥
2 3
1+𝑥− 2
𝑥
1+0+0 1−0+0
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 1+0−0 = 1+ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 1−0−0 = 1+ .

So the asymptotes are 𝑥 = −3, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = 1.

7d
7e From the graph, the range is 𝑦 ≤ 0 and 𝑦 > 1.
8a
𝑥2 − 4
𝑓(𝑥) = 2
𝑥 − 4𝑥
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
=
𝑥(𝑥 − 4)
𝑥(𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑥 = 0, 4
So the domain is 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑥 ≠ 4 or all 𝑥 values.
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
0=
𝑥(𝑥 − 4)
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
𝑥 = ±2
𝑥-intercepts at (2, 0) and (−2, 0).

(0 − 2)(0 + 2)
𝑦=
0(0 − 4)
This is undefined so there are no 𝑦-intercepts.
8b Vertical asymptotes occur at values of 𝑥 where the function is undefined, this is

𝑥 (𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑥 = 0, 4
As 𝑥 → 0+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → 0− , 𝑦 → −∞.
As 𝑥 → 4+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → 4− , 𝑦 → −∞.
asymptotes.
4
1−
𝑦= 𝑥2
4
1−𝑥
1−0 1−0
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 1−0 = 1+ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 1+0 = 1− .

So we have the asymptotes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 4, and 𝑦 = 1.
8c

8d From the graph, we can see that it has a range of all real 𝑦.
8e The graph crosses the horizontal asymptote when 𝑦 = 1.

𝑥2 − 4
=1
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
𝑥 2 − 4 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
−4 = −4𝑥
𝑥=1
So the graph crossed the horizontal asymptote at (1, 1).
9a
1 1
𝑦= −
𝑥+1 𝑥
𝑥 − (𝑥 + 1)
=
𝑥(𝑥 + 1)
1
=−
𝑥(𝑥 + 1)
The domain is all 𝑥 such that the denominator is non-zero, this is all 𝑥 such that
𝑥(𝑥 + 1) ≠ 0 and is hence all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑥 ≠ −1. There are no zeroes.
Vertical asymptotes occur at values of 𝑥 where the function is undefined, this is
𝑥(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = 0, −1
As 𝑥 → −1+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → −1− , 𝑦 → −∞.
As 𝑥 → 0+ , 𝑦 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → 0− , 𝑦 → ∞.
asymptotes.
1
−
2
𝑦= 𝑥
1
1+𝑥

−0 −0
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 1+0 = 0− and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 1−0 = 0− .

So we have the asymptotes 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 0, and 𝑦 = 0.
9b
1 1
𝑦= +
𝑥+3 𝑥−3
𝑥−3+𝑥+3
=
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)
2𝑥
=
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)
2𝑥
0=
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)
2𝑥 = 0
𝑥=0
2(0)
𝑦= =0
(0 + 3)(0 − 3)

Vertical asymptotes occur at values of 𝑥 where the function is undefined, this is

(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥 = −3, 3
As 𝑥 → −3+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → −3− , 𝑦 → −∞.
As 𝑥 → 3+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → 3− , 𝑦 → −∞.
asymptotes.
2
𝑦= 𝑥
9
1−
𝑥2
0 −0
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 1−0 = 0+ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 1−0 = 0− .

So we have the asymptotes 𝑥 = −3, 𝑥 = 3, and 𝑦 = 0.
10a There are vertical asymptotes when the function is undefined. This is when
𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 0 and hence is when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2.
As 𝑥 → 0+ , 𝑦 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → 0− , 𝑦 → ∞.
As 𝑥 → 2+ , 𝑦 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → 2− , 𝑦 → −∞.


asymptotes.
1
𝑦= 𝑥2
2
(1 − 𝑥 )
0+ 0+
Hence as 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 1−0 = 0+ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → 1−0 = 0+ .
10b There are vertical asymptotes when the function is undefined.

This is when 𝑥 2 − 4 = 0 and hence is when (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 and hence 𝑥 =
±2.
2
2 𝑥2 0
lim = lim 4 = 1−0 = 0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 −4 𝑥→∞ 1− 2
𝑥
2
2 𝑥2 0
lim = lim 4 = 1−0 = 0
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 2 −4 𝑥→−∞ 1− 2
𝑥

11a
Preparation:
1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2
𝑦= =
1 − 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥)
Domain:
All 𝑥 such that the denominator is nonzero. This is all 𝑥 such that (1 − 𝑥)(1 +
𝑥) ≠ 0. Which is all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ ±1.
Symmetry:
1+(−𝑥)2 1+𝑥 2
𝑓(−𝑥) = 1−(−𝑥)2 = 1−𝑥 2 = 𝑓(𝑥) so the function is even.
Intercepts:
The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0.
1 + 02
𝑦= =1
1 − 02
Hence the 𝑦-intercept is at (0, 1).
The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0.
1 + 𝑥2
0=
1 − 𝑥2
0 = 1 + 𝑥2
𝑥 2 = −1
Which has no integer solutions. Thus, there are no 𝑥-intercepts.
Sign:
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2
𝑓(𝑥) 5 ∗ 1 ∗ 5
− −
3 3
sign − ∗ + ∗ −
Vertical asymptotes:
At 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1, the denominator vanishes, but the numerator does not, so
𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1 are vertical asymptotes.
Horizontal Asymptotes:

1
1+𝑥 2 +1 0+1
𝑥2
lim = lim1 = 0−1 = −1
𝑥→∞ 1−𝑥 2 𝑥→∞ 2 −1
𝑥
1
1+𝑥 2 +1 0+1
𝑥2
lim = lim 1 = 0−1 = −1
𝑥→−∞ 1−𝑥 2 𝑥→−∞ 2 −1
𝑥
Hence there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = −1.
11b
Preparation:
𝑥+1
𝑦=
𝑥(𝑥 − 3)
Domain:
All 𝑥 such that the denominator is nonzero. This is all 𝑥 such that 𝑥(𝑥 − 3) ≠ 0.
Which is all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑥 ≠ 3.
Symmetry:
There are no symmetries.
Intercepts:
0+1
𝑦=
0(0 − 3)
But this is undefined so there are no 𝑦-intercepts.
𝑥+1
0=
𝑥(𝑥 − 3)
𝑥 = −1
Thus the 𝑥-intercepts is (−1, 0)

Sign:
𝑥 −2 1 0 2 3 4
−
2
𝑓(𝑥) 1 2 ∗ 3 ∗ 5
− −
10 7 2 4
sign − + ∗ − ∗ +
At 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 3, the denominator vanishes, but the numerator does not, so
𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 3 are vertical asymptotes.
1 1
𝑥+1 + 0+0
𝑥 𝑥2
lim 𝑥(𝑥−3)
= lim 3 = 1−0 = 0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ (1−𝑥)
1 1
𝑥+1 + 0+0
𝑥 𝑥2
lim = lim 3 = 1−0 = 0
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥(𝑥−3) 𝑥→−∞ (1−𝑥)
11c
Preparation:
𝑥−1
𝑦=
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)
Domain:
All 𝑥 such that the denominator is nonzero. This is all 𝑥 such that (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 −
2) ≠ 0. Which is all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ −1 and 𝑥 ≠ 2.
Symmetry:


Intercepts:
0−1 1 1
𝑦= =− =
(0 + 1)(0 − 2) (1)(−2) 2
1
Hence the 𝑦-intercept is (0, 2)

𝑥−1
0=
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑥−1=0
𝑥=1
Thus the 𝑥-intercepts is (1, 0)
Sign:
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 1 2 3
1
2
𝑓(𝑥) 3 ∗ 1 0 −0.4 ∗ 1
−
4 2 2
sign − ∗ + ∗ − ∗ +
At 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 2, the denominator vanishes, but the numerator does not, so
𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 2 are vertical asymptotes.
1 1
𝑥−1 − 0+0
𝑥 𝑥2
lim = lim 1 2 = (1−0)(1−0) = 0
𝑥→∞ (𝑥+1)(𝑥−2) 𝑥→∞ (1−𝑥)(1−𝑥)
1 1
𝑥−1 − 0+0
𝑥 𝑥2
lim = lim 1 2 = (1−0)(1−0) = 0
𝑥→−∞ (𝑥+1)(𝑥−2) 𝑥→−∞ (1−𝑥)(1−𝑥)

11d
Preparation:
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
𝑦= 2
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2
Domain:
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 1 > 0 for all 𝑥 so the function is defined for the entire
domain.
Symmetry:
Intercepts:
02 − 2(0)
𝑦= 2 =0
0 − 2(0) + 2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
0=
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 = 0, 2
Thus the 𝑥-intercepts are (0, 0) and (2, 0)
Sign:
𝑥 −1 0 1 2 3

𝑓(𝑥) 3 ∗ −1 ∗ 3
5 5
sign + ∗ − ∗ +
There are no vertical asymptotes.
Horizontal asymptotes:
2
𝑥 2 −2𝑥 1−
𝑥 1−0
lim = lim 2 2 = 1−0−0 = 1
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+2 𝑥→∞ 1−𝑥− 2
𝑥
2
𝑥 2 −2𝑥 1−
𝑥 1+0
lim = lim 2 2 = 1+0−0 = 1
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+2 𝑥→−∞ 1−𝑥− 2
𝑥
11e
Preparation:
𝑥 2 −4 (𝑥−2)(𝑥+2) 𝑥−2
𝑦 = (𝑥+2)(𝑥−1) = (𝑥+2)(𝑥−1) = 𝑥−1 when 𝑥 ≠ −2.
Domain:
The function is undefined when the denominator is zero, that is when
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) = 0 and hence is when 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = −2. So the function is defined
for all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ 1 and 𝑥 ≠ −2.
Symmetry:
Intercepts:
0−2
𝑦= =2
0−1


𝑥−2
0=
𝑥−1
𝑥−2=0
𝑥=2
Thus the 𝑥-intercept is (2, 0)
Sign:
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 1.5 2 3
𝑓(𝑥) 5 ∗ 3 2 ∗ −1 0 1
4 2 2
sign + ∗ + + ∗ − ∗ −
The function is undefined at 𝑥 = 1 so there is a vertical asymptote at this point.
2
𝑥−2 1− 1−0
𝑥
lim = lim 2 = 1−0 = 1
𝑥→∞ 𝑥−1 𝑥→∞ 1−𝑥
2
𝑥−2 1− 1+0
𝑥
lim = lim 2 = 1+0 = 1
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥−1 𝑥→−∞ 1−𝑥

11f
Preparation:
𝑥 2 −2 2
𝑦= = 𝑥 − 𝑥.
𝑥
Domain:
The function is undefined when the denominator is zero, that is when 𝑥 = 0. So
the function is defined for all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ 0.
Symmetry:
(−𝑥)2 −2 𝑥 2 −2 𝑥 2 −2
𝑓(−𝑥) = = =− = −𝑓(𝑥) so the function is odd.
(−𝑥) −𝑥 𝑥
Intercepts:
The 𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0. The function is undefined at this point.
Hence there are no 𝑦-intercepts
𝑥2 − 2
0=
𝑥
𝑥2 − 2 = 0
𝑥2 = 2
𝑥 = ±√2
Thus the 𝑥-intercepts are at (√2, 0) and (−√2, 0)

Sign:
𝑥 −2 −√2 −1 0 1 √2 2
𝑓(𝑥) −1 0 1 ∗ −1 0 1
sign − ∗ + ∗ − ∗ +
The function is undefined at 𝑥 = 0 so there is a vertical asymptote at this point
Other Asymptotes:
2
lim 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 0 = 𝑥
𝑥→∞
2
lim 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 0 = 𝑥
𝑥→−∞
Hence there is an asymptote at 𝑦 = 𝑥.

12a Exponentials are defined for all values of 𝑥 so this function has a domain of all
real 𝑥.

1 2
𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0
This has no solutions and hence there are no 𝑥-intercepts.
1 2
(0)
𝑦 = 𝑒 −2 = 𝑒0 = 1
1 1 2
(−𝑥)2
12b 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑒 −2 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥), hence the function is even.
This function is defined for all real 𝑥 (and is continuous), hence this means that it
will have no vertical asymptotes.
Horizontal asymptotes are given by finding the limit as 𝑥 → ±∞.
1 2
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0
𝑥 →±∞ 𝑥 →±∞
So there is an asymptote at 𝑦 = 0.

12c For all values of 𝑥, −𝑥 2 ≤ 0.

Hence the maximum value of −𝑥 2 is 0 when 𝑥 = 0.
This means that the highest point on the curve is (0, 1).
Alternatively:
1 1 2
𝑦′ = − × 2𝑥 × 𝑒 −2𝑥
2
𝑦′ = 0 for stationary points, so:
1 1 2
− × 2𝑥 × 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0
2
𝑥=0
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒 0 = 1, hence there is a stationary point at (0, 1)
1 2 1 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
12d = 𝑑𝑥 (− 2 𝑥 2 ) 𝑒 −2𝑥 = −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑑𝑥 = 0, hence there is a horizontal tangent there.
12e
As can be seen from the graph, the range is 0 < 𝑦 ≤ 1.
1 1
12f As 𝑒 > 2 it follows that 𝑒 −1 < 2−1 and in turn 𝑒 −2 < 2−2 .
1 2 1 2
As 𝑥 2 > 0 for all 𝑥 except 𝑥 = 0, 𝑒 −2𝑥 < 2−2𝑥 for all 𝑥 except 𝑥 = 0 at which
1 2 1 2
point they are equal. So 𝑦 = 2−2𝑥 is higher than 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 except at 𝑥 = 0 where
they are equal.

𝑑 𝑑
13a i Note that for all 𝑥 > 0, 𝑒 𝑥 > 1 and hence 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) > 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥), this means that the
function 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 grows at a faster rate than the function 𝑦 = 𝑥. Now, note that
when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑒 0 = 1 > 0 and thus the function 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is above the function 𝑦 = 𝑥.
Hence it follows that 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is greater than 𝑦 = 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 0 and then increases at
a faster rate than 𝑦 = 𝑥 for all 𝑥 > 0. This means that 𝑒 𝑥 > 𝑥 for 𝑥 ≥ 0 so the
function 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is greater.
𝑥2 𝑥2
13a ii ≥ 0 for all 𝑥 which means if we substitute 𝑥 = into the inequality 𝑒 𝑥 > 𝑥
2 2
𝑥2
𝑥2
(which is true for all 𝑥 ≥ 0), we obtain that 𝑒 2 > for all 𝑥. Taking the
2
1 1
reciprocal of this then gives that 𝑥2
< 𝑥2
(for 𝑥 ≠ 0) and thus we have that
(𝑒 2 ) 2
1 2
2
𝑒 −2𝑥 < 𝑥 2 as required.
1 2 1 2
2
13a iii Noting that 0 ≤ 𝑒 −2𝑥 we have that 0 ≤ 𝑒 −2𝑥 ≤ 𝑥 2 and thus
1 2 2
lim 0 ≤ lim 𝑒 −2𝑥 ≤ lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥
1 2
0 ≤ lim 𝑒 −2𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑥→∞
1 2
And so we conclude that lim 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0.
𝑥→∞
1 2
13b i The function 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 is defined for all 𝑥 and hence has a domain of all
real 𝑥.
𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0. This is when:
1 2
0 = −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑥=0 (as the exponential function is non-zero for all 𝑥)
𝑦-intercepts occur when 𝑥 = 0. This is when:
1 2
𝑦 = −(0)𝑒 −20 = 0
Hence the only intercept is at (0, 0).
1 2 1 2
As 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑥 2 → ∞ and hence 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 → 0 as 𝑒 −2𝑥 tends towards zero at a
rate faster than that at which 𝑥 increases.

1 2
Hence we can draw the derivative graph 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 as follows.
The graph shows 𝑓(𝑥) is greatest at 𝑥 = −1 and least at 𝑥 = 1.
13b ii
𝑑 1 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (−𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 2 𝑑 1 2
= (−𝑥)𝑒 −2𝑥 + (−𝑥) (𝑒 −2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2 1 2
= − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
= (𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
Thus to have 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0, we require (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0, 𝑥 2 = 1 and
thus 𝑥 2 = ±1. Thus, the function of the gradient of 𝑦 has its extreme values when
𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −1. By observation of the graph above, 𝑓(𝑥) is greatest at 𝑥 = −1
and least at 𝑥 = 1. This implies that the graph is steepest (in the positive
direction) at 𝑥 = −1 and steepest (in the negative direction) when 𝑥 = 1.

1a 𝑥−2<3
𝑥<5
1b 3𝑥 ≥ −6
𝑥 ≥ −2
1c 4𝑥 − 3 ≤ −7
4𝑥 ≤ −4
𝑥 ≤ −1
1d 6𝑥 − 5 < 3𝑥 − 17
6𝑥 − 3𝑥 < 5 − 17
3𝑥 < −12
𝑥 < −4
1 1
1e 𝑥 − 2𝑥 < 3
5
2𝑥 − 5𝑥 < 30
−3𝑥 < 30
3𝑥 > −30

𝑥 > −10
1 1
1f (2 − 𝑥) − (2 + 𝑥) ≥ 2
6 3
(2 − 𝑥) − 2(2 + 𝑥) ≥ 12
−2 − 3𝑥 ≥ 12
−3𝑥 ≥ 14
14
𝑥≤−
3
2
𝑥 ≤ −4
3
2a 3 − 2𝑥 > 7
3 − 7 > 2𝑥
−4 > 2𝑥
−2 > 𝑥
𝑥 < −2
Solution is (−∞, −2)
2b 3 − 3𝑥 ≤ 19 + 𝑥
3 − 19 ≤ 3𝑥 + 𝑥
−16 ≤ 4𝑥
−4 ≤ 𝑥
𝑥 ≥ −4
Solution is [−4, ∞)

2c 12 − 7𝑥 > −2𝑥 − 18
12 + 18 > 7𝑥 − 2𝑥
30 > 5𝑥
6>𝑥
𝑥<6
Solution is (−∞, 6)
1
3 The line 5𝑥 − 4 is below the line 7 − 2 𝑥 when:
1
5𝑥 − 4 < 7 − 𝑥
2
11
𝑥 < 11
2
𝑥<2
4a −1 ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ 3
1 1
− ≤𝑥≤1
2 2
1 1
So, the solution in interval notation is [− 2 , 1 2]
4b −4 < −2𝑥 < 8

−8 < 2𝑥 < 4
−4 < 𝑥 < 2
In interval notation, solution is (−4, 2)
4c −7 ≤ 5 − 3𝑥 < 4
−12 ≤ −3𝑥 < −1
1 < 3𝑥 ≤ 12
1
<𝑥≤4
3

1
In interval notation, solution is (3 , 4]
4d −2 < 𝑥 − 3 ≤ 4
−2 < 𝑥 ≤ 7
In interval notation, solution is (−2, 7]
4e −7 < 5𝑥 + 3 ≤ 3
−10 < 5𝑥 ≤ 0
−2 < 5𝑥 ≤ 0
In interval notation, solution is [−2, 0)
1
4f −4 < 1 − 3 𝑥 ≤ 3
1
−5 < − 𝑥 ≤ 2
3
1
−2 ≤ 𝑥<5
3
−6 ≤ 𝑥 < 15
In interval notation, solution is [−6, 15)
5a
Points of intersection are (−1, 2) and (2, −1) by observation.

5b −1 < 1 − 𝑥 ≤ 2
−2 < −𝑥 ≤ 1
−1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
The solution to the inequation is where the diagonal line (𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥) lies
between the horizontal lines (𝑦 = −1 and 𝑦 = 2).
6a Factorising the equation gives (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 2) < 0, hence the parabola is
The solutions are when the graph is below the 𝑥-axis. This is when −2 < 𝑥 < 4.
6b Factorising the equation gives (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) > 0, hence the parabola is
The solutions are when the graph is above the 𝑥-axis. This is when 𝑥 < −1 or 𝑥 >
3.

6c Factorising the equation gives (2 − 𝑥)(𝑥 − 5) > 0, hence the parabola is
The solutions are when the graph is on or above the 𝑥-axis. This is when 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤
5.
6d Factorising the equation gives (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) > 0, hence the parabola is
The solutions are when the graph is above or on the 𝑥-axis. This is when 𝑥 ≤ −3
or 𝑥 ≥ −1.

6e Factorising the equation gives (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 5) > 0, hence the parabola is
1
The solutions are when the graph is above the 𝑥-axis. This is when 𝑥 < 2 and 𝑥 >
5.
6f Factorising the equation gives (𝑥 + 4)(2𝑥 + 5) > 0, hence the parabola is
The solutions are when the graph is on or below the 𝑥-axis. This is when −4 ≤
5
𝑥 ≤ − 2.
7a |𝑥 − 4| = 1
𝑥 − 4 = 1 or 𝑥 − 4 = −1
𝑥 = 5 or 𝑥 = 3
𝑥 = 3 or 5

7b |2𝑥 − 3| = 7
2𝑥 − 3 = 7 or 2𝑥 − 3 = −7
𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 5
𝑥 = −2 or 5
7c |𝑥 + 3| > 4
𝑥 + 3 > 4 or 𝑥 + 3 < −4
𝑥 > 1 or 𝑥 < −7
7d |−𝑥 − 10| ≤ 6
−𝑥 − 10 ≤ 6 and −𝑥 − 10 ≥ −6
−16 ≤ 𝑥 and −4 ≥ 𝑥
−16 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ −4
7e |3 − 2𝑥| ≤ 1
3 − 2𝑥 ≤ 1 and 3 − 2𝑥 ≥ −1
2 ≤ 2𝑥 and 4 ≥ 2𝑥
1 ≤ 𝑥 and 2 ≥ 𝑥
1≤𝑥≤2

7f |3𝑥 + 4| > 2
3𝑥 + 4 < −2 or 3𝑥 + 4 > 2
3𝑥 < −6 or 3𝑥 > −2
2
𝑥 < −2 or 𝑥 > − 3
2
−
3
1
8a ≤2
𝑥
1
× 𝑥 2 ≤ 2𝑥 2
𝑥
𝑥 ≤ 2𝑥 2
0 ≤ 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥
0 ≤ 𝑥(2𝑥 − 1)
This is a concave up parabola, so the regions greater than zero will be those to
the left of the first intersection and those to the right of the right intersection.
1
Noting that 𝑥 ≠ 0, we have that 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 ≥ 2.
3
8b >1
2−𝑥
3
(2 − 𝑥)2 > (2 − 𝑥)2
2−𝑥
3(2 − 𝑥) > 4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2
6 − 3𝑥 > 4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2
0 > 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2
0 > (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)
This is a concave up parabola, so the regions less than zero will be those in the
region −1 < 𝑥 < 2.

4
8c <1
3−2𝑥
4
(3 − 2𝑥)2 < (3 − 2𝑥)2
3 − 2𝑥
4(3 − 2𝑥) < 9 − 12𝑥 + 4𝑥 2
12 − 8𝑥 < 9 − 12𝑥 + 4𝑥 2
0 < −3 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2
0 < (2𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 + 1)
1 3
Hence 𝑥 < − 2 or 𝑥 > 2.
5
8d ≥ −2
4𝑥−3
5
(4𝑥 − 3)2 ≥ −2(4𝑥 − 3)2
4𝑥 − 3
5(4𝑥 − 3) ≥ −2(16𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 9)
20𝑥 − 15 ≥ −32𝑥 2 + 48𝑥 − 18
32𝑥 2 − 28𝑥 + 3 ≥ 0
(8𝑥 − 1)(4𝑥 − 3) ≥ 0
3
Also note that the original curve is undefined at 𝑥 = 4 and hence this point
1 3
cannot be included in our final answer. Hence 𝑥 ≤ 8 or 𝑥 > 4.
9a For 𝑥 ≥ 2, 𝑦 = |𝑥 − 2| + 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 − 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑥 − 1
For 𝑥 < 2, 𝑦 = |𝑥 − 2| + 𝑥 + 1 = −(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑥 + 1 = 3

9b For 𝑥 ≥ −2, 𝑦 = |2𝑥 + 4| − 𝑥 + 5 = 2𝑥 + 4 − 𝑥 + 5 = 𝑥 + 9

For 𝑥 < −2, 𝑦 = |2𝑥 + 4| − 𝑥 + 5 = −(2𝑥 + 4) − 𝑥 + 5 = −3𝑥 + 1
9c For 𝑥 ≥ −1, 𝑦 = 3|𝑥 − 1| + 𝑥 − 1 = 3(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑥 − 1 = 4𝑥 − 4

For 𝑥 < −1, 𝑦 = 3|𝑥 − 1| + 𝑥 − 1 = −3(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑥 − 1 = −2𝑥 + 2
10a 3𝑥 ≥ 27
𝑥 ≥ log 3 27
ln 27
𝑥≥
ln 3
𝑥≥3

10b 1 < 5𝑥 ≤ 125

log 5 1 < 𝑥 ≤ log 5 125
ln 1 ln 125
<𝑥≤
ln 5 ln 5
0<𝑥≤3
1
10c ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ 16
16
1
log 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ log 2 16
16
1
ln 16 ln 16
≤𝑥≤
ln 2 ln 2
−4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4
10d 2−𝑥 > 16

−𝑥 > log 2 16
ln 16
−𝑥 >
ln 2
−𝑥 > 4
𝑥 < −4
10e log 2 𝑥 < 3

0 < 𝑥 < 23
0<𝑥<8
10f −2 ≤ log 5 𝑥 ≤ 4
5−2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 54
1
≤ 𝑥 ≤ 625
25

11a The parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 is below the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 when 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 < 𝑥.

Rearranging gives:
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 < 𝑥
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 < 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 3) < 0
This is a concave up parabola, so the region less than zero will be that between
the two points of intersection. Hence 0 < 𝑥 < 3.
11b The parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 is below the line 𝑦 = 3 − 3𝑥 when

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 > 3 − 3𝑥. Rearranging gives:
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6 > 0
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) > 0
the left of the first intersection and those to the right of the second intersection.
Hence 𝑥 < −3 or 𝑥 > 2.
1
11c The hyperbola 𝑦 = 𝑥 is below the line 𝑦 = −𝑥 when
1
< −𝑥. Rearranging gives:
𝑥
1
× 𝑥 2 < −𝑥 × 𝑥 2
𝑥
𝑥 < −𝑥 3
𝑥3 + 𝑥 < 0
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1) < 0
Note that 𝑥 2 + 1 is always positive, so the sign of the function will only depend
1
on the sign of 𝑥. The function will be less than zero whenever 𝑥 < 0. Thus 𝑦 = 𝑥
is below 𝑦 = −𝑥 when 𝑥 < 0.
2 1
11d The hyperbola 𝑦 = 𝑥−1 is above the line 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 2 when
2 1
> 2 𝑥 − 2. Rearranging gives:
𝑥−1
2 1
(𝑥 − 1)2 > ( 𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 1)2
𝑥−1 2

1
2(𝑥 − 1) > ( 𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 1)2
2
1
2(𝑥 − 1) − ( 𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 1)2 > 0
2
1
(𝑥 − 1) (2 − ( 𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 1)) > 0
2
1 5
(𝑥 − 1) (2 − ( 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2)) > 0
2 2
5 1
(𝑥 − 1) ( 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) > 0
2 2
1
𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(5 − 𝑥) > 0
2
The graph of this is
By observation of the graph, the inequality is satisfied when 𝑥 < 0 and when 1 <
2 1
𝑥 < 5. Thus 𝑦 = 𝑥−1 is above the line 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 2 when 𝑥 < 0 and when 1 < 𝑥 <
5.
11e The parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 is below the parabola 𝑦 = 5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 when

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 < 5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 . Rearranging gives:
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 < 5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2
2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 8 < 0
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 < 0
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1) < 0
This is a concave up parabola, so the region less than zero will be that between
the two points of intersection. Hence −4 < 𝑥 < 1.

12ai For 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 = |2𝑥| + 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 = 3𝑥

For 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 = |2𝑥| + 𝑥 = −2𝑥 + 𝑥 = −𝑥
12aii Solving |2𝑥| + 𝑥 > 1

1
For the region 𝑥 ≥ 0, we solve the inequality 3𝑥 > 1 which gives 𝑥 > 3
For the region 𝑥 < 0, we solve the inequality −𝑥 > 1 which gives 𝑥 < −1
1
So 𝑥 < −1 or 𝑥 > 3
12bi For 𝑥 ≥ 2, 𝑦 = 3|𝑥 − 2| + 𝑥 − 2 = 3(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑥 − 2 = 4𝑥 − 8

For 𝑥 < 2, 𝑦 = 3|𝑥 − 2| + 𝑥 − 2 = −3(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑥 − 2 = −2𝑥 + 4
Solving 3|𝑥 − 2| + 𝑥 − 2 ≤ 2
For the region 𝑥 ≥ 2, we solve the inequality 4𝑥 − 8 ≤ 2 which gives 4𝑥 ≤ 10
1
and so 𝑥 ≤ 2 2
For the region 𝑥 < 2, we solve the inequality −2𝑥 + 4 ≤ 2 which gives −2𝑥 ≤
−2 and so 𝑥 ≥ 1
1
So 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 2
1 1 1
12bii For 𝑥 ≥ −1, 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 1| − 2 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 1) − 2 𝑥 = 2 𝑥 + 1
1 1 3
For 𝑥 < −1, 𝑦 = 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 1| − 2 𝑥 = −(𝑥 + 1) − 2 𝑥 = − 2 𝑥 − 1
1
Solving |𝑥 + 1| − 2 𝑥 < 3
1 1
For the region 𝑥 ≥ −1, we solve the inequality 2 𝑥 + 1 < 3 which gives 2 𝑥 < 2
and so 𝑥 ≤ 4
3 3
For the region 𝑥 < −1, we solve the inequality − 2 𝑥 − 1 < 3 which gives − 2 𝑥 <
8
4 and so 𝑥 > − 3
8
So − 3 < 𝑥 < 4

2𝑥+1
13a >1
𝑥−3
2𝑥 + 1
(𝑥 − 3)2 > (𝑥 − 3)2
𝑥−3
(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) > 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9
2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3 > 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12 > 0
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 3) > 0
Hence 𝑥 < −4 or 𝑥 > 3.
𝑥−1
13b ≤2
𝑥+1
𝑥−1
≤2
𝑥+1
𝑥−1
(𝑥 + 1)2 ≤ 2(𝑥 + 1)2
𝑥+1
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) ≤ 2(𝑥 + 1)2
𝑥 2 − 1 ≤ 2(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 2 − 1 ≤ 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2
0 ≤ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3
0 ≤ (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 1)
Hence 𝑥 ≤ −3 or 𝑥 > −1. Note that the original equation is not defined at the
point 𝑥 = −1, hence it is not included in our solution.
3𝑥
13c ≥4
2𝑥−1
3𝑥
(2𝑥 − 1)2 ≥ 4(2𝑥 − 1)2
2𝑥 − 1
3𝑥(2𝑥 − 1) ≥ 4(2𝑥 − 1)2

0 ≥ 4(2𝑥 − 1)2 − 3𝑥(2𝑥 − 1)

0 ≥ (2𝑥 − 1)(4(2𝑥 − 1) − 3𝑥)
0 ≥ (2𝑥 − 1)(8𝑥 − 4 − 3𝑥)
0 ≥ (2𝑥 − 1)(5𝑥 − 4)
This is a concave up parabola, so the region less than or equal to zero will be that
1 4
between or on the two points of intersection. Hence 2 < 𝑥 ≤ 5. Note that the
1
original equation is not defined at the point 𝑥 = 2, hence it is not included in our
solution.
14a cos 𝑥 > 1 − sin2 𝑥

cos 𝑥 > cos 2 𝑥
0 > cos 2 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
0 > cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 − 1)
This is satisfied when cos 𝑥 < 0 and cos 𝑥 − 1 > 0 (cos 𝑥 > 1) or when cos 𝑥 > 0
and cos 𝑥 − 1 < 0 (cos 𝑥 < 1).
cos 𝑥 < 0 and cos 𝑥 > 1 has no solutions.
𝜋 3𝜋
cos 𝑥 > 0 and cos 𝑥 < 1 when 0 < cos 𝑥 < 1. This is when 0 < 𝑥 < 2 and <
2
𝑥 < 2𝜋.
14b tan 𝑥 ≤ sec 2 𝑥 − 1

tan 𝑥 ≤ tan2 𝑥
0 ≤ tan2 𝑥 − tan 𝑥
0 ≤ tan 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 − 1)
This is when tan 𝑥 ≥ 0 and tan 𝑥 ≥ 1 or when tan 𝑥 ≤ 0 and tan 𝑥 − 1 ≤ 0
making tan 𝑥 ≤ 1.
𝜋 𝜋
The first solution is when tan 𝑥 ≥ 1, this is when 4 ≤ 𝑥 < 2 .
𝜋
The second solution is when tan 𝑥 ≤ 0, this is when − 2 < 𝑥 ≤ 0.

15a 1 < |𝑥 + 2| ≤ 3
For 𝑥 ≥ −2, this inequality becomes 1 < 𝑥 + 2 ≤ 3 which reduces to −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1.
For 𝑥 < −2, this inequality becomes 1 < −𝑥 − 2 ≤ 3 which reduces to 3 < −𝑥 ≤
5 and is this −5 ≤ 𝑥 < −3. This the solutions are −5 ≤ 𝑥 < −3 or −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1.
15b 1 ≤ |2𝑥 − 3| < 4

3
For 𝑥 ≥ 2, this inequality becomes 1 ≤ 2𝑥 − 3 < 4 which reduces to 4 ≤ 2𝑥 < 7
1
and is thus 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 3 2.
3
For 𝑥 < 2, this inequality becomes 1 ≤ −2𝑥 + 3 < 4 which reduces to −2 ≤
1 1 1
2𝑥 < 1 and is this − 2 < 𝑥 ≤ 1. This the solutions are − 2 < 𝑥 ≤ 1 or 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 3 2.
16a This statement is false with a counterexample given by ii with 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = −2

yielding LHS = |2 − 2| = 0 and RHS = |2| + |−2| = 4 so LHS ≠ RHS. A second
counterexample is given by 𝐢𝐢𝐢 with 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑦 = 2 yielding LHS =
|−2 + 2| = 0 and RHS = |−2| + |2| = 4 so LHS ≠ RHS.
16b If 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 > 0 then LHS = 𝑥 + 𝑦 and RHS = 𝑥 + 𝑦 so LHS = RHS.
If 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 < 0 then LHS = |𝑥 + 𝑦| and RHS = 𝑥 − 𝑦 so LHS < RHS.
If 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 > 0 then LHS = |𝑥 + 𝑦| and RHS = −𝑥 + 𝑦 so LHS < RHS.
If 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 < 0 then LHS = −𝑥 − 𝑦 and RHS = −𝑥 − 𝑦 so LHS = RHS.
Hence the inequality is true.
This is known as the triangle inequality.
16c This statement is false with a counterexample given by ii with 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = −2

yielding LHS = |−2 − 2| = 4 and RHS = |−2| − |2| = 0 so LHS ≥ RHS. A second
counterexample is given by 𝐢𝐢𝐢 with 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑦 = 2 yielding LHS =
|− − 2 − 2| = 0 and RHS = |−2| − |2| = 4 so LHS ≥ RHS.
16d If 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 > 0 then LHS = 𝑥 − 𝑦 or 𝑦 − 𝑥 and RHS = 𝑥 + 𝑦 so LHS < RHS.
If 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 < 0 then LHS = 𝑥 − 𝑦 and RHS = 𝑥 + (−𝑦) so LHS = RHS.
If 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 > 0 then LHS = 𝑦 − 𝑥 and RHS = (−𝑥) + 𝑦 so LHS = RHS.

If 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 < 0 then LHS = 𝑥 − 𝑦 or 𝑦 − 𝑥 and RHS = −𝑥 − 𝑦 so LHS < RHS.
Hence this is true.
16e If 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 > 0 then LHS = 𝑥 − 𝑦 or 𝑦 − 𝑥 and RHS = 𝑥 − 𝑦 or 𝑦 − 𝑥 so LHS =

RHS.
If 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 < 0 then LHS = 𝑥 − 𝑦 and RHS = 𝑥 − (−𝑦) so LHS > RHS.
If 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 > 0 then LHS = 𝑦 − 𝑥 and RHS = (−𝑥) + 𝑦 so LHS > RHS.
If 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 < 0 then LHS = 𝑥 − 𝑦 or 𝑦 − 𝑥 and RHS = −𝑥 − (−𝑦) so LHS =
RHS.
Hence this inequality is true.
16f This is false, consider the case where 𝑥 = −2. LHS = 2|−2| = 22 = 4 and
1 1
RHS = 2−2 = 22 = 4. Thus LHS = RHS and so the equality is not true.
17a √5 − 𝑥 is strictly positive but 𝑥 + 1 can be negative, so squaring both sides could
make the inequality reverse direction.
17b Solving for a point of intersections of the graphs gives
√5 − 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 1)
5 − 𝑥 = (𝑥 + 1)2
5 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 = −4 or 𝑥 = 1. By observation of the graph of the two curves, 𝑥 = −4 is not a
solution, and the inequality is satisfied to the left of the point where 𝑥 = 1. Thus,
the solution to the inequation is 𝑥 < 1.

18a
√5 5
When 𝑥 < − , 𝑥 2 > 2 and hence 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 5.
√2
√5 √5 5
When − <𝑥< , 𝑥 2 < 2 and hence 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 − 2𝑥 2 .
√2 √2
√5 5
When 𝑥 > , 𝑥 2 > 2 and hence 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 5.
√2
The 𝑥-intercepts occur when |5 − 2𝑥 2 | = 0. This is when 5 − 2𝑥 2 = 0 and hence

5 5
when 5 = 2𝑥 2 , this is when 𝑥 2 = 2 and thus the 𝑥-intercepts are when 𝑥 = ±√2.
18b By observation of the graph, the inequation is true when 2𝑥 2 − 5 ≥ 3 and when
5 − 2𝑥 2 ≥ 3.
Solving 2𝑥 2 − 5 ≥ 3:
2𝑥 2 ≥ 8
𝑥2 ≥ 4
𝑥 ≥ 2 or 𝑥 ≤ −2
Solving 5 − 2𝑥 2 ≥ 3:
2 ≥ 2𝑥 2
1 ≥ 𝑥2
−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
Hence the inequation is true when 𝑥 ≤ −2, −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 or 𝑥 ≥ 2.

18c Suppose that |𝑔(𝑥)| ≥ 𝑘. Since |𝑔(𝑥)| is equal to either 𝑔(𝑥) or −𝑔(𝑥), this
means that either 𝑔(𝑥) ≥ 𝑘, or −𝑔(𝑥) ≥ 𝑘.
If −𝑔(𝑥) ≥ 𝑘, we multiply both sides by −1 and reverse the inequality to get
𝑔(𝑥) ≤ −𝑘.
Thus, if |𝑔(𝑥)| ≥ 𝑘, then either 𝑔(𝑥) ≥ 𝑘, or 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ −𝑘.
19 By completing the square, we have

𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑦 2
= 𝑥 2 + 2 (𝑥 ) + ( ) + 𝑦 2 − ( )
2 2 2
𝑦 2 3𝑦 2
= (𝑥 + ) +
2 4
𝑦 2 3𝑦 2
Since 𝑎2 ≥ 0 for all 𝑎, we know that (𝑥 + 2) + ≥ 0 for all 𝑥 and 𝑦.
4
𝑦 2 3𝑦 2
If (𝑥 + 2) + 4 = 0, it follows that 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and therefore 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 > 0
for all non-zero 𝑥 and 𝑦.
20a (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 ≥ 0
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 0
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 4𝑥𝑦
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 4𝑥𝑦
(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 ≥ 4𝑥𝑦
20b (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 ≥ 4𝑥𝑦

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 4𝑥𝑦
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 2𝑥𝑦
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
≥ 𝑥𝑦
2
1 2
≥ 2
𝑥𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 2

Using this, we obtain

1 1 𝑦2 𝑥2
+ = +
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2𝑦2 𝑥2𝑦2
𝑦2 + 𝑥2
= 2 2
𝑥 𝑦
𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦
=
𝑥2𝑦2
2
(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 2𝑥𝑦
=
𝑥2𝑦2
4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦
≥
𝑥2𝑦2
2𝑥𝑦
= 2 2
𝑥 𝑦
2
=
𝑥𝑦
1
= 2( )
𝑥𝑦
2
≥ 2( 2 )
𝑥 + 𝑦2
4
= 2
𝑥 + 𝑦2
21a (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑎 − 𝑐)2

= 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑐 + 𝑐 2
= 2𝑎2 + 2𝑏 2 + 2𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑏𝑐 − 2𝑎𝑐
= 2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑐)
We know that the square of any real number must be positive hence
(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 ≥ 0
(𝑏 − 𝑐)2 ≥ 0
(𝑎 − 𝑐)2 ≥ 0
Thus
(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑎 − 𝑐)2 ≥ 0
2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑐) ≥ 0
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 ≥ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐

21b (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)((𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑎 − 𝑐)2 )

= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) × 2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑐)
= 2(𝑎3 + 𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎2 𝑐 + 𝑎2 𝑏 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 2 𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏 2 − 𝑏 2 𝑐 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐
+ 𝑎2 𝑐 + 𝑏 2 𝑐 + 𝑐 3 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑏𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑐 2 )
= 2(𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐)
Now if 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are positive, then 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 > 0 and for all positive 𝑎, 𝑏 and
𝑐 we know that (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑎 − 𝑐)2 > 0. Thus, it follows that
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)((𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑎 − 𝑐)2 ) > 0 and hence
2(𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐) > 0 so it follows that 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 > 3𝑎𝑏𝑐.

1a 1 point of intersection, hence 1 solution
1b 2 points of intersection, hence 2 solutions
1c 3 points of intersection, hence 3 solutions
1d 2 points of intersection, hence 2 solutions
1e 2 points of intersection, hence 2 solutions
1f 3 points of intersection, hence 3 solutions
1
2a 𝑥=2
3𝜋 𝜋
2b 𝑥=− or 4
4
2c 𝑥 ≑ −2.1, 0.3 or 1.9

2d 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 ≑ 3.5
2e 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 ≑ −1.9
2f 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 ≑ −1.9 or 1.9
3a 𝑥 ≤ −3
3b 0≤𝑥≤2
3c 𝑥=1
4a 𝑥 < −2 or 𝑥 > 1
4b 0≤𝑥≤1
4c −1 < 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 1
5a We read off the values by noting that when 𝑦 = 3

3 = 𝑥2
𝑥 = ±√3
and when 𝑦 = 2
2 = 𝑥2

𝑥 = ±√2
Now as we want the positive values, we read off the values from the right of the
axis. This gives √2 ≑ 1.4, √3 ≑ 1.7.

5b
By observation the intercepts are at (−1, 1) and (2, 4).

Hence the solutions are 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 2.
Solving the equation algebraically gives

𝑥2 = 𝑥 + 2
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = −1 or 2
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 1 and when 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 4. This confirms that the intercepts are
at (−1, 1) and (2, 4).
5c Reading off the graph, 𝑥 2 > 𝑥 + 2 when 𝑥 < −1 and 𝑥 > 2.

5d
By observation the intercepts are at (−2, 4) and (1, 1). Hence the solutions are
𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 1.
Solving the equation algebraically gives:
𝑥2 = 2 − 𝑥
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 1
Reading off the graph, 𝑥 2 ≤ 2 − 𝑥 when −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.
5e

From the graph, 𝑥 ≑ 1.62 or 𝑥 ≑ −0.62.

Solving the equation algebraically gives:
𝑥2 = 𝑥 + 1
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0
1 ± √(1)2 − 4(1)(−1)
𝑥=
2
1 ± √5
=
2
≑ 1.62 or − 0.62
5f i 𝑥2 + 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 2 = −𝑥
Draw the line for 𝑦 = −𝑥 on the graph.
From the graph, 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = −1.

1
5f ii 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0
1
𝑥2 = 𝑥 +
2
1
Draw the line for 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 on the graph.
From the graph, 𝑥 ≑ 1.37 or 𝑥 ≑ −0.37.
5f iii 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0
2𝑥 2 = 𝑥 + 1
1 1
𝑥2 = 2 𝑥 + 2
1 1
Draw the line for 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + 2 on the graph.

1
From the graph, 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = − 2.
1
6a i 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑦 = 3 − 4 𝑥
6a ii Point of intersection is (4, 2).
1
6a iii 𝑥 − 2 = 3 − 4 𝑥
6b i 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2

6b ii Points of intersection are (0, 0) and (1, 1).
6b iii 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
2
6c i 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1
6c ii Points of intersection are (−1, −2) and (2, 1).
2
6c iii =𝑥−1
𝑥
6d i 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 and 𝑦 = 𝑥

6d ii Points of intersection are (−1, −1), (0, 0) and (1, 1).
6d iii 𝑥 3 = 𝑥
7a 𝑥≥4
7b 0<𝑥<1
7c 𝑥 < −1 or 0 < 𝑥 < 2
7d −1 < 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 1
8a i
8a ii By observation of the above diagram, the graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 1| always lies above

1 1
the graph of 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 − 1, hence |𝑥 + 1| > 2 𝑥 − 1 for all real 𝑥.
8b Draw the graphs of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 and 𝑦 = −1.

We see that the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 (shown in red) is always above that of 𝑦 = −1

(shown in blue). Hence it follows that 2𝑥 > −1 for all 𝑥. Thus, it must be the case
that 2𝑥 ≤ −1 has no solutions.
8c
The equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 (shown in blue) is always above the equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 −

1 (shown in red). Note that these lines never intersect because they have the
same gradient and are hence parallel. Thus, it follows that 2𝑥 − 1 ≤ 2𝑥 + 3 for all
values of 𝑥.

9a
When 𝑥 < −1, we find the point of intersection by solving −𝑥 − 1 = 3 which

gives 𝑥 = −4.
When 𝑥 > −1, we find the point of intersection by solving 𝑥 + 1 = 3 which gives
𝑥 = 2.
Points of intersection are at (−4, 3) and (2, 3).
9b
When 𝑥 < 2, we find points of intersection by solving the equation −𝑥 + 2 = 𝑥

which gives 2𝑥 = 2 and thus 𝑥 = 1. Substituting this into 𝑦 = 𝑥 gives 𝑦 = 1.
Observation of the graph reveals that there are no other points of intersection.
Point of intersection is at (1, 1).

9c
When 𝑥 < 0, we find the points of intersection by solving the equations 𝑦 = −2𝑥
and 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 8 = 0. Substituting 𝑦 = −2𝑥 into 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 8 = 0 gives
2𝑥 − 3(−2𝑥) + 8 = 0
2𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 8 = 0
8𝑥 + 8 = 0
8𝑥 = −8
𝑥 = −1
Substituting this into 𝑦 = 2𝑥 gives 𝑦 = −2.
When 𝑥 > 0, we find the points of intersection by solving the equations 𝑦 = 2𝑥

and 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 8 = 0. Substituting 𝑦 = 2𝑥 into 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 8 = 0 gives
2𝑥 − 3(2𝑥) + 8 = 0
2𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 8 = 0
−4𝑥 + 8 = 0
4𝑥 = 8
𝑥=2
Substituting this into 𝑦 = 2𝑥 gives 𝑦 = 4.
Points of intersection are at (−1, 2) and (2, 4).

9d
When 𝑥 < 0, we find the points of intersection by solving the equations 𝑦 = −𝑥 −

1 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2. Substituting 𝑦 = −𝑥 − 1 into 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2 gives
−𝑥 − 1 = 2𝑥 + 2
−3 = 3𝑥
𝑥 = −1
Substituting this into 𝑦 = −𝑥 − 1 gives 𝑦 = 0.
By observation of the graph, there are no other solutions.
Point of intersection is at (−1, 0).
10 We can either use the answers from the previous question or solve these
algebraically as follows.
10a |𝑥 + 1| ≤ 3
−3 ≤ 𝑥 + 1 ≤ 3
−4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
10b |𝑥 − 2| > 𝑥
𝑥 − 2 > 𝑥 or 𝑥 − 2 < −𝑥
−2 > 0 (no solution) or 2𝑥 < 2
𝑥<1

2𝑥+8
10c |2𝑥| ≥
3
2𝑥+8 2𝑥+8
2𝑥 ≥ or 2𝑥 ≤ −
3 3
Rearranging the first inequality gives:

6𝑥 ≥ 2𝑥 + 8
4𝑥 ≥ 8
𝑥≥2
Rearranging the second inequality gives:
6𝑥 ≤ −2𝑥 − 8
8𝑥 ≤ −8
𝑥 ≤ −1
Solution is 𝑥 ≤ −1 or 𝑥 ≥ 2.
10d |𝑥| > 2𝑥 + 3

𝑥 > 2𝑥 + 3 or 𝑥 < −2𝑥 − 3
Rearranging the first inequality gives:
0>𝑥+3
𝑥 < −3
Rearranging the second inequality gives:
3𝑥 < −3
𝑥 < −1
Solution is 𝑥 < −1.
11a Divide by 𝑒 𝑥 to get 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 1−𝑥
11b Multiply by cos 𝑥 to get sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
1
11c Subtract 1 then divide by 𝑥 to get 𝑥 2 − 4 = − 𝑥

12a The table below traps the solution between 𝑥 = −1.690 and 𝑥 = −1.6905, so it is
𝑥 = −1.690, correct to three decimal places.
12b Part c:
𝑥 −2 −2.1 −2.11 −2.114 −2.115 −2.116

𝑥2 − 4 0 0.41 0.4521 0.468996 0.473225 0.477456
1 0.5 0.47619047 0.47393364 0.47303689 0.47281323 0.47258979
−
𝑥
𝑥 ≑ −2.115
Part e:
𝑥 −1.9 −1.89 −1.88 −1.875 −1.872 −1.871
3𝑥 0.12401 0.12538 0.12677 0.12747 0.12788 0.12803
𝑥+2 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.125 0.128 0.129
𝑥 ≑ −1.872

13a 2 solutions
13b 3 solutions
13c 3 solutions

13d 3 solutions
13e no solutions
13f no solutions

14a
The break-even point is when 900 = 20𝑛 which is when 𝑛 = 45. Hence the
break-even point is 𝑛 = 45. Total sales are $2250 at that point.
14b
The break-even point is when 900 + 30𝑛 = 50𝑛, this reduces to 900 = 20𝑛
which is hence when 𝑛 = 45. Hence the break-even point is 𝑛 = 45. Total sales
are $2250 at that point.
15a

By observation, points of intersection are (−2, 2), (−1, 1), (1, 2) and (2, 2).
15b The graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥| has 0 or positive values only for 𝑦.

So the points of intersection of 𝑦 = |𝑥| and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2 are (−2, 2) and (2, 2).
Hence the solutions for 𝑥 2 − 2 = |𝑥| are 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = −2.
15c Consider where the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2 is above the graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥|.

Solution is 𝑥 < −2 or 𝑥 > 2.
15d Consider where the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2 is below or intersecting the graph of

𝑦 = −|𝑥|.
Solution is −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.
16a, b
16c By observation of the above graph, there are two solutions when the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 is
1 1
shifted up by more than 2 units, that is, when 𝑐 > 2.

17a
Observe, that the perpendicular distance from the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑏 is the

hypotenuse of a right angled triangle with the opposite and adjacent sides both
of length 𝑏. Hence it follows that the length of the hypotenuse is √𝑏 2 + 𝑏 2 =
√2𝑏 2 = 𝑏√2.
17b
There will be two solutions when the perpendicular distance of the line from the
origin is less than the radius of the circle. That is when 𝑏√2 < 3. Thus the line
3 3√2
intersects the circle twice when 𝑏 < and is thus 𝑏 < . Note there will also be
√2 2

solutions when the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑏 lies below the origin, this will be when 𝑏 >
3√2 3√2 3√2
− . Thus, the solutions are − <𝑏< .
2 2 2
18a
By observation of the graph there are two solutions.
18b As the solutions are not integers (whole numbers) it is hard to accurately
determine the solution from the graph.
18c Firstly, consider the branch 𝑦 = 7𝑥 − 4. Solving 7𝑥 − 4 = 4𝑥 + 3 gives

3𝑥 = 7
7
𝑥=
3
Now consider the branch 𝑦 = −7𝑥 + 4. Solving −7𝑥 + 4 = 4𝑥 + 3 gives
−11𝑥 = −1
1
𝑥=
11
7 1
Hence the solutions are 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑥 = 11.

19a 𝑥 ≑ 1.1
19b 𝑥 ≑ 1.2
19c 𝑥 ≑ −0.5 or 𝑥 ≑ −1.9

19d 𝑥 ≑ 0.5 or 𝑥 ≑ 1.9
20a When 𝑥 < −2 the equation is 𝑦 = −2𝑥 − 4 + (−𝑥 + 1) − 5 = −3𝑥 − 8.

When −2 ≤ 𝑥 < 1 the equation is 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4 + (−𝑥 + 1) − 5 = 𝑥.
When 𝑥 ≥ 1 the equation is 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4 + 𝑥 − 1 − 5 = 3𝑥 − 2.
Hence we can plot the graph as:
20b

By observation, the equation intersects the line 𝑦 = −1 when it is described by

the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 8.
Solving with 𝑦 = 𝑥, gives the intersection as (−1, −1) and solving with 𝑦 =
7
−3𝑥 − 8 gives −1 = −3𝑥 − 8 and thus 3𝑥 = −7 giving 𝑥 = − 3 giving the point of
7
intersection as (− 3 , −1).
By observation, the equation intersects the line 𝑦 = 2 when it is described by the

equation 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 2 and 𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 8.
4
Solving with 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 2 gives 2 = 3𝑥 − 2, 3𝑥 = 4 and hence 𝑥 = .
3
10
Solving with 𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 8 gives 2 = −3𝑥 − 8, 3𝑥 = 10 and hence 𝑥 = .
3
By observation of the graph, the solution to the inequality

1 1 1
−1 ≤ |2𝑥 + 4| + |𝑥 − 1| − 5 ≤ 2. Is thus −3 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ −2 3 or −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 3
21a When 𝑚 > 1:

If 𝑏 ≥ 1 then consider 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 1| when 𝑥 < −1. In this case we have that 𝑦 =
−𝑥 − 1 for the equation and hence for a point of intersection 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 = −𝑥 − 1.
Solving gives
𝑥(𝑚 + 1) = −𝑏 − 1
𝑏+1
𝑥=−
𝑚+1
Which instead lies in the region where 𝑥 < −1 and thus we have a solution.
If 𝑏 < 1 then consider 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 1| when 𝑥 ≥ 1. In this case we have that 𝑦 = 𝑥 +
1 for the equation and hence for a point of intersection 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑥 + 1. Solving
gives
𝑥(𝑚 − 1) = 1 − 𝑏
1−𝑏
𝑥=
𝑚−1
Which instead lies in the region where 𝑥 ≥ 1 and thus we have a solution.
When 𝑚 < −1:
If 𝑏 < 1 then consider 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 1| when 𝑥 < −1. In this case we have that 𝑦 =
−𝑥 − 1 for the equation and hence for a point of intersection 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 = −𝑥 − 1.
Solving gives
𝑥(𝑚 + 1) = −𝑏 − 1

𝑏+1
𝑥=−
𝑚+1
Which instead lies in the region where 𝑥 < −1 and thus we have a solution.
If 𝑏 ≥ 1 then consider 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 1| when 𝑥 ≥ 1. In this case we have that 𝑦 = 𝑥 +
1 for the equation and hence for a point of intersection 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑥 + 1. Solving
gives
𝑥(𝑚 − 1) = 1 − 𝑏
1−𝑏
𝑥=
𝑚−1
Which instead lies in the region where 𝑥 ≥ 1 and thus we have a solution.
21b
Note that there will be no solutions provided that the line passes below the point
(−1, 0). Considering the equation 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, we must have 0 > 𝑚(−1) + 𝑏
which is when 𝑏 < 𝑚.
21c Applying the same principle as before, there will always be one solution when
𝑚 < −𝑝 or when 𝑚 > 𝑝. Thus, the first condition that we require for no solutions
is that −𝑝 ≤ 𝑚 ≤ 𝑝.
With this condition satisfied, we then require that the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 must pass
𝑞
below the point (𝑝 , 0), which is the turning point of 𝑦 = |𝑝𝑥 − 𝑞|.
𝑞
Thus 𝑚 (𝑝) + 𝑏 < 0
𝑚𝑞
𝑏<−
𝑝

22a i
22a ii
22a iii
22b There are either no solutions (like in part ai), 1 solution (when the curves touch)
or 2 solutions (like in part aiii). There can be no more solutions as both curves
have a constant concavity and thus cannot intersect one another again.

1a Substituting (0, 0) into the inequality gives 0 < 1. which is true. Hence, we shade
the region containing the origin.
1b Substituting (0, 0) into the inequality gives 0 > −1. which is true. Hence, we
shade the region containing the origin.
1c Substituting (0, 0) into the inequality gives 0 ≤ 3. which is true. Hence, we shade
the region containing the origin.

1d Substituting (0, 0) into the inequality gives 0 < −1. which is not true. Hence, we
shade the region that does not contain the origin.
2a Substituting (0, 0) into the inequality gives 0 < −1. which is not true. Hence, we
2b Substituting (0, 0) into the inequality gives 0 ≥ 2. which is not true. Hence, we

2c Substituting (0, 0) into the inequality gives 0 < −1. which is not true. Hence, we
2d Substituting (0, 0) into the inequality gives 0 > 3. which is not true. Hence, we
3a Testing at (0, 0) we obtain −6 > 0 which is false. Hence, we shade the region not
containing (0, 0).

3b Testing at (0, 0) we obtain 4 ≥ 0 which is true. Hence, we shade the region

containing (0, 0).
4a Testing at (0, 0) we obtain 0 < 4 which is true. Hence, we shade the region
containing (0, 0).
4b Testing at (0, 0) we obtain 0 ≥ 1 which is false. Hence, we shade the region not
containing (0, 0).

4c Testing at (2, 0) we obtain 0 ≤ 4 which is true. Hence, we shade the region

containing (0, 0).
4d Testing at (0, 0) we obtain 5 > 9 which is false. Hence, we shade the region not
containing (0, 0).
5a Factoring 𝑦 < 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 gives 𝑦 < (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1).

5b Factoring 𝑦 ≥ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 gives 𝑦 ≥ (𝑥 + 1)2
5c Factoring 𝑦 > 4 − 𝑥 2 gives 𝑦 > (2 − 𝑥)(2 + 𝑥)
5d Drawing 𝑦 < (5 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥) gives

6a Testing at (0, 0) we obtain 0 > 1 which is false. Hence, we shade the region not
containing (0, 0).
6b Testing at (0, 0) we obtain 0 ≤ 1 which is true. Hence, we shade the region

containing (0, 0).
6c Testing at (0, 1) we obtain 1 > 0 which is true. Hence, we shade the region
containing (0, 1).

6d Testing at (2, 0) we obtain 0 ≤ 1 which is true. Hence, we shade the region

containing (2, 0).
7a The point of intersection occurs when

𝑥 = −1 and 𝑦 = 2(−1) − 1 = −2 − 1 = −3 which is at (−1, −3).
7b Consider the point (1, −1). This satisfies both the inequality 𝑥 > −1 and
𝑦 ≤ 2𝑥 − 1 so we shade the region bounded by the two curves that contains the
point (−1, 1).

7c Consider the point (1, −1). This satisfies both the inequality 𝑥 > −1 and
𝑦 ≤ 2𝑥 − 1 so we shade the region bounded by the each of the curves that
contains the point (−1, 1).
8ai Both inequalities are satisfied by the point (1, 0). Thus, for the union, we shade
the region such that the it lies on the same side as at least one of the two lines.
We include the point (0, 0) as it satisfies the inequality 𝑦 ≥ −𝑥.
8aii Both inequalities are satisfied by the point (1, 0). Thus, for the union, we shade
the region bounded that contains that point. We do not include the point (0, 0) as
it does not satisfy the inequality 𝑦 < 𝑥.

8bi Both inequalities are satisfied by the point (−3, 0). Thus, for the union, we shade
the region such that the it lies on the same side as at least one of the two lines.
We include the point (−2, 0) as it satisfies the inequality 𝑦 ≤ −𝑥 − 2.
8bii Both inequalities are satisfied by the point (−3, 0). Thus, for the union, we shade
the region bounded that contains that point. We do not include the point (−2, 0)
1
as it does not satisfy the inequality 𝑦 > 2 𝑥 + 1.
9a 𝑥 ≥ 0 and 𝑦 ≥ 0

9b 𝑥 ≤ 0 and 𝑦 ≥ 0
9c 𝑥 ≤ 0 and 𝑦 ≤ 0
9d 𝑥 ≥ 0 and 𝑦 ≤ 0
9e 𝑥 ≥ 0 or 𝑦 ≥ 0
9f 𝑥 ≥ 0 or 𝑦 ≤ 0
10a Note that the point (1, 0) must satisfy the inequalities, this gives
𝑦 < 𝑥 and 𝑦 ≤ 2 − 𝑥
10b Note that the point (3, −3) must satisfy the inequalities, this gives
1
𝑦 ≤ − 2 𝑥 − 1 or 𝑦 ≥ 2 − 2𝑥
10c Note that the point (0, 0) must satisfy the inequalities, this gives
𝑦 < 𝑥 + 2 or 𝑦 > 4𝑥 − 1
11a Substituting (−2, −1) into 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 gives −1 = −2 + 1 which is true. Hence this
point lies on the line.
Substituting (1, 2) into 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 gives 2 = 1 + 1 which is true. Hence this point
lies on the line.
1 1
Substituting (−2, −1) into 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 − 2 gives −1 = − 2 (−2) − 2 which is true.
Hence this point lies on the line.
1 1
Substituting (0, −2) into 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 − 2 gives −2 = − 2 (0) − 2 which is true.
Hence this point lies on the line.
Substituting (0, −2) into 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 2 gives −2 = 4(0) − 2 which is true. Hence
this point lies on the line.
Substituting (1, 2) into 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 2 gives 2 = 4(1) − 2 which is true. Hence this
point lies on the line.

1
Thus 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 − 2 both pass through and hence intersect at
(−2, −1), 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 2 both pass through and hence intersect at
1
(0, −2), 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 2 both pass through and hence intersect at
(1, 2).
11 The following graphs are obtained by following the method shown at the start of
Section 3F.
11b i

11b ii
11biii
12a
12b The whole plane is covered by the union of the two regions.

13a
13b By observation of the above graph, the regions to not overlap and hence there is
no intersection.
14a The curves intersect when 𝑥 2 + (4 − 𝑥)2 = 16 which is when

𝑥 2 + 16 − 8𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 16
2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 = 0
2𝑥(𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑥 = 0, 4
Substituting this back into 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 gives the points of intersection as (0, 4) and
(4, 0).
14b Now that we have the points where the curves intersect, follow the method at the
start of Section 3F to obtain the following graphs.
14b i

14b ii
15a |𝑥| < 2 means that 𝑥 < 2 and 𝑥 > −2, that is −2 < 𝑥 < 2
15b |𝑥 − 𝑦| ≤ 2 gives −2 ≤ 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 2 which is 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 2 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≥ −2 or

alternatively 𝑦 ≥ 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 + 2.

16 Finding points of intersection of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5 and 𝑥 = −1 gives 1 + 𝑦 2 = 5,

𝑦 2 = 4 and hence 𝑦 = ±2. Thus the intersections are at (1, 2) and (1, −2).
Finding points of intersection of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5 and 𝑦 = 1 gives 1 + 𝑥 2 = 5, 𝑥 2 = 4
and hence 𝑥 = ±2. Thus the intersections are at (−1, −2) and (−1, 2).
Finding intersections of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5 with the axis.
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 2 = 5 and hence 𝑦 = ±√5
When 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 2 = 5 and hence 𝑥 = ±√5
So the points of intersection of the circle with the axis are (0, ±√5) and (±√5, 0).
From this we can draw the graph using the method on page 95.
17 Finding the 𝑦-intercept of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2.

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 − 0 + 2 = 2 and thus the intercept is at (0, 2).
Using this information, we can now sketch the graph using the method on page
95 of the textbook.
18 Refer to the graph in 18c

18b The curve is undefined for 𝑥 < 0 (as you cannot take the square root of a
negative number) and hence the inequality is undefined in this region.
18c
19a The curve is undefined when 𝑥 = 0 (as you cannot divide by zero) and hence
𝑥 = 0 is a boundary.
1
19b Begin by drawing the graph of 𝑥 = 0 and the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥. Note that there are 4
separate regions which need to be considered. Select a point in each of the
regions. For example, (−2, −2), (−1, 0), (1, 0) and (2, 2) are points in each of the
1
four regions. Substituting each of the points into the inequality 𝑦 ≥ 𝑥, we find
that (−1, 0) and (2, 2) are the only two regions satisfying the inequality so we
shade the regions containing these points.

20 Begin by sketching the curve 𝑦 = √4 − 𝑥 2 (note that you will need to draw a
broken line as we are dealing with a strict inequality). Since the function is only
defined for −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, only points in this domain are able to satisfy the
inequality. Now, we have two regions consider, that above the semicircle and
that below the semicircle. Select a point in one of the two regions, for ease we
select (0, 0). This satisfies the inequality and hence we shade all points in the
region −2 < 𝑥 < 2 below the semicircle. Note that we do not include any points
such that 𝑥 = ±2 due to the fact that we have a strict inequality.
21 Note that the inverse of 𝑥 = |𝑦 + 1| is 𝑦 + 1 = ±𝑥 and is thus 𝑦 = −1 ± 𝑥. Hence

the region is bounded by the two lines 𝑦 = −1 − 𝑥 and 𝑦 = −1 + 𝑥. The point
(3, 1) satisfies the inequality 𝑥 > |𝑦 + 1|. Hence, we shade the region enclosed by
the two lines that contains (3, 1).

22a There are 6 distinct regions which are labelled in the graph below.
22b i Substituting each of the points given in 22a into the inequality, we find that the
points (±0.5, ±0.5) all satisfy the inequality, hence we shade each of the regions
containing these points.
22b ii Substituting each of the points given in 22a into the inequality, we find that the
points (−0.5, 0.5), (0.5, −0.5), (1.5, 1.5) and (−1.5, −1.5) all satisfy the inequality,
hence we shade each of the regions containing these points.

23a Note that the point (0, 0) does not satisfy the inequality as 0 > 0 is false. Now, in
the first quadrant, |𝑦| = 𝑦 and |𝑥| = 𝑥 so we shade the region such that 𝑦 > 𝑥. In
the second quadrant, |𝑦| = −𝑦 and |𝑥| = 𝑥 so shade the region such that −𝑦 > 𝑥.
In the third quadrant, |𝑦| = −𝑦 and |𝑥| = −𝑥 so shade the region such that −𝑦 >
−𝑥, that is where 𝑦 < 𝑥. In the fourth quadrant, |𝑦| = 𝑦 and |𝑥| = −𝑥 so shade
the region such that 𝑦 > −𝑥.
23b Begin by drawing the graphs 𝑥𝑦 = 1 and 𝑥𝑦 = −1. Note that the graph is broken
into 8 distinct regions. Select 1 point in each region, for example
(±0.5, ±0.5), (±2, ±2). Substituting these values into the inequality, we find that
the only points that satisfy the inequality are (±2, ±2) so shade the region that
contains these points.
23c Note that the inequality is undefined at 𝑥 = 0 and at 𝑦 = 0 so include these as

boundaries for the graph.
In the first and third quadrant, 𝑥 < 𝑦 at all points above the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
In the fourth quadrant, 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 > 0 so the inequality 𝑥 < 𝑦 is always true.
In the second quadrant, 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 < 0 so the inequality 𝑥 < 𝑦 is never true.

1 1
In the first and third quadrants, 𝑥 > 𝑦 at all points below the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
1 1 1 1
In the second quadrant, 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 > 0 so the inequality 𝑥 > 𝑦 is false at all
points.
1 1 1 1
In the fourth quadrant, 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 < 0 so the inequality 𝑥 > 𝑦 is true at all
points.
As such, we can sketch the region satisfied by the inequality as follows:

1a 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2
1b 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1
1c 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 4

1
1d 𝑦 = 𝑥−3
1e 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 4
1f 𝑦 = log 2 (𝑥 + 1)

𝜋
1g 𝑦 = sin (𝑥 + 2 )
This is also 𝑦 = cos 𝑥.
1h 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 2
2 For this question, note that a 180° rotation is equivalent to flipping in the 𝑥- and
𝑦-axes.
2a 𝑦 = −𝑥 2

2b 𝑦 = 2−𝑥
2c 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥2
1
2d 𝑦 = −𝑥

2e 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4
2f 𝑦 = − log 2 (−𝑥)
2g 𝑦 = sin 𝑥

2h 𝑦 = √−𝑥
3 In part e, the circle is symmetric in the 𝑦-axis. In part g, 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 is an odd

function, and so is unchanged by a rotation of 180°.
4 Recall that the equation for a circle is (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 , where the circle
has centre (ℎ, 𝑘) and radius 𝑟.
4a Circle with radius 𝑟 = 2 and centre at (−1, 0)
4b Circle with radius 𝑟 = 1 and centre at (1, 2)
4c Firstly, completing the square:

𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 0
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 = 4
(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦 2 = 4
Circle with radius 𝑟 = 2 and centre at (2, 0).
4d Firstly, completing the square:

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 = 16
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 16 + 9
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 25
Circle with radius 𝑟 = 5 and centre at (0, 3).

5a i This is given by a translation 2 units to the right.
5a ii This is given by a translation 2 units downwards.
5b i This is given by a translation 1 unit to the left

5b ii This is given by a translation 1 unit up.
6a i 𝑦 = 𝑓 ∘ ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(ℎ(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥 − 3)
6a ii 𝑦 = ℎ ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 3
6b i 𝑦 = 𝑃 ∘ 𝑘(𝑥) = 𝑃(𝑘(𝑥)) = 𝑃(𝑥 + 2)

6b ii 𝑦 = 𝑘 ∘ 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑘(𝑃(𝑥)) = 𝑃(𝑥) + 2
7a Left 1 unit: 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2

Then up 2 units: 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 + 2
1
7b Right 2 units: 𝑦 = 𝑥−2
1
Then up 3 units: 𝑦 = 𝑥−2 + 3
𝜋 𝜋
7c Right 3 units: 𝑦 = cos (𝑥 − 3 )
𝜋
Then down 2 units: 𝑦 = cos (𝑥 − 3 ) − 2
7d Left 2 units: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+2

Then down 1 unit: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+2 − 1

8a From 𝑦 = −𝑥
8a i Shift up 2 (or right 2).
8a ii Shift down 2 (or left 2).
8a iii Reflect in 𝑥-axis or (𝑦-axis) and shift up 4 (or left 4).
8b From 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 :

8bi Shift 1 unit left.
8b ii Shift 1 unit left and reflect in the 𝑥-axis.
8b iii Shift 1 unit left and shift down 1 unit.

8c From 𝑦 = √𝑥:
8c i Shift 4 units left.
8c ii Reflect in the 𝑥-axis.
8c iii Shift 4 units left and reflect in the 𝑥-axis.

2
8d From 𝑦 = 𝑥:
8d i Shift down 1 unit.
8d ii Shift down 1 unit and left 2 units.

8d iii Reflect in the 𝑥-axis or in the 𝑦-axis.
9a
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 − 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
The tangent is horizontal when 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
3𝑥 2 − 3 = 0
3(𝑥 2 − 1) = 0
𝑥2 − 1 = 0
𝑥2 = 1
𝑥 = ±1
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −2.
Hence the coordinates are (−1, 2) and (1, −2).
9b i The equation of a cubic shifted up one unit is given by adding a constant to the
right-hand side of the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1.
9b ii
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 − 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 2 − 3 = 0
3(𝑥 2 − 1) = 0

𝑥2 − 1 = 0
𝑥2 = 1
𝑥 = ±1
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 3 and 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1.
Hence the coordinates are (−1, 3) and (1, −1).
Thus the 𝑥-coordinates where the tangent is horizontal have not changed.
9c i The equation of this third cubic is given by substituting 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 into the

equation, as this shifts all coordinates 1 unit left.
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)3 − 3(𝑥 + 1)
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 − 3𝑥 − 3
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2
9c ii
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3𝑥(𝑥 + 2) = 0
𝑥 = 0, −2
When 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 2 and when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −2.
Hence the coordinates are (0, −2) and (−2, 2).
Thus the 𝑦-coordinates where the tangent is horizontal have not changed.
10a Finding the intercepts.

When 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 = 0
𝑦(𝑦 − 8) = 0
Hence the 𝑦-intercepts are (0, 0) and (0, 8).
When 𝑦 = 0,

𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 + 4) = 0
Hence the 𝑥-intercepts are (0, 0) and (−4, 0).
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 = 0
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16 = 20
2
(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = (2√5)
The centre is (−2, 4) and the radius is 𝑟 = 2√5.
10b Finding the intercepts.

When 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 = −1
𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 1 = 0
−4 ± √42 − 4 × 1 × 1 −4 ± √12 −4 ± 2√3

𝑦= = = = −2 ± √3
2 2 2
Hence the 𝑦-intercepts are (0, −2 + √3) and (0, −2 − √3).
When 𝑦 = 0,
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)2 = 0
Hence the 𝑥-intercept is (1, 0).
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 = −1
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4 = 4
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 22 ) = 22
The centre is (1, −2) and the radius is 𝑟 = 2.

11a The parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 shifted left 2 units and down 1 unit.

Equation is 𝑦 + 1 = (𝑥 + 2)2
11b The hyperbola 𝑥𝑦 = 1 shifted right 2 units and down 1 unit.

1
Equation is 𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥−2
11c The exponential 𝑦 = 2𝑥 reflected in the 𝑥-axis and shifted 1 unit up.
Equation is 𝑦 = 1 − 2𝑥
11d The curve 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 reflected in the 𝑥-axis and shifted 1 unit up.
Equation is 𝑦 = 1 − cos 𝑥
12a The parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 reflected in the 𝑥-axis, then shifted 3 units right and 1 unit
up.
Equation is 𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 3)2 + 1
12b The curve 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥 reflected in the 𝑦-axis, then shifted right 2 units and down
1 unit.
Equation is 𝑦 = − log 2 (𝑥 − 2) − 1
12c The half parabola 𝑦 = √𝑥 reflected in the 𝑥-axis, then shifted left 4 units and
2 units up.

Equation is 𝑦 = −√𝑥 + 4 + 2
13a i Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). Applying ℐ gives 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), then ℋ gives 𝑥 = 𝑓(−𝑦), then ℐ gives
−𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) then ℋ gives −𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥). This is equivalent to a 180° rotation
around (0, 0). The functions unchanged by the transformation all have the
property 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) and are thus odd functions.
13a ii Consider the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .

Applying ℐ gives 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 and then ℋ gives 𝑥 = (−𝑦)2 which is just 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 .
Alternatively, first applying ℋ gives −𝑦 = 𝑥 2 which is 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 and then ℐ gives
𝑥 = −𝑦 2.
From this we see that applying the two reflections in different orders results in
two different functions. Thus ℐ and ℋ do not commute.
13b i Shifting left by 𝑎 gives 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎), reflecting in the 𝑦-axis gives 𝑦 = 𝑓(−(𝑥 −
𝑎)) = 𝑓(−𝑥 + 𝑎). Shifting right then gives 𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝑎) = 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥).
13b ii A reflection in the line 𝑥 = 𝑎
13b iii Reflecting 𝑔(𝑎 + 𝑡) around 𝑥 = 𝑎 gives 𝑔(2𝑎 − (𝑎 + 𝑡)) = 𝑔(𝑎 − 𝑡). Thus we
require that 𝑔(𝑎 + 𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑎 − 𝑡) and hence we require that 𝑔(𝑥) is symmetric in
𝑥 = 𝑎.

1a 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2
1b 𝑦 = 2 × 2𝑥 = 2𝑥+1
1c 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥2

2
1d 𝑦=𝑥
1e 𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 = 4
1f 𝑦 = log 2 (−𝑥)

1g 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥
1h 𝑦 = −2√𝑥
1
2a i Dilate by a factor of from the 𝑥-axis.
2

2a ii Dilate by a factor of 2 from the 𝑦-axis.
2b i Dilate by a factor of 2 from the 𝑥-axis.
1
2b ii Dilate by a factor of from the 𝑦-axis.
2

2c i Dilate by a factor of 2 from the 𝑥-axis (note 𝑦 = 2ℎ(𝑥)).
2c ii Dilate by a factor of 2 from the 𝑦-axis.
1 1
2di Dilate by a factor of from the 𝑥-axis (note 𝑦 = 2 𝑔(𝑥)).
2

1
2d ii Dilate by a factor of from the 𝑦-axis.
2
3 Original sketch of graph 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1.
3a Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2.

3b Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2 and vertically by a factor of 4.
1
3c Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2.
1
4a If the graph is enlarged by a factor of then 𝑥 is replaced with 3𝑥 and
3
𝑦 is replaced with 3𝑦.
Hence the new equation is:
(3𝑥 − 3)2 + (3𝑦)2 = 4
9(𝑥 − 1)2 + 9𝑦 2 = 4
4
(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦 2 =
9

1
4b If the graph is enlarged by a factor of √3 then 𝑥 is replaced with 𝑥 and
√3
1
𝑦 is replaced with 𝑦.
√3

1 1
𝑦=
√3 1
𝑥
√3
3
𝑦=
𝑥

5a
5b

6a i
6a ii
6b i

6b ii
7a
7b

8a 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 − 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 2 − 3 = 0
𝑥2 − 1 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = ±1
Substituting this back into the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 gives that the tangent is
horizontal at (1, −2) and (−1, 2).
𝑦
8b i Replacing 𝑦 with 2 :
𝑦
= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥
8b ii 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 6𝑥 2 − 6
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 − 1 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = ±1
Substituting this back into the equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 gives that the tangent is
So the 𝑥-coordinates where the tangent is horizontal have not changed.
𝑥
8c i Replacing 𝑥 with 3:
𝑥 3 𝑥 1 3
𝑦 = ( ) − 3( ) = 𝑥 −𝑥
3 3 27

1
8c ii 𝑦 = 27 𝑥 3 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2
= −1
𝑑𝑥 9
𝑑𝑦
𝑥2
−1=0
9
𝑥2 − 9 = 0
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3) = 0
𝑥 = ±3
1
Substituting this back into the equation 𝑦 = 27 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 gives that the tangent is
𝑦
9a Rearranging the second equation gives 3 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 so the transformation occurs
𝑦
by replacing 𝑦 with which means the graph is scaled vertically by a factor of 3.
3
9b The transformation occurs by replacing 𝑥 with 2𝑥 which means the graph is

1
scaled horizontally by a factor of 2.
4
9c The transformation occurs by replacing 𝑥 with 𝑥 which means the graph is scaled
horizontally by a factor of 4.
𝑦 1
9d Rearranging the second equation gives 2 = 𝑥+1 so the transformation occurs by
𝑦
replacing 𝑦 with which means the graph is scaled vertically by a factor of 2.
2
𝑦
10a Replacing 𝑦 with 2 :
𝑦 1
=
2 𝑥
2
𝑦=
𝑥

𝑥
10b Replacing 𝑥 with 2:
1 2
𝑦= 𝑥 =
(2) 𝑥
10c Both dilations give the same graph.
10d Yes, by a factor of √2.
10e Answers will vary (hint: look at functions with symmetries).
1
11a In order to dilate horizontally by a factor of we must have replace 𝑥 with 2𝑥 so
2
the new equation is 𝑦 = (2𝑥)2 2
= 4𝑥 .
𝑦
11b In order to dilate vertically by a factor of 4 we must replace 𝑦 with so the new
4
𝑦
equation is 4 = 𝑥 2 and this means the new equation is 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 .
11c We notice that these two different transformations produce the same graph.
11d The parabolas in parts a and b cannot be produced by an enlargement since they
are not similar to 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 anymore.
11e Answers will vary.
1
12a 𝑀(0) = 3 × 2−53(0) = 3 × 1 = 3 grams
12b Half of mass is half of 3 grams.

3
𝑀(𝑡) =
2

1 3
3 × 2−53𝑡 =
2
1
2−53𝑡 = 2−1
1
− 𝑡 = −1
53
𝑡 = 53
Hence the half-life is 53 years.
1
12c i The mass has been dilated by a factor of 2, so 𝑀 = 6 × 2−53𝑡 .
1
12c ii 𝑀(0) = 6 × 2−53(0) = 6 grams
For the half life:
6
𝑀(𝑡) =
2
1 6
6 × 2−53𝑡 =
2
1
2−53𝑡 = 2−1
1
− 𝑡 = −1
53
𝑡 = 53
Hence the half-life is still 53 years.
13 Any enlargement will replace 𝑥 with 𝑎𝑥 and 𝑦 with 𝑎𝑦.

Thus, the equation becomes 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎𝑚𝑥.
Dividing both sides by 𝑎 gives 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 so the line is unchanged by all
enlargements.

14a The unit circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1, dilated horizontally by a factor of 3 and vertically by

a factor of 2.
𝑥 2 𝑦 2
( ) +( ) =1
3 2
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
9 4
14b The exponential 𝑦 = 3𝑥 , dilated vertically by a factor of −2.

𝑦 = −2 × 3𝑥
14c The curve 𝑦 = tan 𝑥, dilated horizontally by a factor of 3 and vertically by a factor
of 2.
𝑥
𝑦 = 2 tan
3
15a i Note that 𝑦 = 2𝑥+1 = 2 × 2𝑥

𝑦
Hence to obtain this curve, stretch vertically by a factor of 2, 2 = 2𝑥 , or translate
left by 1 unit, 𝑦 = 2(𝑥+1) .
𝑦 1
15a ii Stretch along both axes by a factor of 𝑘, 𝑘 = 𝑥 , or stretch horizontally by a factor
𝑘
2 1
of 𝑘 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 .
( 2)
𝑘
1
15a iii Reciprocal, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 , or reflect in the 𝑦-axis, 𝑦 = 3−𝑥 .
𝑥 2 𝑥2
16 The horizontal stretch causes the curve to become 𝑦 = (𝑎) = 𝑎2 .
𝑦 𝑥2
Hence stretching vertically by a factor of 𝑎2 gives 𝑎2 = 𝑎2 and hence 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .

17 Begin with 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥, stretch horizontally by a factor of √3 to give

𝑥 3 𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥
𝑦=( ) − = 3√3 − , then stretch vertically by a factor of 3√3 to give
√3 √3 √3
𝑦 𝑥3 𝑥
= 3√3 − and hence 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥.
3√3 √3

𝑏 (−2)
1 Note that the vertex occurs at 𝑥 = − 2𝑎 = − 2(1) = 1.

0 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
0 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)
𝑥 = 0, 2
𝑦 = 02 − 2(0) = 0
Hence the graph is:
1a i
In order to find the new equation, we must replace 𝑥 with 𝑥 − 1:

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 2(𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥 + 2
= 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3

1a ii
In order to find the new equation, we must replace 𝑦 with 𝑦 − 2:

𝑦 − 2 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5
1b i
In order to find the new equation, we must replace 𝑦 with 𝑦 − 2:

𝑦 − 2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2

1b ii
In order to find the new equation, we must replace 𝑥 with 𝑥 − 1:

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 2(𝑥 − 1) + 2
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥 + 2 + 2
= 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5
1c Yes, they commute (can be applied in any order and still produce the same
result) as the equations and graphs produced by parts a and b are the same.
Furthermore, note that all translational transformations are commutative as we
are simply adding and subtracting linear coordinates.
1
2a i Replacing 𝑥 with 2 𝑥 gives:
1 2 1
𝑦 = (2 𝑥) − 2 (2 𝑥)
1
= 𝑥2 − 𝑥
4

𝑦
2a ii Replacing 𝑦 with 3 gives:
𝑦 1
= 4 𝑥2 − 𝑥
3
3
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥
4
𝑦
2b i Replacing 𝑦 with 3 gives:
𝑦
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
3
𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥
1
2b ii Replacing 𝑥 with 2 𝑥 gives:
1 2 1
𝑦 = 3 (2 𝑥) − 6 (2 𝑥)
3
= 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥
4

2c Yes, they are commutative (can be applied in any order and still produce the
same result) as they produce the same equation and graph.
1
3a i Replacing 𝑥 with 2 𝑥 gives:
1 2 1
𝑦 = (2 𝑥) − 2 (2 𝑥)
1
= 𝑥2 − 𝑥
4
3a ii Replacing 𝑦 with 𝑦 − 1 gives:

1 2
𝑦−1= 𝑥 −𝑥
4
1
𝑦 = 4 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1

3b i Replacing 𝑦 with 𝑦 − 1 gives:

𝑦 − 1 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
1
3b ii Replacing 𝑥 with 2 𝑥 gives:
1 2 1
𝑦 = ( 𝑥) − 2 ( 𝑥) + 1
2 2
1
= 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1
4
3c Yes, they are commutative (can be applied in any order and still produce the
same result) as they produce the same equation and graph.
4a i Replacing 𝑥 with 𝑥 − 1 gives:

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 − 2(𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 − 2𝑥 + 2
= 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3

4a ii Replacing 𝑥 with −𝑥 gives:

𝑦 = (−𝑥)2 − 4(−𝑥) + 3
= 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3
4b i Replacing 𝑥 with −𝑥 gives:

𝑦 = (−𝑥)2 − 2(−𝑥)
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥

4b ii Replacing 𝑥 with 𝑥 − 1 gives:

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 2(𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 − 2
= 𝑥2 − 1
4c No, they are not commutative as the order in which the operations are applied
affects the resultant equation/graph.
5a No
Consider 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , if we reflect and then translate, we first replace 𝑥 with −𝑥 to get
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and then replace 𝑥 with 𝑥 − 𝑐 to get 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑐)2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑐 + 𝑐 2 .
If we translate then reflect, we first replace 𝑥 with 𝑥 − 𝑐 to get 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑐)2 =
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑐 + 𝑐 2 and then replace 𝑥 with −𝑥 to get 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑐 + 𝑐 2 which differs
from the original result.
5b No
Consider 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , if we dilate and then translate, we first replace 𝑦 with 2𝑦 to get
1 1
2𝑦 = 𝑥 2 or 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2 and then replace 𝑦 with 𝑦 − 𝑐 to get 𝑦 − 𝑐 = 2 𝑥 2 or
1
𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐.
If we translate then dilate, we first replace 𝑦 with 𝑦 − 𝑐 to get 𝑦 − 𝑐 = 𝑥 2 or

1 1
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 and then replace 𝑦 with 2𝑦 to get 2𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 or 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑐 which
differs from the original result.

5c Yes
Reflection in the 𝑥-axis can be considered ‘negative’ dilation and generally
operations of the same form are commutative (although this is not always the
case for some operations).
5d Yes
All translational transformations are commutative as we are simply adding and
subtracting linear coordinates.
5e No
Consider 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , if we reflect and then translate, we first replace 𝑥 with 2𝑥 to get
𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 and then replace 𝑥 with 𝑥 − 𝑐 to get 𝑦 = 4(𝑥 − 𝑐)2 = 4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑐 + 4𝑐 2 .
If we translate then reflect, we first replace 𝑥 with 𝑥 − 𝑐 to get 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑐)2 =
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑐 + 𝑐 2 and then replace 𝑥 with 2𝑥 to get 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑐 + 𝑐 2 which differs
from the original result.
5f Yes
Reflection on the 𝑥-axis affects the 𝑦-component of functions, whilst horizontal
translation affects the 𝑥-component. We can safely say that these operations will
not interfere with one another and hence they will commute.
6a Translate right 2 units: 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2

1
Then dilate horizontally by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = 4(𝑥 − 1)2

6b Translate down 1 unit: 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1

Then reflect in the 𝑦-axis: 𝑦 = 2−𝑥 − 1
6c Translate down 3 units: 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 4

Then dilate vertically by a factor of −1: 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥2
1
6d Translate right 3 units: 𝑦 = 𝑥−3
1 2
Then dilate vertically by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = 𝑥−3

6e Translate up 2 units: 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 4

1
Then dilate vertically by a factor of 2: 𝑥 2 + (2𝑦 − 2)2 = 4 or 𝑥 2 + 4(𝑦 − 1)2 = 4
6f Translate left 1 unit: 𝑦 = log 2 (𝑥 + 1)

1
Then dilate horizontally by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = log 2 (2 𝑥 + 1)
6g Translate left 𝜋 units: 𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + 𝜋)

Then reflect in the 𝑥-axis: 𝑦 = − sin(𝑥 + 𝜋)

6h Translate up 2 units: 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 2
Then dilate horizontally by a factor of −1: 𝑦 = −√𝑥 + 2
1
7a Take the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, dilate it horizontally by a factor of 2 and then
translate it up 1 unit.
7b Take the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, dilate it vertically by a factor of 2 and then translate
it up 1 unit.

7c Take the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, dilate it vertically by a factor of 2 and then translate
𝜋
it left 4 units.
1
7d Take the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, dilate it horizontally by a factor of and then
2
𝜋
translate it left units. (Note for this particular example, order does matter).
4
8a Applying the transformations in order gives the following.

Translate left 1 unit:
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2
Down 4 units:
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 4
Dilate horizontally by factor of 2:
𝑥 2
𝑦 = ( + 1) − 4
2
1
𝑦 = 4 (𝑥 + 2)2 − 4

8b Applying the transformations in order gives the following.

Translate down 4 units:
𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 4
Dilate horizontally by factor of 2:
𝑥 2
𝑦 =( ) −4
2
𝑥2
𝑦= −4
4
Translate left 1 unit:
1
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 4
4
8c Applying the transformations in order gives the following.

Translate down 1 unit:
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1
Translate right 1 unit:
𝑦 = 2𝑥−1 − 1
Dilate vertically by factor of −2:
𝑦
= 2𝑥−1 − 1
−2
𝑦 = −2 × 2𝑥−1 + 2
𝑦 = −2𝑥−1+1 + 2
𝑦 = 2 − 2𝑥
8d Applying the transformations in order gives the following.

Translate right 2 units:
1
𝑦=
𝑥−2
Dilate vertically by factor of 2:
𝑦 1
=
2 𝑥−2

2
𝑦=
𝑥−2
Translate up 1 unit:
2
𝑦= +1
𝑥−2
9a Shifting 2 units left:

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1 + 2)2
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2
Reflecting in the 𝑦-axis:
𝑦 = (−𝑥 + 1)2
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2
Hence the new parabola has the same equation.
9b This can be explained by the graph below. Note that the red curve represents the
graph 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2 and the green curve represents 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 .
Note that reflections on the 𝑦-axis switches the two curves whilst a shift left
moves the red curve 2 units left into the position of the green curve. Hence the
shift and the reflection in the order they are performed have the effect of
cancelling one another out to return to the original curve.
10 Note that the transformations you give may vary from this in the solutions.

10a Take the graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, dilate vertically by a factor of 3, shift up 1 unit and
1
then dilate horizontally by a factor of 2.
𝜋
10b Take the graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, shift 3 units right, move 1 unit up and then dilate
vertically by a factor of 2.
𝜋
10c Take the graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, dilate horizontally by a factor of 2, shift 3 units right
and then shift up by 1 unit.

𝜋
10d Take the graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, shift 3 units right, dilate horizontally by a factor of 2
and then shift up by 1 unit.
11a Plot the graph by taking 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, begin by dilating it by a factor of 2 from the 𝑥-
𝜋
axis, and then shift it up by a unit of 1. Shift 6 units left and then dilate it by a
factor of 2 from the 𝑦-axis.
11b Plot the graph by taking 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, begin by dilating it by a factor of 3 from the 𝑥-
𝜋
axis, and then shift it down by a unit of 1. Shift 4 units left and then dilate it by a
1
factor of 2 from the 𝑦-axis.

11c Plot the graph by taking 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, begin by reflecting it about the 𝑥-axis, and
𝜋
then shift it up by a unit of 1. Shift 3 units right and then dilate it by a factor of 2
from the 𝑦-axis.
12a Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

First applying 𝐻 gives 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎) and then 𝑉 gives 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑏.
Alternatively, first applying 𝑉 gives 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑏 and then 𝐻 gives
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑏.
Thus, the operations 𝐻 and 𝑉 commute.
12b Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

1 𝑦 1
First applying 𝐸 gives 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑎 𝑥) and then 𝑈 gives 𝑏 = 𝑓 (𝑎 𝑥).
𝑦 𝑦 1
Alternatively, first applying 𝑈 gives 𝑏 = 𝑓(𝑥) and then 𝐸 gives 𝑏 = 𝑓(𝑎 𝑥).
Thus, the operations 𝐸 and 𝑈 commute.
12c Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

First applying 𝐹 gives 𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥) and then 𝐿 gives −𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥).
Alternatively, first applying 𝐿 gives −𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and then 𝐹 gives −𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥).
Thus, the operations 𝐿 and 𝐹 commute.
12d If the transformations are dilations or reflections then they commute. A

reflection is a special type of dilation, and any pair of dilations commute. If one of
the transformations is a translation in a different direction to the other
transformation, for example ℋ and 𝒰, then they commute.

Solutions to Exercise 3J
1a
Note −1 ≤ sin 𝑥 ≤ 1 and hence −𝑎 ≤ 𝑎 sin 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, this means that the amplitude
of each graph in the question will be given by the coefficient of the sine function.
1
1a i 2
1a ii 2
1a iii 3
1b In order to obtain this transformation, begin with the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and then
𝑦
replace 𝑦 with 𝑘 (which corresponds to a vertical stretch by a factor of 𝑘) to yield
𝑦
= sin 𝑥 which is 𝑦 = 𝑘 sin 𝑥.
𝑘
1c Recall that as 𝑘 is the coefficient of the sine function, it gives the amplitude of the
graph. Hence it follows that as 𝑘 in increases, the amplitude increases. The bigger
the amplitude, the steeper the wave.

2a
2𝜋
2a i 𝑇= 1 = 4𝜋
2
2𝜋
2a ii 𝑇= =𝜋
2
2𝜋
2a iii 𝑇 = 3
1
2b The graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 is stretched horizontally by a factor of 𝑛.
2𝜋
2c Noting that 𝑇 = , we see that 𝑇 is inversely proportional to 𝑛. Thus it follows
𝑛
that as 𝑛 increases, the period decreases.

3a
𝜋
3a i 𝑇= =𝜋
1
𝜋
3a ii 𝑇= 1 = 2𝜋
2
𝜋
3a iii 𝑇 = 2
1
3b The graph 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 is stretched horizontally by a factor of 𝑎.
𝜋
3c Noting that 𝑇 = 𝑎, we see that 𝑇 is inversely proportional to 𝑎. Thus, it follows
that as 𝑛 increases, the period decreases.

4a
𝜋
4a i 2
4a ii 𝜋
4a iii 2𝜋 or 0. Note that 𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = sin(𝑥).
4b The graph 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 is shifted 𝑎 units to the left.
4c The graph is always the same, because 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 has period 2𝜋.
5a

5a i Range: 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 or [0, 2], mean value: 1
5a ii Range: [1, 3], mean value: 2
1 3 1
5a iii Range: [− 2 , 2], mean value: 2
5b The graph 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 is shifted 𝑐 units up and the mean value is 𝑐.
5c As 𝑐 increases, the graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 moves up and the mean value increases.
6a period = 𝜋, amplitude = 3
6b period = 4𝜋, amplitude = 2
2𝜋
6c period = , no amplitude
3

2𝜋
6d period = , amplitude = 2
3
1
7a Stretch horizontally by a factor of 3: 𝑦 = sin 3𝑥
Then stretch vertically by a factor of 3: 𝑦 = 3 sin 3𝑥
𝑥
7b Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = sin 2
𝑥
Then stretch vertically by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = 2 sin 2

𝑥
Then reflect in the 𝑥-axis: 𝑦 = −2 sin 2
𝜋 𝜋
7c Shift 2 units right: 𝑦 = sin (𝑥 − 2 )
𝜋
Then stretch vertically by a factor of 3: 𝑦 = 3 sin (𝑥 − 2 )
𝜋
Then shift 2 units up: 𝑦 = 3 sin (𝑥 − 2 ) + 2
1
8a Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = cos 2 𝑥
1
Then stretch vertically by a factor of 5: 𝑦 = 5 cos 𝑥
2

1
8b Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥
Then stretch vertically by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = 2 cos 2𝑥

Then reflect in the 𝑥-axis: 𝑦 = −2 cos 2𝑥
Then shift 2 units down: 𝑦 = −2 cos 2𝑥 − 2
1
8c Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
Then shift units right: 𝑦 = cos (2 (𝑥 − 2 ))
2
1
9a Stretch horizontally by a factor of 3: 𝑦 = sin 3𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Then shift units left: 𝑦 = sin (3 (𝑥 + 6 )) or 𝑦 = sin (3𝑥 + 2 )
6

1
9b Stretch horizontally by a factor of 4: 𝑦 = sin 4𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
Then shift 4 units right: 𝑦 = sin (4 (𝑥 − 4 )) or 𝑦 = sin(4𝑥 − 𝜋)
1 1
Then stretch vertically by a factor of 4: 𝑦 = 4 sin(4𝑥 − 𝜋)
1
Then shift 4 units down: 𝑦 = 4 sin(4𝑥 − 𝜋) − 4
1
9c Stretch horizontally by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = sin 2 𝑥
𝜋 1 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋
Then shift units left: 𝑦 = sin (2 (𝑥 + 2 )) or 𝑦 = sin (2 + 4 )
2
𝑥 𝜋
Then stretch vertically by a factor of 6: 𝑦 = 6 sin (2 + 4 )
𝑥 𝜋
Then reflect in the 𝑥-axis: 𝑦 = −6 sin (2 + 4 )

2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
10a Part a: period = , phase = 0 + 2 =
3 2
2𝜋 𝜋
Part b: period = = 2 , phase = −𝜋 (but this is twice the period, so we can also
4
say phase = 0.
𝜋
Part c: period = 4𝜋, phase = 4
𝜋 2𝜋
10b i period = 𝜋, phase = 2 (0 − 3 ) = − 3
𝜋
10b ii period = 6𝜋, phase = 3
𝜋 3𝜋
10b iii period = 3 , phase = 8
𝜋
11a 2 sin (𝑥 − 3 ) = 1
𝜋 1
sin (𝑥 − ) =
3 2
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
Since 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, − 3 ≤ 𝑥 − 3 ≤ . Hence:
3
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥− = ,
3 6 6
𝜋 7𝜋
So 𝑥 = or
2 6

11b 2 cos 2𝑥 = −1
1
cos 2𝑥 = −
2
Since 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, 0 ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ 4𝜋. Hence:
2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋 10𝜋
2𝑥 = , , ,
3 3 3 3
𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥= , , or
3 3 3 3
12a cos(𝑥 + 0.2) = −0.3 (0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 so 0.2 ≤ 𝑥 + 0.2 ≤ 𝜋 + 0.2)

𝑥 + 0.2 = cos −1(−0.3)
𝑥 = cos−1 (−0.3) − 0.2

𝑥 ≑ 1.675
12b tan 2𝑥 = 0.5 (0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 so 0 ≤ 2𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋)

2𝑥 = tan−1(0.5)
2𝑥 = tan−1(0.5) or 𝜋 + tan−1(0.5)
1 1
𝑥 = 2 tan−1(0.5) or 2 (𝜋 + tan−1(0.5))
𝑥 ≑ 0.232 or 1.803
𝑏 −2
13a The vertex of the parabola occurs when 𝑥 = − 2𝑎 = − = 1.
2
Thus 𝑦 = 12 − 2(1) + 4 = 3. The vertex is at (1, 3).
13b
Since the curve for 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4 is always above the curve for 𝑦 = 3 sin 𝑥,
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4 > 3 sin 𝑥 for all real values of 𝑥.

14a,b
1
14c There are three points of intersection, so 2 cos 𝑥 = 1 − 2 𝑥 has three solutions.
14d 𝑃 is in the second quadrant (recall that quadrant 1 is the top right and the rest
follow anticlockwise).
14e We know that −1 ≤ cos 𝑥 ≤ 1 and hence:

−2 ≤ 2 cos 𝑥 ≤ 2
1
If 2 cos 𝑥 = 1 − 2 𝑥 then
1
−2 ≤ 1 − 𝑥 ≤ 2
2
1
−3 ≤ − 𝑥 ≤ 1
2
1
−1 ≤ 𝑥≤3
2
−2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6
Hence if 𝑥 = 𝑛 is a solution, −2 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 6.
2𝜋
15a 𝑇= 2 =4
( )
𝜋

15b
15c The equation describes any straight line passing through the origin. Hence, the
only fixed point it passes through for varying values of 𝑚 is the origin.
15d One solution is when 𝑚 = 0 as it is tangential to the curve at the point 𝑥 = 3.

Otherwise, it must have positive gradient that is steep enough to be above the
1
point (4, 1) (otherwise it will re-intersect the curve). This is when 𝑚 > 4.
𝜋
16a The maximum value of 2 cos( 7 𝑡) is 2 and hence the greatest depth will be
𝑦 = 2 + 8 = 10 metres.
𝜋
16b The minimum value of 2 cos( 7 𝑡) is −2 and hence the lowest depth will be
𝑦 = −2 + 8 = 6 metres.
16c This will occur when:

𝜋
2 cos ( 𝑡) = −2
7
𝜋
cos ( 𝑡) = −1
7
𝜋
𝑡=𝜋
7
𝑡=7
This is 7 hours after 7 am which is 2 pm.

𝜋
16d 2 cos (7 𝑡) + 8 = 9
𝜋
2 cos ( 𝑡) = 1
7
𝜋 1
cos ( 𝑡) =
7 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑡=
7 3
7
𝑡=
3
7
This is hours or 2 hours 20 minutes after 7 am which is 9: 20 am.
3
17a
17b
17c Amplitude = 5

18a i
18a ii 1 (the tangent is the line 𝑦 = 𝑥)
18a iii By observation, 0 < 𝑘 < 1.
18b i For the arc:

𝑙 = 𝑟(2𝜃)
400 = 2𝑟𝜃
200
𝑟= 𝜃
For the chord:
𝑑 = √𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 − 2 × 𝑟 × 𝑟 × cos 2𝜃
= 𝑟√2 − 2 cos 𝜃
300 = 𝑟√2 − 2 cos 2𝜃
= 𝑟√2 − 2(1 − 2 sin2 𝜃)
= 𝑟√4 sin2 𝜃
= 2𝑟 sin 𝜃
150
𝑟=
sin 𝜃
Hence:
200 150
=
𝜃 sin 𝜃

And thus
150 3
sin 𝜃 = 𝜃= 𝜃
200 4
18b ii
Drawing the two graphs, their point of intersection appears to be at 𝜃 ≑ 1.3.
18b iii ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 2𝜃 ≑ 2.6 radians

200
Substituting for 𝜃 in 𝑟 = gives 𝑟 ≑ 154 metres.
𝜃
18c i For the arc:

𝑙
𝑙 = 𝑟(2𝛼) so 𝑟 = 2𝛼
For the chord:
𝑑 = √𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 − 2 × 𝑟 × 𝑟 × cos 2𝛼 = 𝑟√2 − 2 cos 𝛼
300 = 𝑟√2 − 2 cos 2𝛼
= 𝑟√2 − 2(1 − 2 sin2 𝛼)
= 𝑟√4 sin2 𝛼
= 2𝑟 sin 𝛼
150
𝑟=
sin 𝛼
Equating the expressions for 𝑟:
𝑙 150
=
2𝛼 sin 𝛼

150 × 2𝛼 300𝛼
sin 𝛼 = =
𝑙 𝑙
18c ii Chord length, 𝑑 = 300 and 𝑙 > 𝑑. Hence 𝑙 > 300.
𝜋
19a At 𝑥 = 3
1
LHS = 𝜋
1 + cos 3
1
=
1
1+2
1
=
3
2
2
=
3
𝜋
2 (3)
RHS =
𝜋
2𝜋
=
3𝜋
2
=
3
𝜋
Thus 𝑥 = 3 satisfies the equation.
𝜋
At 𝑥 = 2
1
LHS = 𝜋
1 + cos 2
1
=
1+0
1
=
1
=1
𝜋
2 (2)
RHS =
𝜋
2𝜋
=
2𝜋
=1

𝜋
Thus 𝑥 = 2 satisfies the equation
19b
𝜋 𝜋 1 2𝑥
19c For 3 < 𝑥 < 2 we have that 1+cos 𝑥 < from the diagram in part b. Hence in this
𝜋
domain we have.
1 2𝑥
<
1 + cos 𝑥 𝜋
𝜋 < 2𝑥(1 + cos 𝑥)
1
𝜋 < 2𝑥 (1 + (2 cos2 𝑥 − 1))
2
1
𝜋 < 2𝑥 (2 cos 2 𝑥)
2
1
𝜋 < 4𝑥 cos 2 𝑥
2
21 𝜋 𝜋
And thus 4𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 < 𝜋 for 3 < 𝑥 < 2

Solutions to Chapter review

1a i −1 < 𝑥 < 2
1a ii (−1, 2)
1b i −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
1b ii [−1, 2)
1c i 𝑥≤2
1c ii (−∞, 2]
2a i 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(−2) = 𝑓(𝑔(−2)) = 𝑓(−2 + 1) = 𝑓(−1) = (−1)2 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0
2a ii 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(−2) = 𝑔(𝑓(−2)) = 𝑔((−2)2 − 1) = 𝑔(4 − 1) = 𝑔(3) = 3 + 1 = 4
2a iii 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(−2) = 𝑓(𝑓(−2)) = 𝑓((−2)2 − 1) = 𝑓(4 − 1) = 𝑓(3) = 32 − 1 = 9 − 1 = 8
2a iv 𝑔 ∘ 𝑔(−2) = 𝑔(𝑔(−2)) = 𝑔(−2 + 1) = 𝑔(−1) = −1 + 1 = 0
2b i 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = (𝑥 + 1)2 − 1 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 − 1 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
2b ii 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = (𝑥 2 − 1) + 1 = 𝑥 2
2b iii 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = (𝑥 2 − 1)2 − 1 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 1 − 1 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2

2b iv 𝑔 ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) = (𝑥 + 1) + 1 = 𝑥 + 2
3a
1
1 0
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim = lim 𝑥 = = 0+
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 + 2 𝑥→∞ 2 1+0
1+𝑥
1
1 𝑥 = 0 = 0−
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim = lim
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 + 2 2
1+𝑥 1−0
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞
Hence the horizontal asymptote occurs when 𝑦 = 0.
3b
3
𝑥−3 1 − 𝑥 1 − 0 1−
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim = lim = =
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 + 5 5
2+𝑥 2+0 2
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
3
𝑥−3 1−
𝑥 1 + 0 1+
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim = lim = =
𝑥→−∞ 2𝑥 + 5 5
2+𝑥 2−0 2
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞
1
3c
1
𝑥 𝑥 0
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 2 = lim = = 0+
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 + 1 𝑥→∞ 1 𝑥 + 0
𝑥+ 2
𝑥
1
𝑥 𝑥 0
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 2 = lim = = 0−
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 + 1 𝑥→−∞ 1 𝑥 + 0
𝑥+ 2
𝑥
4a −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞

4b Note that 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)

𝑦 = 0(0 − 3)(0 + 3) = 0
0 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥 = 0, ±3
Hence there are 𝑥-intercepts at (0, 0), (3, 0) and (6, 0).
4c The function is defined at all points so there are no vertical asymptotes. The
function diverges as 𝑥 tends towards ±∞ and hence there are no horizontal
asymptotes.
4d
𝑥 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑦 −28 0 10 8 0 −8 −10 0 28
(See the diagram in part e)
4e 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 18
= 3(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 6) so 𝑦 ′ = 0 when:
3(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 6) = 0
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 6 = 0
−(−6) ± √(−6)2 − 4(1)(6)

𝑥=
2×1
6 ± √12
=
2
6 ± 2√3
=
2
= 3 ± √3

5a −6 < −3𝑥 ≤ 12
−12 ≤ 3𝑥 < 6
−4 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
[−4, 2)
5b −2 < 2𝑥 + 1 < 1
−3 < 2𝑥 < 0
3
− <𝑥<0
2
3
(− , 0)
2
5c −7 ≤ 5 + 4𝑥 < 7
−12 ≤ 4𝑥 < 2
1
−3 ≤ 𝑥 <
2
1
[−3, )
2
1
5d −4 ≤ 1 − 2 𝑥 ≤ 3
1
−3 ≤ 𝑥−1≤4
2

1
−2 ≤ 𝑥≤5
2
−4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10
[−4, 10]
6a Sketch showing 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥:
There are two points of intersection so there are 2 solutions.
6b Sketch showing 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 2 :
There is one point of intersection so there is 1 solution.

6c Sketch showing 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)and 𝑦 = 2 − |𝑥|:
There are three points of intersection so there are 3 solutions.
7a i Shift the diagram 1 unit to the right
7a ii Shift the diagram 1 unit up.

7b i Shift the diagram 1 unit left.
7b ii Shift the diagram 1 unit down.
8a i Dilate the graph horizontally by a factor of 2.

1
8a ii Dilate the graph vertically by a factor of 2.
1
8bi Dilate the graph horizontally by a factor of .
2
8b ii Dilate the graph vertically by a factor of 2.

9a 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3)
𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0 for − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
9b 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)
𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0 for 𝑥 ≤ −1 or 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
9c 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5 = (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 1)
𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0 for − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5

9d 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = −(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0 for 𝑥 ≤ −3 or 𝑥 ≥ 1
9e 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 = −𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0 for − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0 or 𝑥 ≥ 1
9f 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 2)2

𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0 for 𝑥 ≤ 0
10a The curve is defined for all 𝑥 such that the denominator is non-zero. That is all 𝑥
such that (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) ≠ 0 which is all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ −2, 2.
10b The 𝑦-intercept occurs when 𝑥 = 0.

4 4
𝑦= = =1
(0 + 2)(2 − 0) 4
𝑦-intercept is at (0, 1).
10c lim 𝑦
𝑥→±∞
4
= lim
𝑥→±∞ (𝑥 + 2)(2 − 𝑥)
4
= lim
𝑥→±∞ 4 − 𝑥 2
4
= lim 𝑥2
𝑥→±∞ 4
−1
𝑥2
0
=
0−1
=0
Hence 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
10d
𝑥 −3 −2 0 2 3
𝑦 −5 * 1 * −5
sign − ∗ + ∗ −
10e Vertical asymptotes occur when this curve is undefined. This is at 𝑥 = 2 and
𝑥 = −2.

10f
By observation, the range is (−∞, 0) ∪ [1, ∞)
3(𝑥+1)
11a 𝑦 = (𝑥+3)(𝑥−1)
11b domain: 𝑥 ≠ 1 and 𝑥 ≠ −3

The 𝑥-intercept occurs when 𝑦 = 0.
3(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥+1=0
𝑥 = −1
𝑥-intercept is at (−1, 0).
The 𝑦-intercept occurs when 𝑥 = 0.
3(1) 3
𝑦= = = −1
(0 + 3)(0 − 1) −3
𝑦-intercept is at (0, −1).
So the intercepts are (−1, 0) and (0, −1).
11c The domain is not symmetric around 𝑥 = 0.
11d Vertical asymptotes occur when (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0.

So the vertical asymptotes are 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥 = 1.
lim 𝑦
𝑥→±∞

3𝑥 + 3
= lim
𝑥→±∞ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
3 3
𝑥 + 𝑥2
= lim
𝑥→±∞ 2 3
1+𝑥− 2
𝑥
0+0
=
1+0−0
=0
Hence 𝑦 = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
Asymptotes are 𝑥 = −3, 𝑥 = 1, and 𝑦 = 0.
11e
12a |2𝑥| = 7
2𝑥 = ±7
7
𝑥=±
2
1 1
𝑥 = 3 2 or 𝑥 = −3 2.
12b |3𝑥 − 2| = 1
3𝑥 − 2 = ±1
3𝑥 = 2 ± 1
1 2 1
𝑥= (2 ± 1) = ±
3 3 3

1
𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = 3.
12c |3𝑥 + 5| ≤ 4
−4 ≤ 3𝑥 + 5 ≤ 4
−9 ≤ 3𝑥 ≤ 1
1
−3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤
3
12d |6𝑥 + 7| > 5

6𝑥 + 7 > 5 or 6𝑥 + 7 < −5
6𝑥 > −2 or 6𝑥 < −12
1
𝑥 > − 3 or 𝑥 < −2
1
13a Sketch showing 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑦 = 1 + 2 𝑥:
1
𝑥 − 1 ≥ 1 + 𝑥 when 𝑥 ≥ 4
2

1
13b Sketch showing 𝑦 = 1−𝑥 and 𝑦 = 1 − 2𝑥:
1 1
> 𝑦 = 1 − 2𝑥 when 0 < 𝑥 < 1 or 𝑥 > 1 2
1−𝑥
13c Sketch showing 𝑦 = |2𝑥| and 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3:
|2𝑥| ≤ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 when − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
1 1
13d Sketch showing 𝑦 = |2 𝑥 + 1| and 𝑦 = 4 (𝑥 + 5):
1 1
|2 𝑥 + 1| > 𝑦 = 4 (𝑥 + 5) when 𝑥 < −3 or 𝑥 > 1

14a We find the point of intersections by solving the equation

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 1 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2
2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = 0
2𝑥(𝑥 − 3) = 0
Hence the solutions are 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 3. Substituting this back into the
equations gives the points of intersection as (0, 1) and (3, 4).
14b
15a Shift right 2 units:

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2
Then shift up 1 unit:
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 1
15b Shift left 2 units:

1
𝑦=
𝑥+2
Then shift down 3 units:

1
𝑦= −3
𝑥+2
𝜋
15c Shift left 6 units:
𝜋
𝑦 = sin (𝑥 + )
6
Then shift down 1 unit:
𝜋
𝑦 = sin (𝑥 + ) − 1
6
15d Shift right 2 units:

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−2
Then shift up 1 unit:
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−2 + 1
16a Dilate horizontally by a factor of 2:

𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑦 = ( ) − 2( )
2 2
1
= 𝑥2 − 𝑥
4
1
16b Dilate vertically by a factor of 2:
1
2𝑦 =
𝑥−4
1
𝑦=
2𝑥 − 8
1
16c Dilate vertically by a factor of 3:
3𝑦 = cos 𝑥
1
𝑦 = cos 𝑥
3

16d Dilate horizontally by a factor of 2:

1
𝑦=𝑥
2+2
2
=
𝑥+2
17a Yes, consider 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

Perform a reflection in the 𝑦-axis:
𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥)
Then perform a reflection in the 𝑥-axis:
𝑦 = −𝑓(−𝑥)
Now in the other order.
Perform a reflection in the 𝑥-axis:
𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥)
Then perform a reflection in the 𝑦-axis:
𝑦 = −𝑓(−𝑥)
Both orders produce the same result so the operations commute.
17b No, consider 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Perform a vertical reflection:
𝑦 = −𝑥
Then translate 2 units up:
𝑦 = −𝑥 + 2
Translate 2 units up:
𝑦 =𝑥+2
Then perform a vertical reflection:
−𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2
𝑦 = −𝑥 − 2

Hence we see that the operations do not commute.
17c No, consider 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Translate 2 units left:
𝑦 =𝑥+2
1
Then dilate horizontally by a factor of 2:
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2
1
Dilate horizontally by a factor of 2:
𝑦 = 2𝑥
Then translate 2 units left:
𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 2)
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4
Hence we see that the operations do not commute.
17d Yes, consider the function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

Perform a vertical translation of 𝑎 units:
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑎
Then dilate horizontally by a factor of 𝑏:
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑓( )+𝑎
𝑏
Dilate horizontally by a factor of 𝑏:
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑓( )
𝑏
Then perform a vertical translation of 𝑎 units:
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑓( )+𝑎
𝑏
Hence both orders produce the same result so they commute.

18a Start with 𝑦 = 2𝑥 .

Reflect in the 𝑦-axis: 𝑦 = −2𝑥
Then shift up 4 units: 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 4 = 4 − 2𝑥
18b Start with 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .

Shift right 2 units: 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2
1 1
Then dilate vertically by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = 2 (𝑥 − 2)2
1
Then shift 1 unit down: 𝑦 = 2 (𝑥 − 2)2 − 1
18c Start with 𝑦 = sin 𝑥.

𝜋 𝜋
Shift 6 units left: 𝑦 = sin (𝑥 + 6 )
𝜋
Then dilate vertically by a factor of 2: 𝑦 = 2 sin (𝑥 + 6 )
𝜋
Then shift 1 unit up: 𝑦 = 2 sin (𝑥 + 6 ) + 1

2𝜋
19a amplitude is 4, period is or 𝜋
2
3 2𝜋
19b amplitude is 2, period is 1 or 4𝜋
2
20a Start with 𝑦 = tan 𝑥.

Reflect in the 𝑥-axis: 𝑦 = − tan 𝑥
Then shift up 1 unit: 𝑦 = − tan 𝑥 + 1 = 1 − tan 𝑥

20b
21a Start with 𝑦 = cos 𝑥.

Reflect in the 𝑦-axis: 𝑦 = cos(−𝑥)
Then stretch vertically with a factor of 3: 𝑦 = 3 cos(−𝑥)
Then shift down 2 units: 𝑦 = 3 cos(−𝑥) − 2
Actually, the first transformation, reflect in the 𝑦-axis, is unnecessary because
𝑦 = cos 𝑥 is even.
21b Start with 𝑦 = cos 𝑥.

1
Stretch horizontally with a factor of 4: 𝑦 = cos 4𝑥
Then dilate vertically by a factor of 4: 𝑦 = 4 cos 4𝑥

𝜋 𝜋
Then shift left 2 units: 𝑦 = 4 cos (4 (𝑥 + 2 ))
𝜋
There is no need to shift left 2
units because the period is 2.
21c Start with 𝑦 = cos 𝑥.

1
Stretch horizontally with a factor of 2: 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Then shift right units: 𝑦 = cos (2 (𝑥 − 6 )) = cos (2𝑥 − 3 )
6
22a 0

𝜋
22b 4 (0 + 2 ) = 2𝜋 or more simply 0.
𝜋 𝜋
22c 0− 3 = −3
23a 3
23b 3 solutions as there are 3 points of intersection. 1 positive solution as one

solution lies above the 𝑥-axis.
23c The range of the sine curve is −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1. Outside the the domain, the line is
beyond this range and thus there are no solutions.

Chapter 4 worked solutions – Curve-sketching using the derivative
1a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 at the points 𝐴, 𝐺 and 𝐼 because the slope of the tangent line is positive
at 𝐴, 𝐺 and 𝐼.
1b 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 at the points 𝐶 and 𝐸 because the slope of the tangent line is negative
at 𝐶 and 𝐸.
1c 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 at the points 𝐵, 𝐷, 𝐹 and 𝐻 because the slope of the tangent line is zero
at the points 𝐵, 𝐷, 𝐹 and 𝐻.
2a 𝑦 = −5𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑦
= −5
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Hence, 𝑑𝑥 < 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
Therefore, 𝑦 = −5𝑥 + 2 is decreasing for all 𝑥.
2b 𝑦 =𝑥+7
𝑑𝑦
=1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Hence, 𝑑𝑥 > 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 7 is increasing for all 𝑥.
2c 𝑦 = 𝑥3
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Hence, 𝑑𝑥 > 0 for all 𝑥 in ℝ except 0 and = 0 for 𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑥
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 is increasing in ℝ\{0} and stationary at 𝑥 = 0.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2d = 6𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 0 when 6𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
The sign table for 𝑑𝑥 is shown below.
𝑥 −1 0 +1
𝑑𝑦 − 0 +
𝑑𝑥
Minimum
𝑦 \ turning /
point
Therefore, 𝑦 is stationary at 𝑥 = 0 and increasing for 𝑥 > 0.
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
2e =2 and 𝑑𝑥 is never zero.
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑥>0
𝑑𝑦 +
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 /
Therefore, 𝑦 is increasing for 𝑥 > 0.
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
2f = −2 × 𝑥 −3 = − and is never zero.
𝑑𝑥 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 −1 0 +1
𝑑𝑦 + undefined −
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 / undefined \

Therefore, 𝑦 is undefined at 𝑥 = 0 , increasing for 𝑥 < 0 and decreasing for 𝑥 > 0.
3a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4 − 2𝑥
3b i The sign table for 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is shown below.

𝑥 1 2 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 0 −
𝑦 / Maximum \
turning
point
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 when 𝑥 < 2
3b ii 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 when 𝑥 > 2 (as shown in 3bi)
3b iii 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 when 4 − 2𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2
3c 𝑓(2) = 4 × (2) − (2)2 = 4 when 𝑥 = 2. Therefore, (2, 4) is the maximum

turning point.
The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is shown below.
4a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥

4b i The sign table for 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is shown below.

𝑥 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 0 − 0 +
Maximum Minimum
𝑦 / turning \ turning /
point point
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 when 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 2
4b ii 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 when 0 < 𝑥 < 2 (as shown in 4bi)
4b iii 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 when 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = 0

3𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2
4c 𝑓(0) = (0)3 − 3(0)2 + 5 = 5 when 𝑥 = 0. Therefore, (0, 5) is the maximum

turning point.
𝑓(2) = (2)3 − 3(2)2 + 5 = 1 when 𝑥 = 2. Therefore, (2, 1) is the minimum
turning point.
3
5a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −3 × (−1) × 𝑥 −2 = 𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 for all 𝑥. Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing for all 𝑥 in its domain.

5b The function is not continuous at 𝑥 = 0,

𝑓(𝑥) > 0 for 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑓(𝑥) < 0 for 𝑥 > 0 as shown in the below graph of 𝑓(𝑥).
6a 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 − 4
𝑦 ′ > 0 when 2𝑥 − 4 > 0 or 𝑥 > 2
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 is increasing when 𝑥 > 2.
6b 𝑦 = 7 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 ′ = −6 − 2𝑥
𝑦 ′ > 0 when −6 − 2𝑥 > 0 or −6 > 2𝑥 or 𝑥 < −3
Therefore, 𝑦 = 7 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 is increasing when 𝑥 < −3.
6c 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 2 − 6
𝑦 ′ > 0 when 6𝑥 2 − 6 > 0
6𝑥 2 > 6
𝑥2 > 1
or 𝑥 < −1 or 𝑥 > 1
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 is increasing when 𝑥 < −1 or 𝑥 > 1.

6d 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 7
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥
𝑦 ′ > 0 when 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 > 0
3𝑥(𝑥 − 2) > 0
or 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 2
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 is increasing when 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 2.
𝑑𝑦 1
7a = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 = (3𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 0 when 𝑥 = − 3 or 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −1 1 0 1 2
−
3
𝑑𝑦 + 0 − 0 +
𝑑𝑥
Maximum Minimum
point point
1
As shown on the above table, 𝑦 is decreasing for − 3 < 𝑥 < 1
𝑑𝑦
7b = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 24 = 3(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4) = 0 when 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 4
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −3 −2 0 4 5
𝑑𝑦 + 0 − 0 +
𝑑𝑥
Maximum Minimum
point point
As shown on the above table, 𝑦 is increasing for 𝑥 < −2 or 𝑥 > 4
1
8a 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 7 then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5

8b 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5 − 4 + 4
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 4
= (𝑥 + 1)2 + 4
Since 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 for all 𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing for all 𝑥
1
8c 𝑓(−3) = 3 (−3)3 + (−3)2 + 5 × (−3) + 7 = −9 + 9 − 15 + 7 = −8
1
𝑓(0) = 3 (0)3 + (0)2 + 5 × (0) + 7 = 7
𝑓(−3) = −8, 𝑓(0) = 7 and 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing for all 𝑥.

Hence the curve crosses the 𝑥-axis exactly once between 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥 = 0 and
nowhere else.
2𝑥
9a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3 where 𝑥 ≠ 3
2 × (𝑥 − 3) − (2𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
(𝑥 − 3)2
2𝑥 − 6 − 2𝑥
=
(𝑥 − 3)2
6
=−
(𝑥 − 3)2
Since (𝑥 − 3)2 > 0, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 for all 𝑥 ≠ 3
𝑥3
9b 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +1
3𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 1) − 𝑥 3 (2𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
(𝑥 2 + 1)2
𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 3)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
(𝑥 2 + 1)2
𝑥3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 for all 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑓 ′ (0) = 0. Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +1 is increasing for
𝑥 ≠ 0 and stationary for 𝑥 = 0.

10a Since 𝑓(1) = 0 and 𝑓(−3) = 0, the 𝑥-intercepts are (1, 0) and (−3, 0).
Since 𝑓 ′ (−1) = 0 , and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 when 𝑥 < −1 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 when 𝑥 > −1,
there is a maximum turning point at 𝑥 = −1.
Therefore, a possible graph is:
10b Since 𝑓 ′ (0) = 0 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 when 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 when 𝑥 > 0 there is a
minimum turning point at 𝑥 = 0. There is no 𝑥-intercept because 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 for all
𝑥. Therefore, a possible graph is:

10c Since 𝑓(3) = 0, (3, 0) is an 𝑥-intercept. Since 𝑓(𝑥) is odd, 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥).
Hence, 𝑓(−3) = −𝑓(3). Therefore, 𝑓(−3) = 0 and (−3, 0) is an 𝑥-intercept.
Since 𝑓 ′ (1) = 0 , and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 when 𝑥 > 1 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 when 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1,
there is a minimum turning point at 𝑥 = 1. Therefore, there is a maximum
turning point at 𝑥 = −1.
11a III (If the function is a parabola then the first derivative is a linear function.)
11b I (As 𝑥 → 0− , 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞ and so does the first derivative.)
11c IV (The function has a stationary point at 𝑥 = 0 and the function has stationary
point of inflection at 𝑥 = −𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑎 where 𝑎 > 0.)
11d II (The function has a stationary point of inflection at 𝑥 = 0.)
12a From the graph of the function, (a horizontal line), we see that as x changes, y
remains constant.
The function can be expressed in the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏.
Hence f   x   0 over its domain.
So the graph of y  f   x  i.e. y  0 is shown below.

12b From the graph of the function (a straight line with positive gradient), we see
that as x increases, y increases.
The function can be expressed in the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, where m  0 .
Hence f   x   m over its domain.
So the graph of y  f   x  i.e. f   x   m where m  0 is shown below.
12c From the graph of the function (a straight line with negative gradient), we see
that as x increases, y decreases.
The function can be expressed in the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, where m  0 .
Hence f   x   m over its domain.
So the graph of y  f   x  i.e. f   x   m where m  0 is shown below.
12d The graph of the function is decreasing for x  0 , is stationary at x  0 and is

increasing for x  0 .
f   x   0 for x  0 , f   x   0 at x  0 and f   x   0 for x  0
So the graph of y  f   x  is shown below.

12e The graph of the function is increasing for x  0 , is stationary at x  0 and

increasing for x  0 .
f   x   0 for x  0 , f   x   0 at x  0 and f   x   0 for x  0
12f The graph of the function is increasing for x  a , is stationary at x  a , is

decreasing for a  x  b , is stationary at x  b and increasing for x  b .
f   x   0 for x  a , f   x   0 at x  a , f   x   0 for a  x  b , f   x   0 at x  b
and f   x   0 for x  b

12g The graph of the function is decreasing for x  c , is stationary at x  c , is

increasing for c  x  d , is stationary at x  d , is decreasing for d  x  e , is
stationary at x  e and increasing for x  e .
f   x   0 for x  c , f   x   0 at x  c , f   x   0 for c  x  d , f   x   0 at x  d ,
f   x   0 for d  x  e , f   x   0 at x  e and f   x   0 for x  e
12h The graph of the function is increasing for x  0 and increasing for x  0 .
f   x   0 for x  0 and f   x   0 for x  0
13
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 × (2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) − 𝑥 2 × (4𝑥 + 1)
=
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2
4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2
=
(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
=
(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2
𝑥(𝑥 + 2)
=
(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥(𝑥+2)
= 0 when (2𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)2 = 0 or 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = −2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1
𝑑𝑦 + 0 − 0 +
𝑑𝑥
Maximum Minimum
point point
As shown on the above table, 𝑦 is decreasing for −2 < 𝑥 < 0
−2𝑥×(𝑥 2 +1)−(1−𝑥2 )×2𝑥 −2𝑥 3 −2𝑥−2𝑥+2𝑥 3 −4𝑥

14a i 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 2 +1)2
= (𝑥 2 +1)2
= (𝑥 2
+1)2
1−(0)2
14a ii 𝑓(0) = (0)2 +1 = 1
1−(−𝑥)2 1−𝑥 2
14a iii 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 +1 = 𝑥 2 +1 = 𝑓(𝑥). Since 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function.
14b 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 when 𝑥 = 0

𝑥 −1 0 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 0 −
𝑦 / Maximum \
turning
point
As shown in the above table, (0, 1) is a maximum turning point and

1−𝑥 2
since lim = −1, 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 1 for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
𝑥→±∞ 𝑥 2 +1
15a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 1. Therefore, the graph of 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) cuts the

𝑥-axis at (−2, 0), (0, 0) and (1, 0)
𝑓 ′ (−3) = −(−3) × ((−3) + 2) × ((−3) − 1) = 12.
Therefore, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 for 𝑥 < −2

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 for −2 < 𝑥 < 0
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 for 0 < 𝑥 < 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 for 𝑥 > 1 as shown in the below graph.
15b
𝑥 −3 −2 −1 0 1 1 2
2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 0 − 0 + 0 −
Maximum Minimum Maximum

𝑓(𝑥) / turning \ turning / turning \
point point point

As shown in the above table, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is,

1a 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 − 6
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 0 when 2𝑥 − 6 = 0 or 𝑥 = 3
𝑑𝑥
Therefore, 𝑥 = 3 is the 𝑥-coordinate of the stationary point of 𝑦.
1b 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 + 4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 0 when 2𝑥 + 4 = 0 or 𝑥 = −2
𝑑𝑥
Therefore, 𝑥 = −2 is the 𝑥-coordinate of the stationary point of 𝑦.
1c 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 − 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 0 when 3𝑥 2 − 3 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 = 1
𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 1
Therefore, 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1 are the 𝑥-coordinates of the stationary points of 𝑦.
2a 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 0 when 2𝑥 − 4 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑥
Therefore, 𝑥 = 2 is the 𝑥-coordinate of the stationary point.

For 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 22 − 4 × 2 + 7 = 3.
Therefore, the coordinates of the stationary point are (2, 3).

2b 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 − 8
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 0 when 2𝑥 − 8 = 0 or 𝑥 = 4
𝑑𝑥

For 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 42 − 8 × 4 + 16 = 0.
2c 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑦
= 6𝑥 − 6
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 0 when 6𝑥 − 6 = 0 or 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥

For 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3 × 12 − 6 × 1 + 1 = −2.
Therefore, the coordinates of the stationary point are (1, −2).
2d 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 0 when −2𝑥 + 2 = 0 or 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥

For 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −12 + 2 × 1 − 1 = 0.
2e 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥(𝑥 − 2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 0 when 3𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 0. Hence, 𝑑𝑥 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2.
𝑑𝑥
Therefore, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2 are the 𝑥-coordinates of the stationary points.

For 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 03 − 3 × 02 = 0.
Therefore, one of the stationary points is at (0, 0).
For 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 23 − 3 × 22 = −4.
Therefore, the other stationary point is at (2, −4).
2f 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑥 3 − 4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 4(𝑥 3 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 0 when 4(𝑥 3 − 1) = 0 or 𝑥 = 1.
𝑑𝑥

For 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 14 − 4 × 1 + 1 = −2.
Therefore, the coordinates of the stationary point are (1, −2).
3a 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 or 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)
𝑥-intercepts: 1, 3
𝑦-intercept: 3
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 0 when 2𝑥 − 4 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2.
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1 2 3
𝑦 0 −1 0
slope −2 0 2

3b 𝑦 = 12 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 or 𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 6)
𝑥-intercepts: −2, 6
𝑦-intercept: 12
𝑑𝑦
= 4 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 0 when 4 − 2𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2.
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1 2 3
𝑦 15 16 15
slope 2 0 −2
3c 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8 or 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4)
𝑥-intercepts: −4, −2
𝑦-intercept: 8
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 + 6
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 0 when 2𝑥 + 6 = 0 or 𝑥 = −3.
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −4 −3 −2
𝑦 0 −1 0
slope −2 0 2

3d 𝑦 = 15 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 or 𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 3)
𝑦-intercept: 15
𝑑𝑦
= −2 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 0 when −2 − 2𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = −1.
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −2 −1 0
𝑦 15 16 15
slope 2 0 −2
4a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 2
𝑓 ′ (1) = 2 × 1 − 2 = 0.
Therefore, there is a stationary point at 𝑥 = 1.

𝑥 0 1 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) \ 0 /
Therefore, the stationary point at 𝑥 = 1 is a local minimum.
4b 𝑓(𝑥) = 15 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2 − 2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (1) = 2 − 2 × 1 = 0.
𝑥 0 1 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) / 0 \
Therefore, the stationary point at 𝑥 = 1 is a local maximum.
4c 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 9
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 when 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −3.
Hence, there are stationary points at both 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −3.
𝑥 −4 −3 0 1 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) / 0 \ 0 /
4d 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3(𝑥 − 1)2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 when 𝑥 = 1.

𝑥 0 1 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) / 0 /
Therefore, the stationary point at 𝑥 = 1 is a stationary or horizontal point of

inflection.
5a 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 12 or 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑦-intercept: −12
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 + 4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 0 when 2𝑥 + 4 = 0 or 𝑥 = −2.
𝑑𝑥
Therefore, there is a stationary point at 𝑥 = −2.

When 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = (−2)2 + 4 × (−2) − 12 = −16
𝑥 −3 −2 0
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) \ 0 /
Therefore, the stationary point at (−2, −16) is a local minimum.

5b 𝑦 = 5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 or 𝑦 = −(𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦-intercept: 5
𝑑𝑦
= −4 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 0 when −4 − 2𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = −2.
𝑑𝑥
Therefore, there is a stationary point at 𝑥 = −2.

When 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 5 − 4 × (−2) − (−2)2 = 9
𝑥 −3 −2 0
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) / 0 \
Therefore, the stationary point at (−2, 9) is a local maximum.
𝑑𝑦
6a 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 then = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = 3𝑥(𝑥 − 2)
𝑑𝑥
6b 3𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑑𝑦 + 0 − 0 +
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 / Maximum \ Minimum /
turning point turning point
𝑦 = (0)3 − 3(0)2 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = (2)3 − 3(2)2 = −4 when 𝑥 = 2

Therefore, there is a maximum turning point at (0, 0) and a minimum turning

point at (2, −4).
6c 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 3. So (0, 0) and (3, 0) are the 𝑥-intercepts.
7a 𝑦 = 12𝑥 − 𝑥 3
𝑦 ′ = 12 − 3𝑥 2
𝑦 ′ = 3(4 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑦 ′ = 3(2 − 𝑥)(2 + 𝑥)
7b 𝑦 ′ = 0 when 3(2 − 𝑥)(2 + 𝑥) = 0. So 𝑦 ′ = 0 when 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 2.

When 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = −16 and when 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 16.
𝑥 −3 −2 0 2 3
𝑦 −9 −16 0 16 9
𝑦′ \ 0 / 0 \
Therefore, there is a maximum turning point at (2, 16) and a minimum turning
point at (−2, −16).
7c 𝑦 = 12𝑥 − 𝑥 3
𝑦 = 𝑥(12 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑦 = 𝑥(2√3 + 𝑥)(2√3 − 𝑥)

𝑥-intercepts: −2√3, 2√3

𝑦-intercept: 0
8a 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 15 and the 𝑦-intercept is (0, 15)

𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 36 = 6(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)
6(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) = 0 when 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 −4 −3 0 2 3
𝑦 79 96 15 −29 −12
𝑦′ + 0 − 0 +
8b 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 2)2 , 𝑥-intercepts are (0, 0) and (−2, 0)

and the 𝑦-intercept is (0, 0).
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 4 = (3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2)
2
(3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 when 𝑥 = − and 𝑥 = −2
3

𝑥 −3 −2 −1 2 0
−
3
𝑦 −3 0 −1 32 0
−
27
𝑦′ + 0 − 0 +
8c 𝑦 = 16 + 4𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 , and the 𝑦-intercept is (0, 16).

𝑦 ′ = 12𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 = 4𝑥 2 (3 − 𝑥)
4𝑥 2 (3 − 𝑥) = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 3
𝑥 −1 0 1 3 4
𝑦 11 16 19 43 16
𝑦′ + 0 + 0 −
𝑦 / Stationary point / Maximum \
of inflection turning point

8d 𝑦 = 3𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 3 + 24𝑥 2 + 11, and the 𝑦-intercept is (0, 11).

𝑦 ′ = 12𝑥 3 − 48𝑥 2 + 48𝑥 = 12𝑥(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) = 12𝑥(𝑥 − 2)2
4𝑥 2 (3 − 𝑥) = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 3
𝑥 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 48 11 22 27 38
𝑦′ − 0 + 0 +
𝑦 \ Minimum / Stationary point /
turning point of inflection

9a 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)3
𝑦 ′ = 1 × (𝑥 − 2)3 + 𝑥 × 3(𝑥 − 2)2 × 1
𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 − 2)3 + 3𝑥(𝑥 − 2)2
𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 − 2)2 [(𝑥 − 2) + 3𝑥]
𝑦 ′ = 2(2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)2
1
9b 𝑦 ′ = 0 when 2(2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)2 = 0. So 𝑦 ′ = 0 when 𝑥 = or 𝑥 = 2.
2
1 27
When 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = − 16 and when 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0.
𝑥 0 1 1 2 3
2
𝑦′ \ 0 / 0 /
1 27
Therefore, (2 , − 16) is a minimum turning point and (2, 0) is a stationary point of
inflection.
9c 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)3
𝑥-intercepts: 0, 2
𝑦-intercept: 0

𝑑𝑦
10a 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 4)2 then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 × (𝑥 − 4)2 + 𝑥 2 × 2(𝑥 − 4)
= 2𝑥(𝑥 − 4)((𝑥 − 4) + 𝑥)
= 4𝑥(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 2)
and (0, 0) and (4, 0) are 𝑥-intercepts.
10b 4𝑥(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 2) = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = 4

𝑥 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑦′ − 0 + 0 − 0 +
𝑦 \ Minimum / 0 \ Maximum /
turning turning
point point
2
𝑦 = (0)2 ((0) − 4) = 0 when 𝑥 = 0, so (0, 0) is the minimum turning point.
2
𝑦 = (2)2 ((2) − 4) = 16 when 𝑥 = 2, so (2, 16) is the maximum turning point.
2
𝑦 = (4)2 ((4) − 4) = 0 when 𝑥 = 4, so (4, 0) is the minimum turning point.
10c
11a 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 5)2 (2𝑥 + 1)

𝑦 ′ = 2(𝑥 − 5)(2𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥 − 5)2 × 2
𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 − 5)[(4𝑥 + 2) + (2𝑥 − 10)]

𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 − 5)(6𝑥 − 8)
𝑦 ′ = 2(𝑥 − 5)(3𝑥 − 4)
4
11b 𝑦 ′ = 0 when 𝑥 = 5 or 𝑥 = 3
4 8
When 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = 49 27 and when 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 0.
𝑥 1 4 2 5 6
3
𝑦′ / 0 \ 0 /
4 8
Therefore, (3 , 49 27) is a maximum turning point and (5, 0) is a minimum turning
point.
11c 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 5)2 (2𝑥 + 1)

1
𝑥-intercepts: − 2 , 5
𝑦-intercept: 25
12a 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 − 15 then 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 + 𝑎
2𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0 when 𝑥 = 4 then 2 × 4 + 𝑎 = 0 and 𝑎 = −8

12b 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 7 then 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 + 𝑎
2𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0 when 𝑥 = −1 then 2 × −1 + 𝑎 = 0 and 𝑎 = 2
13a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑎𝑥 + 4
If (−1, 1) is a turning point, then 𝑓 ′ (−1) = 0 and 2𝑎 × (−1) + 4 = 0
Therefore, 𝑎 = 2.
If 𝑎 = 2, then 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑐
Since (−1, 1) is a point on 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑐,
𝑓(−1) = 2(−1)2 + 4 × (−1) + 𝑐 = 1
Therefore, 𝑐 = 3.
13b 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 5
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
If there are stationary points at 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 4, then 𝑦 ′ = 0 for 𝑥 = −2 and
𝑥 = 4.
Thus, 3(−2)2 + 2𝑏 × (−2) + 𝑐 = 0 and 3(4)2 + 2𝑏 × (4) + 𝑐 = 0
4𝑏 − 𝑐 = 12 and 8𝑏 + 𝑐 = −48
Adding the two equations gives 12𝑏 = −36 or 𝑏 = −3.
Substituting 𝑏 = −3 into 8𝑏 + 𝑐 = −48 gives − 24 + 𝑐 = −48, so 𝑐 = −24.
Therefore, 𝑏 = −3 and 𝑐 = −24.
14a 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 then 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

If the function passes through the point, (1, 4) then 𝑎(1)2 + 𝑏 × (1) + 𝑐 = 4
Therefore, 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 4
If the function passes through the point, (−1, 6) then 𝑎(−1)2 + 𝑏 × (−1) + 𝑐 = 6
Therefore, 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 6
1 1
If the slope is zero at 𝑥 = − 2 then 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑎 × (− 2) + 𝑏 = 0
Therefore, −𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0

14b Since −𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0, 𝑎 = 𝑏
Hence, 2𝑎 + 𝑐 = 4 and 𝑐 = 6 (substitute 𝑎 for 𝑏 in the first two equations)
So 2𝑎 + 6 = 4, 𝑎 = 𝑏 = −1 and 𝑐 = 6.
15a 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 passes through the origin. So 𝑎(0)2 + 𝑏 × 0 + 𝑐 = 0.

Therefore, 𝑐 = 0.
15b 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑑𝑥
Slope of the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 is 2 for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ and since 𝑦 = 2𝑥 is tangent to the curve
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 at the origin, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 2 for 𝑥 = 0.
Hence, 2𝑎 × 0 + 𝑏 = 2 and 𝑏 = 2.
𝑑𝑦
15c = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 and there is a maximum turning point at 𝑥 = 1, then 2𝑎(1) + 𝑏 = 0
𝑑𝑥
Therefore, 2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0.
𝑏 = 2 (from 15b) and 2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0, then 2𝑎 + 2 = 0. Therefore, 𝑎 = −1.
16 Given y  ax 3  bx 2  cx  d
dy
 3ax 2  2bx  c
dx
dy
The function has a relative maximum at  2, 27  . So when x  2 ,  0.
dx
3a  2   2b  2   c  0
2
Hence 12a  4b  c  0 .
dy
The function has a relative minimum at 1, 0  . So when x  2 ,  0.
dx
3a 1  2b 1  c  0
2
Hence 3a  2b  c  0 .

1, 0  lies on the curve and so when x  1, y  0
a 1  b 1  c 1  d  0

3 2
Hence a  b  c  d  0 .
 2, 27  lies on the curve and so when x  2, y  27
a  2   b  2   c  2   d  27
3 2
Hence 8a  4b  2c  d  27 .
By subtracting we obtain:
9a  3b  3c  27
3a  2b  c  0 (1)
12a  4b  c  0 (2)
9a  3b  3c  27 (3)
(2)  (1) gives:
9a  6b  0 (4)
3  (2)  (3) gives:
27a  9b  27 (5)
(5)  3  (4) gives:
9b  27  b  3
Substituting b  3 into (4) and solving 9a 18  0 for a we obtain a  2 .
Substituting a  2 and b  3 into (1) and solving c  12  0 for c we obtain
c  12 .
So a  2, b  3 and c  12 .
Substituting a  2 , b  3 and c  12 into a  b  c  d  0 and solving d  7  0

for d we obtain d  7 .

3x
17a Given f  x  
x 12
3x
Applying the quotient rule on f  x   :
x 1
2
Let u  3x and v  x 2  1 .
Then u  3 and v  2 x .
vu   uv
f  x 
v2
3  x 2  1   3 x  2 x 

x  1
2 2
3x 2  3  6 x 2

x  1
2 2
3  3x 2

x  1
2 2
3 1  x 1  x 
So f   x   .
x  1
2 2
17b There are stationary points where f   x   0 .
3 1  x 1  x   0  x  1
So there are stationary points at x  1 and x  1 .

x 2 1 0 1 2
9 9
f  x  0 3 0 
25 25
slope \  /  \
3 3
When x  1 , y   and when x  1 , y  .
2 2
 3  3
Hence  1,   is a minimum turning point and  1,  is a maximum turning
 2  2
point.

17c
3
(1, )
2
3
(−1, − )
2
3
17d i The line y  c where c  does not intersect the graph of y  f  x  .
2
3
Hence, for c  , the equation has no roots.
2
3
17d ii The line y  touches the graph of y  f  x  at the maximum turning point.
2
3
Hence, for c  , the equation has one root.
2
3
17d iii The line y  c where 0  c  intersects the graph of y  f  x  at two points.
2
3
Hence, for 0  c  , the equation has two roots.
2
17d iv The line y  0 touches the graph of y  f  x  at the origin.
Hence, for c  0 , the equation has one root.
18a To answer this question as framed, it is best to graph polynomial functions that
have only even powers of x . Derivatives of such polynomial functions will
therefore have only odd powers of x .

So f   x   f  x  and f    x    f   x  .
To formally prove that the derivative of an even function is odd, we would need
to prove that if f is even then f    x    f   x  .
18b To answer this question as framed, it is best to graph polynomial functions that
have only odd powers of x . Derivatives of such polynomial functions will
therefore have only even powers of x .
So f   x    f  x  and f    x   f   x  .
To formally prove that the derivative of an odd function is even, we would need
to prove that if f is odd then f    x   f   x  .
18c If f is an even polynomial function and hence has only even powers of x , then
f   x   f  x  . Derivatives of f will therefore have only odd powers of x and so
f x   f  x .
If f is an odd polynomial function and hence has only even powers of x , then
f   x    f  x  . Derivatives of f will therefore have only even powers of x and
so f    x   f   x  .

1a 𝐴 maximum turning point, 𝐵 minimum turning point.
1b 𝐶 is a minimum point.
1c 𝐷 is a horizontal point of inflection, because the graph is stationary at 𝐷 and

concavity changes before and after 𝐷. 𝐸 is a maximum turning point.
1d 𝐹 and 𝐻 are minimum turning points and 𝐺 is a maximum point.
1e 𝐼 is a minimum point.
1f 𝐽 is a horizontal point of inflection, because it is a stationary point and the

concavity changes before and after 𝐷. 𝐾 is a minimum turning point and 𝐿 is a
maximum turning point.
2a 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥(𝑥 − 3)2 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 3. Hence, 𝑦 has stationary points

at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 3. 𝑦 ′′ = 3(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0 when 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = 3. Hence,
there are points of inflection at 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 3. Therefore, there is a turning
point at 𝑥 = 0 and a horizontal point of inflection at 𝑥 = 3 as shown in the below
table.
𝑥 −1 0 1 3 4
𝑦′ − 0 + 0 +
Minimum Horizontal
𝑦 \ turning / point of /
point inflection

2b 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 + 2)3 (𝑥 − 4) = 0 when 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 4. Hence, there are stationary

5
points at 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 4. 𝑦 ′′ = 2(𝑥 + 2)2 (2𝑥 − 5) = 0 when 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 2.
5
Hence, there is a point of inflection at 𝑥 = 2 but not at 𝑥 = −2 ,because 𝑥 = −2 is
5
a double root and concavity is the same when 𝑥 < −2 and −2 < 𝑥 < 2 .
Therefore, 𝑦 has a turning point at 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 4 as shown in the below

table.
𝑥 −3 −2 0 4 5
𝑦′ + 0 − 0 +
Maximum Minimum
point point
𝑥
2c 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥−1 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 and undefined when 𝑥 = 1. Hence, 𝑦 has a stationary
point at 𝑥 = 1.
−1
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑥−1)2 < 0 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − {1}
𝑥 −1 0 1 1 2
2
𝑦′ + 0 − undefined +
𝑦 / Maximum \ undefined /
turning
point
As shown in the above table, 𝑦 has a maximum turning point at 𝑥 = 0 and a

discontinuity at 𝑥 = 1.

𝑥2
2d 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥−1 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 ′ is undefined when 𝑥 = 1. Hence, 𝑦 has a
stationary point at 𝑥 = 0 and not defined at 𝑥 = 1.

𝑥(𝑥−2)
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑥−1)2
= 0 when 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2. Hence, 𝑦 has an inflection point at 𝑥 = 0
and 𝑥 = 2.
𝑥 −1 0 1 1 2
2
𝑦′ − 0 − undefined +
𝑦 \ Horizontal \ undefined /
point of
inflection
As shown in the above table, 𝑦 has a horizontal point of inflection at 𝑥 = 0 and

has a discontinuity at 𝑥 = 1.
𝑥
2e 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥−1)2 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 ′ is undefined when 𝑥 = 1. Hence, 𝑦 has a
stationary point at 𝑥 = 0 and has a discontinuity at 𝑥 = 1.

−(𝑥+1)
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑥−1)3
= 0 when 𝑥 = −1. Hence, 𝑦 has an inflection point at 𝑥 = −1.
𝑥 −1 0 1 1 2
2
𝑦′ − 0 + undefined +
𝑦 \ Minimum / undefined /
turning
point
As shown in the above table, 𝑦 has a minimum turning point at 𝑥 = 0 and


𝑥2
2f 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥−1)3 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 ′ is undefined when 𝑥 = 1. Hence, 𝑦 has a
stationary point at 𝑥 = 0 and has a discontinuity at 𝑥 = 1.

−𝑥(𝑥+2)
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑥−1)4
= 0 when 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 0. Hence, 𝑦 has inflection points at 𝑥 = −2
and 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥 −1 0 1 1 2
2
𝑦′ − 0 − undefined +
𝑦 \ Horizontal \ undefined /
point of
inflection
As shown in the above table, 𝑦 has a horizontal point of inflection at 𝑥 = 0 and

1 𝑥 2 −1
2g 𝑦′ = 𝑥 − 𝑥 = = 0 when 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 1. Hence, 𝑦 has stationary points at
𝑥
𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1. 𝑦 ′ is undefined when 𝑥 = 0

then 𝑦 has a discontinuity at 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥 2 +1
𝑦 ′′ = > 0 for all 𝑥.
𝑥2
𝑥 −3 −1 −1 0 1 1 2
2
𝑦′ − 0 + undefined − 0 +
Minimum undefined Minimum

𝑦 \ turning / \ turning /
point point
As shown in the above table, 𝑦 has minimum turning points at 𝑥 = −1 and

at 𝑥 = 1, and has a discontinuity at 𝑥 = 0.

1 𝑥−1
2h 𝑦 ′ = √𝑥 − = = 0 when 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 ′ is undefined when 𝑥 ≤ 0.
√ 𝑥 √𝑥
Therefore, 𝑦 has a stationary point at 𝑥 = 1 and is undefined when 𝑥 < 0.

𝑥+1
𝑦 ′′ = = 0 when 𝑥 = −1. Hence, 𝑦 has an inflection point at 𝑥 = −1.
2√𝑥 3
𝑥 1 1 2
2
𝑦′ − 0 +
Minimum
𝑦 \ turning /
point
As shown in the above table, 𝑦 has a minimum turning point at 𝑥 = 1 and is

undefined when 𝑥 < 0.
2−𝑥
2i 𝑦′ = = 0 when 𝑥 = 2. Therefore, 𝑦 has a stationary point at 𝑥 = 2
√2+𝑥×(1−𝑥)3
and is undefined when 𝑥 ≤ −2 and when 𝑥 = 1.

𝑥 −2 −1 1 3 2 3
2
𝑦′ undefined + undefined − 0 +
Minimum
𝑦 undefined / undefined \ turning /
point
As shown in the above table, 𝑦 has a minimum turning point at 𝑥 = 2 and is

discontinuous at 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 1.

3a
Let 𝑔 = |𝑥| be a function defined on real numbers.
When the graph of 𝑔 = |𝑥| (shown below)
is translated 3 units upwards along the 𝑦-axis, the graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥| + 3 is

obtained (shown below).
3b 𝑦 ′ = 1 when 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑦 ′ = −1 when 𝑥 < 0
3c 𝑦 ′ is not defined at (0, 3), because it is a sharp corner and 𝑦 ′ = 1 when 𝑥 > 0 and
𝑦 ′ = −1 when 𝑥 < 0
4a Let 𝑔 = |𝑥| be a function defined on real numbers.

When the graph of 𝑔 = |𝑥| (shown below)
is translated 2 units towards right along the 𝑥-axis, the graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥 − 2| is

obtained (shown below).

4b 𝑦 ′ = 1 when 𝑥 > 2 and 𝑦 ′ = −1 when 𝑥 < 2
4c 𝑦 ′ is not defined at (2, 0), because it is a sharp corner and 𝑦 ′ = 1 when 𝑥 > 2 and
𝑦 ′ = −1 when 𝑥 < 2
1×(𝑥 2 −1)−𝑥×(2𝑥) 𝑥 2 −1−2𝑥 2 −(𝑥 2 +1)

5a 𝑦′ = (𝑥 2 −1)2
= (𝑥 2 −1)2
= (𝑥 2 −1)2
then 𝑦 ′ < 0 for all 𝑥. Thus, the function
𝑦 is decreasing for all values of 𝑥 where it is defined.

(𝑥 2 − 1)2 = 0 when 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 or when 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 1
Therefore, 𝑦 ′ has vertical asymptotes at 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1

2𝑥×(1+𝑥 2 )−𝑥 2 ×(2𝑥) 2𝑥+2𝑥 3 −2𝑥 3 2𝑥

5b 𝑦′ = (1+𝑥 2 )2
= (1+𝑥 2 )2
= (1+𝑥 2 )2 then 𝑦 ′ < 0 when 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 ′ > 0
when 𝑥 > 0. Therefore, 𝑦 is decreasing when 𝑥 < 0 and increasing when 𝑥 > 0.
𝑥 −1 0 1
𝑦′ − 0 +
𝑦 \ Minimum /
turning
point
𝑓(0) = 0 then the minimum turning point is (0, 0)

(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 is never zero. Therefore, there are no vertical asymptotes.
𝑥2
Since lim = 1, there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 1.
𝑥→±∞ 1+𝑥 2
2𝑥×(𝑥 2 −1)−(𝑥 2 −4)×(2𝑥) 2𝑥 3 −2𝑥−2𝑥 3 +8𝑥 6𝑥

5c 𝑦′ = (𝑥 2 −1)2
= (𝑥 2 −1)2
= (𝑥 2 −1)2 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0. Therefore,
𝑦 has a stationary point at 𝑥 = 0. 𝑓(0) = 4, then the stationary point is (0, 4).
(𝑥 2 − 1)2 = 0 when 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 1. Therefore, there are vertical asymptotes at
𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1.
Since lim 𝑦 = 1 there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 1.
𝑥→±∞
𝑥 −2 −1 1 0 1 1 2
2 2
𝑦′ − undefined − 0 + undefined +
𝑦 \ Vertical \ / Vertical /
asymptote asymptote

Minimum
turning
point
2𝑥×(𝑥−1)2 −(𝑥 2 +1)×(2𝑥−2) 2𝑥 3 −4𝑥+2𝑥−2𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 +2𝑥−2 −2(𝑥+1)

5d 𝑦′ = ((𝑥−1)2 )2
= (𝑥−1)4
= (𝑥−1)3
= 0 when
𝑥 = −1. Therefore, there is a stationary point at 𝑥 = −1.

𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2
𝑦′ − 0 + undefined −
Minimum Vertical
𝑦 \ turning / asymptote \
point
1 1
𝑓(−1) = 2 then the minimum turning point is (−1, 2) and the 𝑦-intercept is (0, 1)
because 𝑓(0) = 1. Since (𝑥 − 1)3 = 0 when 𝑥 = 1, there is a vertical asymptote

at 𝑥 = 1.
Since lim 𝑦 = 1 there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 1.
𝑥→±∞

4
1 1
6a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 5 (𝑥 − 2)−5 = 5
5× √(𝑥−2)4
6b 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is never zero.

1
𝑓(2) = ((2) − 2) = 0 then the function passes through (2, 0) and 𝑓 ′ (2) is
5
undefined. Therefore, there is a vertical tangent at 𝑥 = 2
6c Table of slopes:
𝑥 0 2 3
𝑦′ + undefined +
Vertical
𝑦 / tangent /
Graph:

1
5 5
𝑓(0) = ((0) − 2)5 = − √2 . The 𝑦-intercept is (0, − √2 )
1
2 2
7a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3 (𝑥 − 1)−3 = 3
3× √𝑥−1
7b 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is never zero.

1
𝑓(1) = ((1) − 1) = 0 then the function passes through (1, 0) and 𝑓 ′ (1) is
5
undefined. Therefore, there is a vertical tangent at 𝑥 = 1
7c Table of slopes:
𝑥 0 1 2
𝑦′ − undefined +
Vertical
𝑦 \ tangent /
Graph:
2
𝑓(0) = ((0) − 1)3 = 1. The 𝑦-intercept is (0, 1 )

8a The domain is ℝ − {0} (All the real numbers except zero), because the function
is not defined at 𝑥 = 0.
1 𝑥 2 +1
8b 𝑦 =𝑥+𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥×𝑥−(𝑥 2 +1)×1 𝑥 2 −1
= =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 −1
= 0 when = 0 or 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 which is satisfied when 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
And 𝑑𝑥 is undefined when 𝑥 = 0. Therefore, 𝑑𝑥 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
8c Table of slopes:
𝑥 −2 −1 1 0 1 1 2
−
2 2
𝑦′ + 0 − undefined − 0 +
Maximum Minimum
𝑦 / turning \ Vertical \ turning /
point Asymptote point
1 1
8d lim = 0 (As 𝑥 gets larger, 𝑥 converges to zero)
𝑥→±∞ 𝑥
The vertical asymptote is 𝑥 = 0.

The oblique asymptote is 𝑦 = 𝑥 because 𝑦 − 𝑥 → 0 as |𝑥| → ∞.

8e
1
9a 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + and 𝑓(𝑥) is not defined for 𝑥 ≤ 0.
√𝑥
Therefore, the domain of 𝑓(𝑥) is ℝ+ or 𝑥 > 0 (All positive real numbers).
1 𝑥+1
9b 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + = then
√𝑥 √𝑥
1 𝑥+1 2𝑥−𝑥−1
1×√𝑥−(𝑥+1)× √𝑥− 2√𝑥 𝑥−1
′ (𝑥) 2√𝑥 2√𝑥
𝑓 = = = = 2𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 √𝑥
𝑥−1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 when 2𝑥 = 0 or when 𝑥 = 1
√𝑥
9c Table of slopes:
𝑥 0 1 2
𝑦′ − 0 +
Minimum
𝑦 \ turning /
point
1
𝑓(1) = √1 + = 2. Therefore, the minimum turning point is (1, 2)
√1
1
9d lim √𝑥 + 𝑥 = ∞. Therefore as 𝑥 gets larger, 𝑓(𝑥) gets larger.
𝑥→∞ √
𝑥−1
lim = 0. Therefore as 𝑥 gets larger, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) converges to zero.
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥√𝑥

9e
1 𝑥 2 −1
10a 𝑦 =𝑥−𝑥 = then 𝑦 has a vertical asymptote at 𝑥 = 0
𝑥
𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = −1 .
Therefore, (−1, 0) and (1, 0) are the 𝑥-intercepts of 𝑦.
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥×𝑥−(𝑥 2 −1)×1 𝑥 2 +1
= =
𝑑𝑦
is never zero. Therefore, the graph of 𝑦 does not have any stationary points.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
is undefined when 𝑥 = 0. Therefore, 𝑑𝑥 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑥
Table of slopes:
𝑥 −1 0 1
𝑦′ + undefined +
𝑦 / Vertical /
Asymptote
1 1
lim = 0 (As 𝑥 gets larger, converges to zero)
𝑥→±∞ 𝑥 𝑥
The vertical asymptote is 𝑥 = 0.

The oblique asymptote is 𝑦 = 𝑥 because 𝑦 − 𝑥 → 0 as |𝑥| → ∞.
1 𝑥 4 +1
10b 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥2 = then 𝑦 is never zero. Therefore, the graph of 𝑦 does not have
𝑥2
an 𝑥-intercept.
𝑑𝑦 4𝑥 3 ×𝑥 2 −(𝑥4 +1)×2𝑥 4𝑥 5 −2𝑥 5 −2𝑥 2𝑥 5 −2𝑥 2𝑥(𝑥 4 −1) 2(𝑥 4 −1)

= = = = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥4 𝑥4 𝑥4 𝑥4 𝑥3
𝑑𝑦 2(𝑥 4 −1)
= 0 when = 0 or 𝑥 4 − 1 = 0 which is satisfied when 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
And 𝑑𝑥 is undefined when 𝑥 = 0. Therefore, 𝑑𝑥 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
Table of slopes:
𝑥 −2 −1 1 0 1 1 2
−
2 2
𝑦′ − 0 + undefined − 0 +
Minimum Minimum
𝑦 \ turning / Vertical \ turning /
point Asymptote point
The vertical asymptote is 𝑥 = 0, because 𝑦 is undefined at 𝑥 = 0.

𝑦 = 2 when 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1. Hence, (−1, 2) and (1, 2) are the minimum
turning points.
1 1
lim 𝑥2
= 0 (As 𝑥 gets larger, 𝑥 2 converges to zero)
𝑥→±∞

The oblique asymptote is 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 because 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 → 0 as |𝑥| → ∞.

1
Therefore, the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 is,
11a The domain of 𝑦 is 𝑥 ≥ 0 because √𝑥 is not defined when 𝑥 < 0 and

𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0. Therefore, (0, 0) is both the 𝑥- and 𝑦-intercept of 𝑦.
𝑦 does not have a vertical asymptote because √9 + 𝑥 2 is never zero.

lim 𝑦 = 0 because the denominator of 𝑦 increases faster than its numerator as 𝑥
𝑥→∞
gets larger. Therefore, 𝑦 has a horizontal asymptote at 𝑥 = 0.
1
√𝑥 𝑥 2
11b 𝑦= √9+𝑥 2
= (𝑥 2 +9) then
1
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 − 1×(𝑥 2 +9)−𝑥×2𝑥
2
= 2 × (𝑥 2 +9) × (𝑥 2 +9)2
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 2 +9 2 9−𝑥 2
=2×( ) × (𝑥 2 +9)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 √𝑥 2 +9 9−𝑥 2
= × (𝑥 2 +9)2
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 9−𝑥 2
= 1 ×
(𝑥 2 +9)2
𝑑𝑥 −
2√𝑥×(𝑥 2 +9) 2
𝑑𝑦 9−𝑥 2
= 3
𝑑𝑥
2√𝑥×(𝑥 2 +9)2
𝑑𝑦 (3−𝑥)(3+𝑥)
= 3
𝑑𝑥
2√𝑥×(𝑥 2 +9)2

𝑑𝑦 (3−𝑥)(3+𝑥)
11c = 0 when 3 = 0 or when 𝑥 = −3 or 𝑥 = 3
𝑑𝑥
2√𝑥×(𝑥 2 +9)2
𝑑𝑦 √6
is not defined when 𝑥 ≤ 0 and 𝑦 = when 𝑥 = 3.
𝑑𝑥 6
√6
Therefore, (3, ) is the maximum turning point.
6
The table of slopes is as shown below.
𝑥 0 3 4
𝑦′ + 0 −
Maximum
𝑦 / turning \
point
𝑑𝑦
11d 𝑦 → 0 and 𝑑𝑥 → ∞ as 𝑥 → 0+ . Therefore, the curve emerges almost vertically
from the origin.
1 3 1 1
1 3 1 3√𝑥 √𝑥−3𝑥√𝑥 √𝑥(1−3𝑥)
12a 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 then 𝑦 ′ = 2 𝑥 −2 − 2 𝑥 2 = 2 − = =
√𝑥 2 2𝑥 2𝑥
√𝑥(1−3𝑥) 1
Hence, 𝑦 ′ = 0 when = 0 or 1 − 3𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 3
2𝑥
(𝑥 ≠ 0 because 𝑦 ′ is undefined at 𝑥 = 0)
1 2√3
The coordinates of the point where 𝑦 ′ is zero are (3 , )
9

1 3
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2√3
because 𝑦 = (3) − (3) = − 3√3 = 3√3 =
√3 9
12b The graph of 𝑦 2 = 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)2 can be sketched by first sketching the graph of
𝑦1 = √𝑥(1 − 𝑥)2 and then 𝑦2 = −√𝑥(1 − 𝑥)2 on the same set of axes.
The 𝑥-intercepts of both 𝑦1 and 𝑦2 are (0, 0) and (1, 0) because 𝑦1 = 𝑦2 = 0 when
𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1.
𝑥−1
𝑦1 ′ = √𝑥 + 2 𝑥 > 0 when 𝑥 > 1. Therefore, 𝑦1 is increasing when 𝑥 > 1
√
𝑥−1 1
𝑦1 ′ = √𝑥 + 2 = 0 when 𝑥 = 3.
√𝑥
1
Therefore, 𝑦1 has a minimum turning point at 𝑥 = 3.
Since 𝑦2 is the reflection of 𝑦1 in the 𝑥-axis, the graph of 𝑦 2 = 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)2 is:
13a To sketch the graph of 𝑓(𝑥), sketch the graph of 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) and then
fold the part of the function below the 𝑥-axis such that 𝑔(𝑥) is never zero.

13b To sketch the graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥 − 2| + |𝑥 + 1| construct a sign-table as shown

below (the critical points are 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = −1)
𝑥 𝑥 < −1 −1 −1 < 𝑥 < 2 2 𝑥>2
𝑦 −2𝑥 + 1 3 3 3 2𝑥 − 1
13c To sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + |𝑥| construct a sign-table as shown

below (the critical point is 𝑥 = 0)
𝑥 𝑥<0 0 𝑥>0
𝑦 𝑥2 − 𝑥 3 𝑥2 + 𝑥

1a 𝑦 = 𝑥3
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = 6
1b 𝑦 = 𝑥10
𝑦 ′ = 10𝑥 9
𝑦 ′′ = 90𝑥 8
𝑦 ′′′ = 720𝑥 7
1c 𝑦 = 𝑥7
𝑦 ′ = 7𝑥 6
𝑦 ′′ = 42𝑥 5
𝑦 ′′′ = 210𝑥 4
1d 𝑦 = 𝑥2
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 2
𝑦 ′′′ = 0
1e 𝑦 = 2𝑥 4
𝑦 ′ = 8𝑥 3
𝑦 ′′ = 24𝑥 2
𝑦 ′′′ = 48𝑥

1f 𝑦 = 3𝑥 5
𝑦 ′ = 15𝑥 4
𝑦 ′′ = 60𝑥 3
𝑦 ′′′ = 180𝑥 2
1g 𝑦 = 4 − 3𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −3
𝑦 ′′ = 0
𝑦 ′′′ = 0
1h 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 − 3
𝑦 ′′ = 2
𝑦 ′′′ = 0
1i 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 ′ = 12𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 24𝑥 − 2
𝑦 ′′′ = 24
1j 𝑦 = 4𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 3
𝑦 ′ = 20𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 2
𝑦 ′′ = 80𝑥 3 + 12𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = 240𝑥 2 + 12
2a 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)
𝑦 ′ = 1 × (𝑥 + 3) + 𝑥 × 1
= 2𝑥 + 3
𝑦 ′′ = 2

2b 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 4)
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 × (𝑥 − 4) + 𝑥 2 × 1
= 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 − 8
2c 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)
𝑦 ′ = 1 × (𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥 − 2) × 1
= 2𝑥 − 1
𝑦 ′′ = 2
2d 𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 5)
𝑦 ′ = 3 × (𝑥 − 5) + (3𝑥 + 2) × 1
= 6𝑥 − 13
𝑦 ′′ = 6
2e 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 (2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 )
𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 × (2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 ) + 3𝑥 2 × (6𝑥 2 − 6𝑥)
= 12𝑥 4 − 18𝑥 3 + 18𝑥 4 − 18𝑥 3
= 30𝑥 4 − 36𝑥 3
𝑦 ′′ = 120𝑥 3 − 108𝑥 2
2f 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 (𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 2 )
𝑦 ′ = 12𝑥 2 × (𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 2 ) + 4𝑥 3 × (5𝑥 4 + 4𝑥)
= 12𝑥 7 + 24𝑥 4 + 20𝑥 7 + 16𝑥 4
= 32𝑥 7 + 40𝑥 4
𝑦 ′′ = 224𝑥 6 + 160𝑥 3

3a 𝑦 = 𝑥 0.3
𝑦 ′ = 0.3𝑥 −0.7
𝑦 ′′ = −0.21𝑥 −1.7
𝑦 ′′′ = 0.357𝑥 −2.7
3b 𝑦 = 𝑥 −1
𝑦 ′ = −𝑥 −2
1
= − 𝑥2
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑥 −3
2
= 𝑥3
𝑦 ′′′ = −6𝑥 −4
6
= − 𝑥4
3c 𝑦 = 𝑥 −2
𝑦 ′ = −2𝑥 −3
2
= − 𝑥3
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 −4
6
= 𝑥4
𝑦 ′′′ = −24𝑥 −5
24
= − 𝑥5
3d 𝑦 = 5𝑥 −3
𝑦 ′ = −15𝑥 −4
15
= − 𝑥4
𝑦 ′′ = 60𝑥 −5
60
= 𝑥5
𝑦 ′′′ = −300𝑥 −6
300
=− 𝑥6
3e 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 −1
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 −2
1
= 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 ′′ = 2 + 2𝑥 −3
2
= 2 + 𝑥3
𝑦 ′′′ = −6𝑥 −4
6
= − 𝑥4
4a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 −3
3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −3𝑥 −4 = − 𝑥 4
12
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 −5 = 𝑥 5
4b 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 −4
4
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −4𝑥 −5 = − 𝑥 5
20
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 20𝑥 −6 = 𝑥 6
4c 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 −2
6
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −6𝑥 −3 = − 𝑥 3
18
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 18𝑥 −4 = 𝑥 4
4d 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 −3
6
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −6𝑥 −4 = −
𝑥4
24
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 24𝑥 −5 = 𝑥 5

5a 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑦 ′ = 2(𝑥 + 1)
= 2𝑥 + 2
𝑦 ′′ = 2
5b 𝑦 = (3𝑥 − 5)3
𝑦 ′ = 3(3𝑥 − 5)2 × 3
= 9(3𝑥 − 5)2
𝑦 ′′ = 18(3𝑥 − 5) × 3
= 54(3𝑥 − 5)
5c 𝑦 = (1 − 4𝑥)2
𝑦 ′ = 2(1 − 4𝑥) × (−4)
= −8(1 − 4𝑥)
= 32𝑥 − 8
𝑦 ′′ = 32
5d 𝑦 = (8 − 𝑥)11
𝑦 ′ = 11(8 − 𝑥)10 × (−1)
= −11(8 − 𝑥)10
𝑦 ′′ = −110(8 − 𝑥)9 × (−1)
= 110(8 − 𝑥)9

6a 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)−1
𝑦 ′ = −(𝑥 + 2)−2
1
=−
(𝑥 + 2)2
𝑦 ′′ = 2(𝑥 + 2)−3
2
=
(𝑥 + 2)3
6b 𝑦 = (3 − 𝑥)−2
𝑦 ′ = −2(3 − 𝑥)−3 × (−1)
2
=
(3 − 𝑥)3
𝑦 ′′ = −6(3 − 𝑥)−4 × (−1)
6
=
(3 − 𝑥)4
6c 𝑦 = (5𝑥 + 4)−3
𝑦 ′ = −3(5𝑥 + 4)−4 × (5)
15
=−
(5𝑥 + 4)4
𝑦 ′′ = 60(5𝑥 + 4)−5 × (5)
300
=
(5𝑥 + 4)5
6d 𝑦 = 2(4 − 3𝑥)−2
𝑦 ′ = −4(4 − 3𝑥)−3 × (−3)
12
=
(4 − 3𝑥)3
𝑦 ′′ = −36(4 − 3𝑥)−4 × (−3)
108
=
(4 − 3𝑥)4

7a 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥
1
= 𝑥2
1
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2 𝑥 −2
1
=2
√𝑥
3
1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = − 4 𝑥 −2
1
= − 4𝑥
√𝑥
3
7b 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥
1
= 𝑥3
2
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3 𝑥 −3
5
2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = − 9 𝑥 −3
7c 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 √𝑥
3
= 𝑥2
1
3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2 𝑥 2
3√𝑥
= 2
1
3
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 4 𝑥 −2
3
=
4√𝑥
1
7d 𝑓(𝑥) =
√𝑥
1
= 𝑥 −2
3
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − 2 𝑥 −2
1
= − 2𝑥
√𝑥

5
3
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 4 𝑥 −2
3
=
4𝑥 2 √𝑥
7e 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2
1
= (𝑥 + 2)2
1
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2 (𝑥 + 2)−2 × 1
1
=
2 √𝑥 + 2
3
1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = − 4 (𝑥 + 2)−2 × 1
1
=− 3
4(𝑥 + 2)2
7f 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 − 4𝑥
1
= (1 − 4𝑥)2
1
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2 (1 − 4𝑥)−2 × (−4)
2
=−
√1 − 4𝑥
3
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (1 − 4𝑥)−2 × (−4)
4
=− 3
(1 − 4𝑥 )2
8a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 5
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 6
8b i 𝑓 ′ (0) = 3(0)2 + 6(0) + 5 = 5
8b ii 𝑓 ′ (1) = 3(1)2 + 6(1) + 5 = 14

8b iii 𝑓 ′′ (0) = 6 × (0) + 6 = 6
8b iv 𝑓 ′′ (1) = 6 × (1) + 6 = 12
9a i 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 𝑥 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3 + 3𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (2) = 3 + 3 × 22 = 15
9a ii 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 𝑥 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3 + 3𝑥 2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (2) = 6 × 2 = 12
9a iii 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 𝑥 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3 + 3𝑥 2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 6
𝑓 ′′′ (2) = 6
9a iv 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 𝑥 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3 + 3𝑥 2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 6
𝑓 ′′′′ (𝑥) = 0
𝑓 ′′′′ (2) = 0

9b i 𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 3)4

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4(2𝑥 − 3)3 × 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 8(2𝑥 − 3)3
𝑓 ′ (1) = 8(2 × 1 − 3)3 = −8
9b ii 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 24(2𝑥 − 3)2 × 2

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 48(2𝑥 − 3)2
𝑓 ′′ (1) = 48(2 × 1 − 3)2 = 48
9b iii 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 96(2𝑥 − 3) × 2

𝑓 ′′′ (1) = 192(2 × 1 − 3) = −192
9b iv 𝑓 ′′′′ (𝑥) = 192 × 2 = 384

𝑓 ′′′′ (1) = 384
𝑥
10a 𝑦 = 𝑥+1
(𝑥 + 1) − 𝑥
𝑦′ =
(𝑥 + 1)2
1
=
(𝑥 + 1)2
= (𝑥 + 1)−2
𝑦 ′′ = −2(𝑥 + 1)−3
−2
=
(𝑥 + 1)3
𝑥−1
10b 𝑦 = 2𝑥+5
(2𝑥 + 5) − (𝑥 − 1) × 2
𝑦′ =
(2𝑥 + 5)2
7
=
(2𝑥 + 5)2

= 7(2𝑥 + 5)−2
𝑦 ′′ = −14(2𝑥 + 5)−3 × 2
−28
=
(2𝑥 + 5)3
11 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)4

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 × (𝑥 − 1)4 + 𝑥 × 4(𝑥 − 1)3 × 1
= (𝑥 − 1)4 + 4𝑥(𝑥 − 1)3
= (𝑥 − 1)3 (5𝑥 − 1)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 3(𝑥 − 1)2 × 1 × (5𝑥 − 1) + (𝑥 − 1)3 × 5
= (𝑥 − 1)2 × (15𝑥 − 3) + 5(𝑥 − 1)3
= (𝑥 − 1)2 [(15𝑥 − 3) + 5(𝑥 − 1)]
= (𝑥 − 1)2 (20𝑥 − 8)
= 4(𝑥 − 1)2 (5𝑥 − 2)
12a 𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 12𝑥 2 − 12
12𝑥 2 − 12 = 0 when 𝑥 2 = 1
Therefore, 𝑦 ′′ = 0 when 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 1.
12b 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 7
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 + 2
1
6𝑥 + 2 = 0 when 𝑥 = − 3
1
Therefore, 𝑦 ′′ = 0 when = − 3 .

13a Let y  x n .
y  nx n 1
y  n  n  1 x n2
y  n  n  1 n  2  x n3
13b Continuing the pattern from part a until n  k  0 where k is the order of the
derivative we obtain:
y  k   n  n  1 n  2  ...  n  k  1 x n k
Setting n  k we obtain:
y     n  n  1 n  2  ...1 x 0
n
 n  n  1 n  2  ...1
The  n  1 derivative of x n is:

st
y
n 1

d
dx
 n  n  1 n  2  ...1
0
14a
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= (𝑥(6𝑥 + 7))
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= (6𝑥 2 + 7𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 12𝑥 + 7
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥(6) + (6𝑥 + 7)
= 12𝑥 + 7

𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥
14b
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
(𝑦 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= ((2𝑥 − 1)4 (4 × (2𝑥 − 1)3 × 2))
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= (8(2𝑥 − 1)7 )
𝑑𝑥
= 56 × (2𝑥 − 1)6 × 2 = 112(2𝑥 − 1)6
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑦 2+( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (2𝑥 − 1)4 (24(2𝑥 − 1)2 × 2) + (8(2𝑥 − 1)3 )2
= 48(2𝑥 − 1)6 + (8(2𝑥 − 1)3 )2
= 48(2𝑥 − 1)6 + 64(2𝑥 − 1)6
= 112(2𝑥 − 1)6
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
Therefore, 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 + (𝑑𝑥 )
1 3 5
3 𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑2 𝑦 9
14c 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 −2 then 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥 + 2 𝑥 −2 and = 4 − 4 𝑥 −2
√ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
5 1
𝑑2 𝑦 9 9
Hence, 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 = 2𝑥 2 (4 − 4 𝑥 −2 ) = 8𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥 −2 and
3 1 1
𝑑𝑦 3 9
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 (4𝑥 + 2 𝑥 −2 ) + 2 (2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 −2 ) = 8𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥 −2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦
15 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑥 −𝑏 then 𝑦 ′ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑎−1 − 𝑏𝑥 −𝑏−1 and

𝑦 ′′ = 𝑎(𝑎 − 1)𝑥 𝑎−2 + 𝑏(𝑏 + 1)𝑥 −𝑏−2
Hence,
𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑥𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 2 (𝑎(𝑎 − 1)𝑥 𝑎−2 + 𝑏(𝑏 + 1)𝑥 −𝑏−2 ) + 2𝑥(𝑎𝑥 𝑎−1 − 𝑏𝑥 −𝑏−1 )

= 𝑎(𝑎 − 1)𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑏(𝑏 + 1)𝑥 −𝑏 + 2𝑎𝑥 𝑎 − 2𝑏𝑥 −𝑏

= (𝑎2 + 𝑎)𝑥 𝑎 + (𝑏 2 − 𝑏)𝑥 −𝑏
(𝑎2 + 𝑎)𝑥 𝑎 + (𝑏 2 − 𝑏)𝑥 −𝑏 = 12(𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑥 −𝑏 ) when 𝑎2 + 𝑎 = 12 and 𝑏 2 − 𝑏 = 12

Or when 𝑎2 + 𝑎 − 12 = 0 and 𝑏 2 − 𝑏 − 12 = 0.
Therefore, 𝑎 = −4 or 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑏 = −3 or 𝑏 = 4.
A possible combination can be 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑏 = 4.

1a
Point 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 𝐺 𝐻 𝐼
𝑦′ 0 + 0 − 0 − 0 + 0
𝑦 ′′ + 0 − 0 0 0 + 0 0
2a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 6
For 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓 ′′ (0) = −6 and −6 < 0. Therefore, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) is concave down at 𝑥 = 0.
2b 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 7
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 5
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 8
For 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓 ′′ (0) = 8 and 8 > 0. Therefore, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) is concave up at 𝑥 = 0.
2c 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 − 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 4𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 + 4
For 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓 ′′ (0) = 4 and 4 > 0. Therefore, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) is concave up at 𝑥 = 0.
2d 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 7𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6 − 14𝑥 − 32𝑥 3
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −14 − 96𝑥 2
For 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓 ′′ (0) = −14 and −14 < 0.
Therefore, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) is concave down at 𝑥 = 0.

3a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4
For 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓 ′ (2) = 2 × 0 − 4 = 0. So 𝑓(𝑥) has a stationary point at 𝑥 = 2.
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2 and since 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0 for all values of 𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥) is concave up for all
values of 𝑥. Therefore, the stationary point at 𝑥 = 2 is a local minimum.
3b 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4 − 2𝑥
For 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓 ′ (2) = 4 − 2 × 2 = 0. So 𝑓(𝑥) has a stationary point at 𝑥 = 2.
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −2 and since 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0 for all values of 𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥) is concave down for all
values of 𝑥. Therefore, the stationary point at 𝑥 = 2 is a local maximum.
3c 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 12𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 12
For 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓 ′ (2) = 3 × 22 − 12 = 0. So 𝑓(𝑥) has a stationary point at 𝑥 = 2.
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥
For 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓 ′′ (2) = 6 × 2 = 12. Since 𝑓 ′′ (2) > 0, 𝑓(𝑥) is concave up at 𝑥 = 2.
3d 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 12
For 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓 ′ (2) = 6 × 22 − 6 × 2 − 12 = 0. So 𝑓(𝑥) has a stationary point at
𝑥 = 2.
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 − 6
For 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓 ′′ (2) = 12 × 2 − 6 = 18. Since 𝑓 ′′ (2) > 0, 𝑓(𝑥) is concave up at
𝑥 = 2. Therefore, the stationary point at 𝑥 = 2 is a local minimum.

4a 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 − 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
=2
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
> 0 for all values of 𝑥. Therefore, the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7 is concave up for
𝑑𝑥 2
all values of 𝑥.
4b 𝑦 = −3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑦
= −6𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
= −6
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
< 0 for all values of 𝑥. Therefore, the curve 𝑦 = −3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4 is concave
𝑑𝑥 2
down for all values of 𝑥.
5a 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 5
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
= 6𝑥 − 6
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
5b i = 0 when 6𝑥 − 6 = 0 or 𝑥 = 1.
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
> 0 when 6𝑥 − 6 > 0 or 6𝑥 > 6 or 𝑥 > 1
𝑑𝑥 2
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2 is concave up for 𝑥 > 1.
𝑑2 𝑦
5b ii < 0 when 6𝑥 − 6 < 0 or 6𝑥 < 6 or 𝑥 < 1
𝑑𝑥 2
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2 is concave down for 𝑥 < 1.

𝑑𝑦
6a = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
= 6𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
6b i = 6𝑥 − 2 and 6𝑥 − 2 = 0 when 𝑥 = 3
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 1
> 0 when 6𝑥 − 2 > 0 or 6𝑥 > 2 or 𝑥 > 3.
𝑑𝑥 2
1
Therefore, 𝑦 is concave up when 𝑥 > 3.
𝑑2 𝑦
6b ii < 0 when 𝑥 < 3. Therefore, 𝑦 is concave down when 𝑥 < 3.
𝑑𝑥 2
7 𝑦 ′′ = 3𝑥 3 (𝑥 + 3)2 (𝑥 − 2)
𝑦 ′′ = 0 when 3𝑥 3 (𝑥 + 3)2 (𝑥 − 2) = 0,
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = −3 or 𝑥 = 2.
As shown in the below table, 𝑦 ′′ > 0 for 𝑥 < −3 and −3 < 𝑥 < 0.
Hence, 𝑥 = −3 is not an inflection point.
𝑥 −4 −3 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 ′′ + 0 + 0 − 0 +
The 𝑥-coordinates of the points of inflection are 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2.
8a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 3 = 3(𝑥 2 − 1) = 3(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥
8b 3(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0 when 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1

𝑓(−1) = (−1)3 − 3 × (−1) = 2. Therefore, (−1, 2) is a stationary point.
𝑓(1) = (1)3 − 3 × (1) = −2. Therefore, (1, −2) is a stationary point.

8c 𝑓 ′′ (−1) = 6 × (−1) = −6 so 𝑓 ′′ (−1) < 0.

Therefore, (−1, 2) is a local maximum turning point.
𝑓 ′′ (1) = 6 × 1 = 6 so 𝑓 ′′ (1) > 0.
Therefore, (1, −2) is a local minimum turning point.
8d 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0
𝑓(0) = (0)3 − 3 × 0 = 0 so (0, 0) is the point of inflection.
8e 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 = 0 when 𝑥(𝑥 − √3)(𝑥 + √3) = 0
Therefore, (0, 0), (√3, 0) and (−√3, 0) are the 𝑥-intercepts.
9a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 15
= 3(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5)
= 3(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 1)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 12
= 6(𝑥 − 2)

9b When 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0, 3(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 1) = 0 so 𝑥 = 5 or 𝑥 = −1.

Therefore, there is a stationary point at both 𝑥 = 5 and 𝑥 = −1.
𝑓(5) = 53 − 6 × 52 − 15 × 5 + 1 = −99
𝑓(−1) = (−1)3 − 6 × (−1)2 − 15 × (−1) + 1 = 9
At 𝑥 = 5, 𝑓 ′′ (5) = 6(5 − 2) = 18.
Since 𝑓 ′′ (5) > 0, 𝑓(𝑥) is concave up at 𝑥 = 5 and the stationary point at (5, −99)
is a local minimum.
At 𝑥 = −1, 𝑓 ′′ (−1) = 6(−1 − 2) = −18.
Since 𝑓 ′′ (−1) < 0, 𝑓(𝑥) is concave down at 𝑥 = −1 and the stationary point at
(−1, 9) is a local maximum.
9c 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0 when 6(𝑥 − 2) = 0 or when 𝑥 = 2

𝑓(2) = 23 − 6 × 22 − 15 × 2 + 1 = −45
𝑥 1 2 3
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) − 0 +
𝑓(𝑥) is concave down for 𝑥 < 2 and concave up for 𝑥 > 2. Therefore, there is a
point of inflection at (2, −45).
9d

10a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 9 = 3(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3) = 3(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 6 = 6(𝑥 − 1)
10b 3(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0 when 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 3

𝑓(−1) = (−1)3 − 3 × (−1)2 − 9 × (−1) + 11 = 16
𝑓(3) = 33 − 3 × 32 − 9 × 3 + 11 = −16
Therefore, (−1, 16) and (3, −16) are stationary points.
𝑓 ′′ (−1) = 6 × (−1) − 6 = −12 so 𝑓 ′′ (−1) < 0.
Therefore, (−1, 16) is a maximum turning point.
𝑓 ′′ (3) = 6 × 3 − 6 = 12 so 𝑓 ′′ (3) > 0.
Therefore, (3, −16) is a minimum turning point.
10c 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 6 = 0 when 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑓(1) = 0

Therefore, (1, 0) is an inflection point.
10d
Since 𝑓(0) = 11, the 𝑦-intercept is (0, 11).
11a 𝑦 = 3 + 4𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4
𝑦 ′ = 12𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3
= 4𝑥 2 (3 − 𝑥)

𝑦 ′′ = 24𝑥 − 12𝑥 2
= 12𝑥(2 − 𝑥)
11b 𝑦 ′ = 0 when 4𝑥 2 (3 − 𝑥) = 0 or when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 3

𝑥 −1 0 1 3 4
𝑦′ / 0 / 0 \
𝑓(𝑥) is increasing for 𝑥 < 0 and 0 < 𝑥 < 3.
Therefore, there is a stationary point of inflection at 𝑥 = 0.
𝑓(𝑥) is increasing for 0 < 𝑥 < 3 and decreasing for 𝑥 > 3.
Therefore, there is a local maximum at 𝑥 = 3.
For 𝑥 = 3 𝑦 = 3 + 4 × 33 − 34 = 30
The local maximum point is at (3, 30).
11c 𝑦 ′′ = 0 when 12𝑥(2 − 𝑥) = 0 or when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2

𝑥 −1 0 1 2 3
𝑦 ′′ − 0 + 0 −
Therefore, there is a point of inflection at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2

𝑓(0) = 3 + 4 × 03 − 04 = 3
𝑓(2) = 3 + 4 × 23 − 24 = 19
Stationary points of inflection are at (0, 3) and (2, 19).
11d

12a 𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 12 = 6(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2) = 6(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)

6(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) = 0 when 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 −2 −1 0 2 3
𝑦′ + 0 − 0 +
slope / Maximum \ Minimum /
𝑦 is increasing when 𝑦 ′ > 0 or when 𝑥 < −1 and 𝑥 > 2
12b 𝑦 is decreasing when 𝑦 ′ < 0 or when −1 < 𝑥 < 2 (refer to the table in 12a)
1
12c 𝑦 ′′ = 12𝑥 − 6 and 12𝑥 − 6 = 0 when 𝑥 = 2
1
𝑦 ′′ > 0 when 12𝑥 − 6 > 0 or 12𝑥 > 6 or when 𝑥 > 2
1
12d 𝑦 ′′ < 0 when 12𝑥 − 6 < 0 or 12𝑥 < 6 or when 𝑥 < 2
13a 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 72𝑥 + 14
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 72
= 3(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 24)
= 3(𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 − 4)
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 + 6
= 6(𝑥 + 1)
13b 𝑦 ′′ = 0 when 6(𝑥 + 1) = 0 or 𝑥 = −1

Therefore, there is a point of inflection at 𝑥 = −1.
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = (−1)3 + 3(−1)2 − 72 × (−1) + 14 = 88.
Therefore the point of inflection is at (−1, 88).

13c The gradient of the tangent at 𝑥 = −1 is

𝑓 ′ (−1) = 3(−1)2 + 6 × (−1) − 72 = −75
13d The equation of the tangent at (−1, 88) is
𝑦 − 88 = −75(𝑥 − (−1))
𝑦 = −75𝑥 + 13 or 75𝑥 + 𝑦 − 13 = 0
14a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 and 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥

𝑔′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 and 𝑔′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 2
14b 𝑓 ′′ (0) = 6 × 0 = 0
𝑔′′ (𝑥) = 12 × 02 = 0
No, we cannot determine the nature of the stationary points from this calculation
as 𝑓 ′′ (0) = 𝑔′′ (𝑥) = 0.
14c
𝑥 −1 0 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 0 +
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) − 0 +
𝑓 / Stationary point of /
inflection
𝑔′ (𝑥) − 0 +
𝑔′′ (𝑥) + 0 +
𝑔 \ Minimum turning point /
𝑓 has a stationary point of inflection at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑔 has a minimum turning point

at 𝑥 = 0.

15a 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑎𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 3
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 − 2𝑎
If 𝑦 ′′ = 0 when 𝑥 = 2, then 6 × 2 − 2𝑎 = 0 or 2𝑎 = 12
Therefore 𝑎 = 6.
15b 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑎𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑎𝑥 + 3
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 + 4𝑎
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 ′′ > 0
6 × (−1) + 4𝑎 > 0
4𝑎 > 6
3
𝑎>
2
1
Therefore 𝑦 ′′ is concave up when 𝑎 > 1 .
2
15c 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2
𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 12𝑥 2 + 6𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏
If 𝑦 has a point of inflection at (2, 0) then when 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦′′ = 0. Hence:
12 × 22 + 6𝑎 × 2 + 2𝑏 = 0
48 + 12𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 0
12𝑎 + 2𝑏 = −48
6𝑎 + 𝑏 = −24 (1)
Also when 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 0
24 + 𝑎 × 23 + 𝑏 × 22 = 0
16 + 8𝑎 + 4𝑏 = 0
8𝑎 + 4𝑏 = −16
2𝑎 + 𝑏 = −4 (2)

(1) − (2) gives:

4𝑎 = −20
𝑎 = −5
Substituting 𝑎 = −5 into (2) gives:
−10 + 𝑏 = −4
𝑏=6
15d 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑎𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑎𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 12𝑥 2 + 6𝑎𝑥 − 2
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 ′′ > 0
12 × 12 + 6𝑎 × 1 − 2 > 0
12 + 6𝑎 − 2 > 0
6𝑎 > −10
5
𝑎>−
3
5
So 𝑦 ′′ is concave up when 𝑎 > − 3.
𝑦 is increasing when 𝑦 ′ > 0

4 × 13 + 3𝑎 × 12 − 2 × 1 > 0
4 + 3𝑎 − 2 > 0
3𝑎 > −2
2
𝑎>−
3
2
So 𝑦 ′ is increasing when 𝑎 > − 3.
2
Therefore, 𝑦 is concave up and increasing when 𝑎 > − 3 .
16a Increasing, because 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 in the domain of 𝑓.
16b Since 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is decreasing in the domain of 𝑓, 𝑓 is concave down in its domain.

17a If 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) > 0 and 𝑓 ′ ′(𝑎) > 0, then the continuous function 𝑓(𝑥) about 𝑥 = 𝑎 is
increasing and concave up about 𝑥 = 𝑎.
17b If 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) > 0 and 𝑓 ′ ′(𝑎) < 0, then the continuous function 𝑓(𝑥) about 𝑥 = 𝑎 is
increasing and concave down about 𝑥 = 𝑎.
17c If 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) < 0 and 𝑓 ′ ′(𝑎) > 0, then the continuous function 𝑓(𝑥) about 𝑥 = 𝑎 is
decreasing and concave up about 𝑥 = 𝑎.

17d If 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) < 0 and 𝑓 ′ ′(𝑎) < 0, then the continuous function 𝑓(𝑥) about 𝑥 = 𝑎 is
decreasing and concave down about 𝑥 = 𝑎.
1
18a y  x3  3x 2  11x  9
3
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 11
= (𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9) − 9 + 11
= (𝑥 − 3)2 + 2
So 𝑦′ ≥ 2 for all real 𝑥. Hence the equation 𝑦 ′ = 0 has no solutions and so the
graph of the function has no stationary points.
18b 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 11
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑥 − 6
𝑦 ′′ = 0 when 2𝑥 − 6 = 0 or x  3
So there is a point of inflection at x  3 .

1
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 3 × 33 − 3 × 32 + 11 × 3 − 9 = 6
x 2 3 4
𝑦′′ 2 0 2
concavity down up
So  3,6  is a point of inflection.
The graph is concave down for x  3 and concave up for x  3 .
18c The graph has one 𝑥-intercept because the function is continuous and increasing
for all real 𝑥.
𝑥+2 1×(𝑥−3)−(𝑥+2)×1 𝑥−3−𝑥−2 −5

19a 𝑦 = 𝑥−3 then 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥−3)2
= (𝑥−3)2
= (𝑥−3)2
0×(𝑥−3)2 −(−5)×2×(𝑥−3) 10𝑥−30 10(𝑥−3) 10

𝑦 ′′ = (𝑥−3)4
= (𝑥−3)4
= (𝑥−3)4
= (𝑥−3)3
19b The sign table of (𝑥 − 3)3 is shown below
𝑥 𝑥<3 3 𝑥>3
(𝑥 − 3)3 − 0 +
𝑥+2
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥−3 is concave up when 𝑥 > 3 and concave down when 𝑥 < 3.
𝑥+2
19c Since 𝑥 − 3 = 0 when 𝑥 = 3, the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥−3 has a vertical asymptote at
𝑥+2
𝑥 = 3 and since lim = 1, 𝑦 has a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 1.
𝑥→±∞ 𝑥−3
−2+2
Since 𝑓(−2) = −2−3 = 0, the graph cuts the 𝑥-axis at (−2, 0) and the 𝑦-intercept
2 0+2 2
is (0, − 3) as 𝑓(0) = 0−3 = − 3

20a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 at 𝐴, 𝐶 and 𝐸

𝑓(𝑥) decreasing 𝐴 decreasing 𝐶 increasing 𝐸 decreasing
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 0 − 0 + 0 −
20b 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0 at 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐷

𝑓(𝑥) Concave 𝐴 Concave 𝐵 Concave 𝐷 Concave
up down up down
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) + 0 − 0 + 0 −

21a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 × (𝑥 − 1)3 + 𝑥 × 3 × (𝑥 − 1)2 = (𝑥 − 1)2 (4𝑥 − 1)

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2 × (𝑥 − 1) × (4𝑥 − 1) + (𝑥 − 1)2 × 4 = 6(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 − 1)
21b 𝑓(𝑥) has a minimum turning point where 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) cuts the 𝑥-axis and a stationary
point of inflection where 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) touches and 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) cuts the 𝑥-axis.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 when 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 when 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing.
𝑓(𝑥) is concave up when 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0 and concave down when 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0
22 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
(0, 5) lies on the curve and so when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5
Hence 𝑑 = 5.
The curve has a turning point at (0, 5). So when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦′ = 0.
𝑦′ = 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Hence 𝑐 = 0.
(−1, 0) lies on the curve and so when 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 0
−𝑎 + 𝑏 = −5 (1)
1 1
The curve has a point of inflection at x  . So when x  , 𝑦′′ = 0.
2 2
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏
3𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 0 (2)
3  (1)  (2) gives 5𝑏 = −15 and so 𝑏 = −3

Substituting 𝑏 = −3 into (2) and solving 3𝑎 − 6 = 0 for 𝑎 we obtain 𝑎 = 2.

So 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −3, 𝑐 = 0 and 𝑑 = 5.
2 1 2
2
23a i 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 then 𝑦 ′ = 3 𝑥 −3 . 𝑦 ′ > 0 when 𝑥 > 0. Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 is increasing
when 𝑥 > 0.
2
23a ii 𝑦 ′ < 0 when 𝑥 < 0. Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 is decreasing when 𝑥 < 0.
4 2
2
23a iii 𝑦 ′′ = − 9 𝑥 −3 < 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − {0}. Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 is never concave up in its
domain.
4 2
2
23a iv 𝑦 ′′ = − 9 𝑥 −3 < 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − {0}. Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 is concave down
In its domain.
2
23b 𝑦 = (0)3 = 0 then the 𝑥- and 𝑦-intercept is (0, 0).

1a 𝑦 = 0 when 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 = 0 or 𝑥 2 (6 − 𝑥) = 0.
Hence, 𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 6
Therefore, the point 𝐴 is at (6, 0).
1b 𝑦 = 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
𝑦 ′ = 12𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 and 𝑦 ′ = 0 when 12𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 = 0 or 3𝑥(4 − 𝑥) = 0
Hence, 𝑦 ′ = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 4.
Therefore, both 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 4 are stationary points, and 𝑥 = 4 is the 𝑥-
coordinate of the point 𝐵.
When 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 6(4)2 − (4)3 = 32. Therefore, 𝐵 is at (4, 32).
1c 𝑦 ′′ = 12 − 6𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 0 when 12 − 6𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2. Hence, there is an inflection point at 𝑥 = 2.
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 6(2)2 − (2)3 = 16. Therefore, 𝐶 is at (2, 16).
2a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 when 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 2.
2b 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0 at the point of inflection. Without the rule of the function, this is
difficult to locate but it looks to be at 𝑥 = 0.
2c 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing when −1 < 𝑥 < 2.
2d Using the answer from part b, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0 when 𝑥 < 0.
3a 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 27𝑥 − 𝑥 3
𝑓(−𝑥) = 27(−𝑥) − (−𝑥)3
= −27𝑥 + 𝑥 3
= −(27𝑥 − 𝑥 3 )

= −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 27𝑥 − 𝑥 3 is an odd function because 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥).
Since 𝑦 is an odd function, its graph has point symmetry in the origin.
3b 𝑦 ′ = 27 − 3𝑥 2
= 3(9 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑦 ′′ = −6𝑥
3c 𝑦 ′ = 0 when 3(9 − 𝑥 2 ) = 0 or 𝑥 = ±3
When 𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = 27 × (−3) − (−3)3 = −54
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 27 × 3 − 33 = 54
Therefore (−3, −54) and (3, 54) are stationary points.
𝑓 ′′ (−3) = −6 × (−3) = 18 and 18 > 0.
Therefore, 𝑦 is concave up at 𝑥 = −3 and (−3, −54) is a local minimum point.
𝑓 ′′ (3) = −6 × 3 = −18 and −18 < 0.
Therefore, 𝑦 is concave down at 𝑥 = 3 and (3, 54) is a local maximum point.
3d
𝑥 −1 0 1
𝑦 ′′ + 0 −
𝑦 ′′ > 0 for 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 ′′ < 0 for 𝑥 > 0.

Therefore, there is a point of inflection at 𝑥 = 0.
3e 𝑦 ′ = 27 − 3(0)2 = 27 when 𝑥 = 0. Therefore, the gradient at the point of

inflection is 27.
3f 𝑦 = 𝑥(27 − 𝑥 2 ) = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = ±3√3

Therefore, (0, 0), (−3√3, 0) and (3√3, 0) are the 𝑥-intercepts and the graph of 𝑦
is shown below.
4a 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5 then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = 6𝑥(𝑥 − 1)

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 − 6 = 6(2𝑥 − 1)
4b 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥(𝑥 − 1) = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 1.

Therefore, there are stationary points at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1.
𝑓(0) = 2(0)3 − 3(0)2 + 5 = 5 and 𝑓(1) = 2(1)3 − 3(1)2 + 5 = 4
Therefore, (0, 5) and (1, 4) are the stationary points.
𝑓 ′′ (0) = 6(2 × 0 − 1) = −6 and 𝑓 ′′ (0) < 0. Hence the function is concave
down at 𝑥 = 0 and therefore, has a maximum turning point at (0, 5)
𝑓 ′′ (1) = 6(2 × 1 − 1) = 6 and 𝑓 ′′ (0) > 0. Hence the function is concave
up at 𝑥 = 1 and therefore, has a minimum turning point at (1, 4)
1
4c 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6(2𝑥 − 1) = 0 when 𝑥 = 2.
1
Therefore, there is a point of inflection at 𝑥 = 2.
1 1 1 3
𝑓 ′ (2) = 6 × 2 × (2 − 1) = − 2
3
At the point of inflection, the gradient is − 2.

4d
1 1 3 1 2 9 1 9
𝑓 (2) = 2 (2) − 3 (2) + 5 = 4. Therefore, the point of inflection is at (2 , 4).
𝑓(−1) = 2(−1)3 − 3(−1)2 + 5 = −2 − 3 + 5 = 0.

Therefore, (−1, 0) is the 𝑥-intercept. Refer to 6b for the coordinates of the
turning points.
5a 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 6)2
𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 6. Therefore, (0, 0) and (6, 0) are the 𝑥-intercepts.
𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 − 6)2 + 𝑥 × 2(𝑥 − 6)
= 3𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 36
= 3(𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 − 2)
𝑦 ′ = 0 when 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = 6.
𝑦 = 32 when 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 = 6
Therefore, (2, 32) and (6, 0) are stationary points.
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 − 24
𝑦 ′′ = 0 when 6𝑥 − 24 = 0 or 𝑥 = 4.
𝑦 = 16 when 𝑥 = 4. Therefore, (4, 16) is a point of inflection.
Since 𝑦 ′′ < 0 when 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 ′′ > 0 when 𝑥 = 6, (2, 32) is a local maximum and
(6, 0) is a local minimum point.

5b 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 5
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 24
= 3(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 2)
𝑦 ′ = 0 when 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 4.
𝑦 = 33 when 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑦 = −75 when 𝑥 = 4
Therefore (−2, 33) and (4, −75) are stationary points.
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 − 6
𝑦 ′′ = 0 when 6𝑥 − 6 = 0 or 𝑥 = 1.
𝑦 = −21 when 𝑥 = 1. Therefore, (1, −21) is a point of inflection.
Since 𝑦 ′′ < 0 when 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑦 ′′ > 0 when 𝑥 = 4, (−2, 33) is a local maximum
and (4, −75) is a local minimum point.

6a 𝑦 = 12𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 4 + 11
𝑦 ′ = 36𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 3 = 12𝑥 2 (3 − 𝑥)
𝑦 ′′ = 72𝑥 − 36𝑥 2 = 36𝑥(2 − 𝑥)
6b 𝑦 ′ = 12𝑥 2 (3 − 𝑥) = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 3. Therefore, there are stationary

points at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 3.
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 12(0)3 − 3(0)4 + 11 = 11
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 12(3)3 − 3(3)4 + 11 = 92
Therefore (0, 11) and (3, 92) are the stationary points.
6c When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 ′′ = 72 × (3) − 36(3)2 = −108.

Since 𝑦 ′′ < 0 when 𝑥 = 3, the function is concave down at 𝑥 = 3. Therefore, the
point (3, 92) is a maximum turning point.
This method fails for 𝑥 = 0 because 𝑦 ′′ = 72 × (0) − 36(0)2 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0.
6d
𝑥 −1 0 1 3 4
𝑦′ + 0 + 0 −
Stationary Maximum
point of turning
𝑦 / / \
inflection point
6e 𝑦 ′′ = 36𝑥(2 − 𝑥) = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2.
Therefore there are inflection points at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2.
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 12(2)3 − 3(2)4 + 11 = 59

6f
7 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 3 + 72𝑥 2 + 10
𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 3 − 48𝑥 2 + 144𝑥
= 4𝑥(𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 36)
= 4𝑥(𝑥 − 6)2
𝑦 ′ = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 6
𝑦 = 10 when 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 442 when 𝑥 = 6
Therefore (0, 10) and (6, 442) are stationary points.
𝑥 −1 0 1 6 7
𝑦′ \ 0 / 0 /
𝑦 ′ < 0 when 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑦 ′ > 0 when 0 < 𝑥 < 6. Therefore, (0, 10) is a local
minimum point.
𝑦 ′ > 0 when 0 < 𝑥 < 6 and 𝑦 ′ > 0 when 𝑥 > 6. Therefore, (6, 442) is a
stationary point of inflection.
𝑦 ′′ = 12𝑥 2 − 96𝑥 + 144
= 12(𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 12)
= 12(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 6)
𝑦 ′′ = 0 when 12(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 6) = 0 or 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = 6.

𝑥 1 2 3 6 7
𝑦 ′′ + 0 − 0 +
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −186. Therefore, (2, −186) is a point of inflection.
1
8a f  x  = (𝑥 2 − 4)−1
x 4
2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −1 × (𝑥 2 − 4)−2 × 2𝑥
2𝑥
=−
(𝑥 2 − 4)2
8b There are stationary points where f   x   0 .

2𝑥
− (𝑥 2 −4)2 = 0 when −2𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0
So there is a stationary point at x  0 and discontinuities at x  2 .

x 1 0 1
f  x
2 2
3 
9 9
slope /  \
1
When x  0 , y   .
4

 1
Hence  0,   is a maximum turning point.
 4
8c If the function is even, then f   x   f  x  .
1
f x 
x 4
2
1

x 4
2
 f  x
Hence the function is even.

The graph has line symmetry in the y - axis.
8d Vertical asymptotes occur for x 2  4  0 .

So the (vertical) asymptotes are x  2 .
The domain is x  2 .
8e As x  , f  x   0 .
So the horizontal asymptote is y  0 .
8f
1
−
4
1
8g The range is y  0 or y   .
4

x
9a f  x 
x 4
2
x
Applying the quotient rule on f  x   :
x 4
2
Let u  x and v  x 2  4 .
Then u  1 and v  2 x .
vu   uv
f  x 
v2
1  x 2  4    x  2 x 

x  4
2 2
  x2  4

x  4
2 2
x2  4
So f   x    .
 x2  4
2
x2  4
9b f  x  
x  4
2 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 when 𝑥 2 + 4 = 0
So f   x   4 for all real x . Hence the equation f   x   0 has no solutions and

so the curve y  f  x  has no stationary points.
Further, as f   x   4 for all real x i.e. f   x  is negative for all values of x then
f  x  is decreasing for all values of x .
Hence the curve is always decreasing.
2 x3  24 x
9c f   x  
x  4
2 3
Solving f   x   0 for x we obtain:
2 x3  24 x  0  2 x  x 2  12   0

x 2  12  0 has no real solutions and so x  0 .
So there is a point of inflection at x  0 .

x 1 0 1
26 26
f   x   0
27 27
concavity down up
So  0, 0  is a point of inflection.
The gradient of the tangent at  0, 0  is given by f   0  .
1
f   0  
4
1
So the gradient of the tangent at  0, 0  is  .
4
9d The domain is x  2 .
Vertical asymptotes occur for x 2  4  0 .

So the (vertical) asymptotes are x  2 .
9e As x  , f  x   0 .
So the horizontal asymptote is y  0 .
9f If the function is odd, then f   x    f  x  .
f x 
x
x  4
2
x

x 4 2
  f  x

The graph has point symmetry in the origin.

9g When x  0, y  0 . The function has discontinuities at x  2 .
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
3 1 1 3
f  x  undef 0  undef
5 3 3 5
Hence f  x  is positive for 2  x  0 or x  2 and negative for x  2 or

0  x  2.
9h
9i The range is all real values of y .
𝑥2 2𝑥×(1+𝑥 2 )−𝑥 2 ×(2𝑥) 2𝑥

10a 𝑓(𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2 then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (1+𝑥 2 )2
= (1+𝑥 2 )2 and
2
2×(1+𝑥 2 ) −2𝑥×(2×(1+𝑥 2 )×(2𝑥)) (1+𝑥 2 )(2+2𝑥 2 −8𝑥 2 ) 2−6𝑥 2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (1+𝑥 2 )4
= (1+𝑥 2 )4
= (1+𝑥 2 )3
2𝑥
10b 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 when (1+𝑥 2 )2 = 0 or 𝑥 = 0, and 𝑓(0) = 0. Therefore, there is a
stationary point at (0, 0).

𝑥 0
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 0 +
Hence, (0, 0) is a minimum turning point.
2−6𝑥 2
10c 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0 when (1+𝑥 2 )3 = 0 or
2 − 6𝑥 2 = 0
1
𝑥2 = 3
1 1
𝑥=− or 𝑥 =
√3 √3
1 1 1
𝑓 (− ) = 𝑓( ) = 4
√3 √3
1 1 1 1
Therefore, there are points of inflection at (− , ) and ( , ).
√3 4 √3 4
𝑥2 12 1
10d lim = 1 and 𝑓(1) = 1+12 = 2
𝑥→±∞ 1+𝑥 2
2
Therefore, there is a horizontal asymptote at (1, 2)
10e
4𝑥 4×(𝑥 2 +9)−(4𝑥)(2𝑥) 36−4𝑥 2

11a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +9 then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 2 +9)2
= (𝑥 2 +9)2 and

2
(−8𝑥)×(𝑥2 +9) −(36−4𝑥 2 )×2×(𝑥 2 +9)(2𝑥) (4𝑥)(𝑥 2 +9)(−2𝑥 2 −18−36+4𝑥 2 ) 8𝑥 3 −216𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 2 +9)4
= (𝑥 2 +9)4
= (𝑥 2 +9)3
36−4𝑥 2
11b 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 when (𝑥 2 +9)2 = 0 or when 𝑥 = −3 or 𝑥 = 3.
4×(−3) 12 2 4×(3) 2
𝑓(−3) = (−3)2 +9 = − 18 = − 3 and 𝑓(3) = (3)2 +9 = 3
2 2
Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) has stationary points at (−3, − 3 ) and (3, 3)
𝑥 −3 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 0 + 0 −
2 2
Hence, (−3, − 3 ) is a minimum turning point and (3, 3) is a maximum
turning point.
8𝑥 3 −216𝑥
11c 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0 when (𝑥 2 +9)3
= 0 or when 8𝑥(𝑥 2 − 27) = 0
Or when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = −3√3 or 𝑥 = 3√3.

4×(0)
𝑓(0) = (0)2 +9 = 0
4×(−3√3) −12√3 √3
𝑓(−3√3) = 2 = =−
(−3√3) +9 36 3
4×(3√3) 12√3 √3
𝑓(3√3) = 2 = =
(3√3) +9 36 3
Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) has points of inflection at (0, 0) , (−3√3, ) and (3√3, )
4𝑥
11d lim =0
𝑥→±∞ 𝑥 2 +9
Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) has a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 0.

11e
12 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 − 15𝑥 3 then 𝑦 ′ = 5𝑥 4 − 45𝑥 2 and 𝑦 ′′ = 20𝑥 3 − 90𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 5𝑥 4 − 45𝑥 2 = 0 when 5𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 − 9) = 0
Then there are stationary points at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = ±3
𝑦 = (0)5 − 15(0)3 = 0
𝑦 = (−3)5 − 15(−3)3 = 162
𝑦 = (3)5 − 15(3)3 = −162
Therefore, (0, 0), (−3, 162) and (3, −162) are the stationary points.
𝑥 −3 0 3
𝑦′ + 0 − 0 − 0 +
Hence, (−3, 162) is a maximum turning point, (3, −162) is a minimum

turning point and (0, 0) is a stationary point.
𝑦 ′′ = 20𝑥 3 − 90𝑥 = 0 when 10𝑥(2𝑥 2 − 9) = 0

3 3
Then there are points of inflection at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = − and 𝑥 =
√2 √2
𝑦 = (0)5 − 15(0)3 = 0
3 5 3 3 567
𝑦 = (− ) − 15 (− ) = 4√2
√2 √2
3 5 3 3 567
𝑦 = ( ) − 15 ( ) = − 4√2
√2 √2
Therefore, (0, 0) is a horizontal point of inflection (because it is a stationary

3 567 3 567
point), and (− , ) and ( , − 4√2) are the points of inflection.
√2 4√2 √2
lim (𝑥 5 − 15𝑥 3 ) = ±∞ (no horizontal asymptote)

𝑥→±∞
The graph is,
𝑥 2 −𝑥−2 (2𝑥−1)𝑥 2 −(𝑥 2 −𝑥−2)(2𝑥) 𝑥+4

13a 𝑦= then 𝑦 ′ = = and
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥3
1×𝑥 3 −(𝑥+4)(3𝑥 2 ) −2(𝑥+6)

𝑦 ′′ = (𝑥 3 )2
= 𝑥4
𝑥 2 −𝑥−2 (𝑥+1)(𝑥−2)
𝑦= = = 0 when 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 2. Therefore, the 𝑥-intercepts
𝑥2 𝑥2
are (1−, 0) and (2, 0)
𝑥+4
𝑦′ = = 0 when 𝑥 + 4 = 0 or 𝑥 = −4
𝑥3
Then there is a stationary point at 𝑥 = −4

(−4)2 −(−4)−2 9
𝑦= (−4)2
=8
𝑥 −4
𝑦′ + 0 −
9

𝑥 2 −𝑥−2
Since 𝑦 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 0 and lim ( ) = −∞ . Therefore, 𝑥 = 0 is
𝑥→±0 𝑥2
a vertical asymptote and 𝑦 → −∞ 𝑥 → 0.
−2(𝑥+6) (−6)2 −(−6)−2 40 10

𝑦 ′′ = = 0 when 𝑥 = −6 and 𝑦 = = 36 =
𝑥4 (−6)2 9
10
Therefore, (−6, 9 ) is the point of inflection.
𝑥 2 −𝑥−2
lim ( ) = 1 . Therefore, there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 1
𝑥→±∞ 𝑥2
The graph is,
𝑥 2 −2𝑥 (2𝑥−2)(𝑥+2)2 −(𝑥 2 −2𝑥)×2×(𝑥+2) 2(3𝑥−2)

13b 𝑦 = (𝑥+2)2 then 𝑦 ′ = ((𝑥+2)2 )2
= (𝑥+2)3
and
6×(𝑥+2)3 −2(3𝑥−2)(3(𝑥+2)2 ) −12(𝑥−2)

𝑦 ′′ = ((𝑥+2)3 )2
= (𝑥+2)4
𝑥 2 −2𝑥 𝑥(𝑥−2)
𝑦 = (𝑥+2)2 = = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2. Therefore, the 𝑥-intercepts
𝑥2
are (0, 0) and (2, 0)
2(3𝑥−2) 2
𝑦′ = (𝑥+2)3
= 0 when 3𝑥 − 2 = 0 or 𝑥 = 3
2
Then there is a stationary point at 𝑥 = 3

2 2 2
( ) −2( ) 1
3 3
𝑦= 2
2 = −8
(( )+2)
3
𝑥 2
3
𝑦′ − 0 +
2 1
Therefore, ( , − ) is a minimum turning point.
3 8
𝑥 2 −2𝑥
Since 𝑦 is not continuous at 𝑥 = −2 and lim ((𝑥+2)2 ) = ∞ . Therefore, 𝑥 = −2 is
𝑥→−2
a vertical asymptote and 𝑦 → ∞ 𝑥 → −2.

−12(𝑥−2) (2)2 −2(2) 0
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑥+2)4
= 0 when 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = 2 = 16 = 0
((2)+2)
Therefore, (2, 0) is the point of inflection.

𝑥 2 −2𝑥
lim ((𝑥+2)2 ) = 1 . Therefore, there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 1
𝑥→±∞
The graph is,
14a 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1) then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 × (𝑥 − 1) + (𝑥 + 5) × 1 = 2𝑥 + 4

𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 1) = 0 when 𝑥 = −5 and 𝑥 = 1. Therefore, (−5, 0) and (1, 0)
are the 𝑥-intercepts.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 4 = 0 when 𝑥 = −2.
𝑥 −2
𝑦′ − 0 +

And 𝑓(−2) = ((−2) + 5)((−2) − 1) = −9
Therefore, (−2, −9) is a minimum turning point.
1
14b 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) when 𝑓 2 (𝑥) − 1 = 0 or
(𝑥 + 5)2 (𝑥 − 1)2 − 1 = 0
𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 40𝑥 + 24 = 0 when
𝑥 = −2 + 2√2 , 𝑥 = −2 − 2√2 , 𝑥 = −2 + √10 or 𝑥 = −2 − √10
𝑓(−2 + 2√2) = ((−2 + 2√2) + 5) ((−2 + 2√2) − 1) = −1
𝑓(−2 − 2√2) = ((−2 − 2√2) + 5) ((−2 − 2√2) − 1) = −1
𝑓(−2 + √10) = ((−2 + √10) + 5) ((−2 + √10) − 1) = 1
𝑓(−2 − √10) = ((−2 − √10) + 5) ((−2 − √10) − 1) = 1
Therefore, these functions intersect at the points:
(−2 + 2√2, −1) , (−2 − 2√2, −1) , (−2 + √10, 1) and (−2 − √10, 1)

1
1 1 1 𝑑( ) 0×(𝑥 2 +4𝑥−5)−1×(2𝑥+4) −2(𝑥+2)
𝑓(𝑥)
14c = (𝑥+5)(𝑥−1)
= 𝑥 2 +4𝑥−5 then = 2 = (𝑥+5)2 (𝑥−1)2
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ((𝑥+5)(𝑥−1))
1
𝑑( ) −2(𝑥+2)
𝑓(𝑥)
= 0 when (𝑥+5)2 (𝑥−1)2
= 0 or 𝑥 = −2. Therefore, there is a stationary point
𝑑𝑥
at 𝑥 = −2.
𝑥 −2
1 + 0 −
𝑑( )
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing when 𝑥 < −2 ,whereas 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing when 𝑥 < −2 (14a)
1
Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing when 𝑥 > −2 ,whereas 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing when 𝑥 > −2 (14a)
1 1 1 1
14d has a stationary point at 𝑥 = −2 (14c) and 𝑓(𝑥) = ((−2)+5)((−2)−1) = − 9
𝑓(𝑥)
1
Therefore, the stationary point is (−2, − 9) and it is a maximum turning point.
1
14e has vertical asymptotes at 𝑥 = −5 and 𝑥 = 1
𝑓(𝑥)
1
𝑑2 ( ) 6(𝑥 2 +4𝑥+7)
𝑓(𝑥)
= (𝑥−1)3 (𝑥+5)3
𝑑𝑥 2
1
𝑑2 ( )
𝑓(𝑥)
Sign table of 2
is:
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −5 1
1 + 0 − 0 +
𝑑2 ( )
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2
1
Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is concave up when 𝑥 < −5 and 𝑥 > 1,
and concave down when −5 < 𝑥 < 1


1a 𝐴 is a local maximum
𝐵 is a local minimum
1b 𝐶 is a global maximum
𝐷 is a local minimum
𝐸 is a local maximum
𝐹 is a global minimum
1c 𝐺 is a global maximum
𝐻 is a horizontal point of inflection
1d 𝐼 is a horizontal point of inflection

𝐽 is a global minimum
2a The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 for −2 < 𝑥 < 2 is shown below:
The global minimum is 0 at 𝑥 = 0 and the global maximum is 4 at both 𝑥 = −2

and 𝑥 = 2.

2b The graph of 𝑦 = 5 − 𝑥 for 0 < 𝑥 < 3 is shown below.
The global minimum is 2 at 𝑥 = 3 and the global maximum is 5 at 𝑥 = 0.
2c The graph of 𝑦 = √16 − 𝑥 2 for −4 < 𝑥 < 4 is shown below.
The global minimum is 0 at both 𝑥 = −4 and at 𝑥 = 4. The global maximum is 4

at 𝑥 = 0.

2d The graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥| for −5 < 𝑥 < 1 is shown below.
The global minimum is 0 at 𝑥 = 0. The global maximum is 5 at 𝑥 = −5.
2e The graph of 𝑦 = √𝑥 for 0 < 𝑥 < 8 is shown below.
The global minimum is 0 at 𝑥 = 0. The global maximum is 2√2 at 𝑥 = 8.
1
2f The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 for −4 < 𝑥 < −1 is shown below.
1
The global minimum is −1 at 𝑥 = −1. The global maximum is − 4 at 𝑥 = −4.

−1, 𝑥 < −2
2g The graph of 𝑦 = { 𝑥 + 1, −2 ≤ 𝑥 < 1 in its specified domain is shown
2, 𝑥≥1
below.
The global minimum is −1 for 𝑥 ≤ −2. The global maximum is 2 for 𝑥 ≥ 1.
3a The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 for 0 < 𝑥 < 5 is shown below.
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 − 4
𝑦 ′ = 0 when 2𝑥 − 4 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2.
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −1. Therefore (2, −1) is the stationary point and the absolute
minimum is −1 at 𝑥 = 2.
The absolute maximum is 8 at 𝑥 = 5.

3b The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5 for −3 < 𝑥 < 2 is shown below.
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = 𝑥(3𝑥 − 6)
𝑦 ′ = 0 when 𝑥(3𝑥 − 6) = 0 or 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2.
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5. Therefore, (0, 5) is a stationary point and the absolute
maximum is 5 at 𝑥 = 0.
The absolute minimum is −49 at 𝑥 = −3.
3c The graph of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 2 for −1 < 𝑥 < 1 is shown below.

1 1
𝑦 ′ = 9𝑥 2 − 1 = 9 (𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 + 3)
1 1 1 1
𝑦 ′ = 0 when 9 (𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 + 3) = 0 or when 𝑥 = − 3 or 𝑥 = 3.
1 1
There are stationary points at 𝑥 = − 3 and 𝑥 = 3.
𝑥 −1 1 0 1 1
−
3 3
𝑦′ / 0 \ 0 /
1 20 1 20
When 𝑥 = − 3 , 𝑦 = . Therefore (− 3 , 9 ) is a local maximum point.
9
1 16 1 16
When 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = . Therefore (3 , 9 ) is a local minimum point.
9
The absolute minimum is 0 at 𝑥 = −1.

3d The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 in its specified domain is shown below.
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 12 = 3(𝑥 − 2)2

𝑦 ′ = 0 when 3(𝑥 − 2)2 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2 . Thus, there is a stationary point at 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 1 2 3
𝑦′ / 0 /

𝑦 ′ > 0 for both 𝑥 < 2 and 𝑥 > 2, and 𝑦 = 8 when 𝑥 = 2. Therefore, (2, 8) is
a stationary point of inflection.
The absolute minimum is 0 at 𝑥 = 0.
4 The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 2 + 11 is shown below.
4a y  x 4  8 x 2  11 for 1  x  3
y  4 x 3  16 x
There are stationary points where y  0 .
4 x3  16 x  0  x  2, 0, 2
As 1  x  3 , there is a stationary point at x  2 .

x 1 2 3
f  x 12 0 60
slope \  /
When x  2 , y  5 . Hence  2, 5 is a local minimum turning point.
Substituting the boundaries: when x  1, y  4 and when x  3, y  20 .

So the global minimum is −5 at x  2 and the global maximum is 20 at x  3 .

There is a local maximum of 4 at 𝑥 = 1. (Note: this is not a local maximum
turning point.)
4b y  x 4  8 x 2  11 for 4  x  1
y  4 x 3  16 x
4 x3  16 x  0  x  2, 0, 2
As 4  x  1 , there are stationary points at x  2 and x  0 .

x 3 2 1 0 1
f  x 60 0 12 0 12
slope \  /  \
When x  2 , y  5 and when x  0 , y  11 .
Hence  2, 5 is a local minimum turning point and  0,11 is a local maximum
turning point.
Substituting the boundaries: when x  4, y  139 and when x  1, y  4 .
So the global minimum is −5 at x  2 and the global maximum is 139 at x  4 .

There is a local minimum of 4 at 𝑥 = 1. (Note: this is not a local minimum turning
point.)
4c y  x 4  8 x 2  11 for 1  x  0
There are no stationary points for 1  x  0 .

Substituting the boundaries: when x  1, y  4 and when x  0, y  11 .
So the global minimum is 4 at x  1 and the global maximum is 11 at x  0 .

1a If 𝑃 = 𝑥𝑦 and 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12, then rearrange 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12 to obtain 𝑦 = 12 − 2𝑥
and substitute in 𝑃:
𝑃 = 𝑥(12 − 2𝑥)
𝑃 = 12𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃
1b = 12 − 4𝑥 and = 0 when 12 − 4𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 3.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 0 3 4
𝑑𝑃 / 0 \
𝑑𝑥
Therefore, there is a stationary point at 𝑥 = 3 and it is a global maximum

because 𝑃 = 12𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 is a parabola. Thus, the value of 𝑥 that maximises 𝑃 is 3.
1c When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑃 = 12(3) − 2(3)2 = 18.

Therefore, the maximum value of 𝑃 is 18.
2a If 𝑄 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8, then rearrange 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 8 to make 𝑦 the subject of

the formula and substitute it in 𝑄.
𝑦 = 8−𝑥
𝑄 = 𝑥 2 + (8 − 𝑥)2
𝑄 = 2𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 64
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄
2b = 4𝑥 − 16 and 𝑑𝑥 = 0 when 4𝑥 − 16 = 0 or 𝑥 = 4.
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 0 4 5
𝑑𝑄 \ 0 /
𝑑𝑥
Therefore, there is a stationary point at 𝑥 = 4 and it is a global minimum

because the graph of 𝑄 = 2𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 64 is a parabola. So the value of 𝑥 that

minimises 𝑄 is 4.
2c When 𝑥 = 4, 𝑄 = 2(4)2 − 16(4) + 64 = 32.

Therefore, the minimum value of 𝑄 is 32.
𝑑𝑉
3 = 8𝑡 − 3𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
= 0 when 8𝑡 − 3𝑡 2 = 0 or 𝑡(8 − 3𝑡) = 0.
𝑑𝑡
8
Hence, there is a stationary point at 𝑡 = 0 and = 3 .
𝑡 −1 0 1 8 3
3
𝑑𝑉 \ 0 / 0 \
𝑑𝑡
8
So there is a local minimum point at 𝑡 = 0 and a local maximum at 𝑡 = 3.
Therefore, the quantity of the vitamins in the patient’s body is at its maximum
8
when 𝑡 = 3 hours (or 2 hours and 40 minutes).
4a Let the length of the side parallel to the wall be 𝑦 metres.

Then the perimeter is 40 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦. Hence, 𝑦 = 40 − 2𝑥
4b 𝐴 = 𝑥 × 𝑦 and 𝑦 = 40 − 2𝑥, then:

𝐴 = 𝑥 × (40 − 2𝑥)
= 40𝑥 − 2𝑥 2

𝑑𝐴
4c = 40 − 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐴
= 0 when 40 − 4𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 10
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 0 10 11
𝑑𝐴 / 0 \
𝑑𝑥
So there is a local maximum point at 𝑥 = 10 and the value of 𝑥 that maximises
the area of the garden bed is 10 metres.
4d The maximum area is when 𝑥 = 10:

𝐴 = 40 × (10) − 2(10)2
= 200 m2
36
5a Let the width of the rectangle be 𝑦 cm. Then 36 = 𝑥 × 𝑦 and 𝑦 = cm.
𝑥
36 72
5b 𝑃 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 and = , then 𝑃 = 2𝑥 + .
𝑥 𝑥
5c 𝑃 = 2𝑥 + 72 × 𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑃
= 2 − 72 × 𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑃 72
= 2 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑃 72
= 0 when 2 − 𝑥 2 = 0 or 𝑥 2 = 36. Hence, 𝑥 = −6 or 𝑥 = 6.
𝑑𝑥
𝑡 −7 −6 0 6 7
𝑑𝑉 / 0 \ 0 /
𝑑𝑡
There is a local minimum point at 𝑥 = 6 so the minimum value of 𝑃 occurs when

𝑥 = 6.
72
5d The minimum possible perimeter is 𝑃 = 2 × 6 + 6
= 24 cm.

1
6a Area Δ𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 2 × base × height
1
× 2𝑦 × 2𝑥 = 1200
2
𝑦 × 2𝑥 = 1200
1200
𝑦=
2𝑥
600
𝑦=
𝑥
The total length of fencing:
𝐿 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦
600
= 2𝑥 + 3 ×
𝑥
1800
= 2𝑥 +
𝑥
6b 𝐿′ = 2 − 1800𝑥 −2
2𝑥 2 −1800
= 𝑥2
2𝑥 2 −1800
= 0 when
𝑥2
2𝑥 2 − 1800 = 0
𝑥 2 = 900
𝑥 = ±30 (though 𝑥 = 30 as 𝑥 > 0)
𝑥 −40 −30 10 30 40
𝐿′ + 0 − 0 +
𝐿 / Maximum \ Minimum /
turning turning
point point
Since 𝐿 has a minimum turning point at 𝑥 = 30, the least possible length of
600 600
fencing can be obtained when 𝑥 = 30 m and 𝑦 = = = 20 m.
𝑥 30

7a The frame has three ℎ-metre-long and four 𝑤-metre-long sticks.

Thus, 3ℎ + 4𝑤 = 12
4𝑤 = 12 − 3ℎ
1
𝑤 = 4 (12 − 3ℎ)
7b 𝐴=ℎ× 𝑤
1
𝐴 = ℎ × 4 (12 − 3ℎ)
3ℎ
= ℎ × (3 − )
4
3ℎ2
= 3ℎ − 4
𝑑𝐴 6ℎ
7c =3−
𝑑ℎ 4
3ℎ
= 3− 2
𝑑𝐴 3ℎ
= 0 when 3 − = 0 or ℎ = 2
𝑑ℎ 2
ℎ 0 2 3
𝑑𝐴 / 0 \
𝑑ℎ
Hence, the area of the frame is maximised when ℎ = 2.

1 3
Therefore, ℎ = 2 and 𝑤 = 4 (12 − 3 × 2) = 2.
8a Since one square is formed using a piece of wire that has length 𝑥, the length of
𝑥
one side of this square is 4 . The other square will be formed using a piece of wire
10−𝑥
that has length 10 − 𝑥, so the length of one side of this square is .
4
𝑥 10−𝑥
8b The side length of one square is 4 and the other square is .
4
For the combined area:
𝑥 2 10 − 𝑥 2
𝐴 =( ) +( )
4 4
𝑥 2 + (10 − 𝑥)2
=
16
𝑥 2 + 100 − 20𝑥 + 𝑥 2
=
16
2𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 100
=
16
1
= (𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 50)
8
𝑑𝐴 1
8c = 8 (2𝑥 − 10)
𝑑𝑥
1
= 4 (𝑥 − 5)
𝑑𝐴 1
= 0 when 4 (𝑥 − 5) = 0 or when 𝑥 = 5
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝐴 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 2 = 4 > 0 for all 𝑥, the function is concave up.
Hence, the value of 𝑥 that minimises 𝐴 is 5.
1 25
8d When 𝑥 = 5, 𝐴 = 8 (52 − 10 × 5 + 50) = .
8
25
Therefore, cm2 is the least possible combined area.
8
1 1
9a 𝑅 = 𝑥 × (47 − 3 𝑥) = 𝑥 (47 − 3 𝑥)
9b 𝑃 =𝑅−𝐶
1 1
= 𝑥 (47 − 3 𝑥) − (5 𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 + 10)
1 1
= 47𝑥 − 3 𝑥 2 − 5 𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 − 10
8
= − 15 𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 − 10

𝑑𝑃 16
9c = − 15 𝑥 + 32
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑃 16
= 0 when − 15 𝑥 + 32 = 0 or 𝑥 = 30
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 0 30 31
𝑑𝑃 / 0 \
𝑑𝑥
There is a local maximum point at 𝑥 = 30. Hence, 30 telescopes should be made

daily to maximise the profit.
10a The area of the base is 𝑥 2 and the area of one lateral face is 𝑥 × ℎ. Therefore,
𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥ℎ
10b If 𝑉 = 32 and 𝑉 = area of base × height,

32 = 𝑥 2 × ℎ
32
ℎ=
𝑥2
Therefore:
32
𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 ×
𝑥2
128
= 𝑥2 +
𝑥
𝑑𝑆 128 2𝑥 3 −128
10c = 2𝑥 − =
𝑑𝑆 2𝑥 3 −128
= = 0 when
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
2𝑥 3 − 128 = 0
𝑥 3 = 64
𝑥=4
𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑆
Since 𝑑𝑥 < 0 when 𝑥 < 4 and 𝑑𝑥 > 0 when 𝑥 > 4, there is a minimum turning
point at 𝑥 = 4.

32
When 𝑥 = 4, ℎ = 42 = 2
So the dimensions of the minimum surface area are 4 cm by 4 cm by 2 cm.
11a After cutting squares of side length 𝑥 cm from the corners of a rectangular sheet,
we obtain the following diagram.
Length of the box (𝑙) is (40 − 2𝑥) cm.

Width (𝑤) of the box is (15 − 2𝑥) cm.
Height of the box (ℎ) is 𝑥 cm.
11b Volume (𝑉) of the box is:

𝑉 = 𝑙×𝑤×ℎ
𝑉 = (40 − 2𝑥 ) × (15 − 2𝑥) × 𝑥
= 𝑥(600 − 110𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 )
= 600𝑥 − 110𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3
𝑑𝑉
11c = 600 − 220𝑥 + 12𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
= 4(150 − 55𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 )
= 4(3𝑥 − 10)(𝑥 − 15)
𝑑𝑉
= 0 when 4(3𝑥 − 10)(𝑥 − 15) = 0.
𝑑𝑥
10
Hence, there are stationary points at 𝑥 = and 𝑥 = 15.
3
𝑥 0 10 5 15 16
3
𝑑𝑉 / 0 \ 0 /
𝑑𝑥

10
Therefore, there is a local maximum point at 𝑥 = and so the value of 𝑥 that
3
10
maximises the volume of the box is .
3
12a 𝑤 2 + 𝑑2 = 482
𝑑 2 = 482 − 𝑤 2
𝑑 2 = 2304 − 𝑤 2
Substituting into 𝑠 = 𝑘𝑤𝑑2 for 𝑘 > 0 gives:
𝑠 = 𝑘𝑤(2304 − 𝑤 2 )
12b 𝑠 = 2304𝑘𝑤 − 𝑘𝑤 3
𝑑𝑠
= 2304𝑘 − 3𝑘𝑤 2
𝑑𝑤
𝑑𝑠
= 0 when 2304𝑘 − 3𝑘𝑤 2 = 0
𝑑𝑤
2304𝑘 = 3𝑘𝑤 2
𝑤 2 = 768
𝑤 = 16√3 as 𝑤 > 0
𝑑2 𝑠
= −6𝑘𝑤
𝑑𝑤 2
𝑑2 𝑠
For 𝑘 > 0, < 0 when 𝑤 = 16√3 cm. Therefore, there is a local maximum at
𝑑𝑤 2
𝑤 = 16√3 and the width of the strongest rectangular beam that can be cut from
the log is 16√3 cm.
Substituting 𝑤 = 16√3 in 𝑑 2 = 2304 − 𝑤 2 gives:

2
𝑑 2 = 2304 − (16√3)
𝑑 2 = 2304 − 768
𝑑 2 = 1536
𝑑 = 16√6 cm
Dimensions are width 16√3 cm and depth 16 √6 cm.

13a Let V be the volume of the box and V  xyh .
Let P be the perimeter of the base and P  2 x  2 y .
P  40 and so x  y  20
Let A be the surface area of the box and A  2 xy  2 xh  2 yh .
A  300 and so 300  2 xy  2 xh  2 yh
150  xy  xh  yh
 xy  h  x  y 
 xy  20h
Substituting xy  150  20h into V  xyh we obtain V  150h  20h2 .
13b V  150h  20h2 where 0  h  7.5
V   150  40h
Solving V   0 for h we obtain h  3.75 .
V   40   0 
Hence the global maximum occurs at h  3.75 .

So 150  xy  75  xy  75 and x  y  20  y  20  x .
Substituting y  20  x into xy  75 gives x  20  x   75 .
x 2  20 x  75  0
 x  5 x  15  0
x  5,15
So y  15,5 .
Hence the dimensions of the box are 15 cm by 5 cm by 3.75 cm.
x 6
14a 
x4 y6
𝑥(𝑦 + 6) = 6(𝑥 + 4)
𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑥 = 6𝑥 + 24
So 𝑥𝑦 = 24.

1
14b A  bh
2
1
A  x  4  y  6 
2
1
  xy  6 x  4 y  24 
2
1
  24  6 x  4 y  24 
2
1
  48  6 x  4 y 
2
 24  3 x  2 y
24
xy  24  y 
x
48
So A  24  3x  .
x
48
14c A  24  3x 
x
dA 48
 3 2
dx x
dA
 0 when:
dx
48
3 0
x2
3 x 2  48  0
3  x 2  16   0
x  4  x  0
d 2 A 96

dx 2 x 3
d 2 A 96
When x  4 ,    0 .
dx 2 64
Hence the stationary point is a global minimum in the domain x  0 .
48
Substituting x  4 into A  24  3x  we obtain A  24  12  12  48 .
x

Hence the minimum possible area of TSU is 48 cm2.
15a Base area= 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋𝑥 2 m2 and cost of manufacturing the base is 𝑎 × 𝜋𝑥 2 dollars

Curved area= 2𝜋𝑟 × ℎ = 2𝜋𝑥 × ℎ m2 and cost of manufacturing the curved area
is 𝑏 × 2𝜋𝑥 × ℎ dollars.
Therefore, 𝑐 = 𝜋 𝑥 2 𝑎 + 2𝜋 𝑥ℎ𝑏
𝑐−𝜋 𝑥 2 𝑎
15b 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 × ℎ = 𝜋𝑥 2 × ℎ and ℎ = 2𝜋 𝑥𝑏
𝑐−𝜋 𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑥
Therefore, 𝑉 = 𝑥 × = 2𝑏 (𝑐 − 𝜋 𝑥 2 𝑎)
2𝑏
𝑑𝑉 𝑐−3𝜋 𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑐
15c = = 0 or when 𝑐 − 3𝜋 𝑥 2 𝑎 = 0 or 𝑥 = √3𝜋𝑎
𝑑𝑥 2𝑏
𝑥 𝑐
√
3𝜋𝑎
𝑑𝑉 + 0 −
𝑑𝑥
𝑐
Therefore, 𝑉 has a maximum at 𝑥 = √3𝜋𝑎
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
Cost of base when 𝑥 = √3𝜋𝑎 is 𝑎 × 𝜋𝑥 2 = 𝑎 × 𝜋 × 3𝜋𝑎 = 3
16a Let the area of the page be A .

Area of printed material = 80 cm2
 y  2  2 x  1  1  80
So  y  4  x  2   80 .
xy  2 y  4 x  8  80
y  x  2   4  x  2   80
y  x  2  4  x  2  80
 
x2 x2 x2
80
Hence y  4  .
x2
80
16b Substituting y  4  into A  xy we obtain:
x2
 80 
A  x4 
 x2
x  4 x  8  80 

x2
x  4 x  72 

x2
4 x 2  72 x
So A  .
x2
4 x 2  72 x
16c A
x2
4 x 2  72 x
Applying the quotient rule on A  :
x2
Let u  4 x 2  72 x and v  x  2 .
Then u  8x  72 and v  1 .
dA vu   uv

dx v2
 x  2  8 x  72    4 x 2  72 x 

 x  2
2
8 x 2  56 x  144  4 x 2  72 x

 x  2
2
4 x 2  16 x  144

 x  2
2
dA 4  x  4 x  36 
2
So  .
 x  2
2
dx

dA 4  x  4 x  36 
2
16d 
 x  2
2
dx
dA
 0 when:
dx
4  x 2  4 x  36   0
4  4   4  1  36 
2
x
2
4  160

2
4  4 10
  x  0
2

 2 1  10 
x 8 
2 1  10  9
dA 4 36
 0
dx 9 49
slope \  /
The stationary point is a global minimum in the domain x  0 .

Substituting x  2 1  10 into y  4   80
x2
we obtain:
80
y  4
2  2 10  2
40 10
 4 
10 10 .
 4  4 10

 4 1  10 
So the dimensions for the page in order to use the least amount of paper is
2  
10  1 cm by 4  10  1 cm. 

distance 250
17a Because time  , the time for the trip is hours.
speed v
Hence the total cost is:
C   cost per hour    time for the trip 
  6400  v 2  
250
v
 6400 
So the cost of the trip, in cents, is C  250   v.
 v 
 6400 
17b C  250   v  where v  0
 v 
dC  6400 
 250   2  1
dv  v 
250  v 2  6400 

v2
250  v  80  v  80 

v2
dC
So has a single zero at v  80 in the domain v  0 .
dv
d 2C 250 12800
 which is positive for all v  0
dv 2 v3
So v  80 gives a global minimum in the domain v  0 .
So the speed at which the cost of the journey is minimised is 80 km/h.
 6400 
17c When v  80 , C  250   80   40000 (cents).
 80 
So the minimum cost of the journey is $ 400 .
𝑊 2𝑊
18a 𝐼𝑐 = 𝑥 2 + (30−𝑥)2 (Since 𝑃 is between the light sources, its distance from the
second light source is 30 − 𝑥 metres)

1 2
𝑑(𝐼𝑐 ) 𝑑( 2 + ) −4 2
𝑥 (30−𝑥)2
18b =𝑊× = 𝑊 × ((𝑥−30)3 − 𝑥 3 ) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
30
When 𝑥 = 3 ≑ 13.27
√2+1
19a Using Pythagoras’ Theorem, the distance rowed is 62  x 2 and the rowing
speed is 8 km/h.
The distance run is 20  x and the running speed is 10 km/h.
distance
Using time  with T denoting the total time taken:
speed
36  x 2 20  x
T 
8 10
1 1
So T  36  x 2   20  x  .
8 10
1 1
19b T 36  x 2   20  x 
8 10
dT x 1
 
dx 8 36  x 2 10
dT
 0 when:
dx
x 1
 0
8 36  x 2 10
10 x  8 36  x 2
100 x 2  64  36  x 2 
100 x 2  64 x 2  64  36
36 x 2  64  36  0
36  x 2  64   0
x  8  0  x  20 
x 7 8 9
dT
0.005... 0 0.004...
dx
slope \  /

So T has a local minimum at x  8 .
1 1 1
20 +𝑢=𝑓
𝑣
𝑢+𝑣 1
=𝑓
𝑢𝑣
𝑢𝑣
𝑢+𝑣 = … (1) (distance between the object and the image)
𝑓
1 1 1
And = −
𝑣 𝑓 𝑢
1 𝑢−𝑓
=
𝑣 𝑓𝑢
𝑓𝑢
𝑣 = 𝑢−𝑓 … (2)
𝑓𝑢
𝑢( ) 𝑢2
𝑢−𝑓
From (1) and (2), 𝑢 + 𝑣 = = 𝑢−𝑓
𝑓
𝑢2
𝑑(𝑢+𝑣) 𝑑( ) 2𝑢×(𝑢−𝑓)−𝑢2 ×1 𝑢2 −2𝑢𝑓
𝑢−𝑓
= = (𝑢−𝑓)2
= (𝑢−𝑓)2
= 0 when 𝑢2 − 2𝑢𝑓 = 0
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Or 𝑢 = 2𝑓.
𝑢 2𝑓
𝑑(𝑢 + 𝑣) − 0 +
𝑑𝑢
Hence, 𝑢 = 2𝑓 is a minimum turning point and the distance between the object
and the image is minimum when 𝑢 = 2𝑓. Thus, the minimum distance is,
𝑢2 (2𝑓)2
𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑢−𝑓 = (2𝑓)−𝑓 = 4𝑓.
𝑑1
21 Let 𝑡1 be the time taken in air, then 𝑡1 = 𝑣1
𝑑2
Let 𝑡2 be the time taken in water, then 𝑡2 = 𝑣2
Using Pythagoras’ Theorem:
𝑑1 = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 and 𝑑2 = √𝑏 2 + (𝑐 − 𝑥)2

√𝑎2 +𝑥 2 √𝑏 2 +(𝑐−𝑥)2
So 𝑡1 = and 𝑡2 =
𝑣1 𝑣2
𝑡1 + 𝑡2
√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 √𝑏 2 + (𝑐 − 𝑥)2
= +
𝑣1 𝑣2
𝑑
For minimum 𝑡, (𝑡1 + 𝑡2 ) = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 √𝑏 2 + (𝑐 − 𝑥)2
( + )=0
𝑑𝑥 𝑣1 𝑣2
1 2 1 1 2 1
(𝑎 + 𝑥 2 )−2 × 2𝑥 (𝑏 + (𝑐 − 𝑥)2 )−2 × 2(𝑐 − 𝑥) × (−1)
2 +2 =0
𝑣1 𝑣2
𝑥 −(𝑐 − 𝑥)
+ =0
𝑣1 √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑣2 √𝑏 2 + (𝑐 − 𝑥)2
𝑥 𝑐−𝑥
=
𝑣1 √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑣2 √𝑏 2 + (𝑐 − 𝑥)2
Using trigonometry:
𝑥 𝑥 𝑐−𝑥 𝑐−𝑥
sin 𝜃1 = = and sin 𝜃2 = =
𝑑1 √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑2 √𝑏 2 + (𝑐 − 𝑥)2
𝑥 𝑐−𝑥
Substituting for √𝑎2 and in
+𝑥 2 √𝑏 2 +(𝑐−𝑥)2
𝑥 𝑐−𝑥
=
𝑣1 √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑣2 √𝑏 2 + (𝑐 − 𝑥)2
gives
sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2
=
𝑣1 𝑣2

1a ℎ + 2𝜋𝑟 = 10 then ℎ = 10 − 2𝜋𝑟
1b 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 × ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 2 × (10 − 2𝜋𝑟)
𝑑𝑉 𝑑(10𝜋𝑟 2 −2𝜋2 𝑟 3 )
1c = = 20𝜋𝑟 − 6𝜋 2 𝑟 2 = 𝑟(20𝜋 − 6𝜋 2 𝑟)
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
10
Therefore, 𝑉 has stationary points when 𝑟 = 0 or 20𝜋 − 6𝜋 2 𝑟 = 0 or 𝑟 = 3𝜋
𝑟 0 10
3𝜋
𝑑𝑉 − 0 + 0 −
𝑑𝑟
10
Therefore, 𝑟 = 3𝜋 is a maximum turning point.
1d Hence, the maximum volume is:

10 2 10 1000
𝑉 = 𝜋 (3𝜋) × (10 − 2𝜋 (3𝜋)) = 27𝜋
2a Surface area= 2𝜋𝑟 × ℎ + 2𝜋𝑟 2 = 60𝜋

60𝜋−2𝜋𝑟 2 30−𝑟 2
ℎ= =
2𝜋𝑟 𝑟
30−𝑟 2
2b 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 × ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 2 × = 𝜋𝑟(30 − 𝑟 2 )
𝑟
𝑑𝑉 𝑑(30𝜋𝑟−𝜋𝑟 3 )
2c = = 30𝜋 − 3𝜋𝑟 2 = 0 when 𝑟 2 = 10 or 𝑟 = ±√10
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑟 −√10 √10
𝑑𝑉 − 0 + 0 −
𝑑𝑟
Therefore, 𝑉 has a maximum turning point at 𝑟 = √10.

2
Hence, the maximum volume is: 𝑉 = 𝜋(√10) (30 − (√10) ) = 20√10𝜋 cm3
3a 𝑆 = 𝜋𝑟1 2 + 𝜋𝑟2 2 and 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = 𝑘

Hence, 𝑆 = 𝜋𝑟1 2 + 𝜋(𝑘 − 𝑟1 )2
𝑑𝑆
3b = 2𝜋𝑟1 − 2𝜋(𝑘 − 𝑟1 ) = 0
𝑟1
When 2𝜋(𝑟1 − 𝑟2 ) = 0 or 𝑟1 = 𝑟2
𝜃 𝐿−2𝑟
4a = (the ratio of 𝜃 to one revolution is equal to the ratio of the sector arc to
360 2𝜋𝑟
𝐿−2𝑟 𝐿
the circumference of the circle) then 𝜃 = =𝑟−2
𝑟
𝐿
−2 𝑟(𝐿−2𝑟)
2 𝑟
4b 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 × = is maximum when
2𝜋 2
𝑟(𝐿−2𝑟)
𝑑𝐴 𝑑( )
2
= =0
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝐿𝑟
𝑑( −𝑟 2 ) 𝐿 1
2
= 2 − 2𝑟 = 0 or 𝐿 = 4𝑟 or 𝑟 = 4 𝐿
𝑑𝑟
5a Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∼ Δ𝐴𝐷𝐸 because ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝐷𝐸 = 90° (because 𝐵𝐶 ∥ 𝐷𝐸) and

∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = ∠𝐴𝐸𝐷 (because 𝐵𝐶 ∥ 𝐷𝐸 and 𝐴𝐸 is a straight line)
𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵
5b Since Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∼ Δ𝐴𝐷𝐸, =
𝐷𝐸 𝐴𝐷
𝑟 40−ℎ 40𝑟 10
Therefore, 12 = then = 40 − ℎ and ℎ = 40 − 𝑟
40 12 3
10 10
5c 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 × ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 2 × (40 − 𝑟) = 40𝜋𝑟 2 − 𝜋𝑟 3
3 3
10
𝑑𝑉 𝑑(40𝜋𝑟 2 − 𝜋𝑟 3 )
5d = 3
= 80𝜋𝑟 − 10𝜋𝑟 2 = 10𝜋𝑟(8 − 𝑟) = 0 when
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟

𝑟 = 0 or 𝑟 = 8
The value of 𝑟 for which 𝑉 is maximised is 𝑟 = 8.
6 Let the perimeter of a rectangle be 𝑘 units, width 𝑥 units and length 𝑦 units.
𝑘−2𝑥
Then 𝑘 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 and 𝑦 = 2
𝑘−2𝑥 𝑘−2𝑥 𝑘
Hence. The area is 𝐴(𝑥) = 𝑥 × and 𝐴′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 × = 2 − 2𝑥 = 0 when
2 2
𝑘
2 𝑘
𝑥= =
2 4
𝑥 𝑘
4
𝐴′ (𝑥) + 0 −
𝑘
𝑘 𝑘−2× 𝑘
4
Therefore, the area is maximum when 𝑥 = 4 . Hence, when 𝑦 = = 4 or,
2
when the shape is a square.
ℎ 2 1
7a 𝑅 2 = (2) + 𝑟 2 then 𝑟 2 = 𝑅 2 − 4 ℎ2
1 𝜋
7b 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 × ℎ = 𝜋 (𝑅 2 − 4 ℎ2 ) × ℎ = 4 ℎ(4𝑅 2 − ℎ2 )
𝜋
𝑑𝑉 𝑑( (4𝑅 2 ℎ−ℎ3 )) 𝜋 4𝑅 2 2√3
4
7c = = (4𝑅 2 − 3ℎ2 ) = 0 when 4𝑅 2 − 3ℎ2 = 0 or ℎ = √ = 𝑅
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 4 3 3
2√3
Therefore, the volume of the cylinder is maximised when ℎ = 𝑅
3

7d
𝑉sphere
𝑉cylinder
4 3
𝜋𝑅
= 3 2
𝜋×𝑟 ×ℎ
4 3
= 3 𝜋𝑅
2
2√3 2√3
𝜋× (𝑅 2 −( 𝑅) )× 𝑅
3 3
2
2√3 2√3
(when ℎ = 𝑅 , 𝑟 2 = 𝑅2 − ( 𝑅) )
3 6
4 2
= 3𝑅
2
2√3 2√3
(𝑅 2 −( 6 𝑅) )× 3
4 3 𝑅2
= × × 2
3 2√3 2√3
𝑅2 −( 𝑅)
6
2 𝑅2
= ×
√3 2 2
3×𝑅
2 3
= ×
√3 2
√3
=
1
Therefore, the ratio of the volume of the sphere to the maximum volume of the
cylinder is √3 ∶ 1.
𝑆−𝜋𝑟 2
8a 𝑆 = 𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟 × ℎ then ℎ = 2𝜋𝑟
𝑆−𝜋𝑟 2 1 1
8b 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 × ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 2 × ( ) = 2 × 𝑟 × (𝑆 − 𝜋𝑟 2 ) = 2 (𝑆𝑟 − 𝜋𝑟 3 )
2𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑉 1 𝑆
= 2 (𝑆 − 3𝜋𝑟 2 ) = 0 when 𝑆 − 3𝜋𝑟 2 = 0 or 𝑟 = √3𝜋
𝑑𝑟

𝑆−𝜋𝑟 2 𝑆
Or when ℎ = = 𝑟 (because 𝑆 − 𝜋𝑟 2 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 , 𝑆 = 3𝜋𝑟 2 , 𝑟 = √3𝜋 )
2𝜋𝑟
𝜋𝑟 2 ×ℎ
9 𝑉cone = where 𝑟 and ℎ are the radius and height of the cone.
3
ℎ 2
Since (2) + 𝑟 2 = 𝑅 2 , ℎ2 = 4(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) and ℎ = 2√𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2
𝜋𝑟 2 ×2√𝑅 2 −𝑟 2 2𝜋
Hence, 𝑉cone = = √𝑅 2 𝑟 4 − 𝑟 6
3 3
2𝜋
𝑑 (Vcone ) 𝑑( √𝑅 2 𝑟 4 −𝑟 6 ) 2𝜋 4𝑅 2 𝑟 3 −6𝑟 5 𝜋 2𝑟 3 (2𝑅 2 −3𝑟 2 )
3
= = × =3× = 0 when 𝑟 = 0 or
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 3 2√𝑅 2 𝑟 4 −𝑟 6 √𝑅 2 𝑟 4 −𝑟 6
2𝑅 2
2𝑅 2 − 3𝑟 2 = 0 or 𝑟 2 = 3
2𝑅 2
When the volume of the cone is maximised, 𝑟 2 = .
3
2𝑅2
ℎ2 4(𝑅 2 −𝑟 2 ) 4(𝑅 2 − )
3
So = =
𝑅2 𝑅2 𝑅2
ℎ2 4 ℎ 2
Therefore, 𝑅2 = 3 and 𝑅 = and the ratio of ℎ to 𝑅 is 2: √3.
√3
10a 𝐴rectangle = width × height = 𝑥 × 𝑦 and 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and 𝑥 2 = 𝑟 2 − 𝑦 2
Then 𝐴rectangle = 𝑦√𝑟 2 − 𝑦 2
𝑑(𝐴rectangle ) 𝑑(√𝑦 2 𝑟 2 −𝑦4 ) 2𝑟 2 𝑦−4𝑦 3 𝑟 2 𝑦−2𝑦 3 𝑟 2 −2𝑦2

10b = = = = =0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2√𝑦 2 𝑟 2 −𝑦4 𝑦√𝑟 2 −𝑦 2 √𝑟 2 −𝑦 2
when 𝑟 2 − 2𝑦 2 = 0 or when 𝑟 2 = 2𝑦 2 .
𝑟2
Hence, the area of the rectangle is maximum when 𝑦 2 = .
2
Therefore, the maximum area is:
𝑟2 𝑟2 1
𝐴rectangle = 𝑦√𝑟 2 − 𝑦 2 = √ 2 × √𝑟 2 − = 2 𝑟2
2
ℎ 2 ℎ
11a (2) + 𝑟 2 = 𝑅 2 then 2 = √𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 and ℎ = 2√𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2

11b 𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟 × ℎ = 2𝜋𝑟 × 2√𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 = 4𝜋𝑟√𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2
11c
𝑑𝑆 𝑑(4𝜋𝑟√𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )
=
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑(4𝜋√𝑅 2 𝑟 2 − 𝑟 4 )
=
𝑑𝑟
2𝑅 2 𝑟 − 4𝑟 3
= 4𝜋 ×
2√𝑅 2 𝑟 2 − 𝑟 4
𝑅 2 𝑟 − 2𝑟 3
= 4𝜋 ×
𝑟√𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2
𝑅 2 − 2𝑟 2
= 4𝜋 ×
√𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2
𝑑𝑆 𝑅2
= 0 when 𝑅 2 − 2𝑟 2 = 0 or 𝑟 2 = . Therefore, the cylinder has maximum
𝑑𝑟 2
𝑅2
surface area when 𝑟 2 = and the maximum surface area is
2
𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑆 = 4𝜋 × √ 2 × √𝑅 2 − = 2𝜋𝑅 2
2
𝑉
12 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 × ℎ then ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑉 1
𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟 × ℎ + 2𝜋𝑟 2 = 2𝜋𝑟 × 𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟 2 = 2𝑉 𝑟 + 2𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑆 2𝑉 4𝜋𝑟 3 −2𝑉
= 4𝜋𝑟 − 𝑟 2 = = 0 when 4𝜋𝑟 3 − 2𝑉 = 0 or 𝑉 = 2𝜋𝑟 3
𝑑𝑟 𝑟2
𝑉 2𝜋𝑟 3 𝑟 1
Hence, ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 2 = = 2𝑟 then ℎ = 2 when the surface area is minimised and
𝜋𝑟 2
the 𝑟 ∶ ℎ ratio is 1 ∶ 2.
1
13 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 √𝑠 2 − 𝑟 2 where 𝑠 2 = ℎ2 + 𝑟 2 , ℎ2 = 𝑠 2 − 𝑟 2 and ℎ = √𝑠 2 − 𝑟 2
𝑆 1 𝑆 2
𝑆 = 𝜋𝑟𝑠 then 𝑠 = 𝜋𝑟. Therefore, 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 √(𝜋𝑟) − 𝑟 2
1 𝑆 2
𝑑( 𝜋𝑟 2 √( ) −𝑟 2 )
𝑑𝑉 3 𝜋𝑟 √𝑆 2 −𝜋 2 𝑟 4 2𝜋 2 𝑟 4
= = −
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 3 3√𝑠2 −𝜋 2 𝑟 4

𝑑𝑉 𝑆 𝑆 2 𝑆 𝑆√3 𝑆 2𝑆
= 0 when 𝑟 2 = , ℎ = √(𝜋𝑟) − ( ) and ℎ2 = −( )=
𝑑𝑟 √3 𝜋 √3 𝜋 𝜋 √3 𝜋 √3 𝜋
2𝑆
ℎ2 √3 𝜋 ℎ
= 𝑆 = 2 then 𝑟 = √2.
𝑟2
√3 𝜋
Therefore, ℎ ∶ 𝑟 = √2 ∶ 1 when the volume is maximised.
14 Let one of the equal sides of the triangle be 𝑎 and one of the equal base angles be
𝜃. Then the area of the triangle is
1 1
𝐴(𝜃) = 2 × 𝑏 × ℎ = 2 × (2acos(𝜃) × (𝑎 sin 𝜃) = 𝑎2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 …(1)
𝑟𝑏
And Area= 𝑟𝑎 + = 𝑟𝑎 + 𝑟𝑎 cos 𝜃 … (2)
2
𝑎2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 = 𝑟𝑎 + 𝑟𝑎 cos 𝜃 ((1) and (2) solved together)

𝑟+𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑎 = cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑟+𝑟 cos 𝜃 2
Hence, 𝐴(𝜃) = 𝑎2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 = (cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 ) cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
(𝑟+𝑟 cos 𝜃)2

𝐴(𝜃) = cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝐴(𝜃)
When = 0 is solved, 𝜃 = 60° is the stationary point where the area is
𝑑𝜃
minimum.
𝑎2 √3
And when 𝜃 = 60° , the triangle is an equilateral triangle with area and
4
𝑎√3 𝑎√3 6𝑟
height which is equal to 3𝑟. Therefore, 𝑟 = then 𝑎 = and the minimum
2 6 √3
6𝑟 2
𝑎2 √3 ( ) √3
area is = √3
= 3√3𝑟 2
4 4

𝑑𝑦
1a Let = 𝑥6
𝑑𝑥
1
Then 𝑦 = 7 𝑥 7 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
𝑑𝑦
1b Let = 𝑥3
𝑑𝑥
1
Then 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
4
𝑑𝑦
1c Let = 𝑥10
𝑑𝑥
1
Then 𝑦 = 11 𝑥11 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
𝑑𝑦
1d Let = 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3
Then 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
𝑑𝑦
1e Let =5
𝑑𝑥
Then 𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
𝑑𝑦
1f Let = 5𝑥 9
𝑑𝑥
5
Then = 10 𝑥10 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
1
𝑦 = 2 𝑥10 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
𝑑𝑦
1g Let = 21𝑥 6
𝑑𝑥
21
Then = 𝑥 7 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶
7
𝑦 = 3𝑥 7 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.

𝑑𝑦
1h Let =0
𝑑𝑥
Then 𝑦 = 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
𝑑𝑦
2a Let = 𝑥2 + 𝑥4
𝑑𝑥
1 1
Then = 3 𝑥 3 + 5 𝑥 5 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
𝑑𝑦
2b Let = 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 4
𝑑𝑥
Then = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 5 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
𝑑𝑦
2c Let = 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 7
𝑑𝑥
2 5
Then = 3 𝑥 3 + 8 𝑥 8 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
𝑑𝑦
2d Let = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
1 1
Then = 3 𝑥 3 − 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
𝑑𝑦
2e Let = 3 − 4𝑥 + 16𝑥 7
𝑑𝑥
Then = 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 8 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
𝑑𝑦
2f Let = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 4
𝑑𝑥
Then = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 5 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
𝑑𝑦
3a Let = 𝑥(𝑥 − 3) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 3
Then = 3 𝑥 3 − 2 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.

𝑑𝑦
3b Let = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑥
1 1
Then = 3 𝑥 3 − 2 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
𝑑𝑦
3c Let = (3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 4) = 3𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑥
11
Then = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
2
𝑑𝑦
3d Let = 𝑥 2 (5𝑥 3 − 4𝑥) = 5𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥
5
Then = 6 𝑥 6 − 𝑥 4 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
𝑑𝑦
3e Let = 2𝑥 3 (4𝑥 4 + 1) = 8𝑥 7 + 2𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥
1
Then = 𝑥 8 + 2 𝑥 4 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
𝑑𝑦
3f Let = (𝑥 − 3)(1 + 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 − 3 − 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
1 1
Then 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2 + 4 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶.
4a i 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 + 3
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
If 𝑦 = 3 when 𝑥 = 0, then 3 = 02 + 3 × 0 + 𝐶.
Hence, 𝐶 = 3
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 3
4a ii 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 + 3
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
If 𝑦 = 8 when 𝑥 = 1, then 8 = 12 + 3 × 1 + 𝐶.
Hence, 𝐶 = 4
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4

4b i 𝑦 ′ = 9𝑥 2 + 4
𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
If 𝑦 = 1 when 𝑥 = 0, then 1 = 3 × 03 + 4 × 0 + 𝐶.
Hence, 𝐶 = 1
Therefore, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 + 1
4b ii 𝑦 ′ = 9𝑥 2 + 4
𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
If 𝑦 = 5 when 𝑥 = 1, then 5 = 3 × 13 + 4 × 1 + 𝐶.
Hence, 𝐶 = −2
Therefore, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 − 2
4c i 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
If 𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0, then 0 = 03 − 2 × 02 + 7 × 0 + 𝐶 .
Hence, 𝐶 = 0
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥
4c ii 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
If 𝑦 = −1 when 𝑥 = 1, then −1 = 13 − 2 × 12 + 7 × 1 + 𝐶 .
Hence, 𝐶 = −7
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 7

𝑑𝑦 1
5a Let = 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −1
Then 𝑦 = + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶
−1
= −𝑥 −1 + 𝐶
1
=− +𝐶
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
5b Let = = 𝑥 −3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥3
𝑥 −2
Then = + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶
−2
1
=− +𝐶
2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 2
5c Let = − 𝑥 3 = −2𝑥 −3
𝑑𝑥
−2𝑥 −2
Then = + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶
−2
= 𝑥 −2 + 𝐶
1
= +𝐶
𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 3
5d Let = − 𝑥 4 = −3𝑥 −4
𝑑𝑥
−3𝑥 −3
−3
= 𝑥 −3 + 𝐶
1
= +𝐶
𝑥3
𝑑𝑦 1 1
5e Let = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 = 𝑥 −2 − 𝑥 −3
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −1 𝑥 −2
Then 𝑦 = − + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶
−1 −2
1 1
=− + 2+𝐶
𝑥 2𝑥

1
𝑑𝑦
6a Let = √𝑥 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥2
Then 𝑦 = 3 + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶
2
2 3
= 𝑥2 + 𝐶
3
1
𝑑𝑦 1
6b Let = = 𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥
1
𝑥2
2
= 2 √𝑥 + 𝐶
1
𝑑𝑦 3
6c Let = √𝑥 = 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥
4
𝑥3
3
3 4
= 𝑥3 + 𝐶
4
1
𝑑𝑦 3
6d Let = √𝑥 = 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥
4
𝑥3
3
3 4
= 𝑥3 + 𝐶
4
3
𝑑𝑦 5
6e Let = √𝑥 3 = 𝑥 5
𝑑𝑥
8
𝑥5
5
5 8
= 𝑥5 + 𝐶
8

1
𝑑𝑦
7a = √𝑥 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
3
2
Then 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 2 + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶.
3
2
If 𝑦 = 1 when 𝑥 = 0, then 1 = 3 × 02 + 𝐶
Hence, 𝐶 = 1
3
2
Therefore, 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 2 + 1
1
𝑑𝑦
7b Let = √𝑥 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
3
2
Then = 3 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 , for some constant 𝐶.
3
2
If 𝑦 = 2 when 𝑥 = 9, then 2 = 3 × 92 + 𝐶
Hence, 𝐶 = −16
3
3
Therefore, 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2 − 16
𝑑𝑦
8a = −4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 + 𝑐, for some constant 𝑐

Some of the family of curves of 𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 + 𝑐 are shown below.
For example, when 𝑐 = 0, 𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 .
If 𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 + 𝑐 passes through 𝐴(1, 2) then 2 = −2 × 12 + 𝑐 so 𝑐 = 4

and 𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 + 4.

𝑑𝑦
8b =3
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑐, for some constant 𝑐.

Some of the family of curves of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑐 are shown below.
For example, when 𝑐 = −1, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 1.
If 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑐 passes through 𝐴(1, 2) then 2 = 3 × 1 + 𝑐 so 𝑐 = −1 and

𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 1.
𝑑𝑦
8c = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑐, for some constant 𝑐

Some of the family of curves of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑐 are shown below.
For example, when 𝑐 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 .
If 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑐 passes through 𝐴(1, 2) then 2 = 13 + 𝑐 so 𝑐 = 1 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 1.

𝑑𝑦 1
8d = − 𝑥 2 = −𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 −1 + 𝑐 or 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑐, for some constant 𝑐
1
Some of the family of curves of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑐 are shown below.
1
For example, when 𝑐 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑥.
1 1 1
If 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑐 passes through 𝐴(1, 2) then 2 = 1 + 𝑐 so 𝑐 = 1 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1.
𝑑𝑦
9a Let = (𝑥 + 1)3
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥+1)4
4
1
= (𝑥 + 1)4 + 𝐶
4
𝑑𝑦
9b Let = (𝑥 − 2)5
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−2)6
6
1
= (𝑥 − 2)6 + 𝐶
6
𝑑𝑦
9c Let = (𝑥 + 5)2
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥+5)3
3
1
= (𝑥 + 5)3 + 𝐶
3

𝑑𝑦
9d Let = (2𝑥 + 3)4
𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥+3)5
2×5
1
= (2𝑥 + 3)5 + 𝐶
10
𝑑𝑦
9e Let = (3𝑥 − 4)6
𝑑𝑥
(3𝑥−4)7
3×7
1
= (3𝑥 − 4)7 + 𝐶
21
𝑑𝑦
9f Let = (5𝑥 − 1)3
𝑑𝑥
(5𝑥−1)4
5×4
1
= (5𝑥 − 1)4 + 𝐶
20
𝑑𝑦
9g Let = (1 − 𝑥)3
𝑑𝑥
(1−𝑥)4
−1×4
1
= − (1 − 𝑥)4 + 𝐶
4
𝑑𝑦
9h Let = (1 − 7𝑥)3
𝑑𝑥
(1−7𝑥)4
−7×4
1
=− (1 − 𝑥)4 + 𝐶
28

𝑑𝑦 1
9i Let = (𝑥−2)4 = (𝑥 − 2)−4
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−2)−3
−3
1
= − (𝑥 − 2)−3 + 𝐶
3
1
=− +𝐶
3(𝑥 − 2)3
𝑑𝑦 1
9j Let = (1−𝑥)10 = (1 − 𝑥)−10
𝑑𝑥
(1−𝑥)−9
−1×−9
1
= (1 − 𝑥)−9 + 𝐶
9
1
= +𝐶
9(1 − 𝑥)9
1
10a Let 𝑦 ′ = √𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥 + 1)2
3
(𝑥+1)2
2
2 3
= (𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶
3
1
10b Let 𝑦 ′ = √𝑥 − 5 = (𝑥 − 5)2
3
(𝑥−5)2
2
2 3
= (𝑥 − 5)2 + 𝐶
3

1
10c Let 𝑦 ′ = √1 − 𝑥 = (1 − 𝑥)2
3
(1−𝑥)2
−1×
2
2 3
= − (1 − 𝑥)2 + 𝐶
3
1
10d Let 𝑦 ′ = √2𝑥 − 7 = (2𝑥 − 7)2
3
(2𝑥−7)2
2×
2
1 3
= (2𝑥 − 7)2 + 𝐶
3
1
10e Let 𝑦 ′ = √3𝑥 − 4 = (3𝑥 − 4)2
3
(3𝑥−4)2
3×
2
2 3
= (3𝑥 − 4)2 + 𝐶
9
11a 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 − 1)4
1
Then 𝑦 = 5 (𝑥 − 1)5 + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶.
If 𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 = 1,
1
0 = 5 (1 − 1)5 + 𝐶
𝐶=0
1
Therefore, 𝑦 = 5 (𝑥 − 1)5

11b 𝑦 ′ = (2𝑥 + 1)3

1
Then 𝑦 = 8 (2𝑥 + 1)4 + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶.
If 𝑦 = −1 when 𝑥 = 0,
1
−1 = 8 (2 × 0 + 1)4 + 𝐶
9
𝐶=−
8
1 9
Therefore, 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 1)4 −
8 8
1
11c 𝑦 ′ = √2𝑥 + 1 = (2𝑥 + 1)2
3
1
Then 𝑦 = 3 (2𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶.
1
If 𝑦 = 3 when 𝑥 = 0,
3
1 1
= 3 (2 × 0 + 1)2 + 𝐶
3
𝐶=0
3
1
Therefore, 𝑦 = 3 (2𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑦
12a = 3𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 1
𝑑𝑡
3𝑥 5 𝑥4
𝑦= − + 𝑥 + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶
5 4
If the curve passes through the origin,

3×05 04
0= − +0+𝐶
5 4
𝐶=0
3 1
Therefore, 𝑦 = 5 𝑥 5 − 4 𝑥 4 + 𝑥

𝑑𝑦
12b = 2 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑡
𝑥4
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 3 − + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶
4
If the curve passes through the point (2, 6),

24
6 = 2 × 2 + 23 − +𝐶
4
6= 8+𝐶
𝐶 = −2
1
Therefore, 𝑦 = − 4 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 2
12c 𝑦′ = (2 − 5𝑥)3
(2−5𝑥)4
𝑦= + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶
−5×4
1
= − 20 (2 − 5𝑥)4 + 𝐶
1
If the curve passes through the point (5 , 1),
1 1 4
1 = − 20 (2 − 5 × 5) + 𝐶
1
1 = − 20 + 𝐶
21
𝐶=
20
1 21
Therefore, 𝑦 = − 20 (2 − 5𝑥)4 + 20
𝑑𝑦
13 = 8𝑡 3 − 6𝑡 2 + 5
𝑑𝑡
𝑦 = 2𝑡 4 − 2𝑡 3 + 5𝑡 + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶

If 𝑦 = 4 when 𝑡 = 0,
4 = 2 × 04 − 2 × 03 + 5 × 0 + 𝐶
𝐶=4
Therefore, 𝑦 = 2𝑡 4 − 2𝑡 3 + 5𝑡 + 4
When 𝑡 = 2, 𝑦 = 2 × 24 − 2 × 23 + 5 × 2 + 4 = 30

14 This rule can’t be used when n  1 because when n  1 , the rule gives the
x0
primitive of x 1 as , which is undefined.
0
15 y  6 x  4 and when x  1, y  2 and y  4
y  3 x 2  4 x  C , for some constant C
When x  1, y  2 , so we obtain:
2= 3+4+𝐶
𝐶 = −5
Hence y  3 x 2  4 x  5 .
y  x 3  2 x 2  5 x  D , for some constant D
When x  1, y  4 , so we obtain:
4= 1+2−5+𝐷
𝐷=6
Hence y  x3  2 x 2  5 x  6 .
16a f   x   2 x  10 , where f   3  20 and f  3  34
f   x   x 2  10 x  C , for some constant C
f   3  20 and so we obtain:
20 = 9 − 30 + 𝐶
𝐶 = 41
So f   x   x 2  10 x  41 .
16b f   x   x 2  10 x  41 and f  3  34
1
f  x   x3  5 x 2  41x  D , for some constant D
3
f  3  34 and so we obtain:

−34 = 9 − 45 + 123 + 𝐷
𝐷 = −121
1
So f  x   x3  5 x 2  41x  121 .
3
f  0   121 and so the graph cuts the y - axis at  0, 121
17 y  8  6 x and the curve passes through the points 1, 6  and  1,8 .
y  8 x  3 x 2  C , for some constant C
y  4 x 2  x 3  Cx  D , for some constant D
1, 6  lies on the curve and so when x  1, y  6
6 =4−1+𝐶+𝐷
CD3 (1)
 1,8 lies on the curve and so when x  1, y  8
8 =4+1−𝐶+𝐷
C  D  3 (2)
(1)  (2) gives 2D  6 and so D  3
Substituting D  3 into (2) we obtain C  0 .
So y   x3  4 x 2  3 .
1 1
18 ∫ − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ −𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 −1 + 𝑐 = 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑓(𝑥)
1
If 𝑓(1) = 2 then 1 + 𝑐 = 2 and 𝑐 = 1 when 𝑥 > 0

1
If 𝑓(−1) = 2 then −1 + 𝑐 = 2 and 𝑐 = 3 when 𝑥 < 0
19a 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 then

𝑃′ (𝑥) = 𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1
𝑃′′ (𝑥) = (𝑛 − 1)𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−2 + (𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 1)𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−3 + ⋯ + 2𝑎2
The nth degree of the derivative has the term:
(𝑛 − (𝑛 − 1)) … (𝑛 − 1)𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−𝑛
Hence, the 𝑛𝑡ℎ degree of the derivative is a constant which is not zero (does not
vanish). Therefore, if we find the (𝑛 + 1)𝑡ℎ derivative of 𝑃(𝑥), it will be equal to
zero (the polynomial vanishes).
19b 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑘 𝑥 𝑘 + 𝑎𝑘−1 𝑥 𝑘−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0

If we find the 𝑘 𝑡ℎ derivative we will see that it is a constant and if we continue
finding the (𝑘 + 1)𝑡ℎ derivative, we will observe that it is equal to zero like in
19a. Therefore, for any given polynomial, if (𝑛 + 1)𝑡ℎ term vanishes but not the
𝑛𝑡ℎ derivative, then we can say that the degree of the polynomial is 𝑛.


1 In the diagram, assume that 𝐵, 𝐷 and 𝐺 are stationary points, 𝐶 and 𝐹 are
inflection points and 𝐸 is both a stationary point and an inflection point.
1a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 at points 𝐶 and 𝐻 because the slope of the tangent line is positive at
these points (the function 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing at these points).
1b 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 at points 𝐴 and 𝐹 because the slope of the tangent line is negative at
these points (the function 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing at these points).
1c 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 at points 𝐵, 𝐷, 𝐸 and 𝐺 because the slope of the tangent line is zero at
these points.
1d 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0 at points 𝐵 and 𝐺 because the curve is concave up.
1e 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0 at point 𝐷 because the curve is concave down.
1f 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0 at points 𝐶, 𝐸 and 𝐹.
2a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1
2b i 𝑓 ′ (0) = 3 × 02 − 2 × 0 − 1 = −1. Since 𝑓 ′ (0) < 0 when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(𝑥) is

decreasing at 𝑥 = 0.
2b ii 𝑓 ′ (1) = 3 × 12 − 2 × 1 − 1 = 0. Since 𝑓 ′ (0) = 0 when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(𝑥) is stationary at

𝑥 = 1.
2b iii 𝑓 ′ (−1) = 3 × (−1)2 − 2 × (−1) − 1 = 4. Since 𝑓 ′ (−1) > 0 when 𝑥 = −1,

𝑓(𝑥) is increasing at 𝑥 = −1.

2b iv 𝑓 ′ (3) = 3 × 32 − 2 × 3 − 1 = 20. Since 𝑓 ′ (3) > 0 when 𝑥 = 3, 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing

at 𝑥 = 3.
3a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4
3b i 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 when 2𝑥 − 4 > 0 or 𝑥 > 2. Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing when 𝑥 > 2.
3b ii 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 when 2𝑥 − 4 < 0 or 𝑥 < 2. Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing when 𝑥 < 2.
3b iii 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 when 2𝑥 − 4 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2. Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is stationary when 𝑥 = 2.
4a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (1) = 3 × 12 = 3
Since 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing at 𝑥 = 1.
4b 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1
𝑓 ′ (1) = 2 × 1 − 1 = 1
Since 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing at 𝑥 = 1.
4c 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 5(𝑥 − 1)4
𝑓 ′ (1) = 5(1 − 1)4 = 0
Since 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(𝑥) is stationary at 𝑥 = 1.

𝑥+1
4d 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3
Using the quotient rule:

(𝑥 − 3)(1) − (𝑥 + 1)(1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
(𝑥 − 3)2
𝑥−3−𝑥−1
=
(𝑥 − 3)2
−4
=
(𝑥 − 3)2
−4
𝑓 ′ (1) = (1−3)2 = −1
Since 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing at 𝑥 = 1.
5a 𝑦 = 𝑥7
𝑦 ′ = 7𝑥 6
𝑦 ′′ = 42𝑥 5
5b 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 − 8
5c 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)5
𝑦 ′ = 5(𝑥 − 2)4
𝑦 ′′ = 20(𝑥 − 2)3
1
5d 𝑦 = 𝑥 = 𝑥 −1
1
𝑦 ′ = −𝑥 −2 = − 𝑥 2
2
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑥 −3 = 𝑥 3

6a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 4
𝑓 ′′ (1) = 6 × 1 − 4 = 2
Since 𝑓 ′′ (1) > 0, the curve is concave up at 𝑥 = 1.
6b 𝑓(𝑥) = 6 − 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −12𝑥 − 12𝑥 2
𝑓 ′′ (1) = −12 × 1 − 12 × 12 = −24
Since 𝑓 ′′ (1) < 0, the curve is concave down at 𝑥 = 1.
7a 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 6
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 − 6
1
7b i 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0 when 12𝑥 − 6 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 0 1 1
2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) − 0 +
1 1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0 when 𝑥 > 2. Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is concave up when 𝑥 > 2.
1 1
7b ii 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0 when 𝑥 < 2. Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is concave down when 𝑥 < 2.
8a 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 11
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9 = 3(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 − 12 = 6(𝑥 − 2)

𝑦 ′ = 0 when 𝑥 = 1 and 3
𝑦 ′′ = 0 when 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦′ + 0 − 0 +
𝑦 ′′ − − 0 + +
From the table, 𝑦 is increasing when 𝑥 < 1 and 𝑥 > 3.
8b From the table, 𝑦 is decreasing when 1 < 𝑥 < 3.
8c From the table, 𝑦 is concave up when 𝑥 > 2.
8d From the table, 𝑦 is concave down when 𝑥 < 2
9a 𝑓(𝑥) is constant for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Therefore, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ and the graph of 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) is:
9b 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing at a constant rate for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Therefore, the graph of 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) should look like this:

9c 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing when 𝑥 < 2 and increasing when 𝑥 > 2

Therefore, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 when 𝑥 < 2 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 when 𝑥 > 2.
Hence, the graph of 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) should look like this:
9d 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing when 𝑥 < −3 , decreasing when −3 < 𝑥 < 1 and increasing
when 𝑥 > 1. Therefore, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 when 𝑥 < −3 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 when −3 < 𝑥 < 1
and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 when 𝑥 > 1.
Hence, the graph of 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) should look like this:
10a 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 11
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 = (𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 − 1)
1
(𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 − 1) = 0 when 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 =
3
1
Therefore, there are stationary points at 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 3.
1 49
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 3 and when = 3 , 𝑦 = 27 .
1 49 1 49
So the stationary points are (−1, 3) and (3 , ); that is, 𝑃(−1, 3) and 𝑄 (3 , ).
27 27

10b 𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 + 2 = 2(3𝑥 + 1)
𝑦 ′′ > 0 when 2(3𝑥 + 1) > 0
3𝑥 + 1 > 0
1
𝑥 > −3
1
𝑦 is concave up when 𝑥 > − 3
10c When the functions 𝑦1 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 and 𝑦2 = 𝑘 are graphed on the same

49
coordinate plane, they have three intersection points when < 𝑘 < 3.
27
49
Therefore, 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 = 𝑘 has three distinct solutions when 27 < 𝑘 < 3.
11a 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 7
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 1) and 𝑦 = 0 for 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 7
Hence, (−1, 0) and (7, 0) are 𝑥-intercepts.
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −7 so (0, −7) is the 𝑦-intercept.
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 − 6 and 𝑦 ′ = 0 when 2𝑥 − 6 = 0 or 𝑥 = 3.
Hence, there is a stationary point at 𝑥 = 3.
𝑥 0 3 4
𝑦′ \ 0 /
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 32 − 6 × 3 − 7 = −16.
𝑦 ′′ = 2. Hence, 𝑦 ′′ > 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 7 does not have an inflection point.

11b 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 8
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 8 so (0, 8) is the 𝑦-intercept.
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 and 𝑦 ′ = 0 when 3𝑥(𝑥 − 4) = 0 or when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 4.
Hence, there is a stationary point at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 4.
𝑥 −1 0 1 4 5
𝑦′ / 0 \ 0 /
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 03 − 6 × 02 + 8 = 8.
Therefore, (0, 8) is a maximum turning point.
When 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 43 − 6 × 42 + 8 = −24.
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 − 12 and 𝑦 ′′ = 0 when 6𝑥 − 12 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2.
Hence there is an inflection point at 𝑥 = 2.
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 23 − 6 × 22 + 8 = −8.
Therefore, (2, −8) is an inflection point.

11c 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 1
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 so (0, 1) is the 𝑦-intercept.
𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 12 and 𝑦 ′ = 0 when 6(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) = 0 or when 𝑥 = −1 or
𝑥 = 2.
Hence, there is a stationary point at 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 2.
𝑥 −2 −1 0 2 3
𝑦′ / 0 \ 0 /
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 2 × (−1)3 − 3 × (−1)2 − 12 × (−1) + 1 = 8.

When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2 × 23 − 3 × 22 − 12 × 2 + 1 = −19.
1
𝑦 ′′ = 12𝑥 − 6 and 𝑦 ′′ = 0 when 12𝑥 − 6 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2.
1
Hence there is an inflection point at 𝑥 = 2.
1 1 3 1 2 1 1
When 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 2 × (2) − 3 × (2) − 12 × (2) + 1 = −5 2.
1 1
Therefore, (2 , −5 2) is an inflection point.
12a 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 11
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 9 = 3(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)
3(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0 when 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 3. Therefore, there are stationary
points at 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 3.

When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 16 and when 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −16.

Thus, the stationary points are (−1, 16) and (3, −16).
𝑥 −1 3
𝑦′ + 0 − 0 +
Therefore, (−1, 16) is a maximum turning point and (3, −16) is a minimum
turning point.
The 𝑦-intercept is (0, 11).
12b Looking at the boundary points:

When 𝑥 = 6, 𝑦 = 65 so 65 is the global maximum.
When 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 9, which is larger than 𝑓(3) = −16 so −16 is the global
minimum.
13a 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑥 + 9
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 − 𝑎
𝑎
𝑦 ′ = 0 when 2𝑥 − 𝑎 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2
𝑎
If the tangent to 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑥 + 9 is horizontal at 𝑥 = −1, then 𝑥 = = −1.
2
Therefore, 𝑎 = −2.

13b 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 3
Since the point (−1, 0) is on the graph of 𝑦,
𝑎 × (−1)2 + 𝑏 × (−1) + 3 = 0
𝑎−𝑏+3=0
𝑎 =𝑏−3 (1)
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑏
𝑦 ′ = 0 when 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0 or 𝑥 = − .
2𝑎
𝑏
Hence, there is a stationary point at 𝑥 = − 2𝑎.
𝑏
If (−1, 0) is a turning point, then −1 = − 2𝑎.
2𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0 (2)
Substituting (1) into (2) gives:
2(𝑏 − 3) − 𝑏 = 0
2𝑏 − 6 − 𝑏 = 0
𝑏=6
and 𝑎 = 6 − 3 = 3
Therefore, 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑏 = 6.
14a 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 7
𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2
𝑦 ′′ = 12𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 = 12𝑥(𝑥 − 2)
12𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2
Therefore, 𝑦 has inflection points at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2.
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −9, so (2, −9) is a point of inflection.
14b When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 ′ = 4 × 23 − 12 × 22 = 32 − 48 = −16.

Therefore, the slope at (2, −9) is −16.

14c Using 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) when 𝑚 = −16 and (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (2, −9) gives:
𝑦 − (−9) = −16(𝑥 − 2)
𝑦 + 9 = −16𝑥 + 32
16𝑥 + 𝑦 − 23 = 0
Therefore, 16𝑥 + 𝑦 − 23 = 0 is the equation of the tangent at (2, −9).
15a 𝑆 = 175 + 18𝑡 2 − 𝑡 4 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 5

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑆 = 175 + 18 × 02 − 04 = 175
Therefore, the initial number of students that are logged on is 175.
15b When 𝑡 = 5, 𝑆 = 175 + 18 × 52 − 54 = 0

Therefore, the number of students that are logged on at the end of the five hours
is 0.
15c 𝑆 ′ = 36𝑡 − 4𝑡 3
= 4𝑡(9 − 𝑡 2 )
= 4𝑡(3 − 𝑡)(3 + 𝑡)
𝑆 ′ = 0 when 4𝑡(3 − 𝑡)(3 + 𝑡) = 0 or when 𝑡 = −3 or 𝑡 = 3.
𝑡 0 3 4
𝑆′ / 0 \
(The values for 𝑡 < 0 are not included in the table as they are not in the domain
of 𝑆.)
There is a local maximum at 𝑡 = 3.
When 𝑡 = 3, 𝑆 = 175 + 18 × 32 − 34 = 256
Therefore, the maximum number of students logged onto the website is 256.

16a Volume = length × width × height

where length is (16 − 2𝑥) cm, width is (6 − 2𝑥) cm and height is 𝑥 cm.
𝑉 = (16 − 2𝑥) × (6 − 2𝑥) × 𝑥
= 𝑥(4𝑥 2 − 44𝑥 + 96)
= 4𝑥 3 − 44𝑥 2 + 96𝑥
𝑑𝑉
16b = 12𝑥 2 − 88𝑥 + 96
𝑑𝑥
= 4(3𝑥 2 − 22𝑥 + 24)

= 4(3𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 6)
4
4(3𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 6) = 0 when 𝑥 = 3 or 𝑥 = 6
𝑥 4 6
3
𝑉′ + 0 − 0 +
4
Thus, there is a local maximum at 𝑥 = 3.
4 4 3 4 2 4 1600
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑉 = 4 × (3) − 44 × (3) + 96 × (3) = 27
1600
Therefore, the maximum volume is cm3.
27
17a
𝑦 80−𝑥 60 3
= then 𝑦 = 80 (80 − 𝑥) = 4 (80 − 𝑥)
60 80

3 3
17b 𝐴 = 𝑥 × 𝑦 = 𝑥 × 4 (80 − 𝑥) = 4 (80𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝐴 3
= 4 (80 − 2𝑥) = 0 when 𝑥 = 40. Therefore, the area of the rectangle is the
𝑑𝑥
3
maximum when 𝑥 = 40 cm and 𝑦 = 4 (80 − 𝑥) = 30 cm.
1
18a 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ and 𝑟 + ℎ = 12
Then the height is ℎ = 12 − 𝑟 and the volume is:

1
𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 (12 − 𝑟 )
1
𝑉 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 − 3 𝜋𝑟 3
1
18b 𝑉 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 − 3 𝜋𝑟 3
𝑉 ′ = 8𝜋𝑟 − 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑉 ′ = 0 when 8𝜋𝑟 − 𝜋𝑟 2 = 0 or 𝜋𝑟(8 − 𝑟) = 0
Hence, 𝑉 ′ = 0 when 𝑟 = 0 or 𝑟 = 8.
𝑥 0 1 8 9
𝑦′ 0 / 0 \
(The values of 𝑟 < 0 are not included in the table as 𝑟 cannot be negative)
There is a local maximum at 𝑟 = 8.
Therefore, the radius that yields the maximum volume is 8 m.
𝑑𝑦
19a Let 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 7
𝑥8
𝑦= + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶
8
𝑑𝑦
19b Let 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑥2
𝑦=2× + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶
2
= 𝑥2 + 𝐶

𝑑𝑦
19c Let 𝑑𝑥 = 4
𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
19d Let 𝑑𝑥 = 10𝑥 4
𝑥5
𝑦 = 10 × + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶
5
= 2𝑥 5 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
19e Let 𝑑𝑥 = 8𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
𝑦=8× +3× −4× + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶
2 3 4
= 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
20a Let 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥2
𝑦=3× −6× + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶
3 2
= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
20b = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5
𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥2
𝑦= −4× − 5𝑥 + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶
3 2
𝑥3
= − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝐶
3
𝑑𝑦
20c = (2𝑥 − 3)2 = 4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9
𝑑𝑥
4
𝑦 = 3 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
21a = (𝑥 + 1)5
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦 = 6 (𝑥 + 1)6 + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶

𝑑𝑦
21b = (𝑥 − 4)7
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦 = 8 (𝑥 − 4)8 + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
21c = (2𝑥 − 1)3
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦 = 2×4 (2𝑥 − 1)4 + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶
1
= (2𝑥 − 1)4 + 𝐶
8
𝑑𝑦 1
22a = 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = −𝑥 −1 + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶

1
= −𝑥 + 𝐶
1
𝑑𝑦
22b = √𝑥 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
3
2
𝑦 = 3 𝑥 2 + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶
23 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 then 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝐶

If (2, 5) is on the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) then:
𝑓(2) = 23 − 2 × 22 + 2 + 𝐶 = 5
8−8+2+𝐶 = 5
𝐶=3
So 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 3.
24 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 3
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝐶, for some constant 𝐶.
If 𝑓(2) = 7, 𝑓(2) = 2 × 22 − 3 × 2 + 𝐶 = 7
8−6+𝐶 =7
𝐶=5
Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5

and 𝑓(4) = 2 × 42 − 3 × 4 + 5 = 25
1
25 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −𝑥−2
1 1
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 −(−𝑥)−2 = 𝑥 2 +𝑥−2
−1 1
−𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −𝑥−2 = −𝑥 2 +𝑥+2
Since 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(−𝑥), 𝑓(𝑥) is not an even function.

Since 𝑓(−𝑥) ≠ −𝑓(𝑥), 𝑓(𝑥) is not an odd function.
Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is neither an even nor an odd function.
0×(𝑥 2 −𝑥−2)−1×(2𝑥−1) 2𝑥−1 1−2𝑥

25b 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 2 −𝑥−2)2
= − (𝑥 2 −𝑥−2)2 = (𝑥 2 −𝑥−2)2
1−2𝑥 1
25c 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 when (𝑥 2 −𝑥−2)2 = 0 , 1 − 2𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2
1 1 4
𝑓 (2) = 1 2 1
= −9
( ) −( )−2
2 2
1 4
Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) has a stationary point at (2 , − 9)
6(𝑥 2 −𝑥+1)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 2 −𝑥−2)3
and the sign table of 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) is:
𝑥 −2 1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) + undefined − undefined +
1 4
Therefore, (2 , − 9) is a maximum turning point.
25d 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) = 0 then 𝑓(𝑥) has vertical asymptotes at

𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = −1.
1
25e lim = 0. Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) has a vertical asymptote at 𝑦 = 0.
𝑥→±∞ 𝑥 2 −𝑥−2

25f
𝑥 2 −1
26a 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 −4 = 0 when 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 , 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 1. Therefore, 𝑦 cuts the 𝑥-axis at
(−1, 0) and (1, 0).

(0)2 −1 1 1
𝑦 = (0)2 −4 = 4 when 𝑥 = 0. Therefore, 𝑦 cuts the 𝑦-axis at (0, 4)
26b 𝑥 2 − 4 = 0 when 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 2.
Hence, 𝑦 is undefined when 𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 2. Therefore, the graph of 𝑦 has
vertical asymptotes at 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 2.
𝑥 2 −1 (2𝑥)(𝑥 2 −4)−(𝑥 2 −1)(2𝑥) 6𝑥

26c 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 −4 then 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 2 −4)2
= − (𝑥 2 −4)2
6𝑥
26d 𝑦 ′ = − (𝑥 2 −4)2 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0. Therefore there is a stationary point at 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥 0
𝑦 ′′ + 0 −
(0)2 −1 1 1
𝑦 = (0)2 −4 = 4 when 𝑥 = 0. Therefore, the stationary point (0, 4) is a maximum
turning point.

(−𝑥)2 −1 𝑥 2 −1
26e 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 −4 = 𝑥 2 −4 . Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function.
𝑥 2 −1
26f lim = 1. Therefore, 𝑦 has a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 1.
𝑥→±∞ 𝑥 2 −4
27a 𝑆 = 3𝑥 × 4 + 𝑥 × 4 + ℎ × 4 = 16𝑥 + 4ℎ
4374 1458
27b 𝑉 = 𝐵 × ℎ = 3𝑥 × 𝑥 × ℎ = 3𝑥 2 ℎ. Hence, 4374 = 3𝑥 2 ℎ and ℎ = =
3𝑥 2 𝑥2
1458 5832
Therefore, 𝑆 = 16𝑥 + 4ℎ = 16𝑥 + 4 × = 16𝑥 +
𝑥2 𝑥2
11664 (16𝑥 3 −11664)

27c 𝑆 ′ = 16 − = = 0 when 𝑥 3 = 729 or 𝑥 = 9.
𝑥3 𝑥3
𝑥 0 9
𝑆′ + undefined − 0 +
Hence there is a minimum turning point at 𝑥 = 9 and

5832
The minimum amount is 𝑆 = 16 × 9 + = 216 m and the dimensions are
92
Width: 9 m
Length: 27 m
Height: 216 = 16 × 9 + 4ℎ (When S is minimum) then, ℎ = 18 m

𝑟−𝑅 𝐻 ℎ(𝑟−𝑅)
28a Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶~Δ𝐴𝐷𝐸. Therefore, = and 𝐻 =
𝑟 ℎ 𝑟
ℎ(𝑟−𝑅) 𝜋𝑅 2 ×ℎ(𝑟−𝑅)
28b 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑅 2 × 𝐻 = 𝜋𝑅 2 × =
𝑟 𝑟
28c
𝜋𝑅 2 × ℎ(𝑟 − 𝑅)
𝑑𝑉 𝑑( )
𝑟
=
𝑑𝑅 𝑑𝑅
1
𝑑 (𝜋ℎ𝑅 2 − 𝜋ℎ𝑅 3 )
= 𝑟
𝑑𝑅
3𝜋 2
= 2𝜋ℎ𝑅 − ℎ𝑅
𝑟
3𝑅
= 𝜋𝑅ℎ (2 − )
𝑟
𝑑𝑉 3𝑅 2
= 0 , when 𝑅 = 0, 2 − = 0 or 𝑅 = 3 𝑟
𝑑𝑅 𝑟
2
Therefore, when 𝑅 = 3 𝑟, the maximum volume is:
2 2 2
𝜋 (3 𝑟) × ℎ (𝑟 − 3 𝑟)
𝑉=
𝑟
4𝑟 2 𝑟
𝜋ℎ 9 × (3)
=
𝑟
4
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
27

29a 𝑃 = 12 = 2𝑎 + 𝑏 (where 𝑏 is the base and 𝑎 is the length of the equal sides)
𝑏 2
𝑏 = 12 − 2𝑎 and ℎ2 = 𝑎2 − (2) .
4𝑎2 −𝑏2 4𝑎2 −(12−2𝑎)2 4𝑎2 −(144−48𝑎+4𝑎2 )

Then, ℎ = √ =√ =√
4 4 4
48𝑎−144
=√ = √12𝑎 − 36 = 2√3𝑎 − 9
4
1 1
Hence, 𝐴 = 2 × 𝑏 × ℎ = 2 × (12 − 2𝑎) × 2√3𝑎 − 9 = (12 − 2𝑎) × √3𝑎 − 9
Or 𝐴 = 2√3(6 − 𝑎)√𝑎 − 3
(𝑎−6)√3
𝐴′ = −2√3(𝑎 − 3) − and 𝐴′ = 0 when 𝑎 = 4.
√𝑎−3
Therefore, the maximum area is 𝐴 = 2√3(6 − (4))√(4) − 3 = 4√3 cm2
29b Assume that the figure below is an isosceles triangle

where 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑎 and 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑏, the perimeter (𝑃) of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 is 𝑃 = 2𝑎 + 𝑏 , and
the height is ℎ.
Then the area (𝐴) of the triangle is
base × height 1 𝑃−2𝑎 2

𝐴= = 2 (𝑃 − 2𝑎)√𝑎2 − ( ) and
2 2
𝑑𝐴 𝑃−2𝑎 2 1 𝑝 𝑃
= −1 × √𝑎2 − ( ) + 2 (𝑃 − 2𝑎) = 0 when 𝑎 =
𝑑𝑎 2 𝑃−2𝑎 2 3
2√𝑎2 −( )
2

𝑃
Since 𝑃 = 2𝑎 + 𝑏 and 𝑎 = 3 when the area of the triangle is maximised,
2𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
𝑏 = 𝑃 − 2𝑎 = 𝑃 − = and 𝑎 = 𝑏 =
3 3 3
Therefore, the triangle is an equilateral triangle.

Chapter 5 worked solutions – Integration
1
1a Area of triangle = 2 𝑏ℎ
For △ 𝑂𝐴𝐵,
𝑏 = 𝑂𝐴 = 1, ℎ = 𝐴𝐵 = 1
1 1
Area of △ 𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 2 × 1 × 1 = 2 square units
1b
1
As ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 is defined as the area of the region between the 𝑥-axis and the curve
between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1, (blue area), it is clear that the blue area is smaller than
the area of the triangle △ 𝑂𝐴𝐵, therefore:
1
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 < Area of △ 𝑂𝐴𝐵
0
1
1
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 <
0 2
1 1 2 1
2a Given that 𝐷 is on the curve when 𝑥 = 2 , 𝐶𝐷 = (2) = 4
1
Area of triangle = 2 𝑏ℎ
For △ 𝑂𝐶𝐷,
1 1
𝑏 = 𝑂𝐶 = , ℎ = 𝐶𝐷 =
2 4
1 1 1 1
Area of △ 𝑂𝐶𝐷 = 2 × 2 × 4 = 16 square units

2b Given that 𝐵 is on the curve when 𝑥 = 1, 𝐴𝐵 = 12 = 1

1
Area of trapezium = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ
For 𝐶𝐴𝐷𝐵,
1 1
𝑎 = 𝐶𝐷 = , 𝑏 = 𝐴𝐵 = 1, ℎ = 𝐴𝐶 =
4 2
1 1 1 5
Area of 𝐶𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 2 × (4 + 1) × 2 = 16 square units
2c
1
between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1, (blue area), it is clear that there are gaps (see yellow
region) between the total area of △ 𝑂𝐶𝐷 and trapezium CABD, therefore:
1
∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 < Area of △ 𝑂𝐶𝐷 + Area of 𝐶𝐴𝐵𝐷
1
1 5
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 < +
0 16 16
1
6
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 <
0 16
1
3
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 <
0 8

3a
1 2 1
𝑦-coordinate of 𝐴 = ( ) =
4 16
1 2 1
𝑦-coordinate of 𝐵 = ( ) =
2 4
3 2 9
𝑦-coordinate of 𝐶 = ( ) =
4 16
𝑦-coordinate of 𝐷 = 1
From the diagram, the sum of the area of the polygons must be greater than the
area between the curve and 𝑥-axis.
The area of polygons left to right:
Polygon Formula for area Area of polygon
1 1 1 1
Triangle × ×
2 4 16 128
1 1 1 1 5
Trapezium (left) ×( + )×
2 16 4 4 128
1 1 9 1 13
Trapezium (middle) ×( + )×
2 4 16 4 128
1 9 1 25
Trapezium (right) × ( + 1) ×
2 16 4 128
1
between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1, (blue area), it is clear that there are gaps between the
total area of the polygons (see yellow regions), therefore:

1
∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 < total area of polygons
1 1 5 13 25
∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 < 128 + 128 + 128 + 128
1 11
∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 < 32
1 11 3 11 3
3b Since ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 is less than both 32 and 8, and since 32 < 8, it follows that:
11 1 3 1
− ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 < − ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥.
32 8
11 1
This statement means the difference is less between 32 and ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 compared to
3 1
and ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 . This is evident by the difference in the areas above the curves
8
(yellow regions) in the respective graphs getting smaller.
2
4a The definite integral ∫0 3 𝑑𝑥 defines a rectangle between the curve and the
𝑥-axis, from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 2.
Area of a rectangle = 𝑏ℎ
𝑏 = 2−0= 2
ℎ = 3−0 =3
2
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = 2 × 3 = 6
0
3
4b The definite integral ∫0 4 𝑑𝑥 defines a rectangle between the curve and the
𝑏 = 3−0= 3
ℎ = 4−0 =4
3
∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 = 3 × 4 = 12
0

4
4c The definite integral ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 defines a triangle between the curve and the 𝑥-axis,
from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 4.
1
Area of a triangle = 2 𝑏ℎ
𝑏 = 4−0= 4
ℎ = 4−0 =4
4
1
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ×4×4=8
2
0
3
4d The definite integral ∫0 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 defines a triangle between the curve and the 𝑥-axis,
from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 3
1
𝑏 = 3−0= 3
ℎ = 6−0 =6
3
1
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ×3×6= 9
2
0
2
4e The definite integral ∫0 (2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 defines a triangle between the curve and the
1
𝑏 = 2−0= 2
ℎ = 2−0 =2
2
1
∫(2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ×2×2=2
2
0

5
4f The definite integral ∫0 (5 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 defines a triangle between the curve and the
1
𝑏 = 5−0= 5
ℎ = 5−0 =5
5
1 25
∫(5 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ×5×5=
2 2
0
2
4g The definite integral ∫0 (𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 defines a trapezium between the curve and the
1
Area of a trapezium = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ
𝑎 = 2−0 =2
𝑏 = 4−0= 4
ℎ = 2−0 =2
2
1
∫(𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = × (2 + 4) × 2 = 6
2
0
4
4h The definite integral ∫0 (𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 defines a trapezium between the curve and the
1
𝑎 = 3−0 =3
𝑏 = 7−0= 7
ℎ = 4−0 =4
4
1
∫(𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 = × (3 + 7) × 4 = 20
2
0

3
5a The definite integral ∫−1 2 𝑑𝑥 defines a rectangle between the curve and the
𝑥-axis, from 𝑥 = −1 to 𝑥 = 3.
𝑏 = 3 − (−1) = 4
ℎ = 2−0 =2
3
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 4 × 2 = 8
−1
2
5b The definite integral ∫−3 5 𝑑𝑥 defines a rectangle between the curve and the
𝑏 = 2 − (−3) = 5
ℎ = 5−0 =5
2
∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = 5 × 5 = 25
−3
1
5c The definite integral ∫−2(2𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥 defines a triangle between the curve and the
1
𝑏 = 1 − (−2) = 3
ℎ = 6−0 =6
1
1
∫(2𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥 = ×3×6= 9
2
−2
3
5d The definite integral ∫−1(3𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 defines a triangle between the curve and the
1
𝑏 = 3 − (−1) = 4

ℎ = 12 − 0 = 12
3
1
∫(3𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 = × 4 × 12 = 24
2
−1
5
5e The definite integral ∫−1(𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥 defines a trapezium between the curve and
the 𝑥-axis, from 𝑥 = −1 to 𝑥 = 5.
1
Area of a trapezium = (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ
2
𝑎 = 3−0 =3
𝑏 = 9−0= 9
ℎ = 5 − (−1) = 6
5
1
∫(𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥 = × (3 + 9) × 6 = 36
2
−1
2
5f The definite integral ∫−2(𝑥 + 6) 𝑑𝑥 defines a trapezium between the curve and
1
𝑎 = 4−0 =4
𝑏 = 8−0= 8
ℎ = 2 − (−2) = 4
2
1
∫(𝑥 + 6) 𝑑𝑥 = × (4 + 8) × 4 = 24
2
−2
3
5g The definite integral ∫−3|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥 defines two equal triangles between the curve and
the 𝑥-axis, from 𝑥 = −3 to 𝑥 = 3
1
𝑏 = 3−0= 3
ℎ = 3−0 =3

3
1
∫|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥 = 2 × × 3 × 3 = 9
2
−3
2
5h The definite integral ∫−2|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥 defines two equal triangles between the curve and
1
𝑏 = 2−0= 2
ℎ = 4−0 =4
2
1
∫|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥 = 2 × × 2 × 4 = 8
2
−2
6a Definite integral is the area of the region between the line 𝑦 = 5 and the 𝑥-axis,
The area under the graph is a rectangle with:
𝑏 = 3−0= 3
ℎ = 5−0 =5
3
∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏ℎ = 3 × 5 = 15
0
6b Definite integral is the area of the region between the line 𝑦 = 5 and the 𝑥-axis,
from 𝑥 = −3 to 𝑥 = 0.
𝑏 = 0 − (−3) = 3
ℎ = 5−0 =5
0
∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏ℎ = 3 × 5 = 15
−3

6c Definite integral is the area of the region between the line 𝑦 = 5 and the 𝑥-axis,
from 𝑥 = −1 to 𝑥 = 4.
𝑏 = 4 − (−1) = 5
ℎ = 5−0 =5
4
∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏ℎ = 5 × 5 = 25
−1
6d Definite integral is the area of the region between the line 𝑦 = 5 and the 𝑥-axis,
from 𝑥 = −2 to 𝑥 = 6.
𝑏 = 6 − (−2) = 8
ℎ = 5−0 =5
6
∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏ℎ = 8 × 5 = 40
−2
For Q6e-h, the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5 is shown below.

6e Definite integral is the area of the region between the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5 and the
The area under the graph is a triangle with:
𝑏 = 0 − (−5) = 5
ℎ = 5−0 =5
0
1 1 25
∫(𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏ℎ = × 5 × 5 = = 12.5
2 2 2
−5
6f Definite integral is the area of the region between the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5 and the
The area under the graph is a trapezium with:
𝑎 = (0 + 5) − 0 = 5
𝑏 = (2 + 5) − 0 = 7
ℎ = 2−0 =2
2
1 1
∫(𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ = × (5 + 7) × 2 = 12
2 2
0
6g Definite integral is the area of the region between the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5 and the
𝑎 = (2 + 5) − 0 = 7
𝑏 = (4 + 5) − 0 = 9
ℎ = 4−2 =2
4
1 1
∫(𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ = × (7 + 9) × 2 = 16
2 2
2

6h Definite integral is the area of the region between the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5 and the
𝑎 = (−1 + 5) − 0 = 4
𝑏 = (3 + 5) − 0 = 8
ℎ = 3 − (−1) = 4
3
1 1
∫(𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ = × (4 + 8) × 4 = 24
2 2
−1
For Q6i-l, the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4 is shown below.
6i Definite integral is the area of the region between the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4 and the
𝑏 = (8 − 4) = 4
ℎ = (8 − 4) − 0 = 4
8
1 1
∫(𝑥 − 4) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏ℎ = × 4 × 4 = 8
2 2
4

6j Definite integral is the area of the region between the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4 and the
𝑏 = (10 − 4) = 6
ℎ = (10 − 4) − 0 = 6
10
1 1
∫ (𝑥 − 4) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏ℎ = × 6 × 6 = 18
2 2
4
6k Definite integral is the area of the region between the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4 and the
𝑎 = (5 − 4) − 0 = 1
𝑏 = (7 − 4) − 0 = 3
ℎ = 7−5 =2
7
1 1
∫(𝑥 − 4) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ = × (1 + 3) × 2 = 4
2 2
5
6l Definite integral is the area of the region between the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4 and the
𝑎 = (6 − 4) − 0 = 2
𝑏 = (10 − 4) − 0 = 6
ℎ = 10 − 6 = 4
10
1 1
∫ (𝑥 − 4) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ = × (2 + 6) × 4 = 16
2 2
6

For Q6m, n, the graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥| is shown below.
6m Definite integral is the area of the region between the line 𝑦 = |𝑥| and the 𝑥-axis,
from 𝑥 = −2 to 𝑥 = 2.
The area under the graph is two equal triangles with:
𝑏 = 2−0= 2
ℎ = |2| − 0 = 2
2
1 1
∫ |𝑥| 𝑑𝑥 = 2 × 𝑏ℎ = 2 × × 2 × 2 = 4
2 2
−2
6n Definite integral is the area of the region between the line 𝑦 = |𝑥| and the 𝑥-axis,
from 𝑥 = −4 to 𝑥 = 4
The area under the graph is two equal triangles with:
𝑏 = 4−0= 4
ℎ = |4| − 0 = 4
4
1 1
∫ |𝑥| 𝑑𝑥 = 2 × 𝑏ℎ = 2 × × 4 × 4 = 16
2 2
−4

For Q6o, p, the graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥 − 5| is shown below.
6o Definite integral is the area of the region between the line 𝑦 = |𝑥| and the 𝑥-axis,
𝑏 = 5−0= 5
ℎ = |0 − 5| − 0 = 5
5
1 1 25
∫ |𝑥 − 5| 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏ℎ = × 5 × 5 = = 12.5
2 2 2
0
6p Definite integral is the area of the region between the line 𝑦 = |𝑥| and the 𝑥-axis,
from 𝑥 = 5 to 𝑥 = 10.
𝑏 = 10 − 5 = 5
ℎ = |10 − 5| − 0 = 5
10
1 1 25
∫ |𝑥 − 5| 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏ℎ = × 5 × 5 = = 12.5
2 2 2
5

7a Graph of 𝑦 = √16 − 𝑥 2
Definite integral is the area of the region between the curve 𝑦 = √16 − 𝑥 2 and
the 𝑥-axis from 𝑥 = −4 to 𝑥 = 4.
The area under the graph is the area of a semicircle with 𝑟 = 4.
4
1 2 1
∫ √16 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋(4)2 = 8𝜋
−4 2 2
7b Graph of 𝑦 = √25 − 𝑥 2
Definite integral is the area of the region between the curve 𝑦 = √25 − 𝑥 2 and
the 𝑥-axis from 𝑥 = −5 to 𝑥 = 0
The area under the graph is the area of a quadrant of a circle with 𝑟 = 5.

0
1 2 1 25𝜋
∫ √25 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋(5)2 =
−5 4 4 4
8a
From the relabelled diagram above, the lower rectangles are 𝐵𝐶𝐻𝐺, 𝐶𝐷𝐾𝐽 and
𝐷𝐸𝑁𝑀.
The area of rectangle can be determined from the formula 𝑏ℎ, where the breadth
1
of each rectangle is a constant step, 𝑏 = 4, and the heights, ℎ corresponds to the
𝑦-coordinate of a point located at the top of each rectangle.
1 2 1
𝑦-coordinate of 𝐺 = ( ) =
4 16
1 2 1
𝑦-coordinate of 𝐽 = ( ) =
2 4
3 2 9
𝑦-coordinate of 𝑀 = ( ) =
4 16
Therefore, the total area of the lower rectangles 𝐴lower is:
1 1 1 1 1 9
𝐴lower = × + × + ×
4 16 4 4 4 16

1 1 1 9
= ( + + )
4 16 4 16
1 7
= ( )
4 8
7
= square units
32
8b
From the relabelled diagram above, the upper rectangles are 𝐴𝐵𝐺𝐹, 𝐵𝐶𝐽𝐼, 𝐶𝐷𝑀𝐿
and 𝐷𝐸𝑃𝑂.
The area of rectangle can be determined from the formula 𝑏ℎ, where the breadth
1
of each rectangle is a constant step, 𝑏 = 4, and the heights, ℎ corresponds to the
𝑦-coordinate of a point located at the top of each rectangle.
1 2 1
𝑦-coordinate of 𝐺 = ( ) =
4 16
1 2 1
𝑦-coordinate of 𝐽 = ( ) =
2 4
3 2 9
𝑦-coordinate of 𝑀 = ( ) =
4 16
𝑦-coordinate of 𝑃 = (1)2 = 1

Therefore, the total area of the upper rectangles 𝐴upper is:

1 1 1 1 1 9 1
𝐴upper = × + × + × + ×1
4 16 4 4 4 16 4
1 1 1 9
= ( + + + 1)
4 16 4 16
1 15
= ( )
4 8
15
= square units
32
8c As the lower and upper rectangles “trap” the integral from above and below
between the 𝑥-coordinate values of 0 and 1, the total area of the lower rectangles
serve as a lower bound for the unknown true value of the integral, while the total
area of the upper rectangles serve as a upper bound. As the total area of the
7 15
lower rectangles and the upper rectangles are 32 and 32 respectively, we can
assert that:
1
7 15
< ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 <
32 0 32
9a 𝑦 = 2𝑥
The lower rectangle 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐸 has an area of 𝑏ℎ, where 𝑏 = 𝑂𝐴 = 1, ℎ = 𝑂𝐸 = 1.

Area of 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐸 = 𝑏ℎ = 1 × 1 = 1
The upper rectangle 𝑂𝐴𝐶𝐷 has an area of 𝑏ℎ, where 𝑏 = 𝑂𝐴 = 1, ℎ = 𝐴𝐶 = 2.
Area of 𝑂𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 𝑏ℎ = 1 × 2 = 2

Since the curve is located between the two rectangles, it follows that:
1
1 < ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 < 2
0
9b 𝑦 = 2𝑥
1
𝑂𝐴 = 𝐴𝐵 =
2
1
The lower rectangle 𝑂𝐴𝐼𝐻 has an area of 𝑏ℎ, where 𝑏 = 𝑂𝐴 = 2 , ℎ = 𝑂𝐻 = 1.
1
Area of 𝑂𝐴𝐼𝐻 = 𝑏ℎ = × 1 = 0.5
2
1 1 1
𝐹 is located at ( , 22 ) so 𝐴𝐹 = 22 = √2
2
1
The lower rectangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐹 has an area of 𝑏ℎ, where 𝑏 = 𝐴𝐵 = 2 , ℎ = 𝐴𝐹 = √2.
1
Area of 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐹 = 𝑏ℎ = × √2 ≑ 0.7
2
Total area of lower rectangles = area of 𝑂𝐴𝐼𝐻 + area of 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐹 ≑ 0.5 + 0.7 = 1.2
1
The upper rectangle 𝑂𝐴𝐹𝐺 has an area of 𝑏ℎ, where 𝑏 = 𝑂𝐴 = 2 , ℎ = 𝐴𝐹 = √2.
1
Area of 𝑂𝐴𝐹𝐺 = 𝑏ℎ = × √2 ≑ 0.7
2
1
The upper rectangle 𝐴𝐵𝐷𝐸 has an area of 𝑏ℎ, where 𝑏 = 𝐴𝐵 = 2 , ℎ = 𝐴𝐸 = 2.

1
Area of 𝐴𝐵𝐷𝐸 = 𝑏ℎ = ×2 =1
2
Total area of upper rectangles = area of 𝑂𝐴𝐹𝐺 + area of 𝐴𝐵𝐷𝐸 ≑ 0.7 + 1 = 1.7
1
1.2 < ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 < 1.7

0
9c 𝑦 = 2𝑥
1
𝑂𝐴 = 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷 =
4
1
The lower rectangle 𝑂𝐴𝑃𝑁 has an area of 𝑏ℎ, where 𝑏 = 𝑂𝐴 = 4 , ℎ = 𝑂𝑁 = 1.
1
Area of 𝑂𝐴𝑃𝑁 = 𝑏ℎ = × 1 = 0.25
4
1 1 1
𝐿 is located at ( , 24 ) so 𝐴𝐿 = 24
4
1
1
The lower rectangle 𝐴𝐵𝑄𝐿 has an area of 𝑏ℎ, where 𝑏 = 𝐴𝐵 = 4 , ℎ = 𝐴𝐿 = 24 .
1 1
Area of 𝐴𝐵𝑄𝐿 = 𝑏ℎ = × 24 ≑ 0.3
4
1 1 1
𝐽 is located at ( , 22 ) so 𝐵𝐽 = 22
2
1
1
The lower rectangle 𝐵𝐶𝑅𝐽 has an area of 𝑏ℎ, where 𝑏 = 4 , ℎ = 𝐵𝐽 = 22

1 1
Area of 𝐵𝐶𝑅𝐽 = 𝑏ℎ = × 22 ≑ 0.35
4
3 3 3
𝐻 is located at ( , 24 ) so 𝐶𝐻 = 24
4
3
1
The lower rectangle 𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐻 has an area of 𝑏ℎ, where 𝑏 = 4 , ℎ = 𝐶𝐻 = 24
1 3
Area of 𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐻 = 𝑏ℎ = × 24 ≑ 0.42
4
Total area of lower rectangles
= area of 𝑂𝐴𝑃𝑁 + area of 𝐴𝐵𝑄𝐿 + area of 𝐵𝐶𝑅𝐽 + area of 𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐻
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
= + × 24 + × 22 + × 24
4 4 4 4
≑ 1.3
1
1
The upper rectangle 𝑂𝐴𝐿𝑀 has an area of 𝑏ℎ, where 𝑏 = 𝑂𝐴 = 4 , ℎ = 𝐴𝐿 = 24
1 1
Area of 𝑂𝐴𝐿𝑀 = 𝑏ℎ = × 24
4
1
1
The upper rectangle 𝐴𝐵𝐽𝐾 has an area of 𝑏ℎ, where 𝑏 = 𝐴𝐵 = , ℎ = 𝐵𝐽 = 22
4
1 1
Area of 𝐴𝐵𝐽𝐾 = 𝑏ℎ = × 22
4
3
1
The upper rectangle 𝐵𝐶𝐻𝐼 has an area of 𝑏ℎ, where 𝑏 = 𝐵𝐶 = 4 , ℎ = 𝐶𝐻 = 24
1 3
Area of 𝐵𝐶𝐻𝐼 = 𝑏ℎ = × 24
4
1
The upper rectangle 𝐶𝐷𝐹𝐺 has an area of 𝑏ℎ, where 𝑏 = 𝐶𝐷 = 4 , ℎ = 𝐷𝐹 = 2
1 1
Area of 𝐶𝐷𝐹𝐺 = 𝑏ℎ = ×2=
4 2
Total area of upper rectangles
= area of 𝑂𝐴𝐿𝑀 + area of 𝐴𝐵𝐽𝐾 + area of 𝐵𝐶𝐻𝐼 + area of 𝐶𝐷𝐹𝐺
1 1 1 1 1 3 1
= × 24 + × 22 + × 24 +
4 4 4 2
≑ 1.6

1.3 < ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 < 1.6

0
9d
Number of rectangles Interval
1 2−1=1
2 1.7 − 1.2 = 0.5
4 1.6 − 1.3 = 0.3
Based on the above, as the number of rectangles increases, the interval within
which the exact area lies becomes smaller.
The exact value of the definite integral is:
1
1
𝑥
1 𝑥
21 20 1
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = [ ×2 ] = − = ≑ 1.44
ln 2 0 ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
0
10a For the two lower rectangles in the diagram, let the rectangles have an equal
4−2
interval length of = 2 = 1.
The heights of the lower rectangles will correspond to the value of 𝑦 = ln 𝑥, when
𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 3.
Area of lower rectangle 1, 𝐴lower1 = 𝑏ℎ = 1 × ln 2
= 𝐴lower1 + 𝐴lower2
= ln 2 + ln 3
≑ 1.79
For the two upper rectangles in the diagram, let the rectangles have an equal
4−2
interval length of = 2 = 1.
The heights of the upper rectangles will correspond to the value of 𝑦 = ln 𝑥,

when 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑥 = 4.
Area of upper rectangle 1, 𝐴upper1 = 𝑏ℎ = 1 × ln 3


= 𝐴upper1 + 𝐴upper2
= ln 3 + ln 4
≑ 2.48
As the lower and upper rectangles “trap” the integral from above and below
serves as a lower bound for the unknown true value of the integral, while the
total area of the upper rectangles serves as an upper bound. As the total area of
the lower rectangles and the total area of the upper rectangles are 1.79 and 2.48
respectively, we can assert that:
4
1.79 < ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 < 2.48
2
10b For the four lower rectangles in the diagram, let the rectangles have an equal
4−2 1
interval length of 𝑏 = 4 = 2.
𝑥 = 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5.
1
1
Area of lower rectangle 2, 𝐴lower2 = 𝑏ℎ = 2 × ln 2.5
1
1

= 𝐴lower1 + 𝐴lower2 + 𝐴lower3 + 𝐴lower4
1
= (ln 2 + ln 2.5 + ln 3 + ln 3.5)
2
≑ 1.98
For the four upper rectangles in the diagram, let the rectangles have an equal
4−2 1

when 𝑥 = 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4.
1
Area of upper rectangle 1, 𝐴upper1 = 𝑏ℎ = 2 × ln 2.5

1
1
1

= 𝐴upper1 + 𝐴upper2 + 𝐴upper3 + 𝐴upper4
1
= (ln 2.5 + ln 3 + ln 3.5 + ln 4)
2
≑ 2.33
4
1.98 < ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 < 2.33
2
10c For the eight lower rectangles in the diagram, let the rectangles have an equal
4−2 1
𝑥 = 2, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3, 3.25, 3.5 and 3.75.
1
1
1
Area of lower rectangle 3, 𝐴lower3 = 𝑏ℎ = × ln 2.5
4
1
1
1
1
1

Total area of lower rectangles,

= 𝐴lower1 + 𝐴lower2 + 𝐴lower3 + 𝐴lower4 + 𝐴lower5 + 𝐴lower6 + 𝐴lower7 + 𝐴lower8
1
= (ln 2 + ln 2.25 + ln 2.5 + ln 2.75 + ln 3 + ln 3.25 + ln 3.5 + ln 3.75)
4
≑ 2.07
For the eight upper rectangles in the diagram, let the rectangles have an equal
4−2 1

when 𝑥 = 2.25, 2.5, 2.75,3, 3.25, 3.5, 3.75 and 4.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

= 𝐴upper1 + 𝐴upper2 + 𝐴upper3 + 𝐴upper4 + 𝐴upper5 + 𝐴upper6 + 𝐴upper7 + 𝐴upper8
1
= (ln 2.25 + ln 2.5 + ln 2.75 + ln 3 + ln 3.25 + ln 3.5 + ln 3.75 + ln 4)
4
≑ 2.24
4
1.98 < ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 < 2.24
2

10d
Number of rectangles Interval
2 2.48 − 1.79 = 0.69
4 2.33 − 1.98 = 0.35
8 2.24 − 2.07 = 0.17
Based on the above, as the number of rectangles increases, the interval within
which the exact area lies becomes smaller.
1 1
11a Area of lower rectangle = 1 × 1+1 = 2 and underestimates 𝐴.
1
Area of upper rectangle has area 1 × 0+1 = 1 and overestimates 𝐴.
1
Hence < 𝐴 < 1.
2
11b Area of two lower rectangles

1 1 1 1
= × + ×
2 0 + 1 2 0.5 + 1
7
=
12
Area of two upper rectangles
1 1 1 1
= × + ×
2 0.5 + 1 2 1 + 1
5
=
6
7 5
Hence < 𝐴 < 6 (or 0.58 < 𝐴 < 0.83).
12
11c Area of three lower rectangles

1 1 1 1 1 1
= × + × + ×
3 0+1 3 1 3 2
3+1 3+1
37
=
60

Area of three upper rectangles

1 1 1 1 1 1
= × + × + ×
3 1+1 3 2+1 3 1+1
3 3
47
=
60
37 47
Hence < 𝐴 < 60 (or 0.62 < 𝐴 < 0.78).
60
11d Area of four lower rectangles

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= × + × + × + ×
4 0+1 4 1+1 4 2+1 4 3+1
4 4 4
553
=
840
Area of four upper rectangles
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= × + × + × + ×
4 1 4 2 4 3 4 1+1
4+1 4+1 4+1
319
=
420
553 319
Hence 840 < 𝐴 < 420 (or 0.63 < 𝐴 < 0.76).
11e The interval is getting smaller.
11f Yes, they appear to be getting closer and closer to the exact value of 0.683 147….
12 This question uses technology to investigate some of the definite integrals from
other questions in this exercise.

13a
The diagram shows different coloured segments for counting:

Number of BLUE (whole squares) = 119
3
Number of YELLOW (approximately 4 of a square) = 9
1
Number of RED (approximately 2 of a square) = 11
1
Number of GREEN (approximately 4 of a square) = 7
3 1 1
Total number of whole squares ≑ 119 × 1 + 9 × 4 + 11 × 2 + 7 × 4 = 133
1 1 1
Area of each square = × = square units
20 20 400
1 1
So ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ≑ 133 × 400 = 0.3325 ≑ 0.33

13b i

3
1
1
3 1 1
1 1 1
Area of each square = × = square units
20 20 400
1
1 1
So ∫02 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ≑ 16 × 400 = 25

13b ii

3
1
1
3 1 1
1 1 1
Area of each square = 20 × 20 = 400 square units
1 1
So ∫1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ≑ 117 × 400 = 0.2925
2
1 117
We can determine that + 400 = 0.3325 ≑ 0.33, which confirms that the sum of
25
the answers to parts i and ii is the answer to part a.
14a There are 315 little squares under the graph from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1.
1 1
14b ∫0 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ≑ 315 × 400 = 0.7875 ≑ 0.79

1
14c 𝜋𝑟 2 ≑ 0.79
4
Since 𝑟 = 1,
1
𝜋 ≑ 0.79
4
𝜋 ≑ 3.16
15 We have the formula from chapter 2 that:

1
13 + 23 + ⋯ + 𝑛3 = 4 𝑛2 (𝑛 + 1)2
Step A:
1
Divide the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 into 𝑛 subintervals, each of width 𝑛.
On each subinterval form the upper and lower rectangle.

Thus,
(sum of lower rectangles) ≤ 𝐴 ≤ (sum of upper rectangles)
Step B:
13 23 𝑛3
The heights of successive upper rectangles are 𝑛3 , 𝑛3 , … , 𝑛3
Using the formula quoted above:

1 13 23 𝑛3
Sum of upper rectangles = 𝑛 (𝑛3 + 𝑛3 … + 𝑛3 )
1
= 𝑛4 (13 + 23 + ⋯ + 𝑛3 )
1 1
= 𝑛4 × 4 𝑛2 (𝑛 + 1)2
1 𝑛2 (𝑛+1)2
= 4 × 𝑛2 × 𝑛2
1 1
= 4 × (1 + 𝑛)2
1
Hence, the sum of upper rectangles has the limit 4 as 𝑛 → ∞


Step C:
13 23 (𝑛−1)3
The heights of successive lower rectangles are 0, 𝑛3 , 𝑛3 , … , 𝑛3
Substituting 𝑛 − 1 for 𝑛 in the formula quoted above:

1 13 23 (𝑛−1)3
Sum of upper rectangles = 𝑛 (0 + 𝑛3 + 𝑛3 + ⋯ + )
𝑛3
1
= 𝑛4 (13 + 23 + ⋯ + (𝑛 − 1)3 )
1 1
= × 𝑛2 (𝑛 − 1)2
𝑛4 4
1 𝑛2 (𝑛−1)2
= 4 × 𝑛2 × 𝑛2
1 1
= 4 × (1 − 𝑛)2
1
Hence, the sum of lower rectangles has the limit 4 as 𝑛 → ∞
Step D:
Finally, (sum of lower rectangles) ≤ 𝐴 ≤ (sum of upper rectangles)
1 1
And both these sums have same limit 4 so it allows that 𝐴 = 4
1 1
So, ∫0 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 4
16a We have the formula from chapter 2 that

1
12 + 22 + ⋯ + 𝑛2 = 6 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
Need to prove:
𝑎 𝑎3
∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3
Step A:
𝑎
Divide the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 into 𝑛 subintervals, each of width 𝑛

Thus,
Step B:
𝑎2 (2𝑎)2 (𝑛𝑎)2
The heights of successive upper rectangles are 𝑛2 , ,…,
𝑛2 𝑛2

Using the formula quoted above

𝑎 𝑎2 (2𝑎)2 (𝑛𝑎)2
Sum of upper rectangles = 𝑛 (𝑛2 + + ⋯+ )
𝑛2 𝑛2
𝑎3
= 𝑛3 (12 + 22 + ⋯ + 𝑛2 )
𝑎3 1
= × 6 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
3
𝑎3 𝑛 𝑛+1 2𝑛+1
= ×𝑛× ×
3 𝑛 2𝑛
𝑎3 1 1
= × (1 + 𝑛) × (1 + 2𝑛)
3
𝑎3
Hence, the sum of upper rectangles has the limit as 𝑛 → ∞
3
Step C:
𝑎2 (2𝑎)2 (𝑛−1)2
The heights of successive lower rectangles are 0, 𝑛2 , ,…,
𝑛2 𝑛2

𝑎 𝑎2 (2𝑎)2 (𝑛−1)2
Sum of upper rectangles = 𝑛 (0 + 𝑛2 + + ⋯+ )
𝑛2 𝑛2
𝑎3
= 𝑛3 (12 + 22 + ⋯ + (𝑛 − 1)2 )
𝑎3 1
= 𝑛3 × 6 (𝑛 − 1)𝑛(2𝑛 − 1)
𝑎3 𝑛 𝑛−1 2𝑛−1
= ×𝑛× ×
3 𝑛 2𝑛
𝑎3 1 1
= × (1 − 𝑛) × (1 − 2𝑛)
3
𝑎3
Hence, the sum of lower rectangles has the limit 3 as 𝑛 → ∞
Step D:
𝑎3 𝑎3
And both these sums have same limit so it allows that 𝐴 = .
3 3
𝑎 𝑎3
So, ∫0 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3

16b We have the formula from chapter 2 that

1
13 + 23 + ⋯ + 𝑛3 = 4 𝑛2 (𝑛 + 1)2
Need to prove:
𝑎 𝑎4
∫0 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3
Step A:
𝑎
Divide the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 into 𝑛 subintervals, each of width 𝑛.

Thus,
Step B:
𝑎3 (2𝑎)3 (𝑛𝑎)3
The heights of successive upper rectangles are 𝑛3 , ,…,
𝑛3 𝑛3
Using the formula quoted above:

𝑎 𝑎3 (2𝑎)3 (𝑛𝑎)3
Sum of upper rectangles = 𝑛 (𝑛3 + + ⋯+ )
𝑛3 𝑛3
𝑎4
= 𝑛4 (13 + 23 + ⋯ + 𝑛3 )
𝑎4 1
= 𝑛4 × 4 𝑛2 (𝑛 + 1)2
𝑎4 𝑛2 (𝑛+1)2
= × 𝑛2 ×
4 𝑛2
𝑎4 1
= × (1 + 𝑛)2
4
𝑎4
Hence, the sum of upper rectangles has the limit as 𝑛 → ∞
4
Step C:
𝑎3 (2𝑎)3 (𝑛−1)3
The heights of successive lower rectangles are 0, 𝑛3 , ,…,
𝑛3 𝑛3

𝑎 𝑎3 (2𝑎)3 (𝑛−1)3
Sum of upper rectangles = 𝑛 (0 + 𝑛3 + + ⋯+ )
𝑛3 𝑛3
𝑎4
= 𝑛4 (13 + 23 + ⋯ + (𝑛 − 1)3 )

𝑎4 1
= 𝑛4 × 4 𝑛2 (𝑛 − 1)2
𝑎4 𝑛2 (𝑛−1)2
= × 𝑛2 ×
4 𝑛2
𝑎4 1
= × (1 − 𝑛)2
4
𝑎4
Hence, the sum of lower rectangles has the limit as 𝑛 → ∞
4
Step D:
𝑎4 𝑎4
And both these sums have same limit so it allows that 𝐴 = .
4 4
𝑎 𝑎4
So, ∫0 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 4
17
ℎ
The area of a trapezium is 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏), hence, the 𝑖th trapezia filling in the polygon
𝑖 𝑖−1
𝑥𝑖 −𝑥𝑖−1 − 𝑖−1 𝑖
will have area (𝑓(𝑥𝑖−1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )) = 𝑛 𝑛
(𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 (𝑛)). Summing these
2 2 𝑛
areas together, the total area of the polygon will be
𝑖 𝑖−1
𝑛
− 𝑛 𝑖−1 𝑖
𝐴=∑ 𝑛 (𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 ( ))
2 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1

𝑖 − (𝑖 − 1)
𝑛
𝑛 𝑖−1 𝑖
=∑ (𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 ( ))
2 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1
1𝑛
𝑖−1 𝑖
= ∑ 𝑛 (𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 ( ))
2 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛
1 𝑖−1 𝑖
=∑ (𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 ( ))
2𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛
1 𝑖−1 2 𝑖 2
=∑ (( ) +( ) )
2𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛
1 (𝑖 − 1)2 (𝑖)2
=∑ ( + 2)
2𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛
1 𝑖 2 − 2𝑖 + 1 𝑖 2
=∑ ( + 2)
2𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛
1 2𝑖 2 − 2𝑖 + 1
=∑ ( )
2𝑛 𝑛2
𝑖=1
𝑛
1
=∑ (2𝑖 2 − 2𝑖 + 1)
2𝑛3
𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
1
= 3 (2 (∑ 𝑖 2 ) − 2 (∑ 𝑖 ) + (∑ 1))
2𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
1 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1) 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)

= 3
(2 ( ) − 2( ) + (𝑛))
2𝑛 6 2
1 𝑛
= ( (2𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 1) − (𝑛2 + 𝑛) + (𝑛))
2𝑛3 3
1 2𝑛3 𝑛
= 3( + 𝑛2 + − 𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 𝑛)
2𝑛 3 3
3
1 2𝑛 𝑛
= 3( + )
2𝑛 3 3
1 1
= + 2
3 6𝑛
Note that the values for ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖 2 , ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖 and ∑𝑛𝑖=1 1 were found in chapter 2.
17b As the curve is concave up, the area trapezia will always overestimate the area of
the curve. More specifically the lines 𝑃0 𝑃1 , 𝑃1 𝑃2 , … lie above the curve which

means that the combined area of the trapezia is greater than the area of the
curve.
1 1
17c lim 𝐴 = lim (3 + 6𝑛2 )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
1 1
= lim ( ) + lim ( 2 )
𝑛→∞ 3 𝑛→∞ 6𝑛
1 1 1
= lim ( ) + lim ( 2 )
𝑛→∞ 3 6 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
1 1
= + (0)
3 6
1
=
3

1a
1
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
= [𝑥 2 ]10
= 12 − 02
=1
1b
4
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= [𝑥 2 ]14
= 42 − 12
= 15
1c
3
∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= [2𝑥 2 ]13
= 2 × 32 − 2 × 12
= 16
1d
5
∫ 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
= [4𝑥 2 ]52
= 4 × 52 − 4 × 22
= 84

1e
3
∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
= [𝑥 3 ]32
= 33 − 23
= 19
1f
3
∫ 5𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
0
= [𝑥 5 ]30
= 35 − 05
= 243
1g
2
∫ 10𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
1
= [2𝑥 5 ]12
= 2 × 25 − 2 × 15
= 62
1h
1
∫ 12𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
0
= [2𝑥 6 ]10
= 2 × 16 − 2 × 06
=2

1i
1
∫ 11𝑥10 𝑑𝑥
0
= [𝑥11 ]10
=1
2a i
1
∫ 4 𝑑𝑥
0
= [4𝑥]10
= 4×1−4×0
=4
2a ii
7
∫ 5 𝑑𝑥
2
= [5𝑥]72
= 5×7−5×2
= 25
2a iii
5
∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
4
= [𝑥]54
= 5−4
=1

1
2b i The integral ∫0 4 𝑑𝑥 is defined by the area under the curve 𝑦 = 4, which is a
rectangle bounded by the lines 𝑦 = 4, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 and the 𝑥-axis.
Area of the rectangle
= 𝑏ℎ where 𝑏 = 1, ℎ = 4
= 1×4
=4
7
2b ii The integral ∫2 5 𝑑𝑥 is defined by the area under the curve 𝑦 = 5, which is a
= 𝑏ℎ where 𝑏 = 5, ℎ = 5
= 5×5
= 25

5
2b iii The integral ∫4 1 𝑑𝑥 is defined by the area under the curve 𝑦 = 1, which is a
= 𝑏ℎ where 𝑏 = 1, ℎ = 1
= 1×1
=1
3a
6
∫ (2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
3
= [𝑥 2 + 𝑥]63
= (62 + 6) − (32 + 3)
= 42 − 12
= 30
3b
4
∫ (2𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
2
= [𝑥 2 − 3𝑥]42
= (42 − 3 × 4) − (22 − 3 × 2)
= 4 − (−2)
=6

3c
3
∫ (4𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥
0
= [2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥]30
= (2 × 32 + 5 × 3) − (2 × 02 + 5 × 0)
= 33 − 0
= 33
3d
3
∫ (3𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
2
= [𝑥 3 − 𝑥]32
= (33 − 3) − (23 − 2)
= 24 − 6
= 18
3e
4
∫ (6𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
1
= [2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥]14
= (2 × 43 + 2 × 4) − (2 × 13 + 2 × 1)
= 136 − 4
= 132
3f
1
∫ (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
= [𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 ]10
= (13 + 12 ) − (03 + 02 )
= 2−0

=2
3g
2
∫ (4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
1
= [𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥]12
= (24 + 23 + 2) − (14 + 13 + 1)
= 26 − 3
= 23
3h
2
∫ (2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
= [𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 4 ]20
= (22 + 23 + 2 × 24 ) − (02 + 03 + 2 × 04 )
= 44 − 0
= 44
3i
5
∫ (3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥
3
= [𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥]53
= (53 − 3 × 52 + 5 × 5) − (33 − 3 × 32 + 5 × 3)
= 75 − 15
= 60
4a
0
∫ (1 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−1
= [𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ]0−1

= (0 − 02 ) − ((−1) − (−1)2 )
= 0 − (−2)
=2
4b
0
∫ (2𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
−1
= [𝑥 2 + 3𝑥]0−1
= (02 + 3 × 0) − ((−1)2 + 3 × (−1))
= 0 − (−2)
=2
4c
1
∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
−2
= [𝑥 3 ]1−2
= (13 ) − ((−2)3 )
= 1 − (−8)
=9
4d
2
∫ (4𝑥 3 + 5) 𝑑𝑥
−1
= [𝑥 4 + 5𝑥]2−1
= (24 + 5 × 2) − ((−1)4 + 5 × (−1))
= 26 − (−4)
= 30

4e
2
∫ (5𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−2
= [𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 3 ]2−2
= (25 + 2 × 23 ) − ((−2)5 + 2 × (−2)3 )
= 48 − (−48)
= 96
4f
−1
∫ (4𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
−2
= [𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥]−1
−2
= ((−1)4 + 4 × (−1)3 − 3 × (−1)) − ((−2)4 + 4 × (−2)3 − 3 × (−2))
= 0 − (−10)
= 10
5a
4
∫ (𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
1
4
𝑥2
= [ + 2𝑥]
2 1
42 12
= ( + 2 × 4) − ( + 2 × 1)
2 2
1
= 16 − 2
2
1
= 13
2

5b
2
∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
𝑥3 𝑥2
=[ + ]
3 2 0
23 22 03 02
= ( + )−( + )
3 2 3 2
2
= 4 −0
3
2
=4
3
5c
3
∫ (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
3
𝑥4 𝑥3
=[ + ]
4 3 0
34 33 04 03
= ( + )−( + )
4 3 4 3
1
= 29 − 0
4
1
= 29
4
5d
1
∫ (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
−1
1
𝑥4 𝑥2
= [ − + 𝑥]
4 2 −1
14 12 (−1)4 (−1)2
= ( − + 1) − ( − + (−1))
4 2 4 2

3 1
= − (−1 )
4 4
=2
5e
3
∫ (2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
−2
3
2𝑥 3 3𝑥 2
=[ − + 𝑥]
3 2 −2
2(3)3 3(3)2 2(−2)3 3(−2)2

=( − + (3)) − ( − + (−2))
3 2 3 2
1 1
= 7 − (−13 )
2 3
5
= 20
6
5f
−2
∫ (16 − 𝑥 3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−4
−2
𝑥4 𝑥2
= [16𝑥 − − ]
4 2 −4
(−2)4 (−2)2 (−4)4 (−4)2

= (16(−2) − − ) − (16(−4) − − )
4 2 4 2
= −38 − (−136)
= 98
6a
3
∫ 𝑥(2 + 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
3
= ∫ (2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2

= [𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 ]32
= (32 + 33 ) − (22 + 23 )
= 36 − 12
= 24
6b
2
∫ (𝑥 + 1)(3𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
= ∫ (3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
= ∫ (3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
0
= [𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥]20
= (23 + 2 × 22 + 2) − (03 + 2 × 02 + 0)
= 18 − 0
= 18
6c
1
∫ 𝑥 2 (5𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
−1
1
= ∫ (5𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−1
1
𝑥3 5
= [𝑥 + ]
3 −1
13 5 5
(−1)3
= (1 + ) − ((−1) + )
3 3
1 1
= 1 − (−1 )
3 3
2
=2
3

6d
2
∫ (𝑥 − 3)2 𝑑𝑥
−1
2
= ∫ (𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9) 𝑑𝑥
−1
2
𝑥3
= [ − 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥]
3 −1
23 2
(−1)3
= ( − 3 × 2 + 9 × 2) − ( − 3 × (−1)2 + 9 × (−1))
3 3
2 1
= 8 − (−12 )
3 3
= 21
6e
0
∫ 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
−1
0
= ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
−1
0
= ∫ (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−1
0
𝑥4 𝑥2
=[ − ]
4 2 −1
04 02 (−1)4 (−1)2
= ( − )−( − )
4 2 4 2
1
= 0 − (− )
4
1
=
4

6f
0
∫ (1 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥
−1
0
= ∫ (1 − 𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−1
0
= ∫ (1 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
−1
0
2 𝑥5
= [𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + ]
3 5 −1
2 3
05 2 3
(−1)5
= (0 − × 0 + ) − ((−1) − × (−1) + )
3 5 3 5
8
= 0 − (− )
15
8
=
15
7a
3
3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
3
3𝑥 3 4𝑥 2
=∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑥
3
= ∫ (3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
= [𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 ]13
= (33 + 2 × 32 ) − (13 + 2 × 12 )
= 45 − 3
= 42

7b
2
4𝑥 4 − 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
2
4𝑥 4 𝑥
=∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑥
2
= ∫ (4𝑥 3 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
1
= [𝑥 4 − 𝑥]12
= (24 − 2) − (14 − 1)
= 14 − 0
= 14
7c
3
5𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥2
3
5𝑥 2 9𝑥 4
= ∫ ( 2 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 𝑥
3
= ∫ (5 + 9𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
= [5𝑥 + 3𝑥 3 ]32
= (5 × 3 + 3 × 33 ) − (5 × 2 + 3 × 23 )
= 96 − 34
= 62
7d
2
𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
2
𝑥 3 4𝑥 2
=∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑥
2
= ∫ (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1

2
𝑥3
= [ + 2𝑥 2 ]
3 1
23 13
= ( + 2 × 22 ) − ( + 2 × 12 )
3 3
2 1
= 10 − (2 )
3 3
1
=8
3
7e
3
𝑥3 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
3
𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥
= ∫ ( − + ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
3
= ∫ (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
1
3
𝑥3 𝑥2
= [ − + 𝑥]
3 2 1
33 32 13 12
= ( − + 3) − ( − + 1)
3 2 3 2
1 5
=7 −
2 6
2
=6
3
7f
−1
𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 5
∫ 𝑑𝑥
−2 𝑥2
−1
𝑥 3 2𝑥 5
=∫ ( 2 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−2 𝑥 𝑥
−1
= ∫ (𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
−2

−1
𝑥2 𝑥4
=[ − ]
2 2 −2
(−1)2 (−1)4 (−2)2 (−2)4

=( − )−( − )
2 2 2 2
= 0 − (−6)
=6
8a
1
2
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑥3 2
=[ ]
3 0
1 3
(2 ) 03
=( )−( )
3 3
1
= −0
24
1
=
24
8b
2
3
∫ (2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
= [𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 ]30
2 2 2 3
= (( ) + ( ) ) − (02 + 03 )
3 3
20
= −0
27
20
=
27

8c
3
4
∫ (6 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
2
3
= [6𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 ]41
2
3 3 2 1 1 2
= (6 ( ) − 2 ( ) ) − (6 ( ) − 2 ( ) )
4 4 2 2
3 1
= 3 − (2 )
8 2
7
=
8
9a i
10
∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
5
10
𝑥 −1
=[ ]
−1 5
1 10
= [− ]
𝑥 5
1 1
= (− ) − (− )
10 5
1 1
=− +
10 5
1
=
10
9a ii
3
∫ 2𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥
2
3
2𝑥 −2
=[ ]
−2 2
= [−𝑥 −2 ]32

1 3
= [− 2 ]
𝑥 2
1 1
= (− ) − (− )
32 22
1 1
= − − (− )
9 4
1 1
=− +
9 4
5
=
36
9a iii
1
∫ 4𝑥 −5 𝑑𝑥
1
2
1
4𝑥 −4
=[ ]
−4 1
2
= [−𝑥 −4 ]11
2
1 1
= [− ]
𝑥4 1
2
1 1
= (− ) − (− )
14
1 4
(2)
1
= −1 − (− )
1
(16)
= −1 − (−16)
= 15
9b i
2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥2

2
= ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
1
2
𝑥 −1
=[ ]
−1 1
12
= [− ]
𝑥1
1 1
= (− ) − (− )
2 1
1
= − − (−1)
2
1
=
2
9b ii
4
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥3
4
= ∫ 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥
1
4
𝑥 −2
=[ ]
−2 1
1 4
= [− 2 ]
2𝑥 1
1 1
= (− ) − (− )
2 × 42 2 × 12
1 1
=− − (− )
32 2
1 1
=− +
32 2
15
=
32

9b iii
1
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥4
2
1
= ∫ 3𝑥 −4 𝑑𝑥
1
2
1
3𝑥 −3
=[ ]
−3 1
2
1 1
= [− 3 ]1
𝑥
2
1 1
= (− ) − (− )
13
1 3
(2)
= −1 − (−8)
=7
10a i
𝑘
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
2
= [3𝑥]𝑘2
= (3 × 𝑘) − (3 × 2)
= 3𝑘 − 6
10a ii Given that:

𝑘
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = 18
2
From 10a i, we have

𝑘
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑘 − 6
2
3𝑘 − 6 = 18
𝑘=8

10b i
𝑘
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑘
𝑥2
=[ ]
2 0
𝑘2 02
=( )−( )
2 2
𝑘2
=
2
10b ii Given that:

𝑘
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 18
0
From 10b i, we have

𝑘
𝑘2
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
0 2
𝑘2
= 18
2
𝑘 = ±√36
The positive value of 𝑘 = 6.
11a
3
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 4
𝑘
[2𝑥]3𝑘 = 4
2 × 3 − 2𝑘 = 4
−2𝑘 = 4 − 6
−2
𝑘=
−2
=1

11b
8
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = 12
𝑘
[3𝑥]8𝑘 = 12
3 × 8 − 3𝑘 = 12
−3𝑘 = 12 − 24
−12
𝑘=
−3
=4
11c
3
∫ (𝑘 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 = 5
2
[(𝑘 − 3)𝑥]32 = 5
3(𝑘 − 3) − 2(𝑘 − 3) = 5
3𝑘 − 9 − 2𝑘 + 6 = 5
𝑘 = 5+9−6
=8
11d
𝑘
∫ (𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
3
𝑘
𝑥2
[ − 3𝑥] = 0
2 3
𝑘2 32
( − 3𝑘) − ( − 3 × 3) = 0
2 2
𝑘2 9
− 3𝑘 − + 9 = 0
2 2
𝑘2 9
− 3𝑘 + = 0
2 2
𝑘 2 − 6𝑘 + 9 = 0

(𝑘 − 3)2 = 0
𝑘=3
11e
𝑘
∫ (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 6
1
𝑘
𝑥2
[ + 𝑥] = 6
2 1
𝑘2 12
( + 𝑘) − ( + 1) = 6
2 2
𝑘2 1
+𝑘− −1=6
2 2
𝑘2 15
+𝑘− =0
2 2
𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 − 15 = 0
(𝑘 + 5)(𝑘 − 3) = 0
𝑘 = −5 or 3
As 𝑘 > 0, 𝑘 = 3
11f
𝑘
13
∫ (𝑘 + 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =
1 2
𝑘
3𝑥 2 13
[𝑘𝑥 + ] =
2 1 2
3𝑘 2 3 × 12 13
(𝑘 × 𝑘 + ) − (𝑘 + )=
2 2 2
3𝑘 2 3 13
𝑘2 + −𝑘− =
2 2 2
5 2
𝑘 −𝑘−8=0
2
5𝑘 2 − 2𝑘 − 16 = 0

(5𝑘 + 8)(𝑘 − 2) = 0
8
𝑘=− or 2
5
As 𝑘 > 0, 𝑘 = 2
12a
4 1 2 3 4
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 0 1 2 3
1
∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 represents the area of a quadrant with 𝑟 = 1.
1
1 𝜋
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 × 12 =
0 4 4
2
∫1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 represents the area of a triangle with 𝑏 = 1, ℎ = 1.
2
1 1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ×1×1=
1 2 2
3
3
1 1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ×1×1=
2 2 2
4
4
1 𝜋
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 × 12 =
3 4 4
4 𝜋 1 1 𝜋 𝜋
Therefore ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 + 2 + 2 + 4 = 1 + 2
12b
4 1 2 3 4
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 0 1 2 3
1
∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 represents the external area of a quadrant with 𝑟 = 1 inscribed in a
square with side 𝑏 = 1.
1
1 𝜋
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 12 − 𝜋 × 12 = 1 −
0 4 4

2
∫1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 represents the area of a square with 𝑏 = 1.
2
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 1 × 1 = 1
1
3
3
1 1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ×1×1=
2 2 2
4
4
1 𝜋
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 × 12 =
3 4 4
4 𝜋 1 𝜋 1
Therefore ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 1 − 4 + 1 + 2 + 4 = 2 2
13a
2
1 + 𝑥2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥2
2
1 𝑥2
=∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥2 𝑥2
2
= ∫ (𝑥 −2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
1
= [−𝑥 −1 + 𝑥]12
2
1
= [− + 𝑥]
𝑥 1
1 1
= (− + 2) − (− + 1)
2 1
3
= −0
2
3
=
2

13b
−1
1 + 2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
−2 𝑥3
−1
1 2𝑥
=∫ ( 3 + 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
−2 𝑥 𝑥
−1
= ∫ (𝑥 −3 + 2𝑥 −2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−2
−1
𝑥 −2 2𝑥 −1
=[ + ]
−2 −1 −2
1 2 −1
= [− − ]
2𝑥 2 𝑥 −2
1 2 1 2
= (− 2
− ) − (− 2
− )
2 × (−1) (−1) 2 × (−2) (−2)
3 7
= −
2 8
5
=
8
13c
−1
1 − 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 5
∫ 𝑑𝑥
−3 2𝑥 2
−1
1 𝑥3 4𝑥 5
=∫ ( 2 − 2 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−3 2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥
−1
1 𝑥
=∫ ( 2 − − 2𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
−3 2𝑥 2
−1
1 𝑥2 𝑥4
= [− − − ]
2𝑥 4 2 −3
1 (−1)2 (−1)4 1 (−3)2 (−3)4

= (− − − ) − (− − − )
2 × (−1) 4 2 2 × (−3) 4 2
1 1 1 1 9 81
= ( − − )−( − − )
2 4 2 6 4 2

1 7
= − − (−42 )
4 12
1
= 42
3
14a
3
1 2
∫ (𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
3
1
= ∫ (𝑥 2 + 2 + ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥2
3
𝑥3 1
= [ + 2𝑥 − ]
3 𝑥1
33 1 13 1
= ( +2×3− )−( +2×1− )
3 3 3 1
1 1
= (9 + 6 − ) − ( + 2 − 1)
3 3
2 1
= 14 − 1
3 3
1
= 13
3
14b
2
1 2
∫ (𝑥 2 + ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥2
2
1
= ∫ (𝑥 4 + 2 + ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥4
2
𝑥5 1
= [ + 2𝑥 − 3 ]
5 3𝑥 1
25 1 15 1
= ( +2×2− ) − ( + 2 × 1 − )
5 3 × 23 5 3 × 13
32 1 1 1
= ( +4− )−( +2− )
5 24 5 3

43 13
= 10 −1
120 15
59
=8
120
14c
−1
1 1 2
∫ ( 2 + ) 𝑑𝑥
−2 𝑥 𝑥
−1
1 2 1
=∫ ( 4 + 3 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 1 1 −1
= [− 3 − 2 − ]
3𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 −2
1 1 1 1 1 1
= (− 3
− 2
− ) − (− 3
− 2
− )
3 × (−1) (−1) (−1) 3 × (−2) (−2) (−2)
1 1 1 1
= ( − 1 + 1) − ( − + )
3 24 4 2
1 7
= −
3 24
1
=
24
1
15a 𝑥 2 ≥ 0 for all real 𝑥 and hence 𝑥 2 > 0 for all 𝑥 ≠ 0.
15b

The curve is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 0, hence we cannot integrate over a domain

containing 𝑥 = 0. The integral is meaningless and hence use of the fundamental
theorem is invalid.
15c Part ii is meaningless as it crosses the asymptote at 𝑥 = 3. The rest are well
defined.
16a i Here 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 and hence 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 .
16a ii Here 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 + 3𝑡 and hence 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥.
1 1
16a iii Here 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 and hence 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥.
16a iv Here 𝑓(𝑡) = (𝑡 3 − 3)4 and hence 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 3 − 3)4 .
16b i
𝑑 𝑥 2
∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1
𝑥
𝑑 𝑡3
= [ ]
𝑑𝑥 3 1
𝑑 𝑥3 1
= ( − )
𝑑𝑥 3 3
= 𝑥2
16b ii
𝑑 𝑥 3
∫ (𝑡 + 3𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥
𝑑 𝑡 4 3𝑡 2
= [ + ]
𝑑𝑥 4 2 2

𝑑 𝑥 4 3𝑥 2 24 3 × 22
= ( + −( + ))
𝑑𝑥 4 2 4 2
= 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥
16b iii
𝑑 𝑥1
∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑡
𝑑
= [ln 𝑡]𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= (ln 𝑥 − ln 𝑎)
𝑑𝑥
1
=
𝑥
16b iv
𝑑 𝑥 3
∫ (𝑡 − 3)4 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑑 𝑥 6
= ∫ (𝑡 − 6𝑡 3 + 9)(𝑡 6 − 6𝑡 3 + 9) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑑 𝑥 12
= ∫ (𝑡 − 12𝑡 9 + 54𝑡 6 − 108𝑡 3 + 81) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑥
𝑑 𝑡13 12𝑡10 54𝑡 7 108𝑡 4
= [ − + − + 81𝑡]
𝑑𝑥 13 10 7 4 𝑎
𝑑 𝑥13 12𝑥10 54𝑥 7 108𝑥 4

= ( − + − + 81𝑥
𝑑𝑥 13 10 7 4
𝑎13 12𝑎10 54𝑎7 108𝑎4
−( − + − + 81𝑎))
13 10 7 4
= 𝑥12 − 12𝑥 9 + 54𝑎6 − 108𝑎3 + 81 − (0)

= (𝑥 3 − 3)4 using the reverse of the expansion shown above in the first 3 lines.

𝑥
17a 𝑉 (𝑥) = (𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑈(𝑥) + ∫0 𝑈(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑈(𝑥)
Given, = 𝑢(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑥
𝑉 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 [(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑈(𝑥) + ∫0 𝑈(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡]
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥
𝑉 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑈(𝑥) + 𝑑𝑥 ∫0 𝑈(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
As we know from the fundamental theorem that,

𝑑 𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
Hence,
𝑉 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑢(𝑥) − 𝑈(𝑥) + 𝑈(𝑥)
𝑉 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑢(𝑥)
𝑑𝑈
17b Here we use the chain rule, let 𝑈 = 𝑈(𝑥) and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥. It follows that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢(𝑥)
and that 𝑣 = 𝑥. Hence
𝑎 𝑎
∫ 𝑈(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑈𝑣]𝑎0 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑈
0 0
𝑎
= [𝑈(𝑥)𝑣]𝑎0 − ∫ 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑎
= [𝑈(𝑥)𝑥]𝑎0 − ∫ 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑎
= 𝑈(𝑎) ⋅ 𝑎 − 𝑈(0) ⋅ 0 − ∫ 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑎
= 𝑎𝑈(𝑎) − ∫ 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑎
By the fundamental theorem of calculus ∫0 𝑢(𝑥) = 𝑈(𝑎) − 𝑈(0) and so
𝑎
𝑈(𝑎) = ∫0 𝑢(𝑥) + 𝑈(0). Thus
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
∫ 𝑈(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 (∫ 𝑢(𝑥) + 𝑈(0)) − ∫ 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
𝑎 𝑎
= 𝑎 ∫ 𝑢(𝑥) + 𝑎𝑈(0) − ∫ 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑎 𝑎
= ∫ 𝑎 𝑢(𝑥) + 𝑎𝑈(0) − ∫ 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑢(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑎
= 𝑎𝑈(0) + ∫ (𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑢(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0

1
5
∫ (2𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
4
5
2𝑥 2
=[ − 3𝑥]
2 4
2 × 52 2 × 42
=( − 3 × 5) − ( − 3 × 4)
2 2
= 10 − 4
=6
Now inspect the reverse:
4
∫ (2𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
5
4
2𝑥 2
=[ − 3𝑥]
2 5
2 × 42 2 × 52
=( − 3 × 4) − ( − 3 × 5)
2 2
= 4 − 10
= −6
It is observed that the values differ by a factor of −1.
2a
1
LHS = ∫ 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
= [2𝑥 3 ]10
= 2 × 13 − 2 × 03
=2

1
RHS = 6 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑥3
= 6[ ]
3 0
13 03
=6×[ − ]
3 3
1
= 6 × ( − 0)
3
1
=6×
3
=2
So LHS = RHS.
2b
2
LHS = ∫ (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−1
2
𝑥4 𝑥3
=[ + ]
4 3 −1
24 23 (−1)4 (−1)3
=( + )−( + )
4 3 4 3
20 1
=( ) − (− )
3 12
3
=6
4
2 2
RHS = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
−1 −1
2 2
𝑥4 𝑥3
=[ ] +[ ]
4 −1 3 −1
24 (−1)4 23 (−1)3
=( )−( ) + [( ) − ( )]
4 4 3 3
3
=3 +3
4

3
=6
4
So LHS = RHS.
2c
3
LHS = ∫ (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
0
3
𝑥3
= [ − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥]
3 0
33 03
= ( − 2 × 32 + 3 × 3) − ( − 2 × 02 + 3 × 0)
3 3
=0−0
=0
2 3
RHS = ∫ (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
0 2
2 3
𝑥3 𝑥3
= [ − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥] + [ − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥]
3 0
3 2
23 03
= [( − 2 × 2 + 3 × 2) − ( − 2 × 02 + 3 × 0)]
2
3 3
3
3 23
+ [( − 2 × 32 + 3 × 3) − ( − 2 × 22 + 3 × 2)]
3 3
2 2
= [ − 0] + [0 − ]
3 3
2 2
= −
3 3
=0
So LHS = RHS.
3a We have learned from the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus that a definite

integral with a lower bound 𝑎 and upper bound 𝑏 evaluates to the following.
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎), where 𝐹(𝑥) is a primitive of 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎

If 𝑎 = 𝑏, the integral will be over a zero-width interval, and the right-hand side of
the equation, 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎) evaluates to 0 as 𝐹(𝑏) = 𝐹(𝑎).
3b This expression is best visualised on the graph.
Since the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 passes through the origin, the integral can be expressed as
the sum of two integrals on either side of the origin, where 𝑥 = 0.
2 0 2
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−2 −2 0
Each of the integrals on the RHS of the equation above represents the area of a
triangle between the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 and the 𝑥-axis, and the lines 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 2
respectively. These are congruent triangles, rotated about the origin, therefore
the areas are equal.
As we have previously learned that any interval over which a function is negative
contributes negatively to the total value of the integral, we can therefore
0 2
conclude that ∫−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is negative, and ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is positive. Therefore, the total
value of the integral is equal to zero.
1
4a ∫0 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 is negative because in the interval [0, 1], the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 is
negative. So the area between the curve and the 𝑥-axis is negative for [0, 1] as the
region is below the 𝑥-axis.
2
4b ∫1 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 is positive because in the interval [1, 2], the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 is
positive. So the area between the curve and the 𝑥-axis is positive for [1, 2] as the
region is above the 𝑥-axis.

2 1
4c ∫0 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 can be expressed as the sum of the integrals ∫0 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 and
2
∫1 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥. As these integrals each represent equal areas of triangles but of
2
opposite sign, it can be concluded that ∫0 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 0. The areas of the regions
above and below the 𝑥-axis are equal.
4d The function 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 is negative in the interval [−2, 1] and positive in the

interval [1, 2]. If this were expressed in integral form:
2 1 2
∫ (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
−2 −2 1
Based on the graph, it is observed that the area of the triangle below the 𝑥-axis is
greater than the area of the triangle above the 𝑥-axis. The resultant sum of the
area of the triangles is negative.
2
Therefore the integral ∫−2(𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 is negative.
1
5a ∫−1(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 is positive because in the interval [−1, 1], the function 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 2
is positive. So the area between the curve and the 𝑥-axis is positive for [−1, 1] as
the region is above the 𝑥-axis.
3
5b ∫1 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 is negative because in the interval [1, 3], the function 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 2 is
negative. So the area between the curve and the 𝑥-axis is negative for [1, 3] as the
region is below the 𝑥-axis.
0
5c ∫−1(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 represents the area between the curve and the 𝑥-axis, between
𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 0. Since the curve between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1 is a reflection in the
𝑦-axis of the curve between 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 0, the area between the curve and
the 𝑥-axis, between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1 is the same.
0 1
Hence ∫−1(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
Thus, 𝑦 = 1 – 𝑥 2 is an even function, so is symmetrical about the 𝑦-axis.
1
5d From the graph, the area under the function 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 2 in the interval [0, 2] is
1
greater than the area under the curve in the interval [2 , 1].

3 1
6a By reversing the integral, if ∫1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 7, then ∫3 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = −7
1 2
6b By reversing the integral, if ∫2 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = −5, then ∫1 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 5
7 The graph below shows the lines for 𝑦 = 2𝑥 (red line) and 𝑦 = 𝑥 (blue line).
It is clear from the diagram above that the area under the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 for
0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 is greater than the area under the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1,
therefore:
1 1
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 > ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0
8
0 1 1
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
3 3
−2 0 −2
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 is shown below.

Based on the diagram, the area between the 𝑥-axis and the curve in the interval
−2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0 is negative and the area between the 𝑥-axis and the curve in the
interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 is positive. Since the magnitude of the area between the 𝑥-axis
and the curve in the interval −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0 is greater than the magnitude of the
area between the 𝑥-axis and the curve in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, the definite
1
integral ∫−2 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 is negative.
9a i
2
∫ (3𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
0
= [𝑥 3 − 𝑥]20
= (23 − 2) − (03 − 0)
=6
9a ii
0
∫ (3𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
2
= [𝑥 3 − 𝑥]02
= (03 − 0) − (23 − 2)
= −6
The integrals are opposites because the limits have been reversed.

9b i
1
∫ 20𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
0
= [5𝑥 4 ]10
= (5 × 14 ) − (5 × 04 )
=5
9b ii
1
20 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑥4
= 20 [ ]
4 0
14 04
= 20 ( − )
4 4
1
= 20 ( )
4
=5
The integrals are equal. The constant factor of 20 was moved outside the integral
in part ii.
9c i
4
∫ (4𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥
1
= [2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥]14
= (2 × 42 + 5 × 4) − (2 × 12 + 5 × 1)
= 52 − 7
= 45

9c ii
4
∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= [2𝑥 2 ]14
= (2 × 42 ) − (2 × 12 )
= 32 − 2
= 30
9c iii
4
∫ 5 𝑑𝑥
1
= [5𝑥]14
= (5 × 4) − (5 × 1)
= 20 − 5
= 15
From the values of the integrals, the relationship
4 4 4
∫1 (4𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 (4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 (5) 𝑑𝑥 is observed. This shows that the integral
of a sum is the sum of the integrals of each term in the expression.
9d i
2
∫ 12𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
0
= [3𝑥 4 ]20
= (3 × 24 ) − (3 × 04 )
= 48 − 0
= 48

9d ii
1
∫ 12𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
0
= [3𝑥 4 ]10
= (3 × 14 ) − (3 × 04 )
= 3−0
=3
9d iii
2
∫ 12𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1
= [3𝑥 4 ]12
= (3 × 24 ) − (3 × 14 )
= 48 − 3
= 45
From the values of the definite integrals, the relationship
2 1 2
∫0 12𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 12𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 12𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 is observed. This is because the interval
from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 2 can be dissected into two successive intervals from
𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1 then from 𝑥 = 1 to 𝑥 = 2.
9e i
3
∫ (4 − 3𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
3
= [4𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ]33
= (4 × 3 − 33 ) − (4 × 3 − 33 )
=0

9e ii
−2
∫ (4 − 3𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−2
= [4𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ]−2
−2
= (4 × −2 − (−2)3 ) − (4 × −2 − (−2)3 )
=0
The values of the definite integrals are 0 as the integral is evaluated over an
interval of zero width.
10a Since the lower limit = upper limit, the width of the interval is 0, and therefore
the value of the integral is 0.
3
So ∫3 √9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
10b Since the lower limit = upper limit, the width of the interval is 0, and therefore
the value of the integral is 0.
4
So ∫4 (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 7) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
10c The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 is shown below.
The integrand 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 is an odd function with symmetry about the origin. For an
𝑎
odd function 𝑓(𝑥), ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0.

1
So ∫−1 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0
10d The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 25𝑥 is shown below.
The integrand 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 25𝑥 is an odd function with symmetry about the origin.
𝑎
For an odd function 𝑓(𝑥), ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
5
So ∫−5(𝑥 3 − 25𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
10e The graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 is shown below.
The integrand 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 is an odd function with symmetry about the origin. For
𝑎
an odd function 𝑓(𝑥), ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
𝜋
2
So ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝜋
−
2

𝑥
10f The graph of 𝑦 = 1+𝑥 2 is shown below.
𝑥
The integrand 𝑦 = 1+𝑥 2 is an odd function with symmetry about the origin. For
𝑎
an odd function 𝑓(𝑥), ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
2 𝑥
So ∫−2 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
11a The graph below shows the curve for 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (red line) and the curve for 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
(blue line). The points of intersection are (0, 0) and (1, 1).
11b If we employ the lower and upper rectangle trap method, we know that both
1 1
∫0 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 and ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 are between 0 and 1.
The area under the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 to the 𝑥-axis is less than the area under the
graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 to the 𝑥-axis in the interval 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1.

Therefore, we know that:

1 1
∫0 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 < ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥.
As they are both between 0 and 1, we can assert the following:

1 1
0 < ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 < ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 < 1
0 0
11c
1
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑥4
=[ ]
4 0
14 04
= ( )−( )
4 4
1
=
4
1
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑥3
=[ ]
3 0
14 04
= ( )−( )
3 3
1
=
3
1 1
Given that 0 < < < 1, the inequality written in question 12b is true.
4 3

12a
In the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, the signed area is positive.

In the interval 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2.5, the signed area is negative.
In the interval 2.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, the signed area is positive.
The sum of the signed areas can be expressed by the following equation:
4 1 2.5 3 4
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 0 1 2.5 3
The RHS of the equation above can be solved piecewise, as follows:

1
∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is the area of a quadrant of a circle of radius, 𝑟 = 1 (shown in red).
1
1 𝜋
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 × 12 =
0 4 4
2.5
∫1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is the area of a triangle with base, 𝑏 = 2.5 − 1 = 1.5, and height,
ℎ = 1 (shown in blue).
2.5
1 3
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = × 1.5 × 1 =
1 2 4
3
∫2.5 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is the area of a triangle with base, 𝑏 = 3 − 2.5 = 0.5, and height,
ℎ = 1 (shown in grey).
3
1 1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = × 0.5 × 1 =
2.5 2 4
4
∫3 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is the area of a quadrant of a circle of radius, 𝑟 = 1 (shown in yellow).

4
1 𝜋
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 × 12 =
3 4 4
4
So ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 3 1 𝜋
= − + +
4 4 4 4
𝜋−1
=
2
12b

In the interval 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, the signed area is negative.
In the interval 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4, the signed area is negative.
The sum of the signed areas can be expressed by the following equation:
4 1 2 3 4
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 0 1 2 3
The RHS of the equation above can be solved piecewise, as follows:

1
∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is the area of the inverse of a quadrant of a circle of radius, 𝑟 = 1
inscribed in a square of side, 𝑏 = 1 (shown in red).
1
1 𝜋
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 12 − 𝜋 × 12 = 1 −
0 4 4
2
∫1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is the area of a triangle with base, 𝑏 = 2 − 1 = 1, and height, ℎ = 1
(shown in blue).

2
1 1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ×1×1=
1 2 2
3
∫2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is the area of a triangle with base, 𝑏 = 3 − 2 = 1, and height, ℎ = 1
(shown in grey).
3
1 1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ×1×1 =
2 2 2
4
∫3 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is the area of a quadrant of a circle of radius, 𝑟 = 1 (shown in yellow).
4
1 𝜋
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 × 12 =
3 4 4
4
So ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 1 1 𝜋
= 1− + − −
4 2 2 4
𝜋
=1−
2
13a i
y=1
0 1 2 3 4 5 x
Area of shaded region is = 𝑙 × 𝑏 = 1 × 5 = 5

13a ii
3 y=x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1
Area of region by formula is = ×𝑏×ℎ
2
1
= ×5×5
2
25
= 2
13b i
5
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
5
= 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
5
2𝑥 2
=[ ]
2 0
= [𝑥 2 ]50
= (25 − 0)
= 25

13b ii
5
∫ 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
0
5 5
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
0 0
5
𝑥2
= [ ] + [𝑥]50
2 0
25
= ( − 0) + (5 − 0)
2
25 1
= + 5 = 17
2 2
13b iii
5
∫ 3𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
0
5 5
= ∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
0 0
5 5
= 3 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
0 0
5
3𝑥 2
=[ ] − [2𝑥]50
2 0
75
= ( − 0) − (10 − 0)
2
75
= − 10
2
1
= 27
2

14a i
Y
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
1 1
Area of region by formula is = ×2×2
2
1
= 2
14a ii
Y
7
0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
Definite integral is the area of the region between the line 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 5| and the 𝑥-
axis, from 𝑥 = 1 to 𝑥 = −5.
𝑏 = 1 − (−5) = 6

ℎ = 6−0 =6
1
1 1
∫ |𝑥 + 5| 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏ℎ = × 6 × 6 = 18
2 2
−5
14a iii
Y
6
4
X-Axis
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Definite integral is the area of the region between the line 𝑦 = |𝑥| + 3 and the
𝑎 = 3−0 =3
𝑏 = 5−0= 5
ℎ = 2−0 =2
1 1
Area of the region = (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ = × (3 + 5) × 2 = 8
2 2

14b i According to the formula,

𝑎 𝑏
∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Hence,
1 1
− 1
∫1 4(1 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫−41(1 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − 2
4 4
14b ii According to the formula,

𝑎 𝑏
Hence,
−5 1
∫1 |𝑥 + 5| 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫−5 |𝑥 + 5| 𝑑𝑥 = −18
14b iii According to the formula,

𝑎 𝑏
Hence,
0 2
∫2 |𝑥| + 3 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫0 |𝑥| + 3 𝑑𝑥 = −8
15a The function is odd so the integral is zero.
15b The function is even so its graph is symmetrical about the 𝑦-axis and is also an
even function.

16a The graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 is shown below.
Since the function is not odd, the statement is false.
16b The graph of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 is shown below.
Since all of the required area from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 2 is above the 𝑥-axis (and hence
is positive), the statement is true.

1
16c The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 is shown below.
Since all of the required area from 𝑥 = −2 to 𝑥 = −1 is below the 𝑥-axis (and
hence is negative), the statement is false.
1
16d The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 is shown below.
21
The area from 𝑥 = 1 to 𝑥 = 2 is above the 𝑥-axis (and is positive), so ∫1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 > 0.
11 11 21
Since the integral ∫2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 has the reverse limits, ∫2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
11
This means that ∫2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 < 0 and hence the statement is false.

17a i
4 4
∫3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫3 1 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥]43 = 4 − 3 = 1
3 3
∫2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫2 1 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥]32 = 3 − 2 = 1
2 2
∫1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 1 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥]12 = 2 − 1 = 1
4 3 2
Hence, ∫3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 𝑑𝑥 = 1
17a ii
4
2 4 2 𝑥2 2 16 9 2 7
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 7 [ 2 ] = 7 × ( 2 − 2) = 7 × 2 = 1
7 3 3
3
2 3 2 𝑥2 2 9 4 2 5
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 [ 2 ] = 5 × (2 − 2) = 5 × 2 = 1
5 2 2
2
2 2 2 𝑥2 2 4 1 2 3
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 [ 2 ] = 3 × (2 − 2) = 3 × 2 = 1
3 1 1
2 4 2 3 2 2
Hence, 7 ∫3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
17a iii
4
3 4 3 𝑥3 3 64 27 3 37
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 37 [ 3 ] = 37 × ( 3 −
37 3 3
) = 37 × 3
=1
3
3
3 3 3 𝑥3 3 27 8 3 19
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 19 [ 3 ] = 19 × ( 3 − 3) = 19 ×
19 2 3
=1
2
2
3 2 3 𝑥3 3 8 1 3 1
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
7 1
= 7 [ 3 ] = 7 × (3 − 3) = 7 × 3 = 1
1
3 4 3 3 3 2
Hence, 37 ∫3 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 19 ∫2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 7 ∫1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 1
17b i
4 4
∫1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 1 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥]14 = 4 − 1 = 3
17b ii
3
3 𝑥2 9 1 8
∫1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ 2 ] = (2 − 2) = 2 = 4
1

17b iii
1
1 𝑥3 1 8 7
∫2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [ 3 ] = (3 − 3) = − 3
2
17b iv
2
2 𝑥3
∫1 (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = [ 3 + 𝑥]
1
8 1
= (3 + 2) − (3 + 1)
14 4 10
= −3=
3 3
17b v
3 3
∫1 7𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 7 ∫1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥3
= 7[3]
1
27 1
= 7 × ( 3 − 3)
26 2
= 7× = 60 3
3
17b vi
4
∫1 (3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥
4 4 4
= ∫1 (3𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫1 (6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 5 𝑑𝑥
4 4 4
= 3 ∫1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 6 ∫1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 5 ∫1 1 𝑑𝑥
4 4
𝑥3 𝑥2
= 3 [ 3 ] − 6 [ 2 ] + 5[𝑥]14
1 1
64 1 16 1
= 3 × ( 3 − 3) − 6 × ( 2 − 2) + 5 × (4 − 1)
63 15
=3× −6× +5×3
3 2
= 64 − 45 + 15
= 33

18a The statement is true as, sin 90° = 1 which makes the function odd and as per
𝑎
the fundamental theorem, if 𝑓(𝑥) is odd then ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
√3 1
18b The statement is true as, sin 120° = − which is odd and cos 60° = 2 which is
2
even makes the function odd and as per the fundamental theorem, if 𝑓(𝑥) is odd
𝑎
then ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
2
18c The statement is false as 2−𝑥 > 0 for all values of 𝑥.
18d The statement is true as 2𝑥 < 3𝑥 for all values of 0 < 𝑥 < 1
18e The statement is false as 2𝑥 > 3𝑥 for all values of −1 > 𝑥 > 0
18f The statement is true as 𝑡 𝑛 > 𝑡 𝑛+1 for all values of 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1

Hence,
1 1
𝑛
≤
1+𝑡 1 + 𝑡 𝑛+1
𝑁 1 𝑁 1 𝑁 1 1 1
19a ∫1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑥 −1 ]1𝑁 = [− 𝑥] = − 𝑁 − (− 1) = 1 − 𝑁
𝑥2 1
𝑁 1 1
Thus as 𝑁 → ∞, ∫1 𝑑𝑥 = 1 − 𝑁 → 1 − 0 = 1 so the integral converges to 1.
𝑥2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
19b ∫𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑒 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑥 −1 ]1𝑒 = [− 𝑥] = − 1 − (− 𝑒) = 𝑒 − 1
𝑥2 𝑒
1 1 1 1
Now, as 𝑒 → 0+ , 𝑒 → ∞, thus as 𝑒 → 0+ , ∫𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 − 1 → ∞.
𝑥2
Thus, the integral diverges.
1 𝑁
𝑁 1 𝑁 −1 𝑥2 𝑁
19c ∫1 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =[ 1 ] = [2√𝑥]1 = 2√𝑁 − 2√1 = 2√𝑁 − 2
2 1
𝑁 1
Now as 𝑁 → ∞, √𝑁 → ∞, thus as 𝑁 → ∞, ∫1 𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑁 − 2 → ∞.
√𝑥
Thus, the integral diverges.

1 1
1 1 1 −1 𝑥2 1
19d ∫𝑒 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑒 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =[ 1 ] = [2√𝑥]𝑒 = 2√1 − 2√𝑒 = 2 − 2√𝑒
2 𝑒
1 1
Now as 𝑒 → 0+ , √𝑒 → 0+ , thus as 𝑒 → 0+ , ∫𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 2 − 2√𝑒 → 2 − 2(0) = 2.
√𝑥
Thus, the integral converges to 2.

1
1a The triangle formula for a triangle of base, 𝑏, and height, ℎ, is 2 𝑏ℎ.
𝑥
The function 𝐴(𝑥) = ∫0 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡 describes a triangle of base 𝑏 = 𝑥 and height
ℎ = 3𝑥 for the values of 𝑥 in the interval [0,3].
𝑥
𝐴(𝑥) = ∫ 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
1
= × 𝑥 × 3𝑥
2
3
= 𝑥2
2
𝑑
1b As 𝐴′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝐴(𝑥)),
𝑑 3 2
𝐴′ (𝑥) = ( 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 2
3
= 2× 𝑥
2
= 3𝑥
The function 𝐴(𝑥) is identical to 𝐴′(𝑥) apart from a change of letter.
2a This graph is the straight line 𝑦 = 3.

The rectangle area formula, 𝑏ℎ is required to calculate the signed area function.
The graph shows a rectangle of base 𝑏 = 𝑥 and height ℎ = 3.
𝑥
𝐴(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 × 3 = 3𝑥
0
𝑑 𝑑
𝐴′ (𝑥) = (𝐴(𝑥)) = (3𝑥) = 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The function 𝐴′(𝑥) is identical to the original function 𝑦 = 3.
2b This graph is the straight line 𝑦 = 2𝑡.

1
The triangle area formula, 2 𝑏ℎ, is required to calculate the signed area function.
The graph shows a triangle of base 𝑏 = 𝑥 and height ℎ = 2𝑥.

𝑥
1
𝐴(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = × 𝑥 × 2𝑥 = 𝑥 2
0 2
𝑑 𝑑 2
𝐴′ (𝑥) = (𝐴(𝑥)) = (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The function 𝐴′(𝑥) is identical to the original function 𝑦 = 2𝑡, apart from the
change of letter.
2c This graph is the straight line 𝑦 = 𝑡 + 2.

1
The trapezium area formula, 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ, is required to calculate the signed area
function.
The graph shows a trapezium with dimensions 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 𝑥 + 2 and height ℎ = 𝑥
𝑥
1 1 1
𝐴(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = (2 + 𝑥 + 2) × 𝑥 = (4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2
0 2 2 2
𝑑 𝑑 1
𝐴′ (𝑥) = (𝐴(𝑥)) = (2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) = 2 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
The function 𝐴′(𝑥) is identical to the original function 𝑦 = 𝑡 + 2, apart from the
change of letter.
2d This graph is the straight line 𝑦 = 5 − 𝑡.

1
The trapezium area formula, 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ, is required to calculate the signed area
function.
The graph shows a trapezium with dimensions 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = 5 − 𝑥 and height ℎ = 𝑥
𝑥
1 1 1
𝐴(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = (5 + 5 − 𝑥) × 𝑥 = (10𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) = 5𝑥 − 𝑥 2
0 2 2 2
𝑑 𝑑 1
𝐴′ (𝑥) = (𝐴(𝑥)) = (5𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) = 5 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
The function 𝐴′(𝑥) is identical to the original function 𝑦 = 5 − 𝑡, apart from the
change of letter.

𝑥
3a The signed area function 𝐴(𝑥) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑥 represents the area under the curve.
As 𝑥 increases from 0, the value of 𝐴(𝑥) will increase. However, due to the
decreasing nature of the curve 𝑓(𝑡) in the interval [0, 2), the value of 𝐴(𝑥) will
increase at a decreasing rate.
In the interval (2, ∞), the curve of 𝑓(𝑡) is increasing, therefore the value of 𝐴(𝑥)
will increase at an increasing rate.
While the value of 𝐴(𝑥) increases for all values of 𝑥 > 0, it increases at a
decreasing rate for 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2 and increases at an increasing rate for 𝑥 > 2 with
an inflection point at 𝑥 = 2.
𝑥
3b The signed area function 𝐴(𝑥) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑥 represents the area under the curve.
As 𝑥 increases from 0, the value of 𝐴(𝑥) will increase. However, due to the
increasing nature of the curve 𝑓(𝑡) in the interval [0, 2), the value of 𝐴(𝑥) will
increase at an increasing rate.
In the interval (2, ∞), the curve of 𝑓(𝑡) is decreasing, therefore the value of 𝐴(𝑥)
will increase at an decreasing rate.
While the value of 𝐴(𝑥) increases for all values of 𝑥 > 0, it increases at an
increasing rate for 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2 and increases at a decreasing rate for 𝑥 > 2 with an
inflection point at 𝑥 = 2.

𝑑 𝑥
4a The differential form 𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑥), therefore
𝑑 𝑥1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑡 𝑥
𝑑 𝑥
4b The differential form 𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑥), therefore
𝑑 𝑥 1 1
∫ 3
𝑑𝑡 =
𝑑𝑥 0 1 + 𝑡 1 + 𝑥3
𝑑 𝑥
4c The differential form 𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑥), therefore
𝑑 𝑥 −1𝑡 2 1 2
∫ 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 0
5a Based on the differential form of the fundamental theorem:

𝑑 𝑥 2
∫ (3𝑡 − 12) 𝑑𝑡 = 3𝑥 2 − 12
𝑑𝑥 1
By integrating first:
𝑥
∫ (3𝑡 2 − 12) 𝑑𝑡
1
= [𝑡 3 − 12𝑡]1𝑥
= (𝑥 3 − 12𝑥) − (13 − 12 × 1)
= 𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 + 11
Therefore, by differentiating:
𝑑 𝑥 2
∫ (3𝑡 − 12) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑 3
= (𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 11)
𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑥 2 − 12

5b Based on the differential form of the fundamental theorem:

𝑑 𝑥 3
∫ (𝑡 + 4𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥
∫ (𝑡 3 + 4𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑥
𝑡4
= [ + 2𝑡 2 ]
4 2
𝑥4 24
= ( + 2𝑥 ) − ( + 2(2)2 )
2
4 4
𝑥4
= + 2𝑥 2 − 12
4
𝑑 𝑥 3
∫ (𝑡 + 4𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑 𝑥4
= ( + 2𝑥 2 − 12)
𝑑𝑥 4
= 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥
5c Based on the differential form of the fundamental theorem:

𝑑 𝑥 1 1
∫ ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑡 𝑥
𝑥
1
∫ ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑡
𝑥
= ∫ (𝑡 −2 ) 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑥
𝑡 −1
=[ ]
−1 2
1 1
= (− ) − (− )
𝑥 2

1 1
= −
2 𝑥
𝑑 𝑥 1
∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑡 2
𝑑 1 1
= ( − )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥
1
=
𝑥2
6a i Using the fundamental theorem,
𝑑 𝑥 2
∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 1
6a ii Using the fundamental theorem,

𝑑 𝑥 3
∫ (𝑡 + 3𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
6a iii Using the fundamental theorem,

𝑑 𝑥1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑡 𝑥
6a iv Using the fundamental theorem,

𝑑 𝑥 3
∫ (𝑡 − 3)4 𝑑𝑡 = (𝑥 3 − 3)4
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
6b For 6a i, the solved part is as below:

𝑑 𝑥
∫ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1
𝑥
𝑥 𝑡3
Then, ∫1 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = [ 3 − 1]
1
𝑥3
= −1
3

𝑑 𝑥3 1
Hence, 𝑑𝑥 ( 3 − 1) = 3 × 3𝑥 2 − 0
= 𝑥2
For 6a ii, the solved part is as below

𝑑 𝑥 3
∫ (𝑡
𝑑𝑥 2
+ 3𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑥
𝑥 𝑡4 3𝑡 2
Then, ∫2 (𝑡 3 + 3𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = [ 4 + ]
2 2
𝑥4 3𝑥 2 16 12
=(4 + )−(4 + )
2 2
𝑥4 3𝑥 2
= + − 10
4 2
𝑥 4 +6𝑥 2 −40
= 4
𝑑 𝑥 4 +6𝑥 2 −40 1
Hence, 𝑑𝑥 ( ) = 4 × (4𝑥 3 + 12𝑥)
4
= 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥
7a The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 is shown below.

The sketch graph of 𝑦 = 𝐴(𝑥) for 𝑥 ≥ 0 is shown below.
The function 𝑦 = 𝐴(𝑥) is zero at 𝑥 = 0 and is increasing at an increasing rate.
7b The graph of 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑡 is shown below.

The sketch graph of 𝑦 = 𝐴(𝑥) for 𝑥 ≥ 1 is shown below.
The function 𝑦 = 𝐴(𝑥) is zero at 𝑥 = 1 and is increasing at an increasing rate.
1
7c The graph of 𝑦 = is shown below.
𝑡

The graph of 𝑦 = 𝐴(𝑥) for 𝑥 ≥ 1 is shown below.
The function 𝑦 = 𝐴(𝑥) is zero at 𝑥 = 1 and is increasing at a decreasing rate.
8a
𝑥 0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
𝐴(𝑥) 0 1 0 −1 0
This looks like 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 which suggests that the derivative of sin 𝑥 is cos 𝑥.

8b The graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑡 is shown below.
𝑥 0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
𝐴(𝑥) 0 1 2 1 0
𝐴(𝑥)
The graph looks like 1 − cos 𝑥 which suggests the derivative of cos 𝑥 is – sin 𝑥.
9a 𝐴(𝑥) is increasing when 𝑓(𝑡) is positive, that is, for 𝑡 < 𝑐, and is decreasing for
𝑡 > 𝑐.
9b 𝐴(𝑥) has a maximum turning point when the total signed area is maximum, this
is when 𝑥 = 𝑐 as after that point the signed area starts decreasing. There are no
minimum turning points which would be when the curve passes from below the
𝑥-axis (negative area) to above the 𝑥-axis (positive area).
9c 𝐴(𝑥) has inflections when 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) changes in sign. That is at 𝑥 = 𝑏 and 𝑥 = 𝑑.
9d The zeroes of 𝐴(𝑥) occur when the total signed area is zero. This is at 𝑥 = 𝑎 and
𝑥 = 𝑒.

9e 𝐴(𝑥) is positive while the total signed area is positive. This is for 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑒. We
assume that the curve will follow a similar shape to what it currently presents
and hence will be negative for 𝑥 < 𝑎 and 𝑥 > 𝑒.
9f
10a The function is continuous at every real number so it is a continuous function.
10b The domain is 𝑥 ≠ 2 ,and 𝑦 is continuous at every value in its domain so it is a

continuous function.
10c Zero lies in the domain, and 𝑦 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 0 so it is not a continuous
function.
10d The domain is 𝑥 ≥ 0, and 𝑦 is continuous at every value in its domain so it is a

10e The domain is 𝑥 > 0, and 𝑦 is continuous at every value in its domain so it is a
10f The domain is 𝑥 ≥ 0, and 𝑦 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 0 so it is not a continuous

function.

Let 𝐶 be a constant.
1a ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥 + 𝐶
1b ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 1𝑥 + 𝐶 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
1c ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥 = 0𝑥 + 𝐶 = 𝐶
1d ∫(−2) 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥2
1e ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
2
𝑥3
1f ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3
+𝐶
𝑥4
1g ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 4
+𝐶
𝑥8
1h ∫ 𝑥 7 𝑑𝑥 = 8
+𝐶
2a ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2
= +𝐶
2
= 𝑥2 + 𝐶
2b ∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 2
= +𝐶
2
= 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶

2c ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 3
= +𝐶
3
= 𝑥3 + 𝐶
2d ∫ 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 4
= +𝐶
4
= 𝑥4 + 𝐶
2e ∫ 10𝑥 9 𝑑𝑥
10𝑥10
= +𝐶
10
= 𝑥10 + 𝐶
2f ∫ 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 4
= +𝐶
4
𝑥4
= +𝐶
2
2g ∫ 4𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 6
= +𝐶
6
2𝑥 6
= +𝐶
3
2h ∫ 3𝑥 8 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 9
= +𝐶
9
𝑥9
= +𝐶
3

3a ∫(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥3
= + +𝐶
2 3
3b ∫(𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5 𝑥4
= − +𝐶
5 4
3c ∫(𝑥 7 + 𝑥10 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 8 𝑥11
= + +𝐶
8 11
3d ∫(2𝑥 + 5𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2 5𝑥 5
= + +𝐶
2 5
= 𝑥2 + 𝑥5 + 𝐶
3e ∫(9𝑥 8 − 11) 𝑑𝑥
9𝑥 9
= − 11𝑥 + 𝐶
9
= 𝑥 9 − 11𝑥 + 𝐶
3f ∫(7𝑥13 + 3𝑥 8 ) 𝑑𝑥
7𝑥14 3𝑥 9
= + +𝐶
14 9
𝑥14 𝑥 9
= + +𝐶
2 3
3g ∫(4 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 2
= 4𝑥 − +𝐶
2

3h ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥5
=𝑥− + +𝐶
3 5
3i ∫(3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 3 8𝑥 4 7𝑥 5
= − + +𝐶
3 4 5
3
7𝑥 5
4
= 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + +𝐶
5
4a ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −1
= +𝐶
−1
= −𝑥 −1 + 𝐶
4b ∫ 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −2
= +𝐶
−2
𝑥 −2
=− +𝐶
2
4c ∫ 𝑥 −8 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −7
= +𝐶
−7
𝑥 −7
=− +𝐶
7
4d ∫ 3𝑥 −4 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 −3
= +𝐶
−3
= −𝑥 −3 + 𝐶

4e ∫ 9𝑥 −10 𝑑𝑥
9𝑥 −9
= +𝐶
−9
= −𝑥 −9 + 𝐶
4f ∫ 10𝑥 −6 𝑑𝑥
10𝑥 −5
= +𝐶
−5
= −2𝑥 −5 + 𝐶
1
5a ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥2
= +𝐶
3
(2)
3
2𝑥 2
= +𝐶
3
1
5b ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
4
𝑥3
= +𝐶
4
(3)
4
3𝑥 3
= +𝐶
4
1
5c ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
5
𝑥4
= +𝐶
5
(4)
5
4𝑥 4
= +𝐶
5

2
5d ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
5
𝑥3
= +𝐶
5
(3)
5
3𝑥 3
= +𝐶
5
1
−
5e ∫𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥2
= +𝐶
1
(2)
1
= 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶
1
5f ∫ 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
4𝑥 2
= +𝐶
3
(2)
3
8𝑥 2
= +𝐶
3
6a ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3
= + 𝑥2 + 𝐶
3
6b ∫ 𝑥(4 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(4𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4
= 2𝑥 2 − +𝐶
4

6c ∫ 𝑥 2 (5 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 3 3𝑥 4
= − +𝐶
3 4
6d ∫ 𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 5) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 5 5𝑥 4
= − +𝐶
5 4
6e ∫(𝑥 − 3)2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3
= − 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 𝐶
3
6f ∫(2𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 3
= + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
3
6g ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(1 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 3 𝑥 5
=𝑥− + +𝐶
3 5

6h ∫(2 − 3𝑥)(2 + 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(4 − 9𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 3 + 𝐶
6i ∫(𝑥 2 − 3)(1 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 − 3 + 6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥4
= − − 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝐶
3 2
7a
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 2 2𝑥
= ∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
= + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
7b
𝑥7 + 𝑥8
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥6
𝑥7 𝑥8
= ∫( + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥6 𝑥6
= ∫(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥3
= + +𝐶
2 3

7c
2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥
2𝑥 3 𝑥 4
= ∫( − ) 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 4𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥3
= ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
2 4
𝑥3 𝑥4
= − +𝐶
6 16
8a
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
= ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −1
= +𝐶
−1
1
=− +𝐶
𝑥
8b
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3
= ∫ 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −2
= +𝐶
−2
1
=− +𝐶
2𝑥 2

8c
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5
= ∫ 𝑥 −5 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −4
= +𝐶
−4
1
=− +𝐶
4𝑥 4
8d
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥10
= ∫ 𝑥 −10 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −9
= +𝐶
−9
1
=− +𝐶
9𝑥 9
8e
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4
= ∫ 3𝑥 −4 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 −3
= +𝐶
−3
= −𝑥 −3 + 𝐶
1
=− +𝐶
𝑥3

8f
5
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥6
= ∫ 5𝑥 −6 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 −5
= +𝐶
−5
1
=− +𝐶
𝑥5
8g
7
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥8
= ∫ 7𝑥 −8 𝑑𝑥
7𝑥 −7
= +𝐶
−7
1
=− +𝐶
𝑥7
8h
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 2
𝑥 −2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥 −1
= +𝐶
3 × −1
1
=− +𝐶
3𝑥

8i
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
7𝑥 5
𝑥 −5
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
7
𝑥 −4
= +𝐶
7 × −4
1
=− +𝐶
28𝑥 4
8j
1
∫− 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 3
𝑥 −3
= ∫− 𝑑𝑥
5
𝑥 −2
=− +𝐶
5 × −2
1
= +𝐶
10𝑥 2
8k
1 1
∫ ( 2 − 5 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 −2 − 𝑥 −5 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −1 𝑥 −4
= − +𝐶
−1 −4
1 1
=− + 4+𝐶
𝑥 4𝑥

8l
1 1
∫ ( 3 + 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 −3 + 𝑥 −4 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −2 𝑥 −3
= + +𝐶
−2 −3
1 1
=− 2
− 3+𝐶
2𝑥 3𝑥
9a
∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥2
= +𝐶
3
(2)
3
2𝑥 2
= +𝐶
3
9b
3
1
= ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
4
𝑥3
= +𝐶
4
(3)
4
3𝑥 3
= +𝐶
4

9c
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥2
= +𝐶
1
(2)
1
= 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶
= 2√𝑥 + 𝐶
9d
3
∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
= ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
5
𝑥3
= +𝐶
5
(3)
5
3𝑥 3
= +𝐶
5
10a
9
0
3 9
2𝑥 2
=[ ] (from question 9a)
3
0
3
2 × 92
= −0
3
2 × 27
=
3
= 18

10b
8
3
0
4 8
3𝑥 3
=[ ] (from question 9b)
4
0
4
3 × 83
= −0
4
3 × 16
=
4
= 12
10c
49
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
25 √𝑥
49
= [2√𝑥]25 (from question 9c)
= 2√49 − 2√25
= 14 − 10
=4
10d
1
3
∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
5 1
3𝑥 3
=[ ] (from question 9d)
5
0
3
= −0
5
3
=
5

11a ∫(𝑥 + 1)5 𝑑𝑥

(𝑥 + 1)6
= +𝐶
6
1
= (𝑥 + 1)6 + 𝐶
6
11b ∫(𝑥 + 2)3 𝑑𝑥

(𝑥 + 2)4
= +𝐶
4
1
= (𝑥 + 2)4 + 𝐶
4
11c ∫(4 − 𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥

(4 − 𝑥)5
= +𝐶
−1 × 5
(4 − 𝑥)5
=− +𝐶
5
1
= − (4 − 𝑥)5 + 𝐶
5
11d ∫(3 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

(3 − 𝑥)3
= +𝐶
−1 × 3
(3 − 𝑥)3
=− +𝐶
3
1
= − (3 − 𝑥)3 + 𝐶
3
11e ∫(3𝑥 + 1)4 𝑑𝑥

(3𝑥 + 1)5
= +𝐶
3×5
(3𝑥 + 1)5
= +𝐶
15

1
= (3𝑥 + 1)5 + 𝐶
15
11f ∫(4𝑥 − 3)7 𝑑𝑥

(4𝑥 − 3)8
= +𝐶
4×8
(4𝑥 − 3)8
= +𝐶
32
1
= (4𝑥 − 3)8 + 𝐶
32
11g ∫(5 − 2𝑥)6 𝑑𝑥

(5 − 2𝑥)7
= +𝐶
−2 × 7
(5 − 2𝑥)7
=− +𝐶
14
1
=− (5 − 2𝑥)7 + 𝐶
14
11h ∫(1 − 5𝑥)7 𝑑𝑥

(1 − 5𝑥)8
= +𝐶
−5 × 8
(1 − 5𝑥)8
=− +𝐶
40
1
=− (1 − 5𝑥)8 + 𝐶
40
11i ∫(2𝑥 + 9)11 𝑑𝑥

(2𝑥 + 9)12
= +𝐶
2 × 12
(2𝑥 + 9)12
= +𝐶
24
1
= (2𝑥 + 9)12 + 𝐶
24

11j ∫ 3(2𝑥 − 1)10 𝑑𝑥

3(2𝑥 − 1)11
= +𝐶
2 × 11
3(2𝑥 − 1)11
= +𝐶
22
3
= (2𝑥 − 1)11 + 𝐶
22
11k ∫ 4(5𝑥 − 4)6 𝑑𝑥

4(5𝑥 − 4)7
= +𝐶
5×7
4(5𝑥 − 4)7
= +𝐶
35
4
= (5𝑥 − 4)7 + 𝐶
35
11l
∫ 7(3 − 2𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥
7(3 − 2𝑥)4
= +𝐶
−2 × 4
7(3 − 2𝑥)4
=− +𝐶
8
7
= − (3 − 2𝑥)4 + 𝐶
8
12a
4
1
∫ ( 𝑥 − 7) 𝑑𝑥
3
5
1
(3 𝑥 − 7)
= +𝐶
1
3×5
5
3 1
= ( 𝑥 − 7) + 𝐶
5 3

12b
6
1
∫ ( 𝑥 − 7) 𝑑𝑥
4
7
1
(4 𝑥 − 7)
= +𝐶
1
4×7
7
4 1
= ( 𝑥 − 7) + 𝐶
7 4
12c
1 3
∫ (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
5
1 4
(1 − 𝑥)
= 5 +𝐶
1
− ×4
5
5 1 4
= − (1 − 𝑥) + 𝐶
4 5
13a
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)3
= ∫(𝑥 + 1)−3 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)−2
= +𝐶
1 × −2
1
=− +𝐶
2(𝑥 + 1)2
13b
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 5)4
= ∫(𝑥 − 5)−4 𝑑𝑥

(𝑥 − 5)−3
= +𝐶
1 × −3
1
=− +𝐶
3(𝑥 − 5)3
13c
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(3𝑥 − 4)2
= ∫(3𝑥 − 4)−2 𝑑𝑥
(3𝑥 − 4)−1
= +𝐶
3 × −1
1
=− +𝐶
3(3𝑥 − 4)
13d
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(2 − 𝑥)5
= ∫(2 − 𝑥)−5 𝑑𝑥
(2 − 𝑥)−4
= +𝐶
−1 × −4
1
= +𝐶
4(2 − 𝑥)4
13e
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 7)6
= ∫ 3(𝑥 − 7)−6 𝑑𝑥
3(𝑥 − 7)−5
= +𝐶
1 × −5
3
=− +𝐶
5(𝑥 − 7)5

13f
8
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(4𝑥 + 1)5
= ∫ 8(4𝑥 + 1)−5 𝑑𝑥
8(4𝑥 + 1)−4
= +𝐶
4 × −4
1
=− +𝐶
2(4𝑥 + 1)4
13g
2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(3 − 5𝑥)4
= ∫ 2(3 − 5𝑥)−4 𝑑𝑥
2(3 − 5𝑥)−3
= +𝐶
−5 × −3
2
= +𝐶
15(3 − 5𝑥)3
13h
4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5(1 − 4𝑥)2
4
= ∫ (1 − 4𝑥)−2 𝑑𝑥
5
4
(1 − 4𝑥)−1
= 5 +𝐶
−4 × −1
1
= +𝐶
5(1 − 4𝑥)
1
= +𝐶
5 − 20𝑥

13i
7
∫ 𝑑𝑥
8(3𝑥 + 2)5
7
= ∫ (3𝑥 + 2)−5 𝑑𝑥
8
7
(3𝑥 + 2)−4
= 8 +𝐶
3 × −4
7
=− +𝐶
96(3𝑥 + 2)4
14a
∫ √𝑥(3√𝑥 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(3𝑥 − 𝑥 √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
3
= ∫ (3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
3 2 2 5
= 𝑥 − 𝑥2 + 𝐶
2 5
14b
∫(√𝑥 − 2)(√𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 − 4) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
= − 4𝑥 + 𝐶
2
1 2
= 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 𝐶
2

14c
2
∫(2√𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(4𝑥 − 4√𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ (4𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
8 3
= 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
3
15a i
1 1
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
3 1
𝑥2
=[ ]
3
(2)
0
2 31
= [ 𝑥 2]
3 0
2 2
= ×1− ×0
3 3
2
=
3
15a ii
4 1
∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
1
1 4
𝑥2
=[ ]
1
(2)
1
1 4
= [2𝑥 2 ]
1
1 4
= 2 [𝑥 2 ]
1

1
= 2 (42 − 1)
= 2(2 − 1)
=2
15a iii
8 1
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
0
3 4 8
= [𝑥 3 ]
4 0
3 4
= (83 − 0)
4
3 4
= (2 )
4
= 12
15b i
4
0
4 1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
3 4
𝑥2
=[ ]
3
(2)
0
2 3 4
= [𝑥 2 ]
3 0
2 3
= (42 − 0)
3
2
= (8 − 0)
3
1
=5
3

15b ii
9
∫ 𝑥√𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
9 3
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
2 5 9
= [𝑥 2 ]
5 1
2 5
= (92 − 1)
5
2
= × 242
5
4
= 96
5
15b iii
9
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 √𝑥
9 1
= ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
1
1 9
= 2 [𝑥 2 ]
1
9
= 2[√𝑥]1
= 2(√9 − √1)
= 2(3 − 1)
=4
16a
4
∫ (2 − √𝑥)(2 + √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
4
= ∫ (4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2

4
𝑥2
= [4𝑥 − ]
2 2
= (16 − 8) − (8 − 2)
=2
16b
1
∫ √𝑥(√𝑥 − 4) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
= ∫ (𝑥 − 4√𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
1 1
= ∫ (𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑥2 8 3
= [ − 𝑥 2]
2 3 0
1 8
= ( − ) − (0 − 0)
2 3
13
=−
6
16c
9
2
∫ (√𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
4
9
= ∫ (𝑥 − 2√𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
4
9 1
= ∫ (𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
4
9
𝑥2 4 3
= [ − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥]
2 3 4
92 4 3 42 4 3
= ( − × 92 + 9) − ( − × 42 + 4)
2 3 2 3
1 1
= 13 −1
12 3

1
= 12
6
𝑥0
17 ∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 is meaningless as dividing by zero is an invalid operation.
0
18a
∫ √2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫(2𝑥 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥
3
(2𝑥 − 1)2
= +𝐶
3
2×2
1 3
= (2𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐶
3
18b
∫ √7 − 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫(7 − 4𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
3
(7 − 4𝑥)2
= +𝐶
3
−4 × 2
1 3
= − (7 − 4𝑥)2 + 𝐶
6
18c
3
∫ √4𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫(4𝑥 − 1)3 𝑑𝑥

4
(4𝑥 − 1)3
= +𝐶
4
4×3
3 4
= (4𝑥 − 1)3 + 𝐶
16
18d
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√3𝑥 + 5
1
= ∫(3𝑥 + 5)−2 𝑑𝑥
1
(3𝑥 + 5)2
= +𝐶
1
3×2
2
= √3𝑥 + 5 + 𝐶
3
19a
2
∫ (𝑥 + 1)4 𝑑𝑥
0
2
(𝑥 + 1)5
=[ ]
1×5 0
35 15
= −
5 5
242
=
5
19b
3
∫ (2𝑥 − 5)3 𝑑𝑥
2
3
(2𝑥 − 5)4
=[ ]
2×4 2

14 (−1)4
= −
8 8
=0
19c
2
∫ (1 − 𝑥)5 𝑑𝑥
−2
2
(1 − 𝑥)6
=[ ]
−1 × 6 −2
(−1)6 36
= −
−6 −6
1 729
=− +
6 6
1
= 121
3
19d
5
𝑥 4
∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥
0 5
5
𝑥 5
(1 − )
=[ 5 ]
1
− ×5
5 0
= −(1 − 1)5 − (−(1 − 0)5 )

= 0+1
=1
19e
1
∫ √9 − 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
1 1
= ∫ (9 − 8𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
0

3 1
(9 − 8𝑥)2
=[ ]
3
−8 × 2
0
3 3
12 92
= − − (− )
12 12
1 27
=− +
12 12
13
=
6
19f
7
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 √𝑥 + 2
7 1
= ∫ (𝑥 + 2)−2 𝑑𝑥
2
1 7
(𝑥 + 2)2
=[ ]
1
1×2
2
7
= [2√𝑥 + 2]2
= 2√9 − 2√4
= 6−4
=2
19g
0
3
∫ √𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
−2
0 1
= ∫ (𝑥 + 1)3 𝑑𝑥
−2
4 0
(𝑥 + 1)3
=[ ]
4
1×3
−2

3 4 0
= [ (𝑥 + 1)3 ]
4 −2
3 4 3 4
= × 13 − × (−1)3
4 4
3 3
= −
4 4
=0
19h
5
∫ √3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
1
5 1
= ∫ (3𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥
1
3 5
(3𝑥 + 1)2
=[ ]
3
3×2
1
2 3 5
= [ (3𝑥 + 1)2 ]
9 1
2 3 2 3
= × 162 − × 42
9 9
2 2
= × 64 − × 8
9 9
112
=
9
4
= 12
9
19i
0
∫ √1 − 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−3
0 1
= ∫ (1 − 5𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
−3

3 0
(1 − 5𝑥)2
=[ ]
3
−5 × 2
−3
2 3 0
= [− (1 − 5𝑥)2 ]
15 −3
2 3 2 3
=− × 12 − (− × 162 )
15 15
2 128
=− +
15 15
2
=8
5
20a if 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
Then, derivative of each side will be
𝑑𝑦 𝑑(𝑢𝑣) 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
= = 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑(𝑢𝑣) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = −𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Now integrating both the sides, we get

𝑑𝑣 𝑑(𝑢𝑣) 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The first term on the right side is simply integrating the first derivative that we
did hence,
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Hence, proved.
20b i
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 − 1)4. It follows that 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and that 𝑣 = 5 (𝑥 − 1)5 .
Substituting this into the equation from 20a gives
1 1
∫ 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 × (𝑥 − 1)5 − ∫ (𝑥 − 1)5 × 1 𝑑𝑥
5 5
𝑥 1
= (𝑥 − 1)5 − ∫(𝑥 − 1)5 𝑑𝑥
5 5

If we let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1, then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 and
5
𝑢6
5
(𝑥 − 1)6
∫(𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶1 = + 𝐶1
6 6
Hence
𝑥 1 (𝑥 − 1)6
∫ 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 − 1)5 − ( + 𝐶1 )
5 5 6
𝑥 1
= (𝑥 − 1)5 − (𝑥 − 1)6 + 𝐶
5 30
20b ii
3
(1+𝑥)2 3
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 2
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = √1 + 𝑥. It follows that 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and that 𝑣 = 3 = 3 (1 + 𝑥)2 .
( )
2
Substituting this into the equation from 20a gives
2 3 2 3
∫ 𝑥√1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 × (1 + 𝑥)2 − ∫ (1 + 𝑥)2 × 1 𝑑𝑥
3 3
2𝑥 3 2 3
= (1 + 𝑥)2 − ∫(1 + 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
3 3
If we let 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 and
5
3 3 𝑢2 2 5 2 5
∫(1 + 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶1 = 𝑢2 + 𝐶1 = (1 + 𝑥)2 + 𝐶1
5 5 5
2
Hence
2𝑥 3 2 2 5
∫ 𝑥√1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (1 + 𝑥)2 − ( (1 + 𝑥)2 + 𝐶1 )
3 3 5
2𝑥 3 4 5
= (1 + 𝑥)2 − (1 + 𝑥)2 + 𝐶
3 15

1a Area of the shaded region
2
= ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
= [𝑥 2 ]20
= 22 − 0
= 4 square units
1b Area of the shaded region

3
= ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
= [𝑥 3 ]13
= 33 − 13
= 27 − 1
= 26 square units
1c Area of the shaded region

3
= ∫ 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
0
= [𝑥 4 ]30
= 34 − 0
= 81 square units
1d Area of the shaded region

2
= ∫ (3𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
−1
= [𝑥 3 + 𝑥]2−1
= (23 + 2) − ((−1)3 − 1))
= 10 − (−2)

= 12 square units
1e Area of the shaded region

3
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
3
𝑥3
=[ ]
3 0
33
= −0
3
= 9 square units
1f Area of the shaded region

4
= ∫ (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
4
𝑥3
= [ − 𝑥2]
3 2
43 23
= − 4 − ( − 22 )
2
3 3
64 8
= − 16 − + 4
3 3
2
= 6 3 square units
1g Area of the shaded region

16
= ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
16 1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
3 16
𝑥2
=[ ]
3
2 0

2 3 16
= [ 𝑥 2]
3 0
2 3 2 3
= × 162 − × 02
3 3
128
= square units
3
1h Area of the shaded region

3
= ∫ (5 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
3
𝑥2
= [5𝑥 − ]
2 1
32 12
= (15 − ) − (5 − )
2 2
9 1
= 15 − − 5 +
2 2
= 6 square units
1i Area of the shaded region

0
= ∫ (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−1
0
𝑥4 𝑥2
=[ − ]
4 2 −1
04 02 (−1)4 (−1)2
= ( − )−( − )
4 2 4 2
1 1
= 0−0− +
4 2
1
= 4 square units

1j Area of the shaded region

3
= ∫ (12 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−4
3
𝑥2 𝑥3
= [12𝑥 − − ]
2 3 −4
32 33 (−4)2 (−4)3
= (12 × 3 − − ) − (12 × (−4) − − )
2 3 2 3
9 64
= 36 − − 9 + 48 + 8 −
2 3
1
= 57 6 square units
1k Area of the shaded region

2
= ∫ 5𝑥 4 + 1 𝑑𝑥
−1
= [𝑥 5 + 𝑥]2−1
= (25 + 2) − ((−1)5 + (−1))
= 32 + 2 + 1 + 1
= 36 square units
1l Area of the shaded region

27
3
= ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
27 1
= ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1
4 27
𝑥3
=[ ]
4
3 1
3 4 27
= [𝑥 3 ]
4 1
3 4 4
= [273 − 13 ]
4

3
= (81 − 1)
4
= 60 square units
2a The shaded area gives the area bounded by the curve and the 𝑦-axis between
𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 5, hence the area will be given by:
5
𝐴 = ∫ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0
= [𝑦 2 ]50
= 52 − 02
= 25 square units
5
5 𝑥
Note that one could alternatively use the expression 5 × 2 − ∫02 2 𝑑𝑥 to obtain the
area.
2b The shaded area gives the area bounded by the curve and the 𝑦-axis between
𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 0, hence the area will be given by:
0
𝐴 = ∫ 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
−2
= [𝑦 3 ]0−2
= 03 − (−2)3
= 8 square units
12 𝑥
Note that one could alternatively use the expression 2 × 3(2)2 − | ∫0 √3 𝑑𝑥| to
obtain the area.
2c
4
𝐴 = ∫ (2𝑦 − 4) 𝑑𝑦
2
= [𝑦 2 − 4𝑦]42
= (42 − 4 × 4) − (22 − 4 × 2)
= 4 square units

2d
3
𝐴 = ∫ (27 − 3𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
−3
= [27𝑦 − 𝑦 3 ]3−3
= (27 × 3 − 33 ) − (27 × (−3) − (−3)3 )
= 81 − 27 + 81 − 27
= 108 square units
2e
3
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0
3
𝑦2
=[ ]
2 0
32
= −0
2
9
= 2 square units
2f
5
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑦 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑦
3
5
𝑦3
= [ + 𝑦]
3 3
53 33
= ( + 5) − ( + 3)
3 3
125 27
= +5− −3
3 3
2
= 34 3 square units

2g
9
𝐴 = ∫ √𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0
9 1
= ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
0
3 9
𝑦2
=[ ]
3
2 0
2 3 9
= [𝑦 2 ]
3 0
2 3
= (92 − 0)
3
2
= × 27
3
= 18 square units
2h
4
1
𝐴=∫ 𝑑𝑦
1 √𝑦
4 1
= ∫ 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦
1
1 4
𝑦2
=[ ]
1
2 1
1 4
= 2 [𝑦 2 ]
1
4
= 2[√𝑦]
1
= 2(√4 − 1)
= 2(2 − 1)
= 2 square units

3a Shaded region is below the 𝑥-axis so signed area will be negative.

3
∫ (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
1
3
𝑥3
= [ − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥]
3 1
33 13
= ( − 2 × 32 + 3 × 3) − ( − 2 × 12 + 3 × 1)
3 3
1
= 9 − 18 + 9 − + 2 − 3
3
4
=−
3
4
Hence, the required area is square units.
3
3b Shaded region is below the 𝑥-axis so signed area will be negative.

0
∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−3
0
3𝑥 2
=[ ]
2 −3
3(−3)2
= 0−
2
27
=−
2
27
2
3c Shaded region is below the 𝑥-axis so signed area will be negative.

0
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
−3
0
𝑥4
=[ ]
4 −3
(−3)4
= 0−
4

81
=−
4
81
4
3d Shaded region is below the 𝑥-axis so signed area will be negative.

3
∫ (1 − 𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
3
𝑥5
= [𝑥 − ]
5 1
35 15
= (3 − ) − (1 − )
5 5
243 1
= 3− −1+
5 5
2
= −46
5
2
Hence, the required area is 46 square units.
5
4a Shaded region is to the left of the 𝑦-axis so signed area will be negative.
4
∫ (1 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
1
4
𝑦2
= [𝑦 − ]
2 1
42 12
= (4 − ) − (1 − )
2 2
1
= 4−8−1+
2
9
=−
2
9
2

4b Shaded region is to the left of the 𝑦-axis so signed area will be negative.
4
∫ (𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 8) 𝑑𝑦
2
4
𝑦3
= [ − 3𝑦 2 + 8𝑦]
3 2
43 23
= ( − 3 × 42 + 8 × 4) − ( − 3 × 22 + 8 × 2)
3 3
64 8
= − 48 + 32 − + 12 − 16
3 3
4
=−
3
4
3
4c Shaded region is to the left of the 𝑦-axis so signed area will be negative.
−1
3
∫ √𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−8
−1 1
=∫ 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
−8
4 −1
𝑦3
=[ ]
4
3 −8
3 4 −1
= [𝑦 3 ]
4 −8
3 4 4
= ((−1)3 − (−8)3 )
4
3
= (1 − 16)
4
45
=−
4
45
4

4d Shaded region is to the left of the 𝑦-axis so signed area will be negative.
3
∫ (−𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
0
3
𝑦3
= [− ]
3 0
33
=− −0
3
= −9
5a The required shading between the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 and the 𝑥-axis from
𝑥 = −3 to 𝑥 = 2 is shown below.
5b Shaded region is above the 𝑥-axis so signed area will be positive.

2
∫ (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
−1
2
𝑥2
= [ + 𝑥]
2 −1
1
= (2 + 2) − (2 − 1)
1
= 42
1
Hence, the required area is 4 2 square units.

5c Shaded region is below the 𝑥-axis so signed area will be negative.

−1
∫ (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
−3
−1
𝑥2
= [ + 𝑥]
2 −3
1 9
= (2 − 1) − (2 − 3)
= −2
1 1
5d Area of the entire shaded region = 4 + 2 = 6 square units.
2 2
5e
2
∫ (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
−3
2
𝑥2
= [ + 𝑥]
2 −3
9
= (2 + 2) − (2 − 3)
1
= 22
This is the area above the 𝑥-axis minus the area below it. This is because when
the integral is taken, areas below the 𝑥-axis are considered negative.
6a The required shading between the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 and the 𝑥-axis from


1
∫ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
−3
1
𝑥3
= [ + 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥]
3 −3
13 (−3)3
= ( + 12 − 3 × 1) − ( + (−3)2 − 3 × (−3))
3 3
1
= 3+1−3+9−9−9
2
= −10
3
2
6c Shaded region is above the 𝑥-axis so signed area will be positive.

2
∫ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
1
2
𝑥3
= [ + 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥]
3 1
23 13
= ( + 2 − 3 × 2) − ( + 12 − 3 × 1)
2
3 3

8 1
= 3+4−6−3−1+3
1
= 23
1
2 1
6d Area of the entire shaded region = 10 3 + 2 3 = 13 square units.
6e
2
∫ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
−3
2
𝑥3
= [ + 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥]
3 −3
23 (−3)3
= ( + 22 − 3 × 2) − ( + (−3)2 − 3 × (−3))
3 3
8
= 3+4−6+9−9−9
1
= −8
3
This is the area above the 𝑥-axis minus the area below it.
7a The required shading between the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 and the 𝑥-axis from

2
∫ (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
𝑥4 𝑥3
= [ − − 𝑥2]
4 3 0
24 23
= ( − − 22 ) − (0 − 0 − 0)
4 3
8
= 4− −4
3
2
= −2 3
2
7c Shaded region is above the 𝑥-axis so signed area will be positive.

0
∫ (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−1
0
𝑥4 𝑥3
= [ − − 𝑥2]
4 3 −1
(−1)4 (−1)3
= (0 − 0 − 0) − ( − − (−1)2 )
4 3
1 1
=− − +1
4 3
5
=
12
5
2 5 1
7d Area of the entire shaded region =2 3 + 12 = 3 12 square units

7e
2
∫ (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−1
2
𝑥4 𝑥3
= [ − − 𝑥2]
4 3 −1
24 23 (−1)4 (−1)3
= ( − − 22 ) − ( − − (−1)2 )
4 3 4 3
8 1 1
= 4− −4− − +1
3 4 3
1
= −2 4
This is the area above the 𝑥-axis minus the area below it. This is because when
the integral is taken, areas below the axis are considered negative.
8a The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is shown below. Between 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥 = 2, the required

region is above the 𝑥-axis and hence the signed area is positive.
2
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
−3
2
𝑥3
=[ ]
3 −3
23 (−3)3
= −
3 3
8
= +9
3

2
= 11
3
2
8b The graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 is shown below. Between 𝑥 = −4 and 𝑥 = 0, the region is

below the 𝑥-axis (signed area is negative), and between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1, the
region is above the 𝑥-axis (signed area is positive).
0
∫ 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
−4
0
𝑥4
=[ ]
2 −4
(−4)4
= 0−
2
= −128
1
∫ 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑥4
=[ ]
2 0
1
= −0
2
1
=
2
1 1
Area of the required region = 128 + 2 = 128 2 square units.

8c The graph of 𝑦 = 3𝑥(𝑥 − 2) is shown below. Between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2, the region

is below the 𝑥-axis and hence the signed area is negative.
2
∫ 3𝑥(𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
= ∫ (3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
= [𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 ]20
= (23 − 3 × 22 ) − (0 − 0)
= 8 − 12
= −4
Area of the required region = 4 square units.
8d The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3 is shown below. Between 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 3, the region is


3
∫ (𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
−1
3
𝑥2
= [ − 3𝑥]
2 −1
32 (−1)2
= ( − 3 × 3) − ( − 3 × (−1))
2 2
9 1
= ( − 9) − ( + 3)
2 2
= −8
4
∫ (𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
3
4
𝑥2
= [ − 3𝑥]
2 3
42 32
= ( − 3 × 4) − ( − 3 × 3)
2 2
9
= (8 − 12) − ( − 9)
2
1
=
2
1 1
Area of the required region = 8 + 2 = 8 2 square units

8e The graph of 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) is shown below. Between 𝑥 = −3 and

𝑥 = 1, the region is above the 𝑥-axis (signed area is positive), and between 𝑥 = 1
and 𝑥 = 2, the region is below the 𝑥-axis (signed area is negative).
Hence the area is given by

1
∫ (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥
−3
1
= ∫ (𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 6) 𝑑𝑥
−3
1
𝑥 4 7𝑥 2
=[ − + 6𝑥]
4 2 −3
14 7 × 12 (−3)4 7 × (−3)2
=( − + 6 × 1) − ( − + 6 × (−3))
4 2 4 2
1 7 81 63
= ( − + 6) − ( − − 18)
4 2 4 2
= 32
2
∫ (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥
1
2
= ∫ (𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 6) 𝑑𝑥
1
2
𝑥 4 7𝑥 2
=[ − + 6𝑥]
4 2 1

24 7 × 22 14 7 × 12
=( − + 6 × 2) − ( − + 6 × 1)
4 2 4 2
1 7
= (4 − 14 + 12) − ( − + 6)
4 2
3
=−
4
3 3
Area of the required region = 32 + 4 = 32 4 square units
8f The graph of 𝑦 = −2𝑥(𝑥 + 1)) is shown below. Between 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = −1,

region is below the 𝑥-axis (signed area is negative), between 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 0,
the region is above the 𝑥-axis (signed area is positive), and between 𝑥 = 0 and
𝑥 = 2, the region is below the 𝑥-axis (signed area is negative).
−1
∫ −2𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
−2
−1
= ∫ (−2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−2
−1
2 3 2
= [− 𝑥 − 𝑥 ]
3 −2
2 2
= (− × (−1)3 − (−1)2 ) − (− × (−2)3 − (−2)2 )
3 3
2 16
= ( − 1) − ( − 4)
3 3
2
= −1
3

0
∫ −2𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
−1
0
= ∫ (−2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−1
0
2 3 2
= [− 𝑥 − 𝑥 ]
3 −1
2 2
= (− × 03 − 02 ) − (− × (−1)3 − (−1)2 )
3 3
2
= 0 − ( − 1)
3
1
=
3
2
∫ −2𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
= ∫ (−2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
2 3 2
= [− 𝑥 − 𝑥 ]
3 0
2 2
= (− × 23 − 22 ) − (− × 03 − 02 )
3 3
16
= (− − 4) − 0
3
1
= −9
3
2 1 1 1
Area of the required region = 1 3 + 3 + 9 3 = 11 3 square units
9a The graph of 𝑥 = 𝑦 − 5 (or 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5) is shown below. Between 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 5,

region is to the left of the 𝑦-axis (signed area is negative), and between 𝑦 = 5 and
𝑦 = 6, the region is to the right of the 𝑦-axis (signed area is positive).

5
∫ (𝑦 − 5) 𝑑𝑦
0
5
1 2
= [ 𝑦 − 5𝑦]
2 0
1 1
= ( × 52 − 5 × 5) − ( × 02 − 5 × 0)
2 2
25
= − 25 − 0
2
1
= −12
2
6
∫ (𝑦 − 5) 𝑑𝑦
5
6
1 2
= [ 𝑦 − 5𝑦]
2 5
1 1
= ( × 62 − 5 × 6) − ( × 52 − 5 × 5)
2 2
25
= 18 − 30 − + 25
2
1
=
2
1 1
Area of the required region = 12 2 + 2 = 13 square units

Alternatively, we can note that the area of each region is the area of a triangle.
6
∫0 (𝑦 − 5) 𝑑𝑦
= Areablack triangle + Areapurple triangle

1 1
= ×5×5+ ×1×1
2 2
1 1
= 12 +
2 2
= 13 square units
9b The graph of 𝑥 = 3 − 𝑦 (or 𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥) is shown below. Between 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑦 = 3,

region is to the right of the 𝑦-axis (signed area is positive), and between 𝑦 = 3
and 𝑦 = 5, the region is to the left of the 𝑦-axis (signed area is negative).
We can note that the area of each region is the area of a triangle.
5
∫ (3 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
2
= Areablack triangle + Areapurple triangle

1 1
= ×2×2+ ×1×1
2 2
1
= 2+
2
1
= 2 2 square units

9c The graph of 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 (or 𝑦 = ±√𝑥) is shown below. Between 𝑦 = −1 and 𝑦 = 3,

region is to the right of the 𝑦-axis and hence the signed area is positive.
3
∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
−1
3
𝑦3
=[ ]
3 −1
1
= 93
1
Area of the required region = 9 3 square units
9d The graph of 𝑥 = (𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 + 1) is shown below. Between 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 1,

region is to the left of the 𝑦-axis (signed area is negative), and between 𝑦 = 1 and
𝑦 = 3, the region is to the right of the 𝑦-axis (signed area is positive).

1
∫ (𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑦
0
1
= ∫ (𝑦 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑦
0
1
𝑦3
= [ − 𝑦]
3 0
13 03
= ( − 1) − ( − 0)
3 3
2
=−
3
3
∫ (𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑦
1
3
= ∫ (𝑦 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑦
1
3
𝑦3
= [ − 𝑦]
3 1
33 13
= ( − 3) − ( − 1)
3 3
1
= (9 − 3) − ( − 1)
3
2
=6
3
2 2 1
Area of the required region = 3 + 6 3 = 7 3 square units
10a i The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 7 is shown below. Between 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 0, the region is


Note that the function is odd and hence the area of the region between 𝑥 = −2
and 𝑥 = 0 is the same as the area of the region between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2.
Area of the required region
2
= 2 ∫ 𝑥 7 𝑑𝑦
0
2
𝑥8
= 2[ ]
8 0
1 82
= [𝑥 ]0
4
28
= −0
4
= 64 square units
10a ii The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 is shown below. Between 𝑥 = −4 and 𝑥 = 0, the

region is above the 𝑥-axis (signed area is positive), and between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 4,
the region is below the 𝑥-axis (signed area is negative).

Note that the function is odd and hence the area of the region between 𝑥 = −4
and 𝑥 = 0 is the same as the area of the region between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 4.
0
= 2 ∫ (𝑥 3 − 16𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
−4
0
𝑥4
= 2 [ − 8𝑥 2 ]
4 −4
(−4)4
= 2(0 − 0) − 2 ( − 8 × (−4)2 )
4
= −2 × −64
= 128 square units
10a iii The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 2 is shown below. Between 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥 = 0, the

region is below the 𝑥-axis (signed area is negative), and between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 =
3, the region is below the 𝑥-axis (signed area is negative).
Note that the function is even (reflection in 𝑦-axis) and hence the area of the
region between 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥 = 0 is the same as the area of the region between
𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 3.
3
2 ∫ (𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
3
𝑥5
= 2 [ − 3𝑥 3 ]
5 0
35
= 2 ( − 3 × 33 ) − 2(0)
5
4
= −64
5
4
Area of the required region = 64 5 square units

10b i The graph of 𝑥 = 2𝑦 is shown below. Between 𝑦 = −5 and 𝑦 = 0, region is to the

left of the 𝑦-axis (signed area is negative), and between 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 5, the
region is to the right of the 𝑦-axis (signed area is positive).
Note that the total area will be given by the area of two identical triangles of
width 10 units and height 5 units.
1
= 2 × 𝑏ℎ
2
= 𝑏ℎ
= 10 × 5
= 50 square units
10b ii The graph of 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 is shown below.

Note that the function is symmetric about the 𝑥-axis and hence the area of the
region between 𝑦 = −3 and 𝑦 = 0 is the same as the area of the region between
𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 3.
3
= ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
0
3
𝑦3
=[ ]
3 0
33
= −0
3
= 9 square units
10b iii The graph of 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑦 2 is shown below.
Note that the function is symmetric about the 𝑥-axis and hence the area of the
region between 𝑦 = −2 and 𝑦 = 0 is the same as the area of the region between
𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 2.
2
= 2 ∫ (4 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
0

2
𝑦3
= 2 [4𝑦 − ]
3 0
23 03
= 2 (4 × 2 − ) − 2 (4 × 0 − )
3 3
32
= square units
3
11 The graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 2| is shown below.
The area between 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 2 needs to be calculated. It is same as the area

of the triangle.
1
= ( × 4 × 4)
2
= 8 square units
12 The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0.

02 = 16(2 − 𝑥)
(2 − 𝑥) = 0
𝑥=2
Thus the 𝑥-intercept is (2, 0).
𝑦 2 = 16(2 − 0)
𝑦 2 = 2 × 16

𝑦 = ±4√2
Thus the 𝑦-intercepts are (0, 4√2), (0, −4√2).
12b i Area of the required region

2
= ∫ 4√2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
2 1
= ∫ 4(2 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
0
3 2
4(2 − 𝑥)2
=[ ]
3
−1 × 2
0
3
4 × 22
= 0−
3
−2
2
= × 4 × 2 × √2
3
16√2
= square units
3
12b ii Making 𝑥 the subject:

𝑦2
=2−𝑥
16
𝑦2
𝑥 =2−
16
4√2
𝑦2
=∫ (2 − ) 𝑑𝑦
0 16
4√2
𝑦3
= [2𝑦 − ]
48 0
(4√2)3 03
= (2 × 4√2 − ) − (2 × 0 − )
48 48

128√2
= 8√2 − −0
48
384√2 − 128√2
=
48
256√2
=
48
16√2
= square units
3
13a
𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
As the curve passes through the origin, substitute (0, 0) into the equation.
1
0= × 03 − 2 × 02 + 3 × 0 + 𝐶
3
𝐶=0
1
Hence 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥
13b 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3
For turning points, 𝑦 ′ = 0.
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 = 3
1 1
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3 − 2 + 3 = 1 3
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 0 − 0 + 0 = 0
1
Hence there are turning points at (1, 1 3) and (3, 0).

1
The graph of 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 is shown below.
13c Area of the required region

3
1
= ∫ ( 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 3
3
𝑥4 2 3
= [ − 𝑥3 + 𝑥2]
12 3 2 1
34 2 3 14 2 3
= ( − × 33 + × 32 ) − ( − × 13 + × 12 )
12 3 2 12 3 2
81 27 1 2 3
= ( − 18 + ) − ( − + )
12 2 12 3 2
1 11
= 2 4 − 12
4
= 3 square units

14 The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is shown below with points marked for 𝐴(𝑎, 𝑎2 ), 𝐵(−𝑎, 𝑎2 ),
𝑃(𝑎, 0) and 𝑄(−𝑎, 0).
14a Δ𝑂𝐴𝑃 is a triangle of base length 𝑎 and height 𝑎2 .

1 𝑎3
Area of Δ𝑂𝐴𝑃 = 2 × 𝑎 × 𝑎2 = 2
𝑎
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑎
𝑥3
=[ ]
3 0
𝑎3
= −0
3
𝑎3
=
3
2 𝑎3
= ( )
3 2
2
= (area Δ𝑂𝐴𝑃)
3

14b 𝐴𝐵𝑃𝑄 is a rectangle with base length 2𝑎 and height 𝑎2 .

Area of rectangle 𝐵𝑃𝑄 = 2𝑎 × 𝑎2 = 2𝑎3 .
𝑎
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
−𝑎
𝑎
𝑥3
=[ ]
3 −𝑎
𝑎3 𝑎3
= − (− )
3 3
2𝑎3
=
3
1
= (2𝑎3 )
3
1
= (area of rectangle 𝐴𝐵𝑃𝑄)
3
𝑎
𝑎 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑎𝑛+1 𝑎𝑛+1
15a ∫0 𝑥 𝑛 = [ 𝑛+1 ] = 𝑛+1
−0= 𝑛+1
0
1 1
Area of Δ𝐴𝑂𝑃 = 2 𝑏ℎ = 2 𝑎 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛+1 (see diagram below)
𝑎 𝑎𝑛+1 1 1 1
Thus ∫0 𝑥 𝑛 : (Area of Δ𝐴𝑂𝑃) = : 2 𝑎𝑛+1 = 𝑛+1 : 2 = 2: 𝑛 + 1
𝑛+1

𝑎
𝑎 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑎𝑛+1 𝑎𝑛+1
15b ∫0 𝑥 𝑛 = [ 𝑛+1 ] = 𝑛+1
−0= 𝑛+1
0
Area of rectangle 𝑂𝑃𝐴𝑄 = 𝑏ℎ = 𝑎 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛+1 (see diagram below)

𝑎 𝑎𝑛+1 1
Thus ∫0 𝑥 𝑛 : (Area of rectangle 𝑂𝑃𝐴𝑄) = : 𝑎𝑛+1 = 𝑛+1 : 1 = 1: 𝑛 + 1
𝑛+1
16a 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥
= 𝑥(𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 1)
= 𝑥(𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1)
= 𝑥(𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
= 𝑥[𝑥(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1) − 1(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1)]
= 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)( 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1)
Hence, proved
Required graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 with shaded regions bounded by the graph
and the 𝑥-axis is shown below.

1
16b 𝑎 = 2 (1 + √5)
1 2
𝑎2 = [2 (1 + √5)]
1
= 4 (1 + 5 + 2√5)
1
= 4 (6 + 2√5)
1
= 2 (3 + √5)
1 2
𝑎4 = [2 (3 + √5)]
9 5 3√5
=4+4+ 2
14 3√5
= +
4 2
7 3√5
=2+ 2
1
= 2 (7 + 3√5)
𝑎5 = 𝑎 × 𝑎4
1 1
𝑎5 = 2 (1 + √5) × 2 (7 + 3√5)
1
= 4 (7 + 3√5 + 7√5 + 15)
1
= 4 (22 + 10√5)
1
= 2 (11 + 5√5)

16c The graph intercepts the axis when 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1) = 0, that is when
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 or when 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0. Using the quadratic formula, 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 =
−(−1)±√(−1)2 −4(1)(−1) 1±√5 1−√5 1+√5
0 when 𝑥 = = . So the intercepts are 𝑥 = , 0, 1, .
2(1) 2 2 2
The area of the leftmost shaded region is thus

0
𝐴1 = |∫ 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥|
1−√5
2
0
𝑥 5 2𝑥 4 𝑥 2
= |[ − + ] |
5 4 2 1−√5
2
5 4 2
1 − √5 1 − √5 1 − √5
( 2 ) 2( 2 ) ( 2 )
| |
= 0− − +
| 5 4 2 |
[ ]
5 4 2
1 − √5 1 − √5 1 − √5
( 2 ) 2( 2 ) ( 2 )
= − +
5 2 4
1 1 1
= (11 − 5√5) − (7 − 3√5) + (3 − √5)
10 4 4
1 2
= 10 u
The area of the central region is

1
𝐴2 = |∫ 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥|
0
5 1
𝑥 2𝑥 4 𝑥 2
= |[ − + ] |
5 4 2 0
1 2 1
= | − + − 0|
5 4 2
1 2
= u
5

The area of the far right region is

1+√5
2
𝐴1 = |∫ 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥|
1
1+√5
𝑥 5 2𝑥 4 𝑥 2 2
= |[ − + ] |
5 4 2 1
5 4 2
1 + √5 1 + √5 1 + √5
( ) 2( ) ( )
| 2 2 2 2 1|
= − + − [1 − + ]
| 5 4 2 4 2|
[ ]
1 1 1
= (11 + 5√5) − (7 + 3√5) + (3 + √5)
10 4 4
1
= 10 u2
1 1 2 1
Thus 𝐴1 + 𝐴3 = 10 + 10 = 10 = 5 = 𝐴2 so the area of one shaded region equals the
sum of the areas of the other two.
17a
𝑑 𝑥
17b By the fundamental theorem of calculus 𝐺 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 ∫0 𝑔(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥).
Stationary points occur when 𝐺 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) = 0.

In the region where 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 6, the stationary points are when
4
4− 𝑥 =0
3

4
4= 𝑥
3
𝑥=3
𝑥
4 2 2 𝑥 2
𝐺(𝑥) = ∫ 4 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = [4𝑢 − 𝑢 ] = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2
0 3 3 0 3
Substituting in 𝑥 = 3 gives 𝐺(3) = 6

4
𝐺 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑔′ (𝑥) = − 3 < 0, hence this is a maximal stationary point.
In the region where 6 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12, the stationary points are when

𝑥 − 10 = 0
𝑥 = 10
𝑥=3
For 6 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12,
𝑥
𝐺(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑔(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
0
6 𝑥
4
= ∫ 4 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑢 − 10 𝑑𝑢
0 3 6
𝑥
2 2 6 𝑢2
= [4𝑢 − 𝑢 ] + [ − 10𝑢]
3 0 2 6
2 𝑥2 62
= 4(6) − (6)2 − 0 + [( − 10𝑥) − ( − 10(6))]
3 2 2
𝑥2
= 24 − 24 + − 10𝑥 − 18 + 60
2
𝑥2
= − 10𝑥 + 42
2
Substituting in 𝑥 = 10 gives 𝐺(10) = −8
𝐺 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 10 > 0, hence this is a minimal stationary point.
Thus, there is a maximum at (3, 6) and a minimum at (10, −8).

17c For 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 6, 𝐺(𝑥) = 0 when

2
4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 0
3
2
𝑥 (4 − 𝑥) = 0
3
2 2
𝑥 = 0 or 4 − 3 𝑥 = 0 so 𝑥 = 0 or 4 = 3 𝑥 so 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 6
But 6 is outside of the domain so the only solution is 𝑥 = 0.

For 6 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12
𝑥2
− 10𝑥 + 42 = 0
2
𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 84 = 0
Using the quadratic formula
−(−20) ± √(−20)2 − 4(1)(84)

𝑥=
2
20 ± √64
=
2
20 ± 8
=
2
= 6 or 14
But 14 is outside of the domain so the only solution is 𝑥 = 6.
Thus 𝐺(𝑥) = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 6.
17d

17e
6
𝐴 = ∫ 𝐺(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
6
2
= ∫ 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 3
6
2
= [2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 ]
9 0
2
= 2(6)2 − (6)3 − 0
9
= 24 u2
𝑁
𝑁 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑁 𝑛+1 1
18a ∫1 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑛+1 ] = 𝑛+1
− 𝑛+1
1
Since 𝑛 < −1, 𝑛 + 1 < 0 and thus it follows that as 𝑁 → ∞, 𝑁 𝑛+1 → 0.

𝑁 𝑁 𝑛+1 1 1 1
Hence as 𝑁 → ∞, ∫1 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑛+1 → 0 − 𝑛+1 = − 𝑛+1.
𝑛+1
1
1 𝑥 𝑛+1 1 𝑒 𝑛+1
18b ∫𝑒 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑛+1 ] = 𝑛+1 − 𝑛+1
𝑒
Since 𝑛 > −1, 𝑛 + 1 > 0 and thus it follows that as 𝑒 → 0+ , 𝑒 𝑛+1 → 0+ .

1 1 𝑒 𝑛+1 1 1
Hence as 𝑒 → 0+ , ∫𝑒 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1 − → 𝑛+1 − 0 = 𝑛+1.
𝑛+1
18c The result from part a says that whenever 𝑛 < −1, the area bounded by the 𝑥-
axis, the line 𝑥 = 1 and the curve 𝑥 𝑛 is finite when considering the area such that
𝑥 ≥ 1.
The result from part b says that whenever 𝑛 > −1, the area bounded by the 𝑥-
axis, the line 𝑥 = 1 and the curve 𝑥 𝑛 is finite when considering the area such that
0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.

1
= ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑥2 𝑥3
=[ − ]
2 3 0
1 1
=( − )−0
2 3
1
= 6 square units

1
= ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑥2 𝑥4
=[ − ]
2 4 0
1 1
=( − )−0
2 4
1
= 4 square units

1
= ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑥2 𝑥5
=[ − ]
2 5 0
1 1
=( − )−0
2 5
3
= 10 square units

1d Area of the shaded region

1
= ∫ (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑥3 𝑥4
=[ − ]
3 4 0
1 1
=( − )−0
3 4
1
= 12 square units
1e Area of the shaded region

1
= ∫ (𝑥 4 − 𝑥 6 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑥5 𝑥7
=[ − ]
5 7 0
1 1
=( − )−0
5 7
2
= 35 square units
1f Area of the shaded region

4
= ∫ ((3𝑥 + 4) − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−1
4
= ∫ (3𝑥 + 4 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−1
4
3𝑥 2 𝑥3
=[ + 4𝑥 − ]
2 3 −1
3 × 42 43 3(−1)2 (−1)3
=( +4×4− )−( + 4 × (−1) − )
2 3 2 3
64 3 1
= (24 + 16 − ) − ( − 4 + )
3 2 3
5
= 20 6 square units

1g Area of the shaded region

2
= ∫ ((9 − 2𝑥) − (𝑥 2 + 1)) 𝑑𝑥
−4
2
= ∫ (8 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−4
2
𝑥3 2
= [8𝑥 − 𝑥 − ]
3 −4
23 2 2
(−4)3
= (8 × 2 − 2 − ) − (8 × (−4) − (−4) − )
3 3
8 64
= (16 − 4 − ) − (−32 − 16 + )
3 3
= 36 square units
1h Area of the shaded region

2
= ∫ (10 − 𝑥 2 − (𝑥 + 4)) 𝑑𝑥
−3
2
= ∫ (6 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−3
2
𝑥3 𝑥2
= [6𝑥 − − ]
3 2 −3
23 22 (−3)3 (−3)2
= (6 × 2 − − ) − (6 × (−3) − − )
3 2 3 2
8 9
= (12 − − 2) − (−18 + 9 − )
3 2
5
= 20 6 square units

2
= ∫ (2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
0
2
𝑦32
= [𝑦 − ]
3 0
23
= (22 − )−0
3
4
= 3 square units


2
= ∫ (3𝑦 − 2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
1
2
3𝑦 2 𝑦3
=[ − 2𝑦 − ]
2 3 1
3 × 22 23 3 × 12 13
=( −2×2− )−( −2×1− )
2 3 2 3
8 3 1
= (6 − 4 − ) − ( − 2 − )
3 2 3
1
= 6 square units

4
= ∫ ((5𝑦 − 𝑦 2 − 4) − (4 − 𝑦)) 𝑑𝑦
2
4
= ∫ (6𝑦 − 𝑦 2 − 8) 𝑑𝑦
2
4
𝑦3 2
= [3𝑦 − − 8𝑦]
3 2
43 2 2
23
= (3 × 4 − − 8 × 4) − (3 × 2 − − 8 × 2)
3 3
64 8
= (48 − − 32) − (12 − − 16)
3 3
4
= 3 square units
2d Since 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4 then 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 4.
Area of the shaded region
2
= ∫ (𝑦 + 4 − (𝑦 2 + 2)) 𝑑𝑦
−1
2
= ∫ (−𝑦 2 + 𝑦 + 2) 𝑑𝑦
−1
2
𝑦3 𝑦2
= [− + + 2𝑦]
3 2 −1
23 22 (−1)3 (−1)2
= (− + + 2 × 2) − (− + + 2 × (−1))
3 2 3 2
8 1 1
= (− + 2 + 4) − ( + − 2)
3 3 2
1
=4 square units
2

0 2
= ∫ (𝑥 − 2)2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 + 2)2 𝑑𝑥
−2 0
3 0 2
(𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 3)3
=[ ] +[ ]
3 −2
3 0
1 1
= [(0 − 2)3 − (−2 − 2)3 ] + [(2 + 2)3 − (0 + 2)3 ]
3 3
1
= (−8 + 64 + 64 − 8)
3
1
= 37 3 square units

3
3
2
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 − 3)2 𝑑𝑥
2
3
0
2
3
3 2 3
𝑥 (𝑥 − 3)3
=[ ] +[ ]
3 0 3 3
2
3 3
3 3
(2 ) 03 ( − 3)
=( − 0) + ( − 2 )
3 3 3
27 27
= −0+0+
24 24
9
= 4 square units


= Area of rectangle – area under curve
4
= 3 × 6 − ∫ (6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 8) 𝑑𝑥
2
4
𝑥3
2
= 18 − [3𝑥 − − 8𝑥]
3 2
43 23
= 18 − [(3 × 42 − − 8 × 4) − (3 × 22 − − 8 × 2)]
3 3
64 8
= 18 − 48 + + 32 + 12 − − 16
3 3
2
= 16 3 square units

2 1
= ∫ (4 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−2 −1
3 2 1
𝑥 𝑥3
= [4𝑥 − ] − [𝑥 − ]
3 −2 3 −1
23 (−2)3 13 (−1)3
= [(4 × 2 − ) − (4 × (−2) − )] − [(1 − ) − (1 × (−1) − )]
3 3 3 3
8 8 1 1
=8− +8− −1+ −1+
3 3 3 3
1
= 9 square units
3
5a Equating the two equations gives:

𝑥2 + 4 = 𝑥 + 6
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
Hence the graphs intersect at the points where 𝑥 = −1 or 2.
Substituting these values back into the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 6 yields the points
(−1, 5) and (2, 8) as the points of intersection of the two graphs.

5b

2
= ∫ ((𝑥 + 6) − (𝑥 2 + 4)) 𝑑𝑥
−1
2
= ∫ (𝑥 + 6 − 𝑥 2 − 4) 𝑑𝑥
−1
2
= ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
−1
2 2
𝑥 𝑥3
= [ − + 2𝑥]
2 3 −1
22 23 (−1)2 (−1)3
= ( − + 2 × 2) − ( − + 2 × (−1))
2 3 2 3
8 1 1
= 2− +4− − +2
3 2 3
1
= 4 square units
2


𝑥(3 − 𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑥(3 − 𝑥) − 𝑥 = 0
𝑥(3 − 𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥(2 − 𝑥) = 0
Hence 𝑥 = 0 or 2.
Substituting this back into the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 gives the points of intersection to
be (0, 0) and (2, 2).
6b

2
= ∫ ((3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
= ∫ (3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
= ∫ (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
𝑥32
= [𝑥 − ]
3 0
232
= (2 − ) − (0 − 0)
3

8
= 4−
3
4
=3 square units

(𝑥 − 3)2 = 14 − 2𝑥
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 = 14 − 2𝑥
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5 = 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5) = 0
Substituting these values back into the equation 𝑦 = 14 − 2𝑥 yields the points
(−1, 16) and (5, 4) as the points of intersection of the two graphs.
7b


5
= ∫ ((14 − 2𝑥) − (𝑥 − 3)2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−1
5
= ∫ ((14 − 2𝑥) − (𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9)) 𝑑𝑥
−1
5
= ∫ (4𝑥 + 5 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−1
5
2
𝑥3
= [2𝑥 + 5𝑥 − ]
3 −1
53 (−1)3
= (2 × 52 + 5 × 5 − ) − (2 × (−1)2 + 5 × (−1) − )
3 3
125 1
= 50 + 25 − −2+5−
3 3
= 36 square units
8a Solving the equations simultaneously gives:

𝑥 + 3 = 𝑥2 + 1
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 = −1 or 2
Substituting this back into 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 gives the points of intersection to be (−1, 2)
and (2, 5).
Sketching the graph gives:

Area enclosed between the two curves

2
= ∫ ((𝑥 + 3) − (𝑥 2 + 1)) 𝑑𝑥
−1
2
= ∫ (𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−1
2
𝑥2 𝑥3
= [ + 2𝑥 − ]
2 3 −1
22 23 (−1)2 (−1)3
= ( +2×2− )−( + 2 × (−1) − )
2 3 2 3
8 1 1
= 2+4− − +2−
3 2 3
1
= 4 2 square units
8b Solving the equations simultaneously gives:

9 − 𝑥2 = 3 − 𝑥
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥 = −2 or 3
Substituting this back into 𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥 gives the points of intersection to be (−2, 5)
and (3, 0).
Sketching the graph gives:


3
= ∫ ((9 − 𝑥 2 ) − (3 − 𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
−2
3
= ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 6) 𝑑𝑥
−2
2 3
𝑥 𝑥3
= [ − + 6𝑥]
2 3 −2
32 33 (−2)2 (−2)3
= ( − + 6 × 3) − ( − + 6 × (−2))
2 3 2 3
9 8
= − 9 + 18 − 2 − + 12
2 3
5
= 20 6 square units
8c Solving the equations simultaneously gives:

𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4 = −𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4
2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 0
2𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 = 0 or 2
Substituting this back into 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4 gives the points of intersection to be
(0, 4) and (2, 6).
Sketching the graph gives


2
= ∫ ((−𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4) − (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4)) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
= ∫ (−2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
2𝑥 3
= [− + 2𝑥 2 ]
3 0
2 × 23
= (− + 2 × 22 ) − (0 + 0)
3
16
=− +8
3
2
= 2 3 square units

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑥2 − 9 = 0
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
Substituting these values back into the equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 yields the points
(−3, −5) and (3, 7) as the points of intersection of the two graphs.
9b

9c Area enclosed between the curves

3
= ∫ ((2𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8)) 𝑑𝑥
−3
3
= ∫ ((2𝑥 + 1) − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8) 𝑑𝑥
−3
3
= ∫ (9 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−3
3
𝑥3
= [9𝑥 − ]
3 −3
33 (−3)3
= (9 × 3 − ) − (9 × (−3) − )
3 3
= 27 − 9 + 27 − 9
= 36 square units
10a Simultaneously solving the equations gives:

𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 𝑥 − 2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 = 0 or 2
Substituting this back into 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 gives the points of intersection to be (0, −2)
and (2, 0).
10b

10c Area enclosed by the two curves

2
= ∫ ((𝑥 − 2) − (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2)) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
= ∫ (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
𝑥32
= [𝑥 − ]
3 0
23
2
= (2 − ) − (0 − 0)
3
8
= 4−
3
4
= 3 square units
11a Simultaneously solving the equations gives:

𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5 = 𝑥 − 5
𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10 = 0
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 5) = 0
𝑥 = 2 or 5
Substituting this back into 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 5 gives the points of intersection to be (2, −3)
and (5, 0).

Area enclosed by the two curves

5
= ∫ ((𝑥 − 5) − (𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5)) 𝑑𝑥
2
5
= ∫ (−𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 10) 𝑑𝑥
2
5
𝑥 3 7𝑥 2
= [− + − 10𝑥]
3 2 2
53 7 × 52 23 7 × 22
= [(− + − 10 × 5) − (− + − 10 × 2)]
3 2 3 2
125 175 8
=− + − 50 + − 14 + 20
3 2 3
1
= 4 2 square units
11b Simultaneously solving the equations gives:

−3𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑥 = −1 or 4
Substituting this back into 𝑦 = −3𝑥 gives the points of intersection to be (−1, 3)
and (4, −12).


4
= ∫ (4 − 𝑥 2 − (−3𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
−1
4
= ∫ (4 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−1
4
3𝑥 2 𝑥 3
= [4𝑥 + − ]
2 3 −1
3 × 42 43 3 × (−1)2 (−1)3
= (4 × 4 + − ) − (4 × (−1) + − )
2 3 2 3
64 3 1
= 16 + 24 − +4− −
3 2 3
5
= 20 square units
6
11c Simultaneously solving the equations gives:

𝑥2 − 1 = 7 − 𝑥2
2𝑥 2 = 8
𝑥2 = 4
𝑥 = −2 or 2
Substituting this back into 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1 gives the points of intersection to be
(−2, 3) and (2, 3).


2
= ∫ ((7 − 𝑥 2 ) − (𝑥 2 − 1)) 𝑑𝑥
−2
2
= ∫ (8 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−2
2
2𝑥 3
= [8𝑥 − ]
3 −2
2 × 23 2 × (−2)3
= (8 × 2 − ) − (8 × (−2) − )
3 3
16 16
= 16 − + 16 −
3 3
1
= 21 3 square units
12a The graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 are shown below.
12b The region is enclosed by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 . As the curve is bounded by

components of 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 in the first quadrant, then the part of the curve we are
considering is the same as 𝑦 = √𝑥.
Hence, the area of the enclosed region is given by the area under the curve
𝑦 = √𝑥 subtracted from the area under the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 between the 𝑥-values of
0 and 1.
1
Area of the required region = ∫0 (√𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

12c Area enclosed by the two curves

1
= ∫ (√𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
1 1
= ∫ (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
2 3 𝑥3
= [ 𝑥2 − ]
3 3 0
2 1
= ( × 1 − ) − (0 − 0)
3 3
1
= 3 square units
13a
𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 𝑥
13b Note that the equation of the parabola is 𝑦 = , hence 𝑑𝑥 = = 4. Now, at the
8 8
𝑑𝑦 4
point 𝐴, 𝑑𝑥 = 4 = 1. Hence the equation of the tangent is:
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 2 = 1(𝑥 − 4)
𝑦−2=𝑥−4
𝑦 =𝑥−2

13c Due to the symmetry, the area bounded by the curve and the two tangents is
twice that bounded by the parabola, the tangent from 𝐴 and the 𝑦-axis. Hence:
Area of required region
4
𝑥2
= 2 ∫ ( − (𝑥 − 2)) 𝑑𝑥
0 8
4
𝑥2
= 2 ∫ ( − 𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
0 8
4
𝑥3 𝑥2
= 2 [ − + 2𝑥]
24 2 0
43 42
= 2 ( − + 2 × 4) − 2(0 − 0 + 0)
24 2
64
= 2 ( − 8 + 8)
24
1
= 5 3 square units
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
14a Since 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 . Hence when 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 8 and 𝑑𝑥 = 12.
The equation of the tangent is:

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 8 = 12(𝑥 − 2)
𝑦 − 8 = 12𝑥 − 24
𝑦 = 12𝑥 − 16
14b Substituting 𝑥 = −4 into 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 gives 𝑦 = (−4)3 = −64.

Substituting 𝑥 = −4 into 𝑦 = 12𝑥 − 16 gives 𝑦 = −48 − 16 = −64.
Hence both graphs pass through (−4, −64) and hence they must intersect at that
point.

14c Area enclosed between curve and tangent

2
= ∫ (𝑥 3 − (12𝑥 − 16)) 𝑑𝑥
−4
2
= ∫ (𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 + 16) 𝑑𝑥
−4
4 2
𝑥
= [ − 6𝑥 2 + 16𝑥]
4 −4
24 (−4)4
= ( − 6 × 22 + 16 × 2) − ( − 6 × (−4)2 + 16 × (−4))
4 4
= 4 − 24 + 32 − 64 + 96 + 64
= 108 square units
15a When 𝑥 = −4 both curves have 𝑦 = −67, when 𝑥 = 1 both curves have 𝑦 = −2
and when 𝑥 = 2, both curves have 𝑦 = 5. So the points of intersection are
(−4, −67), (1, −2) and (2, 5).

15b The graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3 and 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 11 are shown below.
15c We must consider the two enclosed regions separately in our calculation.
1 2
= ∫ (𝑥 3 − 3 − (−𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 11)) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ((−𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 11) − (𝑥 3 − 3)) 𝑑𝑥
−4 1
1 2
= ∫ (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 8) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (−𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 8) 𝑑𝑥
−4 1
4 3 1 4 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥3
= [ + − 5𝑥 2 + 8𝑥] + [− − + 5𝑥 2 − 8𝑥]
4 3 −4
4 3 1
14 13 2
(−4)4 (−4)3
= ( + − 5 × 1 + 8 × 1) − ( + − 5 × (−4)2 + 8 × (−4))
4 3 4 3
24 23 14 13
+ (− − + 5 × 2 − 8 × 2) − (− − + 5 × 12 − 8 × 1)
2
4 3 4 3
1 1 64
= ( + − 5 + 8) − (64 − − 80 − 32)
4 3 3
8 1 1
+ (−4 − + 20 − 16) − (− − + 5 − 8)
3 4 3
7 1 8 7
=3 + 69 − + 3
12 3 3 12
5
= 73 6 square units

16a
When 𝑥 = 0 both curves have 𝑦 = 0, when 𝑥 = 1 both curves have 𝑦 = 0 and

1 1
when 𝑥 = 2, both curves have 𝑦 = 8. So the points of intersection are (0, 0), (1, 0)
1 1
and (2 , 8).
16b We must consider the enclosed regions for calculation:

1
= |∫0 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥) − 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥|
1
= |∫0 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥|
1
= |∫0 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥|
1
𝑥3 𝑥2
= |[ 3 − ] |
2 0
1 1
= |3 − 2|
1
= 6 square unit

17a 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) and 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)

(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) ≥ (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) − (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) ≥ 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)[(𝑥 − 3) − 1] ≥ 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)[𝑥 − 3 − 1] ≥ 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4) ≥ 0
Hence, for 𝑓(𝑥) > 𝑔(𝑥) the 𝑥 value should be
−1 < 𝑥 < 1 or 𝑥 > 4
17b
From the graph, it is concluded that, the intersection points are at

𝑥 = −1, 1 and 4
Therefore, we must consider the enclosed regions for calculation:
1
= |∫−1(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) − (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥|
4
+ |∫ (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) − (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥|
1
1 4
= |∫−1(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥| + |∫1 (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥|

1 4
= |∫−1(𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥| + | ∫1 (𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥|
1 4
𝑥4 4𝑥 3 𝑥2 𝑥4 4𝑥 3 𝑥2
= |[ 4 − − + 4𝑥] | + |[ 4 − − + 4𝑥] |
3 2 −1 3 2 1
16 40 29
= + |− − 12|
3 3
253
=
12
1
= 21 12 square units
18a
18b Note that 𝑦 ′ = 12 − 2𝑥. Hence when 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 3, 𝑦 ′ = 2.

Now the equation of a line is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, substituting in 𝑚 = 2 gives 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑏.
Since the line passes through (5, 2) we have 3 = 2(5) + 𝑏 and thus 𝑏 = 3 − 10 =
−7. Hence the equation of the tangent is 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 7.
7
18c The 𝑥-intercept occurs when 𝑦 = 0, this is when 0 = 2𝑥 − 7 and thus 𝑥 = 2.
7
Hence 𝐵 = (2 , 0). The curve intercepts the axis when 12𝑥 − 32 − 𝑥 2 = 0
𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 32 = 0
(𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑥 = 4, 8
Hence, the 𝑥-intercept closest to the origin is 𝐶 = (4, 0).
7
Hence 𝐴 = (5, 3), 𝐵 = (2 , 0), 𝐶 = (4, 0).
1 1 7 3
Thus, the area of the triangle is 𝐴 = 2 𝑏ℎ = 2 (4 − 2) (3) = 4 square units.
19
Firstly, we find the point of intersection of the two curves, this will be when
4(𝑘𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 2 + 4𝑘𝑥 − 4𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 + 4(𝑘 − 1)) = 0
𝑥 = 0, 4(1 − 𝑘). Hence it follows that the area above the line 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 will be given
by
4(1−𝑘)
1
𝐴1 = ∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 4
Whilst area on the other side of the line will be
4(1−𝑘) 4
1
𝐴2 = ∫ 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 4(1−𝑘) 4
In order for the line to bisect the area we must have

𝐴1 = 𝐴2
4(1−𝑘) 4(1−𝑘) 4
1 1
∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 4 0 4(1−𝑘) 4
4(1−𝑘) 4(1−𝑘) 4
1 1
∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 4 0 4(1−𝑘) 4
4(1−𝑘) 4(1−𝑘) 4
1 2
1
∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥 ) − 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ −𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 4 0 4(1−𝑘) 4

4(1−𝑘) 4
1 1
∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) − 2𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 4 4(1−𝑘) 4
4(1−𝑘) 4
1 𝑥3 1 𝑥3
[ (2𝑥 − ) − 𝑘𝑥 2 ]
2 2
= [2𝑥 − ]
4 3 0
4 3 4(1−𝑘)
4(1−𝑘) 4
1 𝑥3 𝑥3
4 [ (2𝑥 − ) − 𝑘𝑥 2 ]
2
= [2𝑥 − ]2
4 3 0
3 4(1−𝑘)
4(1−𝑘) 4
𝑥3 𝑥3
[(2𝑥 − ) − 4𝑘𝑥 2 ]
2 2
= [2𝑥 − ]
3 0
3 4(1−𝑘)
4(1−𝑘) 4
𝑥3 𝑥3
[2𝑥 − − 4𝑘𝑥 2 ]
2 2
= [2𝑥 − ]
3 0
3 4(1−𝑘)
4(1−𝑘) 4
𝑥3 2
𝑥3
2
[2(1 − 2𝑘)𝑥 − ] = [2𝑥 − ]
3 0 3 4(1−𝑘)
[4(1 − 𝑘)]3 64 [4(1 − 𝑘)]3

2(1 − 2𝑘)[4(1 − 𝑘)]2 − = 32 − − (2[4(1 − 𝑘)]2 − )
3 3 3
[4(1 − 𝑘)]3 32
2 2
[4(1 − 𝑘)]3
2(1 − 2𝑘)[4(1 − 𝑘)] − = − 2[4(1 − 𝑘)] +
3 3 3
32 2[4(1 − 𝑘)]3
0= − (2 + 2(1 − 2𝑘))[4(1 − 𝑘)]2 +
3 3
32 2
2[4(1 − 𝑘)]3
0= − (4 − 4𝑘)[4(1 − 𝑘)] +
3 3
32 2[4(1 − 𝑘)]3
0= − 4(1 − 𝑘)[4(1 − 𝑘)]2 +
3 3
32 3
2[4(1 − 𝑘)]3
0= − [64(1 − 𝑘)] +
3 3
32 [4(1 − 𝑘)]3
0= −
3 3
[4(1 − 𝑘)]3 = 32
3
4(1 − 𝑘) = √32
3
√32
1−𝑘 =
4

3
√32
𝑘 = 1−
4
20
𝑏
1
𝑘= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑏−𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑏
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − [𝑘𝑥]𝑏𝑎
𝑎
𝑏
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑘𝑏 − 𝑘𝑎)
𝑎
𝑏
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑏 − 𝑎)𝑘
𝑎
𝑏 𝑏
1
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑏 − 𝑎) ( ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥)
𝑎 𝑏−𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
=0
Thus the total signed area between the curve and the line 𝑦 = 𝑘 is equal to zero.
This means that the area above the line 𝑦 = 𝑘 must be exactly equal to the area
below the line 𝑦 = 𝑘.

6 1
1a ∫2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ≑ 2 (12 + 8)(6 − 2) = 40
6 1
1b ∫2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ≑ 2 (6.2 + 4.8)(6 − 2) = 22
6 1
1c ∫2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ≑ 2 (−4 + (−9))(6 − 2) = −26
10
2a ∫2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 1
≑ (12 + 20)(6 − 2) + (20 + 30)(6 − 2)
2 2
= 164
2b
10
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛
10 − 2
= (𝑓(2) + 𝑓(10) + 2𝑓(6))
2×2
10 − 2
= (12 + 30 + 2 × 20)
4
= 164
5
3 ∫−5 𝑓(𝑥)
1 1
≑ (2.4 + 2.6)(0 − (−5)) + (2.6 + 4.4)(5 − 0)
2 2
= 30
5
−5
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛

5 − (−5)
= (𝑓(−5) + 𝑓(5) + 2𝑓(0))
2×2
10
= (2.4 + 4.4 + 2 × 2.6)
4
= 30
4a The curve is concave up, so the chord is above the curve, and the area under the
chord will be greater than the area under the curve.
The diagram below shades the area that is overestimated in a typical concave up
curve.
4b The curve is concave down, so the chord is underneath the curve, and the area
under the chord will be less than the area under the curve.
The diagram below shades the area that is underestimated in a typical concave
down curve.

5a
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦 0 3 4 3 0
5b
4
0
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛
4−0
= (𝑓(0) + 𝑓(4) + 2(𝑓(1) + 𝑓(2) + 𝑓(3)))
2×4
4
= (0 + 0 + 2(3 + 4 + 3))
8
= 10
5c
4
∫ 𝑥(4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
4
= ∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
4
𝑥3 2
= [2𝑥 − ]
3 0
43 22
03
= (2 × 4 − ) − (2 × 0 − )
3 3
64
= 32 − −0+0
3

2
= 10
3
The curve is concave down and hence the trapezoidal estimate will not cover the
entire region of the curve. This is shown in the diagram below
2 2 2 2 1
5d The error is 10 3 − 10 = 3, hence the percentage error is 3 ÷ 10 3 = 6 4 %
6a
𝑥 1 2 3 4 5
3 6
𝑦 6 3 2
2 5
6b
5
1
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛
5−1
= (𝑓(1) + 𝑓(5) + 2(𝑓(2) + 𝑓(3) + 𝑓(4)))
2×4
4 6 3
= (6 + + 2 (3 + 2 + ))
8 5 2
1
= 10
10

6c
6
𝑦= = 6𝑥 −1
𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −6𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 −3
12
= 12𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥3
𝑑2 𝑦
Thus, for all 𝑥 > 0, 𝑑𝑥 2 > 0 so the curve is concave up over the entire region in
which we are using the trapezoidal rule. This in turn means that we will
overestimate the area of the curve.
7a
𝑥 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
𝑦 3 3.1627 3.3166 3.4641 3.6056 3.7416 3.8730
7b
16
9
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛
16 − 9
= (𝑓(9) + 𝑓(15) + 2(𝑓(10) + 𝑓(11) + 𝑓(12) + 𝑓(13) + 𝑓(14))
2×8
7
= (3 + 3.8730 + 2(3.1627 + 3.3166 + 3.4641 + 3.6056 + 3.7416))
16
≑ 24.7
7c
16
9
16 1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
9
2 3 16
= [𝑥 2 ]
3 9
2 3 3
= [162 − 92 ]
3

2
= [64 − 27]
3
2
= [37]
3
= 24.67
1 1 3
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑2 𝑦 1 1
Now, if 𝑦 = √𝑥 = 𝑥 2 , then 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥 −2 and 𝑑𝑥 2 = − 4 𝑥 −2 = − 4𝑥 𝑥. This means that
√
𝑑2 𝑦
for all 𝑥 > 0, 𝑑𝑥 2 < 0 and hence the curve will be concave down over the region
which we are using the trapezoidal rule to approximate area. This in turn means
that the area will be under approximated.
8a
1
∫ 2−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛
1−0
= (𝑓(0) + 𝑓(1) + 2(𝑓(0.5)))
2×2
1 1 1
= (1 + + 2 × )
4 2 √2
≑ 0.73 (to two significant figures)
8b
0
∫ 2−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−2
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛
0 − (−2)
= (𝑓(−2) + 𝑓(0) + 2(𝑓(−1)))
2×2
1
= (4 + 1 + 2 × 2)
2

8c
3
3
∫ √9 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛
3−1
= (𝑓(1) + 𝑓(3) + 2(𝑓(2)))
2×2
1 3 3 3
= ( √7 + √3 + 2 × √5)
2
8d
−1
∫ √3 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−13
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛
−1 − (−13)
= (𝑓(−13) + 𝑓(−1) + 2(𝑓(−7))
2×2
= 3(√16 + √4 + 2 × √10)
≑ 37 (to two significant figures)
9a
6
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛
6−2
= (𝑓(2) + 𝑓(6) + 2(𝑓(3) + 𝑓(4) + 𝑓(5)))
2×4
4 1 1 1 1 1
= ( + + 2 ( + + ))
8 2 6 3 4 5
≑ 1.12 (to three significant figures)

9b
2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 2 + √𝑥
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛
2−0
= (𝑓(0) + 𝑓(2) + 2(𝑓(0.5) + 𝑓(1) + 𝑓(1.5)))
2×4
1 1 1 1 1 1
= ( + + 2( + + ))
4 2 + √0 2 + √2 2 + √0.5 2 + √1 2 + √1.5
9c
8
∫ √𝑥 2 − 3 𝑑𝑥
4
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛
8−4
= (𝑓(4) + 𝑓(8) + 2(𝑓(5) + 𝑓(6) + 𝑓(7)))
2×4
1
= (√42 − 3 + √82 − 3 + 2 (√52 − 3 + √62 − 3 + √72 − 3))
2
9d
2
∫ log10 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛
2−1
= (𝑓(1) + 𝑓(2) + 2(𝑓(1.25) + 𝑓(1.5) + 𝑓(1.75)))
2×4
1
= (log10 1 + log10 2 + 2(log10 1.25 + log10 1.5 + log10 1.75))
8

10 Distance travelled
5
= ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
0
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛
5−0
= (𝑓(0) + 𝑓(5) + 2(𝑓(1) + 𝑓(2) + 𝑓(3) + 𝑓(4)))
2×5
1
= (1.5 + 2.7 + 2(1.3 + 1.4 + 2.0 + 2.4))
2
= 9.2 metres
11 Surface area of water

40
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛
40 − 0
= (𝑓(0) + 𝑓(40) + 2(𝑓(10) + 𝑓(20) + 𝑓(30)))
2×4
40
= (0 + 0 + 2(20 + 18 + 17))
8
= 550 m2
12 Area of vertical rock cutting

300
=∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛
300 − 0
= (𝑓(0) + 𝑓(300) + 2(𝑓(50) + 𝑓(100) + 𝑓(150) + 𝑓(200) + 𝑓(250)))
2×6
= 25(5 + 3 + 2(10 + 13 + 14 + 11 + 7))
= 2950 m2

13a
1
∫ √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛
1−0
= (𝑓(0) + 𝑓(1) + 2(𝑓(0.25) + 𝑓(0.5) + 𝑓(0.75)))
2×4
1
= (√1 − 02 + √1 − 12 + 2(√1 − 0.252 + √1 − 0.52 + √1 − 0.752 ))
8
≑ 0.7489 (to four decimal places)
1 1
13b ∫0 √1 − 𝑥 2 is the area of 4 of a circle with radius 1 unit (the right half of the semi-
1 1 𝜋
circle in the question). Hence ∫0 √1 − 𝑥 2 = 4 (𝜋 × 12 ) = 4 .
𝜋
Thus 4 ≑ 0.7489 so 𝜋 ≑ 4 × 0.7489 ≑ 3.0. Hence, the approximation is less than
the integral, because the curve is concave down.
14
5
∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛
5−1
= (𝑓(1) + 𝑓(5) + 2(𝑓(2) + 𝑓(3) + 𝑓(4)))
2×4
1
= (ln 1 + ln 5 + 2(ln 2 + ln 3 + ln 4))
2
1
= (ln 1 + ln 5 + 2 ln 2 + 2 ln 3 + 2 ln 4)
2
1
= (0 + ln 5 + ln 22 + ln 32 + ln 42 )
2
1
= ln(5 × 22 × 32 × 42 )
2
1
= ln 2880
2
1
= ln 28802
= ln √2880
= ln 53.6656 …
≑ ln 54

1 1
1 1 1
15a 𝑦 = √𝑥 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 ′ = 2 𝑥 −2 = 2 𝑥. For all 𝑥 > 0, 2 > 0 and hence 𝑦 ′ > 0 so the
√ √𝑥
function is increasing for all 𝑥 > 0.
15b Since the function is monotonically increasing, rectangles of width 1, with their
right corners lying on the curve will overestimate the area underneath the curve
The area underneath the cure is
𝑛 𝑛 1
2 3 𝑛 2 3 2𝑛√𝑛
∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑥 2 ] = 𝑛2 =
0 0 3 0 3 3
And the total area under the rectangles is
1 × √1 + 1 × √2 + ⋯ + 1 × √𝑛 = √1 + √2 + ⋯ + √𝑛
Thus, it follows that
𝑛
2𝑛√𝑛
√1 + √2 + ⋯ + √𝑛 ≥ ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
0 3
15c Since the curve is concave down, the trapezoidal rule will always underestimate
the area under the curve, hence it follows that
𝑛
𝑏−𝑎 2𝑛√𝑛
(𝑓(0) + 𝑓(𝑛) + 2(𝑓(1) + 𝑓(2) + ⋯ + 𝑓(𝑛 − 1) ≤ ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑛 0 3
𝑛−0 2𝑛√𝑛
(√0 + √𝑛 + 2(√1 + √2 + ⋯ + √𝑛 − 1)) ≤
2𝑛 3
4𝑛√𝑛
√0 + √𝑛 + 2(√1 + √2 + ⋯ + √𝑛 − 1) ≤
3
4𝑛√𝑛
2(√1 + √2 + ⋯ + √𝑛 − 1) ≤ − √𝑛
3
4𝑛√𝑛
2(√1 + √2 + ⋯ + √𝑛 − 1 + √𝑛) ≤ + √𝑛
3
4𝑛√𝑛 3√𝑛
2(√1 + √2 + ⋯ + √𝑛 − 1 + √𝑛) ≤ +
3 3
√𝑛(4𝑛 + 3)
2(√1 + √2 + ⋯ + √𝑛 − 1 + √𝑛) ≤
3
√𝑛(4𝑛 + 3)
(√1 + √2 + ⋯ + √𝑛 − 1 + √𝑛) ≤
6

15d From parts b and c we have that
2(12000)√12000 √12000(4(12000) + 3)
≤ √1 + √2 + √3 + ⋯ + √12000 ≤
3 6
Thus
876356.092008 ≤ √1 + √2 + √3 + ⋯ + √12000 ≤ 876410.86426
So to the nearest 100 it must be the case that √1 + √2 + √3 + ⋯ + √12000 ≑

876400
16a 5 subintervals: 2.66551
16b 10 subintervals: 2.47442
16c 20 subintervals: 2.41809
17 Investigation question – answers will vary

1a
𝑑
(2𝑥 + 3)4
𝑑𝑥
= 4(2𝑥 + 3)3 × 2
= 8(2𝑥 + 3)3
1b i
∫ 8(2𝑥 + 3)3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
=∫ (2𝑥 + 3)4 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= (2𝑥 + 3)4 + 𝐶
1b ii
∫ 16(2𝑥 + 3)3 𝑑𝑥
= 2 ∫ 8(2𝑥 + 3)3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 2∫ (2𝑥 + 3)4 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 2(2𝑥 + 3)4 + 𝐶
2a
𝑑
(3𝑥 − 5)3
𝑑𝑥
= 3(3𝑥 − 5)2 × 3
= 9(3𝑥 − 5)2

2b i
∫ 9(3𝑥 − 5)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
=∫ (3𝑥 − 5)3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= (3𝑥 − 5)3 + 𝐶
2b ii
∫ 27(3𝑥 − 5)2 𝑑𝑥
= 3 ∫ 9(3𝑥 − 5)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 3∫ (3𝑥 − 5)3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 3(3𝑥 − 5)3 + 𝐶
3a
𝑑
(1 + 4𝑥)5
𝑑𝑥
= 5(1 + 4𝑥)4 × 4
= 20(1 + 4𝑥)4
3b i
∫ 20(1 + 4𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
=∫ (1 + 4𝑥)5 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= (1 + 4𝑥)5 + 𝐶

3b ii
∫ 10(1 + 4𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 20(1 + 4𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥
2
1 𝑑
= ∫ (1 + 4𝑥)5 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
1
= (1 + 4𝑥)5 + 𝐶
2
4a
𝑑
(1 − 2𝑥)4
𝑑𝑥
= 4(1 − 2𝑥)3 × −2
= −8(1 − 2𝑥)3
4b i
∫ −8(1 − 2𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
=∫ (1 − 2𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= (1 − 2𝑥)4 + 𝐶
4b ii
∫ −2(1 − 2𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ −8(1 − 2𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥
4
1 𝑑
= ∫ (1 − 2𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥
4 𝑑𝑥
1
= (1 − 2𝑥)4 + 𝐶
4

5a
𝑑
(4𝑥 + 3)−1
𝑑𝑥
= −1(4𝑥 + 3)−2 × 4
= −4(4𝑥 + 3)−2
5b i
∫ −4(4𝑥 + 3)−2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
=∫ (4𝑥 + 3)−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= (4𝑥 + 3)−1 + 𝐶
5b ii
∫(4𝑥 + 3)−2 𝑑𝑥
1
= − ∫ −4(4𝑥 + 3)−2 𝑑𝑥
4
1
= − (4𝑥 + 3)−1 + 𝐶
4
6a
𝑑 1
(2𝑥 − 5)2
𝑑𝑥
1 1
= (2𝑥 − 5)−2 × 2
2
1
= (2𝑥 − 5)−2

6b i
1
∫(2𝑥 − 5)−2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
=∫ (2𝑥 − 5)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
= (2𝑥 − 5)2 + 𝐶
6b ii
1 1
∫ (2𝑥 − 5)−2 𝑑𝑥
3
1 1
= ∫(2𝑥 − 5)−2 𝑑𝑥
3
1 𝑑 1
= ∫ (2𝑥 − 5)2 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= (2𝑥 − 5)2 + 𝐶
3
7a
𝑑 2
(𝑥 + 3)4
𝑑𝑥
= 4(𝑥 2 + 3)3 × 2𝑥
= 8𝑥(𝑥 2 + 3)3
7b i
∫ 8𝑥(𝑥 2 + 3)3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2
=∫ (𝑥 + 3)4 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 2 + 3)4 + 𝐶

7b ii
∫ 40𝑥(𝑥 2 + 3)3 𝑑𝑥
= 5 ∫ 8𝑥(𝑥 2 + 3)3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2
= 5∫ (𝑥 + 3)4 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 5(𝑥 2 + 3)4 + 𝐶
8a
𝑑 3
(𝑥 − 1)5
𝑑𝑥
= 5(𝑥 3 − 1)4 × 3𝑥 2
= 15𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 − 1)4
8b i
∫ 15𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 3
=∫ (𝑥 − 1)5 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 3 − 1)5 + 𝐶
8b ii
∫ 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 15𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥
5
1 𝑑 3
= ∫ (𝑥 − 1)5 𝑑𝑥
5 𝑑𝑥
1 3
= (𝑥 − 1)5 + 𝐶
5

9a
𝑑
√2𝑥 2 + 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
= (2𝑥 2 + 3)2
𝑑𝑥
1 1
= (2𝑥 2 + 3)−2 × 4𝑥
2
1
= 2𝑥(2𝑥 2 + 3)−2
2𝑥
=
√2𝑥 2 + 3
9b i
2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√2𝑥 2 + 3
𝑑
=∫ √2𝑥 2 + 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= √2𝑥 2 + 3 + 𝐶
9b ii
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√2𝑥 2 + 3
1 2𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 √2𝑥 2 + 3
1 𝑑
= ∫ √2𝑥 2 + 3 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
1
= √2𝑥 2 + 3 + 𝐶
2

10a
𝑑 3
(√𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
2 1 1
= 3(√𝑥 + 1) × 𝑥 −2
2
2
3(√𝑥 + 1)
=
2√𝑥
10b i
2
3(√𝑥 + 1)
∫
2√𝑥
𝑑 3
=∫ (√𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3
= (√𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
10b ii
2
(√𝑥 + 1)
∫
√𝑥
2
2 3(√𝑥 + 1)
= ∫
3 2√𝑥
2 𝑑 3
= ∫ (√𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑑𝑥
2 3
= (√𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
3
11a
𝑑 3
(𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 5)4
𝑑𝑥
= 4(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 5)3 × (3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥)
= 12(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 5)3

11b i
∫ 12(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 5)3 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 3
=∫ (𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 5)4 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 5)4 + 𝐶
11b ii
∫(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 5)3 𝑑𝑥

1
= ∫ 12(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 5)3 𝑑𝑥
12
1 𝑑
= ∫ (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 5)4 𝑑𝑥
12 𝑑𝑥
1 3
= (𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 5)4 + 𝐶
12
12a
𝑑
(5 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥)7
𝑑𝑥
= 7(5 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥)6 × (−2𝑥 − 1)
= −7(2𝑥 + 1)(5 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥)6
12b i
∫(−14𝑥 − 7)(5 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥)6
= ∫ −7(2𝑥 + 1)(5 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥)6

𝑑
=∫ (5 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥)7 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= (5 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥)7 + 𝐶

12b ii
∫(2𝑥 + 1)(5 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥)6 𝑑𝑥
1
= − ∫ −7(2𝑥 + 1)(5 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥)6 𝑑𝑥
7
1 𝑑
= − ∫ (5 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥)7 𝑑𝑥
7 𝑑𝑥
1
= − (5 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥)7 + 𝐶
7
𝑑𝑢
13a Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 + 4, then 𝑑𝑥 = 5 so 𝑑𝑢 = 5 𝑑𝑥
∫ 5(5𝑥 + 4)3 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(5𝑥 + 4)3 5 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢
𝑢4
= +𝐶
4
(5𝑥 + 4)4
= +𝐶
4
𝑑𝑢
13b Let 𝑢 = 1 − 3𝑥, then = −3 so 𝑑𝑢 = −3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ −3(1 − 3𝑥)5 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(1 − 3𝑥)5 (−3 𝑑𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢
𝑢6
= +𝐶
6
(1 − 3𝑥)6
= +𝐶
6

𝑑𝑢
13c Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 5, then = 2𝑥 so 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 2𝑥(𝑥 2 − 5)7 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 2 − 5)7 (2𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑢7 𝑑𝑢
𝑢8
= +𝐶
8
(𝑥 2 − 5)8
= +𝐶
8
𝑑𝑢
13d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 7, then = 3𝑥 2 so 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 + 7)4 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 3 + 7)4 (3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢
𝑢5
= +𝐶
5
(𝑥 3 + 7)5
= +𝐶
5
𝑑𝑢
13e Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 + 2, then = 6𝑥 so 𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
6𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(3𝑥 2
+ 2)2
1
=∫ (6𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
(3𝑥 2 + 2)2
1
= ∫ 2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
= ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
= −𝑢−1 + 𝐶
1
=− +𝐶
𝑢
1
=− 2 +𝐶
3𝑥 + 2

𝑑𝑢
13f Let 𝑢 = 9 − 2𝑥 3 , then = −6𝑥 2 so 𝑑𝑢 = −6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−6𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√9 − 2𝑥 3
1
=∫ (−6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥)
√9 − 2𝑥 3
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
√𝑢
1
= ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
1
= 2𝑢2 + 𝐶
= 2√𝑢 + 𝐶
= 2√9 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑢
14a Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 2 + 3, then = 10𝑥 so 𝑑𝑢 = 10𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 10𝑥(5𝑥 2 + 3)2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(5𝑥 2 + 3)2 (10𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢3
= +𝐶
3
(5𝑥 2 + 3)3
= +𝐶
3
𝑑𝑢
14b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1, then = 2𝑥 so 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)3 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 2 + 1)3 (2𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢
𝑢4
= +𝐶
4

(𝑥 2 + 1)4
= +𝐶
4
𝑑𝑢
14c Let 𝑢 = 1 + 4𝑥 3 , then = 12𝑥 2 so 𝑑𝑢 = 12𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 12𝑥 2 (1 + 4𝑥 3 )5 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(1 + 4𝑥 3 )5 (12𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢
𝑢6
= +𝑐
6
(1 + 4𝑥 3 )6
= +𝐶
6
𝑑𝑢 1
14d Let 𝑢 = 1 + 3𝑥 2 , then = 6𝑥 so 𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 6
∫ 𝑥(1 + 3𝑥 2 )4 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(1 + 3𝑥 2 )4 × 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑢4 × 𝑑𝑢
6
1
= ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢
6
1 5
𝑢
=6 +𝐶
5
𝑢5
= +𝐶
30
(1 + 3𝑥 2 )5
= +𝐶
30

𝑑𝑢 1
14e Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 4 , then = 4𝑥 3 so 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 and 4 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 3 (1 − 𝑥 4 )7 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(1 − 𝑥 4 )7 × 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑢7 × 𝑑𝑢
4
1
= ∫ 𝑢7 𝑑𝑢
4
1 𝑢8
= ( )+𝐶
4 8
𝑢8
= +𝐶
32
(1 − 𝑥 4 )8
= +𝐶
32
𝑑𝑢
14f Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 1, then = 3𝑥 2 so 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 3𝑥 2 √𝑥 3 − 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ √𝑥 3 − 1 × 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ √𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
3
𝑢2
= +𝐶
3
(2)
2 3
= 𝑢2 + 𝐶
3
2 3 3
= (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐶
3

𝑑𝑢 1
14g Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 2 − 1, then = 10𝑥 so 𝑑𝑢 = 10𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and 10 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥√5𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ √5𝑥 2 + 1 × 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ √𝑢 × 𝑑𝑢
10
1 1
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
10
3
1 𝑢2
= ( )+𝐶
10 3
2
2 3
= 𝑢2 + 𝐶
30
1 3
= (5𝑥 2 − 1)2 + 𝐶
15
𝑑𝑢
14h Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 3, then = 2𝑥 so 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 + 3
1
=∫ × 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 + 3
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
√𝑢
1
= ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
1
= 2𝑢2 + 𝐶
= 2√𝑢 + 𝐶
= 2√𝑥 2 + 3 + 𝐶

𝑑𝑢
14i Let 𝑢 = 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 1, then = 8𝑥 + 8 so 𝑑𝑢 = (8𝑥 + 8 )𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
and 8 𝑑𝑢 = (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 1
1
=∫ × (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
√4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 1
11
=∫ × 𝑑𝑢
√𝑢 8
1 1
= ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
8
1
1 𝑢2
= ( )+𝐶
8 1
2
1
= √𝑢 + 𝐶
4
1
= √4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 1 + 𝐶
4
𝑑𝑢 1
14j Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 5, then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 so 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 5)3
1
=∫ × 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 5)3
1 1
=∫ × 𝑑𝑢
𝑢3 2
1
= ∫ 𝑢−3 𝑑𝑢
2
1 𝑢−2
= × +𝐶
2 −2
1
=− 2+𝐶
4𝑢
1
=− +𝐶
4(𝑥 + 5)2
2

𝑑𝑢 1
15a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 1, then 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 so 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 and 3 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑢 = 2 and when 𝑥 = −1, 𝑢 = 0.

1
∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 + 1)4 𝑑𝑥
−1
1
= ∫ (𝑥 3 + 1)4 × 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
−1
2
1
= ∫ 𝑢4 × 𝑑𝑢
0 3
2
1 𝑢5
= [ ]
3 5 0
1 25
= ( − 0)
3 5
32
=
15
𝑑𝑢 1
15b Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 2 + 1, then 𝑑𝑥 = 10𝑥 so 𝑑𝑢 = 10𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and 10 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑢 = 6 and when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑢 = 1.

1
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 (5𝑥 2 + 1)3
1
1
=∫ × 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 (5𝑥 2 + 1)3
6
1 1
=∫ × 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑢3 10
1 6 −3
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
10 1
6
1 𝑢−2
= [ ]
10 −2 1
1 1 6
= [ ]
10 −2𝑢2 1
1 1 1
= ( − )
10 −2 × 62 −2 × 12
1 1 1
= (− + )
10 72 2
7
=
144
𝑑𝑢 1
15c Let 𝑢 = 1 − 4𝑥 2 , then 𝑑𝑥 = −8𝑥 so 𝑑𝑢 = −8𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and − 8 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
When 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑢 = 0 and when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑢 = 1.
1
2
∫ 𝑥√1 − 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
1
2
= ∫ √1 − 4𝑥 2 × 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
0
1
= ∫ √𝑢 × − 𝑑𝑢
1 8
1 0 1
= − ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
8 1
1 2 3 0
= − [ 𝑢2 ]
8 3 1
1 2 3 2 3
= − ( × 02 − × 12 )
8 3 3
1 2
= − (0 − )
8 3
1
=
12
𝑑𝑢
15d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 3, then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 10 so 𝑑𝑢 = (2𝑥 + 10) 𝑑𝑥
1
and 2 𝑑𝑢 = (𝑥 + 5 )𝑑𝑥
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑢 = −6 and when 𝑥 = −3, 𝑢 = −18.

−1
∫ (𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 3)2 × (𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥
−3
−6
1
= ∫ 𝑢2 × 𝑑𝑢
−18 2
−6
1 𝑢3
= [ ]
2 3 −18

1 (−6)3 (−18)3
= ( − )
2 3 3
1
= (−72 + 1944)
2
= 936
1 𝑑𝑢 1 1
16a Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 so 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 5
(1 − 𝑥 )
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
1 5 1
= ∫ (1 − ) × 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢
1
= × 𝑢6 + 𝐶
6
1 1 6
= × (1 − ) + 𝐶
6 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 1 1
16b Let 𝑢 = 1 + √𝑥, then 𝑑𝑥 = 2 × so 2𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
√ 𝑥 √𝑥
When 𝑥 = 4, 𝑢 = 3 and when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑢 = 2.

4
1
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
1 √𝑥(1 + √𝑥)
4
1 1
=∫ 2 × 𝑑𝑥
1 (1 + √𝑥) √𝑥
3
1
=∫ × 2 𝑑𝑢
2 𝑢2
3
= 2 ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
2
= 2[−𝑢−1 ]32
1 3
= 2 [− ]
𝑢 2

1 1
= 2 (− + )
3 2
1
= 2( )
6
1
=
3
17a As the square root function is only defined for non-zero numbers, function is
defined for all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 2 − 1 ≥ 0 which is (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) ≥ 0 and hence all 𝑥
such that 𝑥 ≤ −1 or 𝑥 ≥ 1. Thus the domain is 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞).
𝑑
17b 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑 𝑑 1
= (𝑥)√𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝑥 ((𝑥 2 − 1)2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= √𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝑥 ⋅ ⋅ 2𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)−2
2
2
𝑥
√
= 𝑥 −1+ 2
√𝑥 2 − 1
2
(√𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑥2
= +
√𝑥 2 − 1 √𝑥 2 − 1
2
𝑥 −1 𝑥2
= +
√𝑥 2 − 1 √𝑥 2 − 1
2𝑥 2 − 1
=
√𝑥 2 − 1
Stationary points occur when 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0, that is when
2𝑥 2 − 1
=0
√𝑥 2 − 1
2𝑥 2 − 1 = 0
2𝑥 2 = 1
1
𝑥2 =
2
1
𝑥=±
√2
But this does not lie in the domain 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞), hence there are no
stationary points in the domain of the function.

17c 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)√(−𝑥)2 − 1 = −𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1 = −𝑓(𝑥). Hence the function is odd.
3
17d 𝐴 = ∫1 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑢 = 0
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑢 = 8
Hence,
1 3 8 3
81 81 12 1 16
𝐴 = ∫0 2 √𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ∫0 2 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = 2 3 [𝑢2 ] = 3 [82 − 0] = √2 square units
0 3
18a 𝑦 ′ = (7 − 𝑥 2 )3 + 𝑥(−2𝑥)(3)(7 − 𝑥 2 )2
= (7 − 𝑥 2 )3 − 6𝑥 2 (7 − 𝑥 2 )2
= (7 − 𝑥 2 )2 [(7 − 𝑥 2 ) − 6𝑥 2 ]
= (7 − 𝑥 2 )2 [7 − 7𝑥 2 ]
= 7(7 − 𝑥 2 )2 (1 − 𝑥 2 )
Stationary points occur when 𝑦 ′ = 0, that is when
7(7 − 𝑥 2 )2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) = 0
(7 − 𝑥 2 ) = 0 or (1 − 𝑥 2 ) = 0
So the stationary points occur when 𝑥 = ±1, ±√7

Substituting this back into the equation for 𝑦 gives the stationary points as
(−1, −216), (1, 216), (±√7, 0).

𝑥 −10 −√7 −2 −1 0 1 2 √7 10
𝑦 8043570 0 −54 −216 0 216 54 0 −8043570

𝑦′ −5993757 0 −189 0 343 0 −189 0 −5993757
sign − 0 − 0 + 0 − 0 −
From this we see that there are points of inflection at (±√7, 0), a maximum at
(1, 216) and a minimum at (−1, −216).
The 𝑥-axis interprets occur when 𝑦 = 0
𝑥(7 − 𝑥 2 )3 = 0
That is when 𝑥 = 0, or (7 − 𝑥 2 ) which is when 𝑥 = 0, ±√7

Substituting this back into the equation for 𝑦 gives the points of intersection as as
(0,0), (±√7, 0).
Hence drawing the graph gives

18b By observation, the total area enclosed by the graph and the 𝑥-axis will be double
the area that is enclosed between the curve and the 𝑥-axis for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ √7. Hence
the total area enclosed is
√7 √7
𝐴 = 2 ∫ 𝑥(7 − 𝑥 2 )3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥(7 − 𝑥 2 )3 𝑑𝑥
0 0
Let 𝑢 = 7 − 𝑥 2 , it follows that 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑢 = 7
When 𝑥 = √7, 𝑢 = 0
Hence,

0
𝐴 = ∫ −(𝑢)3 𝑑𝑢
7
7
= ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢
0
7
𝑢4
=[ ]
4 0
74
=
4
1
= 600 4 square units

Solutions for Chapter review

1a
1
∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
= [𝑥 3 ]10
= 13 − 0
=1
1b
2
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
2
𝑥2
=[ ]
2 1
22 1
= −
2 2
3
=
2
1c
5
∫ 4𝑥 3
2
= [𝑥 4 ]52
= 54 − 24
= 609

1d
1
∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
−1
1
𝑥5
=[ ]
5 −1
1 (−1)5
= −( )
5 5
1 1
= − (− )
5 5
1 1
= +
5 5
2
=
5
1e
−2
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−4
= [𝑥 2 ]−2
−4
= (−2)2 − (−4)2
= 4 − 16
= −12
1f
−1
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
−3
−1
𝑥3
=[ ]
3 −3
(−1)3 (−3)3
= −
3 3
1 27
= − − (− )
3 3

1
=− +9
3
2
=8
3
1g
2
∫ (𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
𝑥2
= [ + 3𝑥]
2 0
22
= ( + 3 × 2) − (0 + 0)
2
= 2+6
=8
1h
4
∫ (2𝑥 − 5) 𝑑𝑥
−1
= [𝑥 2 − 5𝑥]4−1
= 16 − 20 − (1 + 5)
= −4 − 6
= −10
1i
1
∫ (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
−3
1
𝑥3
= [ − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥]
3 −3
13 2
(−3)3
= ( − 1 + 1) − ( − (−3)2 − 3)
3 3

1
= +9+9+3
3
1
= 21
3
2a
3
∫ 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
1
3
= ∫ (𝑥 2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
3
𝑥3 𝑥2
=[ − ]
3 2 1
33 32 1 1
= ( − )−( − )
3 2 3 2
9 1 1
= (9 − ) − ( − )
2 3 2
2
=4
3
2b
0
∫ (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
−1
0
= ∫ (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
−1
3 0
𝑥
= [ − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥]
3 −1
03 (−1)3
= ( − 02 − 3 × 0) − ( − (−1)2 − 3 × (−1))
3 3
1
= 0 − (− − 1 + 3)
3
2
= −1
3

2c
1
∫ (2𝑥 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥
0
1
= ∫ (4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
4𝑥 3
=[ − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥]
3 0
4 × 13 03
=( − 2 × 1 + 1) − ( − 2 × 02 + 0)
2
3 3
4
= −2+1−0
3
1
=
3
3a
2
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
2
𝑥 2 3𝑥
=∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑥
2
= ∫ (𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
1
2
𝑥2
= [ − 3𝑥]
2 1
22 12
= ( − 3 × 2) − ( − 3 × 1)
2 2
1
= 2−6− +3
2
1
= −1
2

3b
3
3𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥2
3
3𝑥 4 4𝑥 2
= ∫ ( 2 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 𝑥
3
= ∫ (3𝑥 2 − 4) 𝑑𝑥
2
= [𝑥 3 − 4𝑥]32
= (33 − 4 × 3) − (23 − 4 × 2)
= 27 − 12 − 8 + 8
= 15
3c
−1
𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
−2 𝑥2
−1
𝑥 3 2𝑥 4
= ∫ ( 2 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−2 𝑥 𝑥
−1
= ∫ (𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−2
2 −1
𝑥 2𝑥 3
=[ − ]
2 3 −2
(−1)2 2 × (−1)3 (−2)2 2 × (−2)3
=( − )−( − )
2 3 2 3
1 2 16
= + −2−
2 3 3
1
= −6
6

4a i
𝑘
∫ 5 𝑑𝑥
4
= [5𝑥]𝑘4
= 5𝑘 − 5 × 4
= 5𝑘 − 20
4a ii
𝑘
∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = 10
4
5𝑘 − 20 = 10
5𝑘 = 30
𝑘=6
4b i
𝑘
∫ (2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
0
= [𝑥 2 − 𝑥]𝑘0
= (𝑘 2 − 𝑘) − (0 − 0)
= 𝑘2 − 𝑘
4b ii
𝑘
∫ (2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 6
0
𝑘2 − 𝑘 = 6
𝑘2 − 𝑘 − 6 = 0
(𝑘 + 2)(𝑘 − 3) = 0
𝑘 = −2 or 3
Taking the positive solution, 𝑘 = 3.

5a As upper and lower bound of this function are the same, the integral must be
zero (you can think of this as area with 0 width has 0 area).
5b This is an odd function and hence the area under the curve between −2 and 0 is
equal to that above the curve between 0 and 2. So the total signed area must be 0.
5c We know that 𝑥 3 is odd and that −9𝑥 is odd. The sum of two odd functions gives
another odd function. Hence 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 is odd. The area under the curve between
−3 and 0 is equal to that above the curve between 0 and 3. So the total signed
area must be 0.
6a
3
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)
0
= area of triangle + area of rectangle

1
= ×2×4+1×1×4
2
=8
6b
3
0
= area of triangle above 𝑥-axis (from 𝑥 = 0 to 2)

+ area of triangle below 𝑥-axis (from 𝑥 = 2 to 3)
1 1
= ×2×2+ ×1×1
2 2
1
= 2−
2
3
=
2

7a i 𝐴(𝑥)
𝑥
= ∫ (4 − 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
−2
𝑥
𝑡2
= [4𝑡 − ]
2 −2
𝑥2 (−2)2
= (4𝑥 − ) − (4 × (−2) − )
2 2
𝑥2
= 4𝑥 − +8+2
2
𝑥2
= 4𝑥 − + 10
2
7a ii 𝐴(𝑥)
𝑥
= ∫ 𝑡 −2 𝑑𝑡
2
= [−𝑡 −1 ]2𝑥
= −𝑥 −1 − (−2−1 )
1 1
=− +
𝑥 2
1 1
= −
2 𝑥
7b i
𝑑 𝑥
∫ (4 − 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 −2
𝑑 𝑥2
= (4𝑥 − + 10)
𝑑𝑥 2
= 4−𝑥

7b ii
𝑑 𝑥 −2
∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑
= (−𝑥 −1 − (−2−1 ))
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 −2 − 0
= 𝑥 −2
7c i
𝑑 𝑥 5
∫ (𝑡 − 5𝑡 3 + 1) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 3 + 1
𝑑𝑥 7
by the fundamental theorem of calculus
7c ii
𝑑 𝑥 𝑡2 + 4 𝑥2 + 4
∫ 2 𝑑𝑡 = 2
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑡 − 1 𝑥 −1
by the fundamental theorem of calculus
8a
∫(𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
= + 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
8b
∫(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 5𝑥 2
= + 𝑥3 − +𝑥+𝐶
4 2

8c
∫ 𝑥(𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥2
= − +𝐶
3 2
8d
∫(𝑥 − 3)(2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 6 + 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(5𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 6) 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 2 𝑥 3
= − − 6𝑥 + 𝐶
2 3
8e
∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −1
= +𝐶
−1
= −𝑥 −1 + 𝐶
1
=− +𝐶
𝑥
8f
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥7
= ∫ 𝑥 −7 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −6
= +𝐶
−6

1
=− +𝐶
6𝑥 6
8g
1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥2
= +𝐶
3
2
2 3
= 𝑥2 + 𝐶
3
8h
∫(𝑥 + 1)4 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)5
= +𝐶
1×5
1
= (𝑥 + 1)5 + 𝐶
5
8i
∫(2𝑥 − 3)5 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 − 3)6
= +𝐶
2×6
1
= (2𝑥 − 3)6 + 𝐶
12

9a Area of shaded region

1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
−3
1
𝑥3
=[ ]
3 −3
1 (−3)3
= −
3 3
1 27
= +
3 3
1
= 9 3 square units
9b Area of shaded region

0
= ∫ (𝑥 3 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−2
0
𝑥4
= [ − 2𝑥 2 ]
4 −2
(−2)4
(0
= − 0) − ( − 2 × (−2)2 )
4
= −4 + 8
= 4 square units
9c Region is below the 𝑥-axis so the signed area is negative.

3
∫ (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
1
3
𝑥3
= [ − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥]
3 1
33 13
= ( − 2 × 32 + 3 × 3) − ( − 2 × 12 + 3 × 1)
3 3
1
= 9 − 18 + 9 − + 2 − 3
3
4
=−
3

4
Area of shaded region = 3 square units
9d Area of shaded region

4
= ∫ (2𝑦 − 6) 𝑑𝑦
3
= [𝑦 2 − 6𝑦]43
= (42 − 6 × 4) − (32 − 6 × 3)
= 16 − 24 − 9 + 18
= 1 square unit
9e Area of shaded region

1
= ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑥2 𝑥3
=[ − ]
2 3 0
1 1
= ( − ) − (0 − 0)
2 3
1
= 6 square units
9f Area of shaded region

1
= ∫ (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
−1
1
𝑥3 𝑥5
=[ − ]
3 5 −1
1 1 1 1
= ( − ) − (− − (− ))
3 5 3 5
1 1 1 1
= − + −
3 5 3 5
4
= 15 square units

9g Area of shaded region

2
= ∫ ((3𝑥 − 2) − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
2
= ∫ (3𝑥 − 2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
2
3𝑥 2 𝑥3
=[ − 2𝑥 − ]
2 3 1
3 × 22 23 3 × 12 13
=( −2×2− )−( −2×1− )
2 3 2 3
8 3 1
= 6−4− − +2+
3 2 3
1
= square units
6
9h Area of shaded region

1
= ∫ ((1 − 𝑥 2 ) − (𝑥 − 1)) 𝑑𝑥
−2
1
= ∫ (2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−2
1
𝑥2 𝑥3
= [2𝑥 − − ]
2 3 −2
12 13 (−2)2 (−2)3
= (2 × 1 − − ) − (2 × (−2) − − )
2 3 2 3
1 1 8
= 2− − +4+2−
2 3 3
1
=4 square units
2
10a Solving the equations simultaneously gives:

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5 = 𝑥 + 2
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥 = 1 or 3
Substituting this back into 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 gives the points of intersection as (1, 3) and
(3, 5).

10b The graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 are shown below.
Area enclosed by curves

3
= ∫ (𝑥 + 2 − (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5)) 𝑑𝑥
1
3
= ∫ (4𝑥 − 3 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
3
𝑥32
= [2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − ]
3 1
33 13
= (2 × 32 − 3 × 3 − ) − (2 × 12 − 3 × 1 − )
3 3
1
= 18 − 9 − 9 − 2 + 3 +
3
4
= 3 square units
11a
3
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛
3−1
= (𝑓(1) + 𝑓(3) + 2(𝑓(2)))
2×2
2 1
= (2 + 23 + 2(22 ))
4
1
= (2 + 8 + 8)
2
=9

11b
3
∫ log10 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ ))
2𝑛
3−1
= (𝑓(1) + 𝑓(3) + 2(𝑓(1.5) + 𝑓(2) + 𝑓(2.5))
2×4
2
= (log10 1 + log10 3 + 2(log10 1.5 + log10 2 + log10 2 . 5))
8
12a
𝑑
(3𝑥 + 4)6
𝑑𝑥
= 6(3𝑥 + 4)5 × 3
= 18(3𝑥 + 4)5
12b i
∫ 18(3𝑥 + 4)5 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
=∫ (3𝑥 + 4)6 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= (3𝑥 + 4)6 + 𝐶
12b ii
∫ 9(3𝑥 + 4)5 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 18(3𝑥 + 4)5 𝑑𝑥
2
1 𝑑
= ∫ (3𝑥 + 4)6 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑥
1
= (3𝑥 + 4)6 + 𝐶
2

13a
𝑑 2
(𝑥 − 1)3
𝑑𝑥
= 3(𝑥 2 − 1)2 × 2𝑥
= 6𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)2
13b i
∫ 6𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2
=∫ (𝑥 − 1)3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 2 − 1)3 + 𝐶
13b ii
∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 6𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥
6
1 𝑑 2
= ∫ (𝑥 − 1)3 𝑑𝑥
6 𝑑𝑥
1 2
= (𝑥 − 1)3 + 𝐶
6
𝑑𝑢
14a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 1, then 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 so 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∫ 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 + 1)4 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 3 + 1)4 × 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢
𝑢5
= +𝐶
5

(𝑥 3 + 1)5
= +𝐶
5
𝑑𝑢
14b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 5, then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 so 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 − 5)3
1
∫ × 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 − 5)3
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢3
= ∫ 𝑢−3 𝑑𝑢
𝑢−2
= +𝐶
−2
1
=− +𝐶
2𝑢2
1
=− +𝐶
2(𝑥 2 − 5)2
𝑑𝑢 1
15 Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 3, then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 so 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑢 = 3 and when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑢 = 4

1
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 √𝑥 2 + 3
1
1
=∫ × 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 √𝑥 2 + 3
4
1 1
=∫ × 𝑑𝑢
3 √𝑢 2
1 4 −1
= ∫ 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢
2 3
1 4
1 𝑢2
= [ ]
2 1
2 3

4
1
= × 2 × [√𝑢]
2 3
4
= [√𝑢]3
= √4 − √3
= 2 − √3
as required.

Chapter 6 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
1a 23 × 27 = 23 + 7 = 210
1b 𝑒4 × 𝑒3 = 𝑒4 + 3 = 𝑒7
1c 26 ÷ 22 = 26 − 2 = 24
1d 𝑒8 ÷ 𝑒5 = 𝑒8 − 5 = 𝑒3
1e (23 )4 = 23 × 4 = 212
1f (𝑒 5 )6 = 𝑒 5 × 6 = 𝑒 30
2a 𝑒 2𝑥 × 𝑒 5𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 = 𝑒 7𝑥
2b 𝑒 10𝑥 ÷ 𝑒 8𝑥 = 𝑒 10𝑥 − 8𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥
2c (𝑒 2𝑥 )5 = 𝑒 2𝑥 × 5 = 𝑒 10𝑥
2d 𝑒 2𝑥 × 𝑒 −7𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + (−7𝑥) = 𝑒 −5𝑥
2e 𝑒 𝑥 ÷ 𝑒 −4𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 − (−4𝑥) = 𝑒 5𝑥
2f (𝑒 −3𝑥 )4 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 × 4 = 𝑒 −12𝑥
3a 𝑒 2 ≑ 7.389
3b 𝑒 −3 ≑ 0.04979

3c 𝑒 = 𝑒 1 ≑ 2.718
1
3d = 𝑒 −1 ≑ 0.3679
𝑒
1
3e √𝑒 = 𝑒 2 ≑ 1.649
1
1
3f = 𝑒 −2 ≑ 0.6065
√ 𝑒
4a 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦′′ = 𝑒 𝑥
4b The curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is always concave up, and is always increasing at an increasing

rate.
𝑑
5a Gradient at 𝑃(1, 𝑒) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = 1
= 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = 1
=𝑒
Tangent at 𝑃(1, 𝑒):
𝑦 − 𝑒 = 𝑒(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑥-intercept when 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑥=0
𝑑
5b Gradient at 𝑄(0, 1) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = 0
= 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = 0
=1
Tangent at 𝑄(0, 1):
𝑦 − 1 = 1(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦 =𝑥+1

0=𝑥+1
𝑥 = −1
1 𝑑
5c Gradient at 𝑄 (−1, 𝑒) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = −1
= 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = −1
1
=
𝑒
1
Tangent at 𝑄 (−1, ) :
𝑒
1 1
𝑦 − = (𝑥 − (−1))
𝑒 𝑒
1 1 1
𝑦− = 𝑥+
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
1 2
𝑦= 𝑥+
𝑒 𝑒
1
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)
𝑒
𝑥 − intercept when 𝑦 = 0
1
0 = (𝑥 + 2)
𝑒
𝑥 = −2
6a 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 1 − 1
𝑃 = (1, 𝑒 − 1)
𝑑𝑦
6b = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
When 𝑥 = 1, =𝑒
𝑑𝑥
6c Tangent at 𝑃(1, 𝑒 − 1):

𝑦 − (𝑒 − 1) = 𝑒(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒 + 𝑒 − 1
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 − 1
𝑒𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = 0
1
Normal at 𝑃(1, 𝑒 − 1) has gradient = −
e
1
𝑦 − (𝑒 − 1) = − (𝑥 − 1)
𝑒

𝑒𝑦 − 𝑒 2 + 𝑒 = −𝑥 + 1
𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦 − 𝑒 2 + 𝑒 − 1 = 0
7a
Shift 𝑒 𝑥 up 1
7b
Shift 𝑒 𝑥 down 2
7c
1
Stretch 𝑒 𝑥 vertically with factor
3

7d
Stretch 𝑒 𝑥 horizontally with factor 2
8a
Shift 𝑒 −𝑥 down 1
8b
Reflect 𝑒 −𝑥 in 𝑥-axis

8c
1
Stretch 𝑒 −𝑥 horizontally with factor 2
1 1
9 It is a vertical dilation of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 with factor − 3 . Its equation is 𝑦 = − 3 𝑒 𝑥 .
10a (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)(𝑒 𝑥 − 1) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 1
= 𝑒 2𝑥 − 1
10b (𝑒 4𝑥 + 3)(𝑒 2𝑥 + 3) = 𝑒 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 4𝑥 + 3𝑒 2𝑥 + 9
= 𝑒 6𝑥 + 3𝑒 4𝑥 + 3𝑒 2𝑥 + 9
10c (𝑒 −3𝑥 − 2)𝑒 3𝑥 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑒 3𝑥

= 1 − 2𝑒 3𝑥
10d (𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )2 = (𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )(𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )

= 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑥
= 𝑒 −4𝑥 + 1 + 1 + 𝑒 4𝑥
= 𝑒 −4𝑥 + 2 + 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑒 4𝑥 +𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
11a = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
= 𝑒 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 − 2𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥

𝑒 2𝑥 −𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
11b = 𝑒 4𝑥 − 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑒 4𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 𝑒 3𝑥 − 4𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 10𝑥 +5𝑒 20𝑥 𝑒 10𝑥 5𝑒 20𝑥

11c = 𝑒 −10𝑥 + 𝑒 −10𝑥
𝑒 −10𝑥
= 𝑒 10𝑥 −(−10𝑥) + 5𝑒 20𝑥 −(−10𝑥)
= 𝑒 20𝑥 + 5𝑒 30𝑥
6𝑒 −𝑥 +9𝑒 −2𝑥 6𝑒 −𝑥 9𝑒 −2𝑥

11d = +
3𝑒 3𝑥 3𝑒 3𝑥 3𝑒 3𝑥
−𝑥 − 3𝑥
= 2𝑒 + 3𝑒 −2𝑥 − 3𝑥
= 2𝑒 −4𝑥 + 3𝑒 −5𝑥
12a 𝑦-intercept when 𝑥 = 0

𝑦 = 𝑒0
=1
𝑑
Tangent at (0,1) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = 0
= 𝑒0
=1
12b Reflection in 𝑦-axis
12c 𝑦-intercept when 𝑥 = 0

𝑦 = 𝑒 −0
=1
𝑑
Gradient at (0, 1) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 , where 𝑥 = 0
= −𝑒 0
= −1

12d
12e Horizontal dilation with factor −1
13a 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 + 5
𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′′ = 𝑒 𝑥
13b 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥3
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 𝑥 + 6𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = 𝑒 𝑥 + 6
𝑦 ′′′′ = 𝑒 𝑥
13c 𝑦 = 4𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 4𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 4𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = 4𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′′ = 4𝑒 𝑥
Here, the gradient equals the height.

13d 𝑦 = 5𝑒 𝑥 + 5𝑥 2
𝑦 ′ = 5𝑒 𝑥 + 10𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 5𝑒 𝑥 + 10
𝑦 ′′′ = 5𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′′ = 5𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
14a = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
At 𝑥 = 0, gradient = 𝑒 0 = 1
Angle of inclination = tan−1 1 = 45˚
14b At 𝑥 = 1, gradient = 𝑒 1 = 𝑒
Angle of inclination = tan−1 𝑒 ≑ 69˚ 48′
14c At 𝑥 = −2, gradient = 𝑒 −2

Angle of inclination = tan−1 𝑒 −2 ≑ 7˚ 42′
14d At 𝑥 = 5, gradient = 𝑒 5
Angle of inclination = tan−1 𝑒 5 ≑ 89˚ 37′

15a 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 1 − 1 = 𝑒 − 1
𝑑𝑦
15b = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = 1, = 𝑒1 = 𝑒
𝑑𝑥
15c Tangent at 𝑃(1, 𝑒 − 1):

𝑦 − (𝑒 − 1) = 𝑒(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒 + 𝑒 − 1
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 − 1
1
16a Stretch horizontally with factor of .
2
16b Shift right 1 unit.

1
16c Stretch vertically with factor of .
2
16d Shift down 2 units.
17a As a translation, the transformation is shift left 2 units.
Alternatively, y  e 2 e x so it is a vertical dilation with factor of e2 .
17b As a dilation, the transformation is dilate vertically with factor of 2.
Alternatively, y  eloge 2 e x  e x  loge 2 so it is a shift left of log e 2 units.

𝑑𝑦
1a = 7𝑒 7𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1b = 3 × 4𝑒 3𝑥 = 12𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑦 1
1c = × 6𝑒 3𝑥 = 2𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦 1
1d = −2 × − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1e = 3𝑒 3𝑥+4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1f = 4𝑒 4𝑥−3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1g = −3𝑒 −3𝑥+4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1h = −2𝑒 −2𝑥−7
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2a = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2b = 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
2c =
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
2d =
𝑑𝑥 3

𝑑𝑦 2𝑒 2𝑥 3𝑒 3𝑥
2e = + = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 3
𝑑𝑦 4𝑒 4𝑥 5𝑒 5𝑥
2f = + = 𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝑒 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥 4 5
3a 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3b 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥−𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3c 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥×2 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3d 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥×3 = 𝑒 6𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 6𝑒 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3e 𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑥−𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3f 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−2𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3g 𝑦 = 𝑒 0−3𝑥 = 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −3𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑥

3h 𝑦 = 𝑒 0−5𝑥 = 𝑒 −5𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −5𝑒 −5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4a i 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 (4) (𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥
4a ii Successive derivatives alternate in signs. More precisely,

𝑒 −𝑥 , if 𝑛 is even,
𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥) = { −𝑥
−𝑒 , if 𝑛 is odd
4b i 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 4𝑒 2𝑥
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 8𝑒 2𝑥
𝑓 (4) (𝑥) = 16𝑒 2𝑥
4b ii Each derivative is twice the previous one. More precisely
𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥) = 2𝑛 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
5a (𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥+𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
5b (𝑒 −𝑥 (2𝑒 −𝑥 − 1)) = 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑒 −𝑥−𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= (2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= −4𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
5c (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2 = ((𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥
= (𝑒 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
5d (𝑒 𝑥 + 3)2 = ((𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 3𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥 + 9)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥
= (𝑒 + 6𝑒 𝑥 + 9)
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 6𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
5e (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2 = ((𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥
= (𝑒 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
5f (𝑒 𝑥 − 2)2 = ((𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 2𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥
= (𝑒 − 4𝑒 𝑥 + 4)
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 4𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
5g ((𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )) = 𝑑𝑥 ((𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥+𝑥 − (𝑒 −𝑥 )2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
5h ((𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝑒 −5𝑥 )(𝑒 5𝑥 − 𝑒 −5𝑥 )) = 𝑑𝑥 ((𝑒 5𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 5𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 𝑒 −5𝑥 + 5𝑥 − (𝑒 −5𝑥 )2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 10𝑥
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −10𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

= 10𝑒 10𝑥 + 10𝑒 −10𝑥
6a Let 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
Then 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎 × 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑑𝑥
6b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 2 2
= 2𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
6c Let 𝑢 = − 2 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
1 2 1 2
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑥 × 𝑒 −2𝑥 = −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
6d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence = 2𝑥 and = 𝑒𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 2 +1 2 +1
= 2𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
6e Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢

𝑑𝑦 2 2
= −2𝑥 × 𝑒 1−𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑒 1−𝑥
𝑑𝑥
6f Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 2 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 2 +2𝑥 2 +2𝑥
= (2𝑥 + 2) × 𝑒 𝑥 = 2(𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
6g Let 𝑢 = 6 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 2 2
= (1 − 2𝑥) × 𝑒 6+𝑥−𝑥 = (1 − 2𝑥)𝑒 6+𝑥−𝑥
𝑑𝑥
6h Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
1
Then 𝑦 = 2 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 2 and 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 2 −2𝑥+1 2 −2𝑥+1
= (6𝑥 − 2) × 2 𝑒 3𝑥 = (3𝑥 − 1)𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
7a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)
7b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 −𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × −𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)
7c Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 × 1) + ((𝑥 − 1) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
7d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 3𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑒 3𝑥−4
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 3𝑥−4 × 1) + ((𝑥 + 1) × 3𝑒 3𝑥−4 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 3𝑥−4 (1 + 3(𝑥 + 1))
= 𝑒 3𝑥−4 (3𝑥 + 4)
7e Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 −𝑥 × 2𝑥) + (𝑥 2 × −𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
7f Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 2𝑥 × 2) + ((2𝑥 − 1) × 2𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 (1 + 2𝑥 − 1)
= 4𝑥𝑒 2𝑥

7g Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 5 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥) + ((𝑥 2 − 5) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 5)
7h Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 2𝑥 × 3𝑥 2 ) + (𝑥 3 × 2𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 (3 + 2𝑥)
8a Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 × 1)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥2
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑥2
8b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 × 1) − (𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)
= 𝑒 2𝑥
1−𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥

8c Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 2 × 𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 )2
𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥4
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − 2)
= 𝑥4
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − 2)
= 𝑥3
8d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥) − (𝑥2 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
= 𝑒 2𝑥
2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
= 𝑒𝑥
8e Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 ((𝑥 + 1) × 𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 × 1)
= (𝑥+1)2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1 − 1)
= (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑥𝑒 𝑥
= (𝑥 + 1)2
8f Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 × 1) − ((𝑥 + 1) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 (1 − (𝑥 + 1))
= 𝑒 2𝑥
−𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥
8g Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 3 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒 2𝑥 × 1) − ((𝑥 − 3) × 2𝑒 2𝑥 )
= (𝑒 2𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 (1 − (2𝑥 − 6))
= 𝑒 4𝑥
7 −2 𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥
8h Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 × −2𝑥) − ((1−𝑥2 ) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (−2𝑥 − (1 − 𝑥2 ))
= 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1
= 𝑒𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
9a ((𝑒 𝑥 + 1)(𝑒 𝑥 + 2)) = 𝑑𝑥 ((𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥 + 2)
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
9b ((𝑒 2𝑥 + 3)(𝑒 2𝑥 − 2)) = 𝑑𝑥 ((𝑒 2𝑥 )2 − 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 2𝑥 − 6)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 − 6)
= 4𝑒 4𝑥 + 2𝑒 2𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
9c ((𝑒 −𝑥 + 2)(𝑒 −𝑥 + 4)) = 𝑑𝑥 ((𝑒 −𝑥 )2 + 4𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 8)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 −2𝑥 + 6𝑒 −𝑥 + 8)
= −2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 6𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
9d ((𝑒 −3𝑥 − 1)(𝑒 −3𝑥 − 5)) = 𝑑𝑥 ((𝑒 −3𝑥 )2 − 5𝑒 −3𝑥 − 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 5)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 −6𝑥 − 6𝑒 −3𝑥 + 5)
= −6𝑒 −6𝑥 + 18𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
9e ((𝑒 2𝑥 + 1)(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)) = (𝑒 2𝑥+𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
= 3𝑒 3𝑥 + 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
9f ((𝑒 3𝑥 − 1)(𝑒 −𝑥 + 4)) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 4𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 4)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 4)
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 12𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
10a Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑒 𝑥
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢5
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑢4
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑒 𝑥 × 5(1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )4 = −5𝑒 𝑥 (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )4
𝑑𝑥
10b Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 4𝑥 − 9
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢4
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑒 4𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑢3
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑒 4𝑥 × 4(𝑒 4𝑥 − 9)3 = 16𝑒 4𝑥 (𝑒 4𝑥 − 9)3
𝑑𝑥

10c Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 1
1
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑢2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑒𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 × − (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2 = − (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2
𝑑𝑥
10d Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 4
1
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢2 = 𝑢−2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 2
Hence = 3𝑒 3𝑥 and =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑢3
𝑑𝑦 2 6𝑒 3𝑥
= 3𝑒 3𝑥 × − (𝑒 3𝑥 + 4)3 = − (𝑒 3𝑥 + 4)3
𝑑𝑥
11a Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥
Then 𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 2 and 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦
= 2 × 3𝑒 2𝑥 = 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥
11b Let 𝑢 = −4𝑥

Then 𝑦 = 5𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −4 and 𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦
= −4 × 5𝑒 −4𝑥 = −4𝑦
𝑑𝑥
12a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑒 2𝑥+1

𝑓 ′ (0) = 2𝑒
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2 × 2𝑒 2𝑥+1 = 4𝑒 2𝑥+1
𝑓 ′′ (0) = 4𝑒

12b 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −3𝑒 −3𝑥

𝑓 ′ (1) = −3𝑒 −3
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −3 × −3𝑒 −3𝑥 = 9𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (1) = 9𝑒 −3
12c Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then = 1 and = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑒 −𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × −𝑒 −𝑥 ) = (1 − 𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (2) = −𝑒 −2
Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −1 and 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (𝑒 −𝑥 × −1) + ((1 − 𝑥) × −𝑒 −𝑥 )
= (−1 − (1 − 𝑥))𝑒 −𝑥
= (𝑥 − 2)𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (2) = 0
12d Let 𝑢 = −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
2 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −2𝑥 × 𝑒 −𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (0) = 0
2
Let 𝑢 = −2𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 2
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −2 and 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
2 2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (𝑒 −𝑥 × −2) + (−2𝑥 × −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 )
2 2
= −2𝑒 −𝑥 + (4𝑥 2 × 𝑒 −𝑥 )
2
= 𝑒 −𝑥 (4𝑥 2 − 2)
𝑓 ′′ (0) = −2𝑒 0 (1 − 0) = −2

𝑑𝑦
13a = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
13b = −𝑘𝑒 −𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
13c = 𝐴𝑘𝑒 𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
13d = −𝐵𝑙𝑒 −𝑙𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
13e = 𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑥+𝑞
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
13f = 𝐶𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑥+𝑞
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑥 −𝑞𝑒 −𝑞𝑥
13g =
𝑑𝑥 𝑟
𝑑𝑦
13h = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑝𝑥
𝑑𝑥
14a Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢3
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑢2
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 × 3(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2 = 3𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑥
14b Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢4
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑢3
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) × 4(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )3 = 4(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )3
𝑑𝑥

14c Let 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 1 + 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 1 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 1 + 𝑥 × 2𝑥) + ((1 + 𝑥 2 ) × 𝑒 1 + 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 1 + 𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 2 )
= 𝑒 1 + 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)2
14d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥 − 1

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 2𝑥 – 1 × (2𝑥 − 1)) + ((𝑥 2 − 𝑥) × 2𝑒 2𝑥 – 1 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥 – 1 (2𝑥 − 1 + 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥)
= 𝑒 2𝑥 – 1 (2𝑥 2 − 1)
14e Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 ((𝑒 𝑥 + 1) × 𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2
𝑒𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2
14f Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 1

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 ((𝑒 𝑥 − 1) × 𝑒 𝑥 ) − ((𝑒 𝑥 + 1) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 − 1 − (𝑒 𝑥 + 1))
= (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2
−2𝑒 𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2

𝑑 1
15a 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 0 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
= −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑
15b 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥−𝑥 )
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 0 )
= 𝑒𝑥
𝑑
15c 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥 )
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
= −4𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑
15d 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑒 −4𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 4𝑥 )
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑒 −4𝑥 + 𝑒 −3𝑥 )
= −12𝑒 −4𝑥 − 3𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑
15e 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑥 − 3𝑒 4𝑥−𝑥 )
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 0 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 3𝑒 3𝑥 )
= 𝑒 𝑥 − 9𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑
15f 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥−2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥−2𝑥 + 𝑒 0−2𝑥 )
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 0 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
= −2𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑒 −2𝑥
16a i Given y  2e3 x

LHS : y  6e3 x
RHS : 3 y  3  2e3 x  6e3 x
LHS  RHS and so y  2e is a solution of y  3 y

3x
16a ii Given y  2e3 x
y  6e3 x and y   18e3 x
LHS :
y  9 y  18e3 x  9  2e3 x

 18e3 x  18e3 x
0
 RHS
LHS  RHS and so y  2e is a solution of y  9 y  0

3x
1
16b y  e3 x  4
2
dy 3
LHS :   e3 x
dx 2
1  3
RHS : 3  y  4   3  e 3 x  4  4    e 3 x
2  2
1 dy
LHS  RHS and so y  e3 x  4 is a solution of  3  y  4 
2 dx
16c i 𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1
Substituting 𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1, 𝑦 ′ = −3𝑒 −3𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 ′′ = 9𝑒 −3𝑥 into 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ −
3𝑦 = 5 − 3𝑥 we obtain:
LHS = 9𝑒 −3𝑥 + 2(−3𝑒 −3𝑥 + 1) − 3(𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1)
= 9𝑒 −3𝑥 − 6𝑒 −3𝑥 + 2 − 3𝑒 −3𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 3
= 5 − 3𝑥
= RHS

LHS  RHS and so 𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 5 − 3𝑥
16d i y  e x
Substituting y  e  x , y   e  x and y  e  x into y  2 y  y  0 we obtain:
LHS  e x  2e x  e x
0
 RHS
LHS  RHS and so y  e is a solution of y  2 y  y  0

x
16d ii y  xe  x
Applying the product rule on y  xe  x :
Let u  x and v  e  x .
Then u  1 and v  e x .

y  vu  uv
 e  x  1  x  e  x
 e x  xe x
Differentiating again (including use of the product rule) we obtain:
y  e x   e x  xe x 

 2e x  xe x
Substituting y  xe  x , y  e  x  xe  x and y  2e  x  xe  x into y  2 y  y  0 we

obtain:
LHS  2e  x  xe  x  2  e  x  xe  x   xe  x
  2  2  e  x   x  2 x  x  e  x
0
 RHS
LHS  RHS and so y  xe is a solution of y  2 y  y  0

x
17a y  ex

1
x
ye 2
1 12 x

y  e
2
1 x
y'  e
2
17b y  3 ex
1
x
ye 3
1 13 x

y  e
3
13 x
y'  e
3
1
17c y
ex
1
 x
ye 2
1 -1x
y¢ = - e 2
2
1
y  
2 ex
1
17d y
3
ex
1
 x
ye 3
1 - 13 x
y¢ = - e
3
1
y  
33 ex

17e ye x
1
1  1
e  e f  x  f   x  with f  x   x and f   x   x 2 
d f  x
Using we obtain:
dx 2 2 x
1
y  e x
2 x
17f y  e x
1
1  1
e  e f  x  f   x  with f  x    x and f   x    x 2  
d f  x
Using we
dx 2 2 x
obtain:
1
y   e x
2 x
1
17g y  ex
d f  x 1 1
Using e  e f  x  f   x  with f  x   and f   x    2 we obtain:
dx x x
1 1x
y   e
x2
1

17h ye x
d f  x 1 1
Using e  e f  x  f   x  with f  x    and f   x   2 we obtain:
dx x x
1  1x
y  2 e
x
1
x
17i ye x
d f  x 1 1
Using e  e f  x  f   x  with f  x   x  and f   x   1  2 we obtain:
dx x x

 1  x 1
y   1  2  e x
 x 
y  ee
x
17j
d f  x
Using e  e f  x  f   x  with f  x   e x and f   x   e x we obtain:
dx
y  e x e e  e x  e
x x
e x  e x e x  e x
18a cosh x  and sinh x 
2 2
d e x  e x
LHS : cosh x   sinh x
dx 2
RHS  sinh x
d
LHS  RHS and so cosh x  sinh x
dx
d e x  e x
LHS : sinh x   cosh x
dx 2
RHS  cosh x
d
LHS  RHS and so sinh x  cosh x
dx
e x  e x
18b Let y  cosh x  .
2
e x  e x e x  e x
y  
and y 
2 2
e x  e x e x  e x
LHS : y  and RHS : y 
2 2
e x  e x
LHS  RHS and so y  cosh x  satisfies y  y
2

e x  e x
Let y  sinh x  .
2
e x  e x e x  e x
y  and y 
2 2
e x  e x e x  e x
LHS : y  and RHS : y 
2 2
e x  e x
LHS  RHS and so y  sinh x  satisfies y  y
2
18c Given cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1 .

2 2
æ e x + e- x ö æ e x - e- x ö
LHS = ç -
è 2 ÷ø çè 2 ÷ø
= ((
1 2x
4
) (
e + 2 + e-2 x - e2 x - 2 + e-2 x ))
= ( 4)
1
4
=1
= RHS
LHS  RHS and so cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1
19a i 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑥
LHS = 𝑦 ′
= 𝐴𝑘𝑒 𝑘𝑥
= 𝑘(𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑥 )
= 𝑘𝑦
= RHS
19a ii 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑥
Substituting 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑥 , 𝑦 ′ = 𝑘𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑥 and 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑘 2 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑥 into 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑘 2 𝑦 = 0 we
obtain:
LHS = 𝑘 2 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑘 2 (𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑥 )

= 𝑘 2 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑘 2 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑥
=0
= RHS
19b 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Substituting 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶, and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑥 into 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘(𝑦 − 𝐶) we obtain:
LHS = 𝑘𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑥
= 𝑘(𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶 − 𝐶)
= 𝑘(𝑦 − 𝐶)
= RHS
19c 𝑦 = (𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵)𝑒 3𝑥

Applying the product rule on 𝑦 = (𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵)𝑒 3𝑥 :
Let 𝑢 = 𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 3𝑥 .
Then 𝑢′ = 𝐴 and 𝑣 ′ = 3𝑒 3𝑥 .
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 3𝑥 × 𝐴 + (𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵) × 3𝑒 3𝑥
= 𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 + (𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵)3𝑒 3𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵 and 𝑣 = 3𝑒 3𝑥 .
Then 𝑢′ = 𝐴 and 𝑣 ′ = 9𝑒 3𝑥 .
𝑦 ′′ = 3𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 + (3𝑒 3𝑥 × 𝐴 + (𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵) × 9𝑒 3𝑥 )
= 3𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 + 3𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 + (𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵)9𝑒 3𝑥
= 6𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 + (𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵)9𝑒 3𝑥
Substituting 𝑦 = (𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵)𝑒 3𝑥 , 𝑦 ′ = 𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 + (𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵)3𝑒 3𝑥 and 𝑦 ′′ = 6𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 +
(𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵)9𝑒 3𝑥 into 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 0 we obtain:
LHS = 6𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 + (𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵)9𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 + (𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵)3𝑒 3𝑥 − (𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵)𝑒 3𝑥
= (6𝐴 + 9(𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵) − 𝐴 + 3(𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵) − (𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵))𝑒 3𝑥
= (5𝐴 + 11(𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵))𝑒 3𝑥

20a Given y  e  x is a solution of y  3 y  10 y  0 .
Substituting y    e x and y   2 e x into y  3 y  10 y  0 we obtain:
 2e x  3e x  10e x  0

Taking out e x as a common factor we obtain:
e x   2  3  10   0
e x  0 and so  2  3  10  0
   5   2   0
So   5 or   2 .
20b Given y  e  x is a solution of y  y  y  0 .
Substituting y    e x and y   2 e x into y  y  y  0 we obtain:
 2 e x   e x  e x  0
Taking out e x as a common factor we obtain:
e x   2    1  0
e x  0 and so  2    1  0
1  12  4 1  1 1  5
 
2 2
So   
1
2
  1
1  5 or    1  5 .
2
 

1
1
1a When 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 2(2) – 1
= 𝑒0
=1
𝑑𝑦
1b = 2𝑒 2𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥
1
1
Gradient of tangent at 𝐴 (2 , 1) = 2𝑒 2(2)−1 = 2
1
1c 𝑦 − 1 = 2 (𝑥 − 2)
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 + 1
𝑦 = 2𝑥
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 × 0 = 0
Hence, it passes through 𝑂.
1
1
2a When 𝑥 = − 3 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 3(− 3) + 1
= 𝑒0
=1
1
𝑅 (− 3 , 1)
𝑑𝑦
2b = 3𝑒 3𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
1
1
Gradient of tangent at 𝑅 (− 3 , 1) = 3𝑒 3(−3)−1 = 3
1 1
2c Gradient of normal at 𝑅 (− 3 , 1) = − 3

1 1
2d 𝑦 − 1 = − 3 (𝑥 − (− 3))
1 1
𝑦 − 1 = −3𝑥 − 9
9𝑦 − 9 = −3𝑥 − 1
3𝑥 + 9𝑥 − 8 = 0
𝑑𝑦
3a = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Gradient of tangent at 𝑃(−1, 𝑒) = −𝑒 −(−1) = −𝑒

1
Gradient of normal at 𝑃(−1, 𝑒) = 𝑒
1
𝑦 − 𝑒 = 𝑒 (𝑥 − (−1))
𝑒𝑦 − 𝑒 2 = 𝑥 + 1
𝑥 − 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑒 2 + 1 = 0
3b When 𝑦 = 0,
𝑥 − 0 + 𝑒2 + 1 = 0
𝑥 = −𝑒 2 − 1
When 𝑥 = 0,
0 − 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑒 2 + 1 = 0
𝑒𝑦 = 𝑒 2 + 1
1
𝑦 =𝑒+𝑒
1 1
3c Area = 2 ((0 − (−𝑒 2 − 1)) × (𝑒 + 𝑒))
1 1
= 2 ((𝑒 2 + 1) × (𝑒 + 𝑒))
1 1
= 2 (𝑒 3 + 𝑒 + 𝑒 + 𝑒)
1 1
= 2 (𝑒 3 + 2𝑒 + 𝑒)

𝑑𝑦
4a = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Gradient of tangent at 𝐵(0, 1) = 𝑒 0 = 1

𝑦 − 1 = 1(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦 =𝑥+1
𝑑𝑦
4b = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Gradient of tangent at 𝐵(0, 1) = −𝑒 0 = −1

𝑦 − 1 = −1(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1
4c For part a,
At 𝑥-axis, 𝑦 = 0
0=𝑥+1
𝑥 = −1
Hence, tangent meets 𝑥-axis at 𝐹(−1, 0)
For part b,
At 𝑥-axis, 𝑦 = 0
0 = −𝑥 + 1
𝑥=1
Hence, tangent meets 𝑥-axis at 𝐺(1, 0)
4d

4e Isosceles right triangle

1
Area = 2 ((1 − (−1)) × 1)
1
= 2 (2 × 1)
=1
𝑑𝑦
5a = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Gradient of tangent at origin (0, 0) = 𝑒 −0 = 1

𝑦 − 0 = 1(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦=𝑥
5b 𝑦 = −𝑥
5c Asymptote of 𝑦 = −𝑒 −𝑥 is 𝑦 = 0
Hence, asymptote of 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 is 𝑦 = 1
5d
1
5e Area = 2 ((1 − (−1)) × 1)
1
= 2 (2 × 1)
=1

6a 𝑦′ = 1 − 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = −𝑒 𝑥
6b 𝑒 𝑥 will always be positive for all 𝑥

So 𝑦 ′′ = −𝑒 𝑥 will always be negative for all 𝑥
6c Stationary points when:

𝑦′ = 0
1 − 𝑒𝑥 = 0
𝑒𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 − 𝑒 0 = −1
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ′′ = −𝑒 0 = −1
Maximum turning point at (0, −1)
6d
Range: 𝑦 ≤ −1
6e

𝑑𝑦
7a = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Gradient of tangent at 𝑇(𝑡, 𝑒 𝑡 ) = 𝑒 𝑡
7b 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑥 − 𝑡)
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑥 − 𝑡 + 1)
At 𝑥-intercept, 𝑦 = 0,
0 = 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑥 − 𝑡 + 1)
𝑥−𝑡+1 =0
𝑥 =𝑡−1
7c The 𝑥-intercept of each tangent to 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is 1 unit left of the 𝑥-value of the point
of contact.
8a
𝑥 −1 0 1
𝑦 −𝑒 −1 0 𝑒
sign − 0 +
There is a zero at 𝑥 = 0, it is positive for 𝑥 > 0 and negative for 𝑥 < 0.

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ −𝑓(𝑥)
Therefore, it is neither even nor odd.
8b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑦 ′ = (𝑒 𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 1 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣

𝑦 ′′ = ((1 + 𝑥) × 𝑒 𝑥 ) + (𝑒 𝑥 × 1)
= (1 + 𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥
= (2 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
8c Stationary point is when 𝑦 ′ = 0

0 = 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)
1+𝑥 =0
𝑥 = −1
Therefore, only one stationary point.
When 𝑥 = −1
𝑦 ′′ = (2 + (−1))𝑒 −1
= 𝑒 −1 > 0
Minimum turning point at 𝑥 = −1
8d Point of inflection is when 𝑦 ′′ = 0

0 = (2 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
2+𝑥 =0
𝑥 = −2
When 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = −2𝑒 −2.
8e
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40
𝑒𝑥 7.3891 148.4132 22026.4658 485165195.4 2.3539 × 1017
As 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑒 𝑥 → ∞
Hence, their product 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 → ∞.
Since (1 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 > 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 and (2 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 > 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 , these must also tend towards ∞.
Hence 𝑦, 𝑦′ and 𝑦 ′′ must all tend towards ∞.

8f
Range: 𝑦 ≥ −𝑒 −1
8g
9a When 𝑦 = 0,
0 = (1 − 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
1−𝑥 =0
𝑥=1
𝑥 0 1 2
𝑦 1 0 −𝑒 2
sign + 0 −
9b Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 × −1) + ((1 − 𝑥) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (−1 + 1 − 𝑥)
= −𝑥𝑒 𝑥

Let 𝑢 = −𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = (𝑒 𝑥 × −1) + (−𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= 𝑒 𝑥 (−1 − 𝑥)
= −(𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥
9c When 𝑦′ = 0,
−𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 = 0, which is the 𝑦-intercept.
When 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 ′′ = −(0 + 1)𝑒 0
= −1 < 0
Therefore, there is a maximum turning point at the 𝑦-intercept.
Inflection point is when 𝑦 ′′ = 0,
0 = −(𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥
𝑥+1=0
𝑥 = −1
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = (1 − (−1))𝑒 −1 = 2𝑒 −1
Therefore, point of inflection at (−1, 2𝑒 −1 ).
9d
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40
−𝑥𝑒 𝑥 −14.7781 −742.0658 −220264.6579 −9703303908 −9.4154 × 1018
As 𝑥 → ∞, −𝑥𝑒 𝑥 → −∞
Hence 𝑦 ′ tends towards −∞. To show that 𝑦 tends towards −∞:
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1.
By substitution, 𝑦 = −𝑢𝑒 𝑢+1
= 𝑒 × −𝑢𝑒 𝑢

As 𝑥 tends to ∞, so does 𝑢.
Hence −𝑢𝑒 𝑢 → −∞.
Since 𝑦 is a constant positive multiple of −𝑢𝑒 𝑢 , it must also tend towards −∞.
To show that 𝑦 ′′ also tends towards −∞:
Let 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 1.
By substitution, 𝑦 ′′ = −𝑣𝑒 𝑣−1
= −𝑣𝑒 𝑣 𝑒 −1
As 𝑥 tends to ∞, so does 𝑣.
Hence −𝑣𝑒 𝑣 → −∞.
Since 𝑦 is a constant positive multiple of −𝑣𝑒 𝑣 , it must also tend towards −∞.
9e
Range: 𝑦 ≤ 1
10a y  x 2e x
Applying the product rule on y  x 2 e  x :
Let u  x 2 and v  e  x .
Then u  2 x and v  e x .

y  vu   uv
 2 xe  x  x 2e  x
 xe  x  2  x 
So y  x  2  x  e x .

Let u  xe x and v  2  x .
Then u  e x  xe x and v  1.

y  vu  uv
  e x  xe x   2  x   xe  x
 2e x  xe x  2 xe x  x 2e  x  xe  x
 e x  x 2  4 x  2 
So y   2  4 x  x 2  e  x .
10b There are stationary points where y  0 .
x  2  x  e x  0  x  0, 2 noting that e  0 for all real values of x

x
So there are stationary points at x  0 and x  2 .

x 1 0 1 2 3
y 3e 0 e1
0 3e 3
slope \  /  \
When x  0 , y  0 and when x  2 , y  4e 2 .
Hence  0, 0  is a minimum turning point and  2, 4e2  is a maximum turning

point.
10c i So y   2  4 x  x 2  e  x .
y  0  x 2  4 x  2  0 noting that e x  0 for all real values of x .
x2  4x  2  0
4  4   4  1 2
2
x
2
42 2

2
 2 2
So there are inflection points at x  2  2 and x  2  2 .

10c ii
x 0 2 2 1 2 2 4
f   x  2 0 e 1
0 2e4
concavity up down up
10d The range is y  0 .
11a 𝑦-intercept is when 𝑥 = 0,

𝑦 = (1 + 0)2 𝑒 −0
=1
𝑥-intercept is when 𝑦 = 0,
0 = (1 + 𝑥)2 𝑒 −𝑥
Since 𝑒 −𝑥 can never be 0,
0 = (1 + 𝑥)2
𝑥 = −1
11b Applying the product rule:

Let 𝑢 = (1 + 𝑥)2 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥 .
Then 𝑢′ = 2(1 + 𝑥) and 𝑣 ′ = −𝑒 −𝑥 .
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 −𝑥 × 2(1 + 𝑥) + (1 + 𝑥)2 × −𝑒 −𝑥
= 2(1 + 𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥 − (1 + 𝑥)2 𝑒 −𝑥

= (2(1 + 𝑥) − (1 + 𝑥)2 )𝑒 −𝑥
= (2 + 2𝑥 − (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1))𝑒 −𝑥
= (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑒 −𝑥
Turning point when 𝑦 ′ = 0:

0 = (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑒 −𝑥
Since 𝑒 −𝑥 can never be 0,
0 = 1 − 𝑥2
𝑥2 = 1
𝑥 = ±1
Applying the product rule again:

Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥 .
Then 𝑢′ = −2𝑥 and 𝑣 ′ = −𝑒 −𝑥 .
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 −𝑥 × −2𝑥 + (1 − 𝑥 2 ) × −𝑒 −𝑥
= −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑒 −𝑥
= (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1)𝑒 −𝑥
When 𝑥 = −1,
𝑦 ′′ = ((−1)2 − 2(−1) − 1)𝑒 −(−1)

= (1 + 2 − 1)𝑒
=2>0
Hence, it is a minimum turning point
When 𝑥 = 1,
𝑦 ′′ = (12 − 2(1) − 1)𝑒 −1
(1 − 2 − 1)
=
𝑒
2
= −𝑒 < 0
Hence, it is a maximum turning point

11c
𝑥 −2 −1 1 5 10 20
𝑦 7.389056 0 1.471518 0.242566 0.005493 9.089687 × 10−7
Hence 𝑦 → 0 as 𝑥 → ∞.
So 𝑦 ′′ = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1)𝑒 −𝑥 .
𝑦 ′′ = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 noting that e x  0 for all real values of 𝑥.

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 = 0
2±√(−2)2 − 4×1×−1
𝑥= 2
2±2√2
= 2
= 1 ± √2
So there are inflection points at 𝑥 = 1 + √2 and 𝑥 = 1 − √2.
11d Range = 𝑦 ≥ 0
12 𝑦-intercept is when 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 = (0 + 0 + 2)𝑒 0
=2

𝑥-intercept is when 𝑦 = 0,
0 = (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2)𝑒 𝑥
Since 𝑒 𝑥 can never be 0,
0 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
−3±√32 − 4×1×2
𝑥= 2
−3±1
= 2
Hence, 𝑥-intercept at 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = −1.
Applying the product rule:

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
Then 𝑢′ = 2𝑥 + 3 and 𝑣 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 × (2𝑥 + 3) + (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2) × 𝑒 𝑥
= (2𝑥 + 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2)𝑒 𝑥
= (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 5)𝑒 𝑥

0 = (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 5)𝑒 𝑥
0 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 5
−5±√52 − 4×1×5
𝑥= 2
−5±√5
= 2
−5+√5 −5−√5
Hence, turning points at 𝑥 = and 𝑥 = .
2 2
Applying the product rule again:

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 5 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
Then 𝑢′ = 2𝑥 + 5 and 𝑣 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 𝑥 × (2𝑥 + 5) + (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 5) × 𝑒 𝑥

= (2𝑥 + 5 + 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 5)𝑒 𝑥
= (𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10)𝑒 𝑥
−5+√5
When 𝑥 = ,
2
2
′′
−5 + √5 −5 + √5 −5+√5
𝑦 = (( ) + 7( ) + 10) 𝑒 2
2 2
−5+√5
= √5𝑒 2 >0
Hence, it is a minimum turning point.
−5−√5
When 𝑥 = ,
2
2
−5 − √5 −5 − √5 −5−√5
𝑦 ′′ = (( ) + 7( ) + 10) 𝑒 2
2 2
−5−√5
= −√5𝑒 2 <0
Hence, it is a maximum turning point.
Inflection points when 𝑦 ′′ = 0,

0 = (𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10)𝑒 𝑥
0 = 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 10
−7±√72 − 4×1×10
𝑥=
2
−7±3
= 2
Hence, turning points at 𝑥 = −5 and 𝑥 = −2.
From before, we know that 𝑥 = −2 is the 𝑥-intercept.

13a 𝑥≠0
13b By the quotient rule,

𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) – 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥)
𝑦′ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
(𝑥𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 𝑥 )
= 𝑥2
(𝑥−1)𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥2

(𝑥−1)𝑒 𝑥
0= 𝑥2
Since 𝑥 2 and 𝑒 𝑥 can never be 0,

0=𝑥−1
𝑥=1
When 𝑥 = 1,
𝑒
𝑦= =𝑒
1
Applying the quotient rule again:

𝑑 𝑑 2
𝑥2 ((𝑥 − 1)𝑒 𝑥 ) – (𝑥 − 1)𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 )
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 )2

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
Then 𝑢′ = 1 and 𝑣 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑑
((𝑥 − 1)𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 × 1 + (𝑥 − 1) × 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= (1 + 𝑥 − 1)𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
(𝑥 2 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 )−(𝑥−1)𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥))

𝑦 ′′ = 𝑥4
(𝑥 3 −2𝑥2 +2𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥4
Since 𝑥 4 and 𝑒 𝑥 can never be 0,

0 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
= 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2)
√𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (−2)2 − 4 × 1 × 2
= −4 < 0
Therefore, no solutions. Hence, no inflection points
13c Range = 𝑦 < 0 or 𝑦 ≥ 𝑒

1
14a Let 𝑢 = − 2 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
1 2 1 2
𝑦 ′ = −𝑥 × 𝑒 −2𝑥 = −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
Let 𝑢 = −𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −1 and 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2 1 2
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑒 −2𝑥 × −1) + (−𝑥 × −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 )
1 2 1 2
= −𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
= (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑒 −2𝑥
14b Turning point is when

𝑦′ = 0
1 2
−𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0
1 2
Since 𝑒 −2𝑥 > 0 for all 𝑥,
𝑥=0
Hence, turning point at the 𝑦-intercept.

When 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 ′′ = (0 − 1)𝑒 0
= −1 < 0
Hence, it is a maximum turning point
Inflection point is when

𝑦 ′′ = 0
1 2
(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
Since 𝑒 −2𝑥 > 0 for all 𝑥,
𝑥2 − 1 = 0
𝑥 = ±1
1 2 1
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2(1 ) = 𝑒 −2
1 2 1
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2((−1) ) = 𝑒 −2
14c
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40
𝑦 0.1353 0.00000373 −1.929 × 10−22 1.3839 × 10−87 0
Since 𝑦 is an even function, that is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥), 𝑦 → 0 as 𝑥 → −∞.
14d
Range = 0 < 𝑦 ≤ 1

15a By product rule,

𝑑 2 𝑑 −𝑥 2
𝑦′ = (𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑑𝑢
Consider 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 −𝑥 ), let 𝑢 = −𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥
By chain rule,
𝑑 −𝑥 2 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 2
(𝑒 ) = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (−2𝑥) = −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑑 −𝑥 2
𝑦′ = (𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
= 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥(−2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 )
2
= 𝑒 −𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥 2 )

2
𝑒 −𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥 2 ) = 0
2
Since 𝑒 −𝑥 > 0 for all 𝑥,
0 = 1 − 2𝑥 2
2𝑥 2 = 1
1
𝑥2 = 2
1
𝑥=±
√2
1 1
So there are stationary points at 𝑥 = − and 𝑥 = .
√2 √2
1 1
x 1 − 0 1
√2 √2
y −𝑒 −1 0 1 0 −𝑒 −1
slope \  /  \
1 1 1 1
When 𝑥 = − ,𝑦 = − and when 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = .
√2 √2𝑒 √2 √2𝑒
1 1 1 1
Hence (− ,− ) is a minimum turning point and ( , ) is a maximum
√2 √2𝑒 √2 √2𝑒
turning point.

15b By product rule,

𝑑 2 𝑑 2
𝑦 ′′ = (1 − 2𝑥 2 )𝑒 −𝑥 + (1 − 2𝑥 2 ) (𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
= −4𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + (1 − 2𝑥 2 )(−2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 )
2
= −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 (2 + (1 − 2𝑥 2 ))
2
= −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 (3 − 2𝑥 2 )

2
0 = −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 (3 − 2𝑥 2 )
0 = (−2𝑥)(3 − 2𝑥 2 )
0 = −2𝑥, 0 = 3 − 2𝑥 2
3
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = ±√2
3 3
Hence, inflection points at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = −√2 and 𝑥 = √2.
1 1
Range = − ≤𝑦≤
√2𝑒 √2𝑒

16a i
𝑥 −2 −5 −10 −20 −40
𝑦 −0.0677 −0.0013 −4.540 × 10−6 −1.0306 × 10−10 −1.0621 × 10−19
Hence 𝑦 → 0 as 𝑥 → −∞.
16a ii
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40
𝑦 3.6945 29.6826 2202.6466 24258259.77 5.8846 × 1015
Hence 𝑦 → ∞ as 𝑥 → ∞.
16b i
𝑥 −2 −5 −10 −20 −40
𝑦 −3.6945 −29.6826 −2202.6466 −24258259.77 −5.8846 × 1015
Hence 𝑦 → −∞ as 𝑥 → −∞.
16b ii
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40
𝑦 0.0677 0.0013 4.540 × 10−6 1.0306 × 10−10 1.0621 × 10−19
16c Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑒 𝑘
As 𝑘 → −∞, 𝑒 𝑘 → 0 and 𝑥 𝑘 → 0. Hence, 𝑦 → 0

As 𝑘 → ∞, 𝑒 𝑘 → ∞ and 𝑥 𝑘 → ∞. Hence, 𝑦 → ∞
17 |𝑥| = ±𝑥
Case when 𝑥 is positive,
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥 .
Then 𝑢′ = 1 and 𝑣 ′ = −𝑒 −𝑥 .
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 −𝑥 × 1 + 𝑥 × −𝑒 −𝑥
= (1 − 𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥
Stationary point when 𝑦 ′ = 0,

0 = (1 − 𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥
Since 𝑒 −𝑥 > 0 for all real 𝑥,
0= 1−𝑥
𝑥=1
Case when 𝑥 is negative,

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −(−𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 .

Then 𝑢′ = 1 and 𝑣 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥 × 1 + 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥
= (1 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
Stationary point when 𝑦 ′ = 0,

0 = (1 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
Since 𝑒 −𝑥 > 0 for all real 𝑥,
0= 1+𝑥
𝑥 = −1

18a 𝑥≠0
1
18b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 2 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
1 1
1 1
𝑦 ′ = − 𝑥2 × 𝑒 𝑥 = − 𝑥2 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥 −2 −5 −10 −20 −40

𝑦 0.6065 0.8187 0.9048 0.9512 0.9753
𝑦′ −0.1516 −0.0327 −0.0090 −0.0024 −0.0006
Hence 𝑦 → 1 and 𝑦 ′ → 0 as 𝑥 → −∞.
𝑥 −1 1 1 1 1
− − − −
2 5 10 20
𝑦 0.3679 0.1353 0.0067 0.0000454 2.0612 × 10−9
𝑦′ −0.3679 −0.5413 −0.1684 −0.0045 −8.2446 × 10−7
𝑥 1 1 1 1 1
2 5 10 20
𝑦 2.7183 7.3891 148.4132 22026.4658 4.8517 × 108
𝑦′ −2.7183 −29.5562 −3710.3290 −2.2026 × 106 −1.9407 × 1011
Hence 𝑦 → 0 and 𝑦 ′ → 0 as 𝑥 → 0 from the left, and 𝑦 → ∞ and 𝑦 ′ → −∞ as 𝑥 → 0

from the right.
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40
𝑦 1.6487 1.2214 1.1052 1.0513 1.0253
𝑦′ −0.4122 −0.04886 −0.0111 −0.0026 −0.0006
Hence 𝑦 → 1 and 𝑦 ′ → 0 as 𝑥 → ∞.

1
18c 𝑦 ′ decreased from when 𝑥 went from 1 to 2 and continued increasing after, so
there must be an inflection point.
1
1
Let 𝑢 = − 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
1
2 1
Then 𝑢′ = 𝑥 3 and 𝑣 ′ = − 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 .
1 1
2 1 1
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑥 3 + − 𝑥 2 × − 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
1
2 1
= 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 )

1
2 1
0 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 )
1
2 1
0 = 𝑥3 + 𝑥4
1
𝑥 = −2
1
Hence, inflection points at 𝑥 = − 2
18d
Range = 𝑦 > 0, 𝑦 ≠ 1

18e 𝑥≠0
1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
1
1
Then 𝑢′ = 1 and 𝑣 ′ = − 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 .
1 1
1
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 × 1 + 𝑥 × − 𝑥2 𝑒 𝑥
1
1
= 𝑒 𝑥 (1 − )
𝑥
𝑥 −2 −5 −10 −20 −40

𝑦 −1.2131 −4.0937 −9.0484 −19.0246 −39.0124
𝑦′ 0.9098 0.9825 0.9953 0.9988 0.9997
Hence 𝑦 → −∞ and 𝑦 ′ → 1 as 𝑥 → −∞.
𝑥 −1 1 1 1 1
− − − −
2 5 10 20
𝑦 −0.3679 −0.0677 −0.0013 −4.5400 × 10−6 −1.0306 × 10−10
𝑦′ 0.7358 0.4060 0.0404 0.0005 4.3284 × 10−8
𝑥 1 1 1 1 1
2 5 10 20
𝑦 2.7183 3.6945 29.6826 2202.6466 2.4258 × 107
𝑦′ 0 −7.3891 −593.6526 −198238.1922 −9.2181 × 109
Hence 𝑦 → 0 and 𝑦 ′ → 0 as 𝑥 → 0 from the left, and 𝑦 → ∞ and 𝑦 ′ → −∞ as 𝑥 → 0

from the right.
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40
𝑦 3.2974 6.1070 11.0517 21.0254 41.0126
𝑦′ 0.8244 0.9771 0.9947 0.9988 0.9997
Hence 𝑦 → ∞ and 𝑦 ′ → 1 as 𝑥 → ∞.


1
1
Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
1
1 1
Then 𝑢′ = 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 ′ = − 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 .
1 1
1 1 1
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑥 2 + (1 − 𝑥) × − 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
1
1 1 1
= 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 )
1
1
= 𝑥3 𝑒 𝑥

1
1
0 = 𝑥3 𝑒 𝑥
1
1
Since both 𝑥 3 and 𝑒 𝑥 can never be 0,
There are no inflection points.
Range = 𝑦 < 0, 𝑦 ≥ 𝑒

1
1a ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
1
1b ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶
1 1 1
1
1c ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶 = 3𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
1 1 1
1
1d ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
10
1e ∫ 10𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶 = 5𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
12
1f ∫ 12𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶 = 4𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
1
1g ∫ 𝑒 4𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥 = 4 𝑒 4𝑥+5 + 𝐶
1
1h ∫ 𝑒 4𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 = 4 𝑒 4𝑥−2 + 𝐶
6
1i ∫ 6𝑒 3𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑒 3𝑥+2 + 𝐶 = 2𝑒 3𝑥+2 + 𝐶
4
1j ∫ 4𝑒 4𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥 = 4 𝑒(4𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶 = 𝑒 4𝑥+3 + 𝐶
1
1k ∫ 𝑒 7−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑒 7−2𝑥 + 𝐶

1
1 1
1l ∫ 2 𝑒 1−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 3 𝑒 1−3𝑥 + 𝐶 = − 6 𝑒 1−3𝑥 + 𝐶
2
1
2a ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]10
= 𝑒1 − 𝑒 0
=𝑒−1
2
2b ∫1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]12
= 𝑒2 − 𝑒
3
2c ∫−1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]3−1
= −𝑒 −(3) − (−𝑒 −(−1) )
= 𝑒 − 𝑒 −3
0
2d ∫−2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]0−2
= −𝑒 0 − (−𝑒 −(−2) )
= 𝑒2 − 1
2 1 2
2e ∫0 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [2 𝑒 2𝑥 ]
0
1 1
= 2 𝑒 2(2) − 2 𝑒 0
1
= 2 (𝑒 4 − 1)
2 20 −5𝑥 2
2f ∫−1 20𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [− 5
𝑒 ]
−1
= −4𝑒 −5(2) − (−4𝑒 −5(−1) )
= 4(𝑒 5 − 𝑒 −10 )

1 8 1
2g ∫−3 8𝑒 −4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [− 4 𝑒 −4𝑥 ]
−3
= −2𝑒 −4(1) − (−2𝑒 −4(−3) )
= −2(𝑒 −4 − 𝑒 12 )
= 2(𝑒 12 − 𝑒 −4 )
3 9 3
2h ∫−1 9𝑒 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [6 𝑒 6𝑥 ]
−1
3 3
= 2 𝑒 6(3) − 2 𝑒 6(−1)
3
= 2 (𝑒 18 − 𝑒 −6 )
1 1 1
2i ∫−1 𝑒 2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = [2 𝑒 2𝑥+1 ]
−1
1 1
= 2 𝑒 2(1)+1 − 2 𝑒 2(−1)+1
1
= (𝑒 3 − 𝑒 −1 )
2
0 1 0
2j ∫−2 𝑒 4𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥 = [4 𝑒 4𝑥−3 ]
−2
1 1
= 4 𝑒 4(0)−3 − 4 𝑒 4(−2)−3
1
= 4 (𝑒 −3 − 𝑒 −11 )
−1 1 −1
2k ∫−2 𝑒 3𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 = [3 𝑒 3𝑥+2 ]
−2
1 1
= 3 𝑒 3(−1)+2 − 3 𝑒 3(−2)+2
1
= 3 (𝑒 −1 − 𝑒 −4 )
1 1
1 2
2l ∫ 𝑒 3−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [− 2 𝑒 3−2𝑥 ]
2
1 1
−2 −
2
1 1
1 1
= − 2 𝑒 3−2(2) − (− 2 𝑒 3−2(−2) )

1
= − 2 (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 4 )
𝑒2
=− (1 − 𝑒 2 )
2
𝑒2
= (𝑒 2 − 1)
2
1 1
2+3𝑥 1 3
2m 3
∫ 𝑒1 𝑑𝑥 = [3 𝑒 2+3𝑥 ] 1
− −
3 3
1 1
1 1
= 3 𝑒 2+3(3) − 3 𝑒 2+3(−3)
1
= 3 (𝑒 3 − 𝑒)
𝑒
= 3 (𝑒 2 − 1)
2 6 2
2n ∫1 6𝑒 3𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = [3 𝑒 3𝑥+1 ]
1
= 2𝑒 3(2)+1 − 2𝑒 3(1)+1
= 2(𝑒 7 − 𝑒 4 )
= 2𝑒 4 (𝑒 3 − 1)
3 12 3
2o ∫2 12𝑒 4𝑥−5 𝑑𝑥 = [ 4 𝑒 4𝑥−5 ]
2
= 3𝑒 4(3)−5 − 3𝑒 4(2)−5
= 3(𝑒 7 − 𝑒 3 )
= 3𝑒 3 (𝑒 4 − 1)
2 12 2
2p ∫1 12𝑒 8−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [− 3
𝑒 8−3𝑥 ]
1
= −4𝑒 8−3(2) − (−4𝑒 8−3(1) )
= −4(𝑒 2 − 𝑒 5 )
= −4𝑒 2 (1 − 𝑒 3 )
= 4𝑒 2 (𝑒 3 − 1)

1
3a = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
1
3b = 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
1
∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
1
3c = 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥
1
∫ 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 3 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
3d − 𝑒 3𝑥 = −3𝑒 −3𝑥
3
∫ −3𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − (− 3) 𝑒 −3𝑥 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐶
6
3e = 6𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
6
∫ 6𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 = −3𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
8
3f = 8𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 −2𝑥
8
∫ 8𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑒 2𝑥 = 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
4a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
4b 𝑓(0) = −2
1
𝑒 2(0) + 𝐶 = −2
2

1
+ 𝐶 = −2
2
1
𝐶 = −2 2
1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 2
1 1 1 1
4c 𝑓(1) = 2 𝑒 2(1) − 2 2 = 2 𝑒 2 − 2 2
1 1 1 1
𝑓(2) = 𝑒 2(2) − 2 = 𝑒 4 − 2
2 2 2 2
5a 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 1 + 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑓(0) = 1
0 + 2𝑒 0 + 𝐶 = 1
2+𝐶 =1
𝐶 = −1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 − 1
𝑓(1) = 1 + 2𝑒 − 1 = 2𝑒
5b 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 1 − 3𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 − 3𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑓(0) = −1
0 − 3𝑒 0 + 𝐶 = −1
𝐶 − 3 = −1
𝐶=2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3𝑒 𝑥 + 2
𝑓(1) = 1 − 3𝑒 + 2 = 3 − 3𝑒
5c 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 2 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑓(0) = 0
2(0) − 𝑒 0 + 𝐶 = 0
𝐶−1=0
𝐶=1
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 1
𝑓(1) = 2 − 𝑒 −1 + 1 = 3 − 𝑒 −1
5d 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 4 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑓(0) = 2
4(0) + 𝑒 0 + 𝐶 = 2
1+𝐶 =2
𝐶=1
𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 + 1
𝑓(1) = 4 + 𝑒 −1 + 1 = 5 + 𝑒 −1
5e 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥−1 + 𝐶
1
𝑓 (2) = 3
1
1
𝑒 2(2)−1 + 𝐶 = 3
2
1
𝑒0 + 𝐶 = 3
2
5
𝐶=2
1 5
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑒 2𝑥−1 + 2
1 5 1 5
𝑓(1) = 2 𝑒 2(1)−1 + 2 = 2 𝑒 + 2

5f 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 1−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= − 3 𝑒 1−3𝑥 + 𝐶
1 2
𝑓 (3) = 3
1
1 2
− 3 𝑒 1−3(3) + 𝐶 = 3
1 2
− 3 𝑒0 + 𝐶 = 3
𝐶=1
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 3 𝑒 1−3𝑥
1 1
𝑓(1) = 1 − 3 𝑒 1−3(1) = 1 − 3 𝑒 −2
1
5g 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
1
1
= 1 𝑒 2𝑥+1 + 𝐶
2
1
= 2𝑒 2𝑥+1 + 𝐶
𝑓(−2) = −4
1
(−2)+1
2𝑒 2 + 𝐶 = −4
2𝑒 0 + 𝐶 = −4
𝐶 = −6
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑒 2𝑥+1 − 6
1 3
(1)+1
𝑓(1) = 2𝑒 2 − 6 = 2𝑒 2 − 6
1
5h 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥
1
1
= 1 𝑒 3𝑥+2 + 𝐶
3
1
= 3𝑒 3𝑥+2 + 𝐶
𝑓(−6) = 2
1
(−6)+2
3𝑒 3 +𝐶 =2

3𝑒 0 + 𝐶 = 2
𝐶 = −1
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑒 3𝑥+2 − 1
1 7
(1)+2
𝑓(1) = 3𝑒 3 − 1 = 3𝑒 3 − 1
6a ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
6b ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
6c ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 (2𝑒 −𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
= − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − (−𝑒 −𝑥 )
= 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
6d ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
6e ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + 3)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 3𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥 + 9 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 + 6𝑒 𝑥 + 9 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 6𝑒 𝑥 + 9𝑥 + 𝐶
6f ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶

6g ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥+𝑥 − (𝑒 −𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − (− 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
1
= 2 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + 𝐶
6h ∫ (𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝑒 −5𝑥 )(𝑒 5𝑥 − 𝑒 −5𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 5𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 5𝑥−5𝑥 + 𝑒 −5𝑥+5𝑥 − (𝑒 −5𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 10𝑥 − 𝑒 −10𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 10 𝑒 10𝑥 − (− 10 𝑒 −10𝑥 )
1
= 10 (𝑒 10𝑥 + 𝑒 −10𝑥 ) + 𝐶
1
7a ∫ 𝑒 7𝑥+𝑞 𝑑𝑥 = 7 𝑒 7𝑥+𝑞 + 𝐶
1
7b ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥−𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥−𝑘 + 𝐶
3
1
7c ∫ 𝑒 𝑠𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠 𝑒 𝑠𝑥+1 + 𝐶
1
7d ∫ 𝑒 𝑘𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑒 𝑘𝑥−1 + 𝐶
𝑝
7e ∫ 𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑝 𝑒 𝑝𝑥+𝑞 + 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝑝𝑥+𝑞 + 𝐶
𝑚
7f ∫ 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥+𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚 𝑒 𝑚𝑥+𝑘 + 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥+𝑘 + 𝐶
𝐴
7g ∫ 𝐴𝑒 𝑠𝑥−𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠 𝑒 𝑠𝑥−𝑡 + 𝐶
𝐵
7h ∫ 𝐵𝑒 𝑘𝑥−ℓ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑒 𝑘𝑥−ℓ + 𝐶

1
8a = 𝑒 −(𝑥−1) = 𝑒 1−𝑥
𝑒 𝑥−1
∫ 𝑒 1−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 1−𝑥 + 𝐶
1
8b = 𝑒 −(3𝑥−1) = 𝑒 1−3𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥−1
1
∫ 𝑒 1−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 3 𝑒 1−3𝑥 + 𝐶
1
8c = 𝑒 −(2𝑥+5) = 𝑒 −2𝑥−5
𝑒 2𝑥+5
1
∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥−5 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥−5 + 𝐶
4
8d = 4𝑒 −(2𝑥−1) = 4𝑒 1−2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥−1
4
∫ 4𝑒 1−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑒 1−2𝑥 = −2𝑒 1−2𝑥 + 𝐶
10
8e = 10𝑒 −(2−5𝑥) = 10𝑒 5𝑥−2
𝑒 2−5𝑥
10
∫ 10𝑒 5𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 5𝑥−2 = 2𝑒 5𝑥−2 + 𝐶
5
12
8f = 12𝑒 −(3𝑥−5) = 12𝑒 5−3𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥−5
12
∫ 12𝑒 5−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 5−3𝑥 = −4𝑒 5−3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
𝑒 𝑥 +1 1
9a ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
= ∫ 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑒 2𝑥 +1 1
9b ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑒 𝑥 −1 1
9c ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥−2𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= −𝑒 −𝑥 − (− 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + 𝐶
1
= 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑒 𝑥 −3 3
9d ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥−3𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 3𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 3
= − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − (− 3 𝑒 −3𝑥 ) + 𝐶
1
= 𝑒 −3𝑥 − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
2𝑒 2𝑥 −3𝑒 𝑥
9e ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑒 2𝑥−4𝑥 − 3𝑒 𝑥−4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 4𝑥
= ∫ 2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 3𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 3
= − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − (− 3 𝑒 −3𝑥 ) + 𝐶
= 𝑒 −3𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
2𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 2𝑥
9f ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑒 𝑥−3𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥
= ∫ 2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
= − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝐶
= 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
10a 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥−1 + 𝐶

When 𝑥 = 1,
𝑦=1
𝑒 1−1 + 𝐶 = 1
𝑒0 + 𝐶 = 1

𝐶=0
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−1
At 𝑦-intercept, 𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑒 0−1 = 𝑒 −1
10b 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 2−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 2−𝑥 + 𝐶

When 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦=1
−𝑒 2−0 + 𝐶 = 1
−𝑒 2 + 𝐶 = 1
𝐶 = 1 + 𝑒2
𝑦 = 𝑒 2 + 1 − 𝑒 2−𝑥
Horizontal asymptote: 𝑦 = 𝑒 2 + 1
1
10c 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒 + 𝐶
𝑓(−1) = −1
1
𝑒 −1 − 𝑒 + 𝐶 = −1
𝑒 −1 − 𝑒 −1 + 𝐶 = −1
𝐶 = −1
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 − 1
0
𝑓(0) = 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 − 1
=0
10d 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 − (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝐶
= 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑓(0) = 0
𝑒0 + 𝑒0 + 𝐶 = 0
𝐶 = −2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2
1 1
11a ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑒 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 1
= [2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ]
0
= (𝑒 2(1) − 𝑒) − (𝑒 0 − 𝑒 0 )
= 𝑒2 − 𝑒
1 1
11b ∫−1(𝑒 𝑥 + 2)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1(𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫−1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑒 𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= [ 𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥]
2 −1
1 1
= (2 𝑒 2(1) + 4𝑒 + 4) − (2 𝑒 2(−1) + 4𝑒 −1 − 4)
1 1
= 2 𝑒 2 + 4𝑒 − 2 𝑒 −2 − 4𝑒 −1 + 8
1 1
11c ∫0 (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)(𝑒 −𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑒 𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫0 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= [𝑒 𝑥 − (−𝑒 −𝑥 )]10
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 −1 ) − (𝑒 0 + 𝑒 0 )
= 𝑒 + 𝑒 −1 − 2

1 1
11d ∫−1(𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1(𝑒 2𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥+2𝑥 − (𝑒 −𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫−1 𝑒 4𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
= [4 𝑒 4𝑥 − (− 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) ]
−1
1 1 1 1
= (4 𝑒 4 + 2 𝑒 −2 ) − (4 𝑒 4(−1) + 2 𝑒 −2(−1) )
1 1 1 1
= 4 𝑒 4 + 2 𝑒 −2 − 4 𝑒 −4 − 2 𝑒 2
1 𝑒 3𝑥 +𝑒 𝑥 1
11e ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑒 3𝑥−2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
1
= ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= [𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )]10
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −1 ) − (𝑒 0 − 𝑒 0 )
= 𝑒 − 𝑒 −1
1 𝑒 𝑥 −1 1 1
11f ∫−1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1 𝑒 𝑥−2𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
1
= ∫−1 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= [−𝑒 −𝑥 − (− 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 )]
−1
1 1
= (2 𝑒 −2(1) − 𝑒 −1 ) − (2 𝑒 −2(−1) − 𝑒 −(−1) )
1 1
= 2 𝑒 −2 − 𝑒 −1 − 2 𝑒 2 + 𝑒
3
12a i Let y  e x
2
.
Applying the chain rule:
Let u  x 2  3 and so y  eu .
du dy
Hence  2 x and  eu .
dx du

dy dy du
 
dx du dx
3
 2 xe x
2
dy
 2 xe x 3 .
2
So
dx
12a ii From part (a) (i),

dx

d x2 3
e 
 2 xe x 3 .
2
Reversing this to give a primitive we obtain:
 2 xe
x2 3 3
dx  e x C
2
 2 x 3
12b i Let y  e x
2
.
Let u  x 2  2 x  3 and so y  eu .
du dy
Hence  2  x  1 and  eu .
dx du
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
 2  x  1 e x  2 x 3
2
dy
 2  x  1 e x 2 x 3 .
2
So
dx
12b ii From part b i,

dx
e 
d x2  2 x 3

 2  x  1 e x  2 x 3 .
2

1 1 2
 2  x  1 e x  2 x 3 dx  e x  2 x 3  C
2
2 2

 4 x 1
12c i Let y  e3 x
2
.
Let u  3x 2  4 x  1 and so y  eu .
du dy
Hence  2  3x  2  and  eu .
dx du
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
 2  3 x  2  e3 x  4 x 1
2
dy
 2  3x  2  e3 x  4 x 1 .
2
So
dx
12c ii From part c i,

dx
e 
d 3 x2  4 x 1

 2  3x  2  e3 x  4 x 1 .
2

1 1 2
 2  3x  2  e3 x  4 x 1 dx  e3 x  4 x 1  C
2
2 2
12d i Let y  e x .
3
Let u  x3 and so y  eu .
du dy
Hence  3x 2 and  eu .
dx du
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
 3x 2e x
3
dy
 3x 2e x .
3
So
dx

12d ii From part d i,

d x3
dx
 
e  3x 2e x .
3

0
1 1  x3  0
3 1
3 x 2 x3
e dx  e
3   1

3
e  e 
1 0 1
 1  e 1 
1
3
1
13a Given  dx .
e 
x 2
1
 dx   e2 x dx
e x 2
1 ax b
Using  eax b dx  e  C for some constant C we obtain:
a
1
e
2 x
dx   e2 x  C
2
1
13b Given  dx .
e 
x 3
1
 dx   e3 x dx
e x 3
1 ax b
a
1
e
3 x
dx   e3 x  C
3

13c Given  e x dx .
1
x
 e x dx   e 2 dx
1 ax b
a
1 1
x x
 e 2 dx  2e 2  C

3
13d Given e x dx .
1
x
 e dx   e dx
3 x 3
1 ax b
a
1 1
x x
 e 3 dx  3e 3  C
1
13e Given  ex
dx .
1
1  x
 ex
dx   e 2
dx
1 ax b
a
1 1
 x  x
e 2
dx  2e 2
C
1
13f Given  3
ex
dx .
1
1  x
 3
ex
dx   e 3
dx
1 ax b
a

1 1
 x  x
e 3
dx  3e 3
C
14a Given 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
Applying the product rule on

d
dx
 xe x  :
Let u  x and v  e x .
Then u  1 and v  e x .
𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥 × 1 + 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
2 2
∫0 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
= ∫0 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= [𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ]20
= 2𝑒 2 − 𝑒 2 − (0 − 1)
= 𝑒2 + 1
2
 xe dx  e 1 .
x 2
So
0
14b Given 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 .

d
dx
 xe x  :
Then u  1 and v  e x .
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 −𝑥 × 1 + 𝑥 × −𝑒 −𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
0 0
∫−2 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫−2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= [−𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ]0−2
= 0 − 1 − (2𝑒 2 − 𝑒 2 )
= −1 − 𝑒 2
0
 xe
x
So dx   1  e 2 .
2
e x  e x 1
x
3
 x
15a  ex
dx   e e
2 2
dx
1 ax b
a
1 3 1
x  x x 2 3x
 e 2 e 2
dx  2e 2  e 2  C
3
e x  e x 1
x 2 3x
So  ex
dx  2e 2  e 2  C .
3
e x + e- x 2
x
4
- x
15b ò 3
ex
dx = ò e +e
3 3
dx
1 ax b
a
2 4
x - x 3 2x 3 -4x
ò e 3 +e 3
dx = e 3 - e 3 + C
2 4
e x  e x 3 23 x 3  43 x
So  3
ex
dx  e  e  C .
2 4
Given f  x   xe  x .
2
16a
If the function is odd, then f   x    f  x  .

f x  x e
  x 
2
  xe  x
2
  xe  x 2

  f  x
16b The graph has point symmetry in the origin.

2 0
 xe x dx   xe x dx  0 .
2 2
So
0  2
 xe x dx  0 .
2
Hence
 2
𝑑𝑢
17a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
2 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑢
= 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2
= 2 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑢
17b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 7, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
2 −7 𝑑𝑢
∫ 4𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
2 −7
= 2𝑒 𝑥 +𝐶
𝑑𝑢
17c Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1 , 𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑥 + 4
2 1 𝑑𝑢
∫(3𝑥 + 2)𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑢

1 2 +4𝑥+1
= 2 𝑒 3𝑥 +𝐶
𝑑𝑢
17d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥
2 1 𝑑𝑢
∫(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑢
1 3 −3𝑥 2
= 𝑒𝑥 +𝐶
3
𝑑𝑢
17e Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 −1 , 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 −2
2 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ −𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= − ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1
= −𝑒 𝑥 +𝐶
3 1
𝑑𝑢 3 3
17f Let 𝑢 = −𝑥√𝑥 = −𝑥 2 , = − 2 𝑥 2 = − 2 √𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑢
∫ −√𝑥𝑒 −𝑥√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑑𝑢
2
= 3 𝑒 𝑥 √𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑒 𝑥 +1
18 LHS = ∫ 1 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑒 2 +𝑒 2
𝑑𝑢 (𝑒 𝑥/2 ) (𝑒 𝑥/2 )
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥/2 , = ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑢2 +1 2
LHS = ∫ [ 1 ] × 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑢+
𝑢
= ∫ 2𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑥
= 2𝑒 2 + 𝐶
= RHS

19a We have been given the series of ex and the inequality of 1 < 𝑒 𝑡 < 𝑒 𝑅
Integrating this inequality, we get:
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
 ∫0 1𝑑𝑡 < ∫0 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 < ∫0 𝑒 𝑅 𝑑𝑡
 𝑥 < 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 < 𝑒𝑅𝑥
19b Integrating the inequality in 19a again, we get:

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
 ∫0 𝑡𝑑𝑡 < ∫0 (𝑒 𝑡 − 1) 𝑑𝑡 < ∫0 𝑒 𝑅 𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑥2 𝑒 𝑅𝑥2
 < 𝑒𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 <
2 2
Hence proved
19c i Integrating the inequality in 19b again, we get:

𝑥 𝑡2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑒𝑅𝑡2
 ∫0 𝑑𝑡 < ∫0 (𝑒 𝑡 − 1 − 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 < ∫0 𝑑𝑡
2 2
𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑒 𝑅𝑥3
 < 𝑒𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 − <
3! 2 3!
19c ii Integrating the inequality in 19c i again, we get the final inequality as:
𝑥 𝑡3 𝑥 𝑡2 𝑥 𝑒𝑅𝑡3
 ∫0 𝑑𝑡 < ∫0 (𝑒 𝑡 − 1 − 𝑡 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 < ∫0 𝑑𝑡
3! 3!
𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑒 𝑅𝑥4
 < 𝑒𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 − <
4! 2 4!
𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑥2 𝑥𝑛 𝑒 𝑅 𝑥 𝑛+1
19d The induction given as (𝑛+1)! < 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 − − ⋯ . − 𝑛! <
2 (𝑛+1)!
Lets assume the value of n = 1. After substituting the value of n, we get the same
inequality as we had got in 19b, which is true.
Now, lets assume that for n = k, the above inequality holds true. Now to prove
𝑥 𝑛+1
that for n = k+1, the above inequality also holds true. Lets only consider (𝑛+1)! <
𝑥2 𝑥𝑛
𝑒𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 − − ⋯ . − 𝑛! For now. We substitute n with k+1
2
𝑥2 𝑥𝑘 𝑥 𝑘+1 𝑥 𝑘+2
 RHS – LHS = 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 − − ⋯ . − 𝑘! − (𝑘+1)! − (𝑘+2)!
2

𝑥2 𝑥 𝑘+2
 RHS – LHS = 𝑒 𝑥 − (1 + 𝑥 + + ⋯..+ )
2 2
 RHS – LHS > 0, since the power series term of 𝑒 𝑥 goes till infinity terms, but
we are only subtracting the first k+2 terms.
𝑥 𝑘+2 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑘+1
 < 𝑒𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 − − ⋯ . − 𝑘+1! Holds true.
(𝑘+2)! 2
Hence, our inequality holds true as the induction method works on the
inequality.
19e For the left expression, assume that we increase 𝑛 by 1 unit. We get the ratio of
the new term and old term as:
𝑥 𝑛+2 𝑥 𝑛+1
 (𝑛+2)!
÷ (𝑛+1)!
𝑥
 𝑛+1
As 𝑛 increases and becomes more than 𝑥, the ratio above will tend to 0 as 𝑛 tends
to infinity. Hence, the left (same holds for right) expression will converge to 0 as
𝑛 approaches infinity.
𝑥2 𝑥𝑛
Hence, 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 − − ⋯ . − 𝑛! → 0
2
𝑥2 𝑥𝑛
 𝑒𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + + ⋯ . + 𝑛!
2
19f In 19e, the left and right expression will converge to 0 regardless of the value of
𝑥.
 For 𝑥 < 0, we will have to substitute the inequalities in 19e with ‘ − 𝑥’ instead
of ‘𝑥’
(−𝑥)2 (−𝑥)𝑛
 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1 − (−𝑥) − − ⋯.− →0
2 𝑛!
𝑥2 𝑥3 (−1)𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
 𝑒 −𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 + − +⋯.+
2 3! 𝑛!
 Which is the same as substituting with ‘ − 𝑥’ in the power series provided in

the question.

𝑥2 𝑥𝑛
20a 𝑒𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + + ⋯ . + 𝑛!
2
𝑥2 𝑥3 (−1)𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
And 𝑒 −𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 + − +⋯.+
2 3! 𝑛!
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥 2𝑛
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 = 2 × (1 + + + ⋯ . + 2𝑛! + ⋯ . )
2! 4!
(𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥 2𝑛
Hence, =1+ + + ⋯ . + 2𝑛! + ⋯.
2 2! 4!
20b After substituting 𝑥 with 0.5, we get the answer as 1.1276.
20c 𝑢 = 𝑒 0.5
 𝑢2 − 2 ∝ 𝑢 + 1 = 𝑒 1 − 2 × 1.1276 × 𝑒 0.5 + 1
 𝑒 + 1 − 2 × 1.1276 × 𝑒 0.5 = 0
20d 𝑢2 − 2 ∝ 𝑢 + 1 = 0 is a quadratic equation. Hence its roots are:

[2∝∓√4∝2 −4]
𝑢= =∝ ∓√∝2 − 1
2
Hence, 𝑢 = 1.6486 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = 0.6065

Hence, 𝑒 0.5 = 1.64 and 𝑒 −0.5 = 0.60. These values match with the calculator
obtained values exactly.

1
1a i ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]10
= 𝑒1 − 𝑒 0
=𝑒−1
≑ 1.72
0
1a ii ∫−1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]0−1
= 𝑒 0 − 𝑒 −1
= 1 − 𝑒 −1
≑ 0.63
0
1a iii ∫−2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]0−2
= 𝑒 0 − 𝑒 −2
= 1 − 𝑒 −2
≑ 0.86
0
1a iv ∫−3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]0−3
= 𝑒 0 − 𝑒 −3
= 1 − 𝑒 −3
≑ 0.95
1
1b ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≑ 1.72
0
1c i ∫−1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≑ 0.63
0
1c ii ∫−2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≑ 0.86

0
1c iii ∫−3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≑ 0.95
1d The total area is exactly 1.
3 1 3
2a ∫0 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [2 𝑒 2𝑥 ]
0
1 1
= 2 𝑒 2(3) − 2 𝑒 0
1 1
= 2 𝑒6 − 2
≑ 201.2
1
2b ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
= −𝑒 −1 − (−𝑒 0 )
= 1 − 𝑒 −1
≑ 0.6321
0
0 1𝑥 1 1
𝑥
2c ∫−3 𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥 = [ 1 𝑒 ]3
3 −3
1 0
= [3𝑒 3𝑥 ]
−3
1
(−3)
= 3𝑒 0 − 3𝑒 3
= 3 − 3𝑒 −1
≑ 1.896
0
3a ∫−2 𝑒 𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥+3 ]0−2
= 𝑒 0+3 − 𝑒 −2+3
= 𝑒3 − 𝑒
= 𝑒(𝑒 2 − 1)

1 1 1
3b ∫0 𝑒 2𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = [2 𝑒 2𝑥−1 ]
0
1 1
= 2 𝑒 2(1)−1 − 2 𝑒 0−1
1 1
= 2 𝑒 − 2 𝑒 −1
1
= 2 (𝑒 − 𝑒 −1 )
−1 1 −1
3c ∫−2 𝑒 −2𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = [− 2 𝑒 −2𝑥−1 ]
−2
1 1
= − 2 𝑒 −2(−1)−1 − (− 2 𝑒 −2(−2)−1 )
1 1
= 𝑒3 − 𝑒
2 2
1
= 2 𝑒(𝑒 2 − 1)
3
3 1𝑥+2 1 1
𝑥+2
3d ∫0 𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥 = [ 1 𝑒 3 ]
3 0
1 3
= [3𝑒 3𝑥+2 ]
0
1
(3)+2
= 3𝑒 3 − 3𝑒 0+2
= 3𝑒 3 − 3𝑒 2
= 3𝑒 2 (𝑒 − 1)
2
2 1𝑥 1 1
𝑥
4a ∫−1 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 = [ 1 𝑒 ] 2
2 −1
1 2
= [2𝑒 2𝑥 ]
−1
1 1
(2) (−1)
= 2𝑒 2 − 2𝑒 2
1
= 2𝑒 − 2𝑒 −2
1
= 2 (𝑒 − 𝑒 −2 )

1
4b ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
= −𝑒 −1 − (−𝑒 0 )
= 1 − 𝑒 −1
2
5a ∫−2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ]2−2
= (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 ) − (𝑒 −2 − 𝑒 −(−2) )
= 𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 − 𝑒 −2 + 𝑒 2
= 2𝑒 2 − 2𝑒 −2
= 2(𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 )
≑ 14.51
3 1 3
5b ∫−3 𝑥 2 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [3 𝑥 3 + 𝑒 𝑥 ]
−3
1 1
= (3 (3)3 + 𝑒 3 ) − (3 (−3)3 + 𝑒 −3 )
= 9 + 𝑒 3 + 9 − 𝑒 −3
= 18 + 𝑒 3 − 𝑒 −3
≑ 38.04
2
6a ∫0 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ]20
= (2 + 𝑒 −2 ) − (0 + 𝑒 0 )
= 2 + 𝑒 −2 − 0 − 1
= 1 + 𝑒 −2
1
6b ∫0 𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑥 ]10
= (𝑒 − 𝑒) − (0 − 𝑒 0 )
=1

0
6c ∫−1 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥]0−1
= (𝑒 0 − 0) − (𝑒 −1 − (−1))
= 1 − 𝑒 −1 − 1
= −𝑒 −1
Area = 𝑒 −1
2
6d ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑥]20
= (−𝑒 −2 − 2(2)) − (−𝑒 0 − 0)
= −𝑒 −2 − 4 + 1
= −𝑒 −2 − 3
Area = 3 + 𝑒 −2
0
6e ∫−1 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒]0−1
= (−𝑒 0 − 0) − (−𝑒 −(−1) − (−1)𝑒)
= −1 + 𝑒 − 𝑒
= −1
Area = 1
2
6f ∫−1 3 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [3𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ]2−1
= (3(2) + 𝑒 −2 ) − (3(−1) + 𝑒 −(−1) )

= 6 + 𝑒 −2 + 3 − 𝑒
= 9 + 𝑒 −2 − 𝑒
1 1 1
7a ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 ]
0
1
= (𝑒 − 1 − ) − (𝑒 0 − 0 − 0)
2
1
= 𝑒−1−2−1

1
=𝑒−2
2
1 1 1
7b ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 ]
0
1
= (𝑒 − 1 + 2) − (𝑒 0 − 0 + 0)
1
= 𝑒−1+2−1
1
=𝑒−1
2
8a The region is symmetric, so the area is twice the area in the first quadrant.
1
8b 2∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2[−𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
= 2(−𝑒 −1 − (−𝑒 0 ))
= 2(1 − 𝑒 −1 )

2
= 2−𝑒
9a The region is symmetric, so the area is twice the area in the first quadrant.
1
9b 2 ∫0 𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2[𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ]10
= 2((𝑒 − 𝑒) − (0 − 𝑒 0 ))
= 2(1)
=2
10a To show that 𝑦 is an odd function, we must show that 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −(−𝑥)
= 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥
= −(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
= −𝑓(𝑥)
10b 0
10c The region is symmetric, so the area is twice the area in the first quadrant.
3
10d 2∫0 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2[𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ]30
= 2((𝑒 3 + 𝑒 −3 ) − (𝑒 0 + 𝑒 0 ))
= 2(𝑒 3 + 𝑒 −3 − 1 − 1)
= 2(𝑒 3 + 𝑒 −3 − 2)
11a For 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 : when 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = (−1)2 = 1

For 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+1 : when 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −1+1 = 𝑒 0 = 1
So the two curves intersect at (−1, 1).

11b
0 1 0
11c ∫−1 𝑒 𝑥+1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥+1 − 3 𝑥 3 ]
−1
1
= (𝑒 − 0) − (𝑒 −1+1 − 3 (−1)3 )
1
= 𝑒 − 𝑒0 − 3
1
= 𝑒 −13
12a
𝑒2
2 1 2
∫0 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 ]
0
1
= (𝑒 2 − 2 (2)2 ) − (𝑒 0 − 0)
= 𝑒2 − 2 − 1
= 𝑒2 − 3

12b 𝑦-intercept when 𝑥 = 0,

𝑦 = 8 − 20 = 7
0 = 8 − 2𝑥
𝑥=3
3
Area = ∫0 8 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 3
= [8𝑥 − ]
log 𝑒 2 0
8 1
= (24 − log 2) − (0 − log 2)
𝑒 𝑒
7
= 24 − log
𝑒2
1
13a ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]10
= 𝑒1 − 𝑒 0
=𝑒−1
≑ 1.7183
1 1
1 𝑒 0 +𝑒 2 1 𝑒 2 +𝑒 1
13b Area = 2 ( ) + 2( )
2 2
1
1
= 4 (1 + 2𝑒 2 + 𝑒)
≑ 1.7539
13c The trapezoidal rule approximation is greater. The curve is concave up, so all the
chords are above the curve.
Let y  e x .
2
14a
Let u   x 2 and so y  eu .

du dy
Hence  2 x and  eu .
dx du
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
 2 xe  x
2
dy
 2 xe x .
2
So
dx
From above,
dx
e 
d  x2
 2 xe x .
2

1 1  x2
2
 x2
 2 xe dx   e
2
2
 1  x2  1 4  1  1 1 4
2
0 xe dx   2 e  0   2 e    2   2  2 e
 x2
14b
1 1 4
So from x  0 to x  2 , the area is  e square units.
2 2
1 1 
The function is odd, so the area (not signed) from x  2 to x  2 is 2   e 4 
2 2 
square units i.e. 1  e4 square units.
 e dx  e
0
15a i x x
  1  e N
N
N
0 x 
15a ii As N  , e  0 and so lim   e dx   1 .
N
n 
N 
N
 e dx  e   e   1  1  e
x x N N N
15b i 0
0
 N x 
n  
N
15b ii As N   , e  0 and so lim  e dx   1 .
0 

𝑑𝑢
15c Let 𝑢 = −𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥
𝑁 2 𝑁 𝑑𝑢
∫0 2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 −𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑁 𝑑𝑢
= − ∫0 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑁
= [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]0
2
= −𝑒 −𝑁 − −𝑒 −0
2
= 1 − 𝑒 −𝑁
2 𝑁 2
As 𝑁 → ∞, 𝑒 −𝑁 → 0 and so lim (∫0 2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥) = 1.
𝑁→∞
𝑑𝑢 1
16a Let 𝑢 = √𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = 2
√𝑥
1 𝑒 √𝑥 1 𝑑𝑢
∫𝛿 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝛿 2𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
1 𝑑𝑢
= 2 ∫𝛿 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2[𝑒 √𝑥 ]𝛿
= 2 (𝑒 1 − 𝑒 √𝛿 )
1 𝑒 √𝑥
16b As 𝛿 → 0+ , 𝑒 √𝛿 → 1 and so ∫𝛿 𝑑𝑥 → 2(𝑒 − 1)
√𝑥
17a Given 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 .

d
dx
 xe x  :
Then u  1 and v  e x .
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 −𝑥 × 1 + 𝑥 × −𝑒 −𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥

𝑁 𝑁
∫0 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= [−𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ]𝑁
0
= −𝑁𝑒 −𝑁 − 𝑒 −𝑁 − (0 − 1)
= 1 − (1 + 𝑁)𝑒 −𝑁
𝑁
17b As 𝑁 → ∞, 𝑒 −𝑁 → 1 and so (1 + 𝑁)𝑒 −𝑁 → 1. Hence lim (∫0 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥) = 1
𝑁→∞
17c Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 .
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and v  e  x .
Then 𝑢′ = 2𝑥 and v  e x .
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 −𝑥 × 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 × −𝑒 −𝑥
= 2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥
∞ ∞
∫0 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫0 2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= [−𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 2(−𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )]∞

0
∞
(𝑥 2 +2𝑥+2)
= [− ]
𝑒𝑥 0
𝑘 (𝑥 2 +2𝑥+2)
As 𝑒 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑒 𝑥 → 0 given that 𝑘 grows slower than 𝑒 𝑥 , Hence, lim ( )=0
𝑥→∞ 𝑒𝑥
∞
(𝑥 2 +2𝑥+2) 0+0+2
Therefore, [− ] = 0 − (− )=2
𝑒𝑥 0 1
∞
Hence, ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2

1a 2.303
1b −2.303
1c 11.72
1d −12.02
1e 3.912
1f −3.912
2a ln 5 + ln 4 = ln(5 × 4) = ln 20
2b ln 30 − log 𝑒 6 = ln(30 ÷ 6) = ln 5
2c ln 12 − ln 15 + ln 102 = ln(12 ÷ 15 × 100) = ln 80
3a log e 𝑒 3 = 3
3b log e 𝑒 −1 = −1
1
3c log e 𝑒 2 = log 𝑒 𝑒 −2 = −2
1
1
3d log 𝑒 √𝑒 = log 𝑒 𝑒 2 = 2
3e 𝑒 ln 5 = 𝑒 log𝑒 5 = 5

3f 𝑒 ln 0.05 = 𝑒 log𝑒 0.05 = 0.05
3g 𝑒 ln 1 = 𝑒 log𝑒 1 = 1
3h 𝑒 ln 𝑒 = 𝑒 log𝑒 𝑒 = 𝑒
4a log 𝑒 1 = 0
4b 1 = 𝑒0
log 𝑒 1 = log 𝑒 𝑒 0 = 0
4c log 𝑒 𝑒 = 1
4d 𝑒 = 𝑒1
log 𝑒 𝑒 = log 𝑒 𝑒 1 = 1
5a log 𝑒 𝑥 = 6
5b 𝑥 = 𝑒 −2
5c 𝑒 𝑥 = 24
1
5d 𝑥 = log 𝑒 3
log 7
6a log 2 7 = log𝑒 2 ≑ 2.807
𝑒
log 25
6b log10 25 = log𝑒 10 ≑ 1.398
𝑒

log𝑒 0.04
6c log 3 0.04 = ≑ −2.930
log𝑒 3
7a Reflection in 𝑦 = 𝑥, which reflects lines with gradient 1 to lines of gradient 1. The

tangent to 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 at its 𝑦-intercept has gradient 1, so its reflection also has
gradient 1.
7b Reflection in the 𝑦-axis, which is also horizontal dilation with factor −1.
7c
8a Shift 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 up 1

8b Shift 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 down 2
8c Stretch 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 horizontally with factor 2

1
8d Stretch 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 vertically with factor 3
9a Shift 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (−𝑥) down 1.

9b Reflect 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (−𝑥) in the 𝑥-axis.
9c Stretch 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (−𝑥) vertically with factor 3.
10a 𝑒 log 𝑒 𝑒 = 𝑒
1 1 1 1
10b ln 𝑒 = 𝑒 (−1) = − 𝑒
𝑒
10c 3 log 𝑒 𝑒 2 = 3 × 2 = 6

1
1
10d ln √𝑒 = ln 𝑒 2 = 2
10e 𝑒 log 𝑒 𝑒 3 − 𝑒 log 𝑒 𝑒 = 3𝑒 − 𝑒 = 2𝑒
1
10f log 𝑒 𝑒 + log 𝑒 𝑒 = 1 + (−1) = 0
10g log 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 = 𝑒
10h log 𝑒 (log 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 ) = log 𝑒 𝑒 = 1
10i log 𝑒 (log 𝑒 (log 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 )) = log 𝑒 1 = 0
1
11 It is a horizontal dilation of 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (−𝑥) with factor 2.
Its equation is 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (−2𝑥).
12a 4𝑥 − 9 × 2𝑥 + 14 = 0
(22 )𝑥 − 9 × 2𝑥 + 14 = 0
(2𝑥 )2 − 9 × 2𝑥 + 14 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 9𝑢 + 14 = 0
(𝑢 − 2)(𝑢 − 7) = 0
𝑢 = 2, 7
2𝑥 = 2,7
For 2𝑥 = 2
𝑥=1
For 2𝑥 = 7
𝑥 = log 2 7

12b 32𝑥 − 8 × 3𝑥 − 9 = 0
(3𝑥 )2 − 8 × 3𝑥 − 9 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 8𝑢 − 9 = 0
(𝑢 + 1)(𝑢 − 9) = 0
𝑢 = −1, 9
3𝑥 = −1, 9
For 3𝑥 = 9
𝑥=2
For 3𝑥 = −1 there are no solutions.
12c i 25𝑥 − 26 × 5𝑥 + 25 = 0
(52 )𝑥 − 26 × 5𝑥 + 25 = 0
(5𝑥 )2 − 26 × 2𝑥 + 25 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 26𝑢 + 25 = 0
(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 25) = 0
𝑢 = 1, 25
5𝑥 = 1, 25
For 5𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
For 5𝑥 = 25
𝑥=2
12c ii 9𝑥 − 5 × 3𝑥 + 4 = 0
(32 )𝑥 − 5 × 3𝑥 + 4 = 0
(3𝑥 )2 − 5 × 3𝑥 + 4 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 5𝑢 + 4 = 0

(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 4) = 0
𝑢 = 1, 4
3𝑥 = 1, 4
For 3𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
For 3𝑥 = 4
𝑥 = log 3 4
12c iii 32𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 20 = 0

(3𝑥 )2 − 3𝑥 − 20 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 𝑢 − 20 = 0
(𝑢 + 4)(𝑢 − 5) = 0
𝑢 = −4, 5
3𝑥 = −4, 5
For 3𝑥 = −4 there are no solutions.
For 3𝑥 = 5
𝑥 = log 3 5
12c iv 72𝑥 + 7𝑥 + 1 = 0
(7𝑥 )2 + 7𝑥 + 1 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 7𝑥 ,
𝑢2 + 𝑢 + 1 = 0
The quadratic has no solutions because △= 1 − 4(1)(1) = −3 < 0
12c v 35𝑥 = 9𝑥+3

35𝑥 = (32 )𝑥+3
35𝑥 = 32𝑥+6
5𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 6

3𝑥 = 6
𝑥=2
12c vi 4𝑥 − 3 × 2𝑥+1 + 23 = 0
(22 )𝑥 − 3 × 2𝑥 × 2 + 8 = 0
(2𝑥 )2 − 6 × 2𝑥 + 8 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 6𝑢 + 8 = 0
(𝑢 − 2)(𝑢 − 4) = 0
𝑢 = 2, 4
2𝑥 = 2, 4
For 2𝑥 = 2
𝑥=1
For 2𝑥 = 4
𝑥=2
13a 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = 0
(𝑒 2 )𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = 0
(𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 2𝑢 + 1 = 0
(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 1) = 0
𝑢=1
𝑒𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
13b 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 6 = 0
(𝑒 2 )𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 6 = 0
(𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 6 = 0

Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑢2 + 𝑢 − 6 = 0
(𝑢 + 3)(𝑢 − 2) = 0
𝑢 = −3, 2
𝑒 𝑥 = −3, 2
For 𝑒 𝑥 = −3 there are no solutions
For 𝑒 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 = log 𝑒 2
13c 𝑒 4𝑥 − 10𝑒 2𝑥 + 9 = 0
(𝑒 2 )2𝑥 − 10𝑒 2𝑥 + 9 = 0
(𝑒 2𝑥 )2 − 10𝑒 2𝑥 + 9 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 10𝑢 + 9 = 0
(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 9) = 0
𝑢 = 1, 9
𝑒 2𝑥 = 1, 9
For 𝑒 2𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
For 𝑒 2𝑥 = 9
(𝑒 𝑥 )2 = 32
𝑒 𝑥 = ±3
𝑥 = log 𝑒 3 as 𝑒 𝑥 = −3 has no solutions.
13d 𝑒 4𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0
(𝑒 2 )2𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0
(𝑒 2𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 𝑢 = 0

𝑢(𝑢 − 1) = 0
𝑢 = 0, 1
𝑒 2𝑥 = 0, 1
For 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0 there are no solutions
For 𝑒 2𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
14a 24 x  7  22 x  12  0
Let u  22 x and so u  4 x .
2 
2x 2
 7  22 x  12  0
u 2  7u  12  0
 u  3 u  4   0
u  3, 4
So 4 x  3 or 4x  4 .
Hence x  log 4 3  0.792 or x  1 .
14b 100 x  10 x  1  0
Let u  10 x .
102 x  10x  1  0  10 x   10x  1  0

2
u2  u 1  0
1  1  4 1 1
u
2
1 5

2
1 5
So 10 x  .
2
1 5 1 5
log10 does not exist because is negative.
2 2

1 5
Hence x  log10  0.209 .
2
2x x
1 1
14c    7     10  0
5 5
x
1
Let u    .
5
2
  1 x  1
x
     7     10  0
 5   5
u 2  7u  10  0
 u  2  u  5  0
u  2,5
x x
1 1
So    2 or    5 .
5 5
Hence x  1 or x  log 1 2  0.431 .

5
15a (log 𝑒 𝑥)2 − 5 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 4 = 0

Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥,
𝑢2 − 5𝑢 + 4 = 0
(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 4) = 0
𝑢 = 1, 4
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 1, 4
For log 𝑒 𝑥 = 1
𝑥=𝑒
𝑥 = 𝑒4

15b (log 𝑒 𝑥)2 = 3 log 𝑒 𝑥

Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥,
𝑢2 = 3𝑢
𝑢2 − 3𝑢 = 0
𝑢(𝑢 − 3) = 0
𝑢 = 0, 3
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0, 3
𝑥=1
𝑥 = 𝑒3
16a ln(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥) = 2 ln(𝑥 + 1)

= ln((𝑥 + 1)2 )
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 = (𝑥 + 1)2
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
3𝑥 = 1
1
𝑥=3
16b log 𝑒 (7𝑥 − 12) = 2 log 𝑒 𝑥

= log 𝑒 𝑥 2
7𝑥 − 12 = 𝑥 2
𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12 = 0
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 4) = 0
𝑥 = 3 or 4

1
17a Stretch horizontally with factor .
2
17b Shift right 1.
1
17c Stretch vertically with factor .
2

17d Shift down 2.
18 First, the base must be positive because powers of negative numbers are not well
defined when the index is a real number, so a negative number can't be used as a
base for logarithms. Secondly, the base cannot be 1 because all powers of 1 are 1,
and in any case, log 𝑒 1 = 0 and you can't divide by zero.
1
19a As a dilation, the transformation is stretch horizontally with factor .
5
Alternatively, y  log e x  log e 5 , so it is a shift up log e 5 .
19b As a translation, the transformation is shift up 2.
Alternatively, y  loge x  loge e2  loge e2 x so it is a horizontal dilation with factor

e2 .
28
20 The continued fraction gives an approximation of 𝑒 − 1 ≑ 1 39
28
Hence 𝑒 ≑ 2 39

𝑑𝑦 1
1a = 𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
1b = 𝑥−3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3
1c = 3𝑥+4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
1d = 2𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4
1e = − −4𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3
1f = − −3𝑥+4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 2
1g = − −2𝑥−7 = 2𝑥+7
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
1h = 3 (2𝑥+4)
𝑑𝑥
6
= 2𝑥+4
3
= 𝑥+2
𝑑𝑦 3 15
1i = 5 (3𝑥−2) = 3𝑥−2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 1
2a = 2𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5 1
2b = 5𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 3 1
2c = 3𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 7 1
2d = 7𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 7 4
2e = 4 (7𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5 3
2f = 3 (5𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 6 4
2g 𝑑𝑥
= 4 (6𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 9 3
2h = 3 (9𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
3a = 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 3+1 = 4
𝑑𝑦 2
3b = 2𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 2
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 2(3)−1 = 5
𝑑𝑦 2
3c =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥−5
𝑑𝑦 2
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 2(3)−5 = 2
𝑑𝑦 4
3d = 4𝑥+3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4 4
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 4(3)+3 = 15

𝑑𝑦 1 5
3e = 5 (𝑥+1) = 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5 5
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 3+1 = 4
𝑑𝑦 2 12
3f = 6 (2𝑥+9) = 2𝑥+9
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 12
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 2(3)+9
12
= 15
4
=5
𝑑 1
4a (2 + log 𝑒 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1
4b (5 − log 𝑒 (𝑥 + 1)) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1
𝑑 1 4
4c (𝑥 + 4 log 𝑒 𝑥) = 1 + 4 ( ) = 1 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1 3
4d (2𝑥 4 + 1 + 3 log 𝑒 𝑥) = 2(4𝑥 3 ) + 3 ( ) = 8𝑥 3 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 2 2
4e (ln(2𝑥 − 1) + 3𝑥 2 ) = + 3(2𝑥) = 2𝑥−1 + 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥−1
𝑑 5
4f (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 4 + ln(5𝑥 − 7)) = 3𝑥 2 − 3 +
𝑑𝑥 5𝑥−7
5a 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 3 = 3 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 3
= 3 (𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

5b 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 = 2 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 2
= 2 (𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
5c 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 −3 = −3 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 3
= −3 (𝑥) = − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
5d 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 −2 = −2 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 −2
= −2 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
5e 𝑦 = ln √𝑥
1
= ln 𝑥 2
1
= 2 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= ( )=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 2𝑥
5f 𝑦 = ln √𝑥 + 1
1
= ln(𝑥 + 1)2
1
= 2 ln(𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= 2 (𝑥+1) = 2(𝑥+1)
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 2 1
6a = 1 =𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2
1
𝑑𝑦 3 1
6b = 1 =𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
3
1
𝑑𝑦 5 3
6c = 3( ) = 𝑥1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
5

1
𝑑𝑦 2 6
6d = −6 ( ) = − 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2
1
𝑑𝑦 7 1
6e =1+ 1 =1+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
7
1
𝑑𝑦 2) 1
6f = 4(3𝑥 − 1
5
= 12𝑥 2 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
5
7a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1
Then 𝑦 = ln 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 2𝑥
= 2𝑥 × 𝑥 2 +1 = 𝑥 2 +1
𝑑𝑥
7b Let 𝑢 = 2 − 𝑥 2
Then 𝑦 = ln 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 2𝑥
= −2𝑥 × 2−𝑥 2 = − 2−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
7c Let 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑒 𝑥
Then 𝑦 = ln 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑒𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 × 1+𝑒 𝑥 = 1+𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥+3
8a log 𝑒 (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2) = 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2(3𝑥 2 ) 6𝑥 2
8b log 𝑒 (1 + 2𝑥 3 ) = = 1+2𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 1+2𝑥 3

𝑑 𝑒𝑥
8c ln(𝑒 𝑥 − 2) = 𝑒 𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥+1
8d (𝑥 + 3 − ln(𝑥 2 + 𝑥)) = 1 −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑥
𝑑 3𝑥 2 −1
8e (𝑥 2 + ln(𝑥 3 − 𝑥)) = 2𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 −𝑥
𝑑 2(2𝑥)−3
8f (4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + ln(2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1)) = 4(3𝑥 2 ) − 5(2𝑥) +
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 −3𝑥+1
4𝑥 − 3
= 12𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 +
2𝑥 2− 3𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑦 1
9a =𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
At 𝑥 = 1, gradient = 1 = 1
Angle of inclination = tan−1 1 = 45˚
1
9b At 𝑥 = 3, gradient = 3
1
Angle of inclination = tan−1 3 ≑ 18˚ 26′
1 1
9c At 𝑥 = 2, gradient = 1 =2
2
1
9d At 𝑥 = 4, gradient = 4
1
1
The graph of 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 with the four tangents at 𝑥 = 1, 3, 2 and 4 is shown below.

10a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑥) = log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
10b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 1)

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 2
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥+1
𝑑𝑦 2 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= (log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 1) × 1) + (𝑥 × 2𝑥+1) = log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 1) + 2𝑥+1
10c Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
𝑑𝑦 1 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × 2) + ((2𝑥 + 1) × 𝑥) = 2log 𝑒 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
10d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 4 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × 4𝑥 3 ) + (𝑥 4 × 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑥 3 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 3

= 𝑥 3 (4 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
10e Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 3 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 (𝑥 + 3)

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥+3
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 (𝑥 + 3) × 1) + ((𝑥 + 3) × 𝑥+3)
𝑑𝑥
= log 𝑒 (𝑥 + 3) + 1
10f Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 7)

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 2
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥+7
𝑑𝑦 2
= (log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 7) × 1) + ((𝑥 − 1) × 2𝑥+7)
𝑑𝑥
2(𝑥−1)
= log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 7) + 2𝑥+7
10g Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 ) + (𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑒 𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥)
10h Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × −𝑒 −𝑥 ) + (𝑒 −𝑥 × 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 − log 𝑒 𝑥)

11a Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 1
1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 × ) − (log𝑒 𝑥 × 1)
𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
1−log𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥2
11b Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 2 × ) − (log𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥)
𝑥
= (𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥−2𝑥 log𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥4
1−2 log𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥3
11c Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
1
𝑑𝑦 (log𝑒 𝑥 × 1) − (𝑥 × )
𝑥
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
log𝑒 𝑥 − 1
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
11d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 (log𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥) − (𝑥 2 × )
𝑥
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 log𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑥(2 log𝑒 𝑥 − 1)
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2

11e Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 × ) − (log𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑒 𝑥 ( − log𝑒 𝑥)
𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
1
( − log𝑒 𝑥)
𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥
(1 − 𝑥 log𝑒 𝑥)
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
11f Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 (log𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 × )
𝑥
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑒 𝑥 (log𝑒 𝑥 – )
𝑥
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 log𝑒 𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑥(log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
12a = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 5 + log 𝑒 𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 5 + 3 log e 𝑥)
3
=𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
12b = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
= 𝑑𝑥 (3 log e 𝑥)
1
= 3𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
12c = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 3 − log 𝑒 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
= −𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
12d = 𝑑𝑥 (2 ln(2 − 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 2 (− 2−𝑥)
1
=
2𝑥−4
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
12e = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 3 − log 𝑒 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
= −𝑥
1 x
12f y  ln
1 x
1 x
ln  ln 1  x   ln 1  x 
1 x
dy 1 1
So   .
dx 1  x 1  x
12g y  loge 2x
y  x log e 2
So y  log e 2 .
12h y  loge e x
yx
So y  1 .

12i y  loge x x
y  x log e x
Applying the product rule on y  x log e x :
Let u  x and v  log e x .
1
Then u  1 and v  .
x
y  vu   uv
1
  log e x 1   x   
x
 1  log e x
So y  1  log e x .
1
13a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥−1
1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = − (𝑥−1)2
1 1
𝑓 ′ (3) = 3−1 = 2
1 1
𝑓 ′′ (3) = − (3−1)2 = − 4
2
13b 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥+1
Let 𝑢 = 2 and 𝑣 = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 0 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2
((2𝑥+1) × 0) − (2 ×2)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (2𝑥+1)2
4
= − (2x+1)2
2
𝑓 ′ (0) = 1 = 2
4
𝑓 ′′ (3) = − (0+1)2 = −4

𝑑
13c 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 2 log 𝑥
2
=𝑥
2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = − 𝑥 2
2
𝑓 ′ (2) = 2 = 1
2 1
𝑓 ′′ (2) = − 22 = − 2
13d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (log 𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑥) = log 𝑥 + 1
1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑒) = log 𝑒 + 1
= 1+1
=2
1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑒) = 𝑒
14a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
𝑑𝑦 1
= ((log 𝑒 𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑥)) − 1
𝑑𝑥
= log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 − 1
= log 𝑒 𝑥
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
𝑥=1

14b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥) + (𝑥 2 × 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥
= 𝑥(2 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑥(2 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = 0 which is not a valid solution as log 𝑒 0 is undefined.
2 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = 0
1
log 𝑒 𝑥 = − 2
1
𝑥 = 𝑒 −2
14c Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 1
1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 × ) − (log𝑒 𝑥 × 1)
𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
1−log𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥2
1−log𝑒 𝑥
=0
𝑥2
1 − log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 1
𝑥=𝑒
14d Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥

Then 𝑦 = 𝑢4
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑢3
𝑑𝑦 1 4(log𝑒 𝑥)3
= 𝑥 × 4(log 𝑒 𝑥)3 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
4(log𝑒 𝑥)3
=0
𝑥

4(log 𝑒 𝑥)3 = 0
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
𝑥=1
14e Let 𝑢 = 2 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 3

Then 𝑦 = 𝑢4
𝑑𝑢 2 𝑑𝑦
Hence = and = 4𝑢3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 2 8(2 log𝑒 𝑥−3)3

= 𝑥 × 4(2 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 3)3 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
8(2 log𝑒 𝑥−3)3

=0
𝑥
8(2 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 3)3 = 0

2 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 3 = 0
3
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 2
3
𝑥 = 𝑒2
14f Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥

1
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑢2
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= 𝑥 × − (log 2
= − 𝑥(log 2
, which is never zero.
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥)
14g Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥

Then 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑢
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= 𝑥 × log = 𝑥 log , which is never zero.
𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥

14h Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = ln 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
𝑑𝑦 1
= (ln 𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑥) = ln 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑥 + 1 = 0
ln 𝑥 = −1
𝑥 = 𝑒 −1
𝑑𝑦 1 1
14i = − 𝑥2 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 1
− 𝑥2 = 0
𝑥
1 1
= 𝑥2
𝑥
1
1=𝑥
𝑥=1
2
x dy  y   y 
15a Need to show that y  is a solution of    
ln x dx  x   x 
x
y
ln x
x
Applying the quotient rule on y  :
ln x
Let u  x and v  ln x .
1
x
vu   uv
y 
v2
1
ln x   x   
 x
 ln x 
2
ln x  1

 ln x 
2

ln x  1
So y  .
 ln x 
2
ln x  1
LHS : y 
 ln x 
2
2
x  x 
 y  y   2
RHS :       ln x   ln x 
x x x  x 
 
1 1
 
ln x  ln x 2
ln x  1

 ln x 
2
 LHS
2
x dy  y   y 
LHS  RHS and so y  is a solution of    
ln x dx  x   x 
15b Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥

Then 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑢
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= 𝑥 × log = 𝑥 log
𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
1
Let 𝑢 = log and 𝑣 = 𝑥
𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥(log 2
and 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑒 𝑥)
1 1
𝑑2 𝑦 (𝑥 × − )−( × 1)
𝑥(log𝑒 𝑥)2 log𝑒 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥2
1 1
− −
(log𝑒 𝑥)2 log𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥2
− log 𝑥−1
= 𝑥 2 (log𝑒 2
𝑒 𝑥)
− log 𝑥−1 1 2 1
LHS = 𝑥 (𝑥 2 (log𝑒 ) + 𝑥 (𝑥 log 𝑥) + 𝑥 log
𝑒 𝑥)2 𝑒 𝑒𝑥
− log𝑒 𝑥−1 1 1 log 𝑥

= + 𝑥 (𝑥 2 (log ) + (𝑥 log × log𝑒 𝑥)
𝑥(log𝑒 𝑥)2 e 𝑥)^2 𝑒𝑥 𝑒

− log𝑒 𝑥−1 1 log 𝑥

= + 𝑥(log + 𝑥(log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑥(log𝑒 𝑥)2 e 𝑥)^2 e
− log𝑒 𝑥−1+1+log𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥(log𝑒 𝑥)2
=0
= RHS
 log e x, for x  0
16a log e x  
log e   x  , for x  0
16b
16c For x  0 , log e x  log e x .
d 1
So log e x  .
dx x
For x  0 , loge x  log e   x  .
d 1 1
Using the standard form, log e   x     .
dx x x
16d x  0 was excluded in this discussion because log e 0 is undefined.
In fact, log e x   as x  0 , so x  0 is an asymptote.

17a By differentiation with first principles, we have:

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
 𝑦 ′ = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
′ log(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
 𝑦 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
(𝑥+ℎ)
log
 𝑦 ′ = lim 𝑥
ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ
log(1+ )
′
 𝑦 = lim 𝑥
ℎ→0 ℎ
1
′ ℎ ℎ
 𝑦 = lim log (1 + )
ℎ→0 𝑥
Hence proved.
17b Solving the limits equation obtained in 17a,

ℎ
log(1+ )
′
 𝑦 = lim ℎ
𝑥
ℎ→0 𝑥×
𝑥
ℎ
1 log(1+ )
 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 × lim ℎ
𝑥
ℎ→0
𝑥
log(1+𝑘)
 Now, we have a property of limits which states that lim =1
𝑘→0 𝑘
1
 Hence, 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥
ℎ 1 1
17c i 𝑦 ′ = log lim (1 + 𝑥 )ℎ = 𝑥
ℎ→0
1 1
Now we are substituting ℎ with 𝑛 and 𝑥 with 𝑢. Hence, as ℎ tends to 0, 𝑛 will tend
to infinity.
Hence,
𝑢
 𝑢 = log lim (1 + 𝑛)𝑛
𝑛→∞
𝑢
 𝑒 = lim (1 + 𝑛)𝑛
𝑢
𝑛→∞
17c ii Substituting 1 for 𝑢 in the equation obtained in 17c i, we get the desired result.
1 𝑛
17d i When 𝑛 = 1, (1 + 𝑛) = 2

1 𝑛
17d ii When 𝑛 = 10, (1 + 𝑛) ≑ 2.5937
1 𝑛
17d iii When 𝑛 = 100, (1 + 𝑛) ≑ 2.7048
1 𝑛
17d iv When 𝑛 = 1000, (1 + 𝑛) ≑ 2.7169
1 𝑛
17d v When 𝑛 = 10 000, (1 + 𝑛) ≑ 2.7181

1a
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (log 𝑒 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
=
𝑥
The gradient of the tangent at point 𝑃(𝑒, 1) is the derivative of the function
𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥) = 𝑥, the gradient of the tangent at point 𝑃(𝑒, 1) is 𝑒
As the gradient of the tangent is constant, it is a straight line. By employing the

1
formula for a straight line: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 𝑒
1
𝑦 = 𝑥+𝑐
𝑒
Since this line passes through point 𝑃(𝑒, 1),
1
1= (𝑒) + 𝑐
𝑒
𝑐 = 1−1= 0
1
The equation for the gradient is 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
1
At = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒 (0) = 0. Therefore the tangent passes through the origin (0,0)
1b The gradient of the tangent at point 𝑄(1,0) is the derivative of the function
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥) = 𝑥, the gradient of the tangent at point 𝑄(1,0) is 1 = 1

formula for a straight line: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 1
𝑦 =𝑥+𝑐
Since this line passes through point 𝑄(1,0),
0 = 1(1) + 𝑐
𝑐 = 0 − 1 = −1
The equation for the gradient is 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1

At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (0) − 1 = −1. Therefore the tangent passes through the point

𝐴(0, −1)
1
1c The gradient of the tangent at point 𝑅(𝑒 , −1) is the derivative of the function
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥) = 𝑥, the gradient of the tangent at point 𝑅(𝑒 , −1) is 1 =𝑒
𝑒

formula for a straight line: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 𝑒
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐
1
Since this line passes through point 𝑅(𝑒 , −1),
1
−1 = 𝑒 ( ) + 𝑐
𝑒
𝑐 = −1 − 1 = −2
The equation for the gradient is 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 − 2
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒(0) − 2 = −2. Therefore the tangent passes through the point
𝐵(0, −2)
1d The gradient of the tangent at point 𝐴(1,0) is the derivative of the function
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥) = 𝑥, the gradient of the tangent at point 𝐴(1,0) is 1 = 1
1
As the gradient of the tangent is 1, the gradient of the normal is − 𝑚 = −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
The equation of the normal is

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = −1
and passes through the point 𝐴(1, 0).
∴ 0 = −1(1) + 𝑐
𝑐=1
The equation of the normal is, therefore, 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −(0) + 1 = 1
The 𝑦-intercept is 1.

1
2a The diagram shows the tangent 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 and the graph 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎 for some 0 < 𝑎 < 𝑒. As 𝑎 traverses from 0 to 𝑒, the tangent becomes less
steep, and as the tangents are straight lines, they will intersect the 𝑦-axis at
various points where 𝑦 < 0.
Let 𝑥 = 𝑏 for some 𝑒 < 𝑏 < ∞. As 𝑏 increases from 𝑒, the tangent becomes less
steep, and as the tangents are straight lines, they will intersect the 𝑦-axis at
various points where 𝑦 > 0.
Therefore, only the tangent at (𝑒, 1) passes through the origin.
2b
Observe the points below the curve. Because the curve is convex everywhere,
there are no tangents that can possibly intersect any point that lies below the
curve.
Observe the points above the curve, located within the domain 𝑥 > 0. Any point
above the curve in this domain can be intersected by two tangents.
Any point located outside of the domain, that is, 𝑥 ≤ 0, is intersected by one
tangent.
Any point located on the curve is intersected by only one tangent.

3a 𝑦 = 4 log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 4
The gradient of the tangent at any point is 𝑑𝑥 (4 log 𝑒 𝑥) = 𝑥
4
The gradient of the tangent at 𝑄(1, 0) is 1 = 4
The equation of the tangent is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 4

At 𝑄(1, 0), 0 = 4(1) + 𝑐
𝑐 = −4
The equation of the tangent is therefore 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 4
1 1
The gradient of the normal to the tangent is − 𝑚 = −4
1
The equation of the normal is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = − 4
1
At 𝑄(1,0), 0 = − 4 (1) + 𝑐
1
𝑐=
4
1 1
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = − 4 𝑥 + 4.
3b 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 + 3
𝑑 1
The gradient of the tangent at any point is 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥 + 3) = 𝑥
1
The gradient of the tangent at 𝑅(1,3) is 1 = 1

At 𝑅(1, 3), 3 = 1(1) + 𝑐
𝑐=2
The equation of the tangent is therefore 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2.
1
The equation of the normal is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = −1

At 𝑅(1, 3), 3 = −1(1) + 𝑐
𝑐=4
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 4.

3c 𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 2
𝑑 2
The gradient of the tangent at any point is 𝑑𝑥 (2 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 2) = 𝑥
2
The gradient of the tangent at 𝑆(1, −2) is 1 = 2

At 𝑆(1, −2), −2 = 2(1) + 𝑐
𝑐 = −4
1 1
1
The equation of the normal is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = − 2
1
At 𝑆(1, −2), −2 = − 2 (1) + 𝑐
1
𝑐 = −1
2
1 1
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 − 1 2.
3d 𝑦 = 1 − 3 log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 3
The gradient of the tangent at any point is 𝑑𝑥 (1 − 3 log 𝑒 𝑥) = − 𝑥
3
The gradient of the tangent at 𝑇(1,1) is − 1 = −3
The equation of the tangent is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = −3

At 𝑇(1,1), 1 = −3(1) + 𝑐
𝑐=4
The equation of the tangent is therefore 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 4
1 1
The gradient of the normal to the tangent is − 𝑚 =3
tangent
1
The equation of the normal is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 3
1
At 𝑇(1,1), 1 = 3 (1) + 𝑐
2
𝑐=
3

1 2
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 + 3.
4a Let 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = log 𝑒 (3(1) − 2) = 0
Therefore the point 𝑃(1,0) lies on the curve.
𝑑
4b The gradient of the tangent at any point is 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 (3𝑥 − 2))
𝑑 1 𝑑 3
By chain rule, 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 (3𝑥 − 2)) = 3𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 − 2) = 3𝑥−2
At 𝑃(1,0), 𝑥 = 1
3
Therefore the gradient of the tangent at 𝑃(1,0) is 3(1)−2 = 3
1 1
The gradient of the normal at 𝑃(1,0) is − 𝑚 = − 3.
tangent
Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 3

At 𝑃(1,0), 0 = 3(1) + 𝑐
𝑐 = −3
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3(0) − 3 = −3
The 𝑦-intercept is −3
1
Let the equation of the normal be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = − 3
1
At 𝑃(1,0), 0 = − 3 (1) + 𝑐
1
𝑐=
3
1 1
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = − 3 𝑥 + 3
1 1 1
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = − 3 𝑥 + 3 = 3
1
The 𝑦-intercept is 3.

1
4c A triangle is created with the points (0, −3), (0, 3), and (1,0)
1 1
The base of the triangle is therefore (3 − (−3)) = 3 3
The altitude of the triangle is therefore 1

1 1 5
The area of the triangle is therefore 2 (3 3) (1) = 3 square units
1
5a 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥. 𝑦′ describes the gradient of any tangent to 𝑦.
1 1
∴ if 𝑦 ′ = 2 , 𝑥 = 2, and 𝑦 = log 𝑒 2. The tangent of gradient 2 occurs at point
(2, log 𝑒 2).
1
Let 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 be the equation of the tangent, 𝑚 = 2
1
At (2, log 𝑒 2), log 𝑒 2 = 2 (2) + 𝑐
𝑐 = log 𝑒 2 − 1
1
The equation of the tangent is therefore 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + log 𝑒 2 − 1
1
The gradient of the normal to the tangent at (2, log 𝑒 2) is − 𝑚 = −2
tangent

Let 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 be the equation of the normal, 𝑚 = −2

At (2, log 𝑒 2), log 𝑒 2 = −2(2) + 𝑐
𝑐 = log 𝑒 2 + 4
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + log 𝑒 2 + 4.
1
5b 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥. 𝑦′ describes the gradient of any tangent to 𝑦.
1 1
∴ if 𝑦 ′ = 2, 𝑥 = 2, and 𝑦 = log 𝑒 2 = − log 𝑒 2. The tangent of gradient 2 occurs at
1
point (2 , − log 𝑒 2).
Let 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 be the equation of the tangent, 𝑚 = 2

1 1
At (2 , − log 𝑒 2), − log 𝑒 2 = 2 (2) + 𝑐
𝑐 = − log 𝑒 2 − 1
The equation of the tangent is therefore 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − log 𝑒 2 − 1
1 1 1
The gradient of the normal to the tangent at (2 , − log 𝑒 2) is − 𝑚 = −2
1
Let 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 be the equation of the normal, 𝑚 = − 2
1 1 1
At (2 , − log 𝑒 2), − log 𝑒 2 = − 2 (2) + 𝑐
1
𝑐 = − log 𝑒 2 +
4
1 1
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 − log 𝑒 2 + 4.
6a The domain is 𝑥 > 0. As the domain is not symmetric about the 𝑦-axis, the function
is neither odd or even.
𝑑 1
6b 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − log 𝑒 𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥
𝑑 ′ 1
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑦 ) = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1
6c As the domain is 𝑥 > 0, 𝑥 2 is necessarily positive. As 𝑦′′ is always positive, the
function is concave up for all values of 𝑥 in its domain.

6d The minimum turning point is when 𝑦 ′ = 0

1
1− =0
𝑥
𝑥=1
𝑦 = (1) − log 𝑒 (1) = 1
The minimum turning point is therefore at (1, 1).
6e
The range for 𝑦 = 𝑥 − log 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑦 ≥ 1

6f Let 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥 − log 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑦) = log 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥

Since 𝑓(𝑦) = −𝑔(𝑦), the transformation is a reflection about the 𝑥-axis.
1
7a The domain of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 is 𝑥 > 0
𝑑 1 1 1 −1+𝑥 𝑥−1
7b 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + ln 𝑥) = − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = =
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥−1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 ′ ) = 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) × 𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 ) × (𝑥 − 1) by the product rule.
1 2 𝑥 + 2 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = + (− ) (𝑥 − 1) = = 3
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥
7c Minimum is located at 𝑦 ′ = 0,
𝑥−1
=0
𝑥2
𝑥=1
1
𝑦= + ln 1 = 1
1
Therefore the minimum is at (1,1)
Inflection is located at 𝑦 ′′ = 0,

2−𝑥
=0
𝑥3
𝑥=2
1
𝑦= + ln 2
2
1
Therefore the inflection point is located at (2, 2 + ln 2).
7d The range is 𝑦 ≥ 1.
8a y  x log e x  x
The domain is x  0 .
The x - intercept occurs when y  0 .
x  log e x  1  0
log e x  1  0  x  e
So the x - intercept is  e, 0  .

8b
x 1 e e2
y 1 0 e2
sign  0 
8c y  x log e x  x
Applying the product rule on y  x log e x :
1
x
d
 uv   vu  uv
dx
1
  log e x 1   x   
 x
 1  log e x
d
y  1  log e x   x
dx
 1  log e x  1
So y  log e x .
1
And so y  .
x
8d y  log e x
log e x  0  x  1
So there is a stationary point at x  1 .

1
x 1 e
2
y 0.693... 0 1
slope \  /
When x  1 , y  1 .
Hence 1, 1 is a minimum turning point.
1
8e y  for x  0 tells us that the curve is concave up throughout its domain.
x
8f Given that y  0 as x  0 and the tangent approaches vertical as x  0 .
The range is y  1 .
9a y  log e 1  x 2 
1  x 2  0 for all real values of x

So the domain is all real values of x .

9b Algebraically, a function f  x  is even if f   x   f  x  for all x in the domain.
Replacing x with  x we obtain:

y  log e 1    x 
2
  log 1  x 
e
2
So y  log e 1  x 2  is an even function.
9c log e 1  x 2   0  1  x 2  1
Hence the function is zero at x  0 , and is positive otherwise because the logs of
numbers greater than 1 are positive.
9d y  log e 1  x 2 
Let u  1  x 2 and so y  log e u .
du dy 1
Hence  2 x and  .
dx du u
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
2x

1  x2
dy 2x
So  .
dx 1  x 2
dy 2x
Applying the quotient rule on  :
dx 1  x 2
Let u  2 x and v  1  x 2 .
Then u  2 and v  2 x .

vu   uv
y 
v2
2 1  x 2    2 x  2 x 

1  x  2 2
2  2 x2  4 x2

1  x 2 2
2  2x2

1  x 
2 2
2 1  x 2 
So y   .
1  x 2 
2
9e There are stationary points where y  0 .
2x  0  x  0
x 1 0 1
y 1 0 1
slope \  /
When x  0 , y  0 .
So  0, 0  is a minimum turning point.
2 1  x 2 
9f y  
1  x 2 2
There are points of inflection where y  0 .
y  0  2 1  x 2   0
Solving 2 1  x 2   0 for x we obtain x  1 .

So there are points of inflection at x  1 .

x 2 1 0 1 2
6 6
y   0 2 0 
25 25
concavity down up down
So the points of inflection are  1, log e 2  .
9g
The range is y  0 .
y   ln x 
2
10a
Solving  ln x   0 for x we obtain x  1 .

2
10b
So the function is zero at x  1 , and is positive otherwise because squares cannot

be negative.
10c Applying the chain rule:
Let u  ln x and so y  u 2 .
du 1 dy
Hence  and  2u .
dx x du

dy dy du
 
dx du dx
2
 ln x
x
2
So y  ln x .
x
2
Applying the product rule on y  ln x :
x
2
Let u  and v  ln x .
x
2 1
Then u   2
and v  .
x x
y  vu   uv
2 2 1
 2
 ln x  
x x x
2
 1  ln x 
x2
2 1  ln x 
So y  .
x2
2 1  ln x 
10d y 
x2
y  0  2 1  ln x   0
Solving 2 1  ln x   0 for x we obtain x  e .
So there is a point of inflection at x  e .

x 2 e 3
y  0.153... 0 0.021...
concavity up down
So the point of inflection is  e,1 .

2
10e y  ln x
x
2ln x  0  x  1
1
x 1 e
e
2
y 2e 0
e
slope \  /
When x  1 , y  0 .
So 1, 0  is a minimum turning point.
The range is y  0 .
11a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥) + (𝑥 2 × 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥
= 𝑥(2 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑥(2 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = 0 which is not a valid solution as log 𝑒 0 is undefined.

2 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = 0
1
log 𝑒 𝑥 = − 2
1
𝑥 = 𝑒 −2
1
When 𝑥 = 𝑒 −2 ,
1 2 1
1
𝑦 = (𝑒 −2 ) log 𝑒 𝑒 −2 = − 2𝑒
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 2 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 2
𝑑2 𝑦 2
= ((2 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1) × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2
= 2 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 + 2
= 2 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 3
1
When = 𝑒 −2 ,
1
𝑑2 𝑦
= 2 log 𝑒 𝑒 −2 + 3
𝑑𝑥 2
=2>0
1 1
Hence the point ( , − 2𝑒) is a minimum point.
√𝑒
𝑑2 𝑦
11b Inflection point when 𝑑𝑥 2 = 0,
0 = 2 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 3
3
log 𝑒 𝑥 = − 2
3
𝑥 = 𝑒 −2
11c As 𝑥 → 0+ , 𝑦 → 0 and 𝑦 ′ → 0

11d
1
Range = 𝑦 ≥ − 2𝑒
log e x
12a y
x
log e x
12b Applying the quotient rule on y  :
x
Let u  log e x and v  x .
1
Then u  and v  1 .
x
vu   uv
y 
v2
1
x   1 log e x
 x
x2
1  log e x

x2
1  log e x
So y  .
x2

1  log e x
Applying the quotient rule on y  :
x2
Let u  1  log e x and v  x 2 .
1
Then u   and v  2 x .
x
vu   uv
y 
v2
 x 2    1x   2 x 1  log e x 


 x2 
2
 x  2 x  2 x log e x

x4
x  2 log e x  3

x4
2 log e x  3
  x  0
x3
2log e x  3
So y  .
x3
1  log e x
12c y 
x2
1  log e x  0  x  e
So there is a stationary point at x  e .

x 2 e 3
y 0.076... 0 0.010...
slope /  \
When x  e , y  e 1 .
 
So e, e 1 is a maximum turning point.

2log e x  3
12d y 
x3
y  0  2 log e x  3  0
3
Solving 2 log e x  3  0 for x we obtain x  e 2 .
3
So there is a point of inflection at x  e . 2
3
x e e2 e2
y  e3 0 e6
concavity down up
3
3
log e e 2 3  32
When x  e , y 2
3
 e .
2
e2
3 3
3
So the point of inflection is (𝑒 2 , 2 𝑒 −2 ).
12e Given y  0 as x   and that y   as x  0 .
The range is y  e 1 .

13 Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
1
𝑑𝑦 (log𝑒 𝑥 × 1) − (𝑥 × )
𝑥
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
log𝑒 𝑥 − 1
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦
Turning points when 𝑑𝑥 = 0,
log𝑒 𝑥 − 1
0= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑥 ≠ 1 as the denominator cannot be zero,

Hence,
0 = log 𝑒 𝑥 − 1
𝑥=𝑒
Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑣 = (log 𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣 1 2
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2 log 𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑥 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥
1 2
𝑑2 𝑦 ((log𝑒 𝑥)2 × ) − ((log𝑒 𝑥−1) × log𝑒 𝑥)
𝑥 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 2 ((log𝑒 𝑥)2 )2
1
(log𝑒 𝑥−2 log𝑒 𝑥+2) log𝑒 𝑥
𝑥
= (log𝑒 𝑥)4
2−log𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥(log 3
𝑒 𝑥)
𝑑2 𝑦
Inflection points when 𝑑𝑥 2 = 0,
2−log𝑒 𝑥
0 = 𝑥(log 3
𝑒 𝑥)
𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑥 ≠ 1 as the denominator cannot be zero,

Hence,
0 = 2 − log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑒2

14a 𝑥 > −1
𝑥2
𝑑(log𝑒( ))
′ 𝑥+1
14b 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑥+1 𝑑( )
′ 𝑥+1
 𝑦 = ×
𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 1
𝑢
𝑑( ) 𝑣𝑑𝑢−𝑢𝑑𝑣
 𝑣
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
2𝑥(𝑥+1)−𝑥 2 𝑥+1
 𝑦′ = (𝑥+1)2
× 𝑥2
′ 𝑥+2
 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥+1)
𝑥+2 𝑥+2
14c As 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥(𝑥+1), substituting x = -2, will yield 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥(𝑥+1) = 0
But, 𝑥 = −2 is out of the domain, hence, 𝑥 = −2 is not a stationary point.

14d Inflection points occur when 𝑦 ′′ = 0

First, we have to calculate 𝑦 ′′
𝑥+2
𝑑( )
′′ 𝑥(𝑥+1)
 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2, 𝑣 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
𝑣𝑑𝑢−𝑢𝑑𝑣
Hence, 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑣2
(𝑥 2 +𝑥)−(𝑥+2)(2𝑥+1) 𝑥 2 +4𝑥+2
𝑦 ′′ = =
𝑥 2 (𝑥+1)2 𝑥 2 (𝑥+1)2
As we can see, the numeration of the above equation has no real roots. Hence, this
curve has no inflection points
14e
15a The domain is 𝑥 > 1.
15b 𝑥-intercept means 𝑦 = 0.

 ln ln 𝑥 = 0

 ln 𝑥 = 1
 𝑥=𝑒
𝑑(ln ln 𝑥)
15c 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥
1 1
 𝑦 ′ = ln 𝑥 × 𝑥
1
𝑑( )
′′ 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
1 1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = ln 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑣𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑑𝑣
1 1
𝑦 ′′ = − −
𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑥 (ln 𝑥)2
As we can see from equation of y’, there are no solutions to that equation. Hence,
there are no stationary points for the curve
15d Inflection points are those where 𝑦’’ = 0.

1 1
 𝑦 ′′ = − 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 ln 𝑥 2 = 0
1 1
 + 𝑥 (ln 𝑥)2 = 0
𝑥 2 ln 𝑥
 (𝑥 + ln 𝑥) = 0
Hence, 𝑥 ≑ 0.567
But since that point lies outside the domain, there are no inflection points for this
curve.

15e
16
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40 4000
log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥 0.347 0.322 0.230 0.150 0.092 0.002
log𝑒 𝑥
Based on this trend, lim = 0.
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
𝑥 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 5 10 20 40 4000
𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥 −0.347 −0.322 −0.230 −0.150 −0.092 −0.002
Based on this trend, lim+ 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0.

𝑥→0

1
17 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥
To show that this is a constant function, its derivative must be 0. Hence we must
calculate 𝑦’.
1
𝑑(𝑥 ln 𝑥 )
 𝑦′ = 𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑑(ln 𝑥× )
 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 × ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
′ 𝑑(1)
 𝑦 =𝑥 ln 𝑥 × =0
𝑑𝑥
Hence, it is a constant function.

Its value is 𝑒 and the domain is 𝑥 > 0.
18a 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
Taking log of both sides and differentiating, we get:
 𝑑(log 𝑦) = 𝑑(𝑥 log 𝑥)
1
 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 1 + log 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
 = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
As the value of 𝑥 comes near 0, the value of the curve tends to 1.

18b Stationary points occur when 𝑦 ′ = 0

 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + log 𝑥) = 0
 log 𝑥 = −1
1
 𝑥=𝑒
1
1
Hence, stationary point is at (𝑒 , 𝑒 −𝑒 )
𝑦′ = 1
 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + log 𝑥) = 1
 𝑥=1
Hence, the gradient of 1 occurs at 𝑥 = 1.
1
18c Domain is 𝑥 > 0 and range is 𝑦 ≥ 𝑒 −𝑒

1
19a lim 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→0+
1
 lim 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→0+
𝑙𝑛𝑥
 lim 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥→0+
𝑙𝑛𝑥
lim
 𝑒 𝑥→0+ 𝑥
∞
 𝑒 −0+
 𝑒 −∞ = 0
1
As we change the limit to 𝑥 → 0 +, the function 𝑥 𝑥 → 0
1
Now, we calculate lim 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→∞
1
 lim 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→∞
𝑙𝑛𝑥
lim
 𝑒 𝑥→∞ 𝑥
1
lim
 𝑒 𝑥→∞𝑥
 𝑒0 = 1
19b To find the turning point, we have to equate 𝑦 ′ = 0.

1
𝑑 (𝑥 𝑥 )
𝑦′ =
𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑑(ln 𝑥× )
𝑦′ = 𝑥𝑥 × 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥
Hence,
1 [𝑣𝑢′ − 𝑢𝑣 ′ ]
𝑦′ = 𝑥𝑥 ×
𝑣2
1
𝑥 𝑥 (1 − ln 𝑥)
=
𝑥2
Hence, the stationary point is at 𝑦 ′ = 0.

1
𝑥 𝑥 (1−ln 𝑥)
=0
𝑥2
1 − ln 𝑥 = 0
ln 𝑥 = 1
𝑥 = 𝑒1
𝑥=𝑒
1
19c As we had calculated the 𝑦1 ′ for 𝑦1 = 𝑥 𝑥 in question 18a and 𝑦2 ′ for 𝑦2 = 𝑥 𝑥 in
question 19b, we have to show that they have a common tangent at 𝑦1 ′ for 𝑥 = 1
This means that 𝑦1′ = 𝑦2 ′
1
𝑥 (1 𝑥 𝑥 (1−ln 𝑥)
𝑥 + ln 𝑥) = 𝑥2
1
𝑥 (1 2
𝑥 −𝑥
𝑥 + ln 𝑥) × 𝑥 × =1
(1 − ln 𝑥)
The solution of the above equation is 𝑥 = 1.
19d The sketch is as follows:

1a
2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1
= 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
1b
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥
1
= log |𝑥| + 𝐶
3 𝑒
1c
4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥
4 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
5 𝑥
4
= log |𝑥| + 𝐶
5 𝑒
1d
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
3 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
3
= log |𝑥| + 𝐶
2 𝑒

2a
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 + 1
1
= log |4𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
4 𝑒
2b
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 − 3
1
= log |5𝑥 − 3| + 𝐶
5 𝑒
2c
6
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 + 2
6
= log |3𝑥 + 2| + 𝐶
3 𝑒
= 2 log 𝑒 |3𝑥 + 2| + 𝐶
2d
15
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 + 1
15
= log 𝑒 |5𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
5
= 3 log 𝑒 |5𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
2e
4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 + 3
4
= log |4𝑥 + 3| + 𝐶
4 𝑒
= log 𝑒 |4𝑥 + 3| + 𝐶

2f
𝑑𝑥
∫
3−𝑥
1
= log |3 − 𝑥| + 𝐶
−1 𝑒
= − log 𝑒 |3 − 𝑥| + 𝐶
2g
𝑑𝑥
∫
7 − 2𝑥
1
= log |7 − 2𝑥| + 𝐶
−2 𝑒
1
= − log 𝑒 |7 − 2𝑥| + 𝐶
2
2h
4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 − 1
4
= log |5𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
5 𝑒
2i
12
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 − 3𝑥
12
= log |1 − 3𝑥| + 𝐶
−3 𝑒
= −4 log 𝑒 |1 − 3𝑥| + 𝐶
3a
5
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [log e |𝑥|]15
= log e 5 − log e 1

= log e 5
3b
3
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [log e |𝑥|]13
= log e 3
3c
−2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
−8 𝑥
= [log e |𝑥|]−2
−8
= log e |−2| − log e |−8|

2
= log e
8
1
= log e
4
= − log e 4
= − log e 22
= −2 log e 2
3d
9
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [log e |𝑥|]9−3
−3 𝑥
This definite integral is meaningless, as it passes over an asymptote at 𝑥 = 0,

1
over which the function 𝑥 is undefined.

3e
4
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝑥
4
1
= [ log e |2𝑥|]
2 1
1 1
2 2
1
= (log e 4)
2
1
= log e 42
= log e 2
3f
−5
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
−15 5𝑥
−5
1
= [ log e |5𝑥|]
5 −15
1 1
= log e |−25| − log e |−75|
5 5
1
= (log e 25 − log e 75)
5
1 25
= (log e )
5 75
1 1
= log e
5 3
1
= log e 3−1
5
1
= − log e 3
5

4a
1
𝑑𝑥
∫
0 𝑥+1
= [log e |𝑥 + 1|]10
Check for asymptote.
𝑥+1=0
𝑥 = −1, outside of range of limits.
[log e |𝑥 + 1|]10
= log e |1 + 1| − log e |0 + 1|
= log e 2
≑ 0.6931
4c
−2
𝑑𝑥
∫
−5 2𝑥 + 3
−2
1
= [ log e |2𝑥 + 3|]
2 −5

2𝑥 + 3 = 0
3 1
𝑥 = − 2 = −1 2, outside of range of limits.
−2
1
[ log e |2𝑥 + 3|]
2 −5
1 1
= log e |2(−2) + 3| − log e |2(−5) + 3|
2 2
1
= (log e 1 − log e 7)
2
1 1
= log 𝑒
2 7
1
= log 7−1
2 𝑒

1
= − log 𝑒 7
2
≑ −0.9730
4d
2
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 5 − 2𝑥
2
3
= [− log e |5 − 2𝑥|]
2 1

5 − 2𝑥 = 0
5 1
𝑥 = 2 = 2 2, outside of range of limits.
2
3
[− log e |5 − 2𝑥|]
2 1
3 3
= − log e |5 − 2(2)| − (− log e |5 − 2(1)|)
2 2
3
= − (log e 1 − log e 3)
2
3
= log 3
2 𝑒
≑ 1.648
4e
1
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
−1 7 − 3𝑥
1
3
= [− log e |7 − 3𝑥|]
3 −1

7 − 3𝑥 = 0
7 1
𝑥 = 3 = 2 3, outside of range of limits.

1
3
[− log e |7 − 3𝑥|]
3 −1
= − log e |7 − 3(1)| − (− log e |7 − 3(−1)|)

= −(log e 4 − log e 10)
4
= − log 𝑒
10
5 −1
= − log 𝑒 ( )
2
5
= log 𝑒
2
≑ 0.9163
4f
11
5
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 2𝑥 − 11
11
5
= [ log e |2𝑥 − 11|]
2 0

2𝑥 − 11 = 0
11 1
𝑥= = 5 2, the integral is meaningless because it runs across an asymptote at
2
1
𝑥 = 52
5a
𝑒
𝑑𝑥
∫
1 𝑥
= [log e |𝑥|]1𝑒
= log e |𝑒| − log e |1|
= log 𝑒 𝑒
=1

5b
𝑒2
𝑑𝑥
∫
1 𝑥
2
= log e |𝑒 2 | − log e |1|
= 2 log 𝑒 𝑒
=2
5c
𝑒4
𝑑𝑥
∫
1 𝑥
4
= log e |𝑒 4 | − log e |1|
= 4 log 𝑒 𝑒
=4
5d
𝑒
𝑑𝑥
∫ = [log e |𝑥|]𝑒√𝑒
√𝑒 𝑥
1
= log e |𝑒| − log e |𝑒 2 |
1
= 1 log 𝑒 𝑒 − log 𝑒 𝑒
2
1
=
2
6a
𝑥+1 𝑥 1 1
= + =1+
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
The primitive of the function above is

1
∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥
6b
𝑥+3 𝑥 3 1 3
= + = +
5𝑥 5𝑥 5𝑥 5 5𝑥
1 3 𝑥 3
∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥 = + log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
5 5𝑥 5 5
6c
1 − 8𝑥 1 8𝑥 1 8
= − = −
9𝑥 9𝑥 9𝑥 9𝑥 9
1 8 1 8
∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑥| − 𝑥 + 𝐶
9𝑥 9 9 9
6d
3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3𝑥 2 2𝑥 2
2
= 2 − 2 = 3−
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2
∫ 3 − 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥
6e
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 4 2𝑥 2 𝑥 4 4
= + − = 2𝑥 + 1 −
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
4
∫ (2𝑥 + 1 − ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 4 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥

6f
𝑥4 − 𝑥 + 2 𝑥4 𝑥 2 2
1 2
= − + = 𝑥 − +
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2
1 2
2
𝑥3 2
∫ (𝑥 − + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = − log 𝑒 |𝑥| − + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑥
7a
𝑑 2
(𝑥 − 9) = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator.
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 9
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑥 2 − 9| + 𝐶
𝑥2 − 9
7b
𝑑
(3𝑥 2 + 𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
6𝑥 + 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |3𝑥 2 + 𝑥| + 𝐶
3𝑥 2 + 𝑥
7c
𝑑 2
(𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3) = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3

𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
2𝑥 + 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3| + 𝐶
𝑥2 +𝑥−3
7d
𝑑
(2 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 ) = 5 − 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
5 − 6𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |2 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 | + 𝐶
2 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
7e
𝑑 2
(𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 1) = 2𝑥 + 6 = 2(𝑥 + 3)
𝑑𝑥
1
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator, subjected to a factor of 2
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥+3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 6𝑥 − 1
1 2𝑥 + 6
= ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 1
1
= log |𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
2 𝑒

7f
𝑑
(12𝑥 − 3 − 2𝑥 2 ) = 12 − 4𝑥 = 4(3 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator, subjected to a factor of 4
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
3−𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
12𝑥 − 3 − 2𝑥 2
1 4(3 − 𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 12𝑥 − 3 − 2𝑥 2
1
= log |12𝑥 − 3 − 2𝑥 2 | + 𝐶
4 𝑒
7g
𝑑
(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |1 + 𝑒 𝑥 | + 𝐶
1+𝑒
It is unnecessary to use absolute sign here as 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 is always positive.
7h
𝑑
(1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator, subjected to a factor of −1
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)

𝑒 −𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
−𝑒 −𝑥
= −∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
= − log 𝑒 |1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 | + 𝐶
7i
𝑑 𝑥
(𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 | + 𝐶
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
The absolute value signs are not required because the answers to part g-i are
always positive, therefore are not affected by the absolute value signs.
8a
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |3𝑥 − 𝑘| + 𝐶
3𝑥 − 𝑘 3
8b
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑚𝑥 − 2| + 𝐶
𝑚𝑥 − 2 𝑚
8c
𝑝 𝑝
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞| + 𝐶 = log 𝑒 |𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞| + 𝐶
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑝

8d
𝐴 𝐴
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑠𝑥 − 𝑡| + 𝐶
𝑠𝑥 − 𝑡 𝑠
9a
2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 +
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
Since 𝑓(1) = 1,
1 + 2 log 𝑒 |1| + 𝐶 = 1
𝐶=0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥|
𝑓(2) = 2 + 2 log 𝑒 |2|
9b
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 +
3𝑥
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
3
Since 𝑓(1) = 2,
1
(1)2 + log 𝑒 |1| + 𝐶 = 2
3
𝐶=1
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 1
3
1 1
𝑓(2) = (2)2 + log 𝑒 |2| + 1 = 5 + log e 2
3 3

9c
5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3 +
2𝑥 − 1
5
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + log 𝑒 |2𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
2
Since 𝑓(1) = 0,
5
3(1) + log 𝑒 |2(1) − 1| + 𝐶 = 0
2
𝐶 = −3
5
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + log 𝑒 |2𝑥 − 1| − 3
2
5 5
𝑓(2) = 3(2) + log 𝑒 |2(2) − 1| − 3 = 3 + log 𝑒 3
2 2
9d
15
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 +
3𝑥 + 2
15
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + log 𝑒 |3𝑥 + 2| + 𝐶
3
Since 𝑓(1) = 5 log 𝑒 5,
2(1)3 + 5 log 𝑒 |3(1) + 2| + 𝐶 = 5 log 𝑒 5
𝐶 = −2
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 5 log 𝑒 |3𝑥 + 2| − 2
𝑓(2) = 2(2)3 + 5 log 𝑒 |3(2) + 2| − 2 = 14 + 5 log 𝑒 8
10a
𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥2 𝑥 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = = + + =𝑥+1+
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑥2
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑥 + log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥 2
(1)2 1
𝑓(1) = + (1) + log 𝑒 (1) + 𝐶 = 1
2 2

1 1
𝐶 =1 −1− =0
2 2
𝑥2
𝑓(𝑥) = + 𝑥 + log 𝑒 |𝑥|
2
10b
′ (𝑥)
2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 4
𝑔 =
𝑥2
2𝑥 3 3𝑥 4
= − 2− 2
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥
3 4
= 2𝑥 − −
𝑥 𝑥2
3 4
𝑔(𝑥) = ∫ (2𝑥 − − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2
4
= 𝑥 2 − 3 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + +𝐶
𝑥
4
𝑔(2) = (2)2 − 3 log 𝑒 |2| + + 𝐶 = −3 log 𝑒 2
2
𝐶 = −2 − 4 = −6
4
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + −6
𝑥
1
11a 𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥
1
𝑦 = log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
4
Since 𝑥 = 𝑒 2 , 𝑦 = 1
1
1 = log 𝑒 𝑒 2 + 𝐶
4
1 1
𝐶 = 1 − (2) log 𝑒 𝑒 =
4 2
1 1
𝑦 = log 𝑒 |𝑥| +
4 2
When 𝑦 = 0,

1 1
log 𝑒 |𝑥| + = 0
4 2
1 1
log 𝑒 |𝑥| = −
4 2
log 𝑒 |𝑥| = −2
|𝑥| = 𝑒 −2
The curve meets the 𝑥-axis on the right-hand side of the origin at 𝑥 = 𝑒 −2
2
11b 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥+1
𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
1 = 2 log 𝑒 (0 + 1) + 𝐶
𝐶 = 1 − 2 log 𝑒 1 = 1
𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥 + 1| + 1
2𝑥+5
11c 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 2 +5𝑥+4
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4
𝑢′ = 2𝑥 + 5
The numerator for 𝑦′ is the derivative of its denominator.
𝑢′
𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
𝑦 = log 𝑒 |𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4| + 𝐶
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
1 = log 𝑒 |(1)2 + 5(1) + 4| + 𝐶
𝐶 = 1 − log 𝑒 10
𝑦 = log 𝑒 |𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4| + 1 − log 𝑒 10
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4
= log 𝑒 | |+1
10
𝑦(0)

(0)2 + 5(0) + 4
= log 𝑒 | |+1
10
4
= log 𝑒 +1
10
2
or log 𝑒 5 + 1
(2+𝑥) 2
11d 𝑦′ = =𝑥+1
𝑥
𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝑥 + 𝐶
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
1 = 2 log 𝑒 |1| + 1 + 𝐶
𝐶=0
𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 2,
𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 |2| + 2 = log 𝑒 4 + 2
1
11e 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − + 𝐶1
𝑥
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓′(𝑥) = 0
1
0 = − + 𝐶1
1
𝐶1 = 1
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − + 1
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = − log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝑥 + 𝐶2
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
3 = − log 𝑒 1 + 1 + 𝐶2
𝐶2 = 2
𝑓(𝑥) = − log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝑥 + 2
𝑓(𝑒) = − log 𝑒 𝑒 + 𝑒 + 2 = −1 + 𝑒 + 2 = 𝑒 + 1

12a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 5
𝑢′ = 3𝑥 2
𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
3𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑥 3 − 5| + 𝐶
𝑥3 − 5
12b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 − 5
𝑢′ = 4𝑥 3 + 1
𝑢′
𝑢
4𝑥 3 + 1
∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑥 4 + 𝑥 − 5| + 𝐶
𝑥 +𝑥−5
12c Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2
𝑢′ = 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥
𝑢′
𝑢
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
∫ 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − 6𝑥 2
1 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2
1
= log |𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 | + 𝐶
4 𝑒
12d Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 8
𝑢′ = 20𝑥 3 − 14𝑥
𝑢′
𝑢
10𝑥 3 − 7𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 8

1 20𝑥 3 − 14𝑥
= ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥
2 5𝑥 − 7𝑥 2 + 8
1
= log |5𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 8| + 𝐶
2 𝑒
12e Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥
𝑢′ = 3𝑥 2 − 1
𝑢′
𝑢
3
3𝑥 2 − 1
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 −𝑥
= [log 𝑒 |𝑥 3 − 𝑥|]32
= log 𝑒 |33 − 3| − log 𝑒 |23 − 2|
= log 𝑒 |24| − log 𝑒 |6|
= log 𝑒 4
= 2 log 𝑒 2
12f Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
𝑢′ = 2𝑥 + 2
𝑢′
𝑢
2𝑒
2𝑥 + 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
= [log 𝑒 |𝑥 2 + 2𝑥|]2𝑒
𝑒
= log 𝑒 |4𝑒 2 + 4𝑒| − log 𝑒 |𝑒 2 + 2𝑒|

4𝑒 2 + 4𝑒
= log 𝑒 ( 2 )
𝑒 + 2𝑒
4(𝑒 + 1)
= log 𝑒
𝑒+2

13a i y  x log e x  x
d
Applying the product rule on  x log e x  :
dx
1
x
d
 uv   vu  uv
dx
1
  log e x 1   x   
 x
 log e x  1
d
y  log e x  1   x
dx
 log e x  1  1
 log e x
d
13a ii From part (i),  x log e x  x   log e x .
dx
 log e x dx  x log e x  x  C for some constant C

e
 log x dx   x log e x  x 
e
e e
e
 1

 e  e   e  log e e 2  e 
 
e
 e
2
e

2
e
e
So  log e x dx 
2
.
e

13b i y  2 x 2 loge x  x 2

d
dx
 2 x2 loge x  :
Let u  2 x 2 and v  log e x .
1
Then u  4 x and v  .
x
d
 uv   vu  uv
dx
1
  log e x  4 x    2 x 2   
x
 4 x log e x  2 x
y  4 x log e x  2 x 
d 2
dx
x 
 4 x log e x  2 x  2 x
 4 x log e x
So y  4 x log e x .
13b ii From part (i),

d
dx
 2 x 2 log e x  x 2   4 x log e x .
4 x log e x dx   2 x 2 log e x  x 2 
1 1
4  4
1 2 1
So  x log e x dx 
2
x log e x  x 2 + 𝐶
4
2
1 2 1 2
2
e x log e x dx   2 x log e x  4 x  e
1 1 
  2 log e 2  1   e 2  e 2 
2 4 
1
 2 log e 2  1  e 2
4
2
e2
So  x loge x dx  2 loge 2  1 
e
4
.

Let y   log e x  .
2
13c
Let u  log e x and so y  u 2 .
du 1 dy
Hence  and  2u .
dx x du
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
2
 log e x
x
dy 2 log e x
So  .
dx x
e
1 2
e
1 2 log x
2  x e dx   2  log e x   e
e
2
1 1 1
   
2 2 2
1 1
 
2 8
3

8
e
log e x 3
So  x
dx  .
8
e
13d Let y  ln  ln x  .

Let u  ln x and so y  ln u .
du 1 dy 1
Hence  and  .
dx x du u
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
1

x ln x

dy 1
So  .
dx x ln x
From above,
d
dx
 ln  ln x   
1
x ln x
.

1
 x ln x dx  ln  ln x   C for some constant C
a
1
14a Given  x dx  5 and a  0 .
1
a
1
1 x  1
a
dx   ln x 
 ln a
ln a  5  a  e5
So a  e5 .
e
1
14b  x dx  5 and a  0
a
e
1
 x dx  ln x 
e
a
a
 1  ln a
1  ln a  5
ln a  4
a  e4
So a  e 4 .

1
1
14c  x dx  2 and a  0
a
1
1 1
 x dx  ln x 
a
a
  ln a
 ln a  2
ln a  2
a  e2
a  e2
So a  e2 as a  0 .
a
1
14d  x dx  2 and a  0
e
a
1
 x dx  ln x 
a
e
e
 ln a  ln e
 ln a  1
ln a  1  2
ln a  1
a  e 1
a   e 1
So a  e1 as a  0 .
𝑒𝑥
15a We have to find ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 +1 𝑑𝑥
If we observe the numeration and denominator of the above integral, we can say
𝑢′
that the integral is of the form ∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
Hence, the value of the integral will be log |𝑒 𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶

15b
2
 1   2 2 1 
e e
1  x  x 2  dx  1  x  x  x 4  dx
e
 2 2 1  1 3 1 
e
1  x  x  x 4  dx   3 x  2 ln x  3x3 1
1 1  1 1
  e3  2  e 3     0  
3 3  3 3
1 1
 e3  2  e 3
3 3
2
 1
e
So   x   dx   e3  e 3   2 .
1
1
x 3
15c 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥+log𝑒 𝑥
LHS = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑒 log𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥+log𝑒 𝑥
= RHS
Hence, ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥+log𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
= (𝑥 − 1)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
16 The key to all this is that log e 5 x  log e 5  log e x and so log e x and log e 5 x
differ only by a constant log e 5 .
1
Thus C2  C1  log e 5 .
5
As C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants, it does not matter at all.
In particular, in a definite integral, adding a constant does not change the answer
because it cancels out when we take F  b   F  a  .

1
17 𝑦′ = 𝑥
∫ 𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
Since 𝑥 ≠ 0, we have two cases where 𝑥 < 0 and 𝑥 > 0
When 𝑥 > 0,
Let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1,
1 = log 𝑒 1 + 𝐶
1= 0+𝐶
𝐶=1
When 𝑥 < 0,
Let 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 2,
Since log 𝑒 𝑥 cannot have negative values, let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (−𝑥) + 𝐶
2 = log 𝑒 1 + 𝐶
2= 0+𝐶
𝐶=2
Hence,
log 𝑒 (−𝑥) + 2 , for 𝑥 < 0,
𝑦={
log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1, for 𝑥 > 0
18a The sum of the sequence on the LHS is a geometric progression with first term = 1
and the total number of terms as 2𝑛 + 1. The geometric ratio is −𝑡
Hence, the sum is:
(1−(−𝑡 2𝑛+1 ))
 1× 1+𝑡
(1+(𝑡 2𝑛+1 )) 1 𝑡 2𝑛+1
 = 1+𝑡 + = RHS
1+𝑡 1+𝑡

18b Integrating both the sides of the equation in question 18a, we get:
𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑡 2𝑛+1
 ∫0 (1 − 𝑡 + 𝑡 2 − ⋯ . . +𝑡 2𝑛 )𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 𝑑𝑡 + ∫0 𝑑𝑡
1+𝑡 1+𝑡
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥 2𝑛+1
 (𝑥 − 0) − ( 2 − 0) + ( 3 − 0) − ⋯ . . + ( 2𝑛+1 − 0) = (log |1 + 𝑥 |− log 1) +
𝑥 𝑡 2𝑛+1
∫0 𝑑𝑡
1+𝑡
As 𝑥 > −1, 1 + 𝑥 > 0. Hence, the absolute sign is unnecessary.

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥 2𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑡 2𝑛+1
 log(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 − + − ⋯ . + 2𝑛+1 − ∫0 𝑑𝑡
2 3 1+𝑡
18c It is given that 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1. Hence, 1 ≤ 1 + 𝑡 ≤ 2

𝑡 2𝑛+1
Therefore, ≤ 𝑡 2𝑛+1 as the denominator is more than 1
1+𝑡
As the above inequality holds true, we integrate both the sides.

𝑥 𝑡 2𝑛+1 𝑥
 ∫0 𝑑𝑡 ≤ ∫0 𝑡 2𝑛+1 𝑑𝑡
1+𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 2𝑛+1 𝑥 2𝑛+2
 ∫0 𝑑𝑡 ≤
1+𝑡 2𝑛+2
As 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 and 𝑛 → ∞, the RHS of the inequality tends to 0

𝑥 𝑡 2𝑛+1
Hence, ∫0 𝑑𝑡 ≤ 0
1+𝑡
But, the LHS integral can never be negative as 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 ≥ 0

𝑥 𝑡 2𝑛+1
Hence, ∫0 𝑑𝑡 converges to 0
1+𝑡
Now, lets consider the equation we had got in 18b,

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥 2𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑡 2𝑛+1
 log(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 − + − ⋯ . + 2𝑛+1 − ∫0 𝑑𝑡
2 3 1+𝑡
As the last term converges to 0 as n tends to infinity, we can say that,

𝑥2 𝑥3
 log(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 − + − ⋯.
2 3
1 3
18d i Substituting 𝑥 = 2 in the equation, we get log 2 ≑ 0.41.
1 1 1
18d ii log 𝑒 2 = 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ …

18e The series will be:

(−𝑥)2 (−𝑥)3 (−𝑥)4 𝑥2 𝑥3
 log(1 − 𝑥) = (−𝑥) − + − + ⋯ … . = −(𝑥 + + + ⋯..)
2 3 4 2 3
1
Hence, log 𝑒 2 ≑ −0.69
1+𝑥
18f LHS = log 1−𝑥 = log(1 + 𝑥) − log(1 − 𝑥)
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥3
LHS = [𝑥 − + − + ⋯ . . ] − [−(𝑥 + + + ⋯ . . )]
2 3 4 2 3
𝑥3 𝑥5
LHS = 2 [𝑥 + + + ⋯ … ] = RHS
3 5
1
Putting 𝑥 = 2, we get log 𝑒 3 ≑ 1.0986

1a
𝑒
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]1𝑒
= ln 𝑒 − ln 1
= 1−0
= 1 square unit
1b
Based on the diagram above, the 100 square mark occurs at approximately 2.7.
2i
5
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]15

= ln 5 − ln 1
= ln 5 square units
≑ 1.609 square units
2ii The area between the curve is calculated as the definite integral.
𝑒2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥
2
= [ln|𝑥|]𝑒𝑒
= ln 𝑒 2 − ln 𝑒
= 2−1
= 1 square unit
2iii
8
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]82
= ln 8 − ln 2
= ln 4
= 2 ln 2 square units
3a
3
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]32
= (ln 3 − ln 2) square units

3b
2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
2
= [ln|𝑥|]21
2
1
= ln 2 − ln
2
= ln 2 − (− ln 2)
4a
1
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 3𝑥 + 2
1
1
= [ ln|3𝑥 + 2|]
3 0
1 1
= ln|3(1) + 2| − ln|3(0) + 2|
3 3
1
= 3 (ln 5 − ln 2) square units
4b
𝑒 3 +1
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥−1
3 +1
= [3 ln|𝑥 − 1|]𝑒2
= 3 ln|(𝑒 3 + 1) − 1| − 3 ln|(2) − 1|
= 3(ln 𝑒 3 − ln 1)
= 9 ln 𝑒
= 9 square units

4c
2
1
∫ + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
2
2
𝑥2
= [ln|𝑥| + ]
2 1
2
1 2
2 2
1 (2)
= (ln|2| + ) − (ln | | + )
2 2 2
1
= ln 2 + 2 + ln 2 −
8
15
= (2 ln 2 + ) square units
8
4d
3
1
∫ + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
3
𝑥3
= [ln|𝑥| + ]
3 1
33 13
= (ln|3| + ) − (ln|1| + )
3 3
27 1
= ln 3 + −
3 3
2
= (ln 3 + 8 3) square units
5a
3
3
∫ 3 − 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [3𝑥 − 3 ln|𝑥|]13
= (3(3) − 3 ln|3|) − (3(1) − 3 ln|1|)
= 9 − 3 ln 3 − 3 + 0
= (6 − 3 ln 3) square units

5b
3
1
∫ 2 − 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [2𝑥 − ln|𝑥|]13
= (2(3) − ln|3|) − (2(1) − ln|1|)
= 6 − ln 3 − 2 + 0
= (4 − ln 3) square units
6a
4 4
2 1
∫ (2 − ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 1 2
4
2 𝑥 1
= ∫ (2 − − + ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 2 2
4
5 2 𝑥
= ∫ ( − − ) 𝑑𝑥
1 2 𝑥 2
4
5𝑥 𝑥2
= [ − 2 ln|𝑥| − ]
2 4 1
5(4) (4)2 5(1) (1)2

=( − 2 ln|4| − )−( − 2 ln|1| − )
2 4 2 4
5 1
= 10 − 2 ln 4 − 4 − +0+
2 4
15
= ( 4 − 2 ln 4) square units
6b
5−𝑥
Rearrange 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5 = 0 to become 𝑦 = 2
4 4
5−𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 2 1 𝑥
4
5 𝑥 2
= ∫ ( − − ) 𝑑𝑥
1 2 2 𝑥

4
5𝑥 𝑥 2
= [ − − 2 ln|𝑥|]
2 4 1
5(4) (4)2 5(1) (1)2

=( − − 2 ln|4|) − ( − − 2 ln|1|)
2 4 2 4
5 1
= 10 − 4 − 2 ln 4 − + +0
2 4
15
= ( 4 − 2 ln 4) square units
7a
2
2
∫ (2 − (2 − )) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
2
2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [2 ln|𝑥|]12
= (2 ln|2|) − (2 ln|1|)
7b
0
1
∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑥+2
= [𝑥 − ln|𝑥 + 2|]0−1
= (0 − ln|0 + 2|) − ((−1) − ln|(−1) + 2|)
= 0 − ln 2 + 1 + ln 1
8a
4
1
∫ (0 − (− )) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]14
= (ln|4|) − (ln|1|)

= ln 4 − ln 1
= ln 4 square units
8b
3
3
∫ (0 − ( − 3)) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [3𝑥 − 3 ln|𝑥|]13
= (3(3) − 3 ln|3|) − (3(1) − 3 ln|1|)
= 9 − 3 ln 3 − 3 − 3 ln 1
9a
1 2
1 1
∫ ( − 1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (0 − ( − 1)) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑥
1
2
= [ln|𝑥| − 𝑥]11 + [𝑥 − ln|𝑥|]12

2
1 1
= [(ln|1| − 1) − (ln | | − )] + [(2 − ln|2|) − (1 − ln|1|)]
2 2
1 1
= 0 − 1 − ln + + 2 − ln 2 − 1 + ln 1
2 2
1
= 0 − 1 + + 2 − 1 + ln 2 − ln 2 + ln 1
2
1
= 2 square units
9b
2 3
2 2
∫ 0 − 1 + 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 − 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 2 𝑥
= [2 ln|𝑥| − 𝑥]12 + [𝑥 − 2 ln|𝑥|]32

= [(2 ln|2| − 2) − (2 ln|1| − 1)] + [(3 − 2 ln|3|) − (2 − 2 ln|2|)]
= 2 ln 2 − 2 − 2 ln 1 + 1 + 3 − 2 ln 3 − 2 + 2 ln 2
= 1 − 2 + 3 − 2 + 2 ln 2 − 2 ln 1 − 2 ln 3 + 2 ln 2

= 2 ln 4 − 2 ln 3
4
10a
10b
8
4
∫ 1 − 𝑑𝑥
4 𝑥
= [𝑥 − 4 ln|𝑥|]84
= (8 − 4 ln|8|) − (4 − 4 ln|4|)
= 4 − 4 × 3 ln 2 + 4 × 2 ln 2
= 4 − 12 ln 2 + 8 ln 2
= 4 − 4 ln 2
= 4(1 − ln 2) square units
11a First, solve the equations simultaneously to determine the intersection point.
1
𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4 − 3𝑥
1
= 4 − 3𝑥
𝑥

1 = 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0
(3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
1
𝑥= ,𝑥 = 1
3
1 1
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 1 =3
3
1
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = = 1
1
1
The intersection points are (3 , 3) , (1,1)
11b Given that there are only two intersection points, we only need to determine
1
which curve lies above the other, pick a value of 𝑥ϵ (3 , 1) between the points of
intersection.
2 1
Try 𝑥 = 3, let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 4 − 3𝑥
2 3 2 2
𝑓( ) = ,𝑔( ) = 4 − 3( ) = 2
3 2 3 3
2 2
As 𝑔 (3) > 𝑓 (3) the line 𝑔(𝑥) lies above 𝑓(𝑥)
The integral required to determine the area between the curves is

1
1
∫ 4 − 3𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
3
1
3
= [4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − ln|𝑥|]1
2
3
3 2
1 3 1 2 1
= (4(1) − (1) − ln|1|) − (4 ( ) − ( ) − ln | |)
2 3 2 3 3
3 4 1 1
= 4− − 0 − + + ln
2 3 6 3
4

12a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑢′ = 2𝑥
𝑢′
Given the standard form ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln |𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
2
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥2 +1
1 2 2𝑥
= ∫ 2
2 0 𝑥 +1
2
1 2
= [ ln|𝑥 + 1|]
2 0
1 1
= ( ln|(2)2 + 1|) − ( ln|(0)2 + 1|)
2 2
1 1
= ln 5 − ln 1
2 2
1
12b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
𝑢′ = 2𝑥 + 2
𝑢′
Given the standard form ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln |𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
1
𝑥+1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 3
1 1 2𝑥 + 2
= ∫
2 0 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
1
1 2
= [ ln|𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3|]
2 0
1 1
= ( ln|(1)2 + 2(1) + 3|) − ( ln|(0)2 + 2(0) + 3|)
2 2
1 1
= ln 6 − ln 3
2 2
1

13a
13b The appropriate integral is a sum of integrals from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1 and from 𝑥 = 1

to 𝑥 = 𝑒.
1 𝑒
1
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 𝑥
1
𝑥2
= [ ] + [ln|𝑥|]1𝑒
2 0
12 02
= ( − ) + (ln|𝑒| − ln|1|)
2 2
1
= +1
2
1
= 1 2 square units
14a Four subintervals require 5 function values between 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5

𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = ln 1 = 0
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = ln 2
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = ln 3
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = ln 4 = 2 ln 2
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = ln 5
Dimensions of trapezoid 1:
𝑎1 = 𝑦(1) = 0

𝑏1 = 𝑦(2) = ln 2
ℎ1 = 2 − 1 = 1
1 1 1
Area of trapezoid 1, 𝐴1 = 2 (𝑎1 + 𝑏1 )(ℎ1 ) = 2 (0 + ln 2)(1) = 2 ln 2
𝑎2 = 𝑦(2) = ln 2
𝑏2 = 𝑦(3) = ln 3
ℎ2 = 3 − 2 = 1
1 1 1
Area of trapezoid 1, 𝐴2 = 2 (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )(ℎ2 ) = 2 (ln 2 + ln 3)(1) = 2 ln 6
𝑎3 = 𝑦(3) = ln 3
𝑏3 = 𝑦(4) = ln 4
ℎ3 = 4 − 3 = 1
1 1 1
𝑎4 = 𝑦(4) = ln 4
𝑏4 = 𝑦(5) = ln 5
ℎ4 = 5 − 4 = 1
1 1 1
Total area of trapezoids, 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 + 𝐴4

1 1 1 1
= ln 2 + ln 6 + ln 12 + ln 20
2 2 2 2
1
= (ln(2 × 6 × 12 × 20))
2
1
= ln 2880
2

14b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1
= ln 𝑥 + 1
5 5
∫1 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 ln 𝑥 + 1 − 1 𝑑𝑥
5 5
= ∫1 ln 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫1 1 𝑑𝑥
= [𝑥 log e 𝑥 − 𝑥]15
= 5 log 𝑒 5 − 5 − (0 − 1)
= 5 log 𝑒 5 − 4
14c The estimate is less. The curve is concave down, so the chords are below the curve.
15a 4𝑥 = 2(2𝑥 + 1) − 2
LHS = 4𝑥 + 2 − 2
= 2(2𝑥) + 2 − 2
= 2(2𝑥 + 1) − 2
= RHS
4𝑥
15b 𝑦 = 2𝑥+1
1 4𝑥 1 2(2𝑥+1)−2
∫0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥+1 2𝑥+1
1 2(2𝑥+1) 2
=∫0 − 2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥+1
1 2
= ∫0 2 − 2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
2 1
= [2𝑥 − 2 log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 1)]
0

= [2𝑥 − log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 1)]10

= 2 − log 𝑒 3 − (0 − 0)
= 2 − log 𝑒 3 u2
6
16a = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 11
𝑥
6 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥
𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 6 = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6) = 0
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
16b
2 6 36
16c Area = ∫1 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 11 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 − 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 11 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1 2 1 3
= [3 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 6 log 𝑒 𝑥] + [6 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 11𝑥]
1 2
8 1 27
= 3 − 3(4) + 11(2) − 6 log 𝑒 2 − (3 − 3 + 11 − 0) + 6 log 𝑒 3 − + 3(9)
3
8
−11(3) − (6 log 𝑒 2 − + 3(4) − 11(2))
3
= 2 − 6 log 𝑒 2 + 6 log 𝑒 3 + 6 log 𝑒 2

4
= (2 − 6 log 𝑒 3) square units

1
17a The upper rectangle will have a height of 2𝑛 and the lower rectangle will have a
1
height of 2𝑛+1 . The width of both the rectangles will be 2𝑛+1 − 2𝑛
Hence, the actual area will lie between the area of the lower rectangle and the
upper rectangle.
2 𝑛+1
2𝑛+1 − 2𝑛 1 2𝑛+1 − 2𝑛
< ∫ 𝑑𝑥 <
2𝑛+1 2𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛
2 𝑛+1
1 1
<∫ 𝑑𝑥 < 1
2 2𝑛 𝑥
2𝑛 1
17b ∫1 𝑑𝑥 = ln 2𝑛 − ln 1 = 𝑛 ln 2
𝑥
Therefore, the integral will tend to ∞ as 𝑛 → ∞
18a Consider the curves y  6e  x and y  e x  1 .
The x - coordinate of the intersection point of these two curves satisfies the
equation e x  1  6e x .
Multiplying both sides by e x we obtain e2 x  e x  6 .
 
2
Let u  e x and given that e2x  e x :
e x 2
 ex  6  0
So u 2  u  6  0 .
18b u2  u  6  0
 u  3 u  2   0
u  2,3
So e x  2 or e x  3 .
log e  2  does not exist
Hence x  ln 3 .
Substituting x  ln 3 into y  e x  1 we obtain y  2 .

18c
−1
ln 3
18d The area of the shaded region is given Area    top curve  bottom curve  dx .
0
  6e 
ln 3
  e x  1 dx   6e  x  e x  x 
x ln 3
0
0
  2  3  ln 3   6  1  0 
 2  ln 3
So the area of the shaded region is  2  ln 3 square units.
1
1 
19a The required area is given by   x  1 dx .
e
1
1  1
  x  1 dx  ln x  x 
e
e
  0  1  1  e 
e2
So the required area is  e  2  square units.
19b In this region the sign of 𝑦 is negative so

−𝑒 −1 1
the required area is given by − ∫−1 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥.
−𝑒 −1 1
∫−1 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥

−1
= [ln|𝑥| + 𝑥]−𝑒
−1
= (ln 𝑒 −1 − 𝑒 −1 ) − (ln 1 − 1)
= −1 − 𝑒 −1 − 0 + 1
= −𝑒 −1
So the required area is e 1 square units.
19c The required area is given by  e  2  + e 1 or  e  2  e1  square units.
1
20 ∫ 𝑥+√𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
Let 𝑢 = √𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑑𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
√𝑥
1 2𝑢
Hence, ∫ 𝑥+ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢2 +𝑢 𝑑𝑢
√𝑥
1
= 2 ∫ 𝑢+1 𝑑𝑢
= 2 log 𝑒 (𝑢 + 1) + 𝐶
= 2 log 𝑒 (√𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
21a The derivatives of both the equations have been solved below:
𝑑(log(𝑥+√𝑥 2 +𝑎2 )) 1 𝑑((𝑥+√𝑥 2 +𝑎2 ))
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+√𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑(log(𝑥+√𝑥 2 +𝑎2 )) 1 2𝑥
= × [1 + ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+√𝑥 2 +𝑎2 2√𝑥 2 +𝑎2
𝑑(log(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )) 1
=
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2
Now we calculate the other derivative:
𝑑(log(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 )) 1 𝑑((𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ))
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑(log(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 )) 1 2𝑥
= × [1 + ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 2√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
𝑑(log(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 )) 1
=
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
21b i Substituting the value of 𝑎 = 1 in the equation above, we take the definite
integral of the derivative obtained in 21a to find the value:
1
1
∫ = log(1 + √1 + 1) − log 1 = log(1 + √2)
0 √1 + 𝑥 2
21b ii Substituting the value of 𝑎 = 4 in the equation in 21a, we take the definite
integral of the derivative obtained in 21a to find the value:
8
1
∫
4 √𝑥 2 − 16
= log(8 + √64 − 16) − log(4 + √16 − 16)
= log(2 + √3) + log 4 − log 4
= log(2 + √3)
1 1
22a The height of the upper rectangle is 𝑛 and the height of the lower rectangle is 𝑛+1.
The width of both the rectangles is 1 unit. Hence, the actual area obtained from
the integral of the function given will lie between the area of the lower and upper
rectangle. Hence,
𝑛+1
1 1 1
<∫ 𝑑𝑥 <
𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
22b Expanding the above inequality, we get:

1 1
< ln(𝑛 + 1) − ln 𝑛 <
𝑛+1 𝑛
1 (𝑛 + 1) 1
< ln <
𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛
Multiplying the inequality by ‘𝑛’, we get:

𝑛 1
< nln(1 + ) < 1
𝑛+1 𝑛
𝑛 1
< ln(1 + )𝑛 < 1
𝑛+1 𝑛
1 𝑛
22c lim (1 + 𝑛)
𝑛→∞
1 𝑛
ln(1+ )
= lim 𝑒 𝑛
𝑛→∞
1
= lim 𝑒 𝑛 ln(1+𝑛)
𝑛→∞
1
ln(1+ )
𝑛
1
= lim 𝑒 𝑛
𝑛→∞
Applying L’Hopital rule, we get:

1
lim ((− 2 )(−𝑛2 ))
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
1
 𝑒 1+
𝑛
lim (1)
𝑛→∞
1
 𝑒 1+
𝑛
 𝑒1 = 𝑒
𝑡 𝑛
22d lim (1 + 𝑛)
𝑛→∞
𝑡 𝑛
ln(1+ )
= lim 𝑒 𝑛
𝑛→∞
𝑡
= lim 𝑒 𝑛 ln(1+𝑛)
𝑛→∞
𝑡
ln(1+ )
𝑛
1
= lim 𝑒 𝑛
𝑛→∞
Applying L’Hopital rule, we get:

𝑡
lim ((− 2 )(−𝑛2 ))
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑡
1+
𝑒 𝑛
= 𝑒𝑡

23a i 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝑂 can be considered as the upper rectangle. The area of the curve will
always be greater than 0 as the graph lies above the x axis.
Hence, the inequality will go as:
√𝑥 1
0<∫ 𝑑𝑡 < area of 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝑂
1 𝑡
23a ii The width of ABCO is √𝑥 and height is 1.

Hence, expanding the inequality above, we get:
0 < ln √𝑥 < √𝑥
2
Multiplying the inequality by 𝑥, we get:
ln 𝑥 2
0< <
𝑥 √𝑥
Note that the sign of the inequality did not change as 𝑥 > 1.
ln 𝑥
23a iii L’Hopital rule can be directly used on lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
lim 1
𝑥→∞
=0
𝑥
1
ln
𝑢
23b lim 1 = lim (−𝑢 ln 𝑢)
𝑢→0+ 𝑢
𝑢→0+
L’Hopital rule can be applied directly. We get:

1
lim (− 𝑢) /
𝑢→0+
1
− 2
𝑢
lim 𝑢 = 0
𝑢→0+
23c We know that lim 𝑥 ln 𝑥 = 0. Substituting 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 , we get lim 𝑢𝑒 𝑢

𝑥→0+ 𝑢→−∞
We have to note that the limit changes from 𝑥 → 0 + to 𝑢 → −∞ to keep the

original limit valid.

Hence, lim 𝑢𝑒 𝑢 = 0
𝑢→−∞
ln 𝑥
23d We know that lim = 0. Substituting 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑢 , we get lim 𝑢𝑒 −𝑢 after simple
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑢→∞
transformation.
Hence, lim 𝑢𝑒 −𝑢 = 0
𝑢→∞

Solutions to Exercise 6K
1a
log 𝑒 3
log 2 3 = ≑ 1.58
log 𝑒 2
Since log 2 3 ≑ 1.58, 21.58 ≑ 2.99, which approximates to 3
1b
log 𝑒 10
log 2 10 = ≑ 3.32
log 𝑒 2
1c
log 𝑒 26
log 5 26 = ≑ 2.02
log 𝑒 5
1d
log 𝑒 0.0047
log 3 0.0047 = ≑ −4.88
log 𝑒 3
Since log 3 0.0047 ≑ −4.88, 3−4.88 ≑ 0.004 695, which approximates to 0.0047
2a
log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = log 2 𝑥 =
log 𝑒 2
1
Since log is a constant,
𝑒2
𝑑 1
𝑦′ = (log 𝑒 𝑥) ×
𝑑𝑥 log 𝑒 2
1 1
= ×
𝑥 log 𝑒 2

1
=
𝑥 log 𝑒 2
2b
log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = log10 𝑥 =
log 𝑒 10
1
𝑒 10
𝑑 1
𝑦′ = (log 𝑒 𝑥) ×
𝑑𝑥 log 𝑒 10
1 1
= ×
𝑥 log 𝑒 10
1
=
𝑥 log 𝑒 10
2c
3 log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = 3 log 5 𝑥 =
log 𝑒 5
3
𝑒5
𝑑 3
𝑦′ = (log 𝑒 𝑥) ×
𝑑𝑥 log 𝑒 5
1 3
= ×
𝑥 log 𝑒 5
3
=
𝑥 log 𝑒 5
𝑑 1
3a Standard form 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 log
𝑒𝑎
𝑦 = log 3 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 3

𝑑 1
3b Standard form 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 log
𝑒𝑎
𝑦 = log 7 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 7
𝑑 1
3c Standard form 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 log
𝑒𝑎
𝑦 = 5 log 6 𝑥
𝑑
𝑦′ = 5 log 6 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
5
=
𝑥 log 𝑒 6
4a 𝑦 = 3𝑥
𝑥
= (𝑒 log𝑒 3 )
= 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3
𝑑
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 (𝑥 log 𝑒 3) by the chain rule
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 log 𝑒 3
= 3𝑥 log 𝑒 3
4b 𝑦 = 4𝑥
𝑥
= (𝑒 log𝑒 4 )
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑥 log 𝑒 4

4c 𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑥
= (𝑒 log𝑒 2 )
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 log 𝑒 2
5a Standard form:
𝑑 𝑥
𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 10𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 10𝑥 log 𝑒 10
5b Standard form:
𝑑 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 8𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 8𝑥 log 𝑒 8
5c Standard form:
𝑑 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 3 × 5𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 3(5𝑥 log 𝑒 5)
6a
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
Integrate by substitution.
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 2 , 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 2 so 𝑑𝑢 = log 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 log 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
log 𝑒 2
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
log 𝑒 2
1
= × 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 2
𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 2
2𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 2
6b
𝑑𝑢
1
log 𝑒 6
1
log 𝑒 6
1
= × 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 6
𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 6
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 6
6𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 6

6c
𝑑𝑢
1
log 𝑒 7
1
log 𝑒 7
1
= × 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 7
𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 7
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 7
7𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 7
6d
𝑑𝑢
1
log 𝑒 3
1
log 𝑒 3
1
= × 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 3

𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 3
3𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 3
7a Standard form:
𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
log 𝑒 𝑎
1
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
2𝑥 1
=[ ]
log 𝑒 2 0
21 20
= −
log 𝑒 2 log 𝑒 2
2−1
=
log 𝑒 2
1
=
log 𝑒 2
≑ 1.443
7b Standard form:
𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
log 𝑒 𝑎
1
∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
3𝑥 1
=[ ]
log 𝑒 3 0
31 30
= −
3−1
=
log 𝑒 3

2
=
log 𝑒 3
≑ 1.820
7c Standard form:
𝑥
𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
log 𝑒 𝑎
1
∫ 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1
5𝑥 1
=[ ]
log 𝑒 5 −1
51 5−1
= −
1
5−
= 5
log 𝑒 5
24
= 5
log 𝑒 5
24
=
5 log 𝑒 5
≑ 2.982
7d Standard form:
𝑥
𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
log 𝑒 𝑎
2
∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
4𝑥 2
=[ ]
log 𝑒 4 0
42 40
= −

16 − 1
=
log 𝑒 4
15
=
log 𝑒 4
≑ 10.82
8a
1 1
𝑥 1 2 4
4 2
log 2 2−2 log 2 2−1
log 2 𝑥 log 2 1 = 0 log 2 2 = 1 log 2 22 = 2
= −2 = −1
log 𝑒 2−2 log 𝑒 2−1 log 𝑒 22
log 𝑒 2
log 𝑒 𝑥 = −2 log 𝑒 2 = −1 log 𝑒 2 log 𝑒 1 = 0 = 2 log 𝑒 2
= 0.69
= −1.39 = −0.69 = 1.39
1 1
log 4 4−2 log 4 42
log 4 4−1
1 1 log 4 4
log 4 𝑥 = − log 4 4 = − log 4 4 log 4 1 = 0 = log 4 4
2 2 =1
= −1 1 1
=− =
2 2
8b

9a 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 2
1
The tangent of the gradient to the curve at 𝑥 = 1 is 𝑦 ′ = log 2.
𝑒
1
9b Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = log
𝑒2
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = log 2 1 = 0
The tangent passes through the point (1, 0).
1
𝑓(1) = +𝑏 =0
log 𝑒 2
1
𝑏=−
log 𝑒 2
𝑥 1 1
Equation of tangent, 𝑓(𝑥) = log − log = log (𝑥 − 1)
𝑒2 𝑒2 𝑒2
9c i 𝑦 = log 3 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 3
1
𝑒
1
Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = log 3.
𝑒
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = log 3 1 = 0
1
𝑓(1) = +𝑏 =0
log 𝑒 3
1
𝑏=−
log 𝑒 3
𝑥 1 1
𝑒3 𝑒3 𝑒3

9c ii 𝑦 = log 5 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 5
1
𝑒
1
Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = log 5.
𝑒
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = log 5 1 = 0
1
𝑓(1) = +𝑏 =0
log 𝑒 5
1
𝑏=−
log 𝑒 5
𝑥 1 1
𝑒 5 𝑒 5 𝑒5
10a
3
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
2𝑥 3
=[ ]
log 𝑒 2 1
23 21
= −
8−2
=
log 𝑒 2
6
=
log 𝑒 2
≑ 8.6562

10b
1
∫ 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
−1
1
3𝑥
=[ + 𝑥]
log 𝑒 3 −1
31 3−1
=( + 1) − ( − 1)
1
3−3
= +2
log 𝑒 3
8
= +2
3 log 𝑒 3
≑ 4.4273
10c
2
∫ (10𝑥 − 10𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
10𝑥 2
=[ − 5𝑥 ]
log 𝑒 10 0
102 2
100
=( − 5(2) ) − ( − 5(0)2 )
100 − 1
= − 20
log 𝑒 10
99
= − 20
log 𝑒 10
≑ 22.9952
11a
log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = log10 𝑥 =
log 𝑒 10
1 𝑑
𝑦′ = log 𝑒 𝑥
log 𝑒 10 𝑑𝑥

1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 10
At (10, 1),
1
𝑦′ =
10 log 𝑒 10
1
11b Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 10 log
𝑒 10

10
𝑦= +𝑏 =1
10 log 𝑒 10
10 1
𝑏 = 1− =1−
10 log 𝑒 10 log 𝑒 10
𝑥 1
Equation of tangent, 𝑦 = 10 log + 1 − log
𝑒 10 𝑒 10
Rearranging gives:
𝑥 1
+1− −𝑦 =0
𝑥 − 10𝑦 log 𝑒 10 + 10 log 𝑒 10 − 10 = 0
11c The tangent has a gradient of 1 when 𝑦 ′ = 1

1
=1
𝑥 log 𝑒 10
1
𝑥=
log 𝑒 10
12a For 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥

1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 2
1
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = log 2 3 , 𝑦 ′ = 3 log
𝑒2
1
Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 3 log
𝑒2

3
log 2 3 = +𝑏
3 log 𝑒 2
1 log 𝑒 3 − 1
𝑏 = log 2 3 − =
Equation of tangent to 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 3 is
𝑥 log 𝑒 3 − 1
𝑦= +
1 𝑥
𝑦= ( + log 𝑒 3 − 1)
log 𝑒 2 3
For 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥
1
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = log 𝑒 3 , 𝑦 ′ = 3
1
Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 3
3
log 𝑒 3 = +𝑏
3
𝑏 = log 𝑒 3 − 1
Equation of tangent to 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 3 is
𝑥
𝑦= + log 𝑒 3 − 1
3
For 𝑦 = log 4 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 4
1
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = log 4 3 , 𝑦 ′ = 3 log
𝑒4
1
Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 3 log
𝑒4
3
log 4 3 = +𝑏
3 log 𝑒 4
1 log 𝑒 3 − 1
𝑏 = log 4 3 − =
Equation of tangent to 𝑦 = log 4 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 3 is

𝑥 log 𝑒 3 − 1
𝑦= +
1 𝑥
𝑦= ( + log 𝑒 3 − 1)
log 𝑒 4 3
12b Check when 𝑦 = 0 for each curve.

1 𝑥
For 𝑦 = log (3 + log 𝑒 3 − 1),
𝑒2
1 𝑥
0= ( + log 𝑒 3 − 1)
log 𝑒 2 3
𝑥 = 3 − 3 log 𝑒 3
𝑥
For 𝑦 = 3 + log 𝑒 3 − 1,
𝑥
0= + log 𝑒 3 − 1
3
𝑥 = 3 − 3 log 𝑒 3
1 𝑥
For 𝑦 = log ( + log 𝑒 3 − 1),
𝑒 4 3
1 𝑥
0= ( + log 𝑒 3 − 1)
log 𝑒 4 3
𝑥 = 3 − 3 log 𝑒 3
All derived tangents above meet at (3 − 3 log 𝑒 3 , 0).
13a At 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 = 20 = 1
𝑦 = 1 + 2(0) − (0)2 = 1
At 𝑥 = 1,
𝑦 = 21 = 2
𝑦 = 1 + 2(1) − 12 = 2
Therefore, both 𝑦 = 2𝑥 and 𝑦 = 1 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 intersect at points 𝐴(0, 1) and 𝐵(1, 2).

13b
The area shaded is defined by the definite integral:

1
∫ (1 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
2
𝑥3 2𝑥
= [𝑥 + 𝑥 − − ]
3 log 𝑒 2 0
13 21 03 20
= (1 + 12 − − ) − (0 + 02 − − )
3 log 𝑒 2 3 log 𝑒 2
1 2 1
= (1 + 1 − − ) − (− )
2 1
= (1 − ) square units
3 log 𝑒 2
14 𝑥-intercept, 𝑦 = 0 = 8 − 2𝑥
2𝑥 = 8
𝑥 = log 2 8
𝑥 = log 2 23 = 3
𝑦-intercept, 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 = 8 − 20 = 7
Intercepts are: (0, 7), (3, 0)
The area under the curve bounded by the coordinate axes is

3
∫ (8 − 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
2𝑥 3
= [8𝑥 − ]
log 𝑒 2 0
23 20
= (8(3) − ) − (8(0) − )
8 1
= 24 − +
7
log 𝑒 2
15a
15b
1
∫ (3 − 3𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
3𝑥 1
= [3𝑥 − ]
log 𝑒 3 0
31 30
= (3(1) − ) − (3(0) − )
3 1
= 3− +

2
= (3 − log 3) square units
𝑒
16a First find the 𝑦-intercept.

At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 40 = 1, 𝑦 = 0 + 1 = 1
1
1 1 1 1 1
At 𝑥 = − 2, 𝑦 = 4−2 = 1 = 2, 𝑦 = − 2 + 1 = 2
42
1 1
Both 𝑦 = 4𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 intersect at 𝑦-intercept (0, 1) and the point (− , ).
2 2
1
16b Determine which of the curves lies above the other, between the interval [− 2 , 0]
1
Choose 𝑥 = − 4,
1 1 1
𝑦 = 4 −4 = 1 = ≑ 0.7071
44 √2
1 3
𝑦 = − + 1 = = 0.75 > 0.7071
4 4
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 is located above 𝑦 = 4𝑥 over the interval of (− 2 , 0).
The integral which defines the area of the enclosed region is:
0
∫ (𝑥 + 1 − 4𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
−
2
0
16c ∫−1(𝑥 + 1 − 4𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
0
𝑥2 4𝑥
=[ +𝑥− ]
2 log 𝑒 4 −1
2
1 2 −
1
0 2
4 (− ) 1 0
4 2
= ( +0− ) − ( 2 + (− ) − )
2 log 𝑒 4 2 2 log 𝑒 4
1 1 1 1
=− − + +
log 𝑒 4 8 2 2 log 𝑒 4

3 1
= −
8 2 log 𝑒 4
17a y  log 3 x
dy 1

dx x log e 3
1
So the tangent at A  e, log3 e  has gradient .
e log e 3
log e e 1
Using change of base, log 3 e   .
log e 3 log e 3
1 1
The tangent is y    x  e .
log e 3 e log e 3
x 1 1
y  
e log e 3 log e 3 log e 3
x

e log e 3
1
This tangent has gradient and passes through the origin.
e log e 3
17b y  log 5 x
dy 1

dx x log e 5
1
So the tangent at A  e, log5 e  has gradient .
e log e 5
log e e 1
Using change of base, log 5 e   .
log e 5 log e 5
1 1
log e 5 e log e 5

x 1 1
y  
e log e 5 log e 5 log e 5
x

e log e 5
1
e log e 5
17c y  log a x
dy 1

dx x log e a
1
So the tangent at A  e, log a e  has gradient .
e log e a
log e e 1
Using change of base, log a e   .
log e a log e a
1 1
log e a e log e a
x 1 1
y  
e log e a log e a log e a
x

e log e a
1
e log e a
18a Let y  x log e x  x .
d
Applying the product rule on  x log e x  :
dx
1
x

d
 uv   vu  uv
dx
1
  log e x 1   x   
 x
 log e x  1
d
y  log e x  1   x
dx
 log e x  1  1
 log e x
d
From above,  x log e x  x   log e x .
dx
 log e x dx  x log e x  x  C for some constant C
18b  log e x dx  x log e x  x  C for some constant C .
log e x log e x
Using log a x  , we obtain log10 x  .
log e a log e 10
10 10
log e x
 log
1
10 x dx  
1
log e 10
dx
1
  x log e x  x 1
10
log e 10

1
log e 10
10 log e 10  10   0  1 
9
 10 
log e 10
10
9
So  log
1
10 x dx  10 
log e 10
.

19a i y  log 3 x
d m
Using log a  mx  b   with a  3, m  1 and b  0 we
dx  mx  b  loge a
d 1
obtain log 3 x  .
dx x log e 3
1
So y  .
x log e 3
19a ii y  log 7  2 x  3
d m
Using log a  mx  b   with a  7, m  2 and b  3 we
d 2
obtain log 7  2 x  3  .
dx  2 x  3 log e 7
2
So y  .
 2 x  3 log e 7
19a iii y  5log 6  4  9 x 
d m
Using log a  mx  b   with a  6, m  9 and b  4 we
d 45
obtain 5  log 6  4  9 x    .
dx  4  9 x  loge 6
45
So y   .
 4  9 x  loge 6
19b i y  10 x
d mx b
Using a  ma mx b log e a with a  10, m  1 and b  0 we
dx
d x
obtain 10  10 x log e 10 .
dx

So y  10x loge 10 .
19b ii y  84 x 3
d mx b
Using a  ma mx b log e a with a  8, m  4 and b  3 we
dx
d 4 x 3
obtain 8  4  84 x 3 log e 8 .
dx
So y  4  84 x3 loge 8 .
19b iii y  3  527 x
d mx b
Using a  ma mx b log e a with a  5, m  7 and b  2 we
dx
d 27 x
obtain 3  5  3  7  527 x log e 5 .
dx
So y  21 527 x loge 5 .
a mx b
19c i Using  a mx  b
dx   C with a  3, m  5 and b  0 we obtain:
m log e a
35 x
 3 dx   C for some constant C .
5x
5log e 3
a mx b
19c ii Using  a mx b dx   C with a  6, m  2 and b  7 we obtain:
m log e a
62 x  7
 6 dx 
2 x7
 C for some constant C .
2 log e 6

a mx b
19c iii Using  a mx b dx   C with a  7, m  9 and b  4 we obtain:
m log e a
5  79  4 x
 5  7 dx  
94 x
 C for some constant C .
9log e 7
20a Let 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 ,
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑥
Let 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥,
log 𝑥 1
𝑦 = log𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑘 log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑒
20b The functions 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 and 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 are inverse, so they are symmetric in the
line 𝑦 = 𝑥. The common tangent is therefore the line 𝑦 = 𝑥, which has gradient 1.
(This argument would be invalid if there were more than one intersection point.)
20c Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 ,
𝑦 ′ = 𝑘𝑒 𝑘𝑥 = 1
1
Let 𝑦 = 𝑘 log 𝑒 𝑥,
1
𝑦 ′ = 𝑘𝑥 = 1
1
20d 𝑘𝑒 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥
1
𝑘 2 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑥
2 1
𝑒 log𝑒 𝑘 × 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑥
1
𝑒 𝑘𝑥+2 log𝑒 𝑘 = 𝑥
1
𝑘𝑥 + 2 log 𝑒 𝑘 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑥 1
− 2 = log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑒
1
𝑒 𝑘𝑥−2 = 𝑥
𝑥
1
𝑒 𝑒−2 = 𝑥
𝑥
1 1
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑥
𝑒2
𝑥
1 𝑒
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑥
𝑒
1
𝑘=𝑒


1a
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 is the reflection of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 about the 𝑦-axis.

The 𝑦-intercepts are identical, when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒 0 = 𝑒 −0 = 1.
Observe 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑦 ′ = −𝑒 −𝑥 . At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = −1 (gradient of the tangent).
The equation of the tangent of 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = −1
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 1 = −0 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 1
∴ 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1
Observe 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 . At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = 1 (gradient of the tangent).
The equation of the tangent of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 1
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 1 = 𝑥 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 1
∴𝑦 =𝑥+1
The tangents meet at right angles.

1b
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is the reflection of 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥, as they are
inverse functions.
The 𝑦-intercept occurs on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , as 𝑥 = 0 is only within the domain of
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 . At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒 0 = 1.
The 𝑥-intercept occurs on the curve 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥, as 𝑦 = 0 is outside of the range of
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 . At 𝑦 = 0, log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1.
Observe 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 . At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = 1 (gradient of the tangent).
The equation of the tangent of 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 1
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 1 = 0 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 1
∴𝑦 =𝑥+1
1
Observe 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥. At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 ′ = 1 (gradient of the tangent).
The equation of the tangent of 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 1

At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 0 = 1 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = −1
∴𝑦 =𝑥−1
The tangents have the same gradients but different intercepts, indicating they are
parallel in the same plane.
2a 𝑒 4 ≑ 54.60 (use your calculator)
2b 𝑒 ≑ 2.718 (use your calculator)

3
2c 𝑒 −2 ≑ 0.2231 (use your calculator)
2d log 𝑒 2 ≑ 0.6931 (use your calculator with the “ln” function)
1
1 log𝑒
2
2e log10 2 = log ≑ −0.3010 (use your calculator with the “ln” function)
𝑒 10
log𝑒 0.03
2f log 2 0.03 = ≑ −5.059 (use your calculator with the “ln” function)
log𝑒 2
log𝑒 586
2g log1.05 586 = ≑ 130.6 (use your calculator with the “ln” function)
log𝑒 1.05
24
3 log𝑒 (log𝑒 24−log𝑒 7)
7
2h log 8 3 7 = = ≑ 0.5925 (use your calculator with the “ln”
log𝑒 8 log𝑒 8
function)
3a 3𝑥 = 14
𝑥 = log 3 14
log 𝑒 14
=
log 𝑒 3
≑ 2.402
3b 2𝑥 = 51
𝑥 = log 2 51
log 𝑒 51
=
log 𝑒 2
≑ 5.672

3c 4𝑥 = 1345
𝑥 = log 4 1345
log 𝑒 1345
=
log 𝑒 4
≑ 5.197
3d 5𝑥 = 132
𝑥 = log 5 132
log 𝑒 132
=
log 𝑒 5
≑ 3.034
4a 𝑒 2𝑥 × 𝑒 3𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥+3𝑥 = 𝑒 5𝑥
4b 𝑒 7𝑥 ÷ 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 7𝑥−𝑥 = 𝑒 6𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 1
4c = 𝑒 2𝑥−6𝑥 = 𝑒 −4𝑥 = 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑒 6𝑥
4d (𝑒 3𝑥 )3 = 𝑒 9𝑥
5a 9𝑥 − 7 × 3𝑥 − 18 = 0
𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 9 − 7 × 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 − 18 = 0
𝑒 2𝑥 log𝑒 3 − 7𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 − 18 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3
𝑢2 − 7𝑢 − 18 = 0
(𝑢 − 9)(𝑢 + 2) = 0
∴ 𝑢 = 9, 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = −2
𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 = 9 or 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 = −2
3𝑥 = 9 or 3𝑥 = −2

3𝑥 = 32 or 𝑥 = log 3 −2
As log 3 −2 is undefined, 𝑥 = 2.
5b 𝑒 2𝑥 − 11𝑒 𝑥 + 28 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑢2 − 11𝑢 + 28 = 0
(𝑢 − 7)(𝑢 − 4) = 0
∴ 𝑢 = 7, or 𝑢 = 4
𝑒 𝑥 = 7, or 𝑒 𝑥 = 4
𝑥 = log 𝑒 7 or 𝑥 = log 𝑒 4
6a
The range of the function 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑦 > 0.

6b
The range of the function 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 is 𝑦 > 0.
6c
The range of the function 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 is 𝑦 > 1.
6d
The range of the function 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1 is 𝑦 > −1.

7a i 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−3 is a translation of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 3 units to the right.
7a ii 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−3 = 𝑒 𝑥+(−3) = 𝑒 −3 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦
= 𝑒𝑥
𝑒 −3
This statement implies that 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−3 is dilated by a factor of 𝑒 −3 . As the 𝑦-value is
transformed, the dilation is vertical.
𝑥
7b i 𝑦 = log 𝑒 3𝑥 = log 𝑒 1
3
1
This statement implies that 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 is dilated by a factor of 3. As the 𝑥-value is
transformed, the dilation is horizontal.
7b ii 𝑦 = log 𝑒 3𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑥 + log 𝑒 3

This statement implies that 𝑦 = log 𝑒 3𝑥 is a translation of 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 by log 𝑒 3
units upwards (𝑦- intercept increases by log 𝑒 3 units).
𝑒2
3

8a 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑 𝑥
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
8b 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ), 𝑢 = 3𝑥, =3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (3) = 3𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
8c 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥+3
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ), 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 3, =2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (2) = 2𝑒 2𝑥+3
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
8d 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ), 𝑢 = −𝑥, = −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (−1) = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
8e 𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ), 𝑢 = −3𝑥, = −3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (−3) = −3𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

8f 𝑦 = 3𝑒 2𝑥+5
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (3𝑒 𝑢 ), 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 5, =2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (3𝑒 𝑢 ) = 3𝑒 𝑢 (2) = 6𝑒 2𝑥+5
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1
8g 𝑦 = 4𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 1
𝑦′ = (4𝑒 𝑢 ), 𝑢 = 𝑥, =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 1 1
𝑦′ = (4𝑒 𝑢 ) = 4𝑒 𝑢 ( ) = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 2
2
8h 𝑦 = 3 𝑒 6𝑥−5
𝑑 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = ( 𝑒 ) , 𝑢 = 6𝑥 − 5, =6
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 2 𝑢
𝑦′ = ( 𝑒 ) = 𝑒 (6) = 4𝑒 6𝑥−5
𝑑𝑢 3 𝑑𝑥 3
9a 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 × 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥+2𝑥 = 𝑒 5𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 5𝑒 5𝑥
𝑒 7𝑥
9b 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 7𝑥−3𝑥 = 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 4𝑒 4𝑥

𝑒𝑥
9c 𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−4𝑥 = 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −3𝑒 −3𝑥
9d 𝑦 = (𝑒 −2𝑥 )3
𝑦 = 𝑒 −6𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −6𝑒 −6𝑥
3
10a 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑢 (3𝑥 2 )
3
= 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
2 −3𝑥
10b 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑢 (2𝑥 − 3)
2 −3𝑥
= (2𝑥 − 3)𝑒 𝑥
10c 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
By product rule,
𝑑 𝑑 2𝑥
𝑦′ = (𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
Consider 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 ), let 𝑢 = 2𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = 2
By chain rule,
𝑑 2𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(𝑒 ) = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (2) = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥(2𝑒 2𝑥 )
= 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥 (1 + 2𝑥)
10d 𝑦 = (𝑒 2𝑥 + 1)3
𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑
Let 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 1) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
Consider 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 ), let 𝑢 = 2𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = 2
By chain rule,
𝑑𝑣 𝑑 2𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= (𝑒 ) = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (2) = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
By chain rule,
𝑑 3 𝑑𝑣
𝑦′ = (𝑣 )
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑣 2 (2𝑒 2𝑥 )
= 6𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 1)2
𝑒 3𝑥
10e 𝑦 = 𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 3𝑥 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑒 3𝑥

Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 1
By quotient rule,
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦=
𝑔(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑦′ = 2
(𝑔(𝑥))

′
(𝑥)(3𝑒 3𝑥 ) − 𝑒 3𝑥 (1)
𝑦 =
(𝑥)2
3𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 3𝑥
=
𝑥2
𝑒 3𝑥
= (3𝑥 − 1)
𝑥2
2
10f 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
By product rule,
𝑑 2 𝑥2 𝑑 𝑥2
𝑦′ = (𝑥 )𝑒 + 𝑥 2 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑑𝑢
Consider 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ), let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑥2 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 2
(𝑒 ) = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (2𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑥2 𝑑 𝑥2
𝑦′ = (𝑥 )𝑒 + 𝑥 2 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
= 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
2
= 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )
10g 𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )5
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 −𝑥
= (𝑒 ) − (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑢5 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 5𝑢4 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
= 5(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )4 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )

𝑒 2𝑥
10h 𝑦 = 2𝑥+1
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑒 2𝑥

Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 2
By quotient rule,
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦=
𝑔(𝑥)
′
𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑦 = 2
(𝑔(𝑥))
(2𝑥 + 1)(2𝑒 2𝑥 ) − (𝑒 2𝑥 )(2)
=
(2𝑥 + 1)2
𝑒 2𝑥 (4𝑥 + 2 − 2)
=
(2𝑥 + 1)2
4𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
=
(2𝑥 + 1)2
11a 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥+1
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 2
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑢 )(2)
= 2𝑒 2𝑥+1
𝑑 2𝑥+1
𝑦 ′′ = 2 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦 ′′ = 2 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 2(𝑒 𝑢 )(2)
= 4𝑒 2𝑥+1

2 +1
11b 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑢 )(2𝑥)
2 +1
= 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 2
𝑦 ′′ = 2 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 +1 )
𝑑𝑥
By product rule,
𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑥 2 +1
𝑦 ′′ = 2 [ (𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 +1 + 𝑥 (𝑒 )]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 +1 2 +1
Given that 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 from above by the chain rule,
2 +1 2 +1
𝑦 ′′ = 2[(1)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥(2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 )]
2 +1 2 +1
= 2𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
2 +1
= 2𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 2𝑥 2 )
12 Gradient of the tangent of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 2

𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 2
Let the equation of the tangent be of the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 𝑒 2
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 𝑒 2
𝑒 2 = 2𝑒 2 + 𝑏
𝑏 = 𝑒 2 − 2𝑒 2 = −𝑒 2
The equation of the tangent of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 2 is
𝑦 = 𝑒 2 (𝑥 − 1)
The 𝑥-intercept is when 𝑦 = 0,
0 = 𝑒 2 (𝑥 − 1) ⇒ 𝑥 = 1
The 𝑦-intercept is when 𝑥 = 0,

𝑦 = 𝑒 2 (0 − 1) = −𝑒 2
13a First, find the gradient of the tangent of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 at 𝑥 = 0.
𝑦 ′ = −3𝑒 −3𝑥
At 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 ′ = −3
1 1
The gradient of the normal is − =
𝑦′ 3
13b 𝑦 ′′ = (−3)(−3𝑒 −3𝑥 )

= 9𝑒 −3𝑥
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ′′ = 9. As this is a positive value, the curve is concave up.
14a 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) − (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 − 1
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑒 ) − (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥
14b A stationary point is determined when 𝑦 ′ = 0

𝑒𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝑒𝑥 = 1
𝑥 = ln 1
𝑥=0
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒 0 − 0 = 1
The stationary point is at (0,1)

14c The concavity of the curve is determined by the second derivative, 𝑦 ′′

First, we have to determine the domain of the original equation, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥
The equation of 𝑦 is defined for all real values of 𝑥
Therefore, 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 𝑥 is defined for all real values of 𝑥.
For all values of 𝑥, the range of 𝑦 ′′ is in the interval (0, ∞)
As such, 𝑦 ′′ > 0 ∀ 𝑥
The curve is always concave up.
14d Since we have determined that a stationary point exists at (0,1) and the curve is
concave up for all values of 𝑥, we can infer that the stationary point (0,1) is a local
minimum.
We can therefore, infer the range of 𝑦 ≥ 1
15 The stationary point 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 is when 𝑦 ′ = 0

By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑑 −2𝑥
𝑦′ = (𝑥)𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥)
When 𝑦 ′ = 0,
𝑒 −2𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥) = 0
⇒ 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0 or 1 − 2𝑥 = 0
As the range of 𝑒 𝑢 does not include 0 for any value of 𝑢,
1 − 2𝑥 = 0

1
𝑥=
2
1
1 1 1 1
At 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = (2) 𝑒 −2(2) = 2 𝑒 −1 = 2𝑒
1 1
The stationary point is therefore at (2 , ).
2𝑒
To determine the nature of the stationary point, the second derivative 𝑦′′ should
be determined.
By the chain rule,
𝑑 −2𝑥 𝑑
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑒 ) (1 − 2𝑥) + 𝑒 −2𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −2𝑒 −2𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥) + 𝑒 −2𝑥 (−2)
= −2𝑒 −2𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2𝑒 −2𝑥
= 4𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 − 4𝑒 −2𝑥
= 4𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
1
At 𝑥 = 2,
1 1 2
𝑦 ′′ = 4𝑒 −2(2) ( − 1) = −2𝑒 −1 = − < 0
2 𝑒
As this is a negative value, the curve is concave down at the stationary point.
The stationary point is therefore a maximum turning point.
16a
∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥, 𝑢′ = 5
1
∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 5𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5
1
5
1
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
5
1
= 𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐶
5

16b
∫ 10𝑒 2−5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 2 − 5𝑥, 𝑢′ = −5
∫ 10𝑒 2−5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 2(−5)𝑒 2−5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= − ∫ 2𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= −2𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
= −2𝑒 2−5𝑥 + 𝐶
16c
1
1 1
Let 𝑢 = 5 𝑥, 𝑢′ = 5
1 1 1
∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5
= 5 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 5𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
1
= 5𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐶
16d
∫ 3𝑒 5𝑥−4 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 − 4, 𝑢′ = 5
1
∫ 3𝑒 5𝑥−4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3(5)𝑒 5𝑥−4 𝑑𝑥
5
3
5
3
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
5
3
= 𝑒 5𝑥−4 + 𝐶
5

17a
2
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]20
0
= 𝑒2 − 𝑒0
= 𝑒2 − 1
17b
1
0
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥, 𝑢′ = 2
1
1 1 2𝑥
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑒 𝑑𝑥
0 2 0
1 2 𝑢
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
2 0
1
= [𝑒 𝑢 ]20
2
1
= (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 0 )
2
1
= (𝑒 2 − 1)
2
17c
0
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1
Applying the standard form:

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
0
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]0−1
−1
= −𝑒 0 − (−𝑒1 )
= 𝑒1 − 𝑒 0
=𝑒−1

17d
0
∫ 𝑒 3𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥
2
−
3

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
0 0
1
∫ 𝑒 3𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑒 3𝑥+2 ] 2
−
2 3 −
3 3
1 1
= 𝑒2 − 𝑒0
3 3
1 2
= (𝑒 − 1)
3
17e
1
2
∫ 𝑒 3−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1 1
2 1 2
∫ 𝑒 3−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [− 𝑒 3−2𝑥 ]
0 2 0
1 3−2(1) 1
= (− 𝑒 2 ) − (− 𝑒 3−2(0) )
2 2
1 2 1 3
= (− 𝑒 ) − (− 𝑒 )
2 2
1 3 1 2
= 𝑒 − 𝑒
2 2
1 2
= 𝑒 (𝑒 − 1)
2

17f
2 1
∫ 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
2 1 1 2
∫ 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [4𝑒 2𝑥 ]
0 0
1 1
(2) (0)
= (4𝑒 2 ) − (4𝑒 2 )
= 4𝑒 − 4
= 4(𝑒 − 1)
1
18a Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥 = 𝑒 −5𝑥

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1
∫ 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 −5𝑥 + 𝐶
5
18b Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 4𝑥
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1 4𝑥
∫ 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 +𝐶
4
6
18c Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 = 6𝑒 −3𝑥

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
∫ 6𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐶

18d Let 𝑦 = (𝑒 3𝑥 )2 = 𝑒 6𝑥
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1 6𝑥
∫ 𝑒 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 +𝐶
6
𝑒 3𝑥
18e Let 𝑦 = = 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 5𝑥

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1
∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
𝑒 3𝑥 +1
18f Let 𝑦 = = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1
∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
18g Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1
∫(𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
3
18h Let 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 = 1 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎

1
= ∫(1 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
19a By applying the standard form:

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1
∫ (1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
0
= (1 − 𝑒 −1 ) − (0 − 𝑒 −0 )
1
= (1 − ) + 1
𝑒
1
=2−
𝑒
19b By applying the standard form:

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
2 2
1 𝑥2
∫ (𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑒 2𝑥 + ]
0 2 2 0
1 (2)2 1 (0)2
= ( 𝑒 2(2) + ) − ( 𝑒 2(0) + )
2 2 2 2
1 1
= ( 𝑒 4 + 2) − ( )
2 2
1 4
= (𝑒 + 3)
2
19c By applying the standard form:

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1 1
2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑒𝑥 0
= [−2𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
= (−2𝑒 −1 ) − (−2𝑒 0 )
= (−2𝑒 −1 ) − (−2)
= 2 − 2𝑒 −1

19d By applying the standard form:

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1 1
3 3
3𝑥 (1 −3𝑥 )
∫ 𝑒 −𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 0 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 0
1
3
= ∫ (𝑒 3𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
1 3
= [ 𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑥]
3 0
1 3(1) 1 1
= ( 𝑒 3 − ( )) − ( 𝑒 3(0) − (0))
3 3 3
1 1 1
=( 𝑒− )−( )
3 3 3
1
= (𝑒 − 2)
3
19e By applying the standard form:

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1 1
𝑒 2𝑥 + 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑒𝑥 0
= [𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
= (𝑒 1 − 𝑒 −1 ) − (𝑒 0 − 𝑒 −0 )
1
= (𝑒 − ) − (1 − 1)
𝑒
1
=𝑒−
𝑒
19f By applying the standard form:

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1 1
∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
0 0
1
1 2𝑥 𝑥
= [ 𝑒 + 2𝑒 + 𝑥]
2 0
1 2(1) 1
=( 𝑒 + 2𝑒 (1) + 1) − ( 𝑒 2(0) + 2𝑒 (0) + 0)
2 2

1 1
= ( 𝑒 2 + 2𝑒 + 1) − − 2
2 2
1 2 3
= 𝑒 + 2𝑒 −
2 2
1 2
= (𝑒 + 4𝑒 − 3)
2
20 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
Given 𝑓(0) = 3,
𝑓(0) = 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 −0 − 0 + 𝐶
3= 1+1+𝐶
𝐶=1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1
𝑓(1) = 𝑒 1 + 𝑒 −1 − 1 + 1
= 𝑒+𝑒 −1
3
21a Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 (3𝑥 2 )
=𝑒
3
= 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
21b
1
2 𝑥3
1 1 2 𝑥3
∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
0 3 0
1 3 1
= [𝑒 𝑥 ]0
3
1 3 3
= [𝑒 1 − 𝑒 0 ]
3
1
= (𝑒 − 1)
3

22a The area under the curve can be expressed by the following integral:
1
0
By applying the standard form:

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1
0
1 2𝑥 1
=[ 𝑒 ]
2 0
1 2(1) 1 2(0)
= 𝑒 − 𝑒
2 2
1 2
= (𝑒 − 1)
2
22b The area under the curve can be expressed by the following integral:
1
∫ 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1
∫ 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
= [𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
= (1 + 𝑒 −1 ) − (0 + 𝑒 −0 )
1
= 1+ −1
𝑒
1
=
𝑒

23a The area of the shaded region can be expressed by the following integral:
0 0
∫ −(𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1 −1

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
0
∫ 1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1
1 2𝑥 0
= [𝑥 − 𝑒 ]
2 −1
1 1
= (0 − 𝑒 2(0) ) − (−1 − 𝑒 2(−1) )
2 2
1 1
= − + 1 + 𝑒 −2
2 2
1
= (1 + 𝑒 −2 ) square units
2
23b The area of the shaded region can be expressed by the following integral:
1 1
𝑒−1 2
∫ (𝑒 − 1)𝑥 − (𝑒 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑥
𝑥 − 𝑒 + 𝑥]
0 2 0
𝑒−1 𝑒−1
=( (1)2 − 𝑒 1 + 1) − ( (0)2 − 𝑒 0 + 0)
2 2
𝑒−1
= −𝑒+1+1
2
𝑒 1
= − −𝑒+2
2 2
3 𝑒
= −
2 2
1
= (3 − 𝑒) square units
2

24a The vertical asymptote is the 𝑦-axis, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > 0.
24b The vertical asymptote is the 𝑦-axis, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > 0.
24c The vertical asymptote is the line 𝑥 = 1, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > 1.

24d The vertical asymptote is the line 𝑥 = −3, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > −3.
25a The vertical asymptote is the 𝑦-axis, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > 0.
25b The vertical asymptote is the 𝑦-axis, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 < 0.

25c The vertical asymptote is the line 𝑥 = 2, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > 2.
24d The vertical asymptote is the line 𝑦-axis, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > 0.
26a 𝑒 log 𝑒 𝑒 = 𝑒 × 1
=𝑒
26b log 𝑒 𝑒 3 = 3 log 𝑒 𝑒

=3×1
=3

26c
1
ln ( ) = ln 𝑒 −1
𝑒
= − ln 𝑒
= −1
26d
1
2𝑒 ln √𝑒 = 2𝑒 ln 𝑒 2
1
= 2𝑒 ( ) ln 𝑒
2
=𝑒×1
=𝑒
27a Let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥

1
𝑦′ =
𝑥
27b Let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 2𝑥

2 1
𝑦′ = ==
2𝑥 𝑥
27c Let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (𝑥 + 4)

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 4, 𝑑𝑥 = 1
By the chain rule,

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = log 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1
= ×1
𝑢
1
=
𝑥+4

27d Let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (2𝑥 − 5)

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 5, 𝑑𝑥 = 2
By the chain rule,

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = log 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1
= ×2
𝑢
2
=
2𝑥 − 5
27e Let 𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 (5𝑥 − 1)

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 − 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 5
By the chain rule,

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = 2 log 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
2
= ×5
𝑢
10
=
5𝑥 − 1
27f Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 + log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑥) + (log e 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 1+
𝑥
27g Let 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2)

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 5
By the chain rule,

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (ln 𝑢)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1
= (2𝑥 − 5)
𝑢
2𝑥 − 5
= 2
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2

27h Let 𝑦 = ln(1 + 3𝑥 5 )

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 1 + 3𝑥 5 , 𝑑𝑥 = 15𝑥 4
By the chain rule,

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (ln 𝑢)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1 4
= (15𝑥 )
𝑢
15𝑥 4
=
1 + 3𝑥 5
27i Let 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 3 + ln(𝑥 2 − 2)

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
By the chain rule,

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (4𝑥 2 ) − (8𝑥 3 ) + (ln 𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1
= 8𝑥 − 24𝑥 2 + (2𝑥)
𝑢
2𝑥
= 8𝑥 − 24𝑥 2 + 2
𝑥 −2
28a Let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 3

𝑦 = 3 log 𝑒 𝑥
3
𝑦′ =
𝑥
28b Let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 √𝑥

1
𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 2
1
= log 𝑒 𝑥
2
1
𝑦′ =
2𝑥

28c Let 𝑦 = ln 𝑥(𝑥 + 2)

𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + ln(𝑥 + 2)
1 1
𝑦′ = +
𝑥 𝑥+2
𝑥
28d Let 𝑦 = ln 𝑥−1
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 − ln(𝑥 − 1)
1 1
𝑦′ = −
𝑥 𝑥−1
29a Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑥

By the product rule,
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑥) log 𝑥 + 𝑥 (log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= log 𝑥 + 1
29b Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 log 𝑥

𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) log 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑒𝑥
= 𝑒 log 𝑥 +
𝑥
1
= 𝑒 𝑥 (log 𝑥 + )
𝑥
𝑥
29c Let 𝑦 = ln 𝑥
By the quotient rule,

𝑑 𝑑
ln 𝑥 (𝑥) − 𝑥 (ln 𝑥)
(ln 𝑥)2
𝑥
(ln 𝑥 − 𝑥)
=
(ln 𝑥)2
ln 𝑥−1
= (ln 𝑥)2

ln 𝑥
29d Let 𝑦 = 𝑥2

𝑑 𝑑 2
𝑥2 (ln 𝑥) − ln 𝑥 (𝑥 )
(𝑥 2 )2
𝑥2
− ln 𝑥 × 2𝑥
= 𝑥
𝑥4
𝑥 − 2𝑥 ln 𝑥
=
𝑥4
1 − 2 ln 𝑥
=
𝑥3
30 𝑦 = 3 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 4
3
The gradient of the tangent at any point is 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥
At (1, 4), 𝑥 = 1
3
𝑦′ = =3
1
Let the equation of the tangent at point (1, 4) be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 3
At (1, 4), 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 4
4 = 3(1) + 𝑏
𝑏=1
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 1
31a 𝑦 = 𝑥 − log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑥) − (log 𝑒 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 1−
𝑥
𝑥 1
= −
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥−1
=
𝑥

31b The turning point is located when the gradient of the graph reaches 0, which is
𝑦′ = 0
𝑥−1
=0⇒𝑥=1
𝑥
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 − log 𝑒 1
𝑦=1
To determine if the turning point is a local minimum or maximum, the concavity of
the graph must be determined by finding 𝑦′′
𝑑 𝑥−1
𝑦 ′′ = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥 − 1) −
𝑥 (𝑥)(𝑥 − 1)
′′
𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
(𝑥
𝑥(1) − 1 × − 1)
=
𝑥2
𝑥−𝑥+1
=
𝑥2
1
= 2
𝑥
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 ′′ = 1 > 0
The second derivative of the function is positive, indicating that the curve is
concave up at the point (1, 1).
Therefore, it can be concluded that the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 − log 𝑒 𝑥 has a minimum
turning point at point (1, 1).
32a
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥
32b
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥

32c
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
5 𝑥
1
= ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
5
32d
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+7
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 7, 𝑑𝑥 = 1
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑥+7 𝑢
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
= ln|𝑥 + 7| + 𝐶
32e
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 − 1
1 2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑢
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 𝑢
1
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1
= ln|2𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
2

32f
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 − 3𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2 − 3𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = −3
1 1 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ − 𝑑𝑥
2 − 3𝑥 3 2 − 3𝑥
1 1
= − ∫ 𝑑𝑢
3 𝑢
1
= − ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
3
1
= − ln|2 − 3𝑥| + 𝐶
3
32g
2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 9
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 9, 𝑑𝑥 = 2
2 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2𝑥 + 9 𝑢
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
= ln|2𝑥 + 9| + 𝐶
32h
8
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 − 4𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 1 − 4𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = −4
8 2(−4)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑢
1 − 4𝑥 1 − 4𝑥
2
= − ∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
= −2 ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
= −2 ln|1 − 4𝑥| + 𝐶

33a
1
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ln|𝑥 + 2|]10
0 𝑥+2
= ln(1 + 2) − ln(0 + 2)
= ln 3 − ln 2
3
= ln
2
33b
4 4
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ ln|4𝑥 − 3|]
1 4𝑥 − 3 4 1
1 1
= ln|4(4) − 3| − ln|4(1) − 3|
4 4
1
= (ln 13 − ln 1)
4
1
= ln 13
4
33c
𝑒
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ln|𝑥|]1𝑒
1 𝑥
= ln 𝑒 − ln 1
= 1−0
=1
33d
𝑒3
1 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ln|𝑥|]𝑒𝑒 2
𝑒2 𝑥
= ln 𝑒 3 − ln 𝑒 2
= 3 ln 𝑒 − 2 ln 𝑒
=3−2
=1

34a By applying the standard form:

𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log e |𝑢| + 𝐶,
𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 4, 𝑢′ = 2𝑥
2𝑥
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = log e |𝑥 2 + 4| + 𝐶
𝑥 +4
Since 𝑥 2 + 4 is always greater than zero, the absolute value can be ignored.
2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log e (𝑥 2 + 4) + 𝐶
𝑥2 + 4
34b By applying the standard form:

𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log e |𝑢| + 𝐶,
𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 7, 𝑢′ = 3𝑥 2 − 5
3𝑥 2 − 5
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = log e |𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 7| + 𝐶
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 7
34c By applying the standard form:

𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log e |𝑢| + 𝐶,
𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 3, 𝑢′ = 2𝑥
𝑥 1 2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 −3 2 𝑥 −3
1
= log e |𝑥 2 − 3| + 𝐶
2
34d By applying the standard form:

𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log e |𝑢| + 𝐶,
𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥, 𝑢′ = 4𝑥 3 − 4
𝑥3 − 1 1 4𝑥 3 − 4
∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − 4𝑥 4 𝑥 − 4𝑥

1
= log 𝑒 |𝑥 4 − 4𝑥| + 𝐶
4
35 The integral that describes the area of the bounded region is as follows
4
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ln|𝑥|]42
2 𝑥
= ln|4| − ln|2|
4
= ln
2
= ln 2 square units
5
36a 𝑦1 = 𝑥
𝑦2 = 6 − 𝑥
Let 𝑦1 = 𝑦2
5
= 6−𝑥
𝑥
5 = 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5 = 0
(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
∴ 𝑥 = 5 or 𝑥 = 1
5
Let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 = 5
5
Let 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 5 = 1
The points of intersection are (1 ,5) and (5 ,1).

5
36b The graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑥 (red curve) and 𝑦 = 6 − 𝑥 (purple line) are shown below.
The area of the enclosed region is evaluated by the following integral.

5 5
5 𝑥2
∫ 6 − 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 = [6𝑥 − − 5 ln|𝑥|]
1 𝑥 2 1
52 12
= (6(5) − − 5 ln|5|) − (6(1) − − 5 ln|1|)
2 2
25 1
= 30 − − 5 ln 5 − 6 +
2 2
37a Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑥
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
37b Let 𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 log𝑒 2 = 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 2, 𝑢′ = log 𝑒 2
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑢 (log 𝑒 2)
𝑥
= 𝑒 log𝑒 2 log 𝑒 2

= 2𝑥 log 𝑒 2
37c Let 𝑦 = 3𝑥
𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 3𝑥 log 𝑒 3
37d Let 𝑦 = 5𝑥
𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 5𝑥 log 𝑒 5
38a
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
38b
𝑥
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 2 , 𝑢′ = log 𝑒 2

1
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 log 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
log 𝑒 2
1
log 𝑒 2
1
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 2
1
= 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 2
2𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 2
38c
𝑥

1
log 𝑒 3
1
log 𝑒 3
1
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 3
1
log 𝑒 3
3𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 3
38d
𝑥

1
log 𝑒 5
1
log 𝑒 5
1
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 5
1
log 𝑒 5

5𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 5
39a Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑥) log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 ( )
𝑥
= log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1
∫ log 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
=𝑦−𝑥+𝐶
= 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
39b Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥
𝑦′ = (𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶

39c Consider each term individually:

𝑒
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ln|𝑥|]1𝑒
1 𝑥
= ln 𝑒 − ln 1
= 1−0
=1
From 39a,
𝑒
∫ log 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= [𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥]1𝑒
= ((𝑒) log 𝑒 𝑒 − 𝑒) − (log 𝑒 1 − 1)

= 𝑒−𝑒−0+1
=1
From 39b,
1
∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
= [𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ]10
= ( 𝑒1 − 𝑒1) − ( 0 − 𝑒 0)
= 𝑒0
=1
40a 𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑥
The gradient of the graph at any point is the first derivative, 𝑦′
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 2𝑥 log 𝑒 2
At 𝐴(3, 8), 𝑦 ′ = 23 log 𝑒 2

𝑦 ′ = 8 log 𝑒 2
40b 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥
log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦=
log 𝑒 2
The gradient of the graph at any point is the first derivative, 𝑦′
1 𝑑
𝑦′ = (log 𝑒 𝑥)
log 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ( )
log 𝑒 2 𝑥
1
=
𝑥 log 𝑒 2
At 𝐵(8, 3),
1
𝑦′ =
8 log 𝑒 2
40c
The graph 𝑦 = 2𝑥 (red curve) is a reflection of 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥 (blue curve) about

𝑦 = 𝑥 (green line). Given that 𝐴(3, 8) is a reflection of 𝐵(8, 3) about 𝑦 = 𝑥, the

gradients of those points are by definition reciprocal (the rise and runs are
switched).
41a
3 3 3
𝑥
0 0 0

3
0
3
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 log 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
log 𝑒 2 0
3 log𝑒 2
1
log 𝑒 2 0
1
= [𝑒 𝑢 ]30 log𝑒 2
log 𝑒 2
1
= [𝑒 3 log𝑒 2 − 𝑒 0 log𝑒 2 ]
log 𝑒 2
1
= [23 − 20 ]
log 𝑒 2
(8 − 1)
=
log 𝑒 2
7
=
log 𝑒 2
0 0 0
𝑥 log𝑒 2𝑥
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
−3 −3 −3

0
−3
0
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 log 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
log 𝑒 2 −3
0
1
log 𝑒 2 −3 log𝑒 2
1
= [𝑒 𝑢 ]0−3 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 2
log 𝑒 2
1
= [𝑒 0 log𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −3 log𝑒 2 ]
log 𝑒 2

1
= [20 − 2−3 ]
log 𝑒 2
1
1−8
=
log 𝑒 2
7
=
8 log 𝑒 2
41b The region in the first integral is 8 times larger than the first because the area is
equivalent to a vertical dilation by a factor of 8. If the graph is inspected such that
𝑦
𝑦 = 2𝑥 is dilated vertically by a factor of 8, (draw the graph 8 = 2𝑥 ), it is
equivalent to a translation to the left of the same graph (𝑦 = 2𝑥+3 ). Therefore,
the region of the first integral is simply transformed by a vertical dilation of 8
and translated 3 units to the right to be the region of the second integral.

Chapter 7 worked solutions – The trigonometric functions
1a
angle 1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.08
size in
radians
sin 𝑥 0.841 471 0.479 426 0.198 669 0.099 833 0.079 915
sin 𝑥 0.841 471 0.958 851 0.993 347 0.998 334 0.998 934
𝑥
tan 𝑥 1.557 408 0.546 302 0.202 71 0.100 335 0.080 171
tan 𝑥 1.557 408 1.092 605 1.013 55 1.003 347 1.002 139
𝑥
cos 𝑥 0.540 302 0.877 583 0.980 067 0.995 004 0.996 802
angle 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.002

size in
radians
sin 𝑥 0.049 979 0.019 999 0.01 0.005 0.002
sin 𝑥 0.999 583 0.999 933 0.999 983 0.999 996 0.999 999
𝑥
tan 𝑥 0.050 042 0.020 003 0.01 0.005 0.002
tan 𝑥 1.000 834 1.000 133 1.000 033 1.000 008 1.000 001
𝑥
cos 𝑥 0.998 75 0.9998 0.999 95 0.999 988 0.999 998
sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥
1b By observation of the table, we see that as 𝑥 → 0, → 1 and → 1.
𝑥 𝑥
Refer to page 312 of the textbook for a more rigorous proof of these results.
2 Answers will vary. An example of the graph that could be produced is shown
below.

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
sin(x) sin(x)/x tan(x) tan(x)/x cos(x)
𝜋 𝜋
3a 2° = 180° × 2° radians = 90 radians
sin 𝑥
3b Since we know that as 𝑥 → 0, → 1, we also know that as 𝑥 → 0, sin 𝑥 → 𝑥 and
𝑥
hence it follows that for small values of 𝑥, sin 𝑥 ≑ 𝑥.
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
When 𝑥 = radians, 𝑥 is small so sin ≑ .
90 90 90
𝜋 𝜋
We know from above that 2° = 90 radians, hence sin 2° ≑ .
90
𝜋
3c From above we know that sin 2° ≑ 90
.
Substituting in 𝜋 = 3.142 gives

3.142 0.3142
sin 2° ≑ = ≑ 0.0349
90 9
4a
angle size 60° 30° 10° 5° 2° 1°
in degrees
angle size 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
in radians 3 6 18 36 90 180
sin 𝑥 0.8660 0.5 0.1736 0.087 16 0.034 90 0.017 45

sin 𝑥
𝑥 0.8270 0.9549 0.9949 0.9987 0.9998 0.9999

tan 𝑥 1.732 0.5774 0.1763 0.087 49 0.034 92 0.017 46

tan 𝑥
𝑥 1.654 1.103 1.010 1.003 1.000 1.000
cos 𝑥 0.5000 0.8660 0.9848 0.9962 0.9994 0.9998
angle size 20′ 5′ 1′ 30′′ 1’’

in degrees
angle size 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
10 800
in radians 540 2160 21 600 648 000
sin 𝑥 0.005 818 0.001 454 0.000 290 9 0.000 145 4 0.000 004 848
sin 𝑥
𝑥 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
tan 𝑥 0.005 818 0.001 454 0.000 290 9 0.000 145 4 0.000 004 848
tan 𝑥
𝑥 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
cos 𝑥 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
4b sin 𝑥 < 𝑥 < tan 𝑥
4c i From the table, we can see that:

sin 𝑥
lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
4c ii From the table, we can see that:

tan 𝑥
lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
4d 𝑥 ≤ 0.0774 (correct to four decimal places) or 𝑥 ≤ 4°26′
5 An example of the values one may obtain from a spreadsheet are shown. Note
that the sheet will round some values to 1 when the angle becomes very small.

angle
size in
radians 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.000 01 0.000 001 0.000 000 1
sin 𝑥
𝑥 0.998 334 0.999 983 1 1 1 1 1
tan 𝑥
𝑥 1.003 347 1.000 033 1 1 1 1 1
cos 𝑥 0.995 004 0.999 95 1 1 1 1 1
sin 𝑥
6a lim = 1 (One of the Fundamental Limits)
𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 2𝑥
6b lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 2𝑥 2
= lim ×2
𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 2𝑥
= lim ×2
𝑥→0 2𝑥
Let, 𝑦 = 2𝑥
As, 𝑥 → 0, 2𝑥 → 0 and hence, 𝑦 → 0
Then, lim 2𝑥 = lim 𝑦 = 0
𝑥→0 𝑦→0
Therefore, by substituting, 𝑦 = 2𝑥
sin 2𝑥
lim ×2
𝑥→0 2𝑥
sin 𝑦
= lim ×2
𝑦→0 𝑦
sin 𝑥
We know that, lim = 1, hence,
𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 2𝑥
lim = 1×2= 2
𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 𝑥
6c lim
𝑥→0 2𝑥
1 sin 𝑥
= 2 × lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥

sin 𝑥 1 1
lim =2×1=2
𝑥→0 2𝑥
sin 3𝑥
6d lim
𝑥→0 2𝑥
sin 3𝑥 3
= lim ×3
𝑥→0 2𝑥
sin 3𝑥 3
= lim ×2
𝑥→0 3𝑥
Let, 𝑦 = 3𝑥
As, 𝑥 → 0, 3𝑥 → 0 and hence, 𝑦 → 0
𝑥→0 𝑦→0
sin 3𝑥 3
lim ×2
𝑥→0 3𝑥
sin 𝑦 3
= lim ×2
𝑦→0 𝑦
sin 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 3𝑥 3 3
lim = 1×2=2
𝑥→0 2𝑥
5𝑥
6e lim sin 3𝑥
𝑥→0
𝑥
= 5 × lim sin 3𝑥
𝑥→0
𝑥 3
= 5 × lim sin 3𝑥 × 3
𝑥→0
5 3𝑥
= × lim
3 𝑥→0 sin 3𝑥
5 1
= 3 × lim sin 3𝑥
𝑥→0
3𝑥
Let, 𝑦 = 3𝑥
As, 𝑥 → 0, 3𝑥 → 0 and hence, 𝑦 = 0
𝑥→0 𝑦→0

5 1
× lim sin 3𝑥
3 𝑥→0
3𝑥
5 1
= 3 × lim sin 𝑦
𝑥→0
𝑦
sin 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥
5𝑥 5 5
lim sin 3𝑥 = 3 × 1 = 3
𝑥→0
sin 3𝑥+sin 5𝑥
6f lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 3𝑥 sin 5𝑥
= lim + lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 3𝑥 sin 5𝑥
= 3 lim + 5 lim
𝑥→0 3𝑥 𝑥→0 5𝑥
= 3(1) + 5(1)
=8
7
vertical distance
sin 𝑥 =
hypotenuse
vertical distance
sin 5° =
1
vertical distance = sin 5°
π π 1000π
vertical distance = sin 36 ≑ 36 km = m ≑ 87 m
36
30
As can be seen from the diagram, tan 𝜃 = 4000.
Hence, as this is a small angle,

30
𝜃≑ radians
4000

30 180°
= ×
4000 𝜋
≑ 0.4297°
≑ 26′
9 Zoomed out
Zoomed in

sin 𝑥
10 For 𝑦 = 𝑥
Zoomed out
Zoomed in

tan 𝑥
For 𝑦 = 𝑥
Zoomed out
Zoomed in

11
400 000km
0°31′ 𝑙
𝜋
Firstly, converting 0°31′ to radians gives 0°31′ × 180° = 0.009 017 534 46 …
Using the formula 𝑙 = 𝑟𝜃, as the diameter of the moon is approximately equal to
the arc of a circle whose centre is the point of observation, gives
𝑙 = 400 000 × 0.009 017 534 46 … = 3607.013 … km which is 3600 km to the
nearest 100 km.
12 The total side length of a polygon with 300 sides will be approximately equal to
that of a circle with radius 60 cm.
The circumference of a circle with radius 60 cm is
2𝜋𝑟 = 2𝜋 × 60 = 120𝜋 = 376.99 cm.
Hence, as the polygon is regular and all its sides are of the same length, in order
to have the total side length approximately 376.99 cm long, each individual side
376.99
must be 300 ≑ 1.26 cm long.
13a 𝐴𝐵 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
= √𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 − 2(𝑟)(𝑟) cos 𝑥
= √2𝑟 2 (1 − cos 𝑥)
Hence 𝐴𝐵 2 = 2𝑟 2 (1 − cos 𝑥).
The formula for arc length is 𝑙 = 𝑟𝜃, hence applying this for 𝐴𝐵 gives 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑟𝑥.
13b If the chord and arc are approximately equal for small angles then
𝐴𝐵chord ≑ 𝐴𝐵arc
2 2
2𝑟 2 (1 − cos 𝑥) ≑ (𝑟𝑥)2

2𝑟 2 (1 − cos 𝑥) ≑ 𝑟 2 𝑥 2
2(1 − cos 𝑥) ≑ 𝑥 2
𝑥2
1 − cos 𝑥 ≑
2
𝑥2
cos 𝑥 ≑ 1 −
2
The arc is longer than the chord, so
2 2
2𝑟 2 (1 − cos 𝑥) < (𝑟𝑥)2
2𝑟 2 (1 − cos 𝑥) < 𝑟 2 𝑥 2
2(1 − cos 𝑥) < 𝑥 2
𝑥2
1 − cos 𝑥 <
2
𝑥2
cos 𝑥 > 1 −
2
Hence cos 𝑥 is larger than the approximation.
13c
1° 10° 20° 30°
cos 𝑥 0.999 847 695 0.984 808 0.939 693 0.866 025
1
1 − 𝑥 2 0.999 847 691 0.984 769 0.939 077 0.862 922
2
Error 3.8662 × 10−9 3.86 × 10−4 0.000 616 0.003 103
The approximation is highly accurate at 1° and becomes less accurate as the size
of the angle increases.

14
As discussed in the previous question the arc is longer than the chord, so cos 𝑥 is
larger than the approximation. We can also see this as we zoom in on the curve.
1
Note that in the graph above we can see that the red graph of 𝑦 = 1 − 2 𝑥 2 is
always below the black graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 and hence 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 is larger.
15a Using compound angle formula:

sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
15b sin(𝜃 − 𝑥)
= sin 𝜃 cos 𝑥 − cos 𝜃 sin 𝑥 (using compound angle formula)
𝑥 is a small angle, hence
sin 𝑥 ≑ 𝑥 and cos 𝑥 ≑ 1
Therefore,
sin(𝜃 − 𝑥)
= sin 𝜃 cos 𝑥 − cos 𝜃 sin 𝑥
= sin 𝜃 × 1 − cos 𝜃 × 𝑥
= sin 𝜃 − 𝑥 cos 𝜃
as required

57 599 599𝜋
15c 29°57′ = (29 + 60) ° = ° = 3600 radians
20
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
This is 3600 away from 6 . 3600 is a very small angle.
𝜋 𝜋
Let 𝑥 = 3600 and 𝜃 = 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin ( − ) = sin ( ) − cos ( )
6 3600 6 3600 6
𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋 √3
sin ( − )= − ×
6 3600 2 3600 2
599𝜋 3600 𝜋√3
sin ≑ −
3600 7200 7200
3600 − √3𝜋
sin 29°57′ ≑
7200
15d Using a calculator the left hand side evaluates to sin 29°57′ = 0.49924406 …
3600−√3𝜋
whilst the right hand side evaluates to = 0.4992442503 … from this we
7200
see that the approximation is accurate to 6 decimal places.
𝜋 29𝜋
15e In radians, 29° = 180 × 29 = .
180
𝜋 29𝜋 𝜋
Note that 6 − 180 = 180
𝜋 𝜋
Hence, using the formula from part b with 𝜃 = 6 and 𝑥 = 180
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin ( − ) ≑ sin ( ) − cos ( )
6 180 6 180 6
29𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin ( ) ≑ sin ( ) − cos ( )
180 6 180 6
1 𝜋√3
sin(29°) ≑ −
2 360
180 − 𝜋√3
sin(29°) ≑
360
The left hand side evaluates to sin(29°) = 0.484 809 620 2 … and the right hand
180−𝜋√3
side evaluates to = 0.484 885 005 3 … so this approximation is accurate
360
to four decimal places.

cos 31°
= sin(90° − 31°)
= sin 59°
59𝜋
= sin ( )
180
60𝜋 𝜋
= sin ( − )
180 180
60𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Using the formula from part b with 𝜃 = = 3 and 𝑥 = 180
180
cos 31°
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
≑ sin −( ) cos
3 180 3
√3 𝜋
= −
2 360
180√3 − 𝜋
=
360
180√3−𝜋
cos 31° = 0.857 167 300 7 … and = 0.857 298 757 5 … so this is accurate
360
to three decimal places.
tan 61°
sin 61°
=
cos 61°
sin 61°
=
sin 90° − 61°
sin 61°
=
sin 29°
61𝜋
sin ( 180 )
=
sin 29°
60𝜋 𝜋
sin ( 180 + 180)
=
sin 29°
60𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Using the formula from part b with 𝜃 = = 3 and 𝑥 = − 180
180
tan 61°
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin ( 3 ) − − 180 cos ( 3)
≑
sin 29°
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin ( ) + cos ( )
= 3 180 3
sin 29°

√3 𝜋 1
+ 180 × 2
= 2
sin 29°
Now using the result obtained for sin 29°
tan 61°
√3 𝜋 1
+ 180 × 2
≑ 2
180 − 𝜋√3
360
√3 𝜋 1
( 2 + 180 × 2) × 360
=
180 − 𝜋√3
× 360
360
180√3 + 𝜋
=
180 − 𝜋√3
180√3+𝜋
tan 61° = 1.804 047 755 … and 180−𝜋√3 = 1.804 040 217 … so this is accurate to
five decimal places.
cot 59°
cos 59°
=
sin 59°
sin(90° − 59°)
=
sin 59°
sin 31°
=
sin 59°
31𝜋
sin ( 180 )
=
59𝜋
sin ( 180 )
30𝜋 𝜋
sin ( 180 + 180)
=
60𝜋 𝜋
sin ( 180 − 180)
𝜋 𝜋
sin ( 6 + 180)
= 𝜋 𝜋
sin ( 3 − 180)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin 6 + 180 cos 6
≑ 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin 3 − 180 cos 3
1 𝜋√3
+
= 2 360
√3 𝜋
−
2 360

180 + 𝜋√3
= (multiplying by 360 on top and bottom)
180√3 − 𝜋
180+𝜋√3
cot 59° = 0.600 860 619 … and 180√3−𝜋 = 0.600 858 207 5 … so this is accurate to
four decimal places.
46𝜋
sin 46° = sin
180
45𝜋 𝜋
= sin ( + )
180 180
𝜋 𝜋
= sin ( + )
4 180
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
≑ sin + cos
4 180 4
1 𝜋
≑ +
√2 180√2
180 + 𝜋
≑
180√2
180+𝜋
sin 46° = 0.719 339 800 3 … and 180√2 = 0.719 448 122 7 so this is accurate to
three decimal places.

1a 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1b 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1c
y  tan x
dy
 sec 2 x
dx
1d 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1e 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥
𝑦 = sin 𝑢 where 𝑢 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
= cos 𝑢 × 2
= cos 2𝑥 × 2
= 2 cos 2𝑥
1f 𝑦 = 3 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −3 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

1g 𝑦 = cos 3𝑥
𝑦 = cos 𝑢 where 𝑢 = 3𝑥
= ×
= −sin 𝑢 × 3
= −sin 3𝑥 × 3
= −3 sin 3𝑥
1h 𝑦 = tan 4𝑥
𝑦 = tan 𝑢 where 𝑢 = 4𝑥
= ×
= sec 2 𝑢 × 4
= 4 sec 2 4𝑥
1i 𝑦 = 4 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 4 sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1j 𝑦 = 2 sin 3𝑥
𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑢 where 𝑢 = 3𝑥
= ×
= 2 cos 𝑢 × 3
= 2 cos 3𝑥 × 3
= 6 cos 3𝑥
1k 𝑦 = 2 tan 2𝑥
𝑦 = 2 tan 𝑢 where 𝑢 = 2𝑥
= ×

= 2 sec 2 𝑢 × 2
= 2 sec 2 2𝑥 × 2
= 4 sec 2 2𝑥
1l 𝑦 = 4 cos 2𝑥
𝑦 = 4 cos 𝑢 where 𝑢 = 2𝑥
= ×
= −4 sin 𝑢 × 2
= −4 sin 2𝑥 × 2
= −8 sin 2𝑥
1m 𝑦 = − sin 2𝑥
𝑦 = − sin 𝑢 where 𝑢 = 2𝑥
= ×
= − cos 𝑢 × 2
= − cos 2𝑥 × 2
= −2 cos 2𝑥
1n 𝑦 = − cos 2𝑥
𝑦 = − cos 𝑢 where 𝑢 = 2𝑥
= ×
= sin 𝑢 × 2
= sin 2𝑥 × 2
= 2 sin 2𝑥

1o 𝑦 = − tan 2𝑥
𝑦 = − tan 𝑢 where 𝑢 = 2𝑥
= ×
= − sec 2 𝑢 × 2
= − sec 2 2𝑥 × 2
= −2 sec 2 2𝑥
1
1p 𝑦 = tan 2 𝑥
1
𝑦 = tan 𝑢 where 𝑢 = 2 𝑥
= ×
1
= sec 2 𝑢 ×
2
1 1
= sec 2 𝑥
2 2
1
1q 𝑦 = cos 2 𝑥
1
𝑦 = cos 𝑢 where 𝑢 = 2 𝑥
= ×
1
= − sin 𝑢 ×
2
1 1
= − sin 𝑥 ×
2 2
1 1
= − sin 𝑥
2 2

𝑥
1r 𝑦 = sin 2
𝑥
𝑦 = sin 𝑢 where 𝑢 = 2
= ×
1
= cos 𝑢 ×
2
𝑥 1
= cos ×
2 2
1 𝑥
= cos
2 2
1
1s 𝑦 = 5 tan 5 𝑥
1
𝑦 = 5 tan 𝑢 where 𝑢 = 2 𝑥
= ×
1
= 5 sec 2 𝑢 ×
5
1
= sec 2 𝑥
5
1t
𝑥
𝑦 = 6 cos
3
𝑥
𝑦 = 6 cos 𝑢 where 𝑢 = 3
= ×
1
= 6 × (− sin 𝑢) ×
3
𝑥 1
= 6 × (− sin ) ×
3 3
𝑥
= −2 sin
3

𝑥
1u 𝑦 = 12 sin 4
𝑥
𝑦 = 12 sin 𝑢 where 𝑢 = 4
= ×
1
= 12 cos 𝑢 ×
4
𝑥 1
= 12 cos ×
4 4
𝑥
= 3 cos
4
2a 𝑦 = sin 2𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= cos 2𝜋𝑥 × (2𝜋𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= cos 2𝜋𝑥 × 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 cos 2𝜋𝑥
2b
𝜋
𝑦 = tan 𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦 𝜋 𝑑 𝜋
= sec 2 𝑥 × ( 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝜋 𝜋
= sec 2 𝑥 ×
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
= sec 2 𝑥
2 2
2c 𝑦 = 3 sin 𝑥 + cos 5𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 3 cos 𝑥 × (𝑥) − sin 5𝑥 × (5𝑥)
= 3 cos 𝑥 × 1 − sin 5𝑥 × 5
= 3 cos 𝑥 − 5 sin 5𝑥

2d 𝑦 = 4 sin 𝜋𝑥 + 3 cos 𝜋𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 4 cos 𝜋𝑥 × 𝑑𝑥 (𝜋𝑥) + 3 × (− sin 𝜋𝑥) × 𝑑𝑥 (𝜋𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 4 cos 𝜋𝑥 × 𝜋 + 3 × (− sin 𝜋𝑥) × 𝜋

= 4𝜋 cos 𝜋𝑥 − 3𝜋 sin 𝜋𝑥
2e 𝑦 = sin(2𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= cos(2𝑥 − 1) × (2𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= cos(2𝑥 − 1) × 2
= 2 cos(2𝑥 − 1)
2f 𝑦 = tan(1 + 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= sec 2 (1 + 3𝑥) × (1 + 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= sec 2 (1 + 3𝑥) × 3
= 3 sec 2 (1 + 3𝑥)
2g 𝑦 = 2 cos(1 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 2 × (− sin(1 − 𝑥)) × (1 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2 × (− sin(1 − 𝑥)) × (−1)
= 2 sin(1 − 𝑥)
2h 𝑦 = cos(5𝑥 + 4)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= − sin(5𝑥 + 4) × (5𝑥 + 4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= − sin(5𝑥 + 4) × 5
= −5 sin(5𝑥 + 4)

2i 𝑦 = 7 sin(2 − 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 7 cos(2 − 3𝑥) × (2 − 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 7 cos(2 − 3𝑥) × (−3)
= −21 cos(2 − 3𝑥)
2j 𝑦 = 10 tan(10 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 10 sec 2 (10 − 𝑥) × (10 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 10 sec 2 (10 − 𝑥) × (−1)
= −10 sec 2 (10 − 𝑥)
2k
𝑥+1
𝑦 = 6 sin ( )
2
𝑥 1
= 6 sin ( + )
2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1 𝑑 𝑥 1
= 6 cos ( + ) × ( + )
𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑥 1 1
= 6 cos ( + ) ×
2 2 2
𝑥 1
= 3 cos ( + )
2 2
𝑥+1
= 3 cos ( )
2
2l
2𝑥 + 1
𝑦 = 15 cos ( )
5
2𝑥 1
= 15 cos ( + )
5 5
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 1 𝑑 2𝑥 1
= 15 (− sin ( + )) × ( + )
𝑑𝑥 5 5 𝑑𝑥 5 5
2𝑥 1 2
= 15 (− sin ( + )) ×
5 5 5
2 2𝑥 1
= −15 ( ) sin ( + )
5 5 5
2𝑥 + 1
= −6 sin ( )
5

3a
y  sin 2 x
dy
 2 cos 2 x
dx
d2y
 2  2sin 2 x
dx 2
 4sin 2 x
d3y
 4  2 cos 2 x
dx 3
 8cos 2 x
d4y
 8  2sin 2 x
dx 4
 16sin 2 x
The amplitude for each of these expressions is given by the coefficient of each
trigonometric term and hence are: 2, 4, 8 and 16.
3b
y  cos10 x
dy
 10sin10 x
dx
d2y
 10  10 cos10 x
dx 2
 100 cos10 x
d3y
 100  10sin10 x
dx 3
 1000sin10 x
d4y
 1000  10 cos10 x
dx 4
 10 000 cos10 x

3c
1
y  sin x
2
dy 1 1
 cos x
dx 2 2
d2y 1 1 1
   sin x
dx 2 2 2 2
1 1
  sin x
4 2
d3y 1 1
   cos 2 x
dx 3 4 2
1 1
  cos x
8 2
d4y 1 1 1
    sin x
dx 4 8 2 2
1 1
 sin x
16 2
3d
1
y  cos x
3
dy 1 1
  sin x
dx 3 3
2
d y 1 1 1
2
   cos x
dx 3 3 3
1 1
  cos x
9 3
3
d y 1 1 1
3
    sin x
dx 9 3 3
1 1
 sin x
27 3
4
d y 1 1 1
4
  cos x
dx 27 3 3
1 1
 cos x
81 3
The amplitude for each of these expressions is given by the coefficient of each
1 1 1 1
trigonometric term and hence are: 3 , 9 , 27 , 81

4 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −2 sin 2𝑥
4a
f   0   2sin  0 
0
4b
   
f     2sin  
 12  6
1
 2 
2
 1
4c
   
f     2sin  
6 3
3
 2 
2
 3
4d
   
f     2sin  
4 2
 2 1
 2
1 
f  x   sin u , where u   x  
4 2
1
f   x   cos u 
4
1 1 
 cos  x  
4 4 2

5a
1  
f   0   cos  
4 2
0
5b
1   
f   2   cos   
4 2 2
1
 cos  
4
1

4
5c
1   
f      cos    
4  4 2
1  
 cos  
4 4
1
 2
8
5d
1   
f     cos   
4 4 2
1  3 
 cos  
4  4 
1
 2
8

6a
y  x sin x
du
u  x, 1
dx
dv
v  sin x,  cos x
dx
dy
 sin x 1  x  cos x
dx
 x cos x  sin x
6b
y  2 x tan 2 x
du
u  2 x, 2
dx
dv
v  tan 2 x,  2sec 2 2 x
dx
dy
 tan 2 x  2  2 x  2sec 2 2 x
dx
 2 tan 2 x  4 x sec 2 2 x
 2  tan 2 x  2 x sec 2 2 x 
6c
y  x 2 cos 2 x
du
u  x2 ,  2x
dx
dv
v  cos 2 x,  2sin 2 x
dx
dy
 cos 2 x  2 x  x 2  2sin 2 x
dx
 2 x cos 2 x  2 x 2 sin 2 x
 2 x  cos 2 x  x sin 2 x 

6d
y  x 3 sin 3 x
du
u  x3 ,  3x 2
dx
dv
v  sin 3 x,  3cos 3 x
dx
dy
 sin 3 x  3 x 2  x 3  3cos 3 x
dx
 3 x 2 sin 3 x  3 x 3 cos 3 x
 3 x 2  sin 3 x  x cos 3 x 
7a
sin x
y
x
𝑢
If 𝑦 = 𝑣 then
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = sin 𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑥 × cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 × 1
=
𝑥2
𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
=
𝑥2
7b
cos x
y
x
𝑢
If 𝑦 = 𝑣 then
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = cos 𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = 1

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑥 × (−sin 𝑥) − cos 𝑥 × 1
=
𝑥2
 x sin x  cos x
=
x2
7c
x2
y
cos x
𝑢
If 𝑦 = 𝑣 then
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = cos 𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
(cos 𝑥) × (2𝑥) − 𝑥 2 × (− sin 𝑥)
=
(cos2 𝑥)
2𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥
=
cos2 𝑥
𝑥(2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 sin 𝑥)
=
cos2 𝑥
7d
x
y
1  sin x
𝑢
If 𝑦 = 𝑣 then
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = 1 + sin 𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
(1 + sin 𝑥) × 1 − 𝑥 × cos 𝑥
=
(1 + sin 𝑥)2

1 + sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥
=
(1 + sin 𝑥)2
8a 𝑦 = sin(𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2
= cos(𝑥 2 ) × (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= cos(𝑥 2 ) × 2𝑥
= 2𝑥 cos(𝑥 2 )
8b 𝑦 = sin(1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= cos(1 − 𝑥 2 ) × (1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= cos(1 − 𝑥 2 ) × (−2𝑥)
= −2𝑥 cos(1 − 𝑥 2 )
8c 𝑦 = cos(𝑥 3 + 1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 3
= (− sin(𝑥 3 + 1)) × (𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (− sin(𝑥 3 + 1)) × 3𝑥 2
= −3𝑥 2 sin(𝑥 3 + 1)
1
8d 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 = sin(𝑥 −1 )
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 −1
= cos × (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= cos × (−𝑥 −2 )
𝑥
1 1
=− 2
cos
𝑥 𝑥

8e 𝑦 = cos2 𝑥 = (cos 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 2 cos 𝑥 × (cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2 cos 𝑥 × (− sin 𝑥)
= − sin 𝑥 × 2 cos 𝑥
= −2 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
8f 𝑦 = sin3 𝑥 = (sin 𝑥)3

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (3 sin2 𝑥) × (sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (3 sin2 𝑥) × cos 𝑥
= 3 sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥
8g 𝑦 = tan2 𝑥 = (tan 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (2 tan 𝑥) × (tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (2 tan 𝑥) × sec 2 𝑥
= 2 tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥
1
8h 𝑦 = tan √𝑥 = tan (𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
= (sec 2 √𝑥) × (𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= (sec 2 √𝑥) × 𝑥 −2
2
1
= sec 2 √𝑥
2√𝑥

9a Drawing the tangents where 𝑥 = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3
𝜋 3𝜋
Drawing the tangents where 𝑥 = 2 , 𝜋, , 2𝜋
2
9b
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 𝜋 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 2𝜋
2 2
𝑓′(𝑥) 1 0.9 0.5 0.1 0 −0.4 −0.8 −1 −1 −0.9 −0.7 −0.2 0 0.3 0.7 1 1
9c Plotting each of the points found in part b gives:
1.5
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-0.5
-1
-1.5

9d We can see that if we fit a continuous curve to the points plotted (in part c) it
appears as below.
By inspection, this is the graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥.
10 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = − sin 𝑥

𝑦 ′′′ = − cos 𝑥
11a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 tan 𝑥

𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 tan 𝑥 × (tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥
11b 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 sin 2𝑥

𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 sin 2𝑥 × 𝑑𝑥 (sin 2𝑥)
= 𝑒 sin 2𝑥 × 2cos 2𝑥
= 2𝑒 sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥
11c 𝑓(𝑥) = sin(𝑒 2𝑥 )

𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos(𝑒 2𝑥 ) × 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 )
= cos(𝑒 2𝑥 ) × 2𝑒 2𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 cos(𝑒 2𝑥 )
11d 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑒 (cos 𝑥)

1 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 × 𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝑥)
1
= × (− sin 𝑥)
cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥
=−
cos 𝑥
= − tan 𝑥

11e 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑒 (sin 𝑥)

1 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sin 𝑥 × 𝑑𝑥 (sin 𝑥)
1
= × cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥
=
sin 𝑥
= cot 𝑥
11f 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑒 (cos 4𝑥)

1 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos 4𝑥 × 𝑑𝑥 (cos 4𝑥)
1
= × (−4 sin 4𝑥)
cos 4𝑥
4 sin 4𝑥
=−
cos 4𝑥
= −4 tan 4𝑥
12a 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= cos 𝑥 × (sin 𝑥) + sin 𝑥 (cos 𝑥)
= cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 (−sin 𝑥)
= cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
= cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥
12b 𝑦 = sin2 7𝑥 = (sin 7𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 2 sin 7𝑥 × (sin 7𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2 sin 7𝑥 × 7 cos 7𝑥
= 14 sin 7𝑥 cos 7𝑥

12c 𝑦 = cos5 3𝑥 = (cos 3𝑥)5

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 5(cos 3𝑥)4 × (cos 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 5 cos4 3𝑥 × (−3 sin 3𝑥)
= −15 cos4 3𝑥 sin 3𝑥
12d 𝑦 = (1 − cos 3𝑥)3

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 3(1 − cos 3𝑥)2 × (1 − cos 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 3(1 − cos 3𝑥)2 × (3 sin 3𝑥)
= 9 sin 3𝑥 (1 − cos 3𝑥)2
12e 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 sin 4𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= sin 4𝑥 × (sin 2𝑥) + sin 2𝑥 × (sin 4𝑥)
= sin 4𝑥 × 2 cos 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 × 4 cos 4𝑥
= 2 sin 4𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 4 sin 2𝑥 cos 4𝑥
= 2(cos 2𝑥 sin 4𝑥 + 2 sin 2𝑥 cos 4𝑥)
12f 𝑦 = tan3 (5𝑥 − 4) = (tan(5𝑥 − 4))3

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 3(tan(5𝑥 − 4))2 × (tan(5𝑥 − 4))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 3 tan2 (5𝑥 − 4) × 5 sec 2 (5𝑥 − 4)
= 15 tan2 (5𝑥 − 4) sec 2 (5𝑥 − 4)
13a
1
𝑓(𝑥) = = (1 + sin 𝑥)−1
1 + sin 𝑥
𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −1(1 + sin 𝑥)−2 × (1 + sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= −(1 + sin 𝑥)−2 × cos 𝑥

− cos 𝑥
=
(1 + sin 𝑥)2
13b
sin 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
1 + cos 𝑥
𝑢
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑣 then
𝑢 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = 1 + cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑣
= − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 −𝑢
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑣
(1 + cos 𝑥) × cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 × (− sin 𝑥)
=
(1 + cos 𝑥)2
cos 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥
=
(1 + cos 𝑥)2
cos 𝑥 + 1
=
(1 + cos 𝑥)2
1 + cos 𝑥
=
(1 + cos 𝑥)2
1
=
1 + cos 𝑥
13c
1 − sin 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
cos 𝑥
𝑢
𝑢 = 1 − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= − cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = cos 𝑥

𝑑𝑣
= − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 −𝑢
𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 2
cos 𝑥 (− cos 𝑥) − (1 − sin 𝑥)(− sin 𝑥)
=
cos 2 𝑥
− cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥
2
=
(1 − sin2 𝑥)
sin 𝑥 − (cos 2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥)
=
(1 − sin 𝑥)(1 + sin 𝑥)
sin 𝑥 − 1
=
(1 − sin 𝑥)(1 + sin 𝑥)
−(1 − sin 𝑥)
=
(1 − sin 𝑥)(1 + sin 𝑥)
−1
=
1 + sin 𝑥
13d
cos 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
𝑢
𝑢 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑣
= − sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 −𝑢
𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 2
(cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)(− sin 𝑥) − (cos 𝑥)(− sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)
=
(cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)2
− sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − cos2 𝑥
=

−(sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥)
=
−1
=
14a 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 for − 3𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3𝜋
14b 𝑦 ′ = − sin 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = − cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = sin 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = cos 𝑥
14c i The graphs are reflections of each other in the 𝑥-axis.
14c ii The graphs are identical.

15 See question 14a, b.

The graphs of the successive differentiation of sin 𝑥 are shown on page 321 of the
textbook.
16a 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
𝑦′ = sin 𝑥 × (𝑒 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 × (sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= sin 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 × cos 𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
𝑦 ′′ = sin 𝑥 × (𝑒 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 × (sin 𝑥) + cos 𝑥 × (𝑒 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 × (cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= sin 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 × cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 × (−sin 𝑥)
= 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥
= 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦
= 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 2(𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥) + 2(𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥)
= 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥
=0 as required
16b 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑 −𝑥 𝑑
𝑦′ = cos 𝑥 × (𝑒 ) + 𝑒 −𝑥 × (cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= cos 𝑥 × (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝑒 −𝑥 × (−sin 𝑥)
= −𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑 −𝑥 𝑑
𝑦 ′′ = − (cos 𝑥 × (𝑒 ) + 𝑒 −𝑥 × (cos 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −𝑥 𝑑
− (sin 𝑥 × (𝑒 ) + 𝑒 −𝑥 × (sin 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −(−𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥) − (−𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥)
= 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥
= 2𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦
= 2𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2(−𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥) + 2(𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥)
= 2𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥
= 0 as required

1
17a 𝑦 = 3 tan3 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑
= ( tan3 𝑥) − (tan 𝑥) + (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= (tan3 𝑥) − (tan 𝑥) + (𝑥)
3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= × 3 × tan2 𝑥 × (tan 𝑥) − sec 2 𝑥 + 1
3 𝑑𝑥
1
= × 3 × tan2 𝑥 × sec 2 𝑥 − sec 2 𝑥 + 1
3
= tan2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 − sec 2 𝑥 + 1 as required
17b
𝑑𝑦
= tan2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 − sec 2 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
Using the identity sec 2 𝑥 = 1 + tan2 𝑥:
𝑑𝑦
= tan2 𝑥 (1 + tan2 𝑥) − (1 + tan2 𝑥) + 1
𝑑𝑥
= tan2 𝑥 + tan4 𝑥 − 1 − tan2 𝑥 + 1
= tan4 𝑥 as required
𝑃
18a log 𝑏 (𝑄) = log 𝑏 𝑃 − log 𝑏 𝑄
18b
1 + sin 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑒 ( ) = log 𝑒 (1 + sin 𝑥) − log 𝑒 (cos 𝑥)
cos 𝑥
1 𝑑 1 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = × (1 + sin 𝑥) − × (cos 𝑥)
1 + sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= × cos 𝑥 − × (− sin 𝑥)
1 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
= +
1 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 (1 + sin 𝑥)
= +
cos 𝑥 (1 + sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥 (1 + sin 𝑥)
cos2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥
= +
cos 𝑥 (1 + sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥 (1 + sin 𝑥)

cos2 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥 + sin 𝑥

=
cos 𝑥 (1 + sin 𝑥)
1 + sin 𝑥
=
cos 𝑥 (1 + sin 𝑥)
1
=
cos 𝑥
= sec 𝑥
19a
𝑑
(sec 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= ((cos 𝑥)−1 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= −1(cos 𝑥)−2 × (cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
=− × (− sin 𝑥)
cos 2 𝑥
1 sin 𝑥
= ×
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
19b
𝑑
(cosec 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= ((sin 𝑥)−1 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= −1(sin 𝑥)−2 × (sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
=− × cos 𝑥
sin2 𝑥
1 cos 𝑥
=− ×
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
= − cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥

19c
𝑑
(cot 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= ((tan 𝑥)−1 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= −1(tan 𝑥)−2 × (tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
=− × sec 2 𝑥
tan2 𝑥
cos 2 𝑥 1
=− ×
sin 𝑥 cos2 𝑥
2
1
=− 2
sin 𝑥
= −cosec 2 𝑥
20
𝑑 1 5 1
( sin 𝑥 − sin7 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 5 7
5 4 𝑑 7 𝑑
= ( sin 𝑥) × (sin 𝑥) − ( sin6 𝑥) × (sin 𝑥)
5 𝑑𝑥 7 𝑑𝑥
= sin4 𝑥 × cos 𝑥 − sin6 𝑥 × cos 𝑥
= sin4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin6 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= sin4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin2 𝑥
= sin4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 (1 − cos2 𝑥)
= sin4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin4 𝑥 cos3 𝑥
= sin4 𝑥 cos3 𝑥

21a i 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝑑
Then, 𝑑𝑥 (sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥
It shows the first four derivatives of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥

𝜋
Each application of differentiation shifts the wave left 2 which is the quarter of
𝜋
2𝜋. Thus, the differentiation advances the phase by 2 hence, the first derivative is
𝑑 𝜋
(sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥 = sin(𝑥 + )
𝑑𝑥 2
𝜋
21a ii Each application of differentiation shifts the wave left which is the quarter of
2
𝜋
2𝜋. Thus, the differentiation advances the phase by 2 hence, the second
𝜋
derivative will shift by 2 times of 2 , which is advances the phase by 𝜋
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2
= 𝑑𝑥 2 (sin 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥 = sin(𝑥 + 𝜋)
𝑑𝑥 2

𝜋
21a iii Each application of differentiation shifts the wave left 2 which is the quarter of
𝜋
2𝜋. Thus, the differentiation advances the phase by 2 hence, the second
𝜋 3𝜋
derivative will shift by 3 times of 2 , which is advances the phase by 2
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑3 3𝜋
= 𝑑𝑥 3 (sin 𝑥) = sin(𝑥 + )
𝑑𝑥 3 2
21b By observation of the results in question 21a, the expression is

𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑛𝜋
= sin(𝑥 + )
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 2
22a LHS
1
= (sin((𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥) + sin((𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥))
2
1
= 2 (sin(𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑥) + sin(𝑚𝑥 − 𝑛𝑥))
1
= (sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 + cos 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 + sin 𝑚𝑥 cos(−𝑛𝑥) + cos(𝑚𝑥) sin(−𝑛𝑥))
2
1
= (sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 + cos 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 + sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 − cos 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥)
2
1
= (2 sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥)
2
= sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥
𝑑
22b (sin 𝑚𝑥 × cos 𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
= [ [(sin(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥 + sin(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥)]]
𝑑𝑥 2
1
= [(𝑚 + 𝑛) cos((𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥) + (𝑚 − 𝑛) cos((𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥)]
2
22c LHS
1
= (cos(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥 + cos(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥)
2
1
= (cos(𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑥) + cos(𝑚𝑥 − 𝑛𝑥))
2
1
= (cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 − sin 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 + cos 𝑚𝑥 cos(−𝑛𝑥) − sin 𝑚𝑥 sin(−𝑛𝑥))
2
1
= [cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 − sin 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 + cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 − − sin 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥]
2
1
= [cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 − sin 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 + cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 + sin 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥]
2

1
= [2 cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥]
2
= cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥
𝑑
(cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
= [ (cos(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥 + cos(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 2
1
= (−(𝑚 + 𝑛) sin(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥 − (𝑚 − 𝑛) sin(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥)
2
1
= − [(𝑚 + 𝑛) sin(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥 + (𝑚 − 𝑛) sin(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥]
2
23 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (cos 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥)

𝑑 −𝑥 𝑑
𝑦′ = (cos 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥) × (𝑒 ) + 𝑒 −𝑥 × (cos 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= (cos 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥) × (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝑒 −𝑥 × ( (cos 2𝑥) + (sin 2𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (cos 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥) × (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝑒 −𝑥 (−2 sin 2𝑥 + 2 cos 2𝑥)

= −𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − 3𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥
𝑑 −𝑥 𝑑
𝑦 ′′ = (cos 2𝑥 × (𝑒 ) + 𝑒 −𝑥 × (cos 2𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −𝑥 𝑑
−3 (sin 2𝑥 × (𝑒 ) + 𝑒 −𝑥 × (sin 2𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (−𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥) − 3(−𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥)
= −𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 6𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥
= −7𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥
𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦
= −7𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 2(𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − 3𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥)
+5(𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥)
= −7𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 2 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − 6𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥
+5𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 5𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥
= 0 as required

24a 𝑦 = ln(tan 2𝑥)

𝑑
LHS = 𝑑𝑥 ln(tan 2𝑥)
Let, 𝑢 = tan 2𝑥
𝑑
Hence, 𝑑𝑥 ln(tan 2𝑥) and using chain rule
𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑑𝑢 ln 𝑢) × 𝑑𝑥 tan 2𝑥
1
= 𝑢 × 2 sec 2 2𝑥
1
= tan 2𝑥 × 2 sec 2 2𝑥
1
= sin 2𝑥 × 2 sec 2𝑥 × sec 2𝑥
cos 2𝑥
cos 2𝑥 1
= × 2 sec 2𝑥 × cos 2𝑥
sin 2𝑥
1
= sin 2𝑥 × 2 sec 2𝑥
1
= 2 × sin 2𝑥 × sec 2𝑥
= 2 × sec 2𝑥 × cosec 2𝑥
= RHS
Hence, proved.
√2−cos 𝑥
24b 𝑦 = ln ( )
√2+cos 𝑥
𝑑 √2−cos 𝑥
LHS = 𝑑𝑥 ln ( )
√2+cos 𝑥
√2−cos 𝑥
Let 𝑢 =
√2+cos 𝑥
Hence, 𝑑𝑢 ln ( )
√2+cos 𝑥
𝑑
= (𝑑𝑢 ln 𝑢)
1
=𝑢
1
= √2−cos 𝑥
√2+cos 𝑥
√2+cos 𝑥
=
√2−cos 𝑥

and,
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 √2−cos 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 ( )
𝑑𝑥 √2+cos 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(√2+cos 𝑥)× (√2−cos 𝑥)−(√2−cos 𝑥)× (√2+cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (√2+cos 𝑥)2
(√2+cos 𝑥)×−(− sin 𝑥)−(√2−cos 𝑥)×(− sin 𝑥)

= (√2+cos 𝑥)2
(√2+cos 𝑥)×sin 𝑥−(√2−cos 𝑥)×(− sin 𝑥)

= (√2+cos 𝑥)2
√2 sin 𝑥+sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 +√2 sin 𝑥−sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

= (√2+cos 𝑥)2
2√2 sin 𝑥
= (√2+cos 𝑥)2
Thus, by the chain rule

ln ( )
𝑑𝑥 √2+cos 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
= ( ln 𝑢)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
√2+cos 𝑥 2√2 sin 𝑥
= × (√2+cos 𝑥)2
√2−cos 𝑥
2√2 sin 𝑥
= (√2−cos 𝑥)×(√2+cos 𝑥)
2√2 sin 𝑥
= 2−cos2 𝑥
2√2 sin 𝑥
= 1+1−cos2 𝑥
2√2 sin 𝑥
= 1+sin2 𝑥
= RHS
Hence, proved.
25 Differentiation by first principles formula is:

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Applying this formula to the function 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 gives:

𝑑 cos(𝑥+ℎ)−cos 𝑥
(cos 𝑥) = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ

Using the difference of cosines identity:

1 1
cos 𝑃 − cos 𝑄 = −2 sin 2 (𝑃 + 𝑄) sin 2 (𝑃 − 𝑄)
Then, letting 𝑃 = 𝑥 + ℎ and 𝑄 = 𝑥 we have 𝑃 + 𝑄 = 2𝑥 + ℎ and 𝑃 − 𝑄 = ℎ

𝑑 cos(𝑥+ℎ)−cos 𝑥
(cos 𝑥) = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
1 1
−2sin (2𝑥+ℎ) sin ℎ
2 2
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
1
1 sin ℎ
2
= lim −2sin (𝑥 + 2 ℎ)
ℎ→0 ℎ
1
1 sin ℎ
2
= lim −sin (𝑥 + 2 ℎ) 1
ℎ→0 ℎ
2
1
1 sin ℎ
2
= (− sin (𝑥 + 2 (0))) × 1 (because lim 1 = 1)
ℎ→0 2ℎ
= − sin 𝑥

1a 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑑𝑥 = cos 0 = 1
Gradient of the tangent to 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 0 is 1.
1b 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
When 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑑𝑥 = − sin 2 = −1
𝜋
Gradient of the tangent to 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 2 is −1.
1c 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑑𝑦 𝜋 1
When 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑑𝑥 = cos 3 = 2
𝜋 1
Gradient of the tangent to 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 3 is 2.
1d 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
When 𝑥 = 6 , 𝑑𝑥 = − sin 6 = − 2
𝜋 1
Gradient of the tangent to 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 6 is − 2.
1e 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
When 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑑𝑥 = cos 4 =
√2
𝜋 1
Gradient of the tangent to 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 4 is .
√2

1f 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 0 = 1
Gradient of the tangent to 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 0 is 1.
1g 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
When 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 4 = 2
𝜋
Gradient of the tangent to 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 4 is 2.
1h 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −2 sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
When 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑑𝑥 = −2 sin 2 = −2 × 1 = −2
𝜋
Gradient of the tangent to 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥 at 𝑥 = 4 is −2.
1
1i 𝑦 = −cos 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1
= sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 2
2𝜋 𝑑𝑦 1 𝜋 1 √3 √3
When 𝑥 = , = 2 sin 3 = 2 × =
3 𝑑𝑥 2 4
1 2𝜋 √3
Gradient of the tangent to 𝑦 = −cos 2 𝑥 at 𝑥 = is .
3 4
𝑥
1j 𝑦 = sin 2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥
= cos
𝑑𝑥 2 2
2𝜋 𝑑𝑦 1 𝜋 1 1 1
When 𝑥 = , = 2 cos 3 = 2 × 2 = 4
3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2𝜋 1
Gradient of the tangent to 𝑦 = sin 2 at 𝑥 = is 4.
3

1k 𝑦 = tan 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2 sec 2 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
When 𝑥 = 6 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2sec 2 3 = 2 × 4 = 8
𝜋
Gradient of the tangent to 𝑦 = tan 2𝑥 at 𝑥 = 6 is 8.
1l 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2 cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑑𝑦 𝜋 √3
When 𝑥 = 12, 𝑑𝑥 = 2 cos 6 = 2 × = √3
2
𝜋
Gradient of the tangent to 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 at 𝑥 = 12 is √3.
2a For 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
When 𝑥 = 0, the gradient of sin 𝑥 is 𝑑𝑥 = cos 0 = 1.
Thus the equation of the tangent at (0, 0) is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 0 = 1(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦=𝑥
Hence 𝑦 = 𝑥 is a tangent to 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 at (0, 0).
2b For 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
When 𝑥 = 0, the gradient of tan 𝑥 is 𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 0 = 1.
Thus, the equation of the tangent is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 0 = 1(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦=𝑥

Hence 𝑦 = 𝑥 is a tangent to 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 at (0, 0).
2c For 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
When 𝑥 = 2 , the gradient of cos 𝑥 is 𝑑𝑥 = − sin (2 ) = −1.
𝜋
Thus the equation of the tangent at ( 2 , 0) is
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝜋
𝑦 − 0 = −1 (𝑥 − )
2
𝜋
𝑦 = −𝑥 +
2
𝜋 𝜋
Hence 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 is a tangent to 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 at ( 2 , 0).
3a For 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
When 𝑥 = 𝜋, the gradient of sin 𝑥 is 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜋 = −1.
Thus, the equation of the tangent at (𝜋, 0) is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 0 = −1(𝑥 − 𝜋)
𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝜋
3b For 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
When 𝑥 = 4 , the gradient of tan 𝑥 is 𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 4 = 2.
𝜋
Thus, the equation of the tangent at ( 4 , 1) is
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

𝜋
𝑦 − 1 = 2 (𝑥 − )
4
𝜋
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − + 1
2
𝜋
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = − 1
2
3c For 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
When 𝑥 = 6 , the gradient of cos 𝑥 is 𝑑𝑥 = − sin 6 = − 2.
𝜋 √3
Thus, the equation of the tangent at ( 6 , ) is
2
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
√3 1 𝜋
𝑦− = − (𝑥 − )
2 2 6
𝑥 𝜋 √3
𝑦=− + +
2 12 2
𝑥 𝜋 √3
+𝑦 = +
2 12 2
𝜋
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = + √3
6
3d For 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −2 sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
When 𝑥 = 4 , the gradient of cos 2𝑥 is 𝑑𝑥 = −2 sin 2 = −2 × 1 = −2.
𝜋
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝜋
𝑦 − 0 = −2 (𝑥 − )
4
𝜋
𝑦 = −2𝑥 +
2

3e For 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2 cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑑𝑦 2𝜋 1
When 𝑥 = 3 , the gradient of sin 2𝑥 is 𝑑𝑥 = 2 cos = 2 × − 2 = −1.
3
𝜋 √3
Thus, the equation of the tangent at ( 3 , ) is
2
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
√3 𝜋
𝑦− = −1 (𝑥 − )
2 3
𝜋 √3
𝑦 = −𝑥 + +
3 2
𝜋 √3
𝑥+𝑦 = +
3 2
3f For 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= sin 𝑥 × (𝑥) + 𝑥 × (sin 𝑥)
= sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
When 𝑥 = 𝜋, the gradient of 𝑥 sin 𝑥 is 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝜋 + 𝜋 cos 𝜋 = 0 + 𝜋 × −1 = −𝜋.
Thus, the equation of the tangent at (𝜋, 0) is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 0 = −𝜋(𝑥 − 𝜋)
𝑦 = −𝜋𝑥 + 𝜋 2
4a For 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
The gradient is zero when 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
2 cos 𝑥 = 0
cos 𝑥 = 0
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥= ,
2 2

4b For 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2 cos 𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2 cos 𝑥 − 1 = 0
1
cos 𝑥 =
2
𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥= ,
3 3
4c For 𝑦 = 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −2 sin 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
−2 sin 𝑥 + 1 = 0
2 sin 𝑥 = 1
1
sin 𝑥 =
2
𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥= ,
6 6
4d For 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥 + √3𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 2 cos 𝑥 + √3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2 cos 𝑥 + √3 = 0
2 cos 𝑥 = −√3
√3
cos 𝑥 = −
2
5𝜋 7𝜋
𝑥= ,
6 6

5a For 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥 − cos 2𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 2 cos 𝑥 + 2 sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋
When 𝑥 = 6 , the gradient of 2 sin 𝑥 − cos 2𝑥 is
𝑑𝑦 𝜋 2𝜋 2√3 2√3
= 2 cos + 2 sin = + = 2√3
𝑑𝑥 6 6 2 2
𝜋 1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
1 𝜋
𝑦− = 2√3 (𝑥 − )
2 6
1 𝜋√3
𝑦− = 2√3𝑥 −
2 3
1 1
2√3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝜋√3 −
3 2
1 1
5b The gradient of the normal is 𝑚𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 = − 𝑑𝑦 =−
( ) 2√3
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 1
Thus, the equation of the normal at ( 6 , 2) is
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
1 1 𝜋
𝑦− =− (𝑥 − )
2 2√3 6
1 1 𝜋
𝑦− =− 𝑥+
2 2√3 12√3
Multiplying by 2√3 gives:
𝜋
2√3𝑦 − √3 = −𝑥 +
6
𝜋
𝑥 + 2√3𝑦 = + √3
6

6a 𝑦 = sin2 𝑥
𝑑
𝑦′ = (sin2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 2 sin 𝑥 × (sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 2 sin 𝑥 × cos 𝑥
= 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝜋
6b When 𝑥 = 4 ,
𝜋 𝜋 1 1
𝑚tangent = 𝑦 ′ = 2 sin cos = 2 ( ) ( ) = 1
4 4 √2 √2
1
𝑚norm = − = −1
𝑦′
𝜋 𝜋 1 2 1
6c Note that when 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑦 = sin2 4 = ( ) = 2
√2
Tangent:
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
1 𝜋
𝑦− = 1 (𝑥 − )
2 4
𝜋 1
𝑦=𝑥− +
4 2
𝜋 1
𝑥−𝑦 = −
4 2
Normal:
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
1 𝜋
𝑦− = −1 (𝑥 − )
2 4
𝜋 1
𝑦 = −𝑥 + +
4 2
𝜋 1
𝑥+𝑦 = +
4 2

6d For the tangent:

When 𝑦 = 0,
𝜋 1
𝑥−0= −
4 2
𝜋 1
𝑥= −
4 2
𝜋 1
Hence 𝑃( 4 − 2 , 0).
For the normal:

When 𝑥 = 0,
𝜋 1
0+𝑦 = +
4 2
𝜋 1
𝑦= +
4 2
𝜋 1
Hence 𝑄 (0, 4 + 2).
𝜋 1 𝜋 1
Thus the triangle has base length ( 4 − 2) and height (4 + 2) so
1 𝜋 1 𝜋 1
𝐴= ( − )( + )
2 4 2 4 2
1 𝜋−2 𝜋+2
= ( )( )
2 4 4
1
= (𝜋 − 2)(𝜋 + 2)
32
1
= 32 (𝜋 2 − 4) u2
7a 𝑦 = 𝑒 sin 𝑥
𝑑 sin 𝑥
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑒 sin 𝑥 × (sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 sin 𝑥 × cos 𝑥
= cos 𝑥 𝑒 sin 𝑥

7b The tangent is horizontal when 𝑦′ = 0. This is when

cos 𝑥 𝑒 sin 𝑥 = 0
As 𝑒 sin 𝑥 ≠ 0 for all 𝑥, we conclude that we must have
cos 𝑥 = 0
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 = 2, for 𝑥 ∈ [0, 2𝜋]
2
8a 𝑦 = 𝑒 cos 𝑥
𝑑 cos 𝑥
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑒 cos 𝑥 × (cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 cos 𝑥 × (−sin 𝑥)
= − sin 𝑥 𝑒 cos 𝑥
8b The tangent is horizontal when 𝑦′ = 0. This is when

− sin 𝑥 𝑒 cos 𝑥 = 0
As 𝑒 cos 𝑥 ≠ 0, we conclude that we must have
sin 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋 for 𝑥 ∈ [0, 2𝜋]
9a 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 + √3 sin 𝑥
𝑦′ = − sin 𝑥 + √3 cos 𝑥
𝑦′′ = − cos 𝑥 − √3 sin 𝑥
9b Stationary points occur when 𝑦′ = 0. This is when
− sin 𝑥 + √3 cos 𝑥 = 0
sin 𝑥 = √3 cos 𝑥
tan 𝑥 = √3
𝜋 4𝜋
𝑥 = 3, for 𝑥 ∈ [0, 2𝜋]
3

𝜋
When 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑦′′ = −2 < 0. Hence the curve is concave down at this
𝜋
point and thus there is a maximum turning point at ( 3 , 2).
4𝜋
When 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = −2 and 𝑦′′ = 2 > 0. Hence the curve is concave up at this point
3
4𝜋
and thus there is a minimum turning point at ( 3 , −2).
9c Points of inflection occur when 𝑦′′ = 0. This is when
− cos 𝑥 − √3 sin 𝑥 = 0
√3 sin 𝑥 = − cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 1
=−
cos 𝑥 √3
1
tan 𝑥 = −
√3
5𝜋 11𝜋
𝑥= , for 𝑥 ∈ [0, 2𝜋]
6 6
5𝜋 11𝜋
When 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 0 and when 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 0.
6 6
5𝜋 11𝜋
Thus, there are possible points of inflection at ( 6 , 0) and ( , 0).
6
Furthermore, we test 𝑦′′ on either side of these points to confirm that the
concavity changes.
𝑥 0 5𝜋 𝜋 11𝜋 2𝜋
6 6
𝑦′′ −1 0 1 0 −1
As we can see the concavity changes on either side of these points and hence they
must both be points of inflection.

9d A sketch of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 + √3 sin 𝑥 is shown below.
𝜋 3𝜋
2
10a 𝑦 = 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 1 + cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 0 − sin 𝑥
Hence
𝑦 ′′ = − sin 𝑥 as required
10b Stationary points occur when 𝑦 ′ = 0. This is when

1 + cos 𝑥 = 0
cos 𝑥 = −1
𝑥 = −𝜋, 𝜋 for 𝑥 ∈ (−2𝜋, 2𝜋)
When 𝑥 = 𝜋, 𝑦 = 𝜋 and 𝑦 ′′ = − sin 𝜋 = 0.
When 𝑥 = −𝜋, 𝑦 = −𝜋 and 𝑦 ′′ = − sin(−𝜋) = 0.
So (−𝜋, −𝜋) and (𝜋, 𝜋) are possible horizontal points of inflection.
Testing the derivative to confirm this
𝑥 −2𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑦′ 2 0 2 0 2
Thus the derivative is positive either side of the stationary points and hence the
stationary points are points of inflection.

10c Points of inflection occur when 𝑦 ′′ = 0. This is when

− sin 𝑥 = 0
sin 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 = −𝜋, 0, 𝜋 for 𝑥 ∈ (−2𝜋, 2𝜋)
We have already seen that there are horizontal points of inflection at (−𝜋, −𝜋)
and (𝜋, 𝜋).
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 ′′ = 0. Hence a possible point of inflection at (0, 0).
We can test 𝑦′′ on either side of these three points to confirm that the concavity
changes.
𝑥 3𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
− −
2 2 2 2
𝑦′′ −1 0 1 0 1 0 −1
As we can see the concavity changes on either side of these points and hence,
they must be points of inflection.
10d A sketch of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 is shown below.
11
𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 2 cos 𝑥 + 1
𝑦 ′′ = −2 sin 𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 0 for stationary points:

2 cos 𝑥 + 1 = 0
2 cos 𝑥 = −1
1
cos 𝑥 = −
2
2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑥= , for 𝑥 ∈ [0, 2𝜋]
3 3
2𝜋 2𝜋
When 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = + √3, and 𝑦 ′′ < 0. Hence the curve is concave down and this
3 3
is a maximum turning point.
4𝜋 4𝜋
When 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = − √3, and 𝑦 ′′ > 0. Hence the curve is concave up and this is
3 3
a minimum turning point.
2𝜋 2𝜋
Hence there is a maximum turning point at ( 3 , + √3) and a minimum turning
3
4𝜋 4𝜋
point at ( 3 , − √3).
3
𝑦 ′′ = 0 for points of inflection:

−2 sin 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋 for 𝑥 ∈ [0, 2𝜋]
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
When 𝑥 = 𝜋, 𝑦 = 𝜋
When 𝑥 = 2𝜋, 𝑦 = 2𝜋
Possible points of inflection at (0, 0), (𝜋, 𝜋) and (2𝜋, 2𝜋).
We can test 𝑦′′ on either side of these three points to see if the concavity changes.
𝑥 𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋 5𝜋
−
2 2 2 2
𝑦′′ 2 0 −2 0 2 0 −2

As we can see the concavity changes on either side of these points and hence,
they must be points of inflection.
2𝜋 2𝜋
( , + √3)
3 3
1 1
12 The area of the triangle is given by 𝐴 = 2 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶 = 2 (10)(10) sin 𝜃 = 50 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝐴
Thus 𝑑𝜃 = 50 cos 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝜃 𝜋
The angle is increasing at 3° = 3 × 180 = 60 radians per minute. Hence 𝑑𝑡 = 60.
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝜃
Now, 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝜃 × 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
= 50 cos 𝜃 ×
60
𝜋 𝜋
When 𝜃 = 30° = 30 × 180 = 6 radians
𝑑𝐴 𝜋 𝜋 5√3𝜋
= (50 cos 6 ) × 60 = cm2 per minute
𝑑𝑡 12

13
Let 𝑆 be a point along the shore 𝑥m from P where the light from the lighthouse is
𝑑𝑥
shining. We aim to find 𝑑𝑡 when 𝑥 = 300. From the diagram it follows that
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝜃 = 180 and hence 𝑥 = 180 tan 𝜃. Thus 𝑑𝜃 = 180 sec 2 𝜃. Note that one
2𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝜃 𝜋
revolution is 2𝜋 radians. Hence the light rotates at 10 = 5 rad/sec so 𝑑𝑡 = 5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃 𝜋
Hence, 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝜃 × 𝑑𝑡 = 180 sec 2 𝜃 × 5 = 36𝜋 sec 2 𝜃 m/s
300 300 2
When 𝑥 = 300, tan 𝜃 = 180 and sec 2 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃 = 1 + (180) .
𝑑𝑥 300 2
Thus, it follows that 𝑑𝑡 = 36𝜋 (1 + (180) ) = 136𝜋 m/s at a point 300 m along
the shore from the point .
14a
𝑄𝑀 𝑄𝑀
sin 𝜃 = = = 𝑄𝑀
𝑂𝑄 1
𝑂𝑀 𝑂𝑀
cos 𝜃 = = = 𝑂𝑀
𝑂𝑅 1

14b
1
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
2
1
= 𝑄𝑅 × 𝑃𝑀
2
1
= (2𝑄𝑀)(𝑃𝑂 + 𝑂𝑀)
2
1
= 2 sin 𝜃 (1 + cos 𝜃)
2
= sin 𝜃 (1 + cos 𝜃)
14c 𝐴 = sin 𝜃 (1 + cos 𝜃)

= sin 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1
= sin 𝜃 + sin 2𝜃
2
𝑑𝐴
= cos 𝜃 + cos 2𝜃
𝑑𝜃
= cos 𝜃 + 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1
= (2 cos 𝜃 − 1)(cos 𝜃 + 1)
𝑑𝐴
For maxima/minima, = 0.
𝑑𝜃
(2 cos 𝜃 − 1)(cos 𝜃 + 1) = 0
2 cos 𝜃 − 1 = 0 or cos 𝜃 + 1 = 0
For our angles to be acute, cos 𝜃 > 0.
So cos 𝜃 = −1 or 𝜃 = 𝜋 is not a solution. Hence:
2 cos 𝜃 − 1 = 0
2 cos 𝜃 = 1
1
cos 𝜃 =
2
𝜋
𝜃=
3
𝑑2 𝐴
= − sin 𝜃 − 2 sin 2𝜃
𝑑𝜃 2
𝜋 𝑑2 𝐴
When 𝜃 = 3 , 𝑑𝜃2 < 0, hence the curve is concave down and this is a maximum.

𝜋
Hence the maximum area occurs when 𝜃 = 3 .
Note that the triangle is equilateral as:

2𝜋 1 1 2𝜋 2𝜋
∠𝑄𝑂𝑅 = 2𝜃 = and ∠𝑃𝑂𝑄 = ∠𝑃𝑂𝑅 = 2 (2𝜋 − ∠𝑄𝑂𝑅) = 2 (2𝜋 − )= .
3 3 3
Hence all vertices of the triangle are evenly spaced from one another around the
unit circle and hence they must be the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
15a
𝑑 2 − sin 𝜃
( )
𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑑 𝑑
cos 𝜃 × (2 − sin 𝜃) − (2 − sin 𝜃) (cos 𝜃)
= 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
cos2 𝜃
(2
cos 𝜃 × (−cos 𝜃) − − sin 𝜃)(− sin 𝜃)
=
cos2 𝜃
− cos 𝜃 + 2 sin 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
2
=
cos2 𝜃
−(cos 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) + 2 sin 𝜃
2
=
cos2 𝜃
−1 + 2 sin 𝜃
=
cos2 𝜃
2 sin 𝜃 − 1
=
cos2 𝜃
15b Local maximum and minimum values occur when:

𝑑 2 − sin 𝜃
( )=0
𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃
2 sin 𝜃 − 1
=0
cos2 𝜃
𝜋 3𝜋
cos 𝜃 ≠ 0, that is, 𝜃 ≠ or
2 2
𝜋
However, we are considering the interval 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 4 , so cos 𝜃 ≠ 0. Hence:
2 sin 𝜃 − 1 = 0
1
sin 𝜃 =
2
𝜋
𝜃=
6

Now we find the values of local maxima/minima and the endpoints:

2−sin 0 2−0
When 𝜃 = 0, = =2
cos 0 1
𝜋 1
𝜋 2−sin6 2−
2 3 2
When 𝜃 = , 𝜋 = √3
=2× = √3
6 cos √3
6 2
𝜋 1
𝜋 2−sin4 2− 1
√2
When 𝜃 = , 𝜋 = 1 = √2 (2 − ) = 2√2 − 1
4 cos √2
4 √2
Hence the maximum value is 2 when 𝜃 = 0 and the minimum value is √3 when
𝜋
𝜃 = 6.
16a 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥 + cos 2𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 2 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 2𝑥
𝑦′′ = −2 sin 𝑥 − 4 cos 2𝑥
1
16b When sin 𝑥 = 2 and cos 𝑥 = 0
Then,
𝑦 ′ = 2 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 2𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 2 cos 𝑥 − 2 × 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥, using the formula, sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 2 cos 𝑥 − 4 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 2 cos 𝑥 (1 − 2 sin 𝑥)
1
Therefore if cos 𝑥 = 0 or sin 𝑥 = 2, then 𝑦 ′ = 0.
Hence, proved
16c Stationary points occur when 𝑦′ = 0. This is when:

2 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 2𝑥 = 0
−2 sin 2𝑥 = −2 cos 𝑥
2 sin 2𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑥
sin 2𝑥 = cos 𝑥
Using the formula, sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥,
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑥

2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 0

cos 𝑥 (2 sin 𝑥 − 1) = 0
2 sin 𝑥 = 1 or cos 𝑥 = 0
1
For sin 𝑥 = 2
𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥 = 6, for 𝑥 ∈ [−𝜋, 𝜋]
6
𝜋 3
When 𝑥 = 6 , 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑦 ′′ = −3 < 0. Hence the curve is concave down at this
𝜋 3
5𝜋 3
When 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑦 ′′ = −1 < 0. Hence the curve is concave down at this
6
5𝜋 3
For cos 𝑥 = 0
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = −2,2 for 𝑥 ∈ [−𝜋, 𝜋]
𝜋
When 𝑥 = − 2 , 𝑦 = −3 and 𝑦 ′′ = 6 > 0. Hence the curve is concave up at this
𝜋
point and thus there is a minimum turning point at (− 2 , −3).
𝜋
When 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑦 ′′ = 2 > 0. Hence the curve is concave up at this point
𝜋
and thus there is a minimum turning point at ( 2 , 1).
16d Sketch of the curve is shown as below

17a 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 −𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 −𝑥 (cos 𝑥) + cos 𝑥 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 × − sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 × −𝑒 −𝑥
= −𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
= −𝑒 −𝑥 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦 ′′ = −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) + (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (−𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= −𝑒 −𝑥 × (𝑑𝑥 (sin 𝑥) + 𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝑥)) + (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (−𝑒 −𝑥 )
= −𝑒 −𝑥 × (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) + (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) × 𝑒 −𝑥

= −𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥
= 2𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥

−𝑒 −𝑥 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) = 0
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 0 since −𝑒 −𝑥 is always less than 0.
sin 𝑥 = − cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥
= −1
cos 𝑥
tan 𝑥 = −1
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 = −4, for 𝑥 ∈ [−𝜋, 𝜋]
4
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 1
When 𝑥 = − 4 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 4 and 𝑦 ′′ = −√2𝑒 4 < 0. Hence the curve is concave down
√2
𝜋
𝜋 1
at this point and thus there is a maximum turning point at (− 4 , 𝑒 4 ).
√2
3𝜋 3𝜋
3𝜋 1
When 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = − 𝑒 − 4 and 𝑦′′ = √2𝑒 − 4 > 0. Hence the curve is concave up
4 √2
3𝜋
3𝜋 1
at this point and thus there is a minimum turning point at ( 4 , − 𝑒 − 4 ).
√2

2𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 = 0
sin 𝑥 = 0 (since 𝑒 −𝑥 > 0 for all 𝑥)

𝑥 = −𝜋, 0, 𝜋 for 𝑥 ∈ [−𝜋, 𝜋]

When 𝑥 = −𝜋, 𝑦 = −𝑒 𝜋 , when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 and when 𝑥 = 𝜋, 𝑦 = −𝑒 −𝜋
Thus, there are possible points of inflection at (−𝜋, −𝑒 𝜋 ), (0,1) and (𝜋, −𝑒 −𝜋 ).
Confirming that these are points of inflection
𝑥 −𝜋 0 𝜋
𝑦′ 𝑒𝜋 −1 𝑒 −𝜋
Since these points are not stationary points, and hence not local maxima or
minima, they must be points of inflection.
18a The angle of inclination is 𝜋 − 𝑎 and so 𝑚 = tan(𝜋 − 𝑎) = − tan 𝑎
18b The line is of form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, since 𝑚 = − tan 𝛼 , 𝑦 = −𝑥 tan 𝛼 + 𝑏. Substituting

in (2, 1),
1 = −2 tan 𝛼 + 𝑏
𝑏 = 1 + 2 tan 𝛼
Thus 𝑦 = −𝑥 tan 𝛼 + 1 + 2 tan 𝛼
The 𝑥-intercept occurs when 𝑦 = 0
0 = −𝑥 tan 𝛼 + 1 + 2 tan 𝛼

𝑥 tan 𝛼 = 1 + 2 tan 𝛼
1
𝑥= +2
tan 𝛼
1
Thus the 𝑥-intercept is 𝑃 = (tan 𝛼 + 2, 0)
The 𝑦-intercept is when 𝑥 = 0

𝑦 = 0 + 1 + 2 tan 𝛼 = 1 + 2 tan 𝛼
Thus the 𝑦-intercept is
𝑄 = (0, 2 tan 𝛼 + 1)
18c
1
𝐴= 𝑏ℎ
2
1 1
= (2 tan 𝛼 + 1) ( + 2)
2 tan 𝛼
1 1 + 2 tan 𝛼
= (2 tan 𝛼 + 1) ( )
2 tan 𝛼
1 1 + 2 tan 𝛼
= (2 tan 𝛼 + 1) ( )
2 tan 𝛼
(2 tan 𝛼 + 1)2
=
2 tan 𝛼
18d
Let tan 𝛼 = 𝑥
𝑑𝐴 (2𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1)
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝐴
For maximum area, =0
𝑑𝑥
Therefore (2𝑥 − 1) = 0 or (2𝑥 + 1) = 0

1 1
Therefore 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = − 2.
𝜋
Since 𝑥 = tan 𝛼 , 𝑥 > 0 as 0 < 𝛼 < 2
1
Therefore maximum when tan 𝛼 = 2.

19a For 𝑦 = tan 𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
When 𝑥 = 0, the gradient of tan 𝑥 is 𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 0 = 1.
Thus, the equation of the tangent at (0, 0) is

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 0 = 1(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦=𝑥
Hence 𝑦 = 𝑥 is a tangent to 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 at (0, 0).
19b Sketch of 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 is given below
𝜋
For the given domain, 0 < 𝑥 < 2 , the graph of 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 is above the graph of
𝑦=𝑥
Hence, tan 𝑥 > 𝑥

sin 𝑥
19c 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥× (sin 𝑥) − sin 𝑥 × (𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
=
𝑥2
=
𝑥2
sin 𝑥
Since tan 𝑥 > 𝑥 for the given domain, it follows that cos 𝑥 < 𝑥. For the given
domain cos 𝑥 > 0, hence sin 𝑥 > 𝑥 cos 𝑥 and in turn 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 < 0. Since
𝑥 cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥
𝑥 2 > 0 for 𝑥 ≠ 0, we have that 2
< 0 and hence 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0.
𝑥
sin 𝑥
19d Sketch of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
2 2𝑥
As we can see, 𝑓(𝑥) > 𝜋 at the given domain hence, sin 𝑥 > .
𝜋

20a 𝑦 = sin2 𝑥 + cos 𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = sin 𝑥(2 cos 𝑥 − 1)
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦 ′′ = (2 cos 𝑥 − 1) × (sin 𝑥) + sin 𝑥 × (2 cos 𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (2 cos 𝑥 − 1) × cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 × (−2 sin 𝑥)
= 2 cos2 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − 2 sin2 𝑥
= 2 (cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥) − cos 𝑥
Stationary points occur when 𝑦′ = 0. This is when:
sin 𝑥(2 cos 𝑥 − 1) = 0
sin 𝑥 = 0 and 2 cos 𝑥 − 1 = 0
1
sin 𝑥 = 0 and cos 𝑥 = 2
𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥 = 0, 3 , , 𝜋, 2𝜋 for 𝑥 ∈ [0, 2𝜋]
3
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑦 ′′ = 1 > 0. Hence the curve is concave up at this point

and thus there is a minimum turning point at (0, 1).
𝜋 5 3
When 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑦 ′′ = − 4 < 0. Hence the curve is concave down at this
𝜋 5
5𝜋 5 3
When 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑦 ′′ = − 4 < 0. Hence the curve is concave down at this
3
5𝜋 5
When 𝑥 = 𝜋, 𝑦 = −1 and 𝑦 ′′ = 1 > 0. Hence the curve is concave up at this point

and thus there is a minimum turning point at (𝜋, −1).
When 𝑥 = 2𝜋, 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑦 ′′ = 1 > 0. Hence the curve is concave up at this point
and thus there is a minimum turning point at (2𝜋, 1).
The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0, this is when sin2 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 0
1 − cos2 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 0
cos2 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − 1 = 0
−(−1) ± √(−1)2 − 4(1)(−1)

cos 𝑥 =
2

1 ± √5
=
2
Hence
1−√5
𝑥 = cos−1 ( ) due to domain [−1, 1].
2
Note: cos(−𝑥 + 2𝜋) = cos(𝑥)

−(1−√5)
Therefore another solution is + 2.
2
20b 𝑦 = sin3 𝑥 cos 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑦 ′ = cos 𝑥 × (sin3 𝑥) + sin3 𝑥× (cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′ = cos 𝑥(3sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥) + sin3 𝑥(− sin 𝑥)
= 3sin2 𝑥cos2 𝑥 − sin4 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑦 ′′ = 3[cos2 𝑥 × (sin2 𝑥) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 × (cos 2 𝑥)] − (sin4 𝑥)
= 3(cos 2 𝑥 × 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥 × −2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥) − 4sin3 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= 3(2cos3 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2sin3 𝑥 cos 𝑥) − 4sin3 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= 6 cos 3 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 10 sin3 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Stationary points occur when 𝑦′ = 0. This is when

3sin2 𝑥cos2 𝑥 − sin4 𝑥 = 0
sin2 𝑥(3cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥) = 0
sin2 𝑥 = 0 and (3cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥) = 0

sin2 𝑥 = 0 and tan2 𝑥 = 3
sin 𝑥 = 0 and tan 𝑥 = ±√3

𝑥 = 0, 3 , , , , 𝜋, 2𝜋 for 𝑥 ∈ [0, 2𝜋]
3 3 3
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 ′′ = 0. Hence the curve is a stationary point of inflection

at this point (0, 0).
𝜋 3√3 3√3
When 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = and 𝑦 ′′ = − < 0. Hence the curve is concave down at this
16 2
𝜋 3√3
point and thus there is a maximum turning point at ( , ).
3 16
2𝜋 3√3 3√3
When 𝑥 = ,𝑦 =− and 𝑦 ′′ = > 0. Hence the curve is concave up at this
3 16 2
2𝜋 3√3
point and thus there is a minimum turning point at ( 3 , − ).
16
4𝜋 3√3 3√3
When 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = and 𝑦 ′′ = − < 0. Hence the curve is concave down at
3 16 2
4𝜋 3√3
this point and thus there is a maximum turning point at ( 3 , ).
16
5𝜋 3√3 3√3
When 𝑥 = ,𝑦 =− and 𝑦 ′′ = > 0. Hence the curve is concave up at this
3 16 2
5𝜋 3√3
point and thus there is a minimum turning point at ( 3 , − ).
16
When 𝑥 = 𝜋, 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 ′′ = 0. Hence the curve is a stationary point of inflection

at this point (𝜋, 0).
When 𝑥 = 2𝜋, 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 ′′ = 0. Hence the curve is a stationary point of
inflection at this point (2𝜋, 0).

20c 𝑦 = tan2 𝑥 −2tan 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑦′ = (tan2 𝑥) − (2tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑦 ′ = 2tan 𝑥 ⋅ (tan 𝑥) − 2sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 2tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 − 2sec 2 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 2 sec 2 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 − 1)
Stationary points occur when 𝑦 ′ = 0, that is when:

2 sec 2 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 − 1) = 0
sec 𝑥 = 0 or tan 𝑥 = 1
𝜋
However, sec 𝑥 ≠ 0 for all 𝑥, thus the only stationary points are at 𝑥 = 4 and
5𝜋
𝑥= where tan 𝑥 = 1.
4
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦 ′′ = (2 sec 2 𝑥)(tan 𝑥 − 1) + 2 sec 2 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= ((2 cos 𝑥)−2 )(tan 𝑥 − 1) + 2 sec 4 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= −4(− sin 𝑥)(cos 𝑥)−3 (tan 𝑥 − 1) + 2 sec 4 𝑥
= 4 sin 𝑥 sec 3 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − 4 sin 𝑥 sec 3 𝑥 + 2 sec 4 𝑥
sin2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 2
=4 4
−4 +
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos4 𝑥
3
= sec 4 𝑥 (4 sin2 𝑥 − 4 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2)

𝜋
When 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑦 = −1, 𝑦 ′′ = 8 > 0 hence the curve is concave up and this is a
minimum turning point.
5𝜋
When 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = −1, 𝑦 ′′ = 8 > 0 hence the curve is concave up and this is a
4
minimum turning point.
𝜋 5𝜋
Thus, there are minima at (4 , −1) and ( 4 , −1).
𝜋 3𝜋
Since tan 𝑥 is undefined at 𝑥 = 2 and , the curve is also undefined at these
2
values of 𝑥.
The 𝑥-intercepts occur when 𝑦 = 0, this is when tan2 𝑥 −2tan 𝑥 = 0
tan 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 − 2) = 0

tan 𝑥 = 0 or tan 𝑥 = 2
Hence the 𝑥-intercepts are when 𝑥 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋 (for tan 𝑥 = 0) and
𝑥 = tan−1 2 , 𝜋 + tan−1 2 for (tan 𝑥 = 2).
Drawing the graph gives
5𝜋
,
4
sin 𝑥
21a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
As one cannot divide by zero, the domain is 𝑥 ≠ 0

sin(−𝑥)
𝑓(−𝑥) =
−𝑥
− sin 𝑥
=
−𝑥
sin 𝑥
=
𝑥
= 𝑓(𝑥)
Hence the function is even.
lim |𝑓(𝑥)|
𝑥→∞
sin 𝑥
= lim | |
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
1
≤ lim | |
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
=0
Hence, lim |𝑓(𝑥)| ≤ 0 and since absolute values are non-negative lim |𝑓(𝑥)| ≥ 0.
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
Thus it follows that lim |𝑓(𝑥)| = 0 and thus lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ±0 = 0.
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
sin 𝑥
The zeroes of 𝑓(𝑥) occur when 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, this is when = 0 and is thus when
𝑥
sin 𝑥 = 0 for 𝑥 ≠ 0. This is all values 𝑥 = 𝜆𝜋 where 𝜆 is a nonzero integer.

21b
sin 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
𝑥× (sin 𝑥) − sin 𝑥 ×
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2
=
𝑥2
=
𝑥2
The tangent is horizontal when 𝑦′ = 0. This is when:
=0
𝑥2
As 𝑥 ≠ 0, we conclude that we must have:
𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = 0
sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 cos 𝑥
tan 𝑥 = 𝑥
21c Since the stationary points occur when tan 𝑥 = 𝑥, the stationary points occur
when the two graphs (as drawn below) intersect.

By observation, the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 crosses the graph of 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 just to the left
3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
of 𝑥 = 2 , of 𝑥 = 2 and of 𝑥 = 2 . Using the calculator, the three turning points of
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) are approximately (1.43𝜋, −0.217), (2.46𝜋, 0.128) and (3.47𝜋, −0.091).
21d Note that since division by zero is undefined, there is an open circle when 𝑥 = 0.
Also note that since −1 ≤ sin 𝑥 ≤ 1 it must be the case that:
1 sin 𝑥 1
− ≤ ≤
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

1a
∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
1b
∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
1c
∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
1d
∫ − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
1e
∫ 2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

1f
∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
1g
1
2
1
= ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1
= sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
1h
1
2
1
= 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
1i
∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= − cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
1j
∫ sec 2 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= tan 5𝑥 + 𝐶
5

1k
1
= sin 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
1l
1
3
1
= 3 tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
3
1m
𝑥
∫ sin 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥
= −2 cos + 𝐶
2
1n
1
∫ − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5
1
= − ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5
1
= −5 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
5
1o
∫ −4 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −4 ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= −4 × − cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
= 2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶

1p
1 1
4 4
1 1
= ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4
1 1
= × −4 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
4 4
1
= − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
4
1q
1
∫ 12 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
1
= 12 ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
1
= 12 × 3 tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
3
1
= 36 tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
3
1r
𝑥
∫ 2 cos 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥
= 2 ∫ cos 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥
= 2 × 3 sin + 𝐶
3
𝑥
= 6 sin + 𝐶
3

2a
𝜋
2
0
𝜋
= [sin 𝑥]02
𝜋
= sin − sin 0
2
= 1−0
=1
2b
𝜋
6
0
𝜋
= [sin 𝑥]06
𝜋
= sin − sin 0
6
1
= −0
2
1
=
2
2c
𝜋
2
𝜋
4
𝜋
= [− cos 𝑥]𝜋2
4
𝜋
= −[cos 𝑥]𝜋2
4
𝜋 𝜋
= − (cos − cos )
2 4
1
= − (0 − )
√2

1
=
√2
2d
𝜋
3
0
𝜋
= [tan 𝑥]03
𝜋
= tan − tan 0
3
= √3 − 0
= √3
2e
𝜋
4
∫ 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
4
= 2 ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
1
= 2 × [sin 2𝑥]04
2
𝜋
= [sin 2𝑥]04
𝜋
= sin − sin 0
2
= 1−0
=1
2f
𝜋
3
0
𝜋
1 3
= [− cos 2𝑥]
2 0
𝜋
1
= − [cos 2𝑥]03
2

1 2𝜋
= − (cos − cos 0)
2 3
1 1
= − (− − 1)
2 2
1 3
= − (− )
2 2
3
=
4
2g
𝜋
2 1
∫ sec 2 ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 2
𝜋
1 2
= [2 tan ( 𝑥)]
2 0
𝜋
1 2
= 2 [tan ( 𝑥)]
2 0
𝜋
= 2 (tan − tan 0)
4
= 2(1 − 0)
=2
2h
𝜋
1
∫ cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2
3
𝜋
1
= 2 [sin ( 𝑥)]𝜋
2
3
𝜋 𝜋
= 2 (sin − sin )
2 6
1
= 2 (1 − )
2
=1

2i
𝜋
∫ (2 sin 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
1
= [−2 cos 𝑥 − (− cos 2𝑥)]
2 0
𝜋
1
= [−2 cos 𝑥 + cos 2𝑥]
2 0
1 1
= (−2 cos 𝜋 + cos 2𝜋) − (−2 cos 0 + cos 0)
2 2
1 1
= (−2(−1) + (1)) − (−2(1) + (1))
2 2
1 1
= 2+ +2−
2 2
=4
𝑑𝑦
3a Since 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥, it follows from integration, that 𝑦 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶.
Substituting (0, 0) into the equation then gives

0 = − cos 0 + 𝐶
0 = −1 + 𝐶
𝐶=1
Hence if the curve passes through the origin,
𝑦 = − cos 𝑥 + 1 = 1 − cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3b Since 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 2𝑥, it follows from integration, that
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶
Substituting (0, 0) into the equation then gives
0 = sin 0 + cos 0 + 𝐶
0 =0+1+𝐶
𝐶 = −1
Hence if the curve passes through the origin,
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 − 1

𝑑𝑦
3c Since 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥, it follows from integration that, 𝑦 = − cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + 𝐶.
Substituting (𝜋, −2) into the equation then gives
−2 = − cos 𝜋 + sin 𝜋 + 𝐶
−2 = −(−1) + 0 + 𝐶
𝐶 = −3
Hence if the curve passes through the point (𝜋, −2),
𝑦 = − cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 − 3
4a There are 200 squares measuring 0.1 units × 0.1 units in the region under the
curve between 0 and 𝜋.
Hence the total area is 200 × 0.01 = 2 square units and thus
𝜋
∫0 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 as required
4b i
𝜋
4
0
≑ 0.3
4b ii
𝜋
2
0
1 𝜋
2 0
1
= ×2
2
=1
4b iii
3𝜋
4
0

𝜋 𝜋
2 4
= 2 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0
≑ 2 × 1 − 0.3
= 1.7
4b iv
5𝜋
4
0
5𝜋
𝜋
4
= ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 𝜋
𝜋
𝜋
4
= ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0
≑ 2 − 0.3
= 1.7
4b v
3𝜋
2
0
3𝜋
𝜋
2
0 𝜋
𝜋
𝜋
2
0 0
= 2−1
=1

4b vi
7𝜋
4
0
7𝜋
𝜋
4
0 𝜋
3𝜋
𝜋
4
0 0
≑ 2 − 1.7
= 0.3
4c i
𝜋
4
0
𝜋
= −[cos 𝑥]04
𝜋
= − (cos − cos 0)
4
1
=− +1
√2
≑ 0.3
4c ii
𝜋
2
0
𝜋
= −[cos 𝑥]02
𝜋
= − (cos − cos 0)
2
= 0+1
=1

4c iii
3𝜋
4
0
3𝜋
= −[cos 𝑥]04
3𝜋
= − (cos − cos 0)
4
1
= − (− − 1)
√2
≑ 1.7
4c iv
5𝜋
4
0
5𝜋
= −[cos 𝑥]04
5𝜋
= − (cos − cos 0)
4
1
= − (− − 1)
√2
≑ 1.7
4c v
3𝜋
2
0
3𝜋
= −[cos 𝑥]02
3𝜋
= − (cos − cos 0)
2
= −(0 − 1)
=1

4c vi
7𝜋
4
0
7𝜋
= −[cos 𝑥]04
7𝜋
= − (cos − cos 0)
4
1
= −( − 1)
√2
≑ 0.3
5 Answers will vary.
6a
∫ cos(𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
= sin(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶
6b
∫ cos(2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
1
= sin(2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
2
6c
∫ sin(𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
= − cos(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶

6d
∫ sin(2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
1
= − cos(2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
2
6e
∫ cos(3𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥
1
= sin(3𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶
3
6f
∫ sin(7 − 5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
= − × − cos(7 − 5𝑥) + 𝐶
5
1
= cos(7 − 5𝑥) + 𝐶
5
6g
∫ sec 2 (4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= − tan(4 − 𝑥) + 𝐶
6h
1−𝑥
∫ sec 2 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
3
1 𝑥
= ∫ sec 2 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
3 3
1 𝑥
= −3 tan ( − ) + 𝐶
3 3
1−𝑥
= −3 tan ( )+𝐶
3

6i
1−𝑥
∫ sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥
3
1 𝑥
= ∫ sin ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
3 3
1 𝑥
= −3 × − cos ( − ) + 𝐶
3 3
1−𝑥
= 3 cos ( )+𝐶
3
7a
1
∫ (6 cos 3𝑥 − 4 sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
1
= ∫(6 cos 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (4 sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1
= 6 × sin 3𝑥 − (4 × −2 cos 𝑥) + 𝐶
3 2
1
= 2 sin 3𝑥 − (−8 cos 𝑥) + 𝐶
2
1
= 2 sin 3𝑥 + 8 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
7b
1 1
∫ (8 sec 2 2𝑥 − 10 cos 𝑥 + 12 sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 3
1 1
= ∫(8 sec 2 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (−10 cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (12 sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 3
1 1 1
= 8 × tan 2𝑥 + (−10 × 4 sin 𝑥) + 12 × 3 × − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 4 3
1 1
= 4 tan 2𝑥 − 40 sin 𝑥 − 36 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
4 3
8a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝜋 cos 𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝜋 cos 𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
=𝜋× sin 𝜋𝑥 + 𝐶
𝜋
= sin 𝜋𝑥 + 𝐶

As 𝑓(0) = 0,
sin 0 + 𝐶 = 0
𝐶=0
Hence 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝜋𝑥 and
1 𝜋 √3
𝑓 ( ) = sin =
3 3 2
8b 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos 𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ cos 𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= sin 𝜋𝑥 + 𝐶
𝜋
1
As 𝑓(0) = 2𝜋,
1 1
sin 0 + 𝐶 =
𝜋 2𝜋
1
𝐶=
2𝜋
Hence
1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝜋𝑥 +
𝜋 2𝜋
1 1 𝜋 1
𝑓 ( ) = sin +
6 𝜋 6 2𝜋
1 1 1
= × +
𝜋 2 2𝜋
1 1
= +
2𝜋 2𝜋
2
=
2𝜋
1
=
𝜋

8c 𝑓′′ (𝑥) = 18 cos 3𝑥

𝑓′(𝑥) = ∫ 18 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 18 × sin 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
= 6 sin 3𝑥 + 𝐶
As 𝑓′(0) = 1,
6 sin 0 + 𝐶 = 1
𝐶=1
Hence
𝑓′(𝑥) = 6 sin 3𝑥 + 1
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫(6 sin 3𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
1
= 6 × − cos 3𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
3
= −2 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝜋
As 𝑓 ( 2 ) = 1,
3𝜋 𝜋
−2 cos + +𝐶 = 1
2 2
𝜋
𝐶 = 1+2×0−
2
𝜋
𝐶 = 1−
2
Hence
𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = −2 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 −
2
9a
∫ 𝑎 sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑎 × − cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶
𝑎
= − cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶

9b
∫ 𝜋 2 cos 𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝜋2 × sin 𝜋𝑥 + 𝐶
𝜋
= 𝜋 sin 𝜋 𝑥 + 𝐶
9c
1
∫ sec 2 (𝑣 + 𝑢𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑢
1 1
= × tan(𝑣 + 𝑢𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑢 𝑢
1
= tan(𝑣 + 𝑢𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑢2
9d
𝑎
∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 2 𝑎𝑥
= ∫ 𝑎 sec 2 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑎 × tan 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑎
= tan 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶
10a 1 + tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥
∫ tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
= tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶

10b 1 − sin2 𝑥 = cos2 𝑥

𝜋
3 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 − sin2 𝑥
𝜋
3 2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 cos2 𝑥
𝜋
3
= ∫ 2 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
= 2[tan 𝑥]03
𝜋
= 2 (tan − tan 0)
3
= 2(√3 − 0)
= 2√3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
11a ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝑐 (from the table of standard integrals)
𝑓(𝑥)
11b Note that if 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + sin 𝑥 then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 hence

𝜋
6 cos 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + sin 𝑥
𝜋
= [ln|1 + sin 𝑥|]06
𝜋
= ln (1 + sin ) − ln(1 + sin 0)
6
1
= ln (1 + ) − ln(1)
2
3
= ln ( ) − 0
2
≑ 0.4

12a Note that if 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −sin 𝑥 hence

𝜋
4
∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
4 sin 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 cos 𝑥
𝜋
4 − sin 𝑥
= −∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 cos 𝑥
𝜋
= −[ln|cos 𝑥|]04
𝜋
= − (ln (cos ) − ln(cos 0))
4
1
= − ln ( ) + ln 1
√2
1
= − ln (2−2 ) + 0
1
= − (− ) ln 2
2
1
= ln 2
2
12b Note that if 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 hence

𝜋
2
∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
6
𝜋
2 cos 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 sin 𝑥
6
𝜋
= [ln|sin 𝑥|]𝜋2
6
𝜋 𝜋
= ln (sin ) − ln (sin )
2 6
1
= ln 1 − ln
2
= ln 1 − ln(2−1 )
= 0 − (−1) × ln 2

= 0 + ln 2
= ln 2
13a
𝑑
(sin5 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 5 sin4 𝑥 × (sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 5 sin4 𝑥 × cos 𝑥
∫ sin4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 5 sin4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5
1 𝑑
= ∫ (sin5 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
5 𝑑𝑥
1 5
= sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
5
13b
𝑑
(tan3 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 3 tan2 𝑥 × (tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 3 tan2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥
∫ tan2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 3 tan2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
1 𝑑
= ∫ (tan3 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑑𝑥
1
= tan3 𝑥 + 𝐶
3

14a
𝑑 sin 𝑥
(𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑒 sin 𝑥 × (sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 sin 𝑥 × cos 𝑥
= cos 𝑥 𝑒 sin 𝑥
𝜋
2
∫ cos 𝑥 𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
2 𝑑 sin 𝑥
=∫ (𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
sin 𝑥 2
= [𝑒 ]0
𝜋
= 𝑒 sin2 − 𝑒 sin 0
= 𝑒1 − 𝑒 0
=𝑒−1
14b
𝑑 tan 𝑥
(𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑒 tan 𝑥 × (tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 tan 𝑥 × sec 2 𝑥
= sec 2 𝑥 𝑒 tan 𝑥
𝜋
4
∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑒 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
4 𝑑 tan 𝑥
=∫ (𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
= [𝑒 tan 𝑥 ]04
𝜋
= 𝑒 tan4 − 𝑒 tan 0

= 𝑒1 − 𝑒 0
=𝑒−1
15a
𝑑
(sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= (sin 𝑥) − (𝑥 cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= (sin 𝑥) − (cos 𝑥 × (𝑥) + 𝑥 (cos 𝑥))
= cos 𝑥 − (cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 sin 𝑥)
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝜋
2
∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
2 𝑑
=∫ (sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
= [sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥]02
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= (sin − cos ) − (sin 0 − 0)
2 2 2
= 1−0−0+0
=1
15b
𝑑 1
( cos3 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑 1 𝑑
= ( cos3 𝑥) − (cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= ( × 3cos2 𝑥) × (cos 𝑥) − (− sin 𝑥)
3 𝑑𝑥
= cos2 𝑥 × (− sin 𝑥) + sin 𝑥
= − sin 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
= − sin 𝑥 (1 − sin2 𝑥) + sin 𝑥
= − sin 𝑥 + sin3 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
= sin3 𝑥

𝜋
3
∫ sin3 𝑥
0
𝜋
3 𝑑 1
=∫ ( cos3 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥 3
𝜋
1 3
= [ cos3 𝑥 − cos 𝑥]
3 0
1 𝜋 𝜋 1
= ( cos3 − cos ) − ( cos3 0 − cos 0)
3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
= ( × − ) − ( × 1 − 1)
3 8 2 3
1 1 1
= ( − ) − ( − 1)
24 2 3
5
=
24
16a
𝜋
∫ sin 𝑥 cos8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
Let, 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − sin 𝑥
Then,
𝜋
∫ sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
1 9
= [− cos 𝑥]
9 0
1 1
= (− × −1) − (− × 1)
9 9
1 1 2
= + =
9 9 9

16b
𝜋
2
∫ sin 𝑥 cos8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
Let, 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − sin 𝑥
Then,
𝜋
2
∫ sin 𝑥 cos𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
1 2
= [− cos 𝑛+1 𝑥]
𝑛+1 0
1 1
= (− × 0) − (− × 1)
𝑛+1 𝑛+1
1
=
𝑛+1
16c
𝜋
∫−2𝜋 cos 𝑥 sin7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2
Let, 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos 𝑥
Then,
𝜋
2
∫ cos 𝑥 sin7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−
2
𝜋
1 2
= [ sin8 𝑥] 𝜋
8 −
2
1 1
= ( × 1) − ( × 1)
8 8
1 1
= −
8 8
=0

16d
𝜋
6
∫ cos 𝑥 sin𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
Let, 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥

Then,
𝜋
6
∫ cos 𝑥 sin𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
1 6
=[ sin𝑛+1 𝑥]
𝑛+1 0
1 1 𝑛+1 1
=( ×( ) )−( × 0)
𝑛+1 2 𝑛+1
1
=
2𝑛+1 (𝑛 + 1)
16e
𝜋
3
∫ sec 2 𝑥 tan7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
Let, 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥
Then,
𝜋
3
∫ sec 2 𝑥 tan7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
1 3
= [ tan8 𝑥]
8 0
1 1
= ( × 81) − ( × 0)
8 8
81
=
8
1
= 10
8

16f
𝜋
4
∫ sec 2 𝑥 tan𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
Let, 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥
Then,
𝜋
4
∫ sec 2 𝑥 tan𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
1 4
=[ tan𝑛+1 𝑥]
𝑛+1 0
1 1
=( × 1) − ( × 0)
𝑛+1 𝑛+1
1
=
𝑛+1
17a
∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
First, let, 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥

Then, as per the reverse chain rule,
1 2
= sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
Again,
1
= ∫ 2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 as per the identity, sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
1
= 2 ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= × − cos 2𝑥
2 2

1
= − cos 2𝑥 + 𝐷
4
17b
1 1 1
sin2 𝑥 = 2 (1 − cos 2𝑥) = 2 − 2 cos 2𝑥 (as cos 2𝑥 = cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥)
1
So, 2 sin2 𝑥 + 𝐶
1 1 1
= ( − cos 2𝑥) + 𝐶
2 2 2
1 1
= 4 − 4 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶
1 1
= − 4 cos 2𝑥 + (𝐶 + 4)
1
= − 4 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐷
18
𝑑
(𝑥 sin 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= sin 2𝑥 (𝑥) + 𝑥 (sin 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= sin 2𝑥 × 1 + 𝑥 × 2 cos 2𝑥
= sin 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥
𝑑
As sin 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 sin 2𝑥)
𝑑
2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 sin 2𝑥) + sin 2𝑥
1 𝑑 1
𝑥 cos 2𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 sin 2𝑥) + 2 sin 2𝑥
Hence,
𝜋
4
∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
4 1 𝑑 1
=∫ ( (𝑥 sin 2𝑥) + sin 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑑 41 1 4
=∫ (𝑥 sin 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 2 𝑑𝑥 2 0

𝜋 𝜋
1 4 𝑑 1 4
= ∫ (𝑥 sin 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0 𝑑𝑥 2 0
𝜋
𝜋
1 1 1 4
= [𝑥 sin 2𝑥]04 + [− cos 2𝑥]
2 2 2 0
𝜋 𝜋
1 4 1 4
= 2 [𝑥 sin 2𝑥]0 − 4 [cos 2𝑥]0
1 𝜋 1
= ( × 1 − 0) − (1 − 0)
2 4 4
𝜋 1
= −
8 4
𝜋−2
=
8
19a
𝑑
(tan3 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 3 tan2 𝑥 × (tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 3 tan2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥
= 3[(sec 2 𝑥 − 1) sec 2 𝑥] using the identity, sec 2 𝑥 − tan2 𝑥 = 1
= 3(sec 4 𝑥 − sec 2 𝑥)
𝑑
19b As 3(sec 4 𝑥 − sec 2 𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 (tan3 𝑥)
𝑑
3 sec 4 𝑥 − 3 sec 2 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (tan3 𝑥)
𝑑
3 sec 4 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (tan3 𝑥) + 3 sec 2 𝑥
1 𝑑
sec 4 𝑥 = 3 𝑑𝑥 (tan3 𝑥) + sec 2 𝑥
Hence,
𝜋
4
0
𝜋
4 1 𝑑
=∫ ( (tan3 𝑥) + sec 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 3 𝑑𝑥

𝜋 𝜋
𝑑 41 4
=∫ (tan3 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 3 𝑑𝑥 0
𝜋 𝜋
1 4 𝑑 4
= ∫ (tan3 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 0 𝑑𝑥 0
𝜋 𝜋
1
= (tan3 𝑥)04 + (tan 𝑥)04
3
1
= (1 − 0) + (1 − 0)
3
1
= +1
3
4
=
3
20a sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)

Using the identity sin(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ± sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
= sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴
= sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵
= 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵
Hence, proved
20b i Using the proof from part a and letting 𝐴 = 3𝑥 and 𝐵 = 2𝑥:
𝜋
2
∫ 2 sin 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
2
= ∫ (sin( 3𝑥 + 2𝑥) + sin(3𝑥 − 2𝑥))𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
2
= ∫ (sin 5𝑥 +sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
= ∫ sin 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0

𝜋
𝜋
1 2
= [− cos 5𝑥] + [− cos 𝑥]02
5 0
𝜋 𝜋
1 2
= [− 5 cos 5𝑥] − [cos 𝑥]02
0
1
= (0 − (− )) − (−1)
5
1
= +1
5
6
=
5
20b ii Using the proof from part a and letting 𝐴 = 3𝑥 and 𝐵 = 4𝑥:
𝜋
∫ sin 3𝑥 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
1
=∫ (sin( 3𝑥 + 4𝑥) + sin(3𝑥 − 4𝑥))𝑑𝑥
0 2
𝜋
1
=∫ (sin 7𝑥 + sin(−𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
0 2
𝜋
1
=∫ (sin 7𝑥 −sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 2
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= ∫ sin 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0 2 0
𝜋
1 1 1
= [− cos 7𝑥] − [− cos 𝑥]𝜋0
2 7 0 2
𝜋
1 1 1
= [− cos 7𝑥] + [cos 𝑥]𝜋0
2 7 0 2
1 1 1 1
= ( + ) + (−1 − 1)
2 7 7 2
1 2 1
= × + × −2
2 7 2
1
= −1
7
6
=−
7

20c i The primitive is
𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 1
= ∫ sin((𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥) + sin((𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
=− cos((𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥) − cos((𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥) + 𝐶
2(𝑚 − 𝑛) 2(𝑚 + 𝑛)
Hence
𝜋
∫ sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝜋
= 𝐹(𝜋) − 𝐹(−𝜋)
1 1
= (− cos((𝑚 − 𝑛)𝜋) − cos((𝑚 + 𝑛)𝜋))
2(𝑚 − 𝑛) 2(𝑚 + 𝑛)
1 1
− (− cos((𝑚 − 𝑛)(−𝜋)) − cos((𝑚 + 𝑛)(−𝜋)))
2(𝑚 − 𝑛) 2(𝑚 + 𝑛)
1 1
= (− cos((𝑚 − 𝑛)𝜋) − cos((𝑚 + 𝑛)𝜋))
2(𝑚 − 𝑛) 2(𝑚 + 𝑛)
1 1
− (− cos((𝑚 − 𝑛)𝜋) − cos((𝑚 + 𝑛)𝜋))
2(𝑚 − 𝑛) 2(𝑚 + 𝑛)
=0
20c ii Let 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥. It follows that

𝑓(−𝑥) = sin 𝑚(−𝑥) cos 𝑛(−𝑥)
= sin 𝑚(−𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥
= − sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥
= −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎
This function is odd. For any odd function 𝑓(𝑥), ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0. Hence
𝜋
∫−𝜋 sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
21 𝐴(2 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) + 𝐵(2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) = 7 sin 𝑥 + 11 cos 𝑥

(2𝐴 − 𝐵) sin 𝑥 + (𝐴 + 2𝐵) cos 𝑥 = 7 sin 𝑥 + 11 cos 𝑥
Equating coefficients gives:
2𝐴 − 𝐵 = 7 (1)
𝐴 + 2𝐵 = 11 (2)
5𝐴 = 25 (2) + 2 × (1)

𝐴=5
5𝐵 = 15 2 × (2) − (1)
𝐵=3
21b
𝜋
2 7 sin 𝑥 + 11 cos 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 2 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝜋
2 5(2 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) + 3(2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 (2 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)
𝜋
2 5(2 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) + 3(2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 (2 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)
𝜋
2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
2
= ∫ 5 + 3( ) 𝑑𝑥
0 2 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝜋
= [5𝑥 + 3 ln(2 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)]02
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= [5 ( ) + 3 ln (2 sin ( ) + cos ( ))] − [5(0) + 3 ln(2 sin 0 + cos 0)]
2 2 2
𝜋
= [5 ( ) + 3 ln(2)] − [5(0) + 3 ln(1)]
2
5𝜋
= + 3 ln 2
2
1
= (5𝜋 + 6 ln 2)
2
22a cos 𝑡 ≤ 1
𝑥 𝑥
∫ cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ≤ ∫ 1 𝑑𝑡
0 0
[sin 𝑡]0𝑥 ≤ [1]0𝑥

sin 𝑥 − sin 0 ≤ 𝑥 − 0
sin 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥

22b sin 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡
𝑥 𝑥
∫ sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ≤ ∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑥
𝑡2
[− cos 𝑡]0𝑥 ≤[ ]
2! 0
𝑥
𝑡2
[cos 𝑡]0𝑥 ≥ −[ ]
2! 0
𝑥 2 02
cos 𝑥 − cos 0 ≥ − +
2! 2!
𝑥2
cos 𝑥 ≥ 1 −
2!
22c
𝑥 𝑥
𝑡2
∫ cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ≥ ∫ 1 − 𝑑𝑡
0 0 2!
𝑥
𝑡3
[sin 𝑡]0𝑥 ≥ [𝑡 − ]
3! 0
𝑥3
sin 𝑥 − sin 0 ≥ 𝑥 − − (0 − 0)
3!
𝑥3
sin 𝑥 ≥ 𝑥 −
3!
𝑥 𝑥
𝑡3
∫ sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ≥ ∫ 𝑡 − 𝑑𝑡
0 0 3!
𝑥
𝑡2 𝑡4
[− cos 𝑡]0𝑥 ≥[ − ]
2! 4! 0
𝑥
𝑡2 𝑡4
[cos 𝑡]0𝑥 ≤ [− + ]
2! 4! 0
𝑥2 𝑥4
cos 𝑥 − cos 0 ≤ − +
2! 4!
𝑥2 𝑥4
cos 𝑥 − 1 ≤ − +
2! 4!

𝑥2 𝑥4
cos 𝑥 ≤ 1 − +
2! 4!
22d We have shown this is true in the case where 𝑛 = 1 above.

Assume true for 𝑛 = 𝑘.
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7 𝑥 4𝑘+1 𝑥 4𝑘+3
sin 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥 − + − + ⋯ + ≤ sin 𝑥 +
3! 5! 7! (4𝑘 + 1)! (4𝑘 + 3)!
This implies that:
𝑡3 𝑡5 𝑡7 𝑡 4𝑘+1 𝑡 4𝑘+3
sin 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡 − + − + ⋯+ ≤ sin 𝑡 +
3! 5! 7! (4𝑘 + 1)! (4𝑘 + 3)!
Integrating from 0 to 𝑥 gives:
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑡3 𝑡5 𝑡7 𝑡 4𝑘+1 𝑡 4𝑘+3
∫ sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ≤ ∫ 𝑡 − + − + ⋯+ 𝑑𝑡 ≤ ∫ sin 𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡
0 0 3! 5! 7! (4𝑘 + 1)! 0 (4𝑘 + 3)!
𝑥 𝑥
𝑡2 𝑡4 𝑡6 𝑡8 𝑡 4𝑘+2 𝑡 4𝑘+4
[− cos 𝑡]0𝑥 ≤ [ − + − + ⋯+ ] ≤ [− cos 𝑡 + ]
2 4! 6! 8! (4𝑘 + 2)! (4𝑘 + 4)!
0 0
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8 𝑥 4𝑘+2
−[cos 𝑥 − 1] ≤ − + − + ⋯+
2 4! 6! 8! (4𝑘 + 2)!
4𝑘+4
𝑥
≤ − cos 𝑥 + − [−1 + 0]
(4𝑘 + 4)!
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8 𝑥 4𝑘+2 𝑥 4𝑘+4
1 − cos 𝑥 ≤ − + − +⋯+ ≤ 1 − cos 𝑥 +
2 4! 6! 8! (4𝑘 + 2)! (4𝑘 + 4)!
Substituting in 𝑡 for 𝑥
𝑡2 𝑡4 𝑡6 𝑡8 𝑡 4𝑘+2 𝑡 4𝑘+4
1 − cos 𝑡 ≤ − + − + ⋯+ ≤ 1 − cos 𝑡 +
2 4! 6! 8! (4𝑘 + 2)! (4𝑘 + 4)!
Integrating again gives
𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑡 𝑡4 𝑡6 𝑡8 𝑡 4𝑘+2
∫ 1 − cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ≤ ∫ − + − + ⋯+ 𝑑𝑡
0 0 2 4! 6! 8! (4𝑘 + 2)!
𝑥
𝑡 4𝑘+4
≤ ∫ 1 − cos 𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡
0 (4𝑘 + 4)!
𝑥
𝑡3 𝑡5 𝑡7 𝑡 4𝑘+1 𝑡 4𝑘+3
[𝑡 − sin 𝑡]0𝑥 ≤ [ − + + ⋯− + ]
3! 5! 7! (4𝑘 + 1)! (4𝑘 + 3)!
0
𝑥
𝑡 4𝑘+5
≤ [𝑡 − sin 𝑡 + ]
(4𝑘 + 5)!
0

𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7 𝑥 4𝑘+1 𝑥 4𝑘+3 𝑥 4𝑘+5

𝑥 − sin 𝑥 ≤ − + + ⋯− + ≤ 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 +
3! 5! 7! (4𝑘 + 1)! (4𝑘 + 3)! (4𝑘 + 5)!
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7 𝑥 4𝑘+1 𝑥 4𝑘+3 𝑥 4𝑘+5
− sin 𝑥 ≤ −𝑥 + − + − ⋯ − + ≤ − sin 𝑥 +
3! 5! 7! (4𝑘 + 1)! (4𝑘 + 3)! (4𝑘 + 5)!
This implies that

𝑡3 𝑡5 𝑡7 𝑡 4𝑘+1 𝑡 4𝑘+3 𝑡 4𝑘+5
− sin 𝑡 ≤ −𝑡 + − + −⋯− + ≤ sin 𝑡 +
3! 5! 7! (4𝑘 + 1)! (4𝑘 + 3)! (4𝑘 + 5)!
Integrating from 0 to 𝑥 gives
𝑥 𝑥
𝑡3 𝑡5 𝑡7 𝑡 4𝑘+1 𝑡 4𝑘+3
∫ − sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ≤ ∫ −𝑡 + − + −⋯− + 𝑑𝑡
0 0 3! 5! 7! (4𝑘 + 1)! (4𝑘 + 3)!
𝑥
𝑡 4𝑘+5
≤ ∫ sin 𝑡 − 𝑑𝑡
0 (4𝑘 + 5)!
𝑥
𝑡2 𝑡4 𝑡6 𝑡8 𝑡 4𝑘+2 𝑡 4𝑘+4
[cos 𝑡]0𝑥 ≤ [− + − + − ⋯ − + ]
2 4! 6! 8! (4𝑘 + 2)! (4𝑘 + 4)!
0
𝑥
𝑡 4𝑘+6
≤ [cos 𝑡 + ]
(4𝑘 + 6)!
0
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8 𝑥 4𝑘+2 𝑥 4𝑘+4
[cos 𝑥 − 1] ≤ − + − + − ⋯ − +
2 4! 6! 8! (4𝑘 + 2)! (4𝑘 + 4)!
𝑥 4𝑘+6
≤ cos 𝑥 + − [1 + 0]
(4𝑘 + 6)!
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8 𝑥 4𝑘+2 𝑥 4𝑘+4 𝑥 4𝑘+6
cos 𝑥 ≤ 1 − + − + − ⋯ − + ≤ cos 𝑥 +
2 4! 6! 8! (4𝑘 + 2)! (4𝑘 + 4)! (4𝑘 + 6)!
Substituting in 𝑡 for 𝑥
𝑡2 𝑡4 𝑡6 𝑡8 𝑡 4𝑘+2 𝑡 4𝑘+4 𝑡 4𝑘+6
cos 𝑡 ≤ 1 − + − + − ⋯ − + ≤ cos 𝑡 +
2 4! 6! 8! (4𝑘 + 2)! (4𝑘 + 4)! (4𝑘 + 6)!
Integrating again gives
𝑥
𝑡2 𝑡4 𝑡6 𝑡8 𝑡 4𝑘+2 𝑡 4𝑘+4
∫ cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ≤ 1 − + − + −⋯− + 𝑑𝑡
0 2 4! 6! 8! (4𝑘 + 2)! (4𝑘 + 4)!
𝑥
𝑡 4𝑘+6
≤ ∫ cos 𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡
0 (4𝑘 + 6)!
𝑥 𝑥
𝑡3 𝑡5 𝑡7 𝑡 4𝑘+3 𝑡 4𝑘+5 𝑡 4𝑘+7
[sin 𝑡]0𝑥 ≤ [ − + + ⋯− + ] ≤ [sin 𝑡 + ]
3! 5! 7! (4𝑘 + 3)! (4𝑘 + 5)! (4𝑘 + 5)!
0 0

𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7 𝑥 4𝑘+5 𝑥 4𝑘+7
sin 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥 − + − + ⋯ + ≤ sin 𝑥 +
3! 5! 7! (4𝑘 + 5)! (4𝑘 + 7)!
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7 𝑥 4(𝑘+1)+1 𝑥 4(𝑘+1)+3
sin 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥 − + − + ⋯+ ≤ sin 𝑥 +
3! 5! 7! (4(𝑘 + 1) + 1)! (4(𝑘 + 1) + 3)!
Hence we have shown that the statement holds when 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1 and thus by the
principle of mathematical induction must be true for all positive values of 𝑛.
𝑥 4𝑘+3
Now lim = 0, this can be argued for positive 𝑥 as follows, since 𝑥 > 0,
𝑛→∞ (4𝑘+3)!
𝑥 𝑥 4𝑘+3 𝑥 4𝑥+3 𝑥 𝑥
4𝑥 + 3 > 𝑥, and 4𝑥+3 < 1 hence lim = lim ((4𝑥+3)! × 4𝑥+4 × 4𝑥+5 × … ×
𝑛→∞ (4𝑘+3)! 𝑛→∞
𝑥
)
4𝑛+3
𝑥 4𝑥+3 𝑥 𝑥
≤ lim ( × × × …)
𝑛→∞ (4𝑥 + 3)! 4𝑥 + 3 4𝑥 + 3
𝑥 4𝑥+3 𝑥 4(𝑛−𝑥)
= lim ( ×( ) )
𝑛→∞ (4𝑥 + 3)! 4𝑥 + 3
𝑥 4𝑥+3 𝑥 4(𝑛−𝑥)
=( ) lim (( ) )
(4𝑥 + 3)! 𝑛→∞ 4𝑥 + 3
𝑥 4𝑥+3 𝑥
= ((4𝑥+3)!) (0) (as 0 < 4𝑥+3 < 1)
=0
This means that
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7 𝑥 4𝑛+1 𝑥 4𝑛+3
lim sin 𝑥 ≤ lim 𝑥 − + − + ⋯ + ≤ lim (sin 𝑥 + )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 3! 5! 7! (4𝑛 + 1)! 𝑛→∞ (4𝑛 + 3)!
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7 𝑥 4𝑛+1
lim sin 𝑥 ≤ lim 𝑥 − + − +⋯+ ≤ lim (sin 𝑥 + 0)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 3! 5! 7! (4𝑛 + 1)! 𝑛→∞
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7 𝑥 4𝑛+1
sin 𝑥 ≤ lim 𝑥 − + − + ⋯+ ≤ sin 𝑥
𝑛→∞ 3! 5! 7! (4𝑛 + 1)!
𝑥3 𝑥5
sin 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥 − + + ⋯ ≤ sin 𝑥
3! 5!
And hence it must be the case that
𝑥3 𝑥5
𝑥− + + ⋯ converges with limit to sin 𝑥
3! 5!

22e Firstly, we show by induction that

𝑥 2 𝑥 4 65 𝑥 4𝑛 𝑥 4𝑛+2
cos 𝑥 ≤ 1 − + − + ⋯ + ≤ cos 𝑥 +
2! 4! 6! (4𝑛)! (4𝑛 + 2)!
Holds for all values of 𝑛
In the case where 𝑛 = 0
𝑥2
cos 𝑥 ≤ 1 ≤ cos 𝑥 + 2!
This can be observed to be true graphically
Now we assume that this statement is true in the case where 𝑛 = 𝑘

𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥 4𝑘 𝑥 4𝑘+2
cos 𝑥 ≤ 1 − + − +⋯+ ≤ cos 𝑥 +
2! 4! 6! (4𝑘)! 4𝑘 + 2
Substitute in 𝑡 = 𝑥
𝑡2 𝑡4 𝑡6 𝑡 4𝑘 𝑡 4𝑘+2
cos 𝑡 ≤ 1 − + − + ⋯+ ≤ cos 𝑡 +
2! 4! 6! (4𝑘)! 4𝑘 + 2
Now integrating from 0 to 𝑥 gives
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑡2 𝑡4 𝑡6 𝑡 4𝑘 𝑡 4𝑘+2
∫ cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ≤ ∫ 1 − + − + ⋯+ 𝑑𝑡 ≤ ∫ cos 𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡
0 0 2! 4! 6! (4𝑘)! 0 4𝑘 + 2
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7 𝑥 4𝑘+1 𝑥 4𝑘+3
sin 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥 − + − + ⋯+ ≤ sin 𝑥 +
3! 5! 7! (4𝑘 + 1)! (4𝑘 + 3)!
We have already shown in part d that this then gives that
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8 𝑥 4𝑘+2 𝑥 4𝑘+4 𝑥 4𝑘+6
cos 𝑥 ≤ 1 − + − + −⋯− + ≤ cos 𝑥 +
2 4! 6! 8! (4𝑘 + 2)! (4𝑘 + 4)! (4𝑘 + 6)!

𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8 𝑥 4𝑘+2 𝑥 4(𝑘+1)
cos 𝑥 ≤ 1 − + − + −⋯− +
2 4! 6! 8! (4𝑘 + 2)! (4(𝑘 + 1))!
𝑥 4(𝑘+1)+2
≤ cos 𝑥 +
(4(𝑘 + 1) + 2)!
Hence, we have shown that this statement is true in the case where 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1
and thus must be true for all positive 𝑛 by the principle of mathematical
induction.
𝑥 4(𝑘+1)+2
Similarly, to part 22d, lim =0
𝑛→∞ (4(𝑘+1)+2)!
Thus
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8 𝑥 4𝑘+2 𝑥 4(𝑘+1)
lim cos 𝑥 ≤ lim 1 − + − + − ⋯ − +
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 2 4! 6! 8! (4𝑘 + 2)! (4(𝑘 + 1))!
𝑥 4(𝑘+1)+2
≤ lim (cos 𝑥 + )
𝑛→∞ (4(𝑘 + 1) + 2)!
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8 𝑥 4𝑘+2 𝑥 4(𝑘+1)
lim cos 𝑥 ≤ lim 1 − + − + − ⋯− +
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 2 4! 6! 8! (4𝑘 + 2)! (4(𝑘 + 1))!
≤ lim cos 𝑥 + 0
𝑛→∞
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8 𝑥 4𝑘+2 𝑥 4(𝑘+1)
lim cos 𝑥 ≤ lim 1 − + − + − ⋯− +
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 2 4! 6! 8! (4𝑘 + 2)! (4(𝑘 + 1))!
≤ lim cos 𝑥
𝑛→∞
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8 𝑥 4𝑘+2 𝑥 4(𝑘+1)
cos 𝑥 ≤ lim 1 − + − + −⋯− + ≤ cos 𝑥
𝑛→∞ 2 4! 6! 8! (4𝑘 + 2)! (4(𝑘 + 1))!
𝑥2 𝑥4
cos 𝑥 ≤ 1 − + + ⋯ ≤ cos 𝑥
2 4!
𝑥2 𝑥4
Thus 1 − + + ⋯ converges with limit to cos 𝑥.
2 4!
𝑥2 𝑥4
22f Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − + + ⋯ and 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 𝑥
2 4!
(−𝑥)2 (−𝑥)4
𝑓(−𝑥) = 1 − + +⋯
2 4!
𝑥2 𝑥4
=1− + +⋯
2 4!
= 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔(−𝑥) = cos(−𝑥) = cos 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥)

Now since 𝑓(𝑥) converges with limit to 𝑔(𝑥),

𝑓(−𝑥) converges with limit to 𝑔(−𝑥) which implies that the result holds for
negative values.
𝑥2 𝑥4
This means that 1 − + + ⋯ converges with limit to cos 𝑥 for both positive
2 4!
and negative values of 𝑥.
𝑥3 𝑥5
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − + + ⋯ and 𝑔(𝑥) = sin 𝑥
3! 5!
(−𝑥)3 (−𝑥)5
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥) − + +⋯
3! 5!
𝑥3 𝑥5
= −(𝑥 − 3! + 5! + ⋯ )
= −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔(−𝑥) = sin(−𝑥)
= − sin 𝑥
= −𝑔(𝑥)
Now since 𝑔(𝑥) converges with limit to 𝑓(𝑥), −𝑔(𝑥) converges with limit to
−𝑓(𝑥), and thus 𝑔(−𝑥) converges with limit to 𝑓(−𝑥).
𝑥3 𝑥5
This means that the result 𝑥 − + + ⋯ converges with limit to sin 𝑥 for
3! 5!
negative values of 𝑥.

1a Area between the curve and the 𝑥-axis
𝜋
2
0
𝜋
= [sin 𝑥]02
𝜋
= sin − sin 0
2
= 1−0
= 1 square unit
1b Area between the curve and the 𝑥-axis

𝜋
6
0
𝜋
= [sin 𝑥]06
𝜋
= sin − sin 0
6
1
= −0
2
1
= 2 square unit

𝜋
4
= ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
= [tan 𝑥]04
𝜋
= tan − tan 0
4
= 1−0
= 1 square unit


𝜋
3
0
𝜋
= [tan 𝑥]03
𝜋
= tan − tan 0
3
= √3 − 0
= √3 square units

𝜋
4
0
𝜋
= −[cos 𝑥]04
𝜋
= − (cos − cos 0)
4
1
= −( − 1)
√2
1
√2

𝜋
6
0
𝜋
= −[cos 𝑥]06
𝜋
= − (cos − cos 0)
6
√3
= −( − 1)
2
√3
2


𝜋
2
𝜋
6
𝜋
6
𝜋 𝜋
= − (cos − cos )
2 6
√3
= − (0 − )
2
√3
= square units
2

𝜋
= |∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥|
2𝜋
3
= |[sin 𝑥]𝜋2𝜋 |
3
2𝜋
= |sin 𝜋 − sin |
3
√3
= |0 − |
2
√3
= square units
2
Note that we must take the absolute value of the integral as the curve is below
the 𝑥–axis.
5a Required region is above the 𝑥-axis.

Area between the curve and the 𝑥-axis
𝜋
2
𝜋
3
𝜋
3

𝜋 𝜋
= − (cos − cos )
2 3
1
= − (0 − )
2
1
= 2 square unit
5b Required region is above the 𝑥-axis.

𝜋
2
= ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
4
𝜋
1
= − [cos 2𝑥]𝜋2
2 4
1 𝜋
= − (cos 𝜋 − cos )
2 2
1
= − (−1 − 0)
2
1
= 2 square unit
5c Required region is above the 𝑥-axis.

𝜋
2
𝜋
3
𝜋
= [sin 𝑥]𝜋2
3
𝜋 𝜋
= sin − sin
2 3
√3
= 1−
2
1
= 2 (2 − √3) square units

5d Required region is above the 𝑥-axis.

𝜋
6
= ∫ cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
12
𝜋
1
= [sin 3𝑥] 6𝜋
3 12
1 𝜋 𝜋
= (sin − sin )
3 2 4
1 1
= (1 − )
3 √2
1 2
= (2 − )
6 √2
1
= 6 (2 − √2) square units
5e Required region is above the 𝑥-axis.

𝜋
3
𝜋
6
𝜋
= [tan 𝑥]𝜋3
6
𝜋 𝜋
= tan − tan
3 6
1
= √3 −
√3
1 3
= (3√3 − )
3 √3
1
= (3√3 − √3)
3
1
= (2√3)
3
2
= 3 √3 square units

5f Required region is above the 𝑥-axis.

𝜋
2 1
−
𝜋 2
2
𝜋
1 2
= 2 [tan 𝑥] 𝜋
2 −
2
𝜋 𝜋
= 2 (tan − tan (− ))
4 4
= 2(1 − (−1))
= 4 square units
6a Area of shaded region

𝜋
2
= ∫ (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
4
𝜋
= [− cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥]𝜋2
4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= (− cos − sin ) − (− cos − sin )
2 2 4 4
1 1
= (0 − 1) − (− − )
√2 √2
2
= −1 +
√2
2
= −1
√2
= (√2 − 1) square units
6b Area of shaded region

𝜋
3
= ∫ (sin 2𝑥 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
1 3
= [− cos 2𝑥 + cos 𝑥]
2 0
1 2𝜋 𝜋 1
= (− cos + cos ) − (− cos 0 + cos 0)
2 3 3 2

1 1 1 1
= (− × − + ) − (− × 1 + 1)
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
= ( + ) − (− + 1)
4 2 2
1
= 4 square units
6c Area of shaded region

𝜋
2
= ∫ (𝑥 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
𝑥2 2
= [ + cos 𝑥]
2 0
𝜋 2
(2) 𝜋 02
=( + cos ) − ( + cos 0)
2 2 2
𝜋2
= +0−0−1
8
𝜋2
= ( 8 − 1) square units
6d Area of shaded region

𝜋
2
= ∫ (1 − cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−
2
𝜋
= [𝑥 − sin 𝑥]2 𝜋
−
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= ( − sin ) − (− − sin (− ))
2 2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋
= ( − 1) − (− + 1)
2 2
= (𝜋 − 2) square units

𝜋
7a Note that between 0 and 4 the area is bounded by the curve 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and the
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥-axis and then between 4 and 2 the curve is bounded by 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 and the
𝑥-axis.
Area of shaded region
𝜋 𝜋
4 2
= ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
4
𝜋 𝜋
= [−cos 𝑥]04 + [sin 𝑥]𝜋2
4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= (− cos + cos 0) + (sin − sin )
4 2 4
1 1
= (− + 1) + (1 − )
√2 √2
2
= 2−
√2
= (2 − √2) square units
7b Note that between −1 and 0 the area is bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 and the
𝜋
𝑥-axis and then between 0 and 2 the curve is bounded by 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 and the
𝑥-axis.
Area of shaded region
𝜋
0
2
= ∫ (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1 0
2 0 𝜋
𝑥
= [ + 𝑥] + [sin 𝑥]02
2 −1
(−1)2 𝜋
= (0 + 0 − ( + (−1))) + (sin − sin 0)
2 2
1
= (− + 1) + (1 − 0)
2
1
= 1 2 square units

8a Graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 is shown below.
Based on the graph, the required area

𝜋
0
= [− cos 𝑥]𝜋0
= − cos 𝜋 − (− cos 0)
= −(−1) + 1
= 2 square units
8b Graph of 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥 is shown below.
Based on the graph, the required area

𝜋
4
= ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
1
= [sin 2𝑥]04
2
1 𝜋
= (sin − 0)
2 2
1
= (1 − 0)
2
1
= 2 square unit

9a Graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 is shown below.
𝜋
Using symmetry, the area from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = is the same as the area from
2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥= to 𝑥 = 𝜋. We can use the positive signed area from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 2 in our
2
calculation.
𝜋
2
= 2 × ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
= 2[sin 𝑥]02
𝜋
= 2 (sin − sin 0)
2
= 2(1 − 0)
= 2 square units
9b Graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 is shown below.
𝜋
Since the required area is above the 𝑥-axis, we can calculate the area from 𝑥 = 4
3𝜋
to 𝑥 = .
4

3𝜋
4
𝜋
4

3𝜋
= [− cos 𝑥]𝜋4
4
3𝜋 𝜋
= −cos + cos
4 4
1 1
= − (− )+
√2 √2
2
=
√2
= √2 square units
9c Graph of 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥 is shown below.
𝜋
Using symmetry, the area from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 4 is the same as the area from
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥= to 𝑥 = 2 and the area from 𝑥 = to 𝑥 = and the area from
4 2 4
3𝜋 𝜋
𝑥= to 𝑥 = 𝜋. We can use the positive signed area from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 4 in our
4
calculation.
𝜋
4
= 4 × ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
1 4
= 4 × ∫ 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0
𝜋
= 2[sin 2𝑥]04
𝜋
= 2 (sin − sin 0)
2
= 2(1 − 0)
= 2 square units

9d Graph of 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 is shown below.
𝜋 𝜋
Using symmetry, the area from 𝑥 = to 𝑥 = is the same as the area from
3 2
𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥= to 𝑥 = . We can use the positive signed area from 𝑥 = to 𝑥 = 2 in our
2 3 3
calculation.
𝜋
2
= 2 ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
3
𝜋
1
= 2 × − [cos 2𝑥]𝜋2
2 3
2𝜋
= − (cos 𝜋 − cos )
3
1
= − (−1 − (− ))
2
1
= 2 square units
9e Graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 is shown below.
5𝜋
Using symmetry, the area from 𝑥 = − to 𝑥 = 0 plus the area from
6
7𝜋
𝑥 = 𝜋 to 𝑥 = is the same as the area from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝜋. We can use the
6
positive signed area from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝜋 in our calculation.


𝜋
= 2 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
= −2[cos 𝑥]𝜋0
= −2(cos 𝜋 − cos 0)
= −2(−1 − 1)
= 4 square units
9f Graph of 𝑦 = cos 3𝑥 is shown below.
𝜋 𝜋
Using symmetry, the area from 𝑥 = to 𝑥 = 3 is the same as the area from
6
𝑥= to 𝑥 = 2 and the area from 𝑥 = to 𝑥 = . We can use the positive signed
3 2 3
𝜋 2𝜋
area from 𝑥 = to 𝑥 = in our calculation.
2 3

2𝜋
3
= 3 × ∫ cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
2
2𝜋
1
= 3 × [sin 3𝑥]𝜋3
3 2
3𝜋
= sin 2𝜋 − sin
2
= 0 − (−1)
= 1 square unit

10a Graph of 𝑦 = 2 cos 𝜋𝑥 is shown below.
10b By observation of the graph, the total area between the two intercepts will be
equal to two times that of the area shaded in green.
1
2
= 2 × ∫ 2 cos 𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
1
2 2
= 2 [ sin 𝜋𝑥]
𝜋 0
4 𝜋
= (sin − sin 0)
𝜋 2
4
= (1 − 0)
𝜋
4
= 𝜋 square units

11 Area of window
1
𝜋
= ∫ 3 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−1 2
2 𝜋 1
= 3 [ sin 𝑥]
𝜋 2 −1
6 𝜋 6 𝜋
= sin ( ) − sin (− )
𝜋 2 𝜋 2
6 6
= × 1 − × (−1)
𝜋 𝜋
12
=
𝜋
≑ 3.8 m2
12 Area of enclosed region

𝜋
= 2 ∫ (𝑥 − (𝑥 − sin 𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
= 2 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
= 2[− cos 𝑥]𝜋0

= 2(− cos 𝜋 − (− cos 0))
= 2(1 + 1)
= 4 square units
13 Area of region 𝑅
𝜋
3
= ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
3 sin 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 cos 𝑥
𝜋
3
𝑑
− (cos 𝑥)
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
0
𝜋
= −[ln|cos 𝑥|]03

𝜋
= − (ln |cos | − ln|cos 0|)
3
1
= − (ln | | − ln 1)
2
1
= − (ln − 0)
2
1
= − ln
2
= − ln 2−1
= −(− ln 2)
= ln 2 square units
14a Graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 (red line) and 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 (blue line) is shown below. Vertical
𝜋 𝜋
line 𝑥 = − 2 is shown in green and vertical line 𝑥 = 6 is shown in purple.
14b Area of required region

𝜋
6
= ∫ (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−
2
𝜋
= [sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥] 6 𝜋
−
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= (sin + cos ) − (sin (− ) + cos (− ))
6 6 2 2
1 √3
= ( + ) − (−1 + 0)
2 2
3 √3
= +
2 2

1
= 2 (3 + √3) square units
𝜋
15 When 𝑥 = − 2
𝜋
𝑦 = sin (− ) = −1
2
𝜋
𝑦 = cos 2 (− ) = cos(−𝜋) = −1
2
𝜋
Hence the two curves meet at (− 2 , −1).
𝜋
When 𝑥 = 6
𝜋 1
𝑦 = sin ( ) =
6 2
𝜋 𝜋 1
𝑦 = cos 2 ( ) = cos =
6 3 2
𝜋 1
Hence the two curves meet at (6 , 2).
𝜋 𝜋
Hence we have shown by substitution that the curves meet at 𝑥 = − 2 and 𝑥 = 6
as they have the same values of 𝑦 for each of the values of 𝑥 and hence must pass
through the same point.
15b Graph of 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥 (top curve) and 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 (bottom curve) shown below.

15c Area of required region

𝜋
6
= ∫ (cos 2𝑥 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−
2
𝜋
1 6
= [ sin 2𝑥 + cos 𝑥] 𝜋
2 −
2
1 𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋
= ( sin + cos ) − ( sin(−𝜋) + cos (− ))
2 3 6 2 2
1 √3 √3 1
=( × + ) − ( × 0 + 0)
2 2 2 2
√3 √3
= +
4 2
√3 2√3
= +
4 4
3√3
=
4
3
= 4 √3 square units
𝜋
16a LHS = √2 sin(𝑥 + 4 )
Use the identity, sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

𝜋
√2 sin(𝑥 + 4 )
𝜋 𝜋
= √2 (sin 𝑥 × cos 4 + cos 𝑥 × sin 4 )
1 1
= √2 (sin 𝑥 × + cos 𝑥 × )
√2 √2
1 1
= √2 ( sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)
√2 √2
1 1
= √2 × sin 𝑥 + √2 × cos 𝑥
√2 √2
= sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
= RHS
Hence, proved.

16b
𝜋 3𝜋
Area under one arc is clearly seen between the 𝑥-coordinate − 4 and .
4
Area
3𝜋
4
= ∫ (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−
4
3𝜋
= [− cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥] 4𝜋
−
4
3𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= (− cos + sin ) − (− cos (− ) + sin (− ))
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1
= ( + ) − (− − )
√2 √2 √2 √2
2 1 1
=( )+ +
√2 √2 √2
4
=
√2
= 2√2 square units

17a i For positive integers 𝑛:

2𝜋
∫ sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
2𝜋
1
= [− cos 𝑛𝑥]
𝑛 0
1
= − (cos 2𝑛𝜋 − cos 0)
𝑛
1
= − (1 − 1)
𝑛
=0
17a ii For positive integers 𝑛:

2𝜋
∫ cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
1
= [sin 𝑛𝑥]2𝜋
0
𝑛
1
= (sin 2𝑛𝜋 − sin 0)
𝑛
1
= (0 − 0)
𝑛
=0
17b i Graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 is shown below.
Using symmetry:
𝜋
= 2 × ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

= 2[− cos 𝑥]𝜋0

= −2[cos 𝑥]𝜋0
= −2(cos 𝜋 − cos 0)
= −2(−1 − 1)
= 4 square units
17b ii Graph of 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 is shown below.
Using symmetry:
𝜋
2
= 4 × ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
1 2
= 4 [− cos 2𝑥]
2 0
𝜋
= −2[cos 2𝑥]02
= −2(cos 𝜋 − cos 0)
= −2(−1 − 1)
= 4 square units

17b iii Graph of 𝑦 = sin 3𝑥 is shown below.
Using symmetry:
𝜋
3
= 6 × ∫ sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
1 3
= 6 [− cos 3𝑥]
3 0
𝜋
= −2[cos 3𝑥]03
= −2(cos 𝜋 − cos 0)
= −2(−1 − 1)
= 4 square units
17b iv
Using symmetry and pattern observed from parts i, ii and iii:

𝜋
𝑛
= 2𝑛 × ∫ sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
1 𝑛
= 2𝑛 [− cos 𝑛𝑥]
𝑛 0

𝜋
= −2[cos 𝑛𝑥]𝑛0
= −2[cos 𝜋 − cos 0]
= −2[−1 − 1]
= 4 square units
17b v
Using symmetry:
𝜋
2𝑛
= 4𝑛 × ∫ cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
1 2𝑛
= 4𝑛 [ sin 𝑛𝑥]
𝑛 0
𝜋
2𝑛
= 4[sin 𝑛𝑥]0
𝜋
= 4 [sin − sin 0]
2
= 4[1 − 0]
= 4 square units
18a As 𝑛 is a positive integer, we know that cos 2𝜋𝑛 = 1, so

𝑛
∫ (1 + sin 2𝜋𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑛
1
= [𝑥 − cos 2𝜋𝑥]
2𝜋 0
1 1
= (𝑛 − cos 2𝜋𝑛) − (0 − cos 0)
2𝜋 2𝜋
1 1
= (𝑛 − × 1) − (0 − × 1)
2𝜋 2𝜋
1 1
=𝑛− +
2𝜋 2𝜋

=𝑛
18b
The curve is below 𝑦 = 1 just as much as it is above 𝑦 = 1, so the area is equal to

the area of a rectangle 𝑛 units long and 1 unit high.
19
Since each arc is the same over the 6𝜋 distance, we only need to calculate the integral
from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝜋 and multiply by 6.
𝜋
6 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
= 6[− cos 𝑥]𝜋0

= 6[1 − (−1)]
= 12

𝜋
20a Given the fact, sin 𝑥 < 𝑥 < tan 𝑥 for 0 < 𝑥 < 2
We understand that, 𝑥 2 > 0,

𝜋
Hence, 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 < 𝑥 3 < 𝑥 2 tan 𝑥 for 0 < 𝑥 < 2
20b 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥 3 ≤ 𝑥 2 tan 𝑥

𝜋 𝜋
For 0 < 𝑥 < 2 , and hence it must be true for 0 < 𝑥 < 4 so integrating over this
interval gives
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
4 4 4
∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 ≤ ∫ 𝑥 2 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
4 𝑥4 4 4
∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ [ ] ≤ ∫ 𝑥 2 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 4 0 0
𝜋 𝜋 4 𝜋
4 (4) 4
∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ ≤ ∫ 𝑥 2 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 4 0
𝜋 𝜋
4 𝜋4 4
∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ 5 ≤ ∫ 𝑥 2 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
0 4 0
21a
1
𝑦=
1 + sin 𝑥
𝑑 1
𝑦′ = ( )
𝑑𝑥 1 + sin 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(1 + sin 𝑥) (1) − 1 (1 + sin 𝑥)
′
𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(1 + sin 𝑥)2
0 − 1 × (0 + cos 𝑥)
𝑦′ =
(1 + sin 𝑥)2
− cos 𝑥
𝑦′ =
(1 + sin 𝑥)2
Hence, proved

𝜋
21b In the given domain for 0 < 𝑥 < 2 , cos 𝑥 and (1 + sin 𝑥)2 both are positive
1
hence, 𝑦′ is negative which is why, 𝑦 = 1+sin 𝑥 is decreasing.
21c
𝜋
1 𝜋
∫02 𝑑𝑥 represents the area underneath the curve. The rectangle of width 2
1+sin 𝑥
1 𝜋
and height 2 underestimates this area, whilst the rectangle of witdh 2 and height
1 overestimates this area. Thus it follows that
𝜋
𝜋 1 2 1 𝜋
× <∫ 𝑑𝑥 < × 1
2 2 0 1 + sin 𝑥 2
𝜋
𝜋 2 1 𝜋
<∫ 𝑑𝑥 <
4 0 1 + sin 𝑥 2
4𝜋
22a ∫−4𝜋 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 3𝑥 is an odd integrand in the domain, hence

4𝜋
∫−4𝜋 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
2𝜋
22b ∫−2𝜋 cos2 𝑥sin3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑥sin3 𝑥 is an odd integrand in the domain, hence

2𝜋
∫−2𝜋 cos2 𝑥sin3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0

5𝜋
2
22c ∫ 5𝜋 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−
2
cos 𝑥 is an even integrand in the domain, hence

5𝜋
∫−25𝜋 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
5𝜋
= 2 ∫02 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5𝜋
= 2(sin 𝑥)02
5𝜋
= 2(sin − sin 0)
2
= 2(1 − 0) = 2
𝜋 1
22d ∫−𝜋 sec 2 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
sec 2 3 𝑥 is an even integrand in the domain, hence
𝜋 1
∫−𝜋 sec 2 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 1
= 2 ∫0 sec 2 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 × 3(tan 3 𝑥)0𝜋
𝜋
= 6(tan 3 − tan 0)
= 6(√3 − 0)
= 6√3
𝜋
22e ∫−𝜋(3 + 2𝑥 + sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
In the given domain, 3 is an even integrand while 2𝑥 and sin 𝑥 are odd integrand
Hence,
𝜋
∫−𝜋(3 + 2𝑥 + sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, is written as
𝜋
∫−𝜋 3 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
= 2 ∫0 3 𝑑𝑥
= 2 × 3[𝑥]𝜋0

= 6(𝜋 − 0)
= 6𝜋
𝜋
22f ∫ (sin 2𝑥 + cos 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
−
𝜋
2
In the given domain, sin 2𝑥 is an odd integrand while cos 3𝑥 and 3𝑥 2 are even
integrand
Hence,
𝜋
∫ (sin 2𝑥 + cos 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥, is written as

2
−
𝜋
2
∫ (cos 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
−
𝜋
2
𝜋
= 2 ∫02 (cos 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
= 2 ∫0 (cos 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥) + 2 ∫0 (3𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
1
= 2 [( sin 3𝑥)0 ] + 2
2 [(𝑥 3 )02 ]
3
1 3𝜋 1 𝜋3
= 2(3 sin − 3 sin 0) + 2 ( 8 − 0)
2
1 𝜋3
= 2 (3 × −1 − 0) + 4
2 𝜋3
= −3+ 4
23a
𝑑 1
(− 𝑒 −𝑥 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑 1 1 𝑑
= (− 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) + (− 𝑒 −𝑥 ) ((sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥
1 −𝑥 1 −𝑥
= 𝑒 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) + (− 𝑒 ) (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)
2 2
1 −𝑥
= 𝑒 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)
2
= 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥

23b
𝑁
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑁
𝑑 1
=∫ (− 𝑒 −𝑥 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑁
1 −𝑥
= [− 𝑒 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)]
2 0
1 −𝑁 1
= [− 𝑒 (sin 𝑁 + cos 𝑁)] − [− 𝑒 −0 (sin 0 + cos 0)]
2 2
1 −𝑁 1
= [− 𝑒 (sin 𝑁 + cos 𝑁)] − [− (1)]
2 2
1 1 −𝑁
= − 𝑒 (sin 𝑁 + cos 𝑁)
2 2
∞
0
𝑁
= lim ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑁→∞ 0
1 1
= lim ( − 𝑒 −𝑁 (sin 𝑁 + cos 𝑁))
𝑁→∞ 2 2
1 1
= lim ( − (0)(sin 𝑁 + cos 𝑁))
𝑁→∞ 2 2
1
=
2
23c
𝜋
0
𝜋
1 −𝑥
= [− 𝑒 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)]
2 0
1 −𝜋 1
= [− 𝑒 (sin 𝜋 + cos 𝜋)] − [− 𝑒 −0 (sin 0 + cos 0)]
2 2
1 −𝜋 1
= [− 𝑒 (sin 𝜋 + cos 𝜋)] − [− 𝑒 −0 (1)]
2 2
1 1 −𝜋
= − 𝑒 (−1)
2 2
1
= (1 + 𝑒 −𝜋 )
2

3𝜋
2𝜋
3𝜋
1
= [− 𝑒 −𝑥 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)]
2 𝜋
1 −3𝜋 1
= [− 𝑒 (sin 3𝜋 + cos 3𝜋)] − [− 𝑒 −2𝜋 (sin 2𝜋 + cos 2𝜋)]
2 2
1 −3𝜋 1 −2𝜋
= [− 𝑒 (−1)] − [− 𝑒 (1)]
2 2
1
= (𝑒 −2𝜋 + 𝑒 −3𝜋 )
2
Thus the limiting sum is

1 1 1
(1 + 𝑒 −𝜋 ) + (𝑒 −2𝜋 + 𝑒 −3𝜋 ) + (𝑒 −4𝜋 + 𝑒 −5𝜋 ) + ⋯
2 2 2
1 1 1
= [ (1 + 𝑒 −𝜋 )] + 𝑒 −2𝜋 [ (1 + 𝑒 −𝜋 )] + 𝑒 −4𝜋 [ (1 + 𝑒 −𝜋 )] + ⋯
2 2 2
1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = [2 (1 + 𝑒 −𝜋 )] and 𝑟 = 𝑒 −2𝜋 so the limiting sum is
1 1 1
𝑎 (1 + 𝑒 −𝜋 ) (1 + 𝑒 −𝜋 ) 𝑒𝜋
=2 = 2 = 2 =
1−𝑟 1 − 𝑒 −2𝜋 (1 − 𝑒 −𝜋 )(1 + 𝑒 −𝜋 ) 1 − 𝑒 −𝜋 2(𝑒 𝜋 − 1)
23d
2𝜋
𝜋
2𝜋
1
= [− 𝑒 −𝑥 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)]
2 𝜋
1 −2𝜋 1
= [− 𝑒 (sin 2𝜋 + cos 2𝜋)] − [− 𝑒 −𝜋 (sin 𝜋 + cos 𝜋)]
2 2
1 −2𝜋 1 −𝜋
= [− 𝑒 (1)] − [− 𝑒 (−1)]
2 2
1 −𝜋
= − (𝑒 + 𝑒 −2𝜋 )
2
4𝜋
3𝜋
4𝜋
1 −𝑥
= [− 𝑒 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)]
2 3𝜋

1 1
= [− 𝑒 −4𝜋 (sin 4𝜋 + cos 4𝜋)] − [− 𝑒 −3𝜋 (sin 3𝜋 + cos 3𝜋)]
2 2
1 −4𝜋 1 −3𝜋
= [− 𝑒 (1)] − [− 𝑒 (−1)]
2 2
𝑒 −2𝜋 −𝜋
=− (𝑒 + 𝑒 −2𝜋 )
2
Thus the limiting sum is

1 1 1
= [− (𝑒 −𝜋 + 𝑒 −2𝜋 )] + 𝑒 −2𝜋 [− (𝑒 −𝜋 + 𝑒 −2𝜋 )] + 𝑒 −4𝜋 [− (𝑒 −𝜋 + 𝑒 −2𝜋 )] + ⋯
2 2 2
1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = [− 2 (𝑒 −𝜋 + 𝑒 −2𝜋 )] and 𝑟 = 𝑒 −2𝜋 so the limiting sum is
𝑎
1−𝑟
1
− 2 (𝑒 −𝜋 + 𝑒 −2𝜋 )
=
1 − 𝑒 −2𝜋
𝑒 −𝜋
− 2 (1 + 𝑒 −𝜋 )
=
(1 − 𝑒 −𝜋 )(1 + 𝑒 −𝜋 )
𝑒 −𝜋
−
= 2
(1 − 𝑒 −𝜋 )
𝑒 −𝜋
=
2(𝑒 −𝜋 − 1)
1
=
2(1 − 𝑒 𝜋 )
1 1
Hence the area underneath the curve is |2(1−𝑒 𝜋)| = 2(𝑒 𝜋−1)
𝑒𝜋 1 𝑒𝜋
Hence the total area contained is 2(𝑒 𝜋−1) + 2(𝑒 𝜋 −1) = 2(𝑒 𝜋−1)
Now, the integral in part b is given by the area above the curve minus the area
below the curve, that is
∞
0
𝑒𝜋 1
= −
2(𝑒 𝜋 − 1) 2(𝑒 𝜋 − 1)
(𝑒 𝜋 − 1)
=
2(𝑒 𝜋 − 1)
1
=
2
Thus confirming the result from part b.


1a
𝑑
(5 sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 5× (sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 5 × cos 𝑥
= 5 cos 𝑥
1b
𝑑
(sin 5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 5 × cos 5𝑥
= 5 cos 5𝑥
1c
𝑑
(5 cos 5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 5× (cos 5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 5 × (−5 sin 5𝑥)
= −25 sin 5𝑥
1d
𝑑
(tan(5𝑥 − 4))
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= sec 2 (5𝑥 − 4) × (5𝑥 − 4)
𝑑𝑥
= sec 2 (5𝑥 − 4) × 5
= 5 sec 2 (5𝑥 − 4)

1e
𝑑
(𝑥 sin 5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= sin 5𝑥 × (𝑥) + 𝑥 × (sin 5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= sin 5𝑥 × 1 + 𝑥 × 5 cos 5𝑥
= sin 5𝑥 + 5𝑥 cos 5𝑥
𝑢
1f Using the quotient rule, if 𝑦 = then
𝑣
𝑢 = cos 5𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= −5 sin 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑣=𝑥
𝑑𝑣
=1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝑥 × (−5 sin 5𝑥) − cos 5𝑥 × (1)
=
𝑥2
−5𝑥 sin 5𝑥 − cos 5𝑥
=
𝑥2
1g
𝑑
(sin5 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 5 sin4 𝑥 × (sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 5 sin4 𝑥 × cos 𝑥

1h
𝑑
(tan 𝑥 5 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 5
= sec 2 𝑥 5 × (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= sec 2 𝑥 5 × 5𝑥 4
= 5𝑥 4 sec 2 𝑥 5
1i
𝑑 cos 5𝑥
(𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑒 cos 5𝑥 × (cos 5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 cos 5𝑥 × −5 sin 5𝑥
= −5 sin 5𝑥 𝑒 cos 5𝑥
1j
𝑑
(ln(sin 5𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= × (sin 5𝑥)
sin 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= × 5 cos 5𝑥
sin 5𝑥
5 cos 5𝑥
=
sin 5𝑥
= 5 cot 5𝑥
2 For 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −2 sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2𝜋 √3
Hence when 𝑥 = 3 , the gradient of cos 2𝑥 is −2 sin = −2 × − √3.
3 2

3a For 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
When 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = tan 3 = √3
𝑑𝑦
= sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
Hence when 𝑥 = 3 , the gradient of tan 𝑥 is sec 2 3 = 4
𝜋
Thus, the equation of the tangent at ( 3 , √3) is
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝜋
𝑦 − √3 = 4 (𝑥 − )
3
4𝜋
𝑦 = 4𝑥 − + √3
3
3b For 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
When 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 2 cos 2 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= cos 𝑥 (𝑥) + 𝑥 (cos 𝑥)
= cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝜋
Hence when 𝑥 = 2 , the gradient of 𝑥 cos 𝑥 is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
cos 2 − 2 sin 2
𝜋
= 0− ×1
2
𝜋
=−
2
𝜋
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 − 0 = − (𝑥 − )
2 2
𝜋 𝜋2
𝑦=− 𝑥+
2 4

4a 𝑦 = 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 1 − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
The stationary points occur when 𝑑𝑥 = 0
1 − sin 𝑥 = 0
sin 𝑥 = 1
𝜋
Thus the solution is 𝑥 = 2 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.
4b 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= cos 𝑥 − (− sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
The stationary points occur when 𝑑𝑥 = 0
cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 0
sin 𝑥
= −1
cos 𝑥
tan 𝑥 = −1
3𝜋 7𝜋
Thus the solutions are 𝑥 = , for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
4 4
5a
∫ 4 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 4 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
5b
1
= − ∫ (−4 sin 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4
1
= − × cos 4𝑥 + 𝐶
4

1
= − cos 4𝑥 + 𝐶
4
5c
1
4
1 1
= 4∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4
1
= 4 × tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
4
1
= 4 tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
4
6a
𝜋
3
𝜋
4
𝜋
= [tan 𝑥]𝜋3
4
𝜋 𝜋
= tan − tan
3 4
= √3 − 1
6b
𝜋
4
0
𝜋
1
= [sin 2𝑥]04
2
1 𝜋
= [sin − sin 0]
2 2
1
= [1 − 0]
2
1
=
2

6c
1
3
∫ 𝜋 sin 𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
1
1 3
= 𝜋 × [− cos 𝜋𝑥]
𝜋 0
1
= −[cos 𝜋𝑥]30
𝜋
= − (cos − cos 0)
3
1
= − ( − 1)
2
1
=
2
7
1
4
0
1
1
= − [cos 3𝑥]40
3
1 3
= − (cos − cos 0)
3 4
1 3
= − (cos − 1)
3 4
≑ 0.089
1
8 𝑦 ′ = cos 2 𝑥
1
𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
Substituting (𝜋, 1) into the equation for 𝑦 gives
𝜋
1 = 2 sin +𝐶
2
1=2+𝐶
𝐶 = −1

1
Hence the equation of the function is 𝑦 = 2 sin 2 𝑥 − 1.
9a Graph of 𝑦 = 2 sin 2𝑥 is shown below. (Take graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and then dilate it
1
by a factor of 2 from the 𝑥–axis and a factor of 2 from the 𝑦–axis.)
𝜋 𝜋
9b The area between the curve and 𝑥–axis from 𝑥 = to 𝑥 = is equal to that
4 2
𝜋 3𝜋
between the curve and 𝑥–axis from 𝑥 = 2 to 𝑥 = . We can calculate the total
4
𝜋 𝜋
area using twice the positive signed area from 𝑥 = 4 to 𝑥 = 2 .
𝜋
2
𝐴 = 2 × ∫ 2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
4
𝜋
= 2 × [− cos 2𝑥]𝜋2
4
𝜋
= −2 (cos 𝜋 − cos )
2
= −2(−1 − 0)
= 2 u2
10 The required area is equal to the area between the line 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 and the 𝑥–axis
𝜋
from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 2 less the area between the line 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥 and the 𝑥–axis from
𝜋
𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 4 .

𝜋 𝜋
2 4
= ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝜋 𝜋
1
= [sin 𝑥]02
− [sin 2𝑥]04
2
𝜋 1 𝜋
= (sin − sin 0) − [sin − sin 0]
2 2 2
1
= 1−0− ×1+0
2
1
= 1−
2
1
= 2 u2
10b Area of required region

2𝜋
3
= ∫ (cos 𝑥 − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
2𝜋
1 3
= [sin 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥]
2 0
2𝜋 1 4𝜋 1
= (sin − sin ) − (sin 0 − sin 0)
3 2 3 2
√3 1 √3
= − ×− −0+0
2 2 2
√3 √3
= +
2 4
2√3 √3
= +
4 4
3√3
= square units
4
sin 𝑥
11a tan 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑
11b Note that 𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥.

𝜋
4
= ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

𝜋
4 sin 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 cos 𝑥
𝜋
4
𝑑
− (cos 𝑥)
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
0
𝜋
= −[ln|cos 𝑥|]04
𝜋
= − (ln |cos | − ln|cos 0|)
4
1
= − ln + ln 1
√2
1
= −ln (2−2 ) + 0
1
= − (− ) ln 2 + 0
2
1
12a To find the 𝑥-intercepts, put 𝑦 = 0

Then, 2 cos 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 = 0
Use the identity, sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
2 cos 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 0
2 cos 𝑥 (1 + sin 𝑥) = 0
2 cos 𝑥 = 0 and 1 + sin 𝑥 = 0
cos 𝑥 = 0 and sin 𝑥 = −1
According to the given domain, −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
cos 𝑥 = 0 and sin 𝑥 = −1
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = 2,−2
𝜋 𝜋
Thus the 𝑥-intercepts are (2 , 0) and (− 2 , 0).
The 𝑦-intercept occurs when, 𝑥 = 0

𝑦 = 2 cos 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥
= 2 cos 0 + sin 0

=2×1=2
Thus the 𝑦-intercept is (0, 2).

𝑦 ′ = −2 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 2𝑥 = 0
Solving this gives
2 cos 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥
2(cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥
2(1 − sin2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥
(1 − sin2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥) = sin 𝑥
1 − 2 sin2 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
2 sin2 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 − 1 = 0
(2 sin 𝑥 − 1)(sin 𝑥 + 1) = 0
1 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
sin 𝑥 = 2 or sin 𝑥 = −1 so 𝑥 = − 2 , 6 , . Substituting this back into the equation
6
𝜋 𝜋 3√3 5𝜋 3√3
for 𝑦 gives the stationary points to be (− 2 , 0), ( 6 , ) and ( 6 , − ).
2 3
Now we find the nature of these stationary points, 𝑦 ′′ = −2 cos 𝑥 − 4 sin 2𝑥.
𝜋
When 𝑦 = − 2 , 𝑦 ′′ = 0 (possible point of inflection)
𝜋
When 𝑦 = 6 , 𝑦 ′′ − 3√3 < 0 (maximum)
5𝜋
When 𝑦 = , 𝑦 ′′ = 3√3 > 0 (minimum)
6
𝜋
Confirming that there is a point of inflection at 𝑦 = − 2
𝑥 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
− − −
4 2 4
𝑦′ √2 0 √2
So the gradient does not change and it is indeed a point of inflection, hence we
𝜋 𝜋 3√3
obtain that (− 2 , 0) is a point of inflection ( 6 , ) is a maximum turning point
2
5𝜋 3√3
and ( 6 , − ) is a minimum turning point.
3

12c
13a 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥
𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥) + sin 𝑥 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 × cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) + (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) (𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑒𝑥 × ( (sin 𝑥) + (cos 𝑥)) + (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) (𝑒 𝑥 )
= 𝑒 𝑥 × (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) + (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) × 𝑒 𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 −𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 +𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) = 0
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 0
sin 𝑥
= −1
cos 𝑥
tan 𝑥 = −1

𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 = −4, for 𝑥 ∈ [−𝜋, 𝜋]
4
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 1
When 𝑥 = − 4 , 𝑦 = − √2 𝑒 − 4 and 𝑦 ′′ = √2𝑒 − 4 > 0. Hence the curve is concave up
𝜋
𝜋 1
at this point and thus there is a minimum turning point at (− 4 , − 𝑒 − 4 ).
√2
3𝜋 3𝜋
3𝜋 1
When 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = √2 𝑒 4 and 𝑦 ′′ = −√2𝑒 4 < 0. Hence the curve is concave down
4
3𝜋
3𝜋 1
at this point and thus there is a maximum turning point at ( 4 , √2 𝑒 4 ).

2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 0
cos 𝑥 = 0
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = −2,2 for 𝑥 ∈ [−𝜋, 𝜋]
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
When 𝑥 = − 2 , 𝑦 = −𝑒 − 2 , and when 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
Thus, there are possible points of inflection at (− 2 , −𝑒 − 2 ), and ( 2 , 𝑒 2 ).
14a
𝑑𝜃
= 0.1
𝑑𝑡
1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2𝜃
2
1 2
= 6 𝜃
2

36
= 𝜃
2
= 18𝜃
𝑑𝐴
= 18
𝑑𝜃
= ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑡
= 18 × 0.1
= 1.8 cm2/min
14b
1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃
2
1 2
= 6 sin 𝜃
2
= 18 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝐴
= 18 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
= ×
= 18 cos 𝜃 × 0.1
= 1.8 cos 𝜃
𝜋
When 𝜃 = 4
𝑑𝐴 𝜋
= 1.8 cos
𝑑𝑡 4
9√2
= cm2/min
10
14c
1
𝐴 = 𝑟 2 (𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
2
1
𝐴 = 62 (𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
2
𝐴 = 18(𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
𝑑𝐴
= 18(1 − cos 𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃
= 0.1
𝑑𝑡
= ×
= 18(1 − cos 𝜃)0.1
= 1.8(1 − cos 𝜃)
𝑑2 𝐴
Maximum rate of increase when 𝑑𝑡 2 = 0
𝑑2 𝐴 𝑑𝜃
2
= 1.8 sin 𝜃 ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝐴
= 1.8 sin 𝜃 × 0.1
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝐴
= 0.18 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑡 2
Therefore 0.18 sin 𝜃 = 0
𝜃=0
𝑆𝑃 𝑆𝑃
15a cos 𝛼 = 𝑃𝑄 = hence 𝑆𝑃 = 𝑑 cos 𝛼
𝑑
Thus the area of Δ𝑆𝑃𝑇 is

1
𝐴 = 𝑆𝑃 × 𝑆𝑇 sin 𝛼
2
1
= 𝑆𝑃 × 𝑆𝑃 × sin 𝛼
2
1
= 𝑑 cos 𝛼 × 𝑑 cos 𝛼 × sin 𝛼
2
1
= 𝑑2 cos 2 𝛼 sin 𝛼
2

𝑑𝐴 1 1
15b = 2 𝑑2 (−2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼) sin 𝛼 + 2 𝑑 2 cos2 𝛼 (cos 𝛼)
𝑑𝛼
1
= 𝑑 2 cos 𝛼 (−2 sin2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛼)
2
1
= 𝑑 2 cos 𝛼 (−2(1 − cos2 𝛼) + cos 2 𝛼)
2
1
= 𝑑 2 cos 𝛼 (3 cos2 𝛼 − 2)
2
For stationary points
𝑑𝐴
=0
𝑑𝛼
1 2
𝑑 cos 𝛼 (3 cos2 𝛼 − 2) = 0
2
2
cos 𝛼 = 0 or cos 𝛼 = ±√3
𝜋 2
Noting that 0 ≤ 𝛼 < 2 , 𝛼 = cos −1 √3 is the only stationary point in the range. The
2
endpoints in this range both give an area of zero. Substituting in 𝛼 = cos −1 √3
gives
1 2 2
𝐴 = 𝑑2 cos 2 (cos −1 √ ) sin (cos −1 √ )
2 3 3
1 2 2 2
= 𝑑 ( ) (√1 − )
2 3 3
𝑑2
=
3√3
1
= 𝑑2 √3
9
16a
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 1
Let, 𝑢 = 2𝑥, = 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥) = 2 hence, 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
Now using substitution,
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 cos 𝑒 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢

1
= 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 cos 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑣 𝑑
Let, 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑢 , = 𝑑𝑢 (𝑒 𝑢 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 hence, 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢
1
= 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 cos 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1
= 2 ∫ cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
1
= 2 sin 𝑣 + 𝐶
1
= 2 sin 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
1
= 2 sin 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
sin 𝑒 −2𝑥
16b ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 1
Let, 𝑢 = −2𝑥, = 𝑑𝑥 (−2𝑥) = −2 hence, 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
Now using substitution,

sin 𝑒 −2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
sin 𝑒 𝑢
=∫ − 𝑑𝑢
2𝑒 −𝑢
1 sin 𝑒 𝑢
= −2∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑒 −𝑢
1
= − 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 sin 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑣 𝑑
Let, 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑢 , = 𝑑𝑢 (𝑒 𝑢 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 hence, 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢
1
= − 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 sin 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1
= − 2 ∫ sin 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
1
= 2 cos 𝑣 + 𝐶
1
= 2 cos 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
1
= 2 cos 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶

16c
sec2 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 tan 𝑥+1
1
cos2 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 tan 𝑥+1
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑥(3 tan 𝑥+1)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 1
Let 𝑢 = 3 tan 𝑥 + 1, = 𝑑𝑥 (3 tan 𝑥 + 1) = 3sec 2 𝑥 hence, 𝑑𝑥 = 3 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑢
3
1
= 𝑑𝑢
3cos2 𝑥
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
3𝑢
1 1
= 3∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
1
= 3 log 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
1
= log 𝑒 |3 tan 𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
3
3 sin 𝑥
16d ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4+5 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 1
Let, 𝑢 = 4 + 5 cos 𝑥, = 𝑑𝑥 (4 + 5 cos 𝑥) = −5 sin 𝑥 hence, 𝑑𝑥 = − 5 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
3 sin 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4+5 cos 𝑥
3
= ∫ − 5𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3 1
= −5∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
3
= − 5 log 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
3
= − 5 log 𝑒 |4 + 5 cos 𝑥| + 𝐶
1−cos3 𝑥
16e ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1−sin2 𝑥
1 cos3 𝑥
= ∫ (1−sin2𝑥 − 1−sin2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1 cos3 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1−sin2 𝑥 1−sin2 𝑥
1 cos3 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥
= ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= tan 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝜋
16f ∫0 sin 𝑥 cos2 𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −sin 𝑥
Then,
𝜋
∫0 sin 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝜋
= [− 3 cos3 𝑥]
0
1 1
= − 3 × −1 − (− 3 × 1)
1 1
= +
3 3
2
=
3
17a LHS
= tan3 𝑥
= tan 𝑥 × tan2 𝑥
= tan 𝑥( sec 2 𝑥 − 1)
= tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 − tan 𝑥
= RHS
Hence, proved.

17b i ∫ tan3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

= ∫ tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = tan 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
1 2
= 𝑢 − − log 𝑒 (cos 𝑥) + 𝐶
2
1
= tan2 𝑥 + log 𝑒 (cos 𝑥) + 𝐶
2
17b ii ∫ tan5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan3 𝑥 tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan3 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan3 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ tan3 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ( tan2 𝑥 + log 𝑒 (cos 𝑥))
2
Let 𝑢 = tan 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢 − ( tan2 𝑥 + log 𝑒 (cos 𝑥))
2
𝑢4 1
= − tan2 𝑥 − log 𝑒 (cos 𝑥) + 𝐶
4 2
tan4 𝑥 1
= − tan2 𝑥 − log 𝑒 (cos 𝑥) + 𝐶
4 2

18a 𝑦 = 1 − tan 𝑥
18b
The curve intersects the axis when 𝑦 = 0, that is when 1 − tan 𝑥 = 0 and hence
𝜋
when tan 𝑥 = 1 and thus when 𝑥 = 4 .
𝜋 𝜋
4 4 sin 𝑥
∫ 1 − tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 − 𝑑𝑥
0 0 cos 𝑥
𝜋
= [𝑥 + ln(cos 𝑥)]04
𝜋 𝜋
= [ + ln (cos )] − [0 + ln(cos 0)]
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
= [ + ln (cos )] − [0 + ln(1)]
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
= [ + ln (cos )] − [0 + 0]
4 4
𝜋 1
= [ + ln ( )] − [0 + 0]
4 √2
𝜋 1
19a LHS
= cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)
= cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
(using the identity cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵)
= cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
= 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
= RHS
Hence, proved.
19b i
𝜋
∫02 2 cos 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let, 𝐴 = 3𝑥 and 𝐵 = 2𝑥, using the formula from 19a

𝜋
2
∫ 2 cos 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
2
= ∫ cos( 3𝑥 + 2𝑥) +cos(3𝑥 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
2
= ∫ (cos 5𝑥 +cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
= ∫ cos 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝜋
𝜋
1 2
= [ sin 5𝑥] + [sin 𝑥]02
5 0
1
= ×1−0+1−0
5
1
= +1
5
6
=
5
19b ii
𝜋
∫ cos 3𝑥 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
Let, 𝐴 = 3𝑥 and 𝐵 = 4𝑥, Putting in the above section 20a proof

𝜋
1
= ∫ ( cos( 3𝑥 + 4𝑥) + cos(3𝑥 − 4𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
0 2
𝜋
1
=∫ (cos 7𝑥 +cos(−𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
0 2

𝜋
1
=∫ (cos 7𝑥 + cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 2
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= ∫ cos 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 0 2 0
𝜋
1 1 1
= [ sin 7𝑥] + [sin 𝑥]𝜋0
2 7 0 2
=0
19c i
1
∫ cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫
[cos((𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥) + cos((𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
2
1 1 1
= [ sin((𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥) + sin((𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥)] + 𝑐
2 𝑚−𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
19c ii When 𝑚 = 𝑛
∫ cos 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
=∫ [cos((𝑛 − 𝑛)𝑥) + cos((𝑛 + 𝑛)𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
2
1
=∫ [cos(0) + cos((𝑛 + 𝑛)𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
2
1 1
= ∫ + cos(2𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
= 𝑥+ sin(2𝑛𝑥) + 𝐶
2 4𝑛
19d
When 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
𝜋
∫ cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝜋
𝜋
1 1 1
=[ [ sin((𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥) + sin((𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥)]]
2 𝑚−𝑛 𝑚+𝑛 −𝜋
1 1 1
= [ sin((𝑚 − 𝑛)𝜋) + sin((𝑚 + 𝑛)𝜋)]

1 1 1
− [ sin((𝑚 − 𝑛)(−𝜋)) + sin((𝑚 + 𝑛)(−𝜋))]
1 1 1 1 1 1
= [ 0+ 0] − [ 0+ 0]
2 𝑚−𝑛 𝑚+𝑛 2 𝑚−𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
=0
When 𝑚 = 𝑛
𝜋
∫ cos 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝜋
𝜋
= ∫ cos2 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝜋
𝜋
1
=∫ [1 + cos 2𝑛𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
−𝜋 2
𝜋
1 1
= [ (𝑥 + sin 2𝑛𝑥)]
2 2𝑛 −𝜋
1 1 1 1
= [ (𝜋 + sin 2𝑛𝜋)] − [ ((−𝜋) + sin 2𝑛(−𝜋))]
2 2𝑛 2 2𝑛
1 1
=[2 (𝜋 + 0)] − [2 ((−𝜋) + 0)]
=𝜋

Chapter 8 worked solutions – Vectors
Solutions for Enrichment questions are in preparation.
1a Magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 100 km – 40 km = 60 km
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is towards west direction which means the magnitude to be considered
𝐵𝐶
negative as per the quadrant rule.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is 90° towards east direction as west to east is 90° in the
Direction of 𝐴𝐶
quadrants.
1b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐵
Magnitude of 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
In this case, using Pythagoras theorem of triangles,

𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝐵𝐶 2
= 62 + 42
= 36 + 16
= 52
𝐴𝐶 = √52 = 7.21 ≑ 7
Direction of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 is
𝐴𝐵 4
tan 𝜃 = =
𝐵𝐶 6
4
𝜃 = tan−1 6 = 33.69 ≑ 34
The tangent is in fourth quadrant where it is negative,

therefore, bearing from 𝐴 to 𝐶 is 180° − 34° = 146°
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is 146°.

1c N x
C
45°
x 15 km x
W 45° E
A 25 km B x D
S
According to Pythagoras’ Theorem

𝐵𝐶 2 = 𝐵𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐶 2
152 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2
2𝑥 2 = 152
√2
𝑥 = 15 = 10.606 ≑ 10.6
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐷
Magnitude of 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐶𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
In this case, using Pythagoras’ Theorem,

𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐷2 + 𝐶𝐷 2
= (25 + 10.6)2 + 10.62
= 1267.36 + 112.36
= 1379.72
𝐴𝐶 = √1379.72 = 37.14 ≑ 37
𝐴𝐶 is
𝐴𝐷 35.6
tan 𝜃 = =
𝐷𝐶 10.6
35.6
𝜃 = tan−1 = 73.42 ≑ 73
10.6
The tangent is in first quadrant where it is positive.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is 73°.

19 km
2a Q R
28 km 12 km
O S
P
2b According to the picture, 𝑄𝑅 is parallel to 𝑂𝑆 which means

𝑄𝑅 = 𝑂𝑆 = 19 km
Similarly, 𝑂𝑄 is parallel to 𝑅𝑆, therefore
𝑂𝑄 = 𝑅𝑆 = 12 km
Hence, 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑃𝑄 − 𝑂𝑄 = 28 − 12 = 16 km
Using Pythagoras theorem
𝑃𝑆 2 = 𝑂𝑃2 + 𝑂𝑆 2
= 162 + 192
= 256 + 361
= 617
𝑃𝑆 = √617 = 24.8
Magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑆 = 24.8 km
Direction of ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑆 is
𝑂𝑆 19
tan 𝜃 = 𝑂𝑃 = 16
19
𝜃 = tan−1 16 = 49.90 ≑ 50 °
The tangent is in first quadrant where it is positive,
𝐴𝐶 is 50°

3 The opposite sides 𝑊𝑋 and 𝑍𝑌 are parallel and equal hence 𝑊𝑋𝑌𝑍 is a
parallelogram.
4 The opposite sides 𝐵𝐴 and 𝐶𝐷 are parallel and equal, and ∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 = 90°. Hence,
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram with an angle being 90°, therefore, it is a rectangle.
5a All the sides of the quadrilateral are equal therefore it is a rhombus.
5b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑅𝑆
The opposite sides of a rhombus are parallel, so 𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ have opposite
directions.
6 𝑢 S
B 𝑢+𝑣 𝑣
𝑣 O 𝑢 A
As per the above diagram, 𝑂𝐵𝑆𝐴 is a parallelogram where 𝑂𝐵 ∥ 𝐴𝑆 and 𝐵𝑆 ∥ 𝑂𝐴

Hence, 𝑂𝐵 = 𝐴𝑆 = 𝑢 and 𝐵𝑆 = 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑣
𝑢 + 𝑣 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐴 + 𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐴 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑆 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑆
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑂𝐴
And 𝑣 + 𝑢 = 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝑆
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑆
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
So, 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑣 + 𝑢 as required
7 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑈𝑉 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉𝑊 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑊𝑈
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑊𝑈
= 𝑈𝑊 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑈𝑈
=0
It gives a zero vector.

9a ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷
9b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝐴 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐴
9c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
9d ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐶𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
10
11a 𝑓
11b 𝑑
11c ℎ

11d 𝑏
11e 𝑐
11f 𝑎
11g 𝑒
11h 𝑔
12a ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 + 𝐶𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝐵𝐶
= 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
=𝑢−𝑣
12b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐶𝑀
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝐶
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝐵𝐶
= 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2
1
= 𝑢 − 2𝑣
13a ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑀𝐵

𝐴𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ have the same length and direction. Similarly, 𝑃𝑁 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ have the
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑁𝑄
same length and direction.
13b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝑃
𝐴𝑁 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑃𝑁
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎 + 𝑣
and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑁 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑀 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝑁 = 𝑢 + 𝑝
Hence, 𝑎 + 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑝
𝑎 =𝑝+𝑢−𝑣

Similarly, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝑄 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑢 + 𝑏
𝑀𝐵 + 𝐵𝑄
and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑀𝑁 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑀𝑄 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑁𝑄 = 𝑝 + 𝑣
Hence, 𝑢 + 𝑏 = 𝑝 + 𝑣
𝑏 = 𝑝+𝑣−𝑢
13c LHS = 𝑎 + 𝑏
= (𝑝 + 𝑢 − 𝑣) + (𝑝 + 𝑣 − 𝑢)
= 2𝑝 = RHS
A
14a 𝑝 𝑞
B C
P
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐴 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐶
= −𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
=𝑞−𝑝
Given, 𝐵𝑃: 𝑃𝐶 = 1: 2
1 1
Hence, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝐵𝑃 = 3 𝐵𝐶 (𝑞 − 𝑝 )
3
14b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝑃
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐶
2
= 𝑞 − 3 (𝑞 − 𝑝)
2 2
= 𝑞 − 3𝑞 + 3𝑝
1 2
= 3
𝑞 + 3𝑝
Hence, proved.

15a ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝐶𝐷
= 𝐴𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
=𝑤−𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐴 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑣 + 𝑤 − 𝑢
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
As 𝑀 is the mid-point of 𝐵𝐶
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
So, 𝐵𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 (𝑣 + 𝑤 − 𝑢)
𝐵𝐶
2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝐵 is in opposite direction of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝑀
1 1
Hence, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝐵 = − 2 (𝑣 + 𝑤 − 𝑢) = 2 (𝑢 − 𝑣 − 𝑤)
15b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑀𝐵 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑀𝐴 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵𝐴
1
= (𝑢 − 𝑣 − 𝑤) + 𝑣
2
1
= 2 (𝑢 + 𝑣 − 𝑤)
16a ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑊𝑋 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑊𝑅 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑅𝑋
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑅𝑊
= 𝑅𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
=𝑥−𝑤
1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑊𝑃 = 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑊𝑋 = 2 (𝑥 − 𝑤)
16b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑅𝑃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑅𝑋 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑋𝑃
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑅𝑋 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑋
1
= 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 − 𝑤)
1 1
= 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑤
1 1
= 2𝑥 + 2𝑤

1
= 2 (𝑥 + 𝑤)
16c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑅𝑍

𝑌𝑍 = 𝑌𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑅𝑌
= 𝑅𝑍 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
=𝑧−𝑦
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑅𝑍
𝑅𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑍𝑄
𝑅𝑍 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑄𝑍
1
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑅𝑍 − 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑌𝑍
1
= 𝑧 − 2 (𝑧 − 𝑦)
1 1
= 𝑧 − 2𝑧 + 2𝑦
1 1
= 𝑧 + 2𝑦
2
1
= 2 (𝑦 + 𝑧)
16d 𝑤+𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑅𝑋
= 𝑅𝑊 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑅𝑌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑅𝑍
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑅𝑅 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑅𝑅
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑅𝑅
=0
17a i
The magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝑃 is more than ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 as given ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑘 > 1.
𝐴𝑃 = 𝑘𝐴𝐵

17a ii

𝐴𝑃 is less than ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 but more than zero vector as given ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
and 0 < 𝑘 < 1.
17a iii

𝐴𝑃 is less than ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 as given ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑘 < 0.
17b i ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3 𝑃𝐵
𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2 𝐴𝑃
𝑃𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3
And, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 2 𝐴𝑃
= 𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3
5
= 3 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃
3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 = 5 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑘𝐴𝐵
Given, 𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3
Hence, 𝑘 = 5

3
17b ii ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 = − 2 𝑃𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = − 2 𝐴𝑃
𝑃𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3
And, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐵
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + (− 𝐴𝑃
= 𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
3
2
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 − 3 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= 𝐴𝑃
3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Given, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Hence, 𝑘 = 3
2
17b iii ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 = − 3 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = − 3 𝐴𝑃
𝑃𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝑃
And, 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑃𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 + (− 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 )
3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝐴𝑃
= 𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2
1
= − 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 = −2𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑘𝐴𝐵
Given, 𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Hence, 𝑘 = −2
17c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝑂
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏 − 𝑎
And, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑂 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑝 − 𝑎
Given, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑝 − 𝑎 = 𝑘(𝑏 − 𝑎)
𝑝 − 𝑎 = 𝑘𝑏 − 𝑘𝑎

𝑝 = 𝑎 − 𝑘𝑎 + 𝑘𝑏 = (1 − 𝑘)𝑎 + 𝑘𝑏
18 The triangles are similar by the SAS similarity test — the angles between 𝑎 and 𝑏,
and between λ𝑎 and λ𝑏 are equal, and the matching sides are in ratio1:λ. It now
follows that the head of the vector λ𝑏 is the head of the vector λ(𝑎 + 𝑏).
19a Two zero vectors each have zero length and no direction, and so are equal.
19b Rome for administration (in the distant past), Greenwich UK for longitude,
Jerusalem and Mecca for religious ceremonies, the North and South Poles for
maps. The obelisk in Macquarie Place, Sydney, remains the origin for road
distances in NSW. It is inscribed on the front,
‘This Obelisk was erected in Macquarie Place A.D. 1818, to Record that all the
public roads leading to the interior of the colony are measured from it. L.
Macquarie Esq Governor’.
Solutions for Enrichment questions 20 and 21 are in preparation.

1a 𝑎 = 8𝑖 + 6𝑗
𝑥 = 8 and 𝑦 = 6
Hence, |𝑎| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √82 + 62
= √64 + 36
= √100 = 10
1b 2𝑎 = 2 × (8𝑖 + 6𝑗) = 16𝑖 + 12𝑗
1c 2𝑎 = 16𝑖 + 12𝑗
𝑥 = 16 and 𝑦 = 12
Hence, |2𝑎| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √162 + 122
= √256 + 144
= √400 = 20
1d −5𝑎 = −5 × (8𝑖 + 6𝑗) = −40𝑖 − 30𝑗
1e −5𝑎 = −40𝑖 − 30𝑗
𝑥 = −40 and 𝑦 = −30
Hence, |−5𝑎| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √(−40)2 + (−30)2
= √1600 + 900
= √2500 = 50

2a 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 and 𝑏 = 𝑖 − 4𝑗
𝑎 + 𝑏 = (2𝑖 + 3𝑗) + (𝑖 − 4𝑗)
= (2 + 1)𝑖 + (3 − 4)𝑗
= 3𝑖 − 𝑗
2b 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 3𝑖 − 𝑗
𝑥 = 3 and 𝑦 = −1
Hence, |𝑎 + 𝑏| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √32 + (−1)2
= √9 + 1
= √10
2c 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 and 𝑏 = 𝑖 − 4𝑗
𝑎 − 𝑏 = (2𝑖 + 3𝑗) − (𝑖 − 4𝑗)
= (2 − 1)𝑖 + (3 − (−4))𝑗
= (2 − 1)𝑖 + (3 + 4)𝑗
= 𝑖 + 7𝑗
2d 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑖 + 7𝑗
𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = 7
Hence, |𝑎 − 𝑏| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √12 + 72
= √1 + 49
= √50
= 5√2

2e 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 and 𝑏 = 𝑖 − 4𝑗
−3𝑎 = −6𝑖 − 9𝑗
−2𝑏 = −2𝑖 + 8𝑗
−3𝑎 − 2𝑏 = (−6𝑖 − 9𝑗) − (−2𝑖 + 8𝑗)
= (−6 + (−2))𝑖 + (−9 + 8)𝑗
= (−6 − 2)𝑖 + (−9 + 8)𝑗
= −8𝑖 − 𝑗
2f −3𝑎 − 2𝑏 = −8𝑖 − 𝑗
𝑥 = −8 and 𝑦 = −1
Hence, |−3𝑎 − 2𝑏| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √(−8)2 + (−1)2
= √64 + 1
= √65
−17 5 −7
3a 𝑎=[ ] 𝑏=[ ] 𝑐=[ ]
3 −11 −13
−17 + 5 − (−7)
𝑎+𝑏−𝑐 =[ ]
3 + (−11) − (−13)
−17 + 5 + 7
=[ ]
3 − 11 + 13
−5
=[ ]
5
−5
3b 𝑎+𝑏−𝑐 =[ ]
5
𝑥 = −5 and 𝑦 = 5
|𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑐| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √(−5)2 + 52

= √25 + 25
= √50
= 5√2
−17 5 −7
3c 𝑎=[ ] 𝑏=[ ] 𝑐=[ ]
3 −11 −13
51
−3𝑎 = [ ]
−9
−25
−5𝑏 = [ ]
55
−14
2𝑐 = [ ]
−26
51 − 25 − 14
−3𝑎 − 5𝑏 + 2𝑐 = [ ]
−9 + 55 − 26
12
=[ ]
20
12
3d −3𝑎 − 5𝑏 + 2𝑐 = [ ]
20
𝑥 = 12 and 𝑦 = 20
|−3𝑎 − 5𝑏 + 2𝑐| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √122 + 202
= √144 + 400
= √544
= 4√34
4a 𝑢 = 2𝑖 + 𝑗 and 𝑣 = −𝑖 + 2𝑗
2 −1
𝑢=[ ] 𝑣=[ ]
1 2
2 + (−1)
𝑢+𝑣 =[ ]
1+2
2−1
=[ ]
1+2
1
=[ ]
3
3 4
4b 𝑎=[ ] 𝑏=[ ]
2 1
𝑎 = 3𝑖 + 2𝑗 and 𝑏 = 4𝑖 + 𝑗
𝑎 − 𝑏 = (3𝑖 + 2𝑗) − (4𝑖 + 𝑗)
= (3 − 4)𝑖 + (2 − 1)𝑗
= −𝑖 + 𝑗
5a 𝑢 = 𝑖 + 2𝑗
𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = 2
Hence, |𝑢| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √12 + 22
= √1 + 4
= √5
𝑢 𝑖+2𝑗 1 2
𝑢̂ = |𝑢| = = 𝑖+ 𝑗
√5 √5 √5
5b 𝑣 = −4𝑖 + 3𝑗
𝑥 = −4 and 𝑦 = 3
Hence, |𝑣| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √(−4)2 + 32
= √16 + 9
= √25
=5
𝑣 −4𝑖+3𝑗 4 3
𝑣̂ = |𝑣| = = −5𝑖 + 5𝑗
5

5c 𝑤 =𝑢+𝑣
𝑢 + 𝑣 = (𝑖 + 2𝑗) + (−4𝑖 + 3𝑗 )
= (1 + (−4))𝑖 + (2 + 3)𝑗
= (1 − 4)𝑖 + (2 + 3)𝑗
= −3𝑖 − 5𝑗
𝑤 = −3𝑖 + 5𝑗
𝑥 = −3 and 𝑦 = 5
Hence, |𝑤| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √(−3)2 + 52
= √9 + 25
= √34
𝑤 −3𝑖+5𝑗 3 5
𝑤
̂ = |𝑤| = =− 𝑖+ 𝑗
√34 √34 √34
5
6a 𝑎=[ ]
−12
10
2𝑎 = [ ]
−24
|2𝑎| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √102 + (−24)2
= √100 + 576
= √676
= 26
|𝑎| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √52 + (−12)2
= √25 + 144
= √169
= 13

LHS: |2𝑎| = 26
RHS: 2|𝑎| = 2 × 13 = 26
Hence, LHS = RHS.
−15
6b 𝑏=[ ]
−8
15
−𝑏 = [ ]
8
|−𝑏| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √152 + 82
= √225 + 64
= √289 = 17
|𝑏| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √(−15)2 + (−8)2
= √225 + 64
= √289
= 17
LHS: |−𝑏| = 17
RHS: |𝑏| = 17
Hence, LHS = RHS.
5 −15
6c 𝑎=[ ] 𝑏=[ ]
−12 −8
5 + (−15)
𝑎+𝑏 =[ ]
(−12) + (−8)
5 − 15
=[ ]
−12 − 8
−10
=[ ]
−20
|𝑎 + 𝑏| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

= √(−10)2 + (−20)2
= √100 + 400
= √500
= 5√10
|𝑎| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √52 + (−12)2
= √25 + 144
= √169
= 13
|𝑏| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √(−15)2 + (−8)2
= √225 + 64
= √289
= 17
LHS: |𝑎 + 𝑏| = 5√10
RHS: |𝑎| + |𝑏| = 13 + 17 = 30
Hence, LHS < RHS
6d LHS: |𝑎 + 𝑏| = 5√10
RHS: |𝑎| − |𝑏| = 13 − 17 = −4
Hence, LHS > RHS
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 3 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [ 8 ]

7a 𝑂𝑃 = [ ] 𝑂𝑄 = [ ] and 𝑂𝑅
6 2 −3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑄
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3 − (−1)
=[ ]
2−6
4
=[ ]
−4

𝑦 −4
Gradient = 𝑥 = = −1
4
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑅
𝑄𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
8−3
=[ ]
(−3) − 2
5
=[ ]
−5
𝑦 −5
Gradient = 𝑥 = = −1
5
𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑅 are collinear as the gradient is −1
7b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝑖 + 3𝑗 and 𝑂𝐶

𝑂𝐴 = 3𝑖 + 8𝑗 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −4𝑖 − 𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (−𝑖 + 3𝑗) − (3𝑖 + 8𝑗 )
= ((−1) − 3)𝑖 + (3 − 8)𝑗
= −4𝑖 − 5𝑗
𝑦 −5 5
Gradient = 𝑥 = −4 = 4
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (−4𝑖 − 𝑗) − (−𝑖 + 3𝑗 )
= ((−4) − (−1))𝑖 + ((−1) − 3)𝑗
= −3𝑖 − 4𝑗
𝑦 −3 3
Gradient = 𝑥 = −4 = 4
𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are not collinear as the gradient is not same.
8a 𝑎 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 4𝑖 − 7𝑗
Consider 𝑂 to be the origin and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐴 represented as the position vector.

8b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 6𝑖 + 3𝑗
𝑏 = 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ represented as the position vector.

Consider 𝑂 to be the origin and 𝑂𝐵
8c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is the mid-point of 𝐴𝐵

𝑀 = 𝑂𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
= (6𝑖 + 3𝑗) + (4𝑖 − 7𝑗 )
= (6 + 4)𝑖 + (3 − 7)𝑗
= 10𝑖 − 4𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 𝐴𝐵
𝑀 = 𝑂𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2
1
= 2 (10𝑖 − 4𝑗)
= 5𝑖 − 2𝑗
9a ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [ 4 ]
𝑂𝑃
−1
9b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [ 8 ]
2𝑂𝑃
−2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [−3]
𝑂𝑄
5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [8 − (−3)] = [ 11 ]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝑄
2𝑂𝑃
−2 − 5 −7
9c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑄
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
−3 − 4
=[ ]
5 − (−1)
−7
=[ ]
6

9d ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑄𝑃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 − 𝑂𝑄
4 − (−3)
=[ ]
(−1) − 5
7
=[ ]
−6
10a 𝑎 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑖 − 𝑗
Consider 𝑂 to be the origin and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐴 represented as the position vector.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 7𝑖 + 3𝑗
𝑏 = 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ represented as the position vector.

Consider 𝑂 to be the origin and 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐴
= (7𝑖 + 3𝑗) − (𝑖 − 𝑗 )
= (7 − 1)𝑖 + (3 − (−1))𝑗
= 6𝑖 + 4𝑗
10b |𝐴𝐵| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √62 + 42
= √36 + 16
= √52
= 2√13
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
10c ̂ = 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐵 |𝐴𝐵|
6𝑖+4𝑗
= 2√13
6 4
= 2√13 𝑖 + 2√13 𝑗
3 2
= 𝑖+ 𝑗
√13 √13

11a 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 2𝑗
|𝑎| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √22 + 22
= √4 + 4
= √8
= 2√2
𝑦
tan 𝜃 = 𝑥
2
=2
tan 𝜃 = 1
𝑥 and 𝑦 are both positive in 1st quadrant hence,
𝜋
𝜃= 4
1
11b 𝑏=[ ]
−√3
|𝑏| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √12 + (−√3)2
= √1 + 3
= √4 = 2
𝑦
tan 𝜃 = 𝑥
−√3
=
1
tan 𝜃 = −√3
𝑥 is positive and 𝑦 is negative hence 𝜃 in 4th quadrant
𝜋
𝜃 = −3
11c 𝑐 = −3√3𝑖 + 3𝑗
|𝑐| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

= √(−3√3)2 + 32
= √27 + 9
= √36 = 6
𝑦
tan 𝜃 = 𝑥
3
= −3√3
1
tan 𝜃 = − √3
𝑥 is negative and 𝑦 is positive hence 𝜃 in 2nd quadrant

5𝜋
𝜃= 6
11d 𝑑 = [ −√6 ]
−√6
|𝑑| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √(−√6)2 + (−√6)2
= √6 + 6
= √12
= 2√3
𝑦
tan 𝜃 = 𝑥
−√6
= −√6
tan 𝜃 = 1
𝑥 is negative and 𝑦 is negative hence 𝜃 in 3rd quadrant
3𝜋
𝜃=− 4
12a Let 𝑎 be the vector
|𝑎| = 4
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 (1)
𝜋
𝜃 = −4
tan 𝜃 = −1
𝜃 in 4th quadrant so 𝑥 is positive and 𝑦 is negative.
𝑦
= −1
𝑥
𝑦 = −𝑥
Substituting the value of 𝑦 in equation (1)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16
𝑥 2 + (−𝑥)2 = 16
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 = 16
2𝑥 2 = 16
𝑥2 = 8
𝑥 = 2√2
𝑦 = −𝑥 = −2√2
𝑎 = 2√2𝑖 − 2√2𝑗
12b Let 𝑎 be the vector
|𝑎| = 2√6
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2√6
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 24 (1)
2𝜋
𝜃= 3
2𝜋
tan 𝜃 = tan = −√3
3
𝜃 in 2nd quadrant so 𝑥 is negative and 𝑦 is positive.

𝑦
= −√3
𝑥
𝑦 = −√3𝑥
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 24

𝑥 2 + (−√3𝑥)2 = 24
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 2 = 24
4𝑥 2 = 24
𝑥2 = 6
𝑥 = −√6
𝑦 = −√3𝑥 = −√6 × −√3 = 3√2
𝑎 = −√6𝑖 + 3√2𝑗
12c Let 𝑎 be the vector
|𝑎| = 2
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4 (1)
5𝜋
𝜃=− 6
5𝜋 1
tan 𝜃 = tan (− )=
6 √3
𝜃 in 3rd quadrant so 𝑥 is negative and 𝑦 is negative.

𝑦 1
=
𝑥 √3
1
𝑦= 𝑥
√3

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 4
1
𝑥2 + ( 𝑥)2 = 4
√3
1
𝑥2 + 3 𝑥2 = 4
4
𝑥2 = 4
3
𝑥2 = 3
𝑥 = −√3
1 1
𝑦= 𝑥= × −√3 = −1
√3 √3

𝑎 = −√3𝑖 − 𝑗
12d Let 𝑎 be the vector
|𝑎| = 2√2
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2√2
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 8 (1)
5𝜋
𝜃= 12
5𝜋
tan 𝜃 = tan 12 = 2 + √3
𝜃 in 1st quadrant so 𝑥 is positive and 𝑦 is positive.

𝑦
= 2 + √3
𝑥
𝑦 = (2 + √3) 𝑥
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 8
𝑥 2 + ((2 + √3)𝑥)2 = 8
𝑥 = √3 − 1
𝑦 = (2 + √3)𝑥 = (2 + √3) × (√3 − 1) = √3 + 1
𝑎 = −(√3 − 1)𝑖 + (√3 + 1 ) 𝑗
2 −3 24
13 𝑎=[ ] 𝑏=[ ] 𝑐=[ ]
−2 −5 8
𝑐 = 𝜆1 𝑎 + 𝜆2 𝑏
24 2 −3
[ ] = 𝜆1 [ ] + 𝜆2 [ ]
8 −2 −5
24 2𝜆1 −3𝜆2
[ ]=[ ]+[ ]
8 −2𝜆1 −5𝜆2
24 2𝜆1 − 3𝜆2
[ ]=[ ]
8 −2𝜆1 − 5𝜆2
Hence:
2𝜆1 − 3𝜆2 = 24 (1)

−2𝜆1 − 5𝜆2 = 8 (2)

Add the equations (1) and (2) we get,
−8𝜆2 = 32
𝜆2 = −4
Substituting the value of 𝜆2 in equation (1) we get,
2𝜆1 − 3𝜆2 = 24
2𝜆1 − 3 × −4 = 24
2𝜆1 + 12 = 24
2𝜆1 = 12
𝜆1 = 6
14a Let 𝑂 be the origin.
𝑂𝐴 = [2√3]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [3√3]
𝑂𝐵
4
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [2√3]
𝑂𝐶
5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐴 = [3√3 − 2√3]= [√3]

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵
4−3 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝐶𝐵 𝑂𝐶 = [3√3 − 2√3]= [ √3 ]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
4−5 −1
14b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝐴𝐵
= √(√3)2 + 12
= √3 + 1
= √4
=2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝐶𝐵
= √(√3)2 + (−1)2
= √3 + 1
= √4
=2
14c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [2√3 − 2√3]= [ 0 ]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
5−3 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝐴𝐶
= √02 + 22
= √0 + 4
= √4
=2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐶𝐵
|𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
Hence, 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a triangle.
15 Let 𝑂 be the origin.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [ −7 ]
𝑂𝐴
−5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [ 8 ]
𝑂𝐵
−2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [ 10 ]
𝑂𝐶
9
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [−5 ]
𝑂𝐷
6
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −5 − (−7) 2
𝐴𝐷 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐷 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = [ ]= [ ]
6 − (−5) 11
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [ 10 − 8 ]= [ 2 ]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐵
9 − (−2) 11
Hence, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶
Therefore, 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram as opposite sides are equal and parallel.

16a Let 𝑂 be the origin.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [ −3 ]
𝑂𝑃
−4
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [ 2 ]
𝑂𝑄
−2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [ 4 ]
𝑂𝑅
3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −1
𝑂𝑆 = [ ]
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 =𝑂𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [ 2 − (−3) ]= [ 5 ]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −𝑂𝑃
−2 − (−4) 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆𝑅 =𝑂𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [4 − (−1)]= [ 5 ]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −𝑂𝑆
3−1 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑆𝑅
Hence, 𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
16b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝑃𝑄
= √52 + 22
= √25 + 4
= √29
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝑆𝑅
= √52 + 22
= √25 + 4
= √29
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝑆𝑅
Hence,|𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
16c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝑆𝑅

𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 is a rhombus as adjacent sides are equal|𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 5
17a 𝑂𝐴 = [ ]
−3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [ 7 ]
𝑂𝐵
4

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [ 2 ]
𝑂𝐶
7
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [ 2−5 −3
𝐴𝐶 ]= [ ]
7 − (−3) 10
3
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −
𝐴𝐶 = [ 2]
2
5
1
LHS: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 + 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶
3
5 −
=[ ] + [ 2]
−3 5
3
5 + (− 2 )
=[ ]
−3 + 5
7
=[ 2 ]
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [ 7
RHS: 𝑂𝐵 ]
4
7
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [
𝑂𝐵 2 ]
2
2
Hence, LHS = RHS.
17b 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a parallelogram as diagonals bisect each other.
18 Let 𝑂 be the origin hence,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [ −6 ]
𝑂𝑊
4
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 6
𝑂𝑋 = [ ]
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 4
𝑂𝑌 = [ ]
9
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎
𝑂𝑍 = [ ]
𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑊𝑍 =𝑂𝑍 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [𝑎 − (−6)]= [ 𝑎 + 6 ]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −𝑂𝑊
𝑏−4 𝑏−4
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =𝑂𝑌
𝑋𝑌 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [ 4 − 6 ]= [ −2 ]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −𝑂𝑋
9−2 7
As 𝑊𝑋𝑌𝑍 is a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal hence,

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑊𝑍 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑋𝑌
𝑎+6 −2
[ ]=[ ]
𝑏−4 7
𝑎 + 6 = −2
𝑎 = −8
𝑏−4=7
𝑏 = 11
Solutions for Enrichment question 19 are in preparation.

3 2
1a 𝑎=[ ] 𝑏=[ ]
1 4
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 3 × 2 + 1 × 4 = 6 + 4 = 10
−8 6
1b 𝑎=[ ] 𝑏=[ ]
−5 −14
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = (−8) × 6 + (−5) × (−14) = −48 + 70 = 22
6𝑢 3𝑣
1c 𝑎=[ ] 𝑏=[ ]
−2𝑣 9𝑢
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 6𝑢 × 3𝑣 + (−2𝑣) × 9𝑢 = 18𝑢𝑣 − 18𝑢𝑣 = 0
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
1d 𝑎=[ ] 𝑏=[ ]
𝑥−2 𝑥+2
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = (𝑥 − 1) × (𝑥 − 1) + (𝑥 − 2) × (𝑥 + 2)
= (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑥 2 − 4
= 𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 4
= 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
2a |𝑎| = 6 |𝑏| = 5 𝜃 = 60°
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = |𝑎| × |𝑏| cos 𝜃
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 6 × 5 cos 60°
1
𝑎∙𝑏 = 6×5×2
5
𝑎∙𝑏 = 6×2
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 15

2b |𝑎| = 4 |𝑏| = 3 𝜃 = 45°
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = |𝑎| × |𝑏| cos 𝜃
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 4 × 3 cos 45°
1
𝑎∙𝑏 = 4×3×
√2
1
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 12 ×
√2
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 6√2
3a |𝑢| = 4 |𝑣| = 5
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = |𝑢| × |𝑣| cos 𝜃
−10 = 4 × 5 cos 𝜃
20 cos 𝜃 = −10
1
cos 𝜃 = − 2
𝜃 = 120°
3b |𝑢| = 3 |𝑣| = 5
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = |𝑢| × |𝑣| cos 𝜃
12 = 3 × 5 cos 𝜃
15 cos 𝜃 = 12
4
cos 𝜃 = 5 = 0.8
𝜃 ≑ 37°
4a 4𝑖 ∙ 2𝑗 = 8 × 𝑖 ∙ 𝑗 = 8 × 0 = 0
4b −5𝑖 ∙ 3𝑗 = −15 × 𝑖 ∙ 𝑗 = −15 × 0 = 0
4c 4𝑖 ∙ 2𝑖 = 8 × 𝑖 ∙ 𝑖 = 8 × 1 = 8

4d −5𝑗 ∙ 3𝑗 = −15 × 𝑗 ∙ 𝑗 = −15 × 1 = −15
5a (4𝑖 + 2𝑗) ∙ (4𝑖 + 2𝑗)
= 4𝑖 ∙ 4𝑖 + 4𝑖 ∙ 2𝑗 + 2𝑗 ∙ 4𝑖 + 2𝑗 ∙ 2𝑗
= 16𝑖 ∙ 𝑖 + 8𝑖 ∙ 𝑗 + 8𝑗 ∙ 𝑖 + 4𝑗 ∙ 𝑗
= 16 × 1 + 8 × 0 + 8 × 0 + 4 × 1
= 16 + 4
= 20
5b (−5𝑖 + 3𝑗) ∙ (−5𝑖 + 3𝑗)
= (−5)𝑖 ∙ (−5)𝑖 + (−5)𝑖 ∙ 3𝑗 + 3𝑗 ∙ (−5)𝑖 + 3𝑗 ∙ 3𝑗
= 25𝑖 ∙ 𝑖 − 15𝑖 ∙ 𝑗 − 15𝑗 ∙ 𝑖 + 9𝑗 ∙ 𝑗
= 25 × 1 − 15 × 0 − 15 × 0 + 9 × 1
= 25 + 9
= 34
5c (4𝑖 + 2𝑗) ∙ (−5𝑖 + 3𝑗)
= 4𝑖 ∙ (−5)𝑖 + 4𝑖 ∙ 3𝑗 + 2𝑗 ∙ (−5)𝑖 + 2𝑗 ∙ 3𝑗
= −20𝑖 ∙ 𝑖 + 12𝑖 ∙ 𝑗 − 10𝑗 ∙ 𝑖 + 6𝑗 ∙ 𝑗
= −20 × 1 + 12 × 0 − 10 × 0 + 6 × 1
= −20 + 6
= −14
−4 7
6a 𝑢=[ ] 𝑣=[ ]
5 6
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = (−4) × 7 + 5 × 6
= −28 + 30
=2

𝑢 and 𝑣 are not perpendicular as 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 ≠ 0.
−4 18
6b 𝑢=[ ] 𝑣=[ ]
−6 −12
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = (−4) × 18 + (−6) × (−12)
= −72 + 72
=0
𝑢 and 𝑣 are perpendicular as 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = 0.
6c 𝑢=[
−1 𝑎−1 ]
−2 ] 𝑣 = [
𝑎 𝑎
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = (−1) × 𝑎−1 + 𝑎−2 × 𝑎
= −𝑎−1 + 𝑎 −1
=0
𝑢 and 𝑣 are perpendicular as 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = 0.
7a Consider 𝑂 to be the origin and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐴, 𝑂𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ represent position vectors.
Hence,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5𝑖 + 14𝑗 and 𝑂𝐶
𝑂𝐴 = 2𝑖 + 5𝑗 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −2𝑖 + 13𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (5𝑖 + 14𝑗) − (2𝑖 + 5𝑗 )
= (5 − 2)𝑖 + (14 − 5)𝑗
= 3𝑖 + 9𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 𝑂𝐴
= (−2𝑖 + 13𝑗) − (2𝑖 + 5𝑗 )
= ((−2) − 2)𝑖 + (13 − 5)𝑗
= −4𝑖 + 8𝑗

7b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 3 × (−4) + 9 × 8
= −12 + 72
= 60
7c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝐴𝐵
= √32 + 92
= √9 + 81
= √90
= 3√10
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝐴𝐶
= √(−4)2 + 82
= √16 + 64
= √80
= 4√5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | × |𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐶 = |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 3√10 × 4√5 cos 45°
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 3√10 × 4√5 ×
√2
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 60√2 × = 60
√2
Hence, it is confirmed with part b above.
8a Consider 𝑂 to be the origin and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝑃, 𝑂𝑄⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑅 represent position vectors.
Hence,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3√3𝑖 + 14𝑗 and 𝑂𝑅
𝑂𝑃 = √3𝑖 + 8𝑗 𝑂𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5√3𝑖 + 12𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑃𝑄 = 𝑂𝑄 𝑂𝑃
= (3√3𝑖 + 14𝑗) − (√3𝑖 + 8𝑗 )

= (3√3 − √3)𝑖 + (14 − 8)𝑗
= 2√3𝑖 + 6𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑅
𝑃𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (5√3𝑖 + 12𝑗) − (√3𝑖 + 8𝑗)
= (5√3 − √3)𝑖 + (12 − 8)𝑗
= 4√3𝑖 + 4𝑗
8b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑃𝑅
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2√3 × 4√3 + 6 × 4
= 24 + 24
= 48
8c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝑃𝑄
= √(2√3)2 + 62
= √12 + 36
= √48
= 4√3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝑃𝑅
= √(4√3)2 + 42
= √48 + 16
= √64
=8
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑃𝑅
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | × |𝑃𝑅
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = |𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 = 4√3 × 8 cos 30°
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ √3
𝑃𝑄 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 = 4√3 × 8 × 2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ √3
𝑃𝑄 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 = 32√3 × 2 = 48
Hence, it is confirmed with part b above.
9a 𝑎 = 4𝑖 + 3𝑗 𝑏 = 5𝑗
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = (4𝑖 + 3𝑗) ∙ (5𝑗)
= 4𝑖 ∙ 0 + 4𝑖 ∙ 5𝑗 + 3𝑗 ∙ 0 + 3𝑗 ∙ 5𝑗
= 0 + 20𝑖 ∙ 𝑗 + 0 + 15𝑗 ∙ 𝑗
= 0 + 20 × 0 + 0 + 15 × 1
= 15
|𝑎| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √42 + 32
= √16 + 9
= √25
=5
|𝑏| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √52
= √25
=5
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = |𝑎| × |𝑏| cos 𝜃
15 = 5 × 5 cos 𝜃
25 cos 𝜃 = 15
15 3
cos 𝜃 = 25 = 5
2 3
9b 𝑎=[ ] 𝑣=[ ]
2 −1
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 2 × 3 + 2 × (−1)

= 6−2
=4
|𝑎| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √22 + 22
= √4 + 4
= √8
= 2√2
|𝑏| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √32 + (−1)2
= √9 + 1
= √10
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = |𝑎| × |𝑏| cos 𝜃
4 = 2√2 × √10 cos 𝜃
4√5 cos 𝜃 = 4
4 1
cos 𝜃 = 4√5 =
√5
−6 −8
9c 𝑎=[ ] 𝑣=[ ]
4 −2
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = (−6) × (−8) + 4 × (−2)
= 48 − 8
= 40
|𝑎| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √(−6)2 + 42
= √36 + 16
= √52
= 2√13

|𝑏| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
= √(−8)2 + (−2)2
= √64 + 4
= √68
= 2√17
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = |𝑎| × |𝑏| cos 𝜃
40 = 2√13 × 2√17 cos 𝜃
4√221 cos 𝜃 = 40
40 10
cos 𝜃 = 4√221 =
√221
10 𝑢 = 𝜆2 𝑖 + 2𝑗 𝑣 = 3𝑖 − (2 + 2𝜆)𝑗
𝑢 and 𝑣 are perpendicular
Hence,
𝑢∙𝑣 =0
(𝜆2 𝑖 + 2𝑗) ∙ (3𝑖 − (2 + 2𝜆)𝑗) = 0
𝜆2 𝑖 ∙ 3𝑖 − 𝜆2 𝑖 ∙ (2 + 2𝜆)𝑗 + 2𝑗 ∙ 3𝑖 − 2𝑗 ∙ (2 + 2𝜆)𝑗 = 0
3𝜆2 𝑖 ∙ 𝑖 − (2 + 2𝜆)𝜆2 𝑖 ∙ 𝑗 + 6𝑗 ∙ 𝑖 − (2 + 2𝜆)2𝑗 ∙ 𝑗 = 0
3𝜆2 × 1 + (2 + 2𝜆)𝜆2 × 0 + 6 × 0 − (2 + 2𝜆)2 × 1 = 0

3𝜆2 − (2 + 2𝜆)2 = 0
3𝜆2 − 4 − 4𝜆 = 0
3𝜆2 − 6𝜆 + 2𝜆 − 4 = 0
3𝜆(𝜆 − 2) + 2(𝜆 − 2) = 0
(3𝜆 + 2)(𝜆 − 2) = 0
(3𝜆 + 2) = 0 𝑜𝑟 (𝜆 − 2) = 0
2
𝜆 = − 3 0𝑟 𝜆 = 2

𝜋
11a i |𝑎| = 6 |𝑏| = 2 𝜃= 3
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = |𝑎| × |𝑏| cos 𝜃

𝜋
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 6 × 2 cos 3
1
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 12 × 2
𝑎∙𝑏 =6
𝜋
11a ii |𝑎| = 6 |𝑏| = 2 𝜃= 3
2𝑎 ∙ (−5)𝑏 = −10|𝑎| × |𝑏| cos 𝜃

𝜋
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = −10 × 6 × 2 cos
3
1
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = −120 × 2
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = −60
𝜋
11a iii |𝑎| = 6 |𝑏| = 2 𝜃=
3
4𝑎 ∙ 0𝑏 = 0|𝑎| × |𝑏| cos 𝜃

𝜋
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 0 × 6 × 2 cos 3
𝑎∙𝑏 =0
𝜋
11a iv |𝑎| = 6 |𝑏| = 2 𝜃= 3
𝑎 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏
2
𝑎 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = |𝑎| + |𝑎| × |𝑏| cos 𝜃
𝜋
𝑎 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 62 + 6 × 2 cos 3
1
𝑎 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 36 + 6 × 2 × 2
𝑎 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 36 + 6 = 42

𝜋
11a v |𝑎| = 6 |𝑏| = 2 𝜃= 3
𝑏 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑏 ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∙ 𝑏
2
𝑏 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = |𝑏| + |𝑏| × |𝑎| cos 𝜃
𝜋
𝑏 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 22 + 2 × 6 cos 3
1
𝑏 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 4 + 2 × 6 × 2
𝑏 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 4 + 6 = 10
𝜋
11a vi |𝑎| = 6 |𝑏| = 2 𝜃= 3
(𝑎 − 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 − 𝑏 ∙ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ∙ 𝑏
(𝑎 − 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ∙ 𝑏
2 2
(𝑎 − 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = |𝑎| − |𝑏|
(𝑎 − 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 62 − 22
(𝑎 − 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 36 − 4 = 32
2𝜋
11b i |𝑎| = 6 |𝑏| = 2 𝜃= 3
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = |𝑎| × |𝑏| cos 𝜃

2𝜋
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 6 × 2 cos 3
1
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 12 × − 2
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = −6
2𝜋
11b ii |𝑎| = 6 |𝑏| = 2 𝜃= 3
2𝑎 ∙ (−5)𝑏 = −10|𝑎| × |𝑏| cos 𝜃

2𝜋
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = −10 × 6 × 2 cos 3
1
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = −120 × − 2
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 60

2𝜋
11b iii |𝑎| = 6 |𝑏| = 2 𝜃= 3
4𝑎 ∙ 0𝑏 = 0|𝑎| × |𝑏| cos 𝜃

2𝜋
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 0 × 6 × 2 cos 3
𝑎∙𝑏 =0
2𝜋
11b iv |𝑎| = 6 |𝑏| = 2 𝜃= 3
𝑎 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏
2
𝑎 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = |𝑎| + |𝑎| × |𝑏| cos 𝜃
2𝜋
𝑎 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 62 + 6 × 2 cos
3
1
𝑎 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 36 + 6 × 2 × − 2
𝑎 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 36 − 6 = 30
2𝜋
11b v |𝑎| = 6 |𝑏| = 2 𝜃= 3
𝑏 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑏 ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∙ 𝑏
2
𝑏 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = |𝑏| + |𝑏| × |𝑎| cos 𝜃
2𝜋
𝑏 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 22 + 2 × 6 cos 3
1
𝑏 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 4 + 2 × 6 × − 2
𝑏 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 4 − 6 = −2
2𝜋
11b vi |𝑎| = 6 |𝑏| = 2 𝜃= 3
(𝑎 − 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 − 𝑏 ∙ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ∙ 𝑏
(𝑎 − 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ∙ 𝑏
2 2
(𝑎 − 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = |𝑎| − |𝑏|
(𝑎 − 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 62 − 22
(𝑎 − 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 36 − 4 = 32

𝜋
11c i |𝑎| = 6 |𝑏| = 2 𝜃= 2
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = |𝑎| × |𝑏| cos 𝜃

𝜋
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 6 × 2 cos 2
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 12 × 0
𝑎∙𝑏 =0
𝜋
11c ii |𝑎| = 6 |𝑏| = 2 𝜃= 2
2𝑎 ∙ (−5)𝑏 = −10|𝑎| × |𝑏| cos 𝜃

𝜋
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = −10 × 6 × 2 cos 2
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = −120 × 0
𝑎∙𝑏 =0
𝜋
11c iii |𝑎| = 6 |𝑏| = 2 𝜃= 2
4𝑎 ∙ 0𝑏 = 0|𝑎| × |𝑏| cos 𝜃

𝜋
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 0 × 6 × 2 cos 2
𝑎∙𝑏 =0
𝜋
11c iv |𝑎| = 6 |𝑏| = 2 𝜃= 2
𝑎 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏
2
𝑎 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = |𝑎| + |𝑎| × |𝑏| cos 𝜃
𝜋
𝑎 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 62 + 6 × 2 cos 2
𝑎 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 36 + 6 × 2 × 0
𝑎 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 36 + 0 = 36

𝜋
11c v |𝑎| = 6 |𝑏| = 2 𝜃= 2
𝑏 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑏 ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∙ 𝑏
2
𝑏 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = |𝑏| + |𝑏| × |𝑎| cos 𝜃
𝜋
𝑏 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 22 + 2 × 6 cos 2
𝑏 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 4 + 2 × 6 × 0
𝑏 ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 4 + 0 = 4
𝜋
11c vi |𝑎| = 6 |𝑏| = 2 𝜃= 3
(𝑎 − 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 + 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 − 𝑏 ∙ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ∙ 𝑏
(𝑎 − 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ∙ 𝑏
2 2
(𝑎 − 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = |𝑎| − |𝑏|
(𝑎 − 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 62 − 22
(𝑎 − 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 36 − 4 = 32
12a ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑂𝐵
Consider 𝑂 to be the origin and 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑂𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ represent position vectors.
Hence,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖 − 4𝑗 𝑂𝐶
𝑂𝐴 = −3𝑖 − 6𝑗 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −2𝑖 + 2𝑗 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐷 = −6𝑖
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

= (𝑖 − 4𝑗) − (−3𝑖 − 6𝑗)
= (1 − (−3))𝑖 + ((−4) − (−6))𝑗
= (1 + 3)𝑖 + (−4 + 6)𝑗
= 4𝑖 + 2𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐷𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 𝑂𝐷
= (−2𝑖 + 2𝑗) − (−6𝑖)
= ((−2) − (−6))𝑖 + 2𝑗

= (−2 + 6)𝑖 + 2𝑗
= 4𝑖 + 2𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐷𝐶
Hence, 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
12b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 4𝑖 + 2𝑗
𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐷 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴
= (−6𝑖) − (−3𝑖 − 6𝑗)
= ((−6) − (−3))𝑖 − (−6)𝑗
= (−6 + 3)𝑖 + 6𝑗
= −3𝑖 + 6𝑗
By using the method, 𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = 𝑥1 × 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 × 𝑦2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = 4 × (−3) + 2 × 6
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −12 + 12 = 0
12c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐷𝐶
From part a, 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
From part b, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = 0
This means two sides of the quadrilateral are equal and parallel and two sides
are perpendicular to each other hence, a right-angled parallelogram or rectangle.
13a ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑂𝑄
Consider 𝑂 to be the origin and 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑂𝑅
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑂𝑆
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ represent position vectors.
Hence,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −8𝑖 + 3𝑗 𝑂𝑄
𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑖 + 7𝑗 𝑂𝑅
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 7𝑖 + 18𝑗 and 𝑂𝑆
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −4𝑖 + 14𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑃𝑄 = 𝑂𝑄 𝑂𝑃
= (3𝑖 + 7𝑗) − (−8𝑖 + 3𝑗 )
= (3 − (−8))𝑖 + (7 − 3)𝑗
= (3 + 8)𝑖 + (7 − 3)𝑗

= 11𝑖 + 4𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑃𝑅 = 𝑂𝑅 𝑂𝑃
= (7𝑖 + 18𝑗) − (−8𝑖 + 3𝑗)
= (7 − (−8))𝑖 + (18 − 3)𝑗
= (7 + 8)𝑖 + (18 − 3)𝑗
= 15𝑖 + 15𝑗
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 (15𝑖 + 15𝑗) = 15 𝑖 + 15 𝑗
𝑃𝑅
2 2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑆
𝑄𝑆 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (−4𝑖 + 14𝑗) − (3𝑖 + 7𝑗)
= (−4 − 3)𝑖 + (14 − 7)𝑗
= −7𝑖 + 7𝑗
1 1 7 7
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑄𝑆 = 2 (−7𝑖 + 7𝑗) = − 2 𝑖 + 2 𝑗
2
1 15 15
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
LHS = 2 𝑃𝑅 𝑖+ 𝑗
2 2
1
RHS = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 + 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑄𝑆
7 7
= (11𝑖 + 4𝑗) + (− 2 𝑖 + 2 𝑗)
7 7
= (11 − 2) 𝑖 + (4 + 2)𝑗
15 15
= 𝑖+ 𝑗
2 2
Hence, LHS = RHS.
13b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 = 15𝑖 + 15𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −7𝑖 + 7𝑗
𝑄𝑆

𝑃𝑅 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑄𝑆 = 15 × (−7) + 15 × 7
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −105 + 105 = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑄𝑆
𝑃𝑅
1 1
13c 𝑃𝑅 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
From part a, 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑄 + 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑄𝑆
𝑃𝑅 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
From part b, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑄𝑆 = 0
This means the diagonals of the quadrilateral bisect each other at 90° hence, a
rhombus.
14a ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [−3] , 𝑂𝑃

𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [ 2] , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 10
𝑂𝑄 = [ ]
3 9 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴
2 − (−3)
=[ ]
9−3
5
=[ ]
6
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑄 = 𝑂𝑄 𝑂𝐴
10 − (−3)
=[ ]
0−3
13
=[ ]
−3
14b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝐴𝑃
= √52 + 62
= √25 + 36
= √61
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝐴𝑄
= √132 + (−3)2
= √169 + 9
= √178

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑄 = 5 × 13 + 6 × (−3)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐴𝑄
𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 65 − 18 = 47
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | × |𝐴𝑄
|𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos 𝜃 = 𝐴𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐴𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
√61 × √178 cos 𝜃 = 47

47
cos 𝜃 =
√61×√178
47 47×47
cos 𝜃 = = 61×178 = cos 63°
√61×√178
𝜃 = 63°
15 Consider 𝑂 to be the origin and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝑃, 𝑂𝑄⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝑂𝑅
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑆 represent position vectors.
Hence,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖 + 2𝑗 , 𝑂𝑄
𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 8𝑖 + 3𝑗 , 𝑂𝑅
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 6𝑖 + 13𝑗 and 𝑂𝑆
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 4𝑖 + 9𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑅
𝑃𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (6𝑖 + 13𝑗) − (𝑖 + 2𝑗)
= (6 − 1)𝑖 + (13 − 2)𝑗
= 5𝑖 + 11𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑄𝑆 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑆 − 𝑂𝑄
= (4𝑖 + 9𝑗) − (8𝑖 + 3𝑗)
= (4 − 8)𝑖 + (9 − 3)𝑗
= −5𝑖 + 6𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝑃𝑅
= √52 + 112
= √25 + 121
= √146
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝑄𝑆

= √(−5)2 + 62
= √25 + 36
= √61
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 𝑄𝑆 = 5 × (−5) + 11 × 6
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −25 + 66 = 41
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑄𝑆
𝑃𝑅
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos 𝜃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | × |𝑄𝑆
|𝑃𝑅 𝑃𝑅 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑄𝑆
√146 × √61 cos 𝜃 = 41

41
cos 𝜃 =
√146×√61
41 41×41
cos 𝜃 = = 146×61
√146×√61
𝜃 = 58°8′
16 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑖 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑗

Consider 𝑂 to be the centre of the circle, 𝑂𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝑟𝑖 𝑂𝐵
𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑟𝑖
Hence,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐴 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃
= (−𝑟𝑖) − (𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑖 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑗)
= ((−𝑟) − 𝑟 cos 𝜃)𝑖 − 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑗
= (−𝑟 − 𝑟 cos 𝜃)𝑖 − 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝑃𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (𝑟𝑖) − (𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑖 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑗)
= (𝑟 − 𝑟 cos 𝜃)𝑖 − 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−𝑟 − 𝑟 cos 𝜃)2 + (−𝑟 sin 𝜃)2

|𝑃𝐴
= √𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 + 2𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃

= √𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 + 2𝑟 2 cos 𝜃
= √𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 (cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) + 2𝑟 2 cos 𝜃
= √𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 × 1 + 2𝑟 2 cos 𝜃
= √2𝑟 2 + 2𝑟 2 cos 𝜃
= √2𝑟 2 (1 + cos 𝜃)
𝜃
= √2𝑟 2 × 2cos 2 2
𝜃
= √4𝑟 2 cos2 2
𝜃
= 2𝑟 cos
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(𝑟 − 𝑟 cos 𝜃)2 + (−𝑟 sin 𝜃)2
|𝑃𝐴
= √𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 2𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃
= √𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 − 2𝑟 2 cos 𝜃
= √𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 (cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) − 2𝑟 2 cos 𝜃
= √𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 × 1 − 2𝑟 2 cos 𝜃
= √2𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 2 cos 𝜃
= √2𝑟 2 (1 − cos 𝜃)
𝜃
= √2𝑟 2 × 2sin2 2
𝜃
= √4𝑟 2 sin2 2
𝜃
= 2𝑟 sin
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐴 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐵 = (−𝑟 − 𝑟 cos 𝜃) × (𝑟 − 𝑟 cos 𝜃) + (−𝑟 sin 𝜃) × (−𝑟 sin 𝜃)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑃𝐵
𝑃𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −(𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 cos2 𝜃) + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐴 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐵 = −𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 cos2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐴 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐵 = −𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 (cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐴 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐵 = −𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 × 1 = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑃𝐵
The dot product is 0, hence angle between 𝑃𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑖. 𝑒. , ∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 𝑖𝑠 90°.
17a ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖 + 𝑗
Consider 𝑂 to be the origin hence, 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 10𝑖 + 4𝑗
𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5𝑖 + 13𝑗
𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐴
𝐵𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (2𝑖 + 𝑗) − (10𝑖 + 4𝑗)
= (2 − 10)𝑖 + (1 − 4)𝑗
= −8𝑖 − 3𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (5𝑖 + 13𝑗) − (10𝑖 + 4𝑗)
= (5 − 10)𝑖 + (13 − 4)𝑗
= −5𝑖 + 9𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝐵𝐴
= √(−8)2 + (−3)2
= √64 + 9
= √73
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝐵𝐶
= √(−5)2 + 92
= √25 + 81
= √106
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (−8) × (−5) + (−3) × 9
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 40 − 27 = 13
𝐵𝐴 ∙ 𝐵𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | × |𝐵𝐶
|𝐵𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos 𝜃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐴 ∙ 𝐵𝐶
√73 × √106 cos 𝜃 = 13

13
cos 𝜃 =
√73×√106
13
cos 𝜃 =
√7738
17b sin 𝜃 = √1 − cos2 𝜃
13 2
sin 𝜃 = √1 − ( )
√7738
169 7569 87
sin 𝜃 = √1 − 7738 = √7738 =
√7738
17c Area of triangle

1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | × |𝐵𝐶
𝐴 = 2 |𝐵𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | sin 𝜃
1 87
𝐴 = √73 × √106 ×
2 √7738
1 87 87
𝐴 = 2 × √7738 × = = 43.5
√7738 2
Area of triangle is 43.5 square units
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 3 𝑎
18a 𝑃𝐴 = [ ] ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐵 = [ ]
1 𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 4√5
|𝑃𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝑃𝐴
= √32 + 12
= √9 + 1
= √10
Area of triangle is 10 square units.
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | × |𝑃𝐵
|𝑃𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | sin 𝜃 = 𝐴
2
1
2
√10 × 4√5 sin 𝜃 = 10

1
× 20√2 sin 𝜃 = 10
2
1
sin 𝜃 =
√2
cos 𝜃 = √1 − sin2 𝜃
1 2
cos 𝜃 = √1 − ( )
√2
1 1 1
cos 𝜃 = √1 − 2 = √2 =
√2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑃𝐵
𝑃𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | × |𝑃𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = |𝑃𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos 𝜃
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑃𝐵
𝑃𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = √10 × 4√5 = 20
√2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐴 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐵 = 3 × 𝑎 + 1 × 𝑏
20 = 3𝑎 + 𝑏
18b All the possibilities can be
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 8 4 −8 −4
𝑃𝐵 = [ ] , [ ] , [ ] , [ ]
−4 8 4 −8
19a ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑢 = 𝑥1 𝑖 + 𝑦1 𝑗 , 𝑂𝐵
𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑣 = 𝑥2 𝑖 + 𝑦2 𝑗 and ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑢 − 𝑣
2
|𝑢| = 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦1 2
2
|𝑣| = 𝑥2 2 + 𝑦2 2
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = 𝑥1 × 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 × 𝑦2
Using the cosine rule,

2 2
|𝐴𝐵|2 = |𝑢| + |𝑣| − 2𝑢 ∙ 𝑣
2 2
|𝐴𝐵|2 = |𝑢| + |𝑣| − 2|𝑢| × |𝑣| cos 𝜃

19b |𝐴𝐵|2 = (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2
2 2
19c (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 = |𝑢| + |𝑣| − 2|𝑢| × |𝑣| cos 𝜃
2 2
(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2 = |𝑢| + |𝑣| − 2|𝑢| × |𝑣| cos 𝜃
2 2
𝑥1 2 + 𝑥2 2 − 2(𝑥1 × 𝑥2 ) + 𝑦1 2 + 𝑦2 2 − 2(𝑦1 × 𝑦2 ) = |𝑢| + |𝑣| − 2|𝑢| × |𝑣| cos 𝜃
2 2
𝑥1 2 + 𝑦1 2 + 𝑥2 2 + 𝑦2 2 − 2(𝑥1 × 𝑥2 ) − 2(𝑦1 × 𝑦2 ) = |𝑢| + |𝑣| − 2|𝑢| × |𝑣| cos 𝜃
2 2 2 2
|𝑢| + |𝑣| − 2(𝑥1 × 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 × 𝑦2 ) = |𝑢| + |𝑣| − 2|𝑢| × |𝑣| cos 𝜃
−2(𝑥1 × 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 × 𝑦2 ) = −2|𝑢| × |𝑣| cos 𝜃
𝑥1 × 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 × 𝑦2 = |𝑢| × |𝑣| cos 𝜃
Hence, proved.
Solutions for Enrichment questions 20-23 are in preparation.

1a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑎 and 𝐶𝐵
𝑃 is the mid-point of 𝐴𝐶 and 𝑄 is the mid-point of 𝐵𝐶

Hence, 𝐴𝑃 = 𝑃𝐶 and 𝑄𝐶 = 𝑄𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐵 𝐶𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − (−𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐶𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏 + 𝑎 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
1
1b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = 1 𝑎
𝑃𝐶 = 2 (𝐴𝐶 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 (𝐶𝐵
𝐶𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = 1 𝑏
2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐶𝑄
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝐶𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − (−𝑃𝐶

𝑃𝑄 = 𝐶𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐶𝑄
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 𝑎 + 1 𝑏 = 1 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑃𝐶
2 2 2
1c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 1 𝐴𝐵
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 2
1
Hence, 𝑃𝑄 ∥ 𝐴𝐵 and 𝑃𝑄 = 2 𝐴𝐵

2a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐷 = 𝑑 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐶 = 𝑐
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎 + 𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑑 + 𝑐
As, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐶
Hence, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑑 + 𝑐
2b 𝑃 is the mid-point of 𝐴𝐵 and 𝑄 is the mid-point of 𝐵𝐶.

Hence, 𝐴𝑃 = 𝑃𝐵 and 𝐵𝑄 = 𝑄𝐶.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 (𝐴𝐵
𝑃𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = 1 𝑎
2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 (𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = 1 𝑏
2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑃𝑄 = 𝐵𝑄 𝐵𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − (−𝑃𝐵
𝑃𝑄 = 𝐵𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵𝑄
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 𝑏 + 1 𝑎 = 1 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑃𝐵
2 2 2
2c 𝑆 is the mid-point of 𝐶𝐷 and 𝑅 is the mid-point of 𝐷𝐴.

Hence, 𝐴𝑆 = 𝑆𝐷 and 𝐷𝑅 = 𝑅𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 (𝐷𝐶
𝐷𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = 1 𝑐
2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 (𝐴𝐷
𝑆𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = 1 𝑑
2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐷𝑅 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆𝑅 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐷𝑆
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆𝑅 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
𝐷𝑅 − (−𝑆𝐷

1 1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆𝑅 = 𝐷𝑅 𝑆𝐷 = 2 𝑐 + 2 𝑑 = 2 (𝑑 + 𝑐)
2d ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑑 + 𝑐
From 2a, 𝐴𝐶
1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 (𝑑 + 𝑐) = 1 𝐴𝐶
𝑆𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑆𝑅
Hence, 𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2e ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑆𝑅
As, 𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
This means, line joining mid-points adjacent sides of the quadrilateral are
parallel and equal to each other, hence, 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram.
3a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎 and 𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝐷 = 𝑐
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝐵𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − (−𝐴𝐵

𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑏 + 𝑎 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝐶𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐶𝐷
𝐵𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐷 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
𝐶𝐷 − (−𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐶𝐷
𝐵𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑐 + 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑐

3b 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = |𝑎||𝑏| cos 𝜃
𝜃 is the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a rectangle hence, 𝜃 = 90°
|𝑎| = 𝑥 |𝑏| = 𝑦
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑥 × 𝑦 × cos 90° = 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 0 = 0
2
3c 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 = |𝑎| = 𝑥 2
2 2
3d ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝑎 + 𝑏| = |𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝐴𝐶
(𝑎 + 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏)
= |𝑎 + 𝑏||𝑎 + 𝑏| cos 𝜃
= √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 × √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 × cos 0°
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) × 1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝑏 + 𝑐| = |𝐵𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐶𝐷
As 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a rectangle, |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝐵𝐷
(𝑏 + 𝑐) ∙ (𝑏 + 𝑐)
= |𝑏 + 𝑐||𝑏 + 𝑐| cos 𝜃
= √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 × √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 × cos 0°
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) × 1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
3e The diagonals of a rectangle have equal length.

4a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎 and 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − (−𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏 + 𝑎 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
𝐵𝐷 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴𝐷 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐷 = 𝑏 − 𝑎
4b 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = |𝑎||𝑏| cos 𝜃
𝜃 is the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a square hence, 𝜃 = 90°
|𝑎| = 𝑙 |𝑏| = 𝑙
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑙 × 𝑙 × cos 90° = 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 0 = 0
2
4c 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 = |𝑎| = 𝑙 2
2 2
4d ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 𝑙 2 + 𝑙 2 = 2𝑙 2
|𝑎 + 𝑏| = |𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √2𝑙 2 = √2𝑙

|𝐴𝐶
2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 𝑙 2 + 𝑙 2
|𝑏 − 𝑎| = |𝐵𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √2𝑙 2 = √2𝑙

|𝐵𝐷

(𝑎 + 𝑏) ∙ (𝑏 − 𝑎)
= |𝑎 + 𝑏||𝑏 − 𝑎| cos 𝜃
= √2𝑙 × √2𝑙 × cos 90°

= 2𝑙 2 × 0 = 0
4e The diagonals of the square meet at right angles.
5a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎 and 𝑂𝐵
𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏
|𝑎| = |𝑏| because the sides of rhombus are equal.
2
5b 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 = |𝑎|
2 2
𝑏 ∙ 𝑏 = |𝑏| = |𝑎| as |𝑎| = |𝑏|
Hence, 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 = 𝑏 ∙ 𝑏
5c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝑂𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏 + 𝑎 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐴 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 − 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎 − 𝑏
𝐵𝐴

5d ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶 𝐵𝐴 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 − 𝑏)
= |𝑎 + 𝑏||𝑏 − 𝑎| cos 𝜃
= |𝑎 + 𝑏||𝑏 − 𝑎|cos 90° as diagonals of the rhombus meet at right angles
= |𝑎 + 𝑏||𝑏 − 𝑎| × 0 = 0
5e Diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.
6a
The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal.
6b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑐 + 𝑎
𝑂𝐵
6c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑐 − 𝑎
𝐴𝐶
6d ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑐 + 𝑎| = |𝑐 − 𝑎| because 𝑂𝐵 𝐴𝐶 (diagonals of the parallelogram are equal).
6e <Solution to come>
6f It is a rectangle as 𝑎 ∙ 𝑐 = 0

7a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎 and 𝑂𝑃
𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑝
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝑎
𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is the diameter and 𝑂𝐵

As 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is the radius in opposite direction to 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
7b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑃
𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 = 𝑝 − 𝑎
𝐵𝑃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 − 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑝 − (−𝑎) = 𝑝 + 𝑎
𝐵𝑃
7c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐵𝑃
𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑝 + 𝑎) ∙ (𝑝 − 𝑎)
=𝑝∙𝑝−𝑝∙𝑎+𝑎∙𝑝−𝑎∙𝑎
=𝑝∙𝑝−𝑎∙𝑎
2 2
= |𝑝| − |𝑎|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 as radius of the circle.
Hence,
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = |𝑝| − |𝑎|2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐵𝑃
𝐴𝑃
2 2
= |𝑝| − |𝑝| = 0
Therefore, ∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 90°.
7d An angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.

8a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏 𝑂𝐶
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑐 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 𝑝
(𝑝 − 𝑎) ∙ (𝑐 − 𝑏) = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐵
𝑂𝐴) ∙ (𝑂𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
𝑃 lies on the altitude from 𝐴 to 𝐵𝐶.
8b (𝑝 − 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 − 𝑐) = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐵
(𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) ∙ (𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 0
𝑃 lies on the altitude from 𝐵 to 𝐶𝐴.
8c (𝑝 − 𝑎) ∙ (𝑐 − 𝑏) = 0 and (𝑝 − 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 − 𝑐) = 0
(𝑝 − 𝑎) ∙ (𝑐 − 𝑏) = (𝑝 − 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 − 𝑐)
𝑝∙𝑐−𝑝∙𝑏−𝑎∙𝑐+𝑎∙𝑏 =𝑝∙𝑎−𝑝∙𝑐−𝑏∙𝑎+𝑏∙𝑐
𝑝∙𝑐−𝑝∙𝑏−𝑎∙𝑐+𝑎∙𝑏−𝑝∙𝑎+𝑝∙𝑐+𝑏∙𝑎−𝑏∙𝑐 =0
−𝑝 ∙ 𝑏 − 𝑎 ∙ 𝑐 − 𝑝 ∙ 𝑎 − 𝑏 ∙ 𝑐 = 0
𝑝∙𝑏+𝑎∙𝑐+𝑝∙𝑎+𝑏∙𝑐 =0
𝑝∙𝑎−𝑏∙𝑝−𝑐∙𝑎+𝑏∙𝑐 =0

𝑝(𝑎 − 𝑏) − 𝑐(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 0
(𝑝 − 𝑐) ∙ (𝑎 − 𝑏) = 0
8d From 8c, we conclude that 𝑃 lies on the altitude from 𝐶 to 𝐵𝐴.

Hence, three altitudes are concurrent.
9 𝐷 𝐶
𝐴 𝐵
Let 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 be a parallelogram.

And 𝑎 , 𝑏 , 𝑐 and 𝑑 be the respective position vectors of 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷.
As 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram, then opposite sides of the parallelogram are equal.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏−𝑎 =𝑐−𝑑
𝑏+𝑑 =𝑎+𝑐
We can also write,

1 1
(𝑏 + 𝑑) = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑐)
2
1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑂𝐶
𝑂𝐷) = 2 (𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
2
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 𝐴𝐶
𝐵𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 2
This shows that the diagonals of the parallelogram bisect each other.

10
𝐵 𝐶
𝐴 𝐷
Let 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 be a parallelogram.

And 𝑎 , 𝑏 , 𝑐 and 𝑑 be the respective position vectors of 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷.
𝐴𝐶 and 𝐵𝐷 are the two diagonals that intersect at 𝑃.

Hence,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
Now,
2 2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐵𝐷
|𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 |
2
We know that, 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 = |𝑎 |
2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐵𝐷
|𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | ∙ |𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 | ∙ |𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵 |
2 2 2 2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐵𝐷
|𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + 2𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + |𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | +|𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | − 2𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 2 2 2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐵𝐷
|𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | +|𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐴𝐷
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 be a parallelogram. So, |𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | and |𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐶𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
Therefore, we can write

2 2 2 2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐵𝐷
|𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐶𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | +|𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
Hence, proved.
11 <Solution to come>

1a 𝑎 =𝑖+𝑗,𝑏 =𝑖
𝑎∙𝑏
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 𝑏∙𝑏 × 𝑏
1×1+1×0
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 1×1+0×0 × 𝑖
1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = × 𝑖 = 𝑖
1
1b 𝑎 = 𝑖 + 2𝑗 , 𝑏 = 𝑗
𝑎∙𝑏
1×0+2×1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 0×0+1×1 × 𝑗
2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 1 × 𝑗 = 2𝑗
1c 𝑎 = −3𝑖 + 2𝑗 , 𝑏 = 𝑖
𝑎∙𝑏
−3×1+2×0
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = ×𝑖
1×1+0×0
−3
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = × 𝑖 = −3𝑖
1
2a 𝑎 = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 , 𝑏 = 𝑖
𝑎∙𝑏
Length of 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = |𝑏|
2×1+3×0
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = √12 +02
2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 1 = 2

2b 𝑎 = −2𝑖 − 4𝑗 , 𝑏 = 𝑗
𝑎∙𝑏
−2×0−4×1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = √02 +12
−4
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = =4
1
2c 𝑎 = −6√2𝑖 + 8√2𝑗 , 𝑏 = 𝑖
𝑎∙𝑏
−6√2×1+8√2×0
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = √12 +02
−6√2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = = 6√2
1
2 4
3a 𝑎 =[ ], 𝑏 =[ ]
1 0
𝑎∙𝑏
2×4+1×0 4
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 4×4+0×0 × [ ]
0
8 4
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 16 × [ ]
0
1 4 2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 2 × [ ] = [ ]
0 0
3b 𝑎 = 3𝑖 + 3𝑗 , 𝑏 = 2𝑗
𝑎∙𝑏
3×0+3×2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 0×0+2×2 × 2𝑗
6
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 4 × 2𝑗 = 3𝑗

5 −6
3c 𝑎=[ ], 𝑏 = [ ]
−3 0
𝑎∙𝑏
5×(−6)+(−3)×0 −6
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = (−6)×(−6)+0×0 × [ ]
0
−30 −6
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = ×[ ]
36 0
−5 −6 5
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = ×[ ]=[ ]
6 0 0
4a ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 6, ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 30°

|𝑂𝐴
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐴 = |𝑂𝐴| cos 30°
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐴 = 6 × cos 30°
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ √3
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐴 = 6 × = 3√3
2
4b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 6√6 ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 45°

|𝑂𝐴
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐴 = |𝑂𝐴| cos 45°
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐴 = 6√6 × cos 45°
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐴 = 6√6 × = 6√3
√2
10 1
5 𝑎=[ ] 𝑏=[ ]
−2 −7
𝑎∙𝑏
10×1+(−2)×(−7) 1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = ×[ ]
1×1+(−7)×(−7) −7
24 1 24
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 49 × [ ]=[ ]
−7 −343
𝑎∙𝑏 24 12√2
= 5√2 = 5

1 2
6a 𝑎=[ ] 𝑏=[ ]
2 2
𝑎∙𝑏
1×2+2×2 2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 2×2+2×2 × [ ]
2
6 2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 8 × [ ]
2
3
3 2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 4 × [ ] = [ 23 ]
2
2
6b 𝑎 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 , 𝑏 = 3𝑖 − 𝑗
𝑎∙𝑏
1×3+1×(−1)
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 3×3+(−1)×(−1) × 3𝑖 − 𝑗
2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 10 × (3𝑖 − 𝑗)
1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 5 × (3𝑖 − 𝑗)
3 1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 5 𝑖 − 5 𝑗
−5 −6
6c 𝑎=[ ] 𝑏=[ ]
5 8
𝑎∙𝑏
(−5)×(−6)+5×8 −6
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = (−6)×(−6)+8×8 × [ ]
8
70 −6
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 100 × [ ]
8
21
7 −6 −
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 10 × [ ] = [ 285 ]
8
5

7a 𝑎 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 , 𝑏 = 3𝑖 + 𝑗
𝑎∙𝑏
1×3+1×1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 3×3+1×1 × 3𝑖 + 𝑗
4
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 10 × (3𝑖 + 𝑗)
2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 5 × (3𝑖 + 𝑗)
6 2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 5 𝑖 + 5 𝑗
7b 𝑎 = 4𝑖 − 3𝑗 , 𝑏 = 6𝑖 + 2𝑗
𝑎∙𝑏
4×6+(−3)×2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = × 6𝑖 + 2𝑗
6×6+2×2
18
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 40 × (6𝑖 + 2𝑗)
9
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 20 × (6𝑖 + 2𝑗)
27 9
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 10 𝑖 + 10 𝑗
8a 𝑎 = −2𝑖 , 𝑏 = −3𝑖 − 2𝑗
𝑎∙𝑏
(−2)×(−3)+0×(−2)
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 =
√(−3)2 +(−2)2
6
√13
8b 𝑎 = 6𝑖 − 4𝑗 , 𝑏 = −3𝑖 + 6𝑗
𝑎∙𝑏
6×(−3)+(−4)×6
√(−3)2 +62
−18−24
√(−3)2 +62

42
√5
9 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −3𝑖 − 7𝑗 and 𝑂𝐵

Let 𝑂 be the origin and 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖 + 5𝑗 be the position vectors
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = = (𝑖 + 5𝑗) − (−3𝑖 − 7𝑗)

𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = = 𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 3𝑖 + 7𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = = 4𝑖 + 12𝑗
Let 𝑏 = −6𝑖 + 4𝑗
𝐴𝐵∙𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑏∙𝑏 × 𝑏
4×(−6)+12×4
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = (−6)×(−6)+4×4 × −6𝑖 + 4𝑗
24
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 52 × (−6𝑖 + 4𝑗)
6
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = 13 × (6𝑖 + 4𝑗)
36 24
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = − 13 𝑖 + 13 𝑗
10 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖 + 3𝑗, 𝑂𝐵
Let 𝑂 be the origin and let 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 6𝑖 + 18𝑗, 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 9𝑖 + 4𝑗 and
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 19𝑖 + 24𝑗 be the position vectors.

𝑂𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = = (6𝑖 + 18𝑗) − (𝑖 + 3𝑗)

𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = = 6𝑖 + 18𝑗 − 𝑖 − 3𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = = 5𝑖 + 15𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐷 − 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷 = = (19𝑖 + 24𝑗) − (9𝑖 + 4𝑗)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷 = = 19𝑖 + 24𝑗 − 9𝑖 − 4𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = = 10𝑖 + 20𝑗

𝐶𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵∙𝐶𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Length of 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝐶𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐶𝐷 |
5×10+15×20
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝐶𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴𝐵 = √102 +202
50+300
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷 𝐴𝐵 = √100+400
350 350
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝐶𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴𝐵 = = 10√5 = 7√5
√500
11 Let 𝑎 = 𝜆𝑖 + 4𝑗 and 𝑏 = 12𝑖 − 5𝑗

𝑎∙𝑏
𝑎∙𝑏 140
|𝑏|
= 13
𝜆×12+4×(−5) 140
=
√122 +(−5)2 13
12𝜆−20 140
=
√144+25 13
12𝜆−20 140
=
√169 13
12𝜆−20 140
=
±13 13
12𝜆−20 140 12𝜆−20 140

= or =
13 13 −13 13
12𝜆 − 20 = 140 or −(12𝜆 − 20) = 140

12𝜆 − 20 = 140 or −12𝜆 + 20 = 140
12𝜆 = 160 or −12𝜆 = 120
160 40 120
𝜆= = or 𝜆 = −12 = −10
12 3
12 Let 𝑢 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 and 𝑥 = 𝑖
𝑢∙𝑥
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑥∙𝑥 × 𝑥
1×1+1×0
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 𝑢 = 1×1+0×0 × 𝑖

1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 𝑢 = 1 × 𝑖
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑖
Let, 𝜆 = 2
2𝑢 = 2 (𝑖 + 𝑗) = 2𝑖 + 2𝑗
𝑢∙𝑥
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 2𝑢 = 𝑥∙𝑥 × 𝑥
2×1+1×0
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 2𝑢 = ×𝑖
1×1+0×0
2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 2𝑢 = 1 × 𝑖
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 2𝑢 = 2𝑖 = 2(𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 𝑢 )
Hence, proved.
Let 𝑢 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 𝑣 = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗and 𝑥 = 𝑖
𝑢∙𝑥
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑥∙𝑥 × 𝑥
1×1+1×0
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 𝑢 = 1×1+0×0 × 𝑖
1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 𝑢 = 1 × 𝑖
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑖
𝑣∙𝑥
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑥∙𝑥 × 𝑥
2×1+3×0
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 𝑣 = 1×1+0×0 × 𝑖
2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 𝑣 = 1 × 𝑖
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 𝑣 = 2𝑖
𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 = 3𝑖 + 4𝑗
(𝑢+𝑣)∙𝑥
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 (𝑢 + 𝑣) = ×𝑥
𝑥∙𝑥
3×1+4×0
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 (𝑢 + 𝑣) = 1×1+0×0 × 𝑖

3
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 (𝑢 + 𝑣) = 1 × 𝑖
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 (𝑢 + 𝑣) = 3𝑖 = 𝑖 + 2𝑖 = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 𝑢 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑥 𝑣
Hence, proved.
Solutions for Enrichment questions 13 and 14 are in preparation.

1 𝑁
𝐴
𝑗 20 𝑎 𝑗
30°
𝑂 𝑖 𝐸
Using trigonometry,
𝑖
cos 30° = 𝑎
√3 𝑖
= 20
2
2𝑖 = 20√3
𝑖 = 10√3
𝑗
tan 30° = 𝑖
1 𝑗
= 10√3
√3
√3𝑗 = 10√3
𝑗 = 10
2
𝑁
𝐴 𝑃
𝑗
𝑂𝑖 𝐸
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 4𝑖 + 5𝑗 be the position vector and 𝐴𝑃

Let 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑖 − 2𝑗 be the velocity vector.

Let’s say, in 𝑡 seconds, it moves from ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝑃 hence,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑡 × 𝐴𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 4𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 7 × (3𝑖 − 2𝑗)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 4𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 21𝑖 − 14𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 25𝑖 − 9𝑗
Hence, position vector after 7 seconds is 25𝑖 − 9𝑗 .
3 Let 𝑢 = (2𝑖 − 3𝑗 ) N, 𝑣 = (4𝑖 + 𝑗) N and 𝑤 = (−3𝑖 + 3𝑗) N
Resultant vector 𝑎 = (𝑢 + 𝑣) + 𝑤
𝑎 = ((2𝑖 − 3𝑗 ) + (4𝑖 + 𝑗)) + (−3𝑖 + 3𝑗)
𝑎 = (2𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 4𝑖 + 𝑗) + (−3𝑖 + 3𝑗)
𝑎 = (6𝑖 − 2𝑗 ) + (−3𝑖 + 3𝑗)
𝑎 = (6𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 3𝑖 + 3𝑗)
𝑎 = (3𝑖 + 𝑗 )
The magnitude of resultant vector is
|𝑎| = √32 + 12
|𝑎| = √9 + 1 = √10 N
4 The resultant force is
𝐹 = (30𝑖 + 16𝑗 )
The magnitude of resultant force is
|𝐹| = √302 + 162
|𝐹| = √900 + 256 = 34 N
The direction of resultant force, if 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑖 and 𝐹

and using simple trigonometry:

16
tan 𝜃 = 30
𝜃 = 28.07 ≑ 28°
The resultant force is about 34 N at 28° to the 30 N force.
5a
Magnitude of the component of the force in the direction of motion

= 2000 cos 15°
= 2000 × 0.966 ≑ 1932 𝑁
5b Magnitude of the component of the force in the perpendicular direction of

motion
= 2000 sin 15°
= 2000 × 0.259 ≑ 518 𝑁
6 Ceiling
60° 60°
𝑇 𝑇
60°
5Kg
Regard resultant vector to be the Tension 𝑇 and weight 𝑊 to be normal to plane

making angle of 60° with each other.
|𝑇| = |𝑊| cos 60°

1
|𝑇| = 5 × 2 = 2.5
𝑚
In newtons, 𝑇 = 2.5 × 9.8 = 24.5
𝑠
7a
Component of the weight down the plane

= 24 sin 30°
1
= 24 × 2 = 12 𝑁
7b Component of the weight perpendicular to the plane

= 24 cos 30°
√3
= 24 × = 12√3 𝑁
2
8a
Let 𝑖 and 𝑗 be the unit vectors of horizontal and vertical plane respectively.
For ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃, horizontal position vector is 𝑖 20 cos 25° while vertical vector is 𝑗
20 sin 25°

𝑂𝑃 = 20 cos 25°𝑖 + 20 sin 25° 𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and plane will be 25° + 25° = 50°.

The angle between 𝑂𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , horizontal position vector be 𝑖 16 cos 50° while vertical vector be 𝑗
For 𝑂𝑄
16 sin 50°
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 16 cos 50°𝑖 + 16 sin 50° 𝑗
Hence, 𝑂𝑄
8b The resultant vector of two forces is

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑃
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝑂𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 = 20 cos 25°𝑖 + 20 sin 25° 𝑗 + 16 cos 50°𝑖 + 16 sin 50° 𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 = 20 × 0.906𝑖 + 20 × 0.423𝑗 + 16 × 0.643𝑖 + 16 × 0.766𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 18𝑖 + 9𝑗 + 10𝑖 + 12𝑗

𝑃𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 28𝑖 + 21𝑗

𝑃𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √282 + 212

|𝑃𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √784 + 441 = 35𝑁

|𝑃𝑄
Let 𝜃 be the angle between 𝑖 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑃𝑄 .
The direction of resultant force is
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑖 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 = 28𝑖
(35 cos 𝜃)𝑖 = 28𝑖

28
cos 𝜃 = 35 ≑ 36°
The resultant force is 35 N in a horizontal direction of 36°.

Magnitude of the component of the force 𝐹 acting parallel to the plane

= 10 sin 30°
1
= 10 × = 5
2
𝐹 = 𝑚 × 𝑎 = 5 × 9.8 = 49 N
10 𝐵
𝑗 2.5
𝐴 1.5 𝑗
1.5
cos 𝜃 = 2.5
𝜃 = 53°
Sam should row in the direction of N37°E.
11 𝐵
12𝑁 45°𝑗
O 𝑖 𝐴
30°
16𝑁
Using trigonometry,
𝑂𝐴
cos 30° = 16
√3 𝑂𝐴
=
2 16
𝑂𝐴 = 8√3

Similarly,
𝑂𝐵
cos 45° = 16
1 𝑂𝐵
=
√2 12
𝑂𝐵 = 6√2
The resultant force is 𝐹 = 8√3𝑖 + 6√2𝑗
The magnitude of the resultant force is
|𝐹 | = √(8√3)2 + (6√2)2
|𝐹 | = √192 + 72 ≑ 16𝑁
Direction of the resultant force is
(16 cos 𝜃) 𝑖 = 8√3𝑖

8√3 √3
cos 𝜃 = =
16 2
𝜃 = 30°
12 Let the vectors be 𝑎 = 9𝑖 − 2𝑗 , 𝑏 = −3𝑖 + 10𝑗 and 𝑐 = 18𝑖 − 𝑗 .
and the resultant force be 𝐹 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝐹 = ((9𝑖 − 2𝑗 ) + (−3𝑖 + 10𝑗)) + (18𝑖 − 𝑗)
𝐹 = (9𝑖 − 2𝑗 − 3𝑖 + 10𝑗) + (18𝑖 − 𝑗)
𝐹 = (6𝑖 + 8𝑗 ) + (18𝑖 − 𝑗)
𝐹 = (6𝑖 + 8𝑗 + 18𝑖 − 𝑗)
𝐹 = (24𝑖 + 7𝑗 )
The direction of acceleration of the object is in direction of the resultant force i.e.,
7
tan 𝜃 = 24
7
𝜃 = tan−1 24 above the horizontal

|𝐹| = √242 + 72 = √576 + 49 = 25
The magnitude of acceleration of the object is

|𝐹| 25
|𝑎| = = = 5 m/s
𝑚 5
13a At 12 noon, the position vector is ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐴 = 40𝑖 + 16𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 33𝑖 + 40𝑗

After 5 minutes, the position vector is 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ which is
The resultant vector be 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (33𝑖 + 40𝑗) − (40𝑖 + 16𝑗)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 33𝑖 + 40𝑗 − 40𝑖 − 16𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −7𝑖 + 24𝑗

𝐴𝐵
At 12.15 pm, the resultant vector of the plane be
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3 (−7𝑖 + 24𝑗) = −21𝑖 + 72𝑗

3𝐴𝐵
Hence, the position vector will be

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3𝐴𝐵 𝑂𝐴 = −21𝑖 + 72𝑗 + 40𝑖 + 16𝑗 = 19𝑖 + 88𝑗
13b After 1 hour i. e. 60 minutes, the velocity of the plane will be
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 12 (−7𝑖 + 24𝑗) = −84𝑖 + 288𝑗

12𝐴𝐵
14-19 <Solutions to come>

1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 133 km and angle 𝑖𝑠 68°

|𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 98 km and angle is 116°

|𝐵𝐶
Hence,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶
The magnitude of the vectors can be
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | × |𝐴𝐶
|𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | × |𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐴𝐵
|𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | × |𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | × 2|𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ||𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ which is
Let 𝜃 be the angle of 𝐴𝐶
𝜃 = 116° − 48° = 48°
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1332 × 682 × 2 × 133 × 68 × cos 48°
|𝐴𝐶
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 44733
|𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √44733 ≑ 211.5 km

|𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is
The direction of 𝐴𝐶
(90° − 68°) + (180° − 116°) = 22° + 64° = 86°
2a ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐸 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝐷 = 𝐴𝐷
2b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶
2c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐴 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐶
2d ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐸 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐸𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐶𝐸
= 𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= 𝐴𝐸 𝐸𝐴
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐴
=0

2e ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷
2f ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝐵 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝐷 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐵
3a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏 − 𝑎
𝐴𝐵
1
3b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑀 = 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑀 = 2 (𝑏 − 𝑎)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝑀
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑀 = 𝑎 + 2 (𝑏 − 𝑎)
1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑀 = 𝑎 + 2 𝑏 − 2 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 𝑎 + 1 𝑏 = 1 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
𝑂𝑀 2 2 2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 2
3c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
=1
𝑃𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 2𝑃𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2(𝑂𝐴
𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 3 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 3 𝑎
𝑃𝑀 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝑀 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃
1 1 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑀 = 2 𝑎 + 2 𝑏 − 3 𝑎
1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑀 = 2 𝑏 − 6 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 (3𝑏 − 𝑎)
𝑃𝑀 6
4a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
=3
𝑃𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑂𝑃
𝑃𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑃𝐴 = 3(𝑂𝐴 𝑃𝐴)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3 𝑂𝐴
𝑃𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3 𝑎
4 4
4b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏 − 𝑎
𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑄 3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
=4
𝐵𝑄
3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑄 = 4 𝐵𝑄

3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑄 = 4 (𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝑄 )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3 (𝑏 − 𝑎)
7 7
4c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑃𝐴
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝐴𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3 3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 = 4 𝑎 + 7 (𝑏 − 𝑎)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3 𝑎 + 3 𝑏 − 3 𝑎
𝑃𝑄 4 7 7
9 3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 = 28 𝑎 + 7 𝑏
4d ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑄𝐶 𝐴𝐶 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑄
𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a parallelogram, hence, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏

𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏 + 3 (𝑏 − 𝑎)
𝑄𝐶 7
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏 + 3 𝑏 − 3 𝑎
𝑄𝐶 7 7
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3 𝑎 + 4 𝑏
𝑄𝐶 7 7
4e ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑃𝐴
𝑃𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐶 = 4 𝑎 + 𝑏
and
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 + 𝑄𝐶
9 3 3 4
= 𝑎+ 𝑏+ 𝑎+ 𝑏
28 7 7 7
3
= 4 𝑎 + 𝑏 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐶
Hence, 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝐶 are collinear.

5a Let 𝑂 be the origin hence, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖 + 10𝑗

𝑂𝐴 = −4𝑖 + 2𝑗 and 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (2𝑖 + 10𝑗) − (−4𝑖 + 2𝑗)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 2𝑖 + 10𝑗 + 4𝑖 − 2𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 6𝑖 + 8𝑗
5b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √62 + 82
|𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √100 = 10
|𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
5c ̂ = 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝐴𝐵
6𝑖+8𝑗 3 4
̂ =
𝐴𝐵 = 5𝑖 + 5𝑗
10
2𝑎
6a 𝑣=[ ]
𝑎
|𝑣| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝑣| = √(2𝑎)2 + (𝑎)2
|𝑣| = √5𝑎2 = √5𝑎
𝑣
6b 𝑣̂ = |𝑣|
2
1 2𝑎
𝑣̂ = [ ] = [√5
1]
√5𝑎 𝑎
√5
2𝑎 2𝑎 4𝑎
6c 𝑣+𝑣 =[ ]+[ ]=[ ]
𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎

2
6d 𝑣 ∙ 𝑣 = |𝑣|
2
𝑣 ∙ 𝑣 = (√5𝑎) = 5𝑎2
𝑥−1 𝑥+1
7a 𝑎=[ ] and 𝑏 = [ ]
1−𝑥 1+𝑥
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + (1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥)
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑥2 − 1 + 1 − 𝑥2 = 0
As, 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 0, vectors are perpendicular.
5𝑥 1 − 2𝑥
7b 𝑎=[ ] and 𝑏 = [ ]
5𝑥 − 1 2𝑥
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 5𝑥(1 − 2𝑥) + (5𝑥 − 1)2𝑥
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 5𝑥 − 10𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 3𝑥
As, 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 ≠ 0, vectors are not perpendicular.
−5 10
8 𝑎=[ ] and 𝑏 = [ ]
3 2
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = −5 × 10 + 3 × 2
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = −50 + 6 = −44
Also, where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = |𝑎||𝑏| cos 𝜃
|𝑎| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝑎| = √(−5)2 + 32
|𝑎| = √25 + 9 = √34
|𝑏| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

|𝑏| = √102 + 22
|𝑏| = √100 + 4 = √104
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = √34 × √104 cos 𝜃
√34 × √104 cos 𝜃 = −44

−44 −11
cos 𝜃 = =
√3536 15
𝜃 = 137°44′
9a Let 𝑂 be the origin hence, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 10𝑖 + 5𝑗 , 𝑂𝑅

𝑂𝑃 = −4𝑖 − 5𝑗, 𝑂𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5𝑖 + 12𝑗 and
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑆 = −9𝑖 + 2𝑗.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑄
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (10𝑖 + 5𝑗) − (−4𝑖 − 5𝑗)

𝑃𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 = 10𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 4𝑖 + 5𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 = 14𝑖 + 10𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑆𝑅 = 𝑂𝑅 𝑂𝑆
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (5𝑖 + 12𝑗) − (−9𝑖 + 2𝑗)
𝑆𝑅
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5𝑖 + 12𝑗 + 9𝑖 − 2𝑗
𝑆𝑅
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆𝑅 = 14𝑖 + 10𝑗
𝑃𝑄 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆𝑅
9b ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑆 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑆 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (−9𝑖 + 2𝑗) − (−4𝑖 − 5𝑗)
𝑃𝑆
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑆 = −9𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 4𝑖 + 5𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑆 = −5𝑖 + 7𝑗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑆 = (14𝑖 + 10𝑗) ∙ (−5𝑖 + 7𝑗)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑃𝑆
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 14 × (−5) + 10 × 7
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑆 = −70 + 70 = 0
9c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆𝑅 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑆 = 0
This means opposite sides are equal and adjacent sides are 90° with each other.
Hence, 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 is a rectangle.
5 −3
10a 𝑎=[ ] and 𝑏 = [ ]
−2 −3
𝑎∙𝑏
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗 𝑏 𝑎 = ×𝑏
𝑏.𝑏
5×(−3)+(−2)×(−3) −3
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗 𝑏 𝑎 = ×[ ]
(−3)×(−3)+(−3)×(−3) −3
3
−3
1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗 𝑏 𝑎 = − 2 × [ ] = [ 23 ]
−3
2
10b 𝑎 = 4𝑖 − 𝑗 and 𝑏 = 6𝑖 + 2𝑗
𝑎∙𝑏
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗 𝑏 𝑎 = ×𝑏
𝑏.𝑏
4×6+(−1)×2
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗 𝑏 𝑎 = × (6𝑖 + 2𝑗)
6×6+2×2
11 33 11
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗 𝑏 𝑎 = × (6𝑖 + 2𝑗) = (10 𝑖 + 10 𝑗)
20
−8 3
11 𝑎=[ ] and 𝑏 = [ ]
9 12
𝑎∙𝑏
(−8)×3+9×12
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑏 𝑎 = √92 +122
84
√153

12 Let 𝑂 be the origin hence ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 4𝑖 + 8𝑗 and 𝑂𝐶

𝑂𝐴 = −3𝑖 + 𝑗, 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖 − 5𝑗.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (4𝑖 + 8𝑗) − (−3𝑖 + 𝑗)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 4𝑖 + 8𝑗 + 3𝑖 − 𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 7𝑖 + 7𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (2𝑖 − 5𝑗) − (4𝑖 + 8𝑗)

𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖 − 5𝑗 − 4𝑖 − 8𝑗
𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −2𝑖 − 13𝑗

𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (7𝑖 + 7𝑗) ∙ (−2𝑖 − 13𝑗)

𝐴𝐵 ∙ 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 7 × (−2) + 7 × (−13) = −105

𝐴𝐵 ∙ 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐵𝐶
Also, 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = |𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ||𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos 𝜃
Let 𝜃 be ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √72 + 72
|𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √49 + 49 = 7√2

|𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−2)2 + (−13)2

|𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √4 + 169 = √173

|𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ||𝐵𝐶
|𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos 𝜃 = 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
7√2 × √173 cos 𝜃 = −105

−105 −15
cos 𝜃 = 7√2×√173 = 18.6
𝜃 ≑ 36°
13a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 𝑂𝐴
𝑀𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝐴 = 2 𝑎
13b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑏 − 𝑎
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑁 = 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 (𝑏 − 𝑎)
𝐴𝑁 2
13c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑀𝑁 𝑀𝐴 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑁
1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝑁 = 2 𝑎 + 2 (𝑏 − 𝑎)
1 1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝑁 = 2 𝑎 + 2 𝑏 − 2 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 𝑏
𝑀𝑁 2
13d ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 1 𝑏 = 𝑃𝐵
𝑀𝑁 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2
This means a pair of opposite sides are equal and parallel. Hence, 𝑀𝑁𝐵𝑃 is a
parallelogram.

14a 𝑝 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑝 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑏 − 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑀 = 𝑂𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝑀
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏 − 1 (𝑏 − 𝑎)
𝑂𝑀 2
1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑀 = 𝑏 − 2 𝑏 + 2 𝑎
1 1 1
𝑚 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑀 = 2 𝑏 + 2 𝑎 = 2 (𝑏 + 𝑎)
2 2
14b 𝐿𝐻𝑆: |𝑝| + 4|𝑚|
1 1
= (𝑏 − 𝑎) ∙ (𝑏 − 𝑎) + 4 (2 (𝑏 + 𝑎) ∙ 2 (𝑏 + 𝑎))
1 1 1 1
= 𝑏 ∙ 𝑏 − 𝑏 ∙ 𝑎 − 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 + 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 + 4 (4 𝑏 ∙ 𝑏 + 4 𝑏 ∙ 𝑎 + 4 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 + 4 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎)
=𝑏∙𝑏−𝑏∙𝑎−𝑎∙𝑏+𝑎∙𝑎+𝑏∙𝑏+𝑏∙𝑎+𝑎∙𝑏+𝑎∙𝑎
=𝑏∙𝑏+𝑎∙𝑎+𝑏∙𝑏+𝑎∙𝑎
= 2(𝑏 ∙ 𝑏 + 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎)
2 2
= 2 (|𝑏| + |𝑎| )
15a
𝑎∙𝑎 =𝑐∙𝑐

2 2
|𝑎| = |𝑐|
Adjacent sides of a kite (rhombus) are equal.
15b (𝑏 − 𝑎) ∙ (𝑏 − 𝑎) = (𝑏 − 𝑐) ∙ (𝑏 − 𝑐)
2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐶𝐵
|𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
Adjacent sides of a kite (rhombus) are equal.
15c ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 − 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑎 − 𝑐
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐶𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑐 + 𝑏 − 𝑐 = 𝑏
𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑂𝐵
𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝑎 − 𝑐) ∙ 𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 − 𝑐 ∙ 𝑏
𝐴𝐶 ∙ 𝑂𝐵
2 2
As, |𝑎| = |𝑐|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 − 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 0
𝐴𝐶 ∙ 𝑂𝐵
Hence, diagonals of a kite are perpendicular.
16a 𝑎 𝑥
𝐴 𝐵
𝑏
𝐷 𝐶
𝑥
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏 − 𝑎
𝐵𝐷

As, 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷 = 𝑎
16b (𝑎 + 𝑏) ∙ (𝑎 + 𝑏)
=𝑎∙𝑎+𝑎∙𝑏+𝑏∙𝑎+𝑏∙𝑏
= 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 + 2𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 + 𝑏 ∙ 𝑏
2 2
= |𝑎| + |𝑏| + 2𝑎 ∙ 𝑏
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑎 ∙ 𝑏
(𝑏 − 𝑎) ∙ (𝑏 − 𝑎)
=𝑏∙𝑏−𝑏∙𝑎−𝑎∙𝑏+𝑎∙𝑎
= 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 − 2𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 + 𝑏 ∙ 𝑏
2 2
= |𝑎| + |𝑏| − 2𝑎 ∙ 𝑏
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎 ∙ 𝑏
16c if the parallelogram is a rectangle, then 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 0, so the diagonals are equal.

Conversely, if the diagonals are equal, then 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 0, so the parallelogram is a
rectangle.
17a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 37 cos 50° + 37 sin 50°
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 23 cos 25° − 23 sin 25°
𝑂𝑄

17b ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 37 cos 50° + 37 sin 50° = 23.78𝑖 + 28.34𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 23 cos 25° − 23 sin 25° = 20.84𝑖 − 9.72𝑗

𝑂𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑃
𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 = 23.78𝑖 + 28.34𝑗 + 20.84𝑖 − 9.72𝑗 = 44.62𝑖 + 18.62𝑗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
|𝑃𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √44.622 + 18.622

|𝑃𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √2337.64 = 48.4 N

|𝑃𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos 𝜃)𝑖 = 44.62𝑖

(|𝑃𝑄
44.62
cos 𝜃 = 48.4
𝜃 = 22.7°
18-20 <Solutions to come>

Chapter 9 worked solutions – Motion and rates
1a 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 − 4 then,
𝑥 = (0)2 − 4 = −4 when 𝑡 = 0
𝑥 = (1)2 − 4 = −3 when 𝑡 = 1
𝑥 = (2)2 − 4 = 0 when 𝑡 = 2
𝑥 = (3)2 − 4 = 5 when 𝑡 = 3
Hence,
𝑡 0 1 2 3
𝑥 −4 −3 0 5
1b i Average velocity during the first second

𝑥1 − 𝑥0
=
1−0
(−3) − (−4)
=
1
= 1 m/s
1b ii Average velocity during the first two seconds

𝑥2 − 𝑥0
=
2−0
(0) − (−4)
=
2
= 2 m/s
1b iii Average velocity during the first three seconds

𝑥3 − 𝑥0
=
3−0
(5) − (−4)
=
3
= 3 m/s

1b iv Average velocity during the third second

𝑥3 − 𝑥2
=
3−2
(5) − (0)
=
1
= 5 m/s
1c
2a 𝑥 = 4𝑡 − 𝑡 2 then,
𝑥 = 4 × (0) − (0)2 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0
𝑥 = 4 × (1) − (1)2 = 3 when 𝑡 = 1
𝑥 = 4 × (2) − (2)2 = 4 when 𝑡 = 2
𝑥 = 4 × (3) − (3)2 = 3 when 𝑡 = 3
𝑥 = 4 × (4) − (4)2 = 0 when 𝑡 = 4
𝑡 0 1 2 3 4
𝑥 0 3 4 3 0

2b
2c Total distance travelled is 4 + 4 = 8 metres (4 metres when ascending, 4 metres

when descending).
Average speed
total distance travelled
=
time taken
8
=
4
= 2 m/s
2d i Average velocity
𝑥2 − 𝑥0
=
2−0
4−0
=
2
= 2 m/s
2d ii Average velocity
𝑥4 − 𝑥2
=
4−2
0−4
=
2
= −2 m/s

2d iii Average velocity

𝑥4 − 𝑥0
=
4−0
0−0
=
4
= 0 m/s
2e
3a
𝑡 0 4 8 12
𝑥 0 120 72 0
3b 120 metres when ascending and 120 metres when descending, so the total
distance travelled by the cardboard is 240 metres.
3c Average speed
=
time taken
240
=
12
= 20 m/s

3d i Average velocity
𝑥4 − 𝑥0
=
4−0
120 − 0
=
4
= 30 m/s
3d ii Average velocity
𝑥12 − 𝑥4
=
12 − 4
0 − 120
=
8
= −15 m/s
3d iii Average velocity

𝑥12 − 𝑥0
=
12 − 0
0−0
=
12
= 0 m/s
𝑥 𝑥
4a i 𝑉= then 𝑡 = 𝑉
𝑡
𝑥𝑢𝑝 1
Hence, 𝑡𝑢𝑝 = = 10 hour = 6 minutes.
𝑉𝑢𝑝
𝑥 1
4a ii 𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 𝑉𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 30 hour = 2 minutes.
𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛

4b
4c Average speed
total distance travelled (km)
=
time taken (hours)
2
=
1 1
10 + 30
2
=
4
30
= 15 km/h
total distance travelled (km) 1

4d uphill speed= = 1 = 10 km/h
time taken (hours)
10
total distance travelled (km) 1

downhill speed= = 1 = 30 km/h
time taken (hours)
30
10+30
average of up and downhill speed= = 20 km/h
2
5a
𝑡 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑥 0 3 1 4 2 5 3 6

5b
5c 7 hours
5d Total distance = 3 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 3 = 18 metres

18 4
Average speed = = 2 7 m/hr
7
𝑥𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 −𝑥𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 6−0 6

5e Average velocity = = 7−0 = 7 m/hr
𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 −𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
5f Those between 1 and 2 metres high or between 4 and 5 metres high (Drawing
horizontal lines and observing how many times the horizontal line cuts the graph
may help.)
6a Given that 𝑥 = 2√𝑡
If 𝑥 = 0 then 0 = 2√𝑡 and 𝑡 = 0
If 𝑥 = 2 then 2 = 2√𝑡 and 𝑡 = 1
If 𝑥 = 4 then 4 = 2√𝑡 and 𝑡 = 4
If 𝑥 = 6 then 6 = 2√𝑡 and 𝑡 = 9
If 𝑥 = 8 then 8 = 2√𝑡 and 𝑡 = 16

Hence,
𝑡 0 1 4 9 16
𝑥 0 2 4 6 8
Therefore,
6b i Average velocity
𝑥1 − 𝑥0
=
1−0
2−0
=
1
= 2 cm/s
6b ii Average velocity
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
=
4−1
4−2
=
3
2
= cm/s
3
6b iii Average velocity

𝑥3 − 𝑥2
=
9−4
6−4
=
5

2
= cm/s
5
6b iv Average velocity
𝑥3 − 𝑥0
=
9−0
6−0
=
9
2
= cm/s
3
6c The chords are parallel.
7a i Average velocity
𝑥8 − 𝑥0
=
8−0
0−8
=
8
= −1 m/s
7a ii Average velocity
𝑥17 − 𝑥12
=
17 − 12
20 − 0
=
5
= 4 m/s
7a iii Average velocity

𝑥30 − 𝑥24
=
30 − 24
8 − 20
=
6
= −2 m/s

7b The total distance travelled = 8 + 20 + 12 = 40 m

40 4 1
Average speed = = = 1 m/s
30 3 3
7c Displacement is 0 metres. Hence, the average velocity is 0 m/s.
7d The total time she paused is: 4 + 7 = 11 s

40 2
Average speed = =2 m/s
19 19
8a i The weight is 3 metres above the surface of the water, once.
8a ii The weight is 1 metre above the surface of the water, three times.
1
8a iii The weight is 2 metre below the surface of the water, twice.
8b i The weight is at the water surface when 𝑡 = 4 seconds and 𝑡 = 14 seconds.
8b ii The weight is above the water surface when 0 ≤ 𝑡 < 4 seconds and 4 < 𝑡 < 14
seconds.
8c The weight touches the water at 𝑡 = 4 seconds and after that first touch, it rises 2
Metres, when 𝑡 = 8 seconds.
8d The greatest depth of the weight under the water surface is 1 metre at 𝑡 = 17
seconds.
8e As 𝑡 → ∞ , 𝑥 → 0, meaning that the weight eventually ends up at the surface.

8f i Average velocity
𝑥4 − 𝑥0
=
4−0
0−4
=
4
= −1 m/s
8f ii Average velocity
𝑥8 − 𝑥4
=
8−4
2−0
=
4
1
= 2 m/s
8f iii Average velocity

𝑥17 − 𝑥8
=
17 − 8
−1 − 2
=
9
1
= − 3 m/s
8g i The weight travels 4 metres over the first 4 seconds.
8g ii The weight travels 4 + 2 = 6 metres over the first 8 seconds.
8g iii The weight travels 4 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 9 metres over the first 17 seconds.
8g iv The weight travels 4 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 1 ≑ 10 metres eventually.

8h i Average speed
=
time taken
4m
=
4s
= 1 m/s
8h ii Average speed
=
time taken
6m
=
8s
3
= m/s
4
8h iii Average speed

=
time taken
9m
=
17 s
9
= m/s
17
2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
9a 𝑇= and 𝑛 = then 𝑇 = 𝜋 = 16 seconds.
𝑛 8
8
9b The maximum value of displacement is 𝑥 = 3 cm and the minimum value of

displacement is 𝑥 = −3 cm
𝜋 𝜋
9c 𝑥 = 3 when 3 sin ( 8 𝑡) = 3 or sin ( 8 𝑡) = 1
𝜋 𝜋
Or 8 𝑡 = 2 + 2𝑚𝜋 where 𝑚 is a natural number.
𝜋
+2𝑚𝜋
2
Hence, 𝑡 = 𝜋 = 4 + 16𝑚
8

Therefore, the displacement reaches its maximum value for the first time when
𝑡 = 4 seconds when 𝑚 = 0 and for the second time when 𝑡 = 20 seconds when
𝑚 = 1.
𝜋 𝜋
9d 𝑥 = 0 when 3 sin ( 8 𝑡) = 0 or sin ( 8 𝑡) = 0
𝜋 𝜋
𝑡 = 0 + 2𝑚𝜋 or 𝑡 = 𝜋 + 2𝑚𝜋 , where 𝑚 is a natural number
8 8
2𝑚𝜋 𝜋+2𝑚𝜋
Hence, 𝑡 = 𝜋 = 16𝑚 or 𝑡 = 𝜋 = 8 + 16𝑚
8 8
Therefore, the particle returns its initial position for the first time when
𝑡 = 8 seconds when 𝑚 = 0
and for the second time when 𝑡 = 16 seconds when 𝑚 = 1
9e Between the 8th and 16th seconds, the particle is travelling in the negative
direction. Therefore, the answer is 8 < 𝑡 < 16.
9f The total distance travelled in the first 16 seconds is 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 12 cm.

distance travelled 12
The average speed is |𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 | = = 16 = 0.75 cm/s
time taken
2𝜋 𝜋
10a The amplitude is 4 metres and the period, 𝑇, is: 𝑇 = and 𝑛 =
𝑛 6
2𝜋
Then 𝑇 = 𝜋 = 12 seconds.
6
10b The particle is at 𝑥 = 0 when 𝑡 = 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60.
Therefore, the particle is at its initial position ten times in the first minute.
𝜋 𝜋
10c 𝑥 = 4 when 4 sin ( 6 𝑡) = 4 or sin ( 6 𝑡) = 1 or
𝜋 𝜋
𝑡 = 2 + 2𝑚𝜋 where 𝑚 is a natural number.
6

𝜋
+2𝑚𝜋
2
𝑡= 𝜋 = 3 + 12𝑚. Hence,
6
𝑡 = 3 when 𝑚 = 0
𝑡 = 15 when 𝑚 = 1
𝑡 = 27 when 𝑚 = 2
𝑡 = 39 when 𝑚 = 3
𝑡 = 51 when 𝑚 = 4
Therefore, the particle visits 𝑥 = 4 metres when 𝑡 = 3, 15, 27, 39 and 51 seconds.
10d The particle is at the origin when 𝑡 = 12 seconds.

However, it has travelled 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 16 metres in the first 12 seconds.
distance travelled 16 1
The average speed is |𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 | = = 12 = 1 3 cm/s
time taken
𝜋
10e 𝑥 = 4 sin (6 × (0)) = 0 when 𝑡 = 0
𝜋
𝑥 = 4 sin (6 × (1)) = 2 when 𝑡 = 1
𝜋
𝑥 = 4 sin (6 × (3)) = 4 when 𝑡 = 3
distance travelled 2−0

The average speed in the first second is |𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 | = = 2−1 = 2 cm/s
time taken
The average speed is |𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 | = = 3−1 = 1 cm/s
time taken
Therefore, the average speed in the first second is twice the average speed in the
following 2 seconds.
𝜋
11a 𝑥 = 10 cos (12 𝑡) then the amplitude is 10 metres because the range of the
function is [−10, 10]

2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑇= then 𝑇 = 𝜋 = 24 seconds.
𝑛
12

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
11b 𝑥 = 10 cos (12 𝑡) = 0 when 12 𝑡 = 2 + 2𝜋 or 12 𝑡 = + 2𝜋
2
Or when 𝑡 = 6, 18 or 30
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = 10 cos (12 𝑡) = 10 when 12 𝑡 = 0 + 2𝜋
Or when 𝑡 = 0 or 24
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = 10 cos (12 𝑡) = −10 when 12 𝑡 = 𝜋 + 2𝜋
Or when 𝑡 = 12 or 36
11c The particle is at the origin when

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 = 10 cos (12 𝑡) = 0 when 12 𝑡 = 2 + 2𝜋 or 12 𝑡 = + 2𝜋
2
Or when 𝑡 = 6, 18 or 30 seconds
𝜋
11d When 𝑡 = 0 , the particle is 𝑥 = 10 cos (12 × (0)) = 10 metres away from the
origin.
Since 10 metres is the amplitude, and the particle starts its motion at (0, 10) the
maximum distance this particle travels is 20metres.
The particle reaches this maximum distance twice in 36 minutes as shown
below:
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = 10 cos (12 𝑡) = −10 when 12 𝑡 = 𝜋 + 2𝜋
Or when 𝑡 = 12 or 36 seconds.

11e As it can be observed from the graph, the particle travels 60 metres in 36
seconds. The average speed in this time interval is:
Average speed
=
time taken
60 m
=
36 s
2
=1 m/s
3
𝜋 1
11f cos (3 ) = 2 then
𝜋 1
𝑥 = 10 cos (12 × 4) = 10 × 2 = 5
𝜋 1
𝑥 = 10 cos (12 × 8) = 10 × − 2 = −5
𝜋
𝑥 = 10 cos (12 × 12) = 10 × −1 = −10
𝜋 1
𝑥 = 10 cos (12 × 16) = 10 × − 2 = −5
𝜋 1
𝑥 = 10 cos (12 × 20) = 10 × 2 = 5
𝜋
𝑥 = 10 cos (12 × 24) = 10 × 1 = 10
𝑡 4 8 12 16 20 24
𝑥 5 −5 −10 −5 5 10
11g i Average velocity

𝑥4 − 𝑥0
=
4−0
5 − 10
=
4
1
= −1 4 m/s

11g ii Average velocity

𝑥8 − 𝑥4
=
8−4
−5 − 5
=
4
10
=−
4
1
= −2 2 m/s
11g iii Average velocity

𝑥12 − 𝑥8
=
12 − 8
−10 − (−5)
=
4
1
= −1 4 m/s
11h
From the graph, it can be observed that the particle is more than 15 metres from
its initial position when 𝑥 < −5 or when 8 < 𝑡 < 16 in the first 24 seconds.
12a ℎ = 8000(1 − 𝑒 −0.06×(0) ) = 0 when 𝑡 = 0 and
ℎ → 8000 as 𝑡 → ∞ , because 𝑒 −0.06×𝑡 converges to 0 as 𝑡 approaches to infinity.

Hence, ℎ = 8000(1 − 0) = 8000

12b ℎ = 8000(1 − 𝑒 −0.06×(0) ) = 0 when 𝑡 = 0
ℎ = 8000(1 − 𝑒 −0.06×(10) ) ≑ 3609 when 𝑡 = 10
ℎ = 8000(1 − 𝑒 −0.06×(20) ) ≑ 5590 when 𝑡 = 20
ℎ = 8000(1 − 𝑒 −0.06×(30) ) ≑ 6678 when 𝑡 = 30
𝑡 0 10 20 30
ℎ 0 3609 5590 6678
12c Since ℎ → 8000 as 𝑡 → ∞, there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 8000 metres

and the function is increasing for all 𝑡 ≥ 0 starting from (0, 0).
12d During the first ten minutes,

distance travelled 3609.1−0
|𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 | = = ≑ 361 m/s
time taken 10−0
During the second ten minutes,

distance travelled 5590.45−3609.1
|𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 | = = ≑ 198 m/s
time taken 20−10
During the third ten minutes,

distance travelled 6677.61−5590.45
|𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 | = = ≑ 109 m/s
time taken 30−20
12e ℎ = 8000(1 − 𝑒 −0.06×(76) ) ≑ 7916.3 when 𝑡 = 76

7916.3
× 100% = 98.9538
8000
Therefore, the balloon has not reached 99% of its final height when 𝑡 = 76 min.
ℎ = 8000(1 − 𝑒 −0.06×(77) ) ≑ 7921.18 when 𝑡 = 77

7921.18
× 100% = 99.014
8000

Therefore, the balloon has reached 99% of its final height when 𝑡 = 77 min.
13a 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑡 is a straight line and equals zero when 𝑡 = 0.

𝑥 = 300 log 𝑒 (𝑡 + 1) is an increasing function,
𝑥 = 300 log 𝑒 (0 + 1) = 300 × 0 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0 and
they intersect at (𝑒 − 1, 300).
300
13b If (𝑒 − 1, 300) is on 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑡 then 300 = 𝑘 × (𝑒 − 1). Therefore, 𝑘 = 𝑒−1
300
13c The distance (D) between Thomas and Henry is 𝐷 = 300 log 𝑒 (𝑡 + 1) − 𝑒−1 𝑡
The maximum distance is when 𝐷′ = 0.

300 300
𝐷′ = 𝑡+1 − 𝑒−1 = 0 or when 𝑡 = 𝑒 − 2 ≑ 0.718 minutes ≑ 43 seconds
Therefore, the maximum distance is

300
𝐷 = 300 log 𝑒 ((𝑒 − 2) + 1) − 𝑒−1 × (𝑒 − 2) ≑ 37 metres.
14a Let 𝑡1 be the time taken to travel from 𝐴 to 𝐵 (the distance 𝑥) and
𝑡2 be the time taken to travel from 𝐵 to 𝐶 (the distance 𝑥).
2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑈𝑉
𝑊=𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑈+𝑉) = 𝑈+𝑉
1 +𝑡2 +
𝑈 𝑉 𝑈𝑉
𝑈+𝑉 1 1 1 1 1 𝑈+𝑉 1 1
Since 2𝑈𝑉 = 2𝑉 + 2𝑈 = 2 (𝑉 + 𝑈) , is the arithmetic mean of 𝑈 and 𝑉 .
2𝑈𝑉
Therefore, 𝑊 is the harmonic mean of 𝑈 and 𝑉.

14b i Let 𝑡1 be the time taken to travel from 𝐴 to 𝐵 (the distance 𝑥1 ) and
𝑡2 be the time taken to travel from 𝐵 to 𝐶 (the distance 𝑥2 ).
𝑈+𝑉 𝑈+𝑉
If 𝑊 = then 𝑡1 = 𝑡2 because the average velocity, 𝑊 = is equal to
2 2
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑈𝑡1 +𝑉𝑡2
𝑊= = only when 𝑡1 = 𝑡2 .
𝑡1 +𝑡2 𝑡1 +𝑡2
𝑥 𝑈𝑡 𝑈𝑡 𝑈
Hence, 𝑥1 = 𝑉𝑡1 = 𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉
2 2
14b ii Let 𝑡1 be the time taken to travel from 𝐴 to 𝐵 (the distance 𝑥1 ) and
𝑡2 be the time taken to travel from 𝐵 to 𝐶 (the distance 𝑥2 ).
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑈𝑡1 +𝑉𝑡2
If 𝑊 = √𝑈𝑉 then 𝑈 = 𝑉 because 𝑊 = √𝑈𝑉 = = only when 𝑈 = 𝑉.
𝑡1 +𝑡2 𝑡1 +𝑡2
Hence, when 𝑊 = √𝑈𝑉 , 𝑈 = 𝑉 and

𝑥1 𝑡1 = 𝑥2 𝑡2
𝑥1 𝑡2
=
𝑥2 𝑡1
𝑥1 2 𝑥1 × 𝑡2
=
𝑥2 2 𝑥2 × 𝑡1
𝑥1 𝑥1 × 𝑡2
=√
𝑥2 𝑥2 × 𝑡1
𝑥
𝑥1 √ 𝑡1
1
=
𝑥2 𝑥
√𝑡2
2
𝑥1 √𝑈
=
𝑥2 √𝑉
Therefore, 𝑥1 : 𝑥2 = √𝑈: √𝑉

1a If 𝑥 = 20 − 𝑡 2 then 𝑣 = −2𝑡
1b If 𝑣 = −2𝑡 then 𝑎 = −2
1c When 𝑡 = 3,
𝑥 = 20 − (3)2 = 11 m
𝑣 = −2 × (3) = −6 m/s
𝑎 = −2 m/s2
1d The distance from the origin is 𝑥 = 20 − (3)2 = 11 metres and its speed is
𝑣 = −2 × (3) = −6. Therefore, the speed of the particle is 6 metres per
second.
2a 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 − 10𝑡 then 𝑣 = 2𝑡 − 10
2b When 𝑡 = 3, 𝑥 = (3)2 − 10 × (3) = −21.

Therefore, the displacement is −21 cm and the distance from the origin is 21 cm.
𝑣 = 2 × (3) − 10 = −4.
Therefore, the velocity is −4 cm/s and the speed is 4 cm/s.
2c The particle is stationary when its velocity is zero. Therefore,

𝑣 = 2𝑡 − 10 = 0 when 𝑡 = 5 seconds.
When 𝑡 = 5 seconds, the particle is at 𝑥 = (5)2 − 10 × (5) = −25.
3a 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 − 6𝑡 2 then 𝑣 = 3𝑡 2 − 12𝑡
and 𝑎 = 6𝑡 − 12

3b When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = (0)3 − 6(0)2 = 0, the particle is at the origin.

|𝑣| = 3(0)2 − 12 × (0) = 0 cm/s
𝑎 = 6 × (0) − 12 = −12 cm/s2
3c When 𝑡 = 3, 𝑥 = (3)3 − 6(3)2 = −27. Therefore, the particle is on the left of the
origin.
3d When 𝑡 = 3, 𝑣 = 3(3)2 − 12 × (3) = −9 cm/s. Therefore, the particle is

travelling to the left.
3e When 𝑡 = 3, 𝑎 = 6 × (3) − 12 = 6 cm/s2. Therefore, the particle is

accelerating to the right.
3f 𝑣 = 3(4)2 − 12 × (4) = 0 cm/s when 𝑡 = 4. Therefore, the particle is stationary

when 𝑡 = 4 seconds. When 𝑡 = 4, 𝑥 = (4)3 − 6(4)2 = −32 cm
3g 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 − 6𝑡 2 = 𝑡 2 (𝑡 − 6) = 0 when 𝑡 = 0 or 𝑡 = 6. Therefore, the particle is at

the origin when 𝑡 = 6 seconds and v= 3(6)2 − 12 × (6) = 36 cm/s.
Hence, |𝑣| = 36 cm/s.
4a 𝑥 = 20𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 then 𝑣 = 20 − 10𝑡 and 𝑎 = −10 m/s2

Since 𝑎 < 0 for all 𝑡 ≥ 0, the ball is always accelerating downwards.

Displacement function:
𝑥 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 4. Therefore, (0, 0) and (4, 0) are the 𝑥-intercepts.

𝑥 has a turning point at 𝑡 = 2 because it is the 𝑥-coordinate of the axis of
symmetry and 𝑥 = 20 at 𝑡 = 2.
Velocity function:
𝑥-intercept is (2, 0) because the velocity is zero at 𝑡 = 2 and it is the turning

point of the graph of displacement function. 𝑦-intercept: (0, 20) and 𝑣 = −20
when 𝑡 = 4.
Acceleration function:
The acceleration is constant and equal to −10 for all 𝑡.

4b |𝑣| = |20 − 10 × (0)| = 20 m/s when the the ball was thrown (when 𝑡 = 0).
4c 𝑥 = 20𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 = 5𝑡(4 − 𝑡) = 0 when 𝑡 = 0 or 𝑡 = 4 seconds.

The speed of the ball at 𝑡 = 0 (answer 7b)
and 𝑡 = 4 is |𝑣| = |20 − 10 × (4)| = 20 m/s.
4d Maximum height is reached when 𝑣 = 0 and 𝑣 = 20 − 10𝑡 = 0 when 𝑡 = 2.

Therefore, the maximum height is 𝑥 = 20 × (2) − 5(2)2 = 20 metres after 2
seconds.
4e The acceleration at 𝑡 = 2 is 𝑎 = −10 m/s2 and it exists because there exists

gravitational acceleration and the particle’s velocity is changing for all 𝑡 ≥ 0 even
though 𝑣 = 0 at 𝑡 = 2.
5a 𝑥 = 𝑒 −4𝑡 then 𝑥̇ = −4𝑒 −4𝑡 and 𝑥̈ = 16𝑒 −4𝑡 .

None of the above functions can ever change sign, because 𝑒 −4𝑡 > 0 for all 𝑡.
𝑥 > 0 for all 𝑡.
𝑥̇ < 0 for all 𝑡.
𝑥̈ > 0 for all 𝑡.
5b i 𝑥 = 𝑒 −4(0) = 1 when 𝑡 = 0. Therefore, the particle is initially at 𝑥 = 1.
5b ii 𝑥 → 0 as 𝑡 → ∞. Therefore, the particle gets closer and closer to 𝑥 = 0.
5c i 𝑥̇ = −4𝑒 −4(0) = −4. Therefore, the velocity of the particle is initially −4.
𝑥̈ = 16𝑒 −4(0) = 16. Therefore, the acceleration of the particle is initially 16.

5c ii 𝑥̇ = −4𝑒 −4𝑡 → 0 as 𝑡 → ∞.
Therefore, the velocity of the particle is going to get closer and closer to 0.
𝑥̈ = 16𝑒 −4𝑡 → 0 as 𝑡 → ∞.
Therefore, the acceleration of the particle is going to get closer and closer to 0.
6a 𝑥 = 2 sin(𝜋𝑡) then = 2𝜋 cos(𝜋𝑡) , 𝑎 = −2𝜋 2 sin(𝜋𝑡)

When 𝑡 = 1,
𝑥 = 2 sin(𝜋 × (1)) = 0. Hence, the particle is at the origin.
𝑣 = 2𝜋 cos(𝜋 × (1)) = −2𝜋
𝑎 = −2𝜋 2 sin(𝜋 × (1)) = 0
1
6b i When = 3 ,
1
𝑣 = 2𝜋 cos (𝜋 × (3)) = 𝜋. Therefore, the particle is moving towards right.
1
6b ii When = 3 ,
1
𝑎 = −2𝜋 2 sin (𝜋 × (3)) = −√3 𝜋 2 . Therefore, the particle is accelerating
towards left.
7a 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 + 7 then
𝑥̇ = 2𝑡 − 8 = 2(𝑡 − 4)
𝑥̈ = 2
7b 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 + 7 = (𝑡 − 7)(𝑡 − 1)
(𝑡 − 7)(𝑡 − 1) = 0 when 𝑡 = 1 and 𝑡 = 7. Therefore, (1, 0) and (7, 0) are
the 𝑥-intercepts. The 𝑦-intercept is (0, 7) (Substitute 0 in the function for 𝑡)
To find the 𝑥-coordinate of the turning point, solve 𝑥̇ = 2(𝑡 − 4) = 0.
2(𝑡 − 4) = 0 when 𝑡 = 4 and 𝑥 = (4)2 − 8 × (4) + 7 = −9. Therefore, (4, −9) is

the turning point.
𝑥̇ = 2(𝑡 − 4) = 0 when 𝑡 = 4 and the 𝑦-intercept is (0, −8) (Substitute 0 for 𝑡 in

the function and sketch the straight-line graph.
𝑥̈ = 2 is the graph of 𝑦 = 2 which is a horizontal line.
None of these graphs are defined for 𝑡 < 0 because the motion starts when 𝑡 = 0.

7c i 𝑥 = (𝑡 − 7)(𝑡 − 1) = 0 when 𝑡 = 1 or 𝑡 = 7. Therefore, the particle is at the

origin when 𝑡 = 1 and 𝑡 = 7.
7c ii 𝑥̇ = 2(𝑡 − 4) = 0 when 𝑡 = 4. Therefore, the particle is stationary when 𝑡 = 4.
7d i There is no turning point in the interval [0, 2].

Thus, by substituting 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 2 we can find when the particle is further
away from the origin.
𝑥 = (0)2 − 8 × (0) + 7 = 7 when 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑥 = (2)2 − 8 × (2) + 7 = −5
when 𝑡 = 2. Therefore, the particle further away when 𝑡 = 0.
7d ii Since the turning point is in the interval [0, 6], and 𝑥 = (4)2 − 8 × (4) + 7 = 9
the particle is furthest from the origin when 𝑡 = 4.
7d iii In the interval [0, 6], 𝑥 = (10)2 − 8 × (10) + 7 = 27 metres. Therefore, the
particle is furthest from the origin when 𝑡 = 10.
𝑥7 −𝑥0 0−7
7e Average velocity= = 7−0 = −1 m/s
7−0
The instantaneous velocity is 𝑥̇ = 2(𝑡 − 4) = −1 when 2𝑡 = 7 or 𝑡 = 3.5 seconds

3
and the particle is 𝑥 = (3.5)2 − 8 × (3.5) + 7 = −8.75 = −8 4 metres away
from the origin.
7f The first 7 minutes, particle moves 9 metres away.

distance travelled 7+9+9 25 4
The average speed is= = = = 3 7 m/s
time taken 7 7
8a 𝑥 = 6𝑡 − 𝑡 2 then 𝑣 = 6 − 2𝑡 and 𝑎 = −2

8b The graph of 𝑥 is shown below:
𝑦-intercept: (0, 0)
𝑥-intecepts: (0, 0) and (6, 0)
and 𝑣 = 6 − 2𝑡 = 0 when 𝑡 = 3
Hence, 𝑥 = 6 × (3) − (3)2 = 9 when 𝑥 is maximum.
The graph of 𝑣 is shown below:
and 𝑣 = 6 − 2𝑡 = 0 when 𝑡 = 3. Therefore, the graph cuts the 𝑥-axis at 𝑥 = 3.

𝑦-intercept is: (0, 6) and since 𝑥 = 6𝑡 − 𝑡 2 = 0 when both
𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 6 seconds, (6, −6) is on the graph since 𝑣 = 6 − 2 × (6) = −6 m/s.
8c i When 𝑡 = 2,
𝑣 = 6 − 2 × (2) = 2 m/s. The ice is moving upwards.
and 𝑎 = −2. The ice is accelerating downwards.

8c ii When 𝑡 = 4,
𝑣 = 6 − 2 × (4) = −2 m/s. The ice is moving downwards.
and 𝑎 = −2. The ice is accelerating downwards.
8d 𝑣 = 6 − 2𝑡 = 0 when 𝑡 = 3. Therefore, the ice is stationary at the end of third

second, for an instant. Since 𝑥 = 6(3) − (3)2 = 9 when 𝑡 = 3, it is 9 metres up
the surface at the end of the third second.
The acceleration is constant and is 𝑎 = −2 m/s2
𝑥2 −𝑥0 (6×(2)−(2)2 )−(6×(0)−(0)2 )

8e 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 2−0
= 2
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 4 m/s
When 𝑣 = 4 m/s, 6 − 2𝑡 = 4, 𝑡 = 1, 𝑥 = 6 × (1) − (1)2 = 5 m
𝑥3 −𝑥0 (6×(3)−(3)2 )−(6×(0)−(0)2 )

8f |𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 | = | |=| |=3
3−0 3
𝑥6 −𝑥3 (6×(6)−(6)2 )−(6×(3)−(3)2 )

|𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 | = | |=| |=3
6−3 3
𝑥6 −𝑥0 (6×(6)−(6)2 )−(6×(0)−(0)2 )

|𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 | = | |=| |=3
6−0 6

9a 45 metres, 3 seconds, average speed= = = 15 m/s
time taken 3−0
9b 30 m/s, 20 m/s, 10 m/s, 0 m/s, −10 m/s, −20 m/s, −30 m/s
Draw tangent lines and use the squares to determine the slope, which is equal to
rise
the ratio: run .
9c 0 seconds. Its velocity is instantaneously zero.
9d The acceleration is always negative.

9e The velocity decreased at a constant rate of 10 m/s every second until 𝑡 = 3, it

was equal to zero when 𝑡 = 3 for an instant and then it increased at a constant
rate of 10 m/s every second until 𝑡 = 6.
10a The maximum distance from the origin is 8 metres at the end of the third
second.
10b i The gradient of the displacement function is zero when 𝑡 = 3 and 𝑡 = 9.

Therefore, the particle is stationary when 𝑡 = 3 and 𝑡 = 9.
10b ii The gradient of the displacement function is positive when 0 < 𝑡 < 3 and
𝑡 > 9. Therefore, the particle is moving to the right in these intervals.
10b iii The gradient of the displacement function is negative when 3 < 𝑡 < 9.
Therefore, the particle is moving to the left in this interval.
10c It returns to the origin at 𝑡 = 9. Its velocity is zero at 𝑡 = 9 because the particle is
changing direction at that instant. It is accelerating towards right, because the
cavity is upwards.
10d At 𝑡 = 6 (at the point of inflection the second derivative is zero) and it is
accelerating to the right (because the concavity is upwards)

10e The particle’s acceleration is negative for 0 ≤ 𝑡 < 6.
10f i When 𝑡 = 2, the displacement is close to 7. The other 𝑡-values, where the
displacement is 7, are 𝑡 = 4 and 𝑡 = 12.
10f ii When 𝑡 = 2, the displacement is increasing at a certain rate. Another 𝑡-value,

where the velocity is similar is 𝑡 = 10.
10g The velocity function is shown below:
𝑡-intecepts are (3, 0) and (9, 0) because the velocity is zero (turning points in
the displacement function) at 𝑡 = 3 and 𝑡 = 9.
The acceleration function is shown below:
𝑥-intercept is (6, 0) because it is assumed to be the point of inflection.
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
11a 𝑣 = 4 × − sin ( 4 𝑡) × 4 = −𝜋 sin ( 4 𝑡)
𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑎 = −𝜋 cos ( 4 𝑡) × 4 = − 4 𝜋 2 cos (4 𝑡)

11b Maximum displacement is 4 metres when 𝑡 = 0 or 𝑡 = 8 seconds.

Maximum velocity is 𝜋 m/s when 𝑡 = 0 or 𝑡 = 8 seconds.
𝜋2
Maximum acceleration is m/s2 when 𝑡 = 4 seconds.
4
11c The particle travels 8 metres every 4 seconds. Therefore, it travels 8 × 5 = 40

metres in the first 20 seconds.
40
The average velocity in this time interval is 20 = 2 m/s
1 𝜋 4 𝜋 1
11d When 𝑡 = 1 3 , 𝑥 = 4 cos (4 × (3)) = 4 cos (3 ) = 4 × 2 = 2 metres.
2 𝜋 20 5𝜋 1
When 𝑡 = 6 3 , 𝑥 = 4 cos (4 × ( 3 )) = 4 cos ( 3 ) = 4 × 2 = 2 metres.
𝜋 𝜋
11e i 𝑣 = −𝜋 sin ( 4 𝑡) = 0 when sin ( 4 𝑡) = 0 or 𝑡 = 0, 𝑡 = 4 and 𝑡 = 8
𝜋
11e ii 𝑣 > 0 when −𝜋 sin (4 𝑡) > 0 or when 4 < 𝑡 < 8.
12a Height of the oscillating particle is 𝑥 = 6 sin 2𝑡 cm

v = 6 × 2 × cos 2𝑡 = 12 cos2𝑡
𝑥̈ = 12 × (−2 sin2𝑡) = −24 sin2𝑡

12b 𝑥̈ = −24 sin 2𝑡

𝑥̈ = −4 × 6 sin 2𝑡 = −4𝑥
Comparing with 𝑥̈ = −𝑘𝑥, 𝑘 = 4
𝜋
12c i Particle is at origin when x = 0, i.e., when 𝑡 = 0 , or 𝜋
2
𝜋 3𝜋
12c ii Particle is stationary when v = 0, i.e., when 𝑡 = or
4 4
𝜋
12c iii Particle is at origin when 𝑥̈ = 0, i.e., when 𝑡 = 0 , or 𝜋
2
𝜋
12d i The particle is below the origin when 𝑥 < 0, i.e., when < 𝑡 < 𝜋
2

𝜋 3𝜋
12d ii The particle is moving downwards when 𝑣 < 0. That is, when < 𝑡 <
4 4
𝜋
12d iii The particle is accelerating downwards when 𝑥̈ < 0. That is, when 0 < 𝑡 < 2 .
12e i Substitute 𝑥 = 3 in the equation 𝑥 = 6 sin 2𝑡

3 = 6 sin 2𝑡
1
2𝑡 = sin−1
2
𝜋
∴𝑡=
12
12e ii Substitute 𝑣 = 6 in the equation 𝑣 = 12 cos 2𝑡

6 = 12 cos 2𝑡
1
2𝑡 = cos−1
2
𝜋
∴𝑡=
6
13a i The particle is below the origin when 0 ≤ 𝑡 < 8.
13a ii The particle is moving downwards when 0 < 𝑡 < 4 and when 𝑡 > 12, because
the particle is travelling in the negative direction in these intervals.
13a iii The particle is accelerating downwards roughly when 8 < 𝑡 < 16 , because the
graph is concave down in this interval.
13b The speed of the particle is greatest at about 𝑡 = 8, because the rate of
change in the distance travelled is the steepest at 𝑡 = 8.

13c i As shown below, at about 𝑡 = 5, 11 and 13, the distance from the origin is the
same as at 𝑡 = 3.
13c ii At 𝑡 = 13 and 𝑡 = 20, the velocity is close to the velocity at 𝑡 = 3,

because the slopes of the tangent lines are approximately the same where 𝑡 = 3
𝑡 = 13 and 𝑡 = 20.
𝑋𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 −𝑋𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 5−(−5) 10

13d 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = = = 1.25
𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 −𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 12−4 8
Velocity is vectoral and is positive in the interval 4 < 𝑡 < 12.

The velocity of the particle increases from zero to a certain number and then
decreases back to zero. Therefore, the instantaneous velocity is equal to
1.25 m/s twice, in the interval 4 < 𝑡 < 12.
13e The particle travels, 2 units in 0 < 𝑡 < 4, 10 units in 4 < 𝑡 < 12,
approximately 5 units in 𝑡 > 12. Therefore, the total distance travelled will
eventually be approximately 17 units.
13f The initial velocity is negative because the particle is moving in the negative
direction initially, the graph will cut the 𝑥-axis at (4, 0) and (12, 0), the velocity is
maximum at 𝑡 = 8 because the rate of change in distance is the highest at 𝑡 = 8

and the velocity eventually gets close to zero.
14a 𝑥̇ = −12 × (−0.5) × 𝑒 −0.5𝑡 = 6𝑒 −0.5𝑡

𝑥̈ = 6 × (−0.5) × 𝑒 −0.5𝑡 = −3𝑒 −0.5𝑡
14b The stone is travelling downwards (downwards is positive here)
14c As 𝑡 → ∞, 𝑥 → 12 metres below ground level, 𝑣 → 0 m/min and 𝑎 → 0 m/min2
1
14d 𝑒 −0.5𝑡 = 2
1
−0.5𝑡 = log 𝑒 (2) = −0.693147
𝑡 = 1.38629 minutes
The initial speed of the stone is, 𝑥̇ = 6𝑒 −0.5×(0) = 6 m/min and the speed at
𝑡 = 1.38629 is 𝑥̇ = 6𝑒 −0.5×(1.38629) = 3 m/min. Therefore, the velocity of the

1
stone when 𝑒 −0.5𝑡 = 2 is half of its initial velocity.
The initial acceleration of the stone is, 𝑥̈ = −3𝑒 −0.5×(0) = −3 m/min2 and the
acceleration at 𝑡 = 1.386 29 is 𝑥̈ = −3𝑒 −0.5×(1.38629 ) = −1.5 m/min2. Therefore,

1
the acceleration of the stone when 𝑒 −0.5𝑡 = 2 is half of its initial acceleration.
14e 𝑥 = 12 − 12𝑒 −0.5×(18) ≑ 11.9985 metres when 𝑡 = 18 minutes.

11.9985 metres = 11 998.5 mm. Therefore, when 𝑡 = 18 minutes, the stone is
within 2 mm of its final position which is 12000 mm from the ground level.

𝑥 = 12 − 12𝑒 −0.5×(19) ≑ 11.9991 metres when 𝑡 = 19 minutes.

11.9991 metres = 11 999.1 mm. Therefore, when 𝑡 = 19 minutes, the stone is
within 1 mm of its final position which is 12000 mm from the ground level.
15a The instantaneous length of 𝑃𝐴 that depends on the angle 𝜃 can be calculated by
the cosine theorem.
𝑃𝐴2 = 𝑟 2 + (2𝑟)2 − 𝑟 × (2𝑟) × cos 𝜃
𝑃𝐴2 = 5𝑟 2 − 4𝑟 2 cos 𝜃
𝑃𝐴2 = 𝑟 2 (5 − 4 cos 𝜃)
𝑃𝐴 = 𝑟√5 − 4 cos 𝜃
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑟 is the distance 𝑥 that the mass 𝑀 has been pulled.
Therefore, 𝑥 = 𝑟√5 − 4 cos 𝜃 − 𝑟 or 𝑥 = −𝑟 + 𝑟√5 − 4 cos 𝜃

The minimum value of 𝑥 is 0 when cos 𝜃 = 1 and the maximum value is
2𝑟 when cos 𝜃 = −1. Therefore, the range of 𝑥 is [0, 2𝑟]
𝑑𝑥 4 sin 𝜃 2𝑟 sin 𝜃
15b i =𝑟× =
𝑑𝜃 2√5−4 cos 𝜃 √5−4 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑥
> 0 when sin 𝜃 > 0 or 0 < 𝜃 < 𝜋.
𝑑𝜃
Therefore, 𝑀 is travelling upwards when 0 < 𝜃 < 𝜋
𝑑𝑥
15b ii < 0 when sin 𝜃 < 0 or 𝜋 < 𝜃 < 2𝜋.
𝑑𝜃
Therefore, 𝑀 is travelling downwards when 𝜋 < 𝜃 < 2𝜋

15c
2 sin 𝜃
2𝑟 cos 𝜃 √5 − 4 cos 𝜃 − 2𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑑2𝑥 √5 − 4 cos 𝜃
=
𝑑𝜃 2 5 − 4 cos 𝜃
2𝑟 cos 𝜃 (5 − 4 cos 𝜃) − 4𝑟 sin2 𝜃
= 3
(5 − 4 cos 𝜃)2
2𝑟(5 cos 𝜃 − 4 cos 2 𝜃 − 2𝑟 sin2 𝜃)
= 3
(5 − 4 cos 𝜃)2
2𝑟(5 cos 𝜃 − 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 2)
= 3
(5 − 4 cos 𝜃)2
2𝑟(2 cos 2 𝜃 − 5 cos 𝜃 + 2)
=− 3
(5 − 4 cos 𝜃)2
𝑑2 𝑥
= 0 when
𝑑𝜃2
2 cos 2 𝜃 − 5 cos 𝜃 + 2 = 0
(2 cos 𝜃 − 1)(cos 𝜃 − 2) = 0 (cos 𝜃 ≠ 2 for any value of 𝜃)
1 𝜋 5𝜋
cos 𝜃 = 2 or when 𝜃 = 3 or 𝜃 = 3
𝜃 𝜋 5𝜋
3 3
𝑑2 𝑥 + 0 − 0 +
𝑑𝜃 2
𝑑𝑥 / Maximum \ Minimum /
𝑑𝜃 turning turning
point point
𝜋
𝜋 𝑑𝑥 2𝑟 sin 𝑟√3
3
Therefore, the speed is maximum when 𝜃 = and it is 𝑑𝜃 = = =𝑟
3 𝜋 √3
√5−4 cos
3
5𝜋
5𝜋 𝑑𝑥 2𝑟 sin −𝑟√3
3
and the speed is minimum when 𝜃 = and it is 𝑑𝜃 = = = −𝑟
3 5𝜋 √3
√5−4 cos
3

𝜋 5𝜋
15d When 𝜃 = 3 or 𝜃 = , ∠𝐴𝑃𝐶 is a right angle, so 𝐴𝑃 is a tangent to the circle. At
3
these places, 𝑃 is moving directly towards 𝐴 or directly away from 𝐴, and so the
distance 𝐴𝑃 is changing at the maximum rate. Again because 𝐴𝑃 is a tangent,
𝑑𝑥
at these points must equal the rate of change of arc length with respect to 𝜃,
𝑑𝜃
𝜋 5𝜋
which is 𝑟 or −𝑟 when 𝜃 = or respectively.
3 3
16 The velocity of the particle on the inclined surface is 𝑣 = 6 − 2𝑡 and the initial
velocity is 𝑣 = 6 when 𝑡 = 0. The vertical velocity is 𝑣𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 6 sin 𝛼 − 𝑔𝑡
where g is the gravitational acceleration and 𝑡 is time.
Since 𝑣 = 0 when 𝑡 = 3, 𝑣𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 6 sin 𝛼 − 𝑔𝑡 = 0 when 𝑡 = 3.
Therefore,
6 sin 𝛼 − 𝑔 × 3 = 0
6 sin 𝛼 = 3𝑔
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 𝑔 ≑ 0.204 08, 𝛼 ≑ 11° 47 ′

1a 𝑥 = ∫(3𝑡 2 − 6𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 2 + 𝐶
If 𝑥 = 4 when 𝑡 = 0 then (0)3 − 3(0)2 + 𝐶 = 4 and 𝐶 = 4
Therefore, 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 2 + 4
1b 𝑥 = (2)3 − 3(2)2 + 4 = 0. Therefore, the particle is at the origin when 𝑡 = 2 and

𝑣 = 3(2)2 − 6 × (2) = 0 m/s when the particle is at the origin.
1c If 𝑣 = 3𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 then 𝑎 = 6𝑡 − 6.
1d 𝑎 = 6 × (1) − 6 = 0 m/s2 when 𝑡 = 1.

𝑥 = (1)3 − 3(1)2 + 4 = 2 m
2a If 𝑎 = 10 then 𝑣 = ∫ 10 𝑑𝑡 = 10𝑡 + 𝐶. Since 𝑣 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0, 𝐶 = 0.

Therefore, 𝑣 = 10𝑡
If 𝑣 = 10𝑡 then 𝑥 = ∫ 10𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 5𝑡 2 + 𝐶. Since 𝑥 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0, 𝐶 = 0.
Therefore, 𝑥 = 5𝑡 2
2b If 𝑥 = 5𝑡 2 = 80 then 𝑡 = 4. Therefore, it takes 4 seconds the particle to fall

80 metres. Hence, |𝑣| = |10 × (4)| = 40 m/s when 𝑡 = 4 seconds.
2c 𝑥 = 5(2)2 = 20 metres. Therefore, the particle is 80 − 20 = 40 metres above the

ground when it is halfway through its flight time and its speed is
𝑣 = 10 × 2 = 20 m/s.
2d 𝑥 = 5(𝑡)2 = 40 when 𝑡 = 2√2. Therefore, it takes 2√2 seconds the particle to
travel halfway and 𝑣 = 10 × (2√2) = 20√2 m/s when 𝑡 = 2√2.

3a 𝑎 = −10 then 𝑣 = ∫ −10 𝑑𝑡 = −10𝑡 + 𝐶.

Given that 𝑣 = −25 when 𝑡 = 0,
−25 = −10 × (0) + 𝐶 and 𝐶 = −25.
Therefore, 𝑣 = −10𝑡 − 25
Then 𝑥 = ∫(−10𝑡 − 25)𝑑𝑡 = −5𝑡 2 − 25𝑡 + 𝐶.
Given that 𝑥 = 120 when 𝑡 = 0,
120 = −5(0)2 − 25 × (0) + 𝐶 and 𝐶 = 120.
Therefore, 𝑥 = −5𝑡 2 − 25𝑡 + 120.
3b 𝑥 = −5𝑡 2 − 25𝑡 + 120 = −5(𝑡 + 8)(𝑡 − 3) = 0

Therefore, 𝑡 = 3 seconds when the particle reaches the ground.
3c |𝑣| = |−10 × (3) − 25| = 55 m/s when it hits the ground.
𝑥3 −𝑥0 120−0
3d |𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 | = | |=| | = 40 m/s
3−0 3
4a i 𝑥̇ = 3𝑡 2 + 𝐶 and initial velocity is zero, then 𝐶 = 0. Therefore, 𝑥̇ = 3𝑡 2 . Hence,

the displacement function is 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 + 𝐶 and since displacement is zero when
𝑡 = 0, 𝐶 = 0. Therefore, the displacement function is: 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 .
1 1
4a ii 𝑥̇ = − 3 𝑒 −3𝑡 + 𝐶 and initial velocity is zero, then 𝐶 = 3.
1 1
Therefore, 𝑥̇ = − 3 𝑒 −3𝑡 + 3.
1 𝑡
Hence, the displacement function is 𝑥 = 9 𝑒 −3𝑡 + 3 + 𝐶 and since displacement is
1
zero when 𝑡 = 0, 𝐶 = − 9.
1 𝑡 1
Therefore, the displacement function is 𝑥 = 9 𝑒 −3𝑡 + 3 − 9.

sin(𝜋𝑡)
4a iii 𝑥̇ = + 𝐶 and initial velocity is zero, then 𝐶 = 0.
𝜋
sin(𝜋𝑡)
Therefore, 𝑥̇ = .
𝜋
1
Hence, the displacement function is 𝑥 = − 𝜋2 cos(𝜋𝑡) + 𝐶 and since
1
displacement is zero when 𝑡 = 0, 𝐶 = 𝜋2.
1 1
Therefore, the displacement function is 𝑥 = − 𝜋2 cos(𝜋𝑡) + 𝜋2
4a iv 𝑥̇ = −12(𝑡 + 1)−1 + 𝐶 and initial velocity is zero, then 𝐶 = 12.

Therefore, 𝑥̇ = −12(𝑡 + 1)−1 + 12.
Hence, the displacement function is 𝑥 = −12 log 𝑒 (𝑡 + 1) + 12𝑡 + 𝐶 and since
displacement is zero when 𝑡 = 0, 𝐶 = 0. Therefore, the displacement function is:
𝑥 = −12 log 𝑒 (𝑡 + 1) + 12𝑡.
4b i If 𝑣 = −4 then 𝑎 = 0
and 𝑥 = ∫ −4 𝑑𝑡 = −4𝑡 + 𝐶.
Since 𝑥 = −2 when 𝑡 = 0, −4 × (0) + 𝐶 = −2 and 𝐶 = −2.
Therefore, 𝑥 = −4𝑡 − 2.
1 1
1
4b ii If 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑡 then 𝑎 = 2 𝑒 2𝑡
1
1 𝑡 1
𝑡 𝑒2
and 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 2 1 + 𝑐 = 2𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝐶.
2
1
Since 𝑥 = −2 when 𝑡 = 0, 2𝑒 2×(0) + 𝐶 = −2 and 𝐶 = −4.
1
Therefore, 𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑡 − 4.

4b iii If 𝑣 = 8 sin 2𝑡 then 𝑎 = 16 cos 2𝑡

− cos 2𝑡
and 𝑥 = ∫ 8 sin 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 8 × ( ) + 𝐶 = −4 cos 2𝑡 + 𝐶
2
Since 𝑥 = −2 when 𝑡 = 0, −4 cos(2 × (0)) + 𝐶 = −2 and 𝐶 = 2.
Therefore, 𝑥 = −4 cos 2𝑡 + 2
1
1 1
4b iv If 𝑣 = √𝑡 then 𝑎 = 2 or 𝑎 = 2 𝑡 −2
√ 𝑡
3
1
𝑡2 2 3
and 𝑥 = ∫ √𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑡 = 2 3 + 𝐶 = 3 𝑡2 + 𝐶
2
3
2
Since 𝑥 = −2 when 𝑡 = 0, 3 (0)2 + 𝐶 = −2 and 𝑐 = −2.
2 3
Therefore, 𝑥 = 3 𝑡 2 − 2
5a 𝑥̇ = 6𝑡 2 + 𝐶. Since 𝑥̇ = −24 when 𝑡 = 0, 𝐶 = −24.

Therefore, 𝑥̇ = 6𝑡 2 − 24
𝑥 = 2𝑡 3 − 24𝑡 + 𝐶 and since 𝑥 = 20 when 𝑡 = 0, 𝐶 = 20
𝑥 = 2𝑡 3 − 24𝑡 + 20
5b 𝑥 = 2𝑡 3 − 24𝑡 + 20 = 0 when 𝑡 = 2√3. Its speed at that time is:

2
𝑥̇ = 6(2√3) − 24 = 48 m/s
5c 𝑥̇ = 6𝑡 2 − 24 = 0 when 𝑡 = 2. Therefore, the minimum displacement occurs

when 𝑡 = 2 and the displacement at 𝑡 = 2 is
𝑥 = 2(2)3 − 24(2) + 20 = −12 metres.

5d
6a 4 < 𝑡 < 14 (when 𝑥̇ > 0)
6b 0 < 𝑡 < 10 (when the function is increasing)
6c 𝑡 = 14
6d 𝑡 = 14 (Starts going in the negative direction at 𝑡 = 10)
6e 𝑡≑8
6f The graph of acceleration

The graph of displacement
7a 𝑎 = 2 then 𝑣 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑡 + 𝐶.
Since the car is initially at rest, 𝑣 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0.
Hence, 2 × (0) + 𝐶 = 0 then 𝑐 = 0.
Therefore, 𝑣1 = 2𝑡 (where 𝑣1 is the speed in the first 10 seconds)
The speed at the end of first 10 seconds is |𝑣| = |2 × 10| = 20 m/s
Since the car does not accelerate the following 30 seconds, its speed remains
constant. Therefore, the speed of the car when 𝑡 = 20 is 20 m/s.
7b i 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑣1 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 2 + 𝐶
Since the car is initially at the front gate of the house, 𝑥 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0.
(0)2 + 𝐶 = 0 then 𝐶 = 0. Thus, 𝑥 = 𝑡 2
Therefore, 𝑥 = (10)2 = 100 metres when 𝑡 = 10 seconds.
7b ii The car travels with 𝑣 = 20𝑡 the next 30 seconds.

Therefore, it travels 20 × 30 = 600 metres, as 𝑥 = 𝑣 × 𝑡.
7b iii The velocity of the car at the end of

the first 40 seconds is 𝑣 = 20 m/s.
When the car starts decelerating, it has an initial velocity of 𝑣 = 20 m/s.
Hence, 𝑣 = ∫ −1 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑡 + 𝐶 and 𝐶 = 20.
Therefore, 𝑣 = −𝑡 + 20 after the 40th second.
𝑡2
If 𝑣 = −𝑡 + 20 then 𝑥 = ∫(−𝑡 + 20) 𝑑𝑡 = − + 20𝑡 + 𝐶 is the displacement
2

function of the last 20 seconds.

Hence, the displacement between 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 20 is:
(20)2 (0)2
(− + 20 × (20) + 𝐶) − (− + 20 × (0) + 𝐶) = 200 metres.
2 2
7c The graph of acceleration is:
The car accelerates with 𝑎 = 2 m/s2 the first ten seconds, does not accelerate the
next 30 and decelerates with 𝑎 = −1 m/s2 in the last 20 minutes.
The graph of velocity is:
The car reaches 20 m/s velocity by the end of the first 10 seconds, then the
velocity remains constant for 30 seconds and then decelerates until the velocity
is 0 again, which takes 20 more seconds.

The graph of displacement is:
As shown in 13b, the car accelerates and travels 100 metres the first ten seconds,
then the velocity remains constant and travels 600 metres, and finally
decelerates and travels a distance of 200 metres.
8a 𝑥̈ = −4 cm/s2 and 𝑥 = 16𝑡 − 2𝑡 2 + 𝐶
8b 𝑥 = 𝐶 when 𝑡 = 0. The particle is at 𝑥 = 𝐶 initially. It is again at 𝑥 = 𝐶,

when 𝑡 = 8. (16𝑡 − 2𝑡 2 = 2𝑡(8 − 𝑡) and 2𝑡(8 − 𝑡) = 0 when 𝑡 = 0 or 𝑡 = 8)
Its speed when it is at 𝑥 = 8 is |𝑥̇ | = |16 − 4 × 8| = |−16| = 16 cm/s
8c 𝑥̇ = 16 − 4𝑡 = 0 when 𝑡 = 4. Therefore, the particle is stationary when 𝑡 = 4.

Maximum distance right is 32 cm when 𝑡 = 4, maximum distance left is 40 cm
when 𝑡 = 10. The acceleration is −4 cm/s2 at all times.
4 10
8d distance travelled= ∫0 (16𝑡 − 2𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫4 (16𝑡 − 2𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 104 cm
total distance travelled 104
Average speed = = = 10.4 cm/s
time taken 10
9a 𝑣 = 4𝑡(𝑡 − 3)(𝑡 − 6) = 0 when 𝑡 = 0, 𝑡 = 3 or 𝑡 = 6 seconds. The mouse turns

back to its hole when 𝑡 = 6 seconds and its velocity is zero in the hole.

9b 𝑥 = ∫(4𝑡 3 − 36𝑡 2 + 72𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 4 − 12𝑡 3 + 36𝑡 2 + 𝑐

Since 𝑥 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0, 𝑐 = 0.
Therefore, 𝑥 = 𝑡 4 − 12𝑡 3 + 36𝑡 2
The maximum distance of the mouse from the whole is
𝑥 = (3)4 − 12(3)3 + 36(3)2 = 81 cm.
The distance the mouse travels in 6 seconds is then 2 × 81 = 162 cm.
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 162
The average speed is |𝑉𝐴𝑣𝑒 | = | |=| | = 27 cm/s
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 6
𝑑(4𝑡 3 −36𝑡 2 +72𝑡)

9c 𝑥̈ = = 12𝑡 2 − 72𝑡 + 72 = 12(𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 6) and
𝑑𝑡
𝑥̈ = 0 when 12(𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 6) = 0 or
when 𝑡 = 3 + √3 or 𝑡 = 3 − √3
𝑡 3 − √3 3 + √3
𝑥̈ + 0 − 0 +
𝑣 / Maximum \ Minimum /
turning turning
point point
The maximum velocity is reached when 𝑡 = 3 − √3 and it is
𝑣 = 4(3 − √3) ((3 − √3) − 3) ((3 − √3) − 6) = 24√3 cm/s
9d The graphs of 𝑥, 𝑣 and 𝑥̈ are all unchanged by reflection in 𝑡 = 3, but the mouse
would be running backwards!
1
10a 𝑥̈ = 𝑘𝑡 then 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑘𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 𝑘𝑡 2 + 𝐶.
Since (1, −6) and (2, 3) are on the graph of 𝑣,

1 1
−6 = 2 𝑘(1)2 + 𝐶 and 3 = 2 𝑘(2)2 + 𝐶 . Solving these two equations together,

1 1
−6 − 2 𝑘(1)2 = 3 − 2 𝑘(2)2
𝑘
−6 − 2 = 3 − 2𝑘
𝑘
2𝑘 − 2 = 9
3𝑘
=9
2
1
𝑘 = 6 and substituting the value of 𝑘 in 3 = 2 𝑘(2)2 + 𝐶,
1
3 = 2 (6)(2)2 + 𝐶
𝐶 = −9
Therefore, 𝑥̈ = 6𝑡 and 𝑣 = 3𝑡 2 − 9
10b 𝑥 = ∫(3𝑡 2 − 9) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 3 − 9𝑡 + 𝐶1
1
11 𝑥=∫ 𝑑𝑡 = log 𝑒 (𝑡 + 1) + 𝐶
𝑡+1
Given that 𝑥 = −1 when 𝑡 = 0,
log 𝑒 ((0) + 1) + 𝐶 = −1 and 𝐶 = −1
Therefore, 𝑥 = log 𝑒 (𝑡 + 1) − 1
𝑑𝑣 𝑑((𝑡+1)−1 ) 1
𝑎= = = −(𝑡 + 1)−2 = − (𝑡+1)2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
11 𝑥 = 0 when log 𝑒 (𝑡 + 1) − 1 = 0 or 𝑡 + 1 = 𝑒 or 𝑡 = 𝑒 − 1
Therefore, 𝑥 = 0 when 𝑡 = 𝑒 − 1.
1 1
𝑣 = (𝑒−1)+1 = 𝑒 when 𝑡 = 𝑒 − 1
1 1
𝑎=− 2 = − 𝑒 2 when 𝑡 = 𝑒 − 1
((𝑒−1)+1)

11 As 𝑡 → ∞ , 𝑥 → ∞ because 𝑥 = log 𝑒 (𝑡 + 1) − 1 is increasing when 𝑡 > 0,

1
𝑣 → 0 because 𝑣 = 𝑡+1 is decreasing when 𝑡 > 0 and has a horizontal asymptote
1
at 𝑦 = 0, 𝑎 → 0 because 𝑎 = − (𝑡+1)2 is decreasing when 𝑡 > 0 and has a
horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 0.
Therefore, the velocity and acceleration approach zero, but the particle moves to
infinity.
𝑒 −2𝑡
12a 𝑥̇ = ∫ −40 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −40 × + 𝑐 = 20𝑒 −2𝑡 + 𝐶
−2
Since the initial velocity is 𝑥̇ = 15 m/s, 20𝑒 −2×(0) + 𝐶 = 15 when 𝑡 = 0, 𝐶 = −5

Therefore, 𝑥̇ = 20𝑒 −2𝑡 − 5.
𝑒 −2𝑡
𝑥 = ∫(20𝑒 −2𝑡 − 5) 𝑑𝑡 = 20 × − 5𝑡 + 𝐶 = −10𝑒 −2𝑡 − 5𝑡 + 𝐶
−2
Since the body is initially at the origin, 𝑥 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0
Then −10𝑒 −2×(0) − 5 × (0) + 𝐶 = 0 and 𝐶 = 10

Therefore, 𝑥 = −10𝑒 −2𝑡 − 5𝑡 + 10
The body is stationary when its velocity is zero and 𝑥̇ = 20𝑒 −2𝑡 − 5 = 0 when
1
𝑒 −2𝑡 = 4
1
−2𝑡 = log 𝑒 (4)
−2𝑡 = log 𝑒 (2−2 )

−2𝑡 = −2 × log 𝑒 2 or
𝑡 = log 𝑒 2 seconds.
12b When 𝑡 = log 𝑒 2 seconds,

1
𝑥 = −10𝑒 −2×(log𝑒 2) − 5 × (log 𝑒 2) + 10 = 7 2 − 5 log 𝑒 2
𝑥̈ = −40𝑒 −2×(log𝑒 2) = −10 m/s2 (which is 10 m/s2 downwards)
12c As 𝑡 → ∞, 𝑥̇ → −5 m/s (which is 5 m/s downwards) because as 𝑡 → ∞, 𝑒 −2𝑡 → 0.

13a 𝑣 = ∫ −2 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −2 × sin 𝑡 + 𝑐

Given that 𝑣 = 1 m/s when 𝑡 = 0 seconds, −2 × sin(0) + 𝑐 = 1 and 𝑐 = 1.
Therefore, 𝑣 = −2 sin 𝑡 + 1 or 𝑣 = 1 − 2 sin 𝑡
𝑥 = ∫(−2 sin 𝑡 + 1) 𝑑𝑡 = −2 × (− cos 𝑡) + 𝑡 + 𝐶
Given that 𝑥 = 2 metres when 𝑡 = 0 seconds,
−2 × (− cos(0)) + (0) + 𝐶 = 2 and 𝐶 = 0
Therefore, 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑡 + 𝑡 or 𝑥 = 𝑡 + 2 cos 𝑡
𝜋 3𝜋
13b 𝑎 = −2 cos 𝑡 and 𝑎 > 0 when cos 𝑡 < 0 which is when 2 < 𝑡 < 2
𝜋 3𝜋
Therefore, the acceleration is positive when 2 < 𝑡 < 2
13c The particle is stationary when the velocity is zero. 𝑣 = 1 − 2 sin 𝑡 = 0 when
1
sin 𝑡 = 2. Hence, the particle is stationary when
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑡 = 6 , when 𝑥 = 6 + 2 cos ( 6 ) = 6 + √3
5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
or = , when 𝑥 = + 2 cos ( 6 ) = − √3
6 6 6
𝑑𝑣
13d The maximum and minimum velocity of the particle is when 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝜋 3𝜋
Thus, 𝑎 = −2 cos 𝑡 = 0 when cos 𝑡 = 0 or 𝑡 = or 𝑡 =
2 2
𝑡 𝜋 3𝜋
2 2
𝑎 − 0 + 0 −
𝑣 \ Minimum / Maximum \
𝜋 𝜋
Therefore, the minimum velocity is 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1 − 2 sin (2 ) = −1 m/s when 𝑡 = 2
3𝜋 3𝜋
and the maximum velocity is 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin ( 2 ) = 3 m/s when 𝑡 = seconds
2

20 20
14a 𝑣𝑇 = and 𝑣𝐻 = 5 then 𝑣𝑇 = (0)+1
= 20 and 𝑣𝐻 = 5.
𝑡+1
Therefore, initially, 𝑣𝑇 is 15 m/s faster than 𝑣𝐻 .
20
14b 𝑥𝑇 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = 20 log 𝑒 (𝑡 + 1)+𝐶1 and (0, 0) is on 𝑥𝑇 .
𝑡+1
Therefore, 𝑥𝑇 = 20 log 𝑒 (𝑡 + 1)
𝑥𝐻 = ∫ 5 𝑑𝑡 = 5𝑡 + 𝐶2 and (0, 0) is on 𝑥𝐻 . Therefore, 𝑥𝐻 = 5𝑡
14c 𝑥𝑇 = 𝑥𝐻 or 20 log 𝑒 (𝑡 + 1) = 5𝑡 when 𝑡 = 9.346 65 seconds which is during the

10th second.
20 20
By the end of this second (9.346 65), 𝑡 = 10 seconds and 𝑣𝑇 = (10)+1
= 11 m/s
and 𝑣𝐻 = 5. Therefore, the trains are drawing apart from each other by
20 2
5 − 11 = 3 11 m/s
14d 𝑥𝑇 − 𝑥𝐻 = 20 log 𝑒 (𝑡 + 1) − 5𝑡 is the distance function. To find the time when the
distance between the trains is the maximum, the roots of the first derivative
should be found.
𝑑(𝑥𝑇 −𝑥𝐻 ) 20
= 𝑡+1 − 5 = 0 when 𝑡 = 3 seconds.
𝑑𝑡
𝑡 3
𝑑(𝑥𝑇 − 𝑥𝐻 ) + 0 −
𝑑𝑡
Distance / Maximum \
turning
point
As shown in the table above, the maximum distance between the trains is
𝑥𝑇 − 𝑥𝐻 = 20 log 𝑒 ((3) + 1) − 5(3) = 12.7259 ≑ 13 m when 𝑡 = 3 seconds.

15a The initial distance between the ball and the stone is 180 metres and the
1 1
distance travelled by the ball is 𝑥𝑏 = 2 𝑔𝑡 2 or 𝑥𝑏 = 2 × 10 × 𝑡 2 = 5𝑡 2
Since the ball is dropped from 180 metres, it takes 6 seconds for the ball to travel
this distance, because 180 = 5𝑡 2 then 𝑡 = 6 seconds. At the time when they
collide, their height from the ground is the same.
Let the height of the ball be ℎ𝑏 then ℎ𝑏 = 180 − 5𝑡 2
Let the height of the stone be ℎ𝑠 then ℎ𝑠 = 𝑉𝑡 − 5𝑡 2
Thus, 180 − 5𝑡 2 = 𝑉𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 and 180 = 𝑉𝑡.
Since the maximum value of 𝑡 = 6 seconds, the minimum value of 𝑉 = 30 m/s.
Therefore, 𝑉 ≥ 30 m/s and 𝑉 is the speed of the collusion.
180
In terms of 𝑉, they collide when 𝑡 = (because 180 = 𝑉𝑡 as shown above)
𝑉
180 180 2 180

And when 𝑡 = , the height is ℎ𝑏 = 180 − 5 ( ) = (𝑉 2 − 900)
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉2
15b Since they collide halfway up the cliff,

180 2
ℎ𝑏 = 180 − 5 ( ) = 90 and 𝑉 = 30√2 m/s
𝑉
180 2
5( ) = 90
𝑉
180 2
( ) = 18
𝑉
and 𝑉 = 30√2 m/s

180 180
Therefore, when 𝑉 = 30√2 m/s and 𝑡 = , 𝑡 = 30√2 = 3√2 seconds.
𝑉
𝑑𝑣
16a 𝑥̈ = = −10 − 2𝑣
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 1
= −10−2𝑣
𝑑𝑣
1
𝑑𝑡 = −10−2𝑣 × 𝑑𝑣
−1
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 10+2𝑣 𝑑𝑣
1
𝑡 = − 2 × log 𝑒 (2𝑣 + 10) + 𝐶

1 1
𝑣 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0 then 0 = − 2 × log 𝑒 (2 × 0 + 10) + 𝐶 and 𝐶 = 2 log 𝑒 10
1 1
Therefore, 𝑡 = − 2 log 𝑒 (2𝑣 + 10) + 2 log 𝑒 10
1 1 1 10
𝑡 = 2 log 𝑒 10 − 2 log 𝑒 (2𝑣 + 10) and 𝑡 = 2 (log 𝑒 2𝑣+10)
10 10
Hence, 2𝑡 = (log 𝑒 2𝑣+10) and 𝑒 2𝑡 = 2𝑣+10
2𝑣 + 10 = 10𝑒 −2𝑡
2𝑣 = 10𝑒 −2𝑡 − 10
𝑣 = 5𝑒 −2𝑡 − 5 = 5(𝑒 −2𝑡 − 1)
𝑒 −2𝑡
If 𝑣 = 5(𝑒 −2𝑡 − 1) then 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑡 = 5 ∫(𝑒 −2𝑡 − 1) 𝑑𝑡 and 𝑥 = 5 ( −2 − 𝑡) + 𝐶
𝑒 −2×0 5
Since 𝑥 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0, 0 = 5 ( − 0) + 𝐶 and 𝐶 = 2
−2
𝑒 −2𝑡 5 5
Therefore, 𝑥 = 5 ( −2 − 𝑡) + 2 = 2 (1 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 ) − 5𝑡
16b lim 5(𝑒 −2𝑡 − 1) = 5(0 − 1) = −5 m/s.

𝑡→∞
Therefore, the speed gradually increases with limit 5 m/s (the terminal velocity).
17a i 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝐶
Since the initial velocity of the particle is 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝑢 when 𝑡 = 0.
Hence, 𝑣 = 𝑎 × (0) + 𝐶 = 𝑢 and 𝐶 = 𝑢.
Therefore, 𝑣 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑢 or 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑎𝑡 2
17a ii 𝑠 = ∫(𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑢𝑡 + +𝐶
2
𝑎×(0)2
Since 𝑠 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0, 𝑠 = 𝑢 × (0) + + 𝐶 = 0 and 𝐶 = 0.
2
1
Therefore, 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2

17a iii 𝑣 2 = (𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡)2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑢𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎2 𝑡 2

1 1
= 𝑢2 + 2𝑎 (𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 ) (𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 from 18b)
= 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
18a 𝑥1 = ∫ 𝑣1 𝑑𝑡 = ∫(6 + 2𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 6𝑡 + 𝑡 2 + 𝐶1

Since 𝑃1 is at 𝑥 = 2 when 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥1 = 6 × (0) + (0)2 + 𝐶1 = 2
𝐶1 = 2 and 𝑥1 = 2 + 6𝑡 + 𝑡 2
𝑥2 = ∫ 𝑣2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫(4 − 2𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 4𝑡 − 𝑡 2 + 𝐶2
Since 𝑃2 is at 𝑥 = 1 when 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥2 = 4 × (0) − (0)2 + 𝐶2 = 1
𝐶2 = 1 and 𝑥2 = 1 + 4𝑡 − 𝑡 2
𝐷 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = 2 + 6𝑡 + 𝑡 2 − (1 + 4𝑡 − 𝑡 2 ) = 1 + 2𝑡 + 2𝑡 2
18b When particles meet, 𝐷 = 0

𝐷 = 1 − 2𝑡 + 2𝑡 2 = 0 and ∆= 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = (−2)2 − 4 × 2 × 1 = 4 − 8 = −4
Since ∆ < 0 , 𝐷 = 0 has no solution. Therefore, the particles never meet.
18c Let the distance between the midpoint between the particles and the initial
position be 𝐷𝑀 .
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 2 + 6𝑡 + 𝑡 2 + 1 + 4𝑡 − 𝑡 2 3 + 10𝑡
𝐷𝑀 = = =
2 2 2
𝑑𝐷𝑀
= 5 m/s. Therefore, the velocity of the midpoint is constant.
𝑑𝑡
3+10×3 33
When 𝑡 = 3 seconds, 𝑥1 = 2 + 6 × 3 + 32 = 29 m and 𝐷𝑀 = =
2 2
33 1
The distance between the particle and the midpoint is 29 − = 12 2 m.
2

1a 𝑉 = 20𝑡 then there will be 𝑉 = 20 × (4) = 80 tonnes of grain after 4 minutes.
1b 𝑉 = 20 × (0) = 0 when 𝑡 = 0. Therefore, the silo was empty at the beginning.
1c If the silo is filled in 18 mins then 𝑉 = 20 × (18) = 360 tonnes is its capacity.
𝑑𝑉
1d = 20. Therefore, the rate at which the silo is being filled is 20 tonnes/minute
𝑑𝑡
2
2a 𝐹 = 200(20 − (0)) = 80 000 litres when 𝑡 = 0.
2
2b 𝐹 = 200(20 − (15)) = 5000 litres when 𝑡 = 15 mins
2c 𝐹 = 200(20 − 𝑡)2 = 0 when 𝑡 = 20. Thus, it takes 20 minutes for the tank
to empty. Therefore, the domain of 𝐹 is 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 20.
𝑑𝐹
2d = 200 × 2 × (20 − 𝑡) × (−1) = −400(20 − 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐹
= −400(20 − (5)) = −6000.
𝑑𝑡
Therefore, the tank is emptying at the rate 6000 L/min when 𝑡 = 5.
𝑑𝐹
2e = −400(20 − 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡 < 20 20 𝑡 > 20
𝑑𝐹 − 0 +
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐹 𝑑𝐹
Since 𝑑𝑡 is a linear function, and 𝑑𝑡 > 0 for all values bigger than 20,
𝑑𝐹
< 0 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 20.
𝑑𝑡

The tank is emptying, so 𝐹 is decreasing.
𝑑𝑉
3a = 300 then 𝑉 = ∫ 300 𝑑𝑡 = 300𝑡 + 𝐶.
𝑑𝑡
Since the tank has 1500 L when 𝑡 = 0 minutes, 300 × (0) + 𝐶 = 1500
and 𝐶 = 1500
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉
3b 𝑉 = ( 𝑑𝑡 ) 𝑡 + 𝐶 and = 300. Therefore, 𝑘 = 300.
𝑑𝑡
3c The tank is full when 𝑉 = 6000 L and

𝑉 = 300𝑡 + 1500 = 6000 when 𝑡 = 15 mins
3d Average rate of flow

(300 × (15) + 1500) − (300 × (0) + 1500)
=
15 − 0
= 300 L/min
4a

4b
4c
4d

5a The graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 with domain 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 is shown below:
𝜋 3𝜋
sin 0 = 0, sin 𝜋 = 0, sin 2𝜋 = 0, sin 2 = 1 and sin = −1
2
𝜋
5a i 𝑦 is increasing at a decreasing rate in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝜋
5a ii 𝑦 is decreasing at an increasing rate in the interval 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
3𝜋
5a iii 𝑦 is decreasing at a decreasing rate in the interval 𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
3𝜋
5a iv 𝑦 is increasing at an increasing rate in the interval ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
2
5b i 𝑦 is concave up in the interval 𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
5b ii 𝑦 is concave down in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
1
6a ℎ = 180 (1 − 𝑒 −3𝑡 ) − 30𝑡 then
1
𝑑ℎ 1
= −180 × (− 3) × 𝑒 −3𝑡 − 30
𝑑𝑡
1
𝑑ℎ
= 60𝑒 −3𝑡 − 30
𝑑𝑡

1
𝑑ℎ
6b 𝑣= = 60𝑒 −3𝑡 − 30
𝑑𝑡
1
Then, 60𝑒 −3×(0) − 30 = 30 m/s upwards when 𝑡 = 0
1 1 1
𝑑ℎ − 𝑡 − 𝑡 1 ln( )
2
6c 𝑣= = 60𝑒 3 − 30 = 0 when 𝑒 3 = 2 or 𝑡 = 1 = 3 ln 2 seconds. Thus, the
𝑑𝑡 −
3
object reaches its maximum height ans stops for an instant at 𝑇 = 3 ln 2
Therefore,
1
(3 ln 2)
the maximum height is ℎ = 180 (1 − 𝑒 −3 ) − 30 × (3 ln 2) ≑ 27.62 m
when 𝑇 ≑ 2.079 seconds.
6d When 𝑡 = 2𝑇 = 6 ln 2,
1
(6 ln 2)
ℎ = 180 (1 − 𝑒 −3 ) − 30 × (6 ln 2) ≑ 10.23 m
1
𝑣 = 60𝑒 −3×(6 ln 2) − 30 = −15. Therefore, 15 m/s downwards.
1
6e As 𝑥 → ∞ |𝑣| = |60𝑒 −3×(∞) − 30|
1
|𝑣| = |60 × − 30|
𝑒∞
|𝑣| = |0 − 30|
|𝑣| = 30 m/s downwards.
10
7a i If 𝑅 = 10 + 1+2𝑡 then
10
𝑅 = 10 + 1+2×(2) = 12 kg/min when 𝑡 = 2 min
10 2
7a ii 𝑅 = 10 + 1+2×(7) = 10 3 kg/min when 𝑡 = 7 min
10
7b As 𝑡 ⟶ ∞, 𝑅 = 10 + 1+2×∞ = 10 kg/min

𝑑𝑅 −20
7c = −20(1 + 2𝑡)−2 = (1+2𝑡)2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑅 −20
Since (1 + 2𝑡)2 ≥ 0 for all 𝑡, = (1+2𝑡)2 < 0 for all 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑅
= 40 × (1 + 2𝑡)−3 × (2) = 80(1 + 2𝑡)−3
𝑑𝑡 2
80 𝑑2 𝑅
Since 80(1 + 2𝑡)−3 = (1+2𝑡)3 > 0 for 𝑡 ≥ 0, 𝑑𝑡 2 > 0 for 𝑡 = 0 and for all positive
values of 𝑡.
7d As it can be observed from the graph in 7e, the function is decreasing at a

decreasing rate.
7e The graph of 𝑅 starts decreasing from its initial value 20kg at 𝑡 = 0

10
(𝑅 = 10 + 1+2×(0) = 20) and decreasing at a decreasing rate while approaching
the limiting value 𝑅 = 10kg (as found in 7b).
8a 𝑀 = 9 × (0) × 𝑒 −(0) = 0 when 𝑡 = 0 and
𝑀 = 9 × (9) × 𝑒 −(9) = 0.000001 ≑ 0.0 when 𝑡 = 9

𝑑𝑀
8b = 9(𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 ) = 9𝑒 −𝑡 (1 − 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
9𝑒 −𝑡 (1 − 𝑡) = 0 when 𝑡 = 1 and 𝑀(1) = 9𝑒 −1.

Therefore, the turning point is approximately (1, 3.3)
𝑑2 𝑀
8c = 9(−𝑒 −𝑡 (1 − 𝑡) − 𝑒 −𝑡 ) = 9𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑡 − 2) and 9𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑡 − 2) = 0 when 𝑡 = 2
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑀(2) = 18𝑒 −2 . Therefore, the stationary point is approximately (2, 2.4)
8d
8e 𝑡 = 1 (refer to the graph)
𝑑𝑀
8f 𝑡 = 0 (when = 0)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑀
8g 𝑡 = 2 (when = 0)
𝑑𝑡 2
9a The graph is decreasing steeply in 2008. Therefore, the crisis was at its most
frightening in 2008.
9b The graph stops decreasing and stabilises in January 2009. Therefore, the
stationary trend around January 2009 indicates the end of the crisis.

9c In 2008, the decrease of the graph slows down (this is when the decrease has a
decreasing rate) and this may be the reason why an economist might have been
optimistic, thinking that the crisis was going to end.
9d
10a The unemployment was increasing
10b The rate of increase in unemployment was decreasing
10c
𝐴
11a 𝑁(0) = 2+𝑒 −(0) = 30000 then 𝐴 = 30000 × 3 = 9 × 105
9×105
11b 𝑁(1) = 2+𝑒 −(1) ≑ 380 087

11c When 𝑡 is large, 𝑁 is close to 4.5 × 105
11d
𝑑𝑁 0 × (2 + 𝑒 −𝑡 ) − 9 × 105 (−𝑒 −𝑡 ) 9 × 105 𝑒 −𝑡
= =
𝑑𝑡 (2 + 𝑒 −𝑡 )2 (2 + 𝑒 −𝑡 )2
11e
𝑁(𝐴 − 2𝑁)
𝐴
𝑁𝐴 − 2𝑁 2
=
𝐴
2𝑁 2
=𝑁−
𝐴
2
𝐴
𝐴 2 ( )
= − 2 + 𝑒 −𝑡
2 + 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐴
𝐴 2𝐴
= −
2 + 𝑒 −𝑡 (2 + 𝑒 −𝑡 )2
𝐴(2 + 𝑒 −𝑡 ) 2𝐴
= −
(2 + 𝑒 −𝑡 )2 (2 + 𝑒 −𝑡 )2
9 × 105 𝑒 −𝑡
=
(2 + 𝑒 −𝑡 )2
𝑑𝑁 𝑁(𝐴−2𝑁)
Therefore, =
𝑑𝑡 𝐴
100 𝑑𝐶 1
12a If 𝐼 = × 𝑑𝑡 % and 𝐶(𝑡) = − 5 𝑡 3 + 3𝑡 2 + 200 then
𝐶
100 3
𝐼= × (− 𝑡 2 + 6𝑡) % or
1 5
− 𝑡 3 + 3𝑡 2 + 200
5
1
300𝑡 (2 − 𝑡)
𝐼= 5 %
1 3 2
− 𝑡 + 3𝑡 + 200
5

12b
1
300 × (4) × (2 − × (4))
5
𝐼= %
1
− (4)3 + 3(4)2 + 200
5
1440
= %
64
− + 48 + 200
5
1440
= %
64
248 −
5
1440
= %
1176
5
300
= %
49
≑ 6.12%
1
300𝑡(2− 𝑡) 1
5
12c 𝐼= 1 = 0 when = 0 , 2 − 5 𝑡 = 0 or 𝑡 = 10. 𝑡 = 10 must be
− 𝑡 3 +3𝑡 2 +200
5
rejected because the model is demonstrating 8 years only.
1
1 (−𝑥)2
13a 𝜙(−𝑥) = 𝑒 −2
√2𝜋
1 2
1
= 𝑒 −2 𝑥
√2𝜋
= 𝜙(𝑥)
Since 𝜙(−𝑥) = 𝜙(𝑥), 𝜙(𝑥) is an even function.
1 2
1
13b 𝜙(𝑥) > 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ because > 0 and 𝑒 −2𝑥 > 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
√2𝜋
1
1 (0)2 1
13c 𝜙(0) = 𝑒 −2 = when 𝑥 = 0 and
√2𝜋 √2𝜋
1 2 1 2
1 1 1
lim 𝜙(𝑥) = lim 𝑒 −2 𝑥 = × lim 𝑒 −2𝑥 = ×0=0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ √2𝜋 √2𝜋 𝑥→∞ √2𝜋

1 2
1 1
13d 𝜙 ′ (𝑥) = × (− 2 × 2𝑥) × 𝑒 −2𝑥
√2𝜋
1 2
1
=− 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
√2𝜋
1 2
1
= −𝑥 × ( 𝑒 −2 𝑥 )
√2𝜋
= −𝑥𝜙(𝑥)
The function 𝜙(𝑥) is decreasing when 𝜙 ′ (𝑥) < 0. Since 𝜙(𝑥) > 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ,
𝜙 ′ (𝑥) = −𝑥𝜙(𝑥) is negative when 𝑥 > 0.
13e 𝜙 ′′ (𝑥) = −1 × 𝜙(𝑥) + (−𝑥) × 𝜙 ′ (𝑥)

= −𝜙(𝑥) − 𝑥(−𝑥𝜙(𝑥))
= −𝜙(𝑥) + 𝑥 2 𝜙(𝑥)
= (𝑥 2 − 1)𝜙(𝑥)
𝜙 ′′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 1)𝜙(𝑥) = 0 when 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 1 because 𝜙(𝑥) > 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
Therefore, there are points of inflection at 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1.
1
1 (0)2
13f 𝜙(0) = 𝑒 −2 ≑ 0.399. Therefore, (0, 0.399) is the 𝑦-intercept.
√2𝜋
1
1 (−1)2
𝜙(−1) = 𝑒 −2 ≑ 0.242. Therefore, (−1, 0.242) is an inflection point.
√2𝜋
1
1 (1)2
𝜙(1) = 𝑒 −2 ≑ 0.242, Therefore, (1, 0.242) is an inflection point.
√2𝜋
And lim 𝜙(𝑥) = lim 𝜙(𝑥) = 0

𝑥→∞ 𝑥→−∞

13g 𝜙 ′ (𝑥) < 0 and 𝜙 ′′ (𝑥) < 0 in the interval 0 < 𝑥 < 1.
Therefore, 𝜙(𝑥) is decreasing at an increasing rate in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.
𝜙 ′ (𝑥) < 0 and 𝜙 ′′ (𝑥) > 0 in the interval 𝑥 > 1.
Therefore, 𝜙(𝑥) is decreasing at a decreasing rate in the interval 𝑥 ≥ 1.
13h The curve approaches the horizontal asymptote more slowly for larger 𝑥.
14a 𝑦 = 2𝑒 −𝑎×(0) cos(0) = 2 × 1 × 1 = 2. Therefore, the 𝑦-intercept is (0, 2)

𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
𝑦 = 2𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 0 when cos 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = or 𝑥 = , etc.
2 2
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
Therefore, (2 , 0) , ( 2 , 0) , ( 2 , 0) , etc are the 𝑥-intercepts.
14b 𝑦 = 2𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑥 then

𝑦 ′ = 2 × (−𝑎) × 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 × (− sin 𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = −2𝑎𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −2𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)
14c 𝑦 ′ = −2𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) then

𝑦 ′′ = −2 × (−𝑎) × 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) + (−2𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ) × (−𝑎 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)
𝑦 ′′ = −2𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 (−𝑎2 cos 𝑥 − 𝑎 sin 𝑥 − 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)
𝑦 ′′ = −2𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ((1 − 𝑎2 ) cos 𝑥 − 2𝑎 sin 𝑥)
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ((𝑎2 − 1) cos 𝑥 + 2𝑎 sin 𝑥)
𝜋
14d If 𝑦 ′ = −2𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) and 𝑎 = tan (12) then
𝜋
𝜋
𝑦 ′ = −2𝑒 − tan(12)𝑥 (tan (12) cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) = 0 when
𝜋
𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋 − 12 where 𝑛 is a natural number. (calculator)
11𝜋 23𝜋
Therefore, 𝑦 has a stationary point at 𝑥 = when 𝑛 = 1, 𝑥 = when 𝑛 = 2,
12 12

35𝜋 47𝜋
𝑥= when 𝑛 = 3, 𝑥 = when 𝑛 = 4 , etc.
12 12
𝜋
14e If 𝑎 = tan (12) = 2 − √3 and 𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ((𝑎2 − 1) cos 𝑥 + 2𝑎 sin 𝑥) then
2
𝑦 ′′ = 0 when 2𝑒 −(2−√3)𝑥 (((2 − √3) − 1) cos 𝑥 + 2(2 − √3) sin 𝑥) = 0
𝜋
Or when 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋 + 3 where 𝑛 is a natural number. (calculator)
𝜋 4𝜋
Therefore, 𝑦 has an inflection point at 𝑥 = 3 when 𝑛 = 0, 𝑥 = when 𝑛 = 1,
3
7𝜋 10𝜋 13𝜋
𝑥= when 𝑛 = 2, 𝑥 = when 𝑛 = 3, 𝑥 = when 𝑛 = 4 , etc.
3 3 3
14f

𝑑𝑥
1a Side length = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑡 = 0.1 m/s
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑥
Area = 𝐴 = (𝑥)2 and 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑥 × 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑥 × 0.1 = 0.2𝑥 m2/s
𝑑𝐴
1b = 0.2 × 5 = 1 m2/s when 𝑥 = 5 metres.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴 1.4
1c = 1.4 = 0.2𝑥 then 𝑥 = 0.2 = 7 metres.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴 0.6
1d = 0.6 = 0.2𝑥 then 𝑥 = 0.2 = 3 metres and the area is 𝐴 = 9 m2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑙 1 𝑙
2a = − 2 m/s where 𝑙 is the diagonal of a square with side length
𝑑𝑡 √2
1
Then the area, 𝐴, of the square is 𝐴 = 2 𝑙 2
𝑑𝐴 1 𝑑𝑙 1 1
2b = 2 × 2 𝑙 × 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙 × − 2 = − 2 𝑙 m2/s
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴 1
2c i = − 2 × 10 = −5 m2/s .
𝑑𝑡
Therefore, the area is decreasing by 5 m2/s when 𝑙 = 10 metres.
1 1
2c ii Since 𝐴 = 𝑙 2 , 18 = 𝑙 2 then 𝑙 = 6 metres when 𝐴 = 18 m2
2 2
𝑑𝐴 1
Hence, 𝑑𝑡 = − 2 × 6 = −3 m2/s .
Therefore, the area is decreasing by 3 m2/s when 𝐴 = 18 m2
𝑑𝐴 1
2d = −17 = − 2 × 𝑙 then 𝑙 = 34 metres.
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑟
3a = 0.3 m/s
𝑑𝑡
4 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟
𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 then = 4𝜋𝑟 2 × 𝑑𝑡 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 × 0.3 = 1.2𝜋𝑟 2 m3/s
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
= 1.2𝜋(2)2 = 4.8𝜋 ≑ 15.1 m3/s
𝑑𝑡
3b The surface area of the sphere is 𝑆 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 and

𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑟
= 8𝜋𝑟 × 𝑑𝑡 = 8𝜋𝑟 × 0.3 = 2.4 𝜋𝑟 m2/s
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑆
= 2.4 𝜋 × (4) = 9.6𝜋 ≑ 30.2 m2/s
𝑑𝑡
4 𝑑𝑉 4 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
4a 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 then = 3 × 3 𝜋𝑟 2 × 𝑑𝑡 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑉
4b = 4𝜋(15)2 𝑑𝑡 = 200 when 𝑟 = 15 cm and = 200 cm3/s
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟 200 2
Therefore, 𝑑𝑡 = 4𝜋(15)2 = 9𝜋 cm/s
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑉
4c = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑𝑡 = 0.5 cm/s and = 200 cm3/s , then
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
200 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 × 0.5

100
𝑟2 = 𝜋
10 4 10 3 4000
𝑟= cm. Therefore, 𝑉 = 3 𝜋 ( 𝜋) = cm3
√ 𝜋 √ 3√𝜋
1
5a Volume of a cone is 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 × ℎ and
1 2
When ℎ = 2𝑟 , 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 × (2𝑟) = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 .
𝑑𝑉 2 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
5b = 3 × 3 𝜋𝑟 2 × 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 × 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
When = 5 cm3/s , ℎ = 10 cm, ℎ = 2𝑟 , and 𝑟 = 5 cm
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 1
Then 5 = 2𝜋(5)2 × 𝑑𝑡 and 𝑑𝑡 = 10𝜋 cm/s

1.5 1.5 3 3 3 cos 𝜃

6a tan 𝜃 = then 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 or 𝑥 = 2 tan 𝜃 or 𝑥 = sin 𝜃 = 2 × sin 𝜃
𝑥 2
cos 𝜃
3 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑( × ) 3 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃×sin 𝜃−cos 𝜃×cos 𝜃 3 −1 3
2 sin 𝜃
Hence, 𝑑𝜃 = =2× = 2 × sin2 𝜃 = − 2 sin2 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 sin2 𝜃
𝜋 𝑑𝑥 3 3 3
6b When 𝜃 = 3 , 𝑑𝜃 = − 𝜋 =− 2 =− 3 = −2 km/h
2 sin2 ( ) 2(
√3
)
2×
4
3
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥
Hence, × 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃
−2 × 𝑑𝑡 = 650
𝑑𝜃
= −325.
𝑑𝑡
Therefore, the angle 𝜃 is changing 325 radians per hour, anti-clockwise.

Converting radians to degrees and hours to seconds,
180
𝑑𝜃 ×325
𝜋
= = 5.17254 ≑ 5 degrees per second
𝑑𝑡 3600
7 Let the distance between the ship and the cliff be 𝑥 metres.
100
Then tan 𝜃 = , where 𝜃 is the angle of depression.
𝑥
100 𝑑𝑥 −100
Thus, 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 and = sin2 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑡
Since 𝑑𝑡 = 50 m/min, 𝑑𝜃 × 𝑑𝑡 = and 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃 50 𝑑𝜃
= −100 . when 𝜃 = 15° , 𝑑𝑡 = −0.033494 radians per minute.
𝑑𝑡
sin2 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 180
Converting the rate to degrees, = −0.033494 × = −1.91904 ≑ −2
𝑑𝑡 𝜋
degrees. Therefore, the angle of depression is changing 2 degrees per minute.
1
8a 𝑉 = 2 (2ℎ) × ℎ × 100𝑥 = 100ℎ2 𝑥 cm3

8b 2h× 100𝑥 = 200ℎ𝑥 is the surface area and the rate of change of the volume is
𝑑𝑉 200h𝑥
10% of the surface area. Therefore, = = 20h𝑥 cm3/day
𝑑𝑡 10
𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ
From 8a, 𝑉 = 100ℎ2 𝑥 then = 200ℎ𝑥 × 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 1
Hence,20ℎ𝑥 = 200ℎ𝑥 × 𝑑𝑡 and 𝑑𝑡 = 10 = 0.1 cm/day. Therefore, the height of the
water is changing at a constant rate.
4
9 Volume of a sphere is 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 and the surface area of a sphere is 𝑆 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
where 𝑟 is the radius of the sphere.

𝑑𝑉 4 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
= 3 × 𝜋𝑟 2 × = 4𝜋𝑟 2 as 𝑟 is increasing in time.
𝑑𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟
= 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑡 ….(1)
𝑑𝑡
If at instant 𝑡, the increase in volume is equal to the surface area, then

𝑑𝑉
= 4𝜋𝑟 2 .…(2)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
Hence from (1) and (2), 4𝜋𝑟 2 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑡 . Therefore, 𝑑𝑡 = 1.
10a 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 then 𝑦 2 = 1 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥 2
𝜋
The 𝑥-component of the velocity is 𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉 × cos ( 2 − 𝜃) = 2 × sin 𝜃
Since sin 𝜃 = 𝑦 , 𝑉𝑥 = 2√1 − 𝑥 2
Therefore, the rate of change in the 𝑥-coordinate is −2√1 − 𝑥 2 .

10b The rate of change when 𝑥 = 0 is −2√1 − (0)2 = −2 m/𝑠 – as the point is
crosses the 𝑦-axis, it is travelling horizontally at a speed of 2 m/s.
11a The length of the truck is 𝐶 metres.

𝐿 = 𝑉𝑡 (the distance from the truck to the overtaking lane)
2𝐶 + 𝐿 = (𝑉 + 𝑎𝑡)𝑡 (the distance from the car to the overtaking lane)
2𝐶 + 𝐿 = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2𝐶 + 𝐿 = 𝐿 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2𝐶 = 𝑎𝑡 2
2𝐶
𝑎= 𝑡2
𝐿
Since 𝐿 = 𝑉𝑡 , 𝑡 = 𝑉
Therefore,
2𝐶
𝑎=
𝐿 2
( )
𝑉
2𝐶𝑉 2
= m/s2
𝐿2
2𝐶𝑉 2 𝐿
11b 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉 + 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑉 + 𝑡 where 𝑡 = 𝑉
𝐿2
Therefore,
2𝐶𝑉 2 𝐿
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉 + ×
𝐿2 𝑉
2𝐶𝑉
=𝑉+
𝐿
2𝐶
= 𝑉 (1 + )
𝐿

11c As 𝐿 decreases, the speed passing the truck increases, so the driver should wait
if possible before beginning to accelerate. A similar result is obtained if
the distance between car and truck is increased. Optimally, the driver should
allow both 𝐿 to decrease and 𝐶 to increase.
11d To spend minimum time alongside the truck, the car should pass the truck with a
maximum speed.
2𝐶
The speed of the car when it passes the truck is 𝑉 (1 + )
𝐿
Since the upper speed limit is 100 km/h,

2𝐶
𝑉 (1 + ) = 100
𝐿
100
90 (1 + ) = 100 (since 𝐶 = 50 m)
𝐿
100 10
1+ =
𝐿 9
100 10
= −1
𝐿 9
100 1
=
𝐿 9
𝐿 = 900
𝐿 + 𝐶 = 900 + 50 = 950
Therefore, should the car begin to accelerate at least 950 metres before the
overtaking lane if applying the objective in part c.
12a 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 and the length of the chord is 2 × 𝑟 sin 𝜃

Therefore, the area, 𝐴𝑇 , of the triangle (unshaded region in the sector)
1
is 𝐴𝑇 = 2 × 𝑥 × 2𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 𝑥 𝑟 sin 𝜃
Hence, 𝐴𝑇 = 𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

2𝜃
The area of the sector is 𝜋𝑟 2 × 2𝜋 = 𝜃𝑟 2
Therefore, the area of the segment is,

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜃𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 = 𝑟 2 (𝜃 − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃)

12b This is just two applications of the chain rule.
√𝑟 2 −𝑥 2
12c sin 𝜃 = 𝑟
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥,

𝑑𝜃 −2𝑥
cos 𝜃 × 𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑟√𝑟 2 −𝑥2
𝑑𝜃 −𝑥
cos 𝜃 × 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑟√𝑟 2 −𝑥 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝜃 −𝑥
Since cos 𝜃 = 𝑟 , × 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑟 𝑟√𝑟 2 −𝑥 2
𝑑𝜃 −1
Therefore, 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑟 2
−𝑥 2
sin 2𝜃
12d 𝐴 = 𝜃𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 = 𝜃𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 2
𝑑𝐴 cos 2𝜃
= 𝑟2 − 𝑟2 × 2 = 𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃
𝑑𝜃 2
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Since 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝜃 × 𝑑𝑥 × 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑟 = 2 and 𝑑𝑡 = −√3 when 𝑥 = 1,
𝑑𝐴 −1
= (𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃) × √𝑟 2 × −√3
𝑑𝑡 −𝑥 2
1 𝜋
Moreover, when 𝑟 = 2 and 𝑥 = 1, cos 𝜃 = 2. Thus, 𝜃 = 3 .
𝑑𝐴 2𝜋 −1 −1 −1
= (22 − 22 cos ) × √22 × −√3 = (4 − 4 × )× × −√3
𝑑𝑡 3 −12 2 √3
𝑑𝐴
=6
𝑑𝑡
ℎ ℎ
13a tan 𝛼 = 𝑥+100 and tan 𝛽 = 𝑥
Hence, ℎ = tan 𝛼 × (𝑥 + 100) and ℎ = tan 𝛽 × 𝑥

Therefore, 𝑥 tan 𝛽 = tan 𝛼 (𝑥 + 100)

13b 𝑥 tan 𝛽 = tan 𝛼 (𝑥 + 100) (from 13a)

tan 𝛼(𝑥+100)
tan 𝛼(𝑥+100) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑( )
tan 𝛽
𝑥= then 𝑑𝑡 =
tan 𝛽 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (𝛼̇ sec 𝛼 (𝑥 + 100) + tan 𝛼 𝑑𝑡 ) tan 𝛽 − tan 𝛼 (𝑥 + 100) sec 𝛽 × 𝛽̇
2 2
=
𝑑𝑡 tan2 𝛽
(from part a, 𝑥 tan 𝛽 = tan 𝛼 (𝑥 + 100))
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (𝛼̇ sec 𝛼 (𝑥 + 100) + tan 𝛼 𝑑𝑡 ) tan 𝛽 − 𝑥 tan 𝛽 sec 𝛽 × 𝛽̇
2 2
=
𝑑𝑡 tan2 𝛽
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (𝛼̇ sec 𝛼 (𝑥 + 100) + tan 𝛼 𝑑𝑡 ) − 𝑥 sec 𝛽 × 𝛽̇
2 2
=
𝑑𝑡 tan 𝛽
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝛽 𝑑𝑡 = 𝛼̇ (𝑥 + 100) sec 2 𝛼 + tan 𝛼 𝑑𝑡 − 𝛽̇ 𝑥 sec 2 𝛽
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝛽 𝑑𝑡 − tan 𝛼 𝑑𝑡 = 𝛼̇ (𝑥 + 100) sec 2 𝛼 − 𝛽̇ 𝑥 sec 2 𝛽
𝑑𝑥
(tan 𝛽 − tan 𝛼) = 𝛼̇ (𝑥 + 100) sec 2 𝛼 − 𝛽̇ 𝑥 sec 2 𝛽
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝛼̇ (𝑥+100) sec2 𝛼−𝛽̇ 𝑥 sec2 𝛽

=
𝑑𝑡 tan 𝛽−tan 𝛼
𝜋 𝜋
13c When 𝛼 = 6 and 𝛽 = 4 , and 𝑥 tan 𝛽 = tan 𝛼 (𝑥 + 100),
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 tan (4 ) = tan ( 6 ) (𝑥 + 100)
√3
𝑥= (𝑥 + 100)
3
𝑥 = 50√3 + 50 = 50(√3 + 1)
𝜋
Since 𝛽 = 4 , ℎ = 𝑥 = 50(√3 + 1)
𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝛼 5 𝑑𝛽 5
13d Given that 𝛼 = 6 , 𝛽 = 4 , = 36 (√3 − 1) , = 18 (√3 − 1)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
and 𝑥 = 50(√3 + 1) from part 13c,
𝑑𝑥 𝛼̇ (𝑥 + 100) sec 2 𝛼 − 𝛽̇ 𝑥 sec 2 𝛽

=
𝑑𝑡 tan 𝛽 − tan 𝛼

5 4 5
36 (√3 − 1) × ((50(√3 + 1)) + 100) × 3 − 18 (√3 − 1) × (50(√3 + 1)) × 2
=
√3
1− 3
𝑑𝑥
≑ −55.6 km/h and the speed is approximately 55.6 km/h
𝑑𝑡
14a 𝐴𝑃2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 and 𝑃𝐵 2 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑏 2 (Pythagoras’s Theorem)
Hence, 𝐴𝑃 = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 and 𝑃𝐵 = √𝑦 2 + 𝑏 2
Therefore, 𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 𝑠 = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + √𝑦 2 + 𝑏 2
𝑑(𝑠) 𝑑(𝑣𝑡) 𝑑(√𝑎2 +𝑥 2 +√𝑦2 +𝑏2 ) 𝑠

14b = = , 𝑣 = 𝑡 and 𝑦 = 𝑐 − 𝑥
𝑠
Then, 𝑡 = 𝑣 and
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡 1 2𝑥 2𝑦 ×
= ( + 𝑑𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 2√𝑎 + 𝑥
2 2 2√(𝑦) + 𝑏 2
2
1 𝑥 𝑦
= ( − )
𝑣 √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 √(𝑦)2 + 𝑏 2
1 𝑥 𝑦
= −
𝑣 𝑥2 𝑦2
√𝑎2 (1 + ) √𝑏 2 ( + 1)
( 𝑎2 𝑏2 )
1 𝑥 𝑦
= −
𝑣 𝑥2 𝑦2
√
(𝑎 1 + 𝑏√ + 1)
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑥 𝑦
1 𝑎 𝑏
= 𝑣( 2
− 2
)
√1+(𝑥) √1+(𝑦)
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑡 1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑑𝑡 𝑎 𝑏
Therefore, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 ( 2
− 2
) and 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 2
− 2
√1+(𝑥) √1+(𝑦) √1+(𝑥) √1+(𝑦)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑎 𝑏
14c 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 0 when 2
− 2
= 0 or
√1+(𝑥) √1+(𝑦)
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
𝑎 𝑏
2
= 2
√1+(𝑥) √1+(𝑦)
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑥 2
× √1 + (𝑏 ) = 𝑏 × √1 + (𝑎)
𝑎
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑦 2 𝑥 2
(𝑎) × (1 + (𝑏 ) ) = (𝑏 ) × (1 + (𝑎) )
𝑥 2 𝑦 2
(𝑎 ) = ( 𝑏 )
𝑥 𝑦
=𝑏
𝑎
14d
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
=
𝑎 𝑏
𝑑𝑡 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑡 \ Minimum /
turning
point
Because when the light hits the surface at P, it changes direction.
𝑥 𝑦
14e = 𝑏 then cot 𝛼 = cot 𝛽. Therefore, 𝛼 = 𝛽.
𝑎

𝑑𝑃
1a = 12𝑡 − 3𝑡 2 then 𝑃 = ∫(12𝑡 − 3𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 6𝑡 2 − 𝑡 3 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑡
If 𝑃 = 25 when 𝑡 = 0, 6(0)2 − (0)3 + 𝐶 = 25 and 𝐶 = 25

Therefore, 𝑃 = 6𝑡 2 − 𝑡 3 + 25
𝑑𝑃
1b = 12𝑡 − 3𝑡 2 = 0 when 3𝑡(4 − 𝑡) = 0 , 𝑡 = 0 or 𝑡 = 4.
𝑑𝑡
𝑥 −1 0 3 4 5
𝑑𝑃 − 0 + 0 −
𝑑𝑡
___
𝑃 \ ___ / \
Therefore, the population reaches its maximum when 𝑡 = 4 years.
1c 𝑃 = 6(4)2 − (4)3 + 25 = 57 wallabies when 𝑡 = 4
𝑑2 𝑃
1d = 12 − 6𝑡 = 0 when 𝑡 = 2 years.
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑𝑉
2a = 10𝑡 − 250 = 0 when 𝑡 = 25. Therefore, the water stops flowing after 25
𝑑𝑡
minutes.
𝑑𝑉
2b If = 10𝑡 − 250 then 𝑉 = ∫(10𝑡 − 250 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 5𝑡 2 − 250𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑡
If 𝑉 = 20 when 𝑡 = 25 (when the water flow stops)

then 5(25)2 − 250 × (25) + 𝐶 = 20 and 𝐶 = 3145.
Hence, 𝑉 = 5𝑡 2 − 250𝑡 + 3145

2c When 𝑡 = 0 (initially) there was 5(0)2 − 250 × (0) + 3145 = 3145 L of water
𝑑𝑃 2
3a = − 𝑡+1 then 𝑃 = −2 log 𝑒 (𝑡 + 1) + 𝐶
𝑑𝑡
Given that 𝑃 = 6.8 when 𝑡 = 0,
6.8 = −2 log 𝑒 ((0) + 1) + 𝐶
𝐶 = 6.8. Therefore, 𝑃 = −2 log 𝑒 (𝑡 + 1) + 6.8
3b 0 = −2 log 𝑒 (𝑡 + 1) + 6.8
2 log 𝑒 (𝑡 + 1) = 6.8
log 𝑒 (𝑡 + 1) = 3.4
𝑡 + 1 = 𝑒 3.4
𝑡 = 𝑒 3.4 − 1 ≑ 29 days
𝑑𝑉 1
4a = −2 + 10 (0) = −2 when 𝑡 = 0. Therefore, the initial flow rate is −2 m3/s.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉 1
4b = −2 + 10 𝑡 = 0 when 𝑡 = 20.
𝑑𝑡
Therefore, it takes 20 seconds to turn the tap off.
𝑑𝑉 1
4c = −2 + 10 𝑡 then
𝑑𝑡
1
𝑉 = ∫ (−2 + 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
10
1 𝑡2
= −2𝑡 + × +𝐶
10 2
𝑡2
= −2𝑡 + +𝐶
20
(20)2
If 𝑉 = 500 when 𝑡 = 20, then 𝑉 = −2 × (20) + + 𝐶 = 500 and 𝐶 = 520
20
𝑡2
Therefore, 𝑉 = −2𝑡 + 20 + 520

(0)2
4d 𝑉 = −2 × (0) + + 520 = 520 when 𝑡 = 0.
20
Thus, initially, there were 520 m3 water in the tank.

Since there are 500 m3 of water in the tank at the end of 20 seconds,
520 − 500 = 20 m3 of water is released during the time it takes to turn the tap
off.
4e Initially, there is 520 m3 water in the tank and 20 m3 of water is released during
the time it takes to turn the tap off. If 300 m3 of water is going to be released,
than 300 − 20 = 280 m3 of water should be released before gradually turning it
𝑑𝑉
off. Since the initial flow rate is = −2 m3/s and its speed is
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
| 𝑑𝑡 | = |−2| = 2 m3/s
𝑉 = 2 × 𝑡 , 280 = 2 × 𝑡
Hence, 𝑡 = 140 seconds. Therefore, to release 300 m3 water, the tap should be
left fully on, for 2 minutes and 20 seconds, before gradually turning it off.
5a It does not, because 𝑒 −0.4𝑡 is never equal to zero.
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −0.4𝑡 5
5b = 𝑒 −0.4𝑡 then 𝑥 = = − 2 𝑒 −0.4𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑡 −0.4
If the particle is at the origin initially, 𝑥 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0.

5
Hence, 0 = − 2 𝑒 −0.4×(0) + 𝐶
5
0 = −2 + 𝐶
5
𝐶=2
5 5 5
Therefore, 𝑥 = 2 − 2 𝑒 −0.4𝑡 = 2 (1 − 𝑒 −0.4𝑡 )

5
5c 1 = 2 (1 − 𝑒 −0.4𝑡 )
2
= 1 − 𝑒 −0.4𝑡
5
3
𝑒 −0.4𝑡 = 5
3
log 𝑒 (5) = −0.4𝑡
3
log𝑒( )
5
𝑡= ≑ 1.28
−0.4
5
5d For large values of 𝑡, 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 2.
6a The initial speed is when 𝑡 = 0.

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Hence, 𝑑𝑡 = 250(𝑒 −0.2(0) − 1) = 0 and = 0.
𝑑𝑡
6b The eventual speed is when 𝑡 is a large number.

𝑑𝑥
Thus, | 𝑑𝑡 | = |250(𝑒 −0.2(∞) − 1)| = 250 m/s
𝑑𝑥
6c = 250(𝑒 −0.2𝑡 − 1)
𝑑𝑡
𝑒 −0.2𝑡
then 𝑥 = ∫(250(𝑒 −0.2𝑡 − 1)) 𝑑𝑡 = 250 × ( −0.2 ) − 250𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑒 −0.2×(0)
If 𝑥 = 200 when 𝑡 = 0, then 250 × ( ) − 250 × (0) + 𝐶 = 200
−0.2
1
250 × ( 1) − 250 × (0) + 𝐶 = 200
−
5
(250 × −5) + 𝐶 = 200

−1250 + 𝐶 = 200
𝐶 = 1450
𝑒 −0.2𝑡
Therefore, 𝑥 = 250 × ( −0.2 ) − 250𝑡 + 1450

𝑑𝐼 𝜋
7a = −5 + 4 cos (12 𝑡) then
𝑑𝑡
𝜋 4 𝜋
𝐼 = ∫ (−5 + 4 cos (12 𝑡)) 𝑑𝑡 = −5𝑡 + 𝜋 sin (12 𝑡) + 𝐶
12
48 𝜋
𝐼 = −5𝑡 + sin (12 𝑡) + 𝐶
𝜋
Since 𝐼 = 18 000 when 𝑡 = 0,

48 𝜋
−5 × (0) + sin (12 × (0)) + 𝐶 = 18 000 . Hence, 𝐶 = 18 000
𝜋
48 𝜋
Therefore, 𝐼 = 18 000 − 5𝑡 + sin (12 𝑡)
𝜋
𝑑𝐼 𝜋
7b = −5 + 4 cos (12 𝑡) is negative for all 𝑡 ∈ ℝ because
𝑑𝑡
𝜋 𝜋
−1 ≤ cos (12 𝑡) ≤ 1 for all 𝑡 ∈ ℝ. Hence, −4 ≤ 4 cos (12 𝑡) ≤ 4 and
𝜋
−9 ≤ −5 + 4 cos (12 𝑡) ≤ −1
48 𝜋
7c 𝐼 = 18 000 − 5 × (120 × 24) + sin (12 × (120 × 24))
𝜋
48
= 18 000 − 14 400 + ×0
𝜋
= 18 000 − 14 400
= 3 600 tonnes when 𝑡 = 120 × 24 hours.
8a It was decreasing for the first 6 months and increasing thereafter.
8b after 6 months
8c after 12 months
8d It appears to have stabilised, increasing towards a limiting value.

8e
9a
𝑑𝜃 1
=
𝑑𝑡 1 + 𝑡 2
1
𝜃=∫ 𝑑𝑡
1 + 𝑡2
𝜃 = tan−1 𝑡 + 𝐶
𝜋
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝜃 = 4 ,
𝜋
= tan−1 0 + 𝐶
4
𝜋
=0+𝐶
4
𝜋
𝐶=
4
Hence
𝜋
𝜃 = tan−1 𝑡 +
4
9b
𝜋
𝜃 = tan−1 𝑡 +
4
𝜋
𝜃− = tan−1 𝑡
4
𝜋
𝑡 = tan (𝜃 − )
4

9c
𝜋
𝜃 = tan−1 𝑡 +
4
𝜋
For 𝑡 = 0, we know that 𝜃 = 4 .
As 𝑡 → ∞, tan−1 𝑡 → 2 so 𝜃 → 2 + 4 or 𝜃 → 4
𝜋 3𝜋
Hence 4 ≤ 𝜃 < .
4
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
This means that 𝜃 never moves through an angle of more than ( 4 − 4 ) or 2 .
𝑑𝑊 𝜋
10a = 1.2 − cos2 (12 𝑡) then
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑊 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= −2 × cos (12 𝑡) × (− sin (12 𝑡)) × 12
𝑑𝑡 2
𝜋 𝜋
= 12 sin ( 6 𝑡) (using the identity 2 sin 𝑎 cos 𝑎 = sin 2𝑎)
𝑑2 𝑊 𝜋 𝜋
= 0 when 12 sin (6 𝑡) = 0 or 𝑡 = 0 or 𝑡 = 6 months.
𝑑𝑡 2
Therefore, the flow rate is maximum at the beginning of July.
𝜋
𝜋 cos( 𝑡)+1
10b 𝑊 = ∫ (1.2 − cos2 (12 𝑡)) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (1.2 − ( 6
)) 𝑑𝑡
2
cos 2𝑎+1
(Here, use the identity cos 2𝑎 = cos2 𝑎 − 1 or = cos2 𝑎)
2
1 𝜋
= ∫ 1.2 𝑑𝑡 − 2 ∫ (cos (6 𝑡) + 1) 𝑑𝑡
1 𝜋 1
= ∫ 1.2 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ cos ( 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑡
2 6 2
1
2 𝜋 1
= 1.2𝑡 − 𝜋 sin ( 6 𝑡) − 2 𝑡 + 𝐶
6
3 𝜋
= 0.7𝑡 − 𝜋 sin ( 6 𝑡) + 𝐶
Given that 𝑊 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0

3 𝜋
𝑊 = 0.7 × (0) − 𝜋 sin (6 × (0)) + 𝐶 = 0 then 𝐶 = 0
3 𝜋
Therefore, 𝑊 = 0.7𝑡 − 𝜋 sin ( 6 𝑡)

3 𝜋
10c 𝑊 = 0.7 × (3 × 12) − 𝜋 sin (6 × (3 × 12)) = 25.2 tonnes = 25 200 m3
Therefore, the dam will be full in 3 years.
11a
𝑑𝑟
= −𝑘
𝑑𝑡
𝑟 = ∫ −𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑟 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
5
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑟 = 2,
5
=0+𝐶
2
5
𝐶=
2
Hence
5
𝑟 = −𝑘𝑡 +
2
5
𝑟= − 𝑘𝑡
2
5
11b When 𝑡 = 12, 𝑟 = 0, so 𝑟 = 2 − 𝑘𝑡 becomes
5
0= − 𝑘 × 12
2
5
12𝑘 =
2
5
𝑘=
24
1
12a Volume of a cone with radius 𝑟 and height ℎ is 𝑉𝑐 = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ and if the apex angle is
4
90° then ℎ = 𝑟. Volume of a sphere with radius 𝑟 is 𝑉𝑠 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3
4
𝑉 𝜋𝑟 3
The ratio 𝑉𝑠 = 31 = 4. Therefore, 𝑉𝑐 is one quarter of 𝑉𝑠
𝑐 𝜋𝑟 3
3

𝑑𝑉𝑐 1 𝑑𝑟
12b = 3 × 3 𝜋𝑟 2 × 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟
0.5 = 𝜋𝑟 2 × 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟 1
= 2𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟 1
12c = 2𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
= 2𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 2𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
𝑟3
𝑡 = 2𝜋 +𝐶
3
(10)3 (10)3
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑟 = 10 then 0 = 2𝜋 + 𝐶 and 𝐶 = −2𝜋
3 3
𝑟3 (10)3 2𝜋
Therefore, 𝑡 = 2𝜋 − 2𝜋 = (𝑟 3 − 1000)
3 3 3
12d Since 𝑟 = ℎ,
2𝜋 2𝜋
((12)3 − 1000) − ((10)3 − 1000) = 𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
3 3
𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 1524.72 seconds
𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 0 = 25.412 minutes
Time taken = 25 minutes and 25 seconds
13a 𝑦 2 = 16 − 𝑥 2
−ℎ (−ℎ)3 (−4)3
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫−4 (16 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = [𝜋 (16 × (−ℎ) − )] − [𝜋 (16 × (−4) − )]
3 3
𝜋
𝑉 = 3 (128 − 48ℎ + ℎ3 )
13b i 𝑦 2 = 16 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑟 2 = 16 − ℎ2 when 𝑥 = −ℎ and 𝑦 = 𝑟

Therefore, 𝐴 = 𝜋(16 − ℎ2 )

𝜋
13b ii 𝑉 = 3 (128 − 48ℎ + ℎ3 )
𝑑𝑉 𝜋 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ
= 3 (−48 + 3ℎ2 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜋(−16 + ℎ2 ) 𝑑𝑡 = −𝜋(16 − ℎ2 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
Given that = −𝑘𝐴 = −𝑘𝜋(16 − ℎ2 ) ,
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ
−𝑘𝜋(16 − ℎ2 ) = −𝜋(16 − ℎ2 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ
= 𝑘 Since it is decreasing, the rate is −𝑘
𝑑𝑡
13b iii If the initial height is 2 cm and the rate that it decreases is 0.025 cm/min,
2
then the water evaporates in 0.025 = 80 minutes (1 hr and 20 mins)


1a 𝑥 = 20 + 𝑡 2 then
𝑥 = 20 + (2)2 = 24 when 𝑡 = 2 and 𝑥 = 20 + (4)2 = 36 when 𝑡 = 4
𝑡 2 4
𝑥 24 36
Average velocity
36 − 24
=
4−2
= 6 cm/s
1b 𝑥 = (𝑡 + 2)2 then
2 2
𝑥 = ((2) + 2) = 16 when 𝑡 = 2 and 𝑥 = ((4) + 2) = 36 when 𝑡 = 4
𝑡 2 4
𝑥 16 36
Average velocity
36 − 16
=
4−2
= 10 cm/s
1c 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 then
𝑥 = (2)2 − 6 × (2) = −8 when 𝑡 = 2 and 𝑥 = (4)2 − 6 × (4) = −8 when 𝑡 = 4
𝑡 2 4
𝑥 −8 −8

Average velocity
−8 − (−8)
=
4−2
= 0 cm/s
1d 𝑥 = 3𝑡 then
𝑥 = 3(2) = 9 when 𝑡 = 2 and 𝑥 = 3(4) = 81 when 𝑡 = 4

𝑡 2 4
𝑥 9 81
Average velocity
81 − 9
=
4−2
= 36 cm/s
2a 𝑥 = 40𝑡 − 𝑡 2 , 𝑥 = 175 m when 𝑡 = 5 s

𝑥̇ = 40 − 2𝑡 , 𝑥̇ = 30 m/s when 𝑡 = 5 s
𝑥̈ = −2 , 𝑥̈ = −2 m/s2 when 𝑡 = 5 s
2b 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 − 25𝑡 , 𝑥 = 0 m when 𝑡 = 5 s
𝑥̇ = 3𝑡 2 − 25 , 𝑥̇ = 50 m/s when 𝑡 = 5 s
𝑥̈ = 6𝑡 , 𝑥̈ = 30 m/s2 when 𝑡 = 5 s
2c 𝑥 = 4(𝑡 − 3)2 , 𝑥 = 16 m when 𝑡 = 5 s

𝑥̇ = 8(𝑡 − 3) , 𝑥̇ = 16 m/s when 𝑡 = 5 s
𝑥̈ = 8 , 𝑥̈ = 8 m/s2 when 𝑡 = 5 s
2d 𝑥 = 50 − 𝑡 4 , 𝑥 = −575 m when 𝑡 = 5 s
𝑥̇ = −4𝑡 3 , 𝑥̇ = −500 m/s when 𝑡 = 5 s

𝑥̈ = −12𝑡 2 , 𝑥̈ = −300 m/s2 when 𝑡 = 5 s
2e 𝑥 = 4 sin 𝜋𝑡 , 𝑥 = 0 m when 𝑡 = 5 s
𝑥̇ = 4𝜋 cos 𝜋𝑡 , 𝑥̇ = −4𝜋 m/s when 𝑡 = 5 s
𝑥̈ = −4𝜋 2 sin 𝜋𝑡 , 𝑥̈ = 0 m/s2 when 𝑡 = 5 s
2f 𝑥 = 7𝑒 3𝑡−15 , 𝑥 = 7 m when 𝑡 = 5 s
𝑥̇ = 21𝑒 3𝑡−15 , 𝑥̇ = 21 m/s when 𝑡 = 5 s
𝑥̈ = 63𝑒 3𝑡−15 , 𝑥̈ = 63 m/s2 when 𝑡 = 5 s
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
3a 𝑥 = 16𝑡 − 𝑡 2 then 𝑣 = = 16 − 2𝑡 and 𝑎 = = −2 m/s2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
3b When 𝑡 = 10 seconds,
𝑥 = 16 × (10) − (10)2 = 60 m
𝑑𝑥
𝑣= = 16 − 2 × (10) = −4 m/s
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
|𝑣| = | | = |16 − 2 × (10)| = |−4| = 4 m/s
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑎= = −2 m/s2
𝑑𝑡
3c 𝑥 = 16𝑡 − 𝑡 2 = 0 when = 𝑡(16 − 𝑡) = 0 , 𝑡 = 0 or 𝑡 = 16 seconds. Thus, the

ball is back at its starting point at 𝑡 = 16 seconds.
At 𝑡 = 16 seconds, 𝑣 = 16 − 2(16) = −16 m/s.
3d 𝑣 = 16 − 2𝑡 = 0 when 𝑡 = 8.
Therefore, the ball is farthest up the plane after 8 seconds and it is
𝑥 = 16 × (8) − (8)2 = 64 metres.

3e
𝑑𝑣
4a 𝑎= =0
𝑑𝑡
∫ 7𝑑𝑡 = 7𝑡 + 𝐶
7 × (0) + 𝐶 = 4 when 𝑡 = 0, then 𝐶 = 4
Therefore, 𝑥 = 7𝑡 + 4
𝑑𝑣
4b 𝑎= = −18𝑡
𝑑𝑡
∫(4 − 9𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 = 4𝑡 − 3𝑡 3 + 𝐶
4(0) − 3(0)3 + 𝐶 = 4 when 𝑡 = 0, then 𝐶 = 4
Therefore, 𝑥 = 4𝑡 − 3𝑡 3 + 4
𝑑𝑣
4c 𝑎= = 2(𝑡 − 1)
𝑑𝑡
1
∫(𝑡 − 1)2 𝑑𝑡 = 3 (𝑡 − 1)3 + 𝐶
1 3 1
((0) − 1) + 𝐶 = 4 when 𝑡 = 0, then 𝐶 = 4 3
3
1 1
Therefore, 𝑥 = 3 (𝑡 − 1)3 + 4 3
𝑑𝑣
4d 𝑎= =0
𝑑𝑡
∫ 0 𝑑𝑡 = 0 × 𝑡 + 𝐶
𝐶 = 4 when 𝑡 = 0

Therefore, 𝑥 = 4
𝑑𝑣
4e 𝑎= = −24 sin (2𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
∫ 12cos(2𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 6 sin(2𝑡) + 𝐶
6 sin(2𝑡) + 𝐶 = 4 when 𝑡 = 0, then 𝐶 = 4
Therefore, 𝑥 = 6 sin(2𝑡) + 4
𝑑𝑣
4f 𝑎= = −36𝑒 −3𝑡
𝑑𝑡
∫ 12𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −4𝑒 −3𝑡 + 𝐶

−4𝑒 −3𝑡 + 𝐶 = 4 when 𝑡 = 0, then 𝐶 = 8
Therefore, 𝑥 = −4𝑒 −3𝑡 + 8
5a 𝑎 = 6𝑡 + 2 then 𝑣 = ∫(6𝑡 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 𝐶
If 𝑣 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0 then 3(0)2 + 2 × (0) + 𝐶 = 0
Hence, 𝐶 = 0. Therefore, 𝑣 = 3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡.
𝑣 = 3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 then 𝑥 = ∫(3𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 3 + 𝑡 2 + 𝐶
If 𝑥 = 2 when 𝑡 = 0 then (0)3 + (0)2 + 𝐶 = 2
Hence, 𝐶 = 2. Therefore, 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 + 𝑡 2 + 2.
5b 𝑎 = −8 then 𝑣 = ∫(−8 ) 𝑑𝑡 = −8𝑡 + 𝐶

If 𝑣 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0 then −8 × (0) + 𝐶 = 0
Hence, 𝐶 = 0. Therefore, 𝑣 = −8𝑡.
𝑣 = −8𝑡 then 𝑥 = ∫(−8𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 = −4𝑡 2 + 𝑐
If 𝑥 = 2 when 𝑡 = 0 then −4(0)2 + 𝑐 = 2
Hence, 𝑐 = 2. Therefore, 𝑥 = −4𝑡 2 + 2.

5c 𝑎 = 36𝑡 2 − 4 then 𝑣 = ∫(36𝑡 2 − 4) 𝑑𝑡 = 12𝑡 3 − 4𝑡 + 𝐶

If 𝑣 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0 then 12(0)3 − 4 × (0) + 𝐶 = 0
Hence, 𝐶 = 0. Therefore, 𝑣 = 12𝑡 3 − 4𝑡.
𝑣 = 12𝑡 3 − 4𝑡 then 𝑥 = ∫(12𝑡 3 − 4𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 3𝑡 4 − 2𝑡 2 + 𝐶
If 𝑥 = 2 when 𝑡 = 0 then 3(0)4 − 2(0)2 + 𝐶 = 2
Hence, 𝐶 = 2. Therefore, 𝑥 = 3𝑡 4 − 2𝑡 2 + 2.
5d 𝑎 = 0 then 𝑣 = ∫(0) 𝑑𝑡 = 0𝑡 + 𝐶
If 𝑣 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0 then 0 × (0) + 𝐶 = 0
Hence, 𝐶 = 0. Therefore, 𝑣 = 0.
𝑣 = 0 then 𝑥 = ∫(0 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 0𝑡 + 𝐶
If 𝑥 = 2 when 𝑡 = 0 then 0 × (0) + 𝐶 = 2
Hence, 𝐶 = 2. Therefore, 𝑥 = 2.
5e 𝑎 = 5 cos(𝑡) then 𝑣 = ∫ 5 cos(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 5 sin(𝑡) + 𝐶

If 𝑣 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0 then 𝑣 = −5sin(0) + 𝐶 = 0
Hence, 𝐶 = 0. Therefore, 𝑣 = −5 sin(𝑡).
𝑣 = 5 sin(𝑡) then 𝑥 = ∫ 5 sin(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = −5 cos(𝑡) + 𝐶
If 𝑥 = 2 when 𝑡 = 0 then −5 cos(0) + 𝐶 = 2
Hence, 𝐶 = 7. Therefore, 𝑥 = 7 − 5 cos(𝑡).
5f 𝑎 = 7𝑒 𝑡 then 𝑣 = ∫ 7𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 7𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑐
If 𝑣 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0 then 7𝑒 (0) + 𝐶 = 0

Hence, 𝐶 = −7. Therefore, 𝑣 = 7𝑒 𝑡 − 7.
𝑣 = 7𝑒 𝑡 − 7 then 𝑥 = ∫(7𝑒 𝑡 − 7 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 7𝑒 𝑡 − 7𝑡 + 𝐶
If 𝑥 = 2 when 𝑡 = 0 then 7𝑒 (0) − 7 × (0) + 𝐶 = 2

Hence, 𝐶 = −5. Therefore, 𝑥 = 7𝑒 𝑡 − 7𝑡 − 5.

6a 𝑥̈ = 6𝑡 then 𝑥̇ = 3𝑡 2 + 𝐶.
𝑥̇ = −12 when 𝑡 = 0 then 𝐶 = −12.
𝑥̇ = 3𝑡 2 − 12 then 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 − 12𝑡 + 𝐶 (initially at the origin, then 𝑐 = 0)
Therefore, 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 − 12𝑡
6b 𝑥̇ = 3(2)2 − 12 = 0 when 𝑡 = 2
6c 𝑥 = (2)3 − 12(2) = 8 − 24 = −16.

16 cm on the negative side of the origin.
6d 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 − 12𝑡 = 0 when 𝑡(𝑡 2 − 12) = 0. Therefore, 𝑥 = 0 when 𝑡 = 2√3 seconds.

2
𝑥̇ = 3(2√3) − 12 = 24 cm/s
𝑥̈ = 6(2√3) = 12√3 cm/s2
6e As 𝑡 → ∞, 𝑥 → ∞ and 𝑣 → ∞.
7a The acceleration function is 𝑎 = −10 because the gravitational acceleration on

earth is close to the number 9.8 and since it is stated that the upwards
motion is positive, 𝑎 = −10.
7b When = 0 , 𝑣 = 40 m/s , 𝑥 = 45 metres and

𝑣 = ∫(−10) 𝑑𝑡 = −10𝑡 + 𝑐
Thus, 40 = −10 × (0) + 𝑐 and 𝑐 = 40. Therefore, 𝑣 = −10𝑡 + 40
𝑥 = ∫(−10𝑡 + 40) 𝑑𝑡 = −5𝑡 2 + 40𝑡 + 𝑐
Thus, 45 = −5(0)2 + 40 × (0) + 𝑐 and 𝑐 = 45. Therefore, 𝑥 = −5𝑡 2 + 40𝑡 + 45

7c The stone reaches its maximum height when its velocity is zero and
𝑣 = −10𝑡 + 40 = 0 when 𝑡 = 4 seconds.
Thus, its maximum height is: 𝑥 = −5(4)2 + 40 × (4) + 45 = 125 metres
7d 𝑥 = −5𝑡 2 + 40𝑡 + 45 = 0 when −5(𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 − 9) = 0

−5(𝑡 + 1)(𝑡 − 9) = 0 or 𝑡 = 9. Therefore, the flight time before the stone hits
the ground is 9 seconds.
7e |𝑣| = |−10 × (9) + 40| = |−50| = 50 when 𝑡 = 9.

Therefore, the speed of the stone is 50 m/s when it hits the ground.
7f 𝑥 = −5(1)2 + 40 × (1) + 45 = 80 metres is the height of the stone

after 1 second.
𝑥 = −5(2)2 + 40 × (2) + 45 = 105 metres is the height of the stone
after 2 seconds.
105−80
7g The average velocity during the 2nd second is = 25 m/s
2−1
8a 𝑥̈ = sin(0) = 0 when 𝑡 = 0
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥̈ = sin ( 2 ) = 1 when 𝑡 = 2
𝑥̈ = sin(𝜋) = 0 when 𝑡 = 𝜋
3𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥̈ = sin ( 2 ) = −1 when 𝑡 = 2
𝑥̈ = sin(2𝜋) = 0 when 𝑡 = 2𝜋

8b 𝑡 = 𝜋 and 𝑡 = 2𝜋
8c 𝑥̇ = ∫ sin(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = − cos(𝑡) + 𝑐
𝑥̇ = − cos(0) + 𝑐 = −1 when 𝑡 = 0
Thus, 𝑐 = 0.
Therefore, 𝑥̇ = − cos(𝑡)
𝜋
8d 𝑥̇ = − cos(𝑡) = 0 for the first time, when 𝑡 = 2 seconds
8e i 𝑥 = ∫ − cos(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = − sin(𝑡) + 𝑐
𝑥 = − sin(0) + 𝑐 = 5 (initially at 𝑥 = 5)
Then 𝑐 = 5 and therefore, 𝑥 = − sin(𝑡) + 5
𝜋 𝜋
8e ii When 𝑡 = , the body is at 𝑥 = − sin ( ) + 5 = 4 metres away from the origin, in
2 2
the positive direction.
9a 𝑣 = 20 𝑒 −(0) = 20 m/s when 𝑡 = 0 seconds.
9b Because 𝑣 = 20 𝑒 −𝑡 > 0 for all 𝑡 ∈ ℝ

𝑑𝑣 𝑑(20 𝑒 −𝑡 )
9c 𝑎= = = −20𝑒 −𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
9d 𝑎 = −20𝑒 −(0) = −20 m/s2 at 𝑡 = 0
9e 𝑥 = ∫ 20𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −20𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑐 and 𝑥 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0. Then,
−20𝑒 −(0) + 𝑐 = 0 and 𝑐 = 20

Therefore, 𝑥 = −20𝑒 −𝑡 + 20
9f As 𝑡 increases, 𝑎 converges to zero.

𝑣 converges to zero because the acceleration is negative
𝑥 converges to 20 metres.
10a
10b 50 + 50 + 300 = 400 km.
10c Average speed

=
time taken
400
=
7
1
= 57 7 km/hr

11a He started at 𝑥 = 20 when 𝑡 = 0 and his initial speed was 0 m/s because the
graph has a minimum turning point at 𝑥 = 0.
11b i Average velocity

80 − 40
=
10 − 5
= 8 m/s
11b ii Average velocity

100 − 100
=
25 − 15
= 0 m/s
11b iii Average velocity

0 − 80
=
40 − 30
= −8 m/s
11c i north of the oak tree
11c ii south of the oak tree
11c iii south of the oak tree
12a at 𝑡 = 5
12b at 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 12 seconds, because the velocity is zero. The motor moves
upwards in the interval 0 < 𝑡 < 12 and downwards when 𝑡 > 12.

12c The motor accelerates upwards in the interval 0 < 𝑡 < 5 and downwards
when 𝑡 > 5.
12d at 𝑡 = 12, when the velocity was zero.
12e The motor has a constant acceleration throughout its motion. 𝑥̈ > 0 the first
5 seconds and 𝑥̈ < 0 the rest of the time.
12f Since the motor goes in the positive direction until 𝑡 = 12 seconds, it gets further
away from the origin even though it slows down after the 5th second.

𝜋
13a i sin(0) = 0 and sin ( 2 ) = 1
𝜋
13a ii cos(0) = 1 and cos (2 ) = 0
𝜋 𝜋
13a iii tan(0) = 0, tan (4 ) = 1 and tan ( 2 ) = undefined

𝜋 𝜋
13a iv cot(0) = undefined, cot (4 ) = 1 and cot ( 2 ) = 0
13b i 𝑦 = sin(𝑥)
13b ii 𝑦 = cos(𝑥)
13b iii 𝑦 = cot(𝑥)
13b iv 𝑦 = tan(𝑥)
14a Initially 𝐾 increases at an increasing rate so the graph is concave up. Then 𝐾
increases at a decreasing rate so is concave down. The change in concavity
coincides with the inflection point.
14b

2
15a 𝑉 = 3 (50 − 2 × (0)) = 7 500 L when 𝑡 = 0.
𝑑𝑉
15b = 6 (50 − 2𝑡) × (−2) = −12 (50 − 2𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
15c < 0 in the given domain.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑉
15d = 24 > 0 for all 𝑡. Therefore, the outflow decreases.
𝑑𝑡 2
1
16a The initial velocity of the particle is 3 − 2𝑒 −5×(0) = 1 when 𝑡 = 0.
16b explains why the graph is increasing when 𝑡 > 0
16c explains why there is a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 3.
1 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥
16b = 3 − 2𝑒 −5𝑡 then 𝑑𝑡 2 = 0.4𝑒 −5𝑡 .
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥
> 0 for all 𝑡. Thus, 𝑑𝑡 2 is increasing for all 𝑡.
𝑑𝑡 2
Therefore, 𝑥̈ increases so it accelerates.

1 1
𝑑𝑥
16c = 3 − 2𝑒 −5𝑡 As 𝑡 gets larger and larger, 𝑒 −5𝑡 → 0.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
Hence, 𝑡 → ∞ then 𝑑𝑡 → 3.
Therefore, the particle reaches the velocity 3 m/s eventually,

and the graph has a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 3.
1 1
𝑑𝑥
16d 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (3 − 2𝑒 −5𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 = 3𝑡 + 10𝑒 −5𝑡 + 𝑐
1
The particle is at the origin initially. Therefore, 3 × (0) + 10𝑒 −5×(0) + 𝑐 = 0,
1 1
𝑐 = −10 and 𝑥 = 3𝑡 + 10𝑒 −5𝑡 − 10 or 𝑥 = 3𝑡 + 10 (𝑒 −5𝑡 − 1)
17a
𝑑𝑉 2
= 𝑡 − 20
𝑑𝑡 5
1
𝑉 = 𝑡 2 − 20𝑡 + 𝐶
5
At 𝑡 = 0, 𝑉 = 500
500 = 0 − 0 + 𝐶
𝐶 = 500
1
So 𝑉 = 𝑡 2 − 20𝑡 + 500
5
17b Consider when 𝑉 = 0

1
0 = 𝑡 2 − 20𝑡 + 500
5
0 = 𝑡 2 − 100𝑡 + 2500
0 = (𝑡 − 50)2
𝑡 = 50
So it took James 50 seconds to drink the contents of the bottle.

17c Consider when 𝑉 = 250

1 2
250 = 𝑡 − 20𝑡 + 500
5
1250 = 𝑡 2 − 100𝑡 + 2500
0 = 𝑡 2 − 100𝑡 + 1250
100 ± √(−100)2 − 4(1)(1250)

𝑡=
2
√5000
𝑡 = 50 ±
2
𝑡 = 50 ± √1250
𝑡 = 50 ± 25√2
𝑡 ≑ 15 or 85 seconds
Since the bottle is empty after 50 seconds, we can discard the value of
85 seconds. Hence, James would take 15 seconds to drink half the contents of the
bottle.
18a
5m
ℎ
𝑑𝑥
= 5 cm/s
𝑑𝑡
Using Pythagoras’ theorem with the right-angled triangle above,
𝑥 2 + ℎ2 = 52
ℎ2 = 25 − 𝑥 2
ℎ = √25 − 𝑥 2 (since ℎ is positive)

1
ℎ = (25 − 𝑥 2 )2
𝑑ℎ 1 1
= (25 − 𝑥 2 )−2 × −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑ℎ 𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 √25 − 𝑥 2
Using the chain rule,
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑡
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑑ℎ 1
− = ×
√25 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡 5
𝑑ℎ 5𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑡 √25 − 𝑥 2
7
When 𝑥 = 1.4 or 5,
𝑑ℎ 5𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑡 √25 − 𝑥 2
7
5×
=− 5
2
√25 − (7)
5
7
=−
√25 − 49
25
7
=−
√576
25
7×5
=−
√576
35
=−
24
35
The rate at which the height is changing is − 24 cm/s.
18b From the right-angled triangle above,

𝑥
cos 𝜃 =
5
𝑥 = 5 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑥
= −5 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃

Using the chain rule,

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃
= ×
𝑑𝜃
5 = −5 sin 𝜃 ×
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃 1
=−
𝑑𝑡 sin 𝜃
7
When 𝑥 = 1.4 or 5,
7
cos 𝜃 =
25
7 2
sin 𝜃 = √1 − ( ) (using the identity sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1)
25
49
= √1 −
625
576
=√
625
24
=
25
𝑑𝜃 1
=−
𝑑𝑡 24
25
25
=−
24
25
The rate at which the angle of inclination is changing is − 24 radians per second.

Chapter 10 worked solutions – Projectile motion

1a Initially, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ = 30√2 cos 45° 𝑦̇ = 30√2 sin 45°
𝑥̇ = 30 𝑦̇ = 30
To begin, 𝑥̈ = 0 (1) To begin, 𝑦̈ = −10 (3)
Integrating, 𝑥̇ = 𝐶1 Integrating, 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 𝐶2
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 30 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 30
30 = 𝐶1 30 = 𝐶2
so 𝑥̇ = 30 (2) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 30 (4)
1b To begin, 𝑥̇ = 30 To begin, 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 30

Integrating, 𝑥 = 30𝑡 + 𝐶3 Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 30𝑡 + 𝐶4
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶3 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 30𝑡 (5) So 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 30𝑡 (6)
1c When 𝑦 = 0,
From (6):
0 = −5𝑡 2 + 30𝑡
5𝑡 2 − 30𝑡 = 0
5𝑡(𝑡 − 6) = 0
𝑡 = 0 or 𝑡 = 6
Particle returns to the ground at 𝑡 > 0 seconds, so at 𝑡 = 6 seconds.
1d When 𝑡 = 6,
From (5):
𝑥 = 30 × 6
= 180 m
The horizontal distance travelled by the particle is 180 m.

1e When 𝑦̇ = 0,
From (4):
0 = −10𝑡 + 30
10𝑡 = 30
𝑡 = 3 seconds
The particle reaches its greatest height after 3 seconds.
1f When 𝑡 = 3,
From (6):
𝑦 = −45 + 90
= 45 m
The greatest height of the particle is 45 m.
2a Initially, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ = 40 cos 30° 𝑦̇ = 40 sin 30°

𝑥̇ = 20√3 𝑦̇ = 20
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 20√3 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 20
20√3 = 𝐶1 20 = 𝐶2
so 𝑥̇ = 20√3 (2) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 20 (4)
2b To begin, 𝑥̇ = 20√3 To begin, 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 20
Integrating, 𝑥 = 20𝑡√3 + 𝐶3 Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 20𝑡 + 𝐶4
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶3 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 20𝑡√3 (5) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 20𝑡 (6)

2c i The particle returns to the ground when 𝑦 = 0.

Substituting into (6):
0 = −5𝑡 2 + 20𝑡
5𝑡 2 − 20𝑡 = 0
5𝑡(𝑡 − 4) = 0
𝑡 = 0 or 𝑡 = 4
Since 𝑡 > 0, particle returns to the ground at 𝑡 = 4 seconds.
2c ii From (5):
When 𝑡 = 4,
𝑥 = 20 × 4 × √3
= 80√3 m
The horizontal distance travelled by the particle is 80√3 m.
2c iii Particle reaches greatest height when 𝑦̇ = 0.

0 = −10𝑡 + 20
10𝑡 = 20
𝑡=2
𝑦 = −20 + 40
= 20 m
The greatest height reached above the ground is 20 m.

𝑥̇ = 10 𝑦̇ = 10√3

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 10 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 10√3

10 = 𝐶1 10√3 = 𝐶2
so 𝑥̇ = 10 (2) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 10√3 (4)
3b To begin, 𝑥̇ = 10 To begin, 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 10√3

Integrating, 𝑥 = 10𝑡 + 𝐶3 Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 10𝑡√3 + 𝐶4
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶3 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 10𝑡 (5) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 10𝑡√3 (6)
3c i Since the particle starts at the origin and moves to a point with horizontal
component 𝑥 and vertical component 𝑦, we can consider a right-angled triangle
whose hypotenuse equals the distance travelled.
Pythagoras’ theorem can be used to calculate this hypotenuse.
𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
From (5) and (6):
2
𝑟 = √(10𝑡)2 + (−5𝑡 2 + 10𝑡√3)
When 𝑡 = 1,
2
𝑟 = √102 + (−5 + 10√3)
= √100 + 25 − 100√3 + 300
= √425 − 100√3
≑ 15.9 m
So the distance of the particle from the origin after one second is about 15.9 m.

3c ii The particle’s speed can be calculated by applying Pythagoras’ theorem to the

particle’s velocity vector 𝑣 = 𝑥̇ 𝑖 + 𝑦̇ 𝑗.
𝑣 2 = 𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑦̇ 2
𝑣 = √𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑦̇ 2
From (2) and (4):
2
𝑣 = √102 + (−10𝑡 + 10√3)
When 𝑡 = 1,
2
𝑣 = √102 + (−10 + 10√3)
= √100 + 100 − 200√3 + 300
= √500 − 200√3
≑ 12.4 m/s
The speed of the particle after one second is about 12.4 m/s.
4 4
4a Initially, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ = 60 cos (tan−1 3) 𝑦̇ = 60 sin (tan−1 3)
𝑥̇ = 36 𝑦̇ = 48
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 36 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 48
36 = 𝐶1 48 = 𝐶2
so 𝑥̇ = 36 (2) so 3 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 48 (4)

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶3 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 36𝑡 (5) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 48𝑡 (6)

4c 𝑑2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑑 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
From (5) and (6):
𝑑 = √(36𝑡)2 + (−5𝑡 2 + 48𝑡)2
When 𝑡 = 3,
𝑑 = √1082 + (−45 + 144)2
= √21 465
≑ 146.5 m
The distance of the particle, from the point of projection, after 3 seconds is about
146.5 m.
4d 𝑣 = 𝑥̇ 𝑖 + 𝑦̇ 𝑗
From (2) and (4):

𝑣 = 36𝑖 + (−10𝑡 + 48)𝑗
When 𝑡 = 3,
𝑣 = 36𝑖 + 18𝑗
𝑣 2 = 362 + 182
𝑣 = √362 + 182
= √1296 + 324
= √1620
= √324 × 5
= 18√5 m/s
18 1
tan 𝜃 = 36 = 2
1
𝜃 = tan−1 2

So, the velocity of the particle after three seconds is 18√5 m/s at an angle of
1
tan−1 2 above the horizontal.
5a Initially, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ = 8 𝑦̇ = 6
To begTo begin, 𝑥̈ = 0 (1) To begin, 𝑦̈ = −10 (3)
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 8 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 6
8 = 𝐶1 6 = 𝐶2
so 𝑥̇ = 8 (2) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 6 (4)
Now 𝑣 = 𝑥̇ 𝑖 + 𝑦̇ 𝑗
so 𝑣 = 8𝑖 + (−10𝑡 + 6)𝑗
𝑣 = 8𝑖 + (6 − 10𝑡)𝑗

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶3 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 8𝑡 (5) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 (6)
𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗
so 𝑟 = 8𝑡𝑖 + (−5𝑡 2 + 6𝑡)𝑗
𝑟 = (8𝑡)𝑖 + (6𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 )𝑗
5c i 𝑣 = 8𝑖 + 6𝑗
𝑣 2 = 82 + 62
𝑣 = √82 + 62
= √64 + 36

= √100
= 10 m/s
The initial speed of the particle is 10 m/s.
5c ii 𝑟 = (8𝑡)𝑖 + (6𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 )𝑗
When 𝑡 = 2,
𝑟 = 16𝑖 + (12 − 20)𝑗
= 16𝑖 − 8𝑗
5c iii From (4):

When 𝑦̇ = 0,
0 = −10𝑡 + 6
10𝑡 = 6
𝑡 = 0.6 seconds
When 𝑡 = 0.6,
𝑟 = 4.8𝑖 + (3.6 − 1.8)𝑗
= 4.8𝑖 + 1.8𝑗
6a To begin, 𝑥 = 40𝑡 (1) To begin, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 25𝑡 (3)

Differentiate, 𝑥̇ = 40 (2) Differentiate, 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 25 (4)
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 40 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 25
6b From (2) and (4):

𝑣 = 40𝑖 + 25𝑗
𝑣 2 = 402 + 252
𝑣 = √402 + 252
= √1600 + 625

= √2225
= 5√89 m/s
25 5
tan 𝜃 = =
40 8
5
𝜃 = tan−1
8
𝜃 ≑ 32°
7a Initially, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 𝛼 𝑦̇ = 𝑉 sin 𝛼

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 𝛼 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 𝑉 sin 𝛼
𝑉 cos 𝛼 = 𝐶1 𝑉 sin 𝛼 = 𝐶3
so 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 𝛼 (2a) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 𝑉 sin 𝛼 (5a)
Integrating, 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 𝛼 + 𝐶2 Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝛼 + 𝐶4
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶2 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 𝛼 (3a) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝛼 (6a)
When 𝑡 = 2, 8 = 2𝑉 cos 𝛼 When 𝑡 = 2, −12 = −20 + 2𝑉 sin 𝛼
so 𝑉 cos 𝛼 = 4 so 𝑉 sin 𝛼 = 4
Hence, 𝑣 = 4𝑖 + 4𝑗
From (2a): 𝑥̇ = 4 (2b) From (5a): 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 4 (5b)
From (3a): 𝑥 = 4𝑡 (3b) From (6a): 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 (6b)
7b 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗
From (3b) and (6b):

𝑟 = 4𝑡𝑖 + (−5𝑡 2 + 4𝑡)𝑗
When 𝑡 = 0.5,

𝑟 = 2𝑖 + (−1.25 + 2)𝑗
= 2𝑖 + 0.75𝑗
8a Initially, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 𝑦̇ = 𝑉 sin 𝜃

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 𝑉 sin 𝜃
𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝐶1 𝑉 sin 𝜃 = 𝐶3
so 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 (2a) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 𝑉 sin 𝜃 (5a)
Integrating, 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝐶2 Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜃 + 𝐶4
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶2 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 𝜃 (3a) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜃 (6a)
When 𝑡 = 2, 30 = 2𝑉 cos 𝜃 When 𝑡 = 2, 30 = −20 + 2𝑉 sin 𝜃
so 𝑉 cos 𝜃 = 15 so 𝑉 sin 𝜃 = 25

8b 𝑉 = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 𝑖 + 𝑉 sin 𝜃 𝑗
So 𝑉 = 15𝑖 + 25𝑗
𝑉 2 = 152 + 252
𝑉 = √152 + 252
= √225 + 625
= √850
= 5√34 m/s
25 5
tan 𝜃 = =
15 3

5
𝜃 = tan−1
3
9a Initially, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ = 12 cos(−30°) 𝑦̇ = 12 sin(−30°)

𝑥̇ = 6√3 𝑦̇ = −6
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 6√3 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = −6
6√3 = 𝐶1 −6 = 𝐶2
so 𝑥̇ = 6√3 (2) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 − 6 (4)
9b To begin, 𝑥̇ = 6√3 To begin, 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 − 6
Integrating, 𝑥 = 6𝑡√3 + 𝐶3 Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 𝐶4
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶3 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 6𝑡√3 (5) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 (6)
9c The stone will hit the ground when 𝑦 = −11.

−11 = −5𝑡 2 − 6𝑡
5𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 − 11 = 0
(5𝑡 + 11)(𝑡 − 1) = 0
11
𝑡=− or 𝑡 = 1
5
But 𝑡 ≥ 0, so the stone hits the ground when 𝑡 = 1 second.
9d From (5):
𝑥 = 6𝑡√3
When 𝑡 = 1,

𝑥 = 6√3
≑ 10.4 m
The stone hits the ground about 10.4 m from the base of the tower.
9e 𝑣 = 𝑥̇ 𝑖 + 𝑦̇ 𝑗
From (2) and (4):
𝑣 = 6𝑡√3𝑖 + (−10𝑡 − 6)𝑗
When 𝑡 = 1,
𝑣 = 6√3𝑖 − 16𝑗
16
tan 𝜃 = −
6√3
8√3
=−
9
8√3
𝜃 = tan−1 (− )
9
8√3
So the stone will hit the ground at an angle of tan−1 below the horizontal.
9

𝑥̇ = 3√2 𝑦̇ = 3√2
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 3√2 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 3√2
3√2 = 𝐶1 3√2 = 𝐶3
so 𝑥̇ = 3√2 (2) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 3√2 (5)
To begin, 𝑥̇ = 3√2 To begin, 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 3√2
Integrating, 𝑥 = 3𝑡√2 + 𝐶2 Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 3𝑡√2 + 𝐶4

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶2 0 = 𝐶4

so 𝑥 = 3𝑡√2 (3) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 3𝑡√2 (6)
The ball will hit the ground when 𝑦 = −2.

−2 = −5𝑡 2 + 3𝑡√2
5𝑡 2 − 3𝑡√2 − 2 = 0
2
3√2 ± √(−3√2) − 4 × 5 × (−2)
𝑡=
2×5
3√2 ± √18 + 40
=
10
3√2 ± √58
=
10
𝑡 ≑ −0.34 or 𝑡 ≑ 1.19
But 𝑡 ≥ 0, so the stone hits the ground when 𝑡 ≑ 1.19 seconds.
10b From (3):
𝑥 = 3𝑡√2
3√2 + √58
When 𝑡 = ,
10
3√2 + √58
𝑥 =3× × √2
10
≑ 5.03 m
The horizontal distance travelled by the ball is about 5.03 m.
11 Let 𝑉 be the initial speed of the projectile

Initially, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 36° 𝑦̇ = 𝑉 sin 36°

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 36° When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 𝑉 sin 36°

𝑉 cos 36° = 𝐶1 𝑉 sin 36° = 𝐶3
so 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 36° (2) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 𝑉 sin 36° (5)
To begin, 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 36° To begin, 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 𝑉 sin 36°
Integrating, 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 36° + 𝐶2 Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 36° + 𝐶4
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶2 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 36° (3) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 36° (6)
From (3):
𝑥
𝑡=
𝑉 cos 36°
Substituting for 𝑡 in (6):
𝑥 2 𝑉𝑥
𝑦 = −5 ( ) +( ) sin 36°
𝑉 cos 36° 𝑉 cos 36°
−5𝑥 2
= + 𝑥 tan 36°
𝑉 2 cos2 36°
If the projectile just clears the wall, it will reach a point where 𝑥 = 20 and 𝑦 = 10
−5(20)2
10 = 2 + 20 tan 36°
𝑉 cos2 36°
−2000
10 = + 20 tan 36°
𝑉 2 cos2 36°
−2000
10 − 20 tan 36° =
𝑉 2 cos2 36°
−2000
𝑉 2 cos 2 36° =
10 − 20 tan 36°
2000
𝑉 2 cos 2 36° =
20 tan 36° − 10
2000
𝑉2 =
cos 2 36° (20 tan 36° − 10)
2000
𝑉=√
cos2 36° (20 tan 36° − 10)

𝑉 ≑ 26 m/s
The initial speed of the projectile is about 26 m/s.
12 Initially, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ = 20 cos 𝛼 𝑦̇ = 20 sin 𝛼

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 20 cos 𝛼 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 20 sin 𝛼
20 cos 𝛼 = 𝐶1 20 sin 𝛼 = 𝐶3
so 𝑥̇ = 20 cos 𝛼 (2) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 20 sin 𝛼 (5)
To begin, 𝑥̇ = 20 cos 𝛼 To begin, 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 20 sin 𝛼
Integrating, 𝑥 = 20𝑡 cos 𝛼 + 𝐶2 Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 20𝑡 sin 𝛼 + 𝐶4
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶2 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 20𝑡 cos 𝛼 (3) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 20𝑡 sin 𝛼 (6)
As the ball reaches its highest point, 𝑦̇ = 0.

0 = −10𝑡 + 20 sin 𝛼
10𝑡 = 20 sin 𝛼
𝑡 = 2 sin 𝛼
𝑦 = −5(2 sin 𝛼)2 + 40 sin2 𝛼
= −20 sin2 𝛼 + 40 sin2 𝛼
= 20 sin2 𝛼
In order to clear the wall at its highest point, 𝑦 = 3 when 𝑦̇ = 0.
3 = 20 sin2 𝛼
3
sin2 𝛼 =
20

3
sin 𝛼 = √
20
3 √5
=√ ×
20 √5
√15
=
√100
√15
=
10
√15
𝛼 = sin−1
10
13 For 𝑃1
Initially, 𝑥1 = 𝑦1 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ 1 = 20 𝑦̇ 1 = 30
To begin, 𝑥̈ 1 = 0 (1a) To begin, 𝑦̈ 1 = −10 (4a)
Integrating, 𝑥̇ 1 = 𝐶1 Integrating, 𝑦̇ 1 = −10𝑡 + 𝐶3
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ 1 = 20 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ 1 = 30
20 = 𝐶1 30 = 𝐶3
so 𝑥̇ 1 = 20 (2a) so 𝑦̇ 1 = −10𝑡 + 30 (5a)
To begin, 𝑥̇ 1 = 20 To begin, 𝑦̇ 1 = −10𝑡 + 30
Integrating, 𝑥1 = 20𝑡 + 𝐶2 Integrating, 𝑦1 = −5𝑡 2 + 30𝑡 + 𝐶4
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥1 = 0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦1 = 0
0 = 𝐶2 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥1 = 20𝑡 (3a) so 𝑦1 = −5𝑡 2 + 30𝑡 (6a)
For 𝑃2
Initially, 𝑥2 = 𝑦2 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ 2 = 60 𝑦̇ 2 = 50
To begin, 𝑥̈ 2 = 0 (1b) To begin, 𝑦̈ 2 = −10 (4b)
Integrating, 𝑥̇ 2 = 𝐶1 Integrating, 𝑦̇ 2 = −10𝑡 + 𝐶3
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ 2 = 60 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ 2 = 50
60 = 𝐶1 50 = 𝐶3

so 𝑥̇ 2 = 60 (2b) so 𝑦̇2 = −10𝑡 + 50 (5b)

To begin, 𝑥̇ 2 = 60 To begin, 𝑦̇ 2 = −10𝑡 + 50
Integrating, 𝑥2 = 60𝑡 + 𝐶2 Integrating, 𝑦2 = −5𝑡 2 + 50𝑡 + 𝐶4
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥2 = 0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦2 = 0
0 = 𝐶2 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥2 = 60𝑡 (3b) so 𝑦2 = −5𝑡 2 + 50𝑡 (6b)
Since 𝑃2 is projected two seconds after 𝑃1 ,

then 𝑥2 = 60(𝑡 − 2)
and 𝑦2 = −5(𝑡 − 2)2 + 50(𝑡 − 2)
If the particles collide, the same value of 𝑡 must allow 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 and 𝑦1 = 𝑦2 .
From (3a) and (3b):
20𝑡 = 60(𝑡 − 2)
20𝑡 = 60𝑡 − 120
40𝑡 = 120
𝑡=3
From (6a) and (6b):
−5𝑡 2 + 30𝑡 = −5(𝑡 − 2)2 + 50(𝑡 − 2)
Check when 𝑡 = 3,
LHS = −45 + 90 = 45
RHS = −5 + 50 = 45
Hence LHS = RHS.
𝑃1 and 𝑃2 collide at 3 seconds after 𝑃1 is projected (2 seconds after 𝑃2 is
projected).

14a Initially, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ = 20√2 cos 𝜃 𝑦̇ = 20√2 sin 𝜃

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 20√2 cos 𝜃 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 20√2 sin 𝜃
20√2 cos 𝜃 = 𝐶1 20√2 sin 𝜃 = 𝐶3
so 𝑥̇ = 20√2 cos 𝜃 (2) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 20√2 sin 𝜃 (5)
To begin, 𝑥̇ = 20√2 cos 𝜃 To begin, 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 20√2 sin 𝜃
Integrating, 𝑥 = 20𝑡√2 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶2 Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 20𝑡√2 sin 𝜃 + 𝐶4

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶2 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 20𝑡√2 cos 𝜃 (3) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 20𝑡√2 sin 𝜃 (6)
At time 𝑡, 𝑥 = 20 and 𝑦 = 15.

Substituting 𝑥 = 20 into (3):
20 = 20𝑡√2 cos 𝜃
so √2 𝑡 cos 𝜃 = 1 (7)
Substituting 𝑦 = 15 into (6):
15 = −5𝑡 2 + 20𝑡√2 sin 𝜃
so 4√2 𝑡 sin 𝜃 − 𝑡 2 = 3 (8)
14b From (7):

1
𝑡=
√2 cos 𝜃
2
4√2 1
sin 𝜃 − ( ) =3
√2 cos 𝜃 √2 cos 𝜃
1
4 tan 𝜃 − =3
2 cos2 𝜃

1
4 tan 𝜃 − −3=0
2 cos2 𝜃
1
− 8 tan 𝜃 + 6 = 0
cos2 𝜃
sec 2 𝜃 − 8 tan 𝜃 + 6 = 0
But sec 2 𝜃 = tan2 𝜃 + 1
so tan2 𝜃 − 8 tan 𝜃 + 7 = 0
14c tan2 𝜃 − 8 tan 𝜃 + 7 = 0

(tan 𝜃 − 1)(tan 𝜃 − 7) = 0
tan 𝜃 = 1 or 7
𝜃 = 45° or tan−1 7
𝜃 = 45° or 𝜃 ≑ 81°52′
15a Initially, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ = 50 cos 𝜃 𝑦̇ = 50 sin 𝜃

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 50 cos 𝜃 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 50 sin 𝜃
50 cos 𝜃 = 𝐶1 50 sin 𝜃 = 𝐶3
so 𝑥̇ = 50 cos 𝜃 (2) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 50 sin 𝜃 (5)
To begin, 𝑥̇ = 50 cos 𝜃 To begin, 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 50 sin 𝜃
Integrating, 𝑥 = 50𝑡 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶2 Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 50𝑡 sin 𝜃 + 𝐶4
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶2 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 50𝑡 cos 𝜃 (3) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 50𝑡 sin 𝜃 (6)
At point 𝑃, 𝑥 = 100 and 𝑦 = 25.

100 = 50𝑡 cos 𝜃

2
𝑡= (7)
cos 𝜃
Substituting 𝑦 = 25 into (6):
25 = −5𝑡 2 + 50𝑡 sin 𝜃
𝑡 2 − 10𝑡 sin 𝜃 + 5 = 0 (8)
4 20 sin 𝜃
− +5=0
cos2 𝜃 cos 𝜃
4sec 2 𝜃 − 20 tan 𝜃 + 5 = 0
sec 2 𝜃 − 5 tan 𝜃 + 1.25 = 0
But sec 2 𝜃 = tan2 𝜃 + 1
tan2 𝜃 − 5 tan 𝜃 + 2.25 = 0
1 9
(tan 𝜃 − ) (tan 𝜃 − ) = 0
2 2
1 9
tan 𝜃 = or
2 2
1 9
𝜃 = tan−1 or tan−1
2 2
15b i
1
For 𝜃 = tan−1 ,
2
consider a right-angled triangle with angle 𝜃 and opposite side 1 unit, adjacent
side 2 units and hypotenuse √12 + 22 = √5 units.
1 √5 2 2√5
Hence, sin 𝜃 = = and cos 𝜃 = =
√5 5 √5 5
Substituting for cos 𝜃 in (7):
2
𝑡=
cos 𝜃
2
=
2√5
( )
5

5
=
√5
= √5 seconds
9
For 𝜃 = tan−1 ,
2
consider a right-angled triangle with angle 𝜃 and opposite side 9 units, adjacent
side 2 units and hypotenuse √92 + 22 = √85 units.
9 9√85 2 2√85
Hence, sin 𝜃 = = and cos 𝜃 = =
√85 85 √85 85
Substituting for cos 𝜃 in (7):
2
𝑡=
cos 𝜃
2
=
2√85
( )
85
85
=
√85
= √85 seconds
15b ii To begin, 𝑣 = 𝑥̇ 𝑖 + 𝑦̇ 𝑗
From (2) and (5):

𝑣 = 50 cos 𝜃 𝑖 + (−10𝑡 + 50 sin 𝜃)𝑗
1 1 √5 2 2√5
When 𝜃 = tan−1 , sin 𝜃 = = and cos 𝜃 = = ,
2 √5 5 √5 5
2
𝑣 2 = (50 cos 𝜃)2 + (−10√5 + 50 sin 𝜃 )
2 2
2√5 √5
= (50 × ) + (−10√5 + 50 × )
5 5
2 2
= (20√5) + (−10√5 + 10√5)
2
= (20√5)

𝑣 = 20√5
≑ 44.7 m/s
−10√5 + 50 sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 =
50 cos 𝜃
−10√5 + 10√5
=
20√5
=0
So 𝜃 = 0°
9 9 9√85 2 2√85
When 𝜃 = tan−1 , sin 𝜃 = = and cos 𝜃 = =
2 √85 85 √85 85
2
𝑣 2 = (50 cos 𝜃)2 + (−10√85 + 50 sin 𝜃 )
2 2
50 × 2√85 50 × 9√85
=( ) + (−10√85 + )
85 85
2 2
20√85 90√85
=( ) + (−10√85 + )
17 17
2 2
20 × √17 × √5 90 × √17 × √5
=( ) + (−10 × √17 × √5 + )
17 17
2 2
20√5 −80√5
=( ) +( )
√17 √17
2000 32 000
= +
17 17
34 000
=
17
= 2000
𝑣 = √2000
= 20√5
≑ 44.7 m/s
−10√85 + 50 sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 =
50 cos 𝜃

90√85
−10√85 + ( 17 )
=
20√85
( 17 )
−170√85 90√85
+ 17
= 17
20√85
( 17 )
−80√85
= 17
20√85
( 17 )
= −4
So 𝜃 ≑ 76.0°.
For each possible angle of projection, the velocity of the particle is about
44.7 m/s at angles of 0° and 76.0° to the horizontal.
16a i Initially, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 𝑦̇ = 𝑉 sin 𝜃

To begin, 𝑥̈ = 0 (1) To begin, 𝑦̈ = −𝑔 (4)
Integrating, 𝑥̇ = 𝐶1 Integrating, 𝑦̇ = −𝑔 + 𝐶3
𝑉 cos 𝜃 = 𝐶1 𝑉 sin 𝜃 = 𝐶3
so 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 (2) so 𝑦̇ = −𝑔𝑡 + 𝑉 sin 𝜃 (5)
To begin, 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 To begin, 𝑦̇ = −𝑔𝑡 + 𝑉 sin 𝜃
𝑔
Integrating, 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶2 Integrating, 𝑦 = − 𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜃 + 𝐶4
2
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶2 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 𝜃 (3) 𝑔
so 𝑦 = − 2 𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜃 (6)
A particle reaches its greatest height when 𝑦̇ = 0.

0 = −𝑔𝑡 + 𝑉 sin 𝜃

𝑔𝑡 = 𝑉 sin 𝜃
𝑉 sin 𝜃
𝑡=
𝑔
𝑔 𝑉 sin 𝜃 2 𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃
𝑦=− ( ) +
2 𝑔 𝑔
𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃
=− +
2𝑔 𝑔
𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃
= metres
2𝑔
𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃
Hence the greatest height is metres.
2𝑔
16a ii The particle returns to the ground when 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑡 > 0.

Substituting for 𝑦 in (6):
𝑔
0 = − 𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜃
2
𝑔
𝑡 ( 𝑡 − 𝑉 sin 𝜃) = 0
2
2𝑉 sin 𝜃
𝑡 = 0 or 𝑡 =
𝑔
2𝑉 sin 𝜃
But 𝑡 > 0 so 𝑡 =
𝑔
2𝑉 sin 𝜃
𝑥 = 𝑉( ) cos 𝜃
𝑔
2𝑉 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑥=
𝑔
But sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑉 2 sin 2𝜃
so 𝑥 = metres
𝑔
𝑉 2 sin 2𝜃
Hence the horizontal range is metres.
𝑔

16b If the horizontal range is five times the maximum height,

𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑉 2 sin 2𝜃 1
÷ =
2𝑔 𝑔 5
𝑔𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃 1
=
2𝑔𝑉 2 sin 2𝜃 5
sin2 𝜃 1
=
2 sin 2𝜃 5
5 sin2 𝜃 = 2 sin 2𝜃
5 sin2 𝜃 = 2 × 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
5 sin2 𝜃 = 4 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
5 sin 𝜃 = 4 cos 𝜃 where sin 𝜃 ≠ 0
sin 𝜃 4
=
cos 𝜃 5
4
tan 𝜃 =
5
4 4
so 𝜃 = tan−1 = arctan
5 5
17 The usual equations of motion are:

𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦̇ = −𝑔𝑡 + 𝑉 sin 𝜃
𝑔
𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 𝜃 𝑦 = − 2 𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜃
The maximum height occurs when 𝑦̇ = 0.

𝑉 sin 𝜃
That is, when 𝑡 = .
𝑔
𝑉 sin 𝜃
So when 𝑡 = , 𝑦=2
𝑔
Hence,
𝑔 𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑉 sin 𝜃
2=− × 2
+ 𝑉 sin 𝜃 ×
2 𝑔 𝑔
𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃
2=
2𝑔

4𝑔
sin2 𝜃 =
𝑉2
2√𝑔
sin 𝜃 = (𝜃 is acute)
𝑉
2𝑉 sin 𝜃
The time of flight is .
𝑔
2𝑉 sin 𝜃
When 𝑡 = ,
𝑔
2𝑉 sin 𝜃
𝑥 = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 ×
𝑔
𝑥=
𝑔
2√𝑔
If sin 𝜃 = ,
𝑉
consider a right-angled triangle with angle 𝜃 and opposite side 2√𝑔 units,
hypotenuse 𝑉 units and adjacent side √𝑉 2 − (2√𝑔)2 = √𝑉 2 − 4𝑔 units.
√𝑉 2 − 4𝑔
Hence, cos 𝜃 =
𝑉
Therefore,
2𝑉 2 2√𝑔 √𝑉 2 − 4𝑔
𝑥= × ×
𝑔 𝑉 𝑉
4
𝑥= √𝑉 2 − 4𝑔
√𝑔
16
𝑥 = √ (𝑉 2 − 4𝑔) as required.
𝑔

18a 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦̇ = −𝑔𝑡 + 𝑉 sin 𝜃

𝑔
𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 𝜃 𝑦 = − 2 𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜃
The greatest height occurs when 𝑦̇ = 0

𝑉 sin 𝜃
That is, when 𝑡 = .
𝑔
𝑉 sin 𝜃
So when 𝑡 = , 𝑦=ℎ
𝑔
Hence,
𝑔 𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑉 sin 𝜃
ℎ=− × + 𝑉 sin 𝜃 ×
2 𝑔2 𝑔
𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃
ℎ=
2𝑔
𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃 = 2𝑔ℎ (1)
18b
ℎ
When 𝑦 = ,
2
ℎ 𝑔𝑡 2
=− + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜃
2 2
𝑔𝑡 2 − (2𝑉 sin 𝜃)𝑡 + ℎ = 0
2𝑉 sin 𝜃 ± √4𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃 − 4𝑔ℎ

𝑡=
2𝑔
𝑉 sin 𝜃 ± √𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃 − 𝑔ℎ
𝑡=
𝑔
From (1), 𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃 = 2𝑔ℎ hence,
√2𝑔ℎ ± √2𝑔ℎ − 𝑔ℎ
𝑡=
𝑔
√2√𝑔ℎ ± √𝑔ℎ
𝑡=
𝑔

√𝑔ℎ(√2 ± 1)
𝑡=
𝑔
(√2 ± 1)√ℎ
𝑡=
√𝑔
Hence,
(√2 + 1)√ℎ (√2 − 1)√ℎ

𝑡= or 𝑡 = as required.
√𝑔 √𝑔
18c At 𝑦 = ℎ, 𝑦̇ = 0, so the speed is equal to the horizontal speed, which is 𝑉 cos 𝜃.

ℎ
At 𝑦 = , while the projectile is rising,
2
(√2 − 1)√ℎ
𝑡=
√𝑔
So 𝑉 cos 𝜃, and
(√2 − 1)√ℎ
𝑦̇ = 𝑉 sin 𝜃 − 𝑔 ×
√𝑔
𝑦̇ = 𝑉 sin 𝜃 − (√2 − 1)√𝑔ℎ
From (1) in part a:

𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃 = 2𝑔ℎ
𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃
𝑔ℎ =
2
𝑉 sin 𝜃
√𝑔ℎ =
√2
Hence
𝑉 sin 𝜃
𝑦̇ = 𝑉 sin 𝜃 − (√2 − 1)
√2
√2𝑉 sin 𝜃 − √2𝑉 sin 𝜃 + 𝑉 sin 𝜃
𝑦̇ =
√2
𝑉 sin 𝜃
𝑦̇ =
√2

ℎ
At 𝑦 = ,
2
speed = √(𝑥̇ )2 + (𝑦̇ )2
𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃
= √𝑉 2 cos2 𝜃 +
2
𝑉
= √2 cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃
√2
So the ratio of the speed is:
𝑉
√2 cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃
√2 √5
=
𝑉 cos 𝜃 √2
√2 cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃
= √5
cos 𝜃
√5 cos 𝜃 = √2 cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃
5 cos2 𝜃 = 2 cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃
5 cos2 𝜃 = 2 cos2 𝜃 + 1 − cos2 𝜃
4cos 2 𝜃 = 1
1
cos2 𝜃 =
4
1
cos 𝜃 = (as cos 𝜃 > 0)
2
𝜋
𝜃= or 60°
3


1a
5 2 4
𝑦= − 𝑥 + 𝑥
324 3
When 𝑥 = 12,
5 4
𝑦= − × 122 + × 12
324 3
720
= − + 16
324
7
= 13 m
9
or 𝑦 ≑ 13.8 m
The height of the particle is about 13.8 m.
1b When 𝑦 = 19,
5 2 4
19 = − 𝑥 + 𝑥
324 3
5𝑥 2 − 432𝑥 + 6156 = 0
432 ± √4322 − 4 × 5 × 6156

𝑥=
2×5
432 ± √63 504

=
10
432 ± 252
=
10
= 43.2 − 25.2 or 43.2 + 25.2
So 𝑥 = 18 m or 68.4. m
The particle has travelled a horizontal distance of 18 m or 68.4 m.

1c i
𝑑𝑦 2×5 4
= − 𝑥+
𝑑𝑥 324 3
5 4
= − 𝑥+
162 3
When 𝑥 = 0,
𝑑𝑦 5 4
=− ×0+
𝑑𝑥 162 3
4
=
3
Let 𝛼 = angle of projection
𝑑𝑦 4
tan 𝛼 = =
𝑑𝑥 3
4
𝛼 = tan−1
3
4
So the angle of projection is tan−1 3 above the horizontal.
1c ii When 𝑥 = 18,
𝑑𝑦 5 4
=− × 18 +
𝑑𝑥 162 3
7
=
9
𝑑𝑦 7
tan 𝛼 = =
𝑑𝑥 9
7
𝛼 = tan−1
9
7
So the direction of motion is tan−1 9 above the horizontal.
1c iii When 𝑥 = 54,

𝑑𝑦 5 4
=− × 54 +
𝑑𝑥 162 3

1
=−
3
𝑑𝑦 1
tan 𝛼 = =−
𝑑𝑥 3
1
𝛼 = tan−1 (− )
3
1
So the direction of motion is tan−1 3 below the horizontal.
2a Initially, 𝑡 = 0 = 𝑥 = 𝑦.
𝑥 = 48𝑡
𝑥
so 𝑡 = (1)
48
and
𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 20𝑡 (2)
𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑦 = −5 ( ) + 20 ( )
48 48
5 5
𝑦=− 𝑥2 + 𝑥 (3)
2304 12
2b i When 𝑦 = 0,
5 5
0=− 𝑥2 + 𝑥
2304 12
5 5
𝑥2 − 𝑥 = 0
2304 12
5𝑥 2 − 960𝑥 = 0
5𝑥(𝑥 − 192) = 0
𝑥 = 0 or 192
Therefore, horizontal range of particle is 192 m.

2b ii Using symmetry, greatest height is at midpoint of horizontal range.

192
𝑥= = 96
2
Thus, 𝑥 = 96 m at greatest height.
5 5
𝑦=− × 962 + × 96
2304 12
= 20 m
𝑑𝑦
Alternatively, 𝑑𝑥 = 0 for maximum/minimum height.
5𝑥 5
− + =0
1152 12
5 × 1152
5𝑥 − =0
12
5𝑥 = 480
𝑥 = 96
𝑑2𝑦 5
2
=− < 0, so 𝑥 = 96 gives maximum height.
𝑑𝑥 1152
5 5
𝑦=− × 962 + × 96
2304 12
= 20 m
The greatest height of the particle is 20 m.
2b iii Initially, 𝑡 = 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 5𝑥 5
= − +
𝑑𝑥 1152 12
When 𝑥 = 0,
𝑑𝑦 5×0 5
=− +
𝑑𝑥 1152 12
5
=
12

𝑑𝑦 5
tan 𝛼 = =
𝑑𝑥 12
5
𝛼 = tan−1
12
𝛼 ≑ 22.6°
The angle of projection is about 22.6°.
2b iv When 𝑥 = 120,
𝑑𝑦 5 × 120 5
= − +
𝑑𝑥 1152 12
25 5
= − +
48 12
5
= −
48
𝑑𝑦 5
tan 𝛼 = =−
𝑑𝑥 48
5
𝛼 = tan−1 (− ) ≑ −6°
48
The direction of the particle will be 6° below the horizontal.
3a |𝑣| = √32 + 12
= √10
The initial speed is √10.
3b To begin, 𝑥̇ = 3
Integrating, 𝑥 = 3𝑡 + 𝐶1
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0
Thus, 𝐶1 = 0
so 𝑥 = 3𝑡 (1)

To begin, 𝑦̇ = 1 − 10𝑡
Integrating, 𝑦 = 𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 + 𝐶2
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
Thus, 𝐶2 = 0
so 𝑦 = 𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 (2)
3c 𝑥 = 3𝑡
𝑥
𝑡= (3)
3
𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑦= − 5( )
3 3
𝑥 5𝑥 2
= −
3 9
9𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 5𝑥 2
3d i
𝑑𝑦 1 10
= − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3 9
When 𝑥 = 0.15,
𝑑𝑦 1 10
= − × 0.15
𝑑𝑥 3 9
6 3
= −
18 18
3
=
18
1
=
6
𝑑𝑦 1
tan 𝛼 = =
𝑑𝑥 6

1
𝛼 = tan−1 ( ) ≑ 9.5°
6
The direction of motion of the particle will be 9.5° above the horizontal.
3d ii
𝑑𝑦 1 10
= − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3 9
When 𝑡 = 0.15, 𝑥 = 3 × 0.15 = 0.45 (using 𝑥 = 3𝑡)
𝑑𝑦 1 10
= − × 0.45
𝑑𝑥 3 9
6 9
= −
18 18
3
=−
18
1
=−
6
𝑑𝑦 1
tan 𝛼 = =−
𝑑𝑥 6
1
𝛼 = tan−1 (− ) ≑ −9.5°
6
The direction of motion of the particle will be 9.5° below the horizontal.
4a To begin, 𝑥̇ = 5
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0
Thus, 𝐶1 = 0
so 𝑥 = 5𝑡 (1)
To begin, 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡
Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 𝐶2
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0

Thus, 𝐶2 = 0
so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 (2)
From (1):
𝑥
𝑡=
5
𝑥
Substituting 𝑡 = into (2):
5
𝑥 2
𝑦 = −5 ( )
5
1
𝑦 = − 𝑥2
5
4b Object lands at 𝑦 = −20 m

1
−20 = − 𝑥 2
5
100 = 𝑥 2
𝑥 = 10 m (as 𝑥 > 0)
The object hits the ground 10 m from the base of the tower.
4c Object hits the ground when 𝑥 = 10 m.

10
𝑡=
5
= 2s
𝑑𝑦 2
= − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 5
When 𝑥 = 10,
𝑑𝑦 2
= − × 10
𝑑𝑥 5
= −4
𝑑𝑦
tan 𝛼 = = −4
𝑑𝑥
𝛼 = tan−1(−4) ≑ −76°

The direction of the particle will be 76° below the horizontal.
5a To begin, 𝑥̇ = 24 cos 30 ° = 12√3
Integrating, 𝑥 = 12√3𝑡 + 𝐶1
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0
Thus, 𝐶1 = 0
so 𝑥 = 12√3𝑡 (1)
To begin, 𝑦̇ = 24 sin 30° − 10𝑡 = 12 − 10𝑡

Integrating, 𝑦 = 12𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 + 𝐶2
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
Thus, 𝐶2 = 0
so 𝑦 = 12𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 (2)
5b From (1):
𝑥
𝑡=
12√3
𝑥
Substituting 𝑡 = into (2):
12√3
𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 12 ( ) − 5( )
12√3 12√3
1 5 2
= 𝑥− 𝑥
√3 432
5c When the ball hits the ground, 𝑥 = 𝐷 and 𝑦 = −6.

1 5 2
−6 = 𝐷− 𝐷
√3 432
5 2 1
𝐷 − 𝐷−6=0
432 √3
432
5𝐷2 − 𝐷 − 2592 = 0
√3

432√3
5𝐷2 − 𝐷 − 2592 = 0
3
5𝐷2 − 144√3𝐷 − 2592 = 0
5d Using the quadratic formula:
2
144√3 ± √(144√3) − 4 × 5 × (−2592)
𝐷=
2×5
144√3 ± √62 208 + 51 840

𝐷=
10
144√3 ± √114 048
𝐷=
10
𝐷 ≑ −8.8 or 58.7
But 𝐷 > 0 so 𝐷 ≑ 58.7 m.
6 To begin, 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 27°

Integrating, 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 27° + 𝐶1
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0
Thus, 𝐶1 = 0
so 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡cos 27° (1)
To begin, 𝑦̇ = −𝑉 sin 27° − 10𝑡

Integrating, 𝑦 = −𝑉𝑡 sin 27° − 5𝑡 2 + 𝐶2
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
Thus, 𝐶2 = 0
so 𝑦 = −𝑉𝑡sin 27° − 5𝑡 2 (2)
From (1):
𝑥
𝑡= (3)
𝑉 cos 27°

𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑦 = −𝑉 ( ) sin 27° − 5 ( )
5𝑥 2
𝑦 = − tan 27° 𝑥 − 2
𝑉 cos2 27°
5𝑥 2
𝑦 = −𝑥 tan 27° − as required
𝑉 2 cos2 27°
6b i Since 𝑦 = −60 when 𝑥 = 35,

5(35)2
−60 = −35 tan 27° −
𝑉 2 cos2 27°
5(35)2
60 − 35 tan 27° = 2
𝑉 cos2 27°
5(35)2
𝑉 2 cos 2 27° =
60 − 35 tan 27°
2
5(35)2
𝑉 =
cos 2 27° (60 − 35 tan 27°)
5(35)2
𝑉=√ as 𝑉 > 0
cos2 27° (60 − 35 tan 27°)
𝑉 ≑ 13.5 m/s
The initial speed of the stone is about 13.5 m/s.
6b ii
𝑑𝑦 10𝑥
= − tan 27° − 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑉 cos2 27°
When the stone lands in the ocean, 𝑥 = 35 and 𝑉 ≑ 13.5.
𝑑𝑦 10 × 35
≑ − tan 27° −
𝑑𝑥 13.52 cos 2 27°
= −2.9285 …
𝑑𝑦
tan 𝛼 = ≑ −2.93
𝑑𝑥
𝛼 = tan−1(−2.93) ≑ −71°

The direction of the stone will be 71° below the horizontal.
7a
𝑔𝑥 2 sec 2 𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃 −
2𝑉 2
𝑦 = 0 when particle lands
𝑔𝑥 2
0 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃 −
2𝑉 2 cos2 𝜃
𝑥 sin 𝜃 𝑔𝑥 2
0= − 2
cos 𝜃 2𝑉 cos 2 𝜃
𝑥 sin 𝜃 (2𝑉 2 cos 𝜃) 𝑔𝑥 2
0= −
2𝑉 2 cos2 𝜃 2𝑉 2 cos 2 𝜃
2𝑉 2 𝑥 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑔𝑥 2
0= − 2
2𝑉 2 cos2 𝜃 2𝑉 cos 2 𝜃
𝑔𝑥 2 − 2𝑉 2 𝑥 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 0 (for non-zero range, cos 𝜃 ≠ 0 and 𝑉 ≠ 0)
𝑥 (𝑔𝑥 − 2𝑉 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃) = 0
𝑥 = 0 or 𝑔𝑥 = 2𝑉 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑥 = 0 is not a feasible solution so
𝑥=
𝑔
𝑉 2 sin 2𝜃
𝑥= (as sin 2𝜃 = 2sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃)
𝑔
𝑉 2 sin 2𝜃
So the horizontal range is as required.
𝑔
.
7b 𝑉 = 30 m/s and 𝑥 = 75 m. Assume 𝑔 = 10 m/s2 .
𝑉 2 sin 2𝜃
Substituting into 𝑥 = gives:
𝑔
302 × sin 2𝜃
75 =
10
75 × 10
sin 2𝜃 =
302

5
sin 2𝜃 =
6
2𝜃 ≑ 56.4°, 123.6°
𝜃 ≑ 28.2°, 61.8°
8a
2𝑉 2
𝑔
𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃 − 2 𝑥2
2𝑉 cos2 𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑔
= tan 𝜃 − 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑉 cos 2 𝜃
𝑑𝑦
Vertex when =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑔
0 = tan 𝜃 − 2 𝑥
𝑉 cos 2 𝜃
𝑔
𝑥 = tan 𝜃
𝑉 2 cos 2 𝜃
𝑔 sin 𝜃
𝑥 =
𝑉 2 cos 2 𝜃 cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃 𝑉 2 cos 2 𝜃
𝑥= ×
cos 𝜃 𝑔
𝑉 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑥= where cos 𝜃 ≠ 0
𝑔
𝑉 2 × 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑥=
2𝑔
𝑉 2 sin 2𝜃
𝑥= (since sin 2𝜃 = 2cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃)
2𝑔
𝑑2𝑦 𝑔
= − < 0.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑉 2 cos 2 𝜃
𝑉 2 sin 2𝜃
Hence 𝑥 = gives the maximum turning point of the parabola.
2𝑔
𝑉 2 sin 2𝜃
When 𝑥 = ,
2𝑔

2
𝑉 2 sin 2𝜃 𝑔 𝑉 2 sin 2𝜃
𝑦=( ) tan 𝜃 − 2 ( )
2𝑔 2𝑉 cos 2 𝜃 2𝑔
2
𝑉 2 sin 2𝜃 𝑔 𝑉 2 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
=( ) tan 𝜃 − 2 ( )
2𝑔 2𝑉 cos2 𝜃 2𝑔
𝑉 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑔 𝑉 4 4 sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃

=( )× − ×( )
𝑔 cos 𝜃 2𝑉 2 cos 2 𝜃 4𝑔2
𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃
= −
𝑔 2𝑔
2𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃
= −
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃
=
2𝑔
𝑉 2 sin 2𝜃 𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃
Thus the coordinates of the vertex are ( , ).
2𝑔 2𝑔
8b 𝑉 = 20 m/s and 𝑦 = 15 m
At the greatest height,
𝑉 2 sin2 𝜃
𝑦=
2𝑔
(20)2 sin2 𝜃
15 =
2 × 10
300
sin2 𝜃 =
400
3
sin2 𝜃 =
4
√3
sin 𝜃 = ±
2
For angle of projection above the horizontal, sin 𝜃 > 0.
So 𝜃 = 60°.

9a 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 𝛼 (1)
1
𝑦 = − 2 𝑔𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝛼 (2)
Rearranging (1):
𝑥
𝑡=
𝑉 cos 𝛼
1 𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑦 = − 𝑔( ) +𝑉( ) sin 𝛼
2 𝑉 cos 𝛼 𝑉 cos 𝛼
𝑔𝑥 2 𝑥
= − 2 2
+( ) sin 𝛼
2𝑉 cos 𝛼 cos 𝛼
𝑔𝑥 2
= − + 𝑥 tan 𝛼
2𝑉 2 cos2 𝛼
𝑔𝑥 2 sec 2 𝛼
= − + 𝑥 tan 𝛼
2𝑉 2
𝑔𝑥 2 (1 + tan2 𝛼)
= − + 𝑥 tan 𝛼
2𝑉 2
2𝑦𝑉 2 = −𝑔𝑥 2 (1 + tan2 𝛼) + 2𝑥𝑉 2 tan 𝛼
2𝑦𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑥 2 (1 + tan2 𝛼) − 2𝑥𝑉 2 tan 𝛼 = 0
2𝑦𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑥 2 +𝑔𝑥 2 tan2 𝛼 − 2𝑥𝑉 2 tan 𝛼 = 0
𝑔𝑥 2 tan2 𝛼 − 2𝑥𝑉 2 tan 𝛼 + (2𝑦𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑥 2 ) = 0
9b 𝑉 = 200 m/s
𝑥 = 3000 m
𝑦 = 500 m
𝑔𝑥 2 tan2 𝛼 − 2𝑥𝑉 2 tan 𝛼 + (2𝑦 𝑉 2 + 𝑔𝑥 2 ) = 0
(10)(3000)2 tan2 𝛼 − 2(3000)(200)2 tan 𝛼 + 2(500) (200)2 + 10(3000)2 = 0
90 000 000 tan2 𝛼 − 240 000 000 tan 𝛼 + 130 000 000 = 0
9 tan2 𝛼 − 24 tan 𝛼 + 13 = 0
24 ± √242 − 4 × 9 × 13
tan 𝛼 =
2×9

24 ± √108
tan 𝛼 =
18
24 ± 6√3
tan 𝛼 =
18
4 ± √3
tan 𝛼 =
3
4 + √3 4 − √3
tan 𝛼 = or tan 𝛼 =
3 3
𝛼 ≑ 62°22′ or 37°5′
10a To begin, 𝑥̇ = 34 cos 𝜃

Integrating, 𝑥 = 34𝑡 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶1
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0
Thus, 𝐶1 = 0
so 𝑥 = 34𝑡 cos 𝜃
𝑥
and 𝑡= (1)
34 cos 𝜃
To begin, 𝑦̇ = 34 sin 𝜃 − 10𝑡

Integrating, 𝑦 = 34𝑡 sin 𝜃 − 5𝑡 2 + 𝐶2
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
Thus, 𝐶2 = 0
so 𝑦 = 34𝑡 sin 𝜃 − 5𝑡 2 (2)
𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 34 ( ) sin 𝜃 − 5 ( )
34 cos 𝜃 34 cos 𝜃
𝑥 5𝑥 2
𝑦=( ) sin 𝜃 −
cos 𝜃 1156 cos2 𝜃
5𝑥 2 sec 2 𝜃
1156

10b 𝑥 = 30 m
𝑦 = 11 m
5(30)2 sec 2 𝜃
11 = 30 tan 𝜃 −
1156
4500(1 + tan2 𝜃)
11 = 30 tan 𝜃 −
1156
12 716 = 34 680 tan 𝜃 − 4500 (1 + tan2 𝜃)
12 716 = 34 680 tan 𝜃 − 4500 − 4500 tan2 𝜃
4500 tan2 𝜃 − 34 680 tan 𝜃 + 17 216 = 0
1125 tan2 𝜃 − 8670 tan 𝜃 + 4304 = 0
8670 ± √(−8670)2 − 4 × 1125 × 4304

tan 𝜃 =
2 × 1125
8670 ± √55 800 900
tan 𝜃 =
2250
8670 ± 7470
tan 𝜃 =
2250
1200 16 140
tan 𝜃 = or
2250 2250
8 538
tan 𝜃 = or
15 75
8 538
𝜃 = tan−1 or tan−1
15 75
8 538
𝜃 = arctan or arctan
15 75
11a Initially, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 45° 𝑦̇ = 𝑉 sin 45°

To begin, 𝑥̈ = 0 To begin, 𝑦̈ = −𝑔
Integrating, 𝑥̇ = 𝐶1 Integrating, 𝑦̇ = −𝑔𝑡 + 𝐶2
𝑉 𝑉
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 45° = When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 𝑉 sin 45° =
√2 √2
𝑉 𝑉
= 𝐶1 = 𝐶2
√2 √2

𝑉 𝑉
so 𝑥̇ = so 𝑦̇ = −𝑔𝑡 +
√2 √2
𝑉 𝑉
so 𝑥̇ = (2) so 𝑦̇ = −𝑔𝑡 +
√2 √2
𝑉𝑡 −𝑔𝑡 2 𝑉𝑡
Integrating, 𝑥= + 𝐶3 Integrating, 𝑦= + + 𝐶4
√2 2 √2
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶3 0 = 𝐶4
𝑉𝑡 𝑉𝑡√2 −𝑔𝑡 2 𝑉𝑡√2
so 𝑥= = (1) so 𝑦= + (2)
√2 2 2 2
11b From (1):
√2𝑥
𝑡=
𝑉
2
−𝑔 √2𝑥 𝑉√2 √2𝑥
𝑦= ×( ) + ×
2 𝑉 2 𝑉
−𝑔𝑥 2
𝑦= +𝑥
𝑉2
𝑔𝑥 2
𝑦=𝑥− 2 (3)
𝑉
11c

The coordinates of 𝑃 and 𝑄 satisfy equation (3),

𝑔
so 30 sin 𝜃 = 30 cos 𝜃 − 2
× 900 cos2 𝜃
𝑉
𝑔
and − 60 sin 𝜃 = 60 cos 𝜃 − × 3600 cos 2 𝜃
𝑉2
30𝑔 cos2 𝜃
so sin 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 −
𝑉2
60𝑔 cos2 𝜃
and −sin 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 −
𝑉2
Dividing through by cos 𝜃,
30𝑔 cos 𝜃 60𝑔 cos 𝜃

tan 𝜃 = 1 − and – tan 𝜃 = 1 −
𝑉2 𝑉2
30𝑔 cos 𝜃
So tan 𝜃 = 1 − (4)
𝑉2
60𝑔 cos 𝜃
and tan 𝜃 = −1
𝑉2
30𝑔 cos 𝜃 60𝑔 cos 𝜃
Hence, 1 − = −1
𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑉 2 − 30𝑔 cos 𝜃 = 60𝑔 cos 𝜃 − 𝑉 2
2𝑉 2 = 90𝑔 cos 𝜃
𝑉 2 = 45𝑔 cos 𝜃
Substituting for 𝑉 2 into (4):
30𝑔 cos 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = 1 −
45𝑔 cos 𝜃
2
=1−
3
1
=
3
1
𝜃 = tan−1
3

12a 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 𝛼 (1)

1
𝑦 = 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝛼 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2 (2)
Rearranging (1):
𝑥
𝑡=
𝑉 cos 𝛼
𝑥 1 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑉( ) sin 𝛼 − 𝑔 ( )
𝑉 cos 𝛼 2 𝑉 cos 𝛼
𝑥 𝑔𝑥 2
= ( ) sin 𝛼 − 2
cos 𝛼 2𝑉 cos2 𝛼
𝑔𝑥 2
= 𝑥 tan 𝛼 − (3)
2𝑉 2 cos 2 𝛼
𝑦 = 0 when particle lands, so
𝑔𝑥 2
0 = 𝑥 tan 𝛼 − 2
2𝑉 cos 2 𝛼
𝑥 sin 𝛼 𝑔𝑥 2
0= − 2
cos 𝜃 2𝑉 cos 2 𝛼
𝑥 sin 𝛼 (2𝑉 2 cos 𝛼) 𝑔𝑥 2
0= − 2
2𝑉 2 cos2 𝛼 2𝑉 cos2 𝛼
2𝑉 2 𝑥 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 𝑔𝑥 2
0= −
2𝑉 2 cos2 𝛼 2𝑉 2 cos2 𝛼
𝑔𝑥 2 − 2𝑉 2 𝑥 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 = 0 (for non-zero range, cos 𝜃 ≠ 0 and 𝑉 ≠ 0)
𝑥 (𝑔𝑥 − 2𝑉 2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼) = 0
𝑥 = 0 or 𝑔𝑥 = 2𝑉 2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼
𝑥 = 0 is not a feasible solution so
2𝑉 2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼
𝑥=
𝑔
𝑉 2 sin 2𝛼
𝑥= (as sin 2𝛼 = 2sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼)
𝑔
𝑉 2 sin 2𝛼
So the horizontal range is as required.
𝑔

12b From (3) above,

𝑔𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝛼 − 2
2𝑉 cos2 𝛼
𝑔𝑥 2 𝑥 tan 𝛼
𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝛼 − 2 2
×
2𝑉 cos 𝛼 𝑥 tan 𝛼
𝑔𝑥 2 1
𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝛼 (1 − × )
2𝑉 2 cos2 𝛼 𝑥 tan 𝛼
𝑔𝑥 2 cos 𝛼
𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝛼 (1 − 2 2
× )
2𝑉 cos 𝛼 𝑥 sin 𝛼
𝑔𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝛼 (1 − )
2𝑉 2
cos 𝛼 sin 𝛼
𝑔𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝛼 (1 − 2 )
𝑉 sin 2𝛼
𝑥 𝑉 2 sin 2𝛼
𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝛼 (1 − ) , since 𝑅 =
𝑅 𝑔
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 (1 − ) tan 𝛼
𝑅
12c 𝛼 = 45°, so the path of the equation is:

𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 (1 − )
𝑅
𝑥2
or 𝑦 = 𝑥 −
𝑅
12c i Let 𝑦 = 4, hence:

𝑥2
4= 𝑥−
𝑅
𝑥 2 − 𝑅𝑥 + 4𝑅 = 0
Since 𝑦 = 4 corresponds to 𝑥 = 𝑥1 and 𝑥 = 𝑥2 ,
𝑥1 and 𝑥2 must be the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 − 𝑅𝑥 + 4𝑅 = 0.

12c ii (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 = (𝑥2 + 𝑥1 )2 − 4𝑥2 𝑥1

Hence,
62 = (𝑥2 + 𝑥1 )2 − 4(𝑥2 𝑥1 )
36 = 𝑅 2 − 4(4𝑅)
𝑅 2 − 16𝑅 − 36 = 0
(𝑅 − 18)(𝑅 + 2) = 0
𝑅 = 18, since R > 0
So the horizontal range, 𝑅, is 18 metres.


When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 60 cos 40° When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 60 sin 40°
60 cos 40° = 𝐶1 60 sin 40° = 𝐶2
so 𝑥̇ = 60 cos 40° (2) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 60 sin 40° (4)
1b To begin, 𝑥̇ = 60 cos 40° To begin, 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 60 sin 40°

Integrating, 𝑥 = 60𝑡 cos 40° + 𝐶3 Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 60𝑡 sin 40° + 𝐶4
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥=0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶3 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 60𝑡 cos 40° (5) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 60𝑡 sin 40° (6)
1c i The particle returns to the ground when 𝑦 = 0,

0 = −5𝑡 2 + 60𝑡 sin 40°
0 = −5𝑡(𝑡 − 12 sin 40°)
𝑡 = 0 or 𝑡 = 12 sin 40° ≑ 7.7 seconds
Particle returns to the ground at 𝑡 > 0 seconds, so at 𝑡 ≑ 7.7 seconds.
1c ii When 𝑡 = 12 sin 40° , (5) becomes:

𝑥 = 720 sin 40° cos 40°
≑ 354.5 m
The horizontal distance travelled by the particle is about 354.5 m.


0 = −10𝑡 + 60 sin 40°
10𝑡 = 60 sin 40°
𝑡 = 6 sin 40°
𝑦 = −5(6 sin 40°)2 + 60(6 sin 40°)(sin 40°)
= −180 sin2 40 + 360 sin2 40°
= 180 sin2 40°
≑ 74.4 m
The greatest height reached by the particle above the ground is about 74.4 m.
𝑥̇ = 15 𝑦̇ = 15√3
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 15 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 15√3
15 = 𝐶1 15√3 = 𝐶3
so 𝑥̇ = 15 (2) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 15√3 (5)
Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 15𝑡√3 + 𝐶4
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶2
0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 15𝑡 (3)
so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 15𝑡√3 (6)
Particle reaches greatest height when 𝑦̇ = 0.

0 = −10𝑡 + 15√3
10𝑡 = 15√3

3√3
𝑡=
2
2
3√3 3√3
𝑦 = −5 ( ) + 15 × × √3
2 2
27 9
𝑦 = −5 × + 15 ×
4 2
= −33.75 + 67.5
= 33.75 m
The greatest height reached by the rock above the point of projection is 33.75 m.
2b The rock will hit the ground when 𝑦 = −40.

−40 = −5𝑡 2 + 15𝑡√3
5𝑡 2 − 15√3𝑡 − 40 = 0
2
15√3 ± √(15√3) − 4 × 5 × (−40)
𝑡=
2×5
15√3 ± √1475
𝑡=
10
15√3 ± 5√59
𝑡=
10
3√3 − √59 3√3 + √59
𝑡= or 𝑡 =
2 2
𝑡 ≑ −1.24 or 𝑡 ≑ 6.44
Since 𝑡 > 0, the stone hits the ground when 𝑡 ≑ 6.44 seconds.
3√3 + √59
When 𝑡 = ,
2
𝑥 = 15𝑡 becomes

15(3√3 + √59)
𝑥=
2
≑ 96.58 m
The rock lands about 96.58 m from the base of the cliff.
2c The particle’s speed can be calculated by applying Pythagoras’ theorem to the

particle’s velocity vector.
That is 𝑣 = 𝑥̇ 𝑖 + 𝑦̇ 𝑗
𝑣 2 = 𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑦̇ 2
𝑣 = √𝑥̇ 2 + 𝑦̇ 2
From (2) and (5):
2
𝑣 = √152 + (−10𝑡 + 15√3)
3√3 + √59
When 𝑡 = ,
2
2
3√3 + √59
𝑣 = √152 + (−10 ( ) + 15√3)
2
2
= √152 + (−15√3 − 5√59 + 15√3)
= √225 + 1475
= √1700
≑ 41.23 m/s
The rock hits the ground at a speed of about 41.23 m/s.
3a Initially, 𝑥=𝑦=0
4 4
And 𝑥̇ = 25 cos (tan−1 3) 𝑦̇ = 25 sin (tan−1 3)
𝑥̇ = 15 𝑦̇ = 20

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 15 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 20
15 = 𝐶1 20 = 𝐶2
so 𝑥̇ = 15 (2) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 20 (4)

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥=0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶3 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 15𝑡 (5) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 20𝑡 (6)
3c The particle’s distance can be calculated by applying Pythagoras’ theorem.

𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
From (5) and (6):
𝑟 = √(15𝑡)2 + (−5𝑡 2 + 20𝑡)2
When 𝑡 = 1,
𝑟 = √152 + (−5 + 20)2
= √225 + 225
= √450
= 15√2
The distance of the particle from point of projection after one second is 15√2 m.
3d 𝑣 = 𝑥̇ 𝑖 + 𝑦̇ 𝑗
From (2) and (4):

𝑣 = 15𝑖 + (−10𝑡 + 20)𝑗
When 𝑡 = 1,
𝑣 = 15𝑖 + 10𝑗

𝑣 2 = 152 + 102
𝑣 = √152 + 102
= √325
= 5√13 m/s
10 2
tan 𝜃 = =
15 3
2
𝜃 = tan−1
3
3e Particle reaches greatest height when 𝑦̇ = 0.

0 = −10𝑡 + 20
10𝑡 = 20
𝑡=2
Substituting 𝑡 = 2 into (6):
𝑦 = −20 + 40
= 20 m
So the greatest height, 𝐻, is 20 m.
Particle reaches the ground when 𝑦 = 0.

0 = −5𝑡 2 + 20𝑡
5𝑡 2 − 20𝑡 = 0
5𝑡(𝑡 − 4) = 0
𝑡 = 0 or 𝑡 = 4
The particle reaches its horizontal range, 𝑅, at 𝑡 = 4.
From (5):
𝑥 = 15 × 4 = 60, and hence 𝑅 = 60
𝑅 60
= =3
𝐻 20

So 𝑅 = 3𝐻.
𝑥̇ = 5√2 𝑦̇ = 5√2
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 5√2 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 5√2
5√2 = 𝐶1 5√2 = 𝐶3
so 𝑥̇ = 5√2 (2) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 5√2 (5)
Integrating, 𝑥 = 5𝑡√2 + 𝐶2 Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 5𝑡√2 + 𝐶4

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥=0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶2 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 5𝑡√2 (3) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 5𝑡√2 (6)
From (3):
𝑥
𝑡=
5√2
𝑥 2 5𝑥√2
𝑦 = −5 ( ) +
5√2 5√2
−5𝑥 2
𝑦= +𝑥
50
1 2
𝑦=𝑥− 𝑥 (7)
10

4b Particle reaches the ground when 𝑦 = 0.

𝑥2
0=𝑥−
10
𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 10) = 0
𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 10
For horizontal range, 𝑥 > 0, so 𝑥 = 10 m.
By symmetry, the greatest height is reached at half the horizontal range
so, 𝑥=5
From (7):
25
𝑦=5−
10
= 2.5 m
Hence the horizontal range is 10 m and the greatest height is 2.5 m.
4c i From (7):
𝑥2
𝑦=𝑥−
10
When 𝑥 = 8,
64
𝑦=8−
10
= 1.6 m
The stone hits the wall at a height of 1.6 m.
4c ii From (7):
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=1−
𝑑𝑥 5
When 𝑥 = 8,
𝑑𝑦 3
=−
𝑑𝑥 5

3
tan 𝜃 = −
5
3
𝜃 = tan−1 (− )
5
3
The direction of the object when it hits the wall is tan−1 5 below the horizontal.
4d i From (7):
𝑥2
𝑦=𝑥−
10
When 𝑦 = 2.1 ,
𝑥2
2.1 = 𝑥 −
10
𝑥2
− 𝑥 + 2.1 = 0
10
𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 21 = 0
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 7) = 0
So 𝑥 = 3 or 𝑥 = 7
It must be the case that 𝑥 = 3 m since the object collided with the ceiling when
travelling up.
4d ii From (7):
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=1−
𝑑𝑥 5
When 𝑥 = 3,
𝑑𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 5
2
tan 𝜃 =
5
2
𝜃 = tan−1
5
2
The angle at which the stone hits the ceiling is tan−1 5 above the horizontal.

5a Initially, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ = 24 𝑦̇ = 18
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 24 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 18
24 = 𝐶1 18 = 𝐶2
so 𝑥̇ = 24 (2) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 18 (4)
To begin, 𝑣 = 𝑥̇ 𝑖 + 𝑦̇ 𝑗
From (2) and (5): 𝑣 = 24𝑖 + (−10𝑡 + 18)𝑗 = 24𝑖 + (18 − 10𝑡)𝑗

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥=0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶3 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 24𝑡 (5) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 18𝑡 (6)
To begin, 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗
From (5) and (6): 𝑟 = (24𝑡)𝑖 + (−5𝑡 2 + 18𝑡)𝑗
𝑟 = (24𝑡)𝑖 + (18𝑡 − 5𝑡 2 )𝑗
5c i When 𝑡 = 0,
𝑣 = 24𝑖 + 18𝑗
𝑣 2 = 242 + 182
𝑣 = √242 + 182
= √900
= 30 m/s
The initial speed of the particle is 30 m/s.

5c ii When 𝑡 = 4,
𝑟 = 96𝑖 + (72 − 80)𝑗
𝑟 = 96𝑖 − 8𝑗

From (4):
0 = −10𝑡 + 18
10𝑡 = 18
𝑡 = 1.8
When 𝑡 = 1.8,
𝑟 = 43.2𝑖 + (32.4 − 16.2)𝑗
𝑟 = 43.2𝑖 + 16.2𝑗
6a Initially, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 𝛼 𝑦̇ = 𝑉 sin 𝛼

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 𝛼 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 𝑉 sin 𝛼
𝑉 cos 𝛼 = 𝐶1 𝑉 sin 𝛼 = 𝐶3
so 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 𝛼 (2a) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 𝑉 sin 𝛼 (5a)
Integrating, 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 𝛼 + 𝐶2 Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝛼 + 𝐶4
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥=0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶2 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 𝛼 (3a) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝛼 (6a)
When 𝑡 = 2, 24√5 = 2𝑉 cos 𝛼 When 𝑡 = 2, 28 = −20 + 2𝑉 sin 𝛼
so 𝑉 cos 𝛼 = 12√5 so 𝑉 sin 𝛼 = 24
From (2a): 𝑥̇ = 12√5 (2b) From (5a): 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 24 (5b)

From (6a): 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 24𝑡 (6b)
From (3a): 𝑥 = 12𝑡√5 (3b)

From (2b) and (5b):
𝑣 = 12√5𝑖 + (−10𝑡 + 24)𝑗
When 𝑡 = 0,
𝑣 = 12√5𝑖 + 24𝑗
6b To begin, 𝑟 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗
From (3b) and (6b):
𝑟 = 12𝑡√5𝑖 + (−5𝑡 2 + 24𝑡)𝑗
When 𝑡 = 3,
𝑟 = 36√5𝑖 + (−45 + 72)𝑗
𝑟 = 36√5𝑖 + 27𝑗
6c The ball will be rising if 𝑦̇ > 0 or falling if 𝑦̇ < 0.

From (5b):
𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 24
When 𝑡 = 3,
𝑦̇ = −30 + 24
𝑦̇ = −6
Since 𝑦̇ = −6 < 0, the ball must be falling.
7a Initially, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 𝑦̇ = 𝑉 sin 𝛼

𝑉 cos 𝜃 = 𝐶1 𝑉 sin 𝜃 = 𝐶3
so 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 (2a) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 𝑉 sin 𝜃 (5a)

Integrating, 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 𝜃 + 𝐶2 Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜃 + 𝐶4

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥=0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶2 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 𝜃 (3a) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜃 (6a)
When 𝑡 = 3, 108 = 3𝑉 cos 𝜃 When 𝑡 = 3, 0 = −45 + 3𝑉 sin 𝜃
so 𝑉 cos 𝜃 = 36 so 𝑉 sin 𝜃 = 15
From (2b) and (5b):

𝑣 = 36𝑖 + (−10𝑡 + 15)𝑗
When 𝑡 = 0,
𝑣 = 36𝑖 + 15𝑗
𝑉 2 = 362 + 152
𝑉 = √362 + 152
= √1521
= 39 m/s
15 5
tan 𝜃 = =
36 12
5 5
𝜃 = tan−1 = artan
12 12
7b Particle reaches greatest height when 𝑦̇ = 0.

Substituting into (5b):
0 = −10𝑡 + 15
10𝑡 = 15
𝑡 = 1.5
Substituting for 𝑡 in (6b):

𝑦 = −11.25 + 22.5
= 11.25 m
The greatest height reached by the particle is 11.25 m.
8a 𝑉 = 5 m/s and tan 𝛼 = 2 or 𝛼 = tan−1 2

For a right-angled triangle with angle 𝛼, opposite side is 2 units, adjacent side is
1 2
1 unit and hypotenuse is √22 + 12 = √5. Hence cos 𝛼 = and sin 𝛼 = .
√5 √5
𝑥̇ = 5 cos 𝛼
1
= 5×
√5
= √5 m/s
𝑦̇ = 5 sin 𝛼
2
= 5×
√5
= 2√5 m/s
So 𝑣 = √5𝑖 + 2√5𝑗 m/s
Hence, the initial values are 𝑥̇ = √5 and 𝑦̇ = 2√5.
8b Initially, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ = √5 𝑦̇ = 2√5

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = √5 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 2√5
√5 = 𝐶1 2√5 = 𝐶3
so 𝑥̇ = √5 (2) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 2√5 (5)
Integrating, 𝑥 = √5𝑡 + 𝐶2 Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 2𝑡√5 + 𝐶4

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥=0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶2 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 𝑡√5 (3) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 2𝑡√5 (6)

8c From (6):
𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 2𝑡√5
When 𝑡 = 1,
𝑦 = −5 + 2√5
≑ −0.53
At one second, the apple would be below the height at which it was thrown.
However, since the apple is caught at the same height that it was thrown, it must
have been caught before one second. Therefore, it spent less than one second in
the air.
8d The apple reaches greatest height when 𝑦̇ = 0.

0 = −10𝑡 + 2√5
10𝑡 = 2√5
√5
𝑡=
5
2
√5 √5
𝑦 = −5 ( ) + 2√5 ×
5 5
= −1 + 2
=1
The greatest height of the apple above the point of release is 1 metre.
8e The apple lands when 𝑦 = 0.

0 = −5𝑡 2 + 2𝑡√5
5𝑡 2 − 2√5𝑡 = 0
𝑡(5𝑡 − 2√5) = 0
2√5
𝑡 = 0 or 𝑡 = s
5

For the flight of the apple,
2√5 √5
𝑡= =2 s
5 5
2√5
𝑥 = √5 ×
5
𝑥 = 2m
Hence the horizontal distance travelled by the apple is 2 m.
2√5
8f Adam catches the apple at 𝑡 = seconds.
5
From (2): 𝑥̇ = √5
2√5
𝑦̇ = −10 × + 2√5
5
𝑦̇ = −4√5 + 2√5
𝑦̇ = −2√5
2 2
𝑣 2 = (√5) + (−2√5)
𝑣 = √5 + 20
𝑣 = 5 m/s
So, the final speed is equal to the initial speed.
−2√5
tan 𝜃 =
√5
−2√5
𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
√5
𝜃 = tan−1 (−2)
𝜃 = −tan−1 2
The final and initial angles of inclination are equal in magnitude, though it is an
angle of inclination initially, and an angle of depression finally.

8g From (3):
𝑥
𝑡=
√5
𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑦 = −5 ( ) + 2 × × √5
√5 √5
= −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
= 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
9 Let 𝑉 be the initial speed of the projectile

Initially, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 26° 𝑦̇ = 𝑉 sin 26°
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 26° When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ = 𝑉 sin 26°
𝑉 cos 26° = 𝐶1 𝑉 sin 26° = 𝐶3
so 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 26° (2) so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 𝑉 sin 26° (5)
To begin, 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 26° To begin, 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + 𝑉 sin 26°
Integrating, 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 26° + 𝐶2 Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 26° + 𝐶4
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥=0 When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶2 0 = 𝐶4
so 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 26° (3) so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 26° (6)
From (3):
𝑥
𝑡=
𝑉 cos 26°
𝑥 2 𝑉𝑥
𝑦 = −5 ( ) +( ) sin 26°
−5𝑥 2
= 2 + 𝑥 tan 26°
𝑉 cos2 26°
If the ball just clears the tree, it will reach a point where 𝑥 = 30 and 𝑦 = 12.

−5(30)2
12 = 2 + 30 tan 26°
𝑉 cos2 26°
−4500
= 12 − 30 tan 26°
𝑉 2 cos 2 26°
4500
− = cos2 26° × (12 − 30 tan 26°)
𝑉2
4500
𝑉2 = −
cos 2 26° × (12 − 30 tan 26°)
4500
𝑉 = √−
cos 2 26° × (12 − 30 tan 26°)
𝑉 ≑ 46 m/s
The initial speed of the ball is about 46 m/s.
10a Initially, 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0, and, 𝑥̇ = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 𝑦̇ = 𝑉 sin 𝜃

Assuming 𝑥 = 𝑉𝑡 cos 𝜃 (1)
1
𝑦 = − 2 𝑔𝑡 2 + 𝑉𝑡 sin 𝜃 (2)
From (1):
𝑥
𝑡=
𝑉 cos 𝜃
1 𝑥 2 𝑉𝑥 sin 𝜃
𝑦 = − 𝑔( ) +
2 𝑉 cos 𝜃 𝑉 cos 𝜃
𝑔𝑥 2
=− + 𝑥 tan 𝜃
2𝑉 2 cos2 𝜃
=− + 𝑥 tan 𝜃
2𝑉 2
= 𝑥 tan 𝜃 − (3)
2𝑉 2

10b If initially 𝑉 = 25, then the particle passes through the point 𝑥 = 30 and 𝑦 = 6.
Substituting 𝑥 = 30, 𝑦 = 6 and 𝑔 = 10 in (3):
10 × 302 sec 2 𝜃
6 = 30 tan 𝜃 −
2 × 252
9000 sec 2 𝜃
6 = 30 tan 𝜃 −
1250
36 sec 2 𝜃
6 = 30 tan 𝜃 −
5
30 = 150 tan 𝜃 − 36 sec 2 𝜃
36 sec 2 𝜃 − 150 tan 𝜃 + 30 = 0
6 sec 2 𝜃 − 25 tan 𝜃 + 5 = 0
But sec 2 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃
6 (1 + tan2 𝜃) − 25 tan 𝜃 + 5 = 0
6 + 6 tan2 𝜃 − 25 tan 𝜃 + 5 = 0
6 tan2 𝜃 − 25 tan 𝜃 + 11 = 0
(2 tan 𝜃 − 1)(3 tan 𝜃 − 11) = 0
1 11
tan 𝜃 = or tan 𝜃 =
2 3
1 11
So 𝜃 = tan−1 or 𝜃 = tan−1
2 3
1 11
or 𝜃 = arctan or 𝜃 = arctan
2 3


15 15√3
𝑥̇ = 𝑦̇ =
2 2

15 15√3
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥̇ = When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦̇ =
2 2
15
= 𝐶1 15√3
= 𝐶3
2
2
15
so 𝑥̇ = (2) 15√3
2 so 𝑦̇ = −10𝑡 + (5)
2
15
Integrating, 𝑥= 𝑡 + 𝐶2 15√3
2 Integrating, 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 𝑡 + 𝐶4
2
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥=0
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐶2
0 = 𝐶4
15
so 𝑥= 𝑡 (3) 15√3
2
so 𝑦 = −5𝑡 2 + 𝑡 (6)
2
11b From (3):

2𝑥
𝑡=
15
2𝑥 2 15√3 2𝑥
𝑦 = −5 ( ) + ×
15 2 15
20𝑥 2
=− + √3𝑥
225
4 2
=− 𝑥 + √3𝑥 (7)
45
11c i The ball will land when the equation of its path intersects with the equation of
the slope.
𝜃 = 30°
√3
tan 𝜃 =
3

√3
So the gradient is 𝑚 = .
3
√3
Hence 𝑦 = 𝑥 is the equation of the slope.
3
Equating with (7):
√3 4
𝑥 = − 𝑥 2 + √3𝑥
3 45
4 2 √3
𝑥 = √3𝑥 − 𝑥
45 3
4 √3
𝑥 = √3 − assuming 𝑥 ≠ 0
45 3
4 3√3 − √3
𝑥=
45 3
45 2√3
𝑥= ×
4 3
15√3
𝑥=
2
15√3
When 𝑥 = ,
2
15√3 √3
𝑦= ×
2 3
15
𝑦=
2
Using Pythagoras’ theorem to calculate the distance up the slope:
2
2
15√3 15 2
𝑟 =( ) +( )
2 2
675 225
𝑟=√ +
4 4
= √225
= 15 m
The ball landed 15 m up the hill.

11c ii From (3):

2𝑥
𝑡=
15
15√3
When 𝑥 = ,
2
2 15√3
𝑡= ×
15 2
= √3 seconds
The time of the flight is √3 seconds.

Chapter 11 worked solutions – Trigonometric equations

1a sin 2𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 0
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 0
cos 𝑥 (2 sin 𝑥 − 1) = 0
Hence
1
cos 𝑥 = 0 or sin 𝑥 = 2
1b For cos 𝑥 = 0
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥= ,
2 2
1
For sin 𝑥 = 2
𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥= ,
6 6
Thus
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥= , , ,
6 2 2 6
2a cos 2𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 0
cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 0
cos2 𝑥 − (1 − cos2 𝑥) − cos 𝑥 = 0
2 cos2 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − 1 = 0
(2 cos 𝑥 + 1)(cos 𝑥 − 1) = 0
1
cos 𝑥 = 1 or − 2
2b For cos 𝑥 = 1
𝑥 = 0, 2𝜋
1
For cos 𝑥 = − 2
2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑥= ,
3 3

Hence
2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑥 = 0, , , 2𝜋
3 3
3a
𝜋 𝜋
sin (𝑥 + ) = 2 cos (𝑥 − )
4 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin 𝑥 cos + sin cos 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑥 cos + 2 sin 𝑥 sin
4 4 4 4
1 1 2 2
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
√2 √2 √2 √2
1 1
0= sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
√2 √2
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 0
tan 𝑥 = −1
3b tan 𝑥 = −1
3𝜋 7𝜋
𝑥= ,
4 4
4a
𝜋 𝜋
sin (𝜃 + ) = 2 sin (𝜃 − )
6 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin 𝜃 cos + cos 𝜃 sin = 2 sin 𝜃 cos − 2 cos 𝜃 sin
6 6 6 6
𝜋 𝜋
3 cos 𝜃 sin = sin 𝜃 cos
6 6
𝜋
3 tan = tan 𝜃
6
3
= tan 𝜃
√3
tan 𝜃 = √3
𝜋 4𝜋
Hence 𝜃 = 3 , 3

𝜋 𝜋
4b cos (𝜃 − 6 ) = 2 cos (𝜃 + 6 )
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
cos 𝜃 cos + sin 𝜃 sin = 2 cos 𝜃 cos − 2 sin 𝜃 sin
6 6 6 6
𝜋 𝜋
3 sin 𝜃 sin = cos 𝜃 cos
6 6
1 𝜋 1
tan 𝜃 = cot =
3 6 √3
𝜋 7𝜋
𝜃= ,
6 6
1
4c cos 4𝜃 cos 𝜃 + sin 4𝜃 sin 𝜃 = 2
1
cos(4𝜃 − 𝜃) =
2
1
cos 3𝜃 =
2
Now since 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋, 0 ≤ 3𝜃 ≤ 6𝜋
𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋
3𝜃 = , , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
Hence
𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 13𝜋 17𝜋
𝜃= , , , , ,
9 9 9 9 9 9
4d cos 3𝜃 = cos 2𝜃 cos 𝜃

cos(2𝜃 + 𝜃) = cos 2𝜃 cos 𝜃
cos 2𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 sin 𝜃 = cos 2𝜃 cos 𝜃
sin 2𝜃 sin 𝜃 = 0
Hence sin 𝜃 = 0 or sin 2𝜃 = 0
For sin 𝜃 = 0:
𝜃 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋
For sin 2𝜃 = 0:
Since 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋, 0 ≤ 2𝜃 ≤ 4𝜋
2𝜃 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋, 3𝜋, 4𝜋

𝜋 3𝜋
Which gives 𝜃 = 0, 2 , 𝜋, , 2𝜋
2
𝜋 3𝜋
So the solutions are 𝜃 = 0, 2 , 𝜋, , 2𝜋
2
5a sin 2𝑥 = sin 𝑥
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = 0
sin 𝑥 (2 cos 𝑥 − 1) = 0
1
sin 𝑥 = 0 or cos 𝑥 = 2
For sin 𝑥 = 0:
𝑥 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋
1
For cos 𝑥 = 2:
𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥= ,
3 3
Hence
𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥 = 0, , 𝜋, , 2𝜋
3 3
5b sin 2𝑥 + √3 cos 𝑥 = 0
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + √3 cos 𝑥 = 0
cos 𝑥 (2 sin 𝑥 + √3) = 0

√3
cos 𝑥 = 0 or sin 𝑥 = − 2
For cos 𝑥 = 0:
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥= ,
2 2
√3
For sin 𝑥 = − 2
4𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥= ,
3 3
Hence the solutions are

𝑥= , , ,
2 3 2 3
5c 3 sin 𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 = 2
3 sin 𝑥 + (1 − 2 sin2 𝑥) = 2
3 sin 𝑥 + 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥 = 2
2 sin2 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 + 1 = 0
−(−3) ± √(−3)2 − 4 × 2 × 1
sin 𝑥 =
2×2
3 ± √1
=
4
1
= 1 or 2
For sin 𝑥 = 1:
𝜋
𝑥=
2
1
For sin 𝑥 = 2:
𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥= ,
6 6
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥= , ,
6 2 6
5d cos 2𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 + 2 = 0
2 cos2 𝑥 − 1 + 3 cos 𝑥 + 2 = 0
2 cos2 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 + 1 = 0
(2 cos 𝑥 + 1)(cos 𝑥 + 1) = 0
1
Hence cos 𝑥 = −1 or cos 𝑥 = − 2
For cos 𝑥 = −1:

𝑥=𝜋

1
For cos 𝑥 = − 2:
2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑥= ,
3 3
2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑥= , 𝜋,
3 3
5e tan 2𝑥 + tan 𝑥 = 0
2 tan 𝑥
+ tan 𝑥 = 0
1 − tan2 𝑥
2 tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 − tan3 𝑥 = 0
tan3 𝑥 − 3 tan 𝑥 = 0
tan 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 − √3)(tan 𝑥 + √3) = 0
Hence tan 𝑥 = 0 or tan 𝑥 = ±√3

For tan 𝑥 = 0:
𝑥 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋
For tan 𝑥 = √3:

𝜋 4𝜋
𝑥= ,
3 3
For tan 𝑥 = −√3:
2𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥= ,
3 3
Hence the solutions are:
𝑥 = 0, , , 𝜋, , , 2𝜋
3 3 3 3
5f sin 2𝑥 = tan 𝑥
sin 𝑥
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥
2 sin 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
2 sin 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = 0

sin 𝑥 (2 cos2 𝑥 − 1) = 0
1
Hence the solutions are sin 𝑥 = 0 or cos 𝑥 = ± .
√2
For sin 𝑥 = 0:
𝑥 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋
1
For cos 𝑥 = :
√2
𝜋 7𝜋
𝑥= ,
4 4
1
For cos 𝑥 = − :
√2
3𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥= ,
4 4
𝑥 = 0, , , 𝜋, , , 2𝜋
4 4 4 4
6a 2 sin 2𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 0
2(2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃) + cos 𝜃 = 0
cos 𝜃 (4 sin 𝜃 + 1) = 0
1
Hence cos 𝜃 = 0 or sin 𝜃 = − 4
For cos 𝜃 = 0:
𝜃 = 90°, 270°
1
For sin 𝜃 = − 4:
𝜃 = 194°29′ , 345° 31′

𝜃 = 90°, 194°29′ , 270°, 345° 31′

6b 2 cos 2 𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 = 0
2 cos2 𝜃 + (2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1) = 0
4 cos2 𝜃 = 1
1
cos2 𝜃 =
4
1
cos 𝜃 = ±
2
𝜃 = 60°, 120°, 240°, 300°
6c 2 cos 2𝜃 + 4 cos 𝜃 = 1
2(2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1) + 4 cos 𝜃 = 1
4 cos2 𝜃 + 4 cos 𝜃 − 3 = 0
Using the quadratic formula gives
−4 ± √42 − 4 × 4 × −3
cos 𝜃 =
2×4
−4 ± √64
=
8
−4 ± 8
=
8
1 3
= 2 or − 2
But −1 ≤ cos 𝜃 ≤ 1, hence

1
cos 𝜃 = 2 gives the solutions
𝜃 = 60°, 300°
6d 8 sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 = 1
2(2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃)2 = 1
1
sin2 2𝜃 =
2
1
sin 2𝜃 = ±
√2
Since 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°, hence 0 ≤ 2𝜃 ≤ 720°

2𝜃 = 45°, 135°, 225°, 315°, 405°, 495°, 585°, 675°

𝜃 = 22°30′ , 67°30′ , 112°, 30′ , 157°30′ , 202°30′ , 247°30′ , 292°30′ , 337°30′
6e 3 cos 2𝜃 + sin 𝜃 = 1
3(1 − 2 sin2 𝜃) + sin 𝜃 = 1
3 − 6 sin2 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 = 1
6 sin2 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 − 2 = 0
−(−1) ± √(−1)2 − 4 × 6 × −2
sin 𝜃 =
2×6
1 ± √49
=
12
1±7
=
12
1 3
=− ,
2 4
1
For sin 𝜃 = − 2:
𝜃 = 210°, 330°
3
For sin 𝜃 = 4:
𝜃 = 41°49′ , 138°11′
𝜃 = 41°49′ , 138°11′ , 210°, 330°
6f cos 2𝜃 = 3 cos 2 𝜃 − 2 sin2 𝜃

cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 = 3 cos2 𝜃 − 2 sin2 𝜃
sin2 𝜃 = 2 cos2 𝜃
tan2 𝜃 = 2
tan 𝜃 = ±√2
𝜃 = 54°44′ , 125°16′ , 234°44′ , 305°16′

1
6g 10 cos 𝜃 + 13 cos 2 𝜃 = 5
1 1
10 (2 cos2 𝜃 − 1) + 13 cos 𝜃 = 5
2 2
1 1
20 cos2 𝜃 − 10 + 13 cos 𝜃 − 5 = 0
2 2
1 1
20 cos2 𝜃 + 13 cos 𝜃 − 15 = 0
2 2
Now using the quadratic formula
1 −13 ± √132 − 4 × 20 × −15

cos 𝜃 =
2 2 × 20
−13 ± 37
=
2 × 20
5 3
=− ,
4 5
1
But −1 ≤ cos 2 𝜃 ≤ 1
1 3
cos 𝜃 =
2 5
1
𝜃 = 53°8′
2
𝜃 = 106°16′
1
6h tan 𝜃 = 3 tan 2 𝜃
1
2 tan 2 𝜃 1
= 3 tan 𝜃
1 2
1 − tan2 2 𝜃
1 1 1
2 tan 𝜃 = 3 tan 𝜃 − 3 tan3 𝜃
2 2 2
1 1
3 tan3 𝜃 − tan 𝜃 = 0
2 2
1
tan 𝜃 (3 tan2 𝜃 − 1) = 0
2
1 1
Hence tan 2 𝜃 = 0 or tan 𝜃 = ±
√3
𝜃
Since 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°, 0° ≤ ≤ 180°
2

1
For tan 2 𝜃 = 0:
1
𝜃 = 0°, 180°
2
𝜃 = 0°, 360°
1 1
For tan 2 𝜃 = :
√3
1
𝜃 = 30°
2
𝜃 = 60°
1 1
For tan 2 𝜃 = − :
√3
1
𝜃 = 150°
2
𝜃 = 300°
𝜃 = 0°, 60°, 300°, 360°
1 1
6i cos2 2𝜃 = 2 − 2 cos 2𝜃
2 cos2 2𝜃 = 1 − 1 cos 2𝜃
2 cos2 2𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 − 1 = 0
(2 cos 2𝜃 − 1)(cos 2𝜃 + 1) = 0
1
Hence cos 2𝜃 = −1 or 2
Since 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°, 0° ≤ 2𝜃 ≤ 720°

For cos 2𝜃 = −1:
2𝜃 = 180°, 540°
𝜃 = 90°, 270°
1
For cos 2𝜃 = 2:
2𝜃 = 60°, 300°, 420°, 660°

𝜃 = 30°, 150°, 210°, 330°
Hence

𝜃 = 30°, 90°, 150°, 210°, 270°, 330°
6j cos 2𝜃 + 3 = 3 sin 2𝜃
cos 2𝜃 + 3 cos2 𝜃 + 3 sin2 𝜃 = 3 sin 2𝜃
cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 + 3 cos 2 𝜃 + 3 sin2 𝜃 = 3(2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃)
4 cos2 𝜃 + 2 sin2 𝜃 = 6 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
4 cos2 𝜃 − 6 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 2 sin2 𝜃 = 0
(2 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃)(2 cos 𝜃 − 2 sin 𝜃) = 0
(2 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃)(cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃) = 0
Dividing both sides by cos 2 𝜃
(2 − tan 𝜃)(1 − tan 𝜃) = 0
Hence tan 𝜃 = 1 or 2
𝜃 = 45°, 63°26′ , 225°, 243°26′
7a
𝜋 𝜋
tan ( + 𝜃) = 3 tan( − 𝜃)
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
tan 4 + tan 𝜃 3 tan 4 − 3 tan 𝜃
𝜋 = 𝜋
1 − tan 4 tan 𝜃 1 + tan 4 tan 𝜃
1 + tan 𝜃 3(1 − tan 𝜃)

=
1 − tan 𝜃 1 + tan 𝜃
(1 + tan 𝜃)2 = 3(1 − tan 𝜃)2
1 + 2 tan 𝜃 + tan2 𝜃 = 3 − 6 tan 𝜃 + 3 tan2 𝜃
2 tan2 𝜃 − 8 tan 𝜃 + 2 = 0
tan2 𝜃 − 4 tan 𝜃 + 1 = 0
7b Using the quadratic formula
4 ± √42 − 4 × 1 × 1
tan 𝜃 =
2

4 ± 2√3
=
2
= 2 ± √3
𝜃 = tan−1(2 ± √3)
𝜋 5𝜋
𝜃= ,
12 12
8a 2 cos 𝑥 − 1 = 2(2 cos 2 𝑥 − 1)

2 cos 𝑥 − 1 = 4 cos 2 𝑥 − 2
4 cos2 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 − 3 = 0
−(−2) ± √(−2)2 − 4 × 4 × (−3)

cos 𝑥 =
2×4
2 ± 2√5
=
2×4
1
= (1 ± √5)
4
1 1
8b 𝑥 = cos−1 4 (1 ± √5) , 2𝜋 − cos−1 4 (1 ± √5)
= , , ,
5 5 5 5
9a sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)
= (sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽)(sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽)
= sin2 𝛼 cos2 𝛽 − cos 2 𝛼 sin2 𝛽
= sin2 𝛼 (1 − sin2 𝛽) − (1 − sin2 𝛼) sin2 𝛽
= sin2 𝛼 − sin2 𝛼 sin2 𝛽 − sin2 𝛽 + sin2 𝛼 sin2 𝛽
= sin2 𝛼 − sin2 𝛽
9b sin2 3𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 = sin 2𝜃

sin(3𝜃 + 𝜃) sin(3𝜃 − 𝜃) = sin 2𝜃
sin 4𝜃 sin 2𝜃 = sin 2𝜃

sin 4𝜃 sin 2𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 = 0

sin 2𝜃 (cos 4𝜃 − 1) = 0
Hence sin 2𝜃 = 0 or cos 4𝜃 = 1
Since 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋, 0 ≤ 2𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 and 0 ≤ 4𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
For sin 2𝜃:
2𝜃 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋
𝜋
𝜃 = 0, , 𝜋
2
For cos 4𝜃:
𝜋 5𝜋
4𝜃 = ,
2 2
𝜋 3𝜋
𝜃= ,
4 4
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
𝜃 = 0, , , , 𝜋
8 2 8
10a sin 3𝑥
= sin 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + cos 𝑥 sin 2𝑥
= sin 𝑥 (1 − 2 sin2 𝑥) + cos 𝑥 (2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥)
= sin 𝑥 − 2 sin3 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 cos2 𝑥
= sin 𝑥 − 2 sin3 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 (1 − sin2 𝑥)
= sin 𝑥 − 2 sin3 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 − 2 sin3 𝑥
= 3 sin 𝑥 − 4 sin3 𝑥
10b sin 3𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 = sin 𝑥

3 sin 𝑥 − 4 sin3 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
4 sin3 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 0
2 sin 𝑥 (2 sin2 𝑥 − 1 − cos 𝑥) = 0
2 sin 𝑥 (2(1 − cos 2 𝑥) − 1 − cos 𝑥) = 0
2 sin 𝑥 (2 − 2 cos 2 𝑥 − 1 − cos 𝑥) = 0
2 sin 𝑥 (1 − 2 cos 2 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) = 0

sin 𝑥 (2 cos2 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 − 1) = 0

sin 𝑥 (2 cos 𝑥 − 1)(cos 𝑥 + 1) = 0
1
Hence sin 𝑥 = 0, cos 𝑥 = 2 or cos 𝑥 = −1
For sin 𝑥 = 0:
𝑥 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋
For cos 𝑥 = −1:
𝑥=𝜋
1
For cos 𝑥 = 2:
𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥= ,
3 3
𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥 = 0, , 𝜋, , 2𝜋
3 3
11a
𝜋 𝜋
sin (𝜃 + ) = cos (𝜃 − )
6 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin 𝜃 cos + cos 𝜃 sin = cos 𝜃 cos + sin 𝜃 sin
6 6 4 4
√3 1 1 1
sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃
2 2 √2 √2
Dividing both sides by cos 𝜃
√3 1 1 1
tan 𝜃 + = + tan 𝜃
2 2 √2 √2
√3 1 1 1
( − ) tan 𝜃 = −
2 √2 √2 2
√6 − 2 2 − √2
( ) tan 𝜃 =
2√2 2√2
2 − √2
tan 𝜃 =
√6 − 2
Hence

(2 − √2)(√6 + 2)
tan 𝜃 =
(√6 − 2)(√6 + 2)
2√6 + 4 − √12 − 2√2
=
6−4
2√6 + 4 − 4√3 − 2√2
=
2
= √6 − √3 − √2 + 2
7𝜋 19𝜋
11b 𝜃= ,
24 24
12a sec 2 𝛼 − 2 sec 𝛼 = 0

sec 𝛼 (sec 𝛼 − 2) = 0
But sec 𝛼 ≠ 0, hence
(sec 𝛼 − 2) = 0
sec 𝛼 = 2
1
cos 𝛼 =
2
𝛼 = 60°, 300°
12b sec 2 𝛼 − tan 𝛼 − 3 = 0

1 + tan2 𝛼 − tan 𝛼 − 3 = 0
tan2 𝛼 − tan 𝛼 − 2 = 0
(tan 𝛼 − 2)(tan 𝛼 + 1) = 0
tan 𝛼 = −1 or 2
For tan 𝛼 = −1:
𝛼 = 135°, 315°
For tan 𝛼 = 2:
𝛼 = 63°26′ , 243°26′
Hence the solutions are 𝛼 = 63°26′ , 135°, 243°26′ , 315°

12c cosec 3 2𝛼 = 4 cosec 2𝛼

1 4
3
=
sin 2𝛼 sin 2𝛼
Note that sin 4𝛼 ≠ 0 and sin 2𝛼 ≠ 0
sin 2𝛼 = 4 sin3 2𝛼
Now as sin 2𝛼 ≠ 0
4 sin2 2𝛼 = 1
1
sin 2𝛼 = ±
2
Now, the domain is
0 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 360°
which means
0 ≤ 2𝛼 ≤ 720°
Hence
2𝛼 = 30°, 150°, 210°, 330°, 390°, 450°, 570°, 690°
𝛼 = 15°, 75°, 105°, 165°, 195°, 255°, 285°, 345°
12d
1 1
√3 cosec 2 𝛼 + cot 𝛼 = √3
2 2
1 1
√3(cot 2 𝛼 + 1) + cot 𝛼 = √3
2 2
1 1
√3 cot 2 𝛼 + cot 𝛼 = 0
2 2
1 1
cot 𝛼 (√3 cot 𝛼 + 1) = 0
2 2
1 1 1
cot 2 𝛼 = 0 or cot 2 𝛼 = −
√3
1 1
For cot 2 𝛼 = 0, 2 𝛼 = 90° and hence 𝛼 = 180°
1 1 1
For cot 2 𝛼 = − , 𝛼 = 120° and hence 2𝛼 = 240°
√3 2
Thus the solutions are

𝛼 = 180° or 240°
12e √3 cosec 2 𝛼 = 4 cot 𝛼
√3(cot 2 𝛼 + 1) = 4 cot 𝛼
√3 cot 2 𝛼 − 4 cot 𝛼 + √3 = 0
−(−4) ± √(−4)2 − 4 × √3 × √3
cot 𝛼 =
2√3
4 ± √4
=
2√3
4±2
=
2√3
1
= or √3
√3
Hence
𝛼 = 30°, 60°, 210°, 240°
12f cot 𝛼 + 3 tan 𝛼 = 5 cosec 𝛼

cos 𝛼 sin 𝛼 5
+3 =
sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 sin 𝛼
Multiplying both sides by sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼
cos2 𝛼 + 3 sin2 𝛼 = 5 cos 𝛼
cos2 𝛼 + 3(1 − cos 2 𝛼) = 5 cos 𝛼
cos2 𝛼 + 3 − 3 cos2 𝛼 = 5 cos 𝛼
2 cos2 𝛼 + 5 cos 𝛼 − 3 = 0
−5 ± √52 − 4 × 2 × −3
cos 𝛼 =
2×2
−5 ± √49
=
4
−5 ± 7
=
4
1
= −3 or 2

As −1 ≤ cos 𝛼 ≤ 1
1
cos 𝛼 =
2
𝛼 = 60°, 300°
13a 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)

𝑃+𝑄 𝑃−𝑄
Let 𝐴 = and let 𝐵 =
2 2
𝑃+𝑄 𝑃−𝑄 𝑃+𝑄 𝑃−𝑄 𝑃+𝑄 𝑃−𝑄

2 cos ( ) cos ( ) = cos ( + ) + cos ( − )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 cos ( ) cos ( ) = cos(𝑃) + cos(𝑄)
2 2
Hence
cos 𝑃 + cos 𝑄 = 2 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2
13b cos 4𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 0

4𝑥 + 𝑥 4𝑥 − 𝑥
2 cos ( ) cos ( )=0
2 2
5𝑥 3𝑥
2 cos ( ) cos ( ) = 0
2 2
5𝑥 3𝑥
Hence cos ( 2 ) = 0 or cos ( 2 ) = 0
5𝑥
For cos ( 2 ) = 0:
5𝑥 5𝜋
Note that since 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋, 0 ≤ ≤
2 2
5𝑥 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
= , ,
2 2 2 2
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥= , ,𝜋
5 5
3𝑥
For cos ( 2 ) = 0:
3𝑥 3𝜋
Note that since 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋, 0 ≤ ≤
2 2
3𝑥 𝜋 3𝜋
= ,
2 2 2

𝜋
𝑥= ,𝜋
3
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥= , , ,𝜋
5 3 5
14a sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = sin 2𝜃

Squaring both sides gives
(sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃)2 = sin2 2𝜃
sin2 𝜃 + 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = sin2 2𝜃
sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 + 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = sin2 2𝜃
1 + 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = sin2 2𝜃
sin2 2𝜃 − 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − 1 = 0
sin2 2𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 − 1 = 0
14b sin2 2𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 − 1 = 0

−(−1) ± √(−1)2 − 4 × 1 × −1
sin 2𝜃 =
2×1
1 ± √5
=
2
1 −1 1 ± √5
𝜃= sin = 160°55′ , 289°5′
2 2
15a cos 3𝜃
= cos 𝜃 cos 2𝜃 − sin 𝜃 sin 2𝜃
= cos 𝜃 (2 cos2 𝜃 − 1) − sin 𝜃 (2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃)
= 2 cos3 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 − 2 sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃
= 2 cos3 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 − 2(1 − cos2 𝜃) cos 𝜃
= 2 cos3 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 − 2 cos 𝜃 + 2 cos 3 𝜃
= 4 cos3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃

15b 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 1 = 0
Let 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃
(2 cos 𝜃)3 − 3(2 cos 𝜃) − 1 = 0
8 cos3 𝜃 − 6 cos 𝜃 − 1 = 0
1
4 cos3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃 − =0
2
1
cos 3𝜃 − 2 = 0 (from part a)
1
cos 3𝜃 =
2
3𝜃 = 60°, 300°, 420°
𝜃 = 20°, 100°, 140°
𝑥 = 2 cos(20°) , 2 cos(100°) , 2 cos(140°)
= 2 cos(20°) , − 2 sin(100° − 90°) , −2 cos(180° − 140°)
= 2 cos 20° , −2 sin 10° , −2 cos 40°
15c 𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 = 8√3

Let 𝑥 = 4 cos 𝜃
(4 cos 𝜃)3 − 12(4 cos 𝜃) = 8√3
64 cos3 𝜃 − 48 cos 𝜃 = 8√3
√3
4 cos3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃 =
2
√3
cos 3𝜃 = (from part a)
2
𝜃 = 10°, 110°, 130°

𝑥 = 2 cos 10° , 2 cos 110° , 2 cos 130°
𝑥 ≑ −2.571, −1.368, 3.939
16a tan 4𝑥
2 tan 2𝑥
=
1 − tan2 2𝑥

2𝑡
2( )
= 1 − 𝑡2
2𝑡 2
1−( )
1 − 𝑡2
2𝑡
2( )
= 1 − 𝑡2
4𝑡 2
1−
(1 − 𝑡 2 )2
2(2𝑡)(1 − 𝑡 2 )
=
(1 − 𝑡 2 )2 − 4𝑡 2
4𝑡(1 − 𝑡 2 )
=
1 − 2𝑡 2 + 𝑡 4 − 4𝑡 2
4𝑡(1 − 𝑡 2 )
=
1 − 6𝑡 2 + 𝑡 4
16b tan 4𝑥 tan 𝑥 = 1

4𝑡(1 − 𝑡 2 )
×𝑡 =1
1 − 6𝑡 2 + 𝑡 4
4𝑡 2 (1 − 𝑡 2 ) = 1 − 6𝑡 2 + 𝑡 4
4𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 4 = 1 − 6𝑡 2 + 𝑡 4
5𝑡 4 − 10𝑡 2 + 1 = 0
16c
1
(cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵))
2
1
= (cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 − (cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵))
2
1
= (2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
2
1
(cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 + 𝐵))
2
1
= (cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 + (cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵))
2
1
= (2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵)
2
= cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵

1
16d sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = 2 (cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)) (1)
1
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = 2 (cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 + 𝐵))(2)
cos(𝐴−𝐵)−cos(𝐴+𝐵)
tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 = cos(𝐴−𝐵)+cos(𝐴+𝐵) (1) ÷ (2)
cos(3𝑥)−cos(5𝑥)
Hence tan 4𝑥 tan 𝑥 = cos(3𝑥)+cos(5𝑥)
Thus for tan 4𝑥 tan 𝑥 = 1,

cos(3𝑥) − cos(5𝑥)
=1
cos(3𝑥) + cos(5𝑥)
cos(3𝑥) − cos(5𝑥) = cos(3𝑥) + cos(5𝑥)
2 cos(5𝑥) = 0
cos(5𝑥) = 0
𝜋 3𝜋
5𝑥 = , ,…
2 2
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥= , ,…
10 10
𝜋 3𝜋
Hence 10 and 10 both satisfy the equation.
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
16e 𝑥 = tan 10 , − tan 10 , tan 10 , − tan 10


1a 𝑅 sin 𝛼 = √3 (1)
𝑅 cos 𝛼 = 1 (2)
tan 𝛼 = √3 (1) ÷ (2)

𝜋
𝛼=
3
𝑅 2 sin2 𝛼 + 𝑅 2 cos2 𝛼 = 3 + 1 (1)2 + (2)2
𝑅 2 (sin2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛼) = 4
𝑅2 = 4
𝑅=2
1b 𝑅 sin 𝛼 = 3 (1)
𝑅 cos 𝛼 = 3 (2)
tan 𝛼 = 1 (1) ÷ (2)
𝜋
𝛼=
4
𝑅 2 sin2 𝛼 + 𝑅 2 cos2 𝛼 = 32 + 32 (1)2 + (2)2
𝑅 2 (sin2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛼) = 18
𝑅 2 = 18
𝑅 = 3√2
2a 𝑅 sin 𝛼 = 5 (1)
𝑅 cos 𝛼 = 12 (2)
5
tan 𝛼 = 12 (1) ÷ (2)
5
𝛼 = tan−1 = 22°37′
12
𝑅 2 sin2 𝛼 + 𝑅 2 cos2 𝛼 = 52 + 122 (1)2 + (2)2
𝑅 2 (sin2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛼) = 25 + 144
𝑅 2 = 169

𝑅 = 13
2b 𝑅 sin 𝛼 = 4 (1)
𝑅 cos 𝛼 = 2 (2)
tan 𝛼 = 2 (1) ÷ (2)
𝛼 = tan−1 2 = 63°26′
𝑅 2 sin2 𝛼 + 𝑅 2 cos2 𝛼 = 22 + 42 (1)2 + (2)2
𝑅 2 (sin2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛼) = 4 + 16
𝑅 2 = 20
𝑅 = 2√5
3a 𝐴 cos(𝑥 + 𝛼) = 𝐴 cos 𝑥 cos 𝛼 − 𝐴 sin 𝑥 sin 𝛼 = cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥

Equating coefficients gives
𝐴 cos 𝛼 = 1 (1)
𝐴 sin 𝛼 = 1 (2)
3b 𝐴2 sin2 𝛼 + 𝐴2 cos2 𝛼 = 12 + 12 (1)2 + (2)2

𝐴2 (sin2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛼) = 2
𝐴2 = 2
𝐴 = √2
3c tan 𝛼 = 1 (1) ÷ (2)

𝜋
𝛼 = tan−1 1 = 4
𝜋 𝜋
3d Note that since −1 ≤ cos (𝑥 + 4 ) ≤ 1, −√2 ≤ √2 cos (𝑥 + 4 ) ≤ √2 and hence
−√2 ≤ cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 ≤ √2. Hence the maximum value of the function is √2 and
the minimum value is −√2.
𝜋
The maximum value occurs when √2 cos (𝑥 + 4 ) = √2 and hence

cos (𝑥 + 4 ) = 1 (Note that 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 so 4 ≤ 𝑥 + 4 ≤ )
4
𝜋
𝑥+ = 2𝜋
4
7𝜋
𝑥=
4
𝜋
The minimum value occurs when √2 cos (𝑥 + 4 ) = −√2 and hence
cos (𝑥 + 4 ) = −1 (Note that 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 so 4 ≤ 𝑥 + 4 ≤ )
4
𝜋
𝑥+ =𝜋
4
3𝜋
𝑥=
4
3e cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = −1
𝜋
√2 cos (𝑥 + ) = −1
4
𝜋 1
cos (𝑥 + ) = −
4 √2
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥+ = ,
4 4 4
𝜋
𝑥 = ,𝜋
2
2𝜋
3f The amplitude is equal to the value of 𝐴 which is √2. The period is = 2𝜋.
1
Graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 is shown below.

4 Graph shows 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 (blue curve), 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 (green curve) and

𝑦 = cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 (purple curve).
This appears the same as the graph in the previous question.
5a 𝐵 cos(𝑥 + 𝜃) = 𝐵 cos 𝑥 cos 𝜃 − 𝐵 sin 𝑥 sin 𝜃 ≡ √3 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥

𝐵 cos 𝜃 = √3 (1)
𝐵 sin 𝜃 = 1 (2)
5b 𝐵 2 sin2 𝜃 + 𝐵 2 cos 2 𝜃 = 3 + 1 (1)2 + (2)2

𝐵 2 (sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃) = 4
𝐵2 = 4
𝐵=2
1
5c tan 𝜃 = (2) ÷ (1)
√3
𝜋
𝜃=
6
5d The greatest possible value is 2 and and the least value is −2 as 𝐵 = 2 is the
amplitude of the new periodic function.
𝜋 𝜋 13𝜋
Note that since 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, 6 ≤ 𝑥 + 6 ≤ 6
For the point of maximum value

𝜋
2 = 2 cos (𝑥 + )
6
𝜋
cos (𝑥 + ) = 1
6
𝜋
𝑥 + = 2𝜋
6
11𝜋
𝑥=
6
For the point of minimum value
𝜋
−2 = 2 cos (𝑥 + )
6
𝜋
cos (𝑥 + ) = −1
6
𝜋
𝑥+ =𝜋
6
5𝜋
𝑥=
6
6a 𝐴 sin(𝑥 − 𝛼) = 𝐴 sin 𝑥 cos 𝛼 − 𝐴 cos 𝑥 sin 𝛼 = 4 sin 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥

𝐴 cos 𝛼 = 4 (1)
𝐴 sin 𝛼 = 3 (2)
6b 𝐴2 sin2 𝛼 + 𝐴2 cos2 𝛼 = 32 + 42 (1)2 + (2)2

𝐴2 (sin2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛼) = 25
𝐴2 = 25
𝐴=5
3
tan 𝛼 = 4 (1) ÷ (2)
3
𝛼 = tan−1
4

6c 4 sin 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 = 5
3
5 sin (𝑥 − tan−1 ) = 5
4
3
sin (𝑥 − tan−1 ) = 1
4
3
𝑥 − tan−1 = 90°
4
3
𝑥 = 90° + tan−1
4
𝑥 ≑ 126°52′
7a 𝐵 cos(𝑥 − 𝜃) = 𝐵 cos 𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝐵 sin 𝑥 sin 𝜃 ≡ 2 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥

𝐵 cos 𝜃 = 2 (1)
𝐵 sin 𝜃 = 1 (2)
𝐵 2 sin2 𝜃 + 𝐵 2 cos 2 𝜃 = 22 + 12 (1)2 + (2)2
𝐵 2 (sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃) = 4
𝐵2 = 4
𝐵 = √5
1
tan 𝜃 = 2 (2) ÷ (1)
1
𝜃 = tan−1
2
7b 2 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 1
1
√5 cos (𝑥 − tan−1 ) = 1
2
1 1
cos (𝑥 − tan−1 ) =
2 √5
1 1
𝑥 = cos−1 + tan−1
√5 2
𝑥 ≑ 323°8′
Testing 90° and 270° gives a second solution of 90°

8a 𝐷 cos(𝑥 + 𝜙) = 𝐷 cos 𝑥 cos 𝜙 − 𝐷 sin 𝑥 sin 𝜙 ≡ cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥

𝐷 cos 𝜙 = 1 (1)
𝐷 sin 𝜙 = 3 (2)
𝐷2 sin2 𝜙 + 𝐷2 cos 2 𝜙 = 1 + 9 (1)2 + (2)2
𝐷2 (sin2 𝜙 + cos2 𝜙) = 10
𝐷2 = 10
𝐷 = √10
tan 𝜙 = 3 (2) ÷ (1)
𝜙 = tan−1 3
8b cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 = 3
√10 cos(𝑥 + tan−1 3) = 3

3
cos(𝑥 + tan−1 3) =
√10
𝑥 ≑ 306°52′
Testing 90° and 270° gives a second solution of 270°
9a 𝐶 sin(𝑥 + 𝛼) = 𝐶 sin 𝑥 cos 𝛼 + 𝐶 cos 𝑥 sin 𝛼 = √5 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥

𝐶 cos 𝛼 = √5 (1)
𝐶 sin 𝛼 = 2 (2)
𝐶 2 sin2 𝛼 + 𝐶 2 cos2 𝛼 = 4 + 5 (1)2 + (2)2
𝐴2 (sin2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛼) = 9
𝐶2 = 9
𝐶=3
2
tan 𝛼 = (1) ÷ (2)
√5
2
𝛼 = tan−1
√5

2
√5 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 = 3 sin (𝑥 + tan−1 )
√5
9b √5 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 = −2
2
3 sin (𝑥 + tan−1 ) = −2
√5
2 2
sin (𝑥 + tan−1 )=−
√5 3
2 2
𝑥 = 360° + sin−1 (− ) − tan−1 ≑ 276°23′
3 √5
Testing 0°, 180° and 360° gives a second solution of 𝑥 = 180°
10a 3 sin 𝑥 + 5 cos 𝑥 = 4

5
√34 sin (𝑥 + tan−1 ) = 4
3
5 4
sin (𝑥 + tan−1 ) =
3 √34
4 5 4 5
𝑥 = 180° − sin−1 − tan−1 , 360° + sin−1 − tan−1
√34 3 √34 3
𝑥 ≑ 77°39′ or 344°17′
10b 6 sin 𝑥 − 5 cos 𝑥 = 7

5
√61 sin (𝑥 − tan−1 ) = 7
6
5 7
sin (𝑥 − tan−1 ) =
6 √61
7 6 7 6
𝑥 = sin−1 + tan−1 , 180° − sin−1 + tan−1
√61 5 √61 5
𝑥 ≑ 103°29′ or 156°8′

10c 7 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 = 5

2
√72 + 22 cos (𝑥 + tan−1 ) = 5
7
2 5
cos (𝑥 + tan−1 ) =
7 √53
5 2 5 2
𝑥 = cos−1 − tan−1 , 360° − cos −1 − tan−1
√53 7 √53 7
𝑥 ≑ 30°41′ or 297°26′
10d 9 cos 𝑥 + 7 sin 𝑥 = 3

9
√130 sin (𝑥 + tan−1 ) = 3
7
9 3
sin (𝑥 + tan−1 ) =
7 √130
3 9 3 9
𝑥 = 180° − sin−1 − tan−1 , 360° + sin−1 − tan−1
√130 7 √130 7
𝑥 ≑ 112°37′ or 323°8′
11a 𝐴 sin 𝛼 = 1 (1)
𝐴 cos 𝛼 = −√3 (2)

𝐴2 sin2 𝛼 + 𝐴2 cos 2 𝛼 = 1 + 3 (1)2 + (2)2
𝐴2 (sin2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛼) = 4
𝐴2 = 4
𝐴=2
1
tan 𝛼 = − (1) ÷ (2)
√3
5𝜋
𝛼=
6
11b 𝐴 sin 𝛼 = −5 (1)

𝐴 cos 𝛼 = −5 (2)
𝐴2 sin2 𝛼 + 𝐴2 cos 2 𝛼 = 52 + 52 (1)2 + (2)2

𝐴2 (sin2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛼) = 50
𝐴2 = 50
𝐴 = 5√2
tan 𝛼 = 1 (1) ÷ (2)
𝜋
𝛼=
4
12a 𝐴 sin 𝛼 = −4 (1)

𝐴 cos 𝛼 = 5 (2)
𝐴2 sin2 𝛼 + 𝐴2 cos 2 𝛼 = 42 + 52 (1)2 + (2)2
𝐴2 (sin2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛼) = 41
𝐴2 = 41
𝐴 = √41
4
tan 𝛼 = − 5 (1) ÷ (2)
𝛼 ≑ 321°21′
12b 𝐴 sin 𝛼 = −11 (1)

𝐴 cos 𝛼 = −2 (2)
𝐴2 sin2 𝛼 + 𝐴2 cos 2 𝛼 = 112 + 22 (1)2 + (2)2
𝐴2 (sin2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛼) = 125
𝐴2 = 125
𝐴 = 5√5
11
tan 𝛼 = (1) ÷ (2)
2
𝛼 ≑ 259°42′

13a i 𝐴 cos(𝑥 + 𝜃) = 𝐴 cos 𝑥 cos 𝜃 − 𝐴 sin 𝑥 sin 𝜃 ≡ √3 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥

𝐴 cos 𝜃 = √3 (1)
𝐴 sin 𝜃 = −1 (2)
2
𝐴2 sin2 𝜃 + 𝐴2 cos 2 𝜃 = √3 + (−1)2 (1)2 + (2)2
𝐴2 (sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃) = 4
𝐴2 = 4
𝐴=2
1
tan 𝜃 = −
√3
11𝜋
𝜃=
6
11𝜋
Hence √3 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 2 cos (𝑥 + )
6
13a ii √3 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 1

11𝜋
2 cos (𝑥 + )=1
6
11𝜋 11𝜋 23𝜋
Since 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2𝜋, ≤𝑥+ <
6 6 6
11𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
𝑥+ = ,
6 3 3
𝜋 11𝜋
𝑥= ,
2 6
13b i 𝐵 sin(𝑥 + 𝛼)
= 𝐵 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑎 + 𝐵 cos 𝑥 sin 𝛼
≡ cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
= − sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝐵 cos 𝛼 = 𝐵 cos 𝛼 = −1 (1)
𝐵 sin 𝛼 = 1 (2)
𝐵 2 cos 2 𝛼 + 𝐵 2 sin2 𝛼 = 1 + 1 (1)2 + (2)2

𝐵 2 (cos 2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛼) = 1 + 1
𝐵2 = 2
𝐵 = √2
tan 𝛼 = −1 (2) ÷ 1
3𝜋
𝛼=
4
Hence
3𝜋
√2 sin (𝑥 + ) = cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
4
13b ii cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = 1

3𝜋
√2 sin (𝑥 + )=1
4
3𝜋 1
sin (𝑥 + )=
4 √2
3𝜋 11𝜋
Now, note that since 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝑥 + <
4 4
Hence
3𝜋 3𝜋 9𝜋
𝑥+ = ,
4 4 4
3𝜋
𝑥 = 0,
2
13c i 𝐶 sin(𝑥 + 𝛽)
= 𝐶 sin 𝑥 cos 𝛽 + 𝐶 cos 𝑥 sin 𝛽
= sin 𝑥 − √3 cos 𝑥
𝐶 cos 𝛽 = 1 (1)
𝐶 sin 𝛽 = −√3 (2)

2
𝐶 2 sin2 𝛽 + 𝐶 2 cos2 𝛽 = 12 + (−√3) (1)2 + (2)2
𝐶 2 (sin2 𝛽 + cos2 𝛽) = 4
𝐶2 = 4
𝐶=2
tan 𝛽 = −√3 (2) ÷ (1)

5𝜋
𝛽=
3
5𝜋
Hence sin 𝑥 − √3 cos 𝑥 = 2 cos (𝑥 + )
3
13c ii sin 𝑥 − √3 cos 𝑥 = −1

5𝜋
2 cos (𝑥 + ) = −1
3
5𝜋 1
cos (𝑥 + )=−
3 2
5𝜋 11𝜋
Now, note that since 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝑥 + 3
< 3
5𝜋 11𝜋 19𝜋
𝑥+ = ,
3 3 3
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥= ,
6 2
13d i 𝐷 cos(𝑥 − 𝜙) = 𝐷 cos 𝑥 cos 𝜙 + 𝐷 sin 𝑥 sin 𝛽 ≡ − cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥

𝐷 cos 𝜙 = −1 (1)
𝐷 sin 𝜙 = −1 (2)
𝐷2 sin2 𝜙 + 𝐷2 cos 2 𝜙 = 12 + (1)2 (1)2 + (2)2
𝐷2 (sin2 𝜙 + cos2 𝜙) = 2
𝐷2 = 2
𝐷 = √2
tan 𝜙 = 1 (2) ÷ (1)
𝜋
𝜙=
4
5𝜋
Hence − cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = √2 cos (𝑥 − )
4

13d ii − cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = 1

5𝜋
√2 cos (𝑥 − )=1
4
5𝜋 1
cos (𝑥 − )=
4 √2
5𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋
Now, note that since 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2𝜋, − ≤𝑥− <
4 4 4
5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥− =− ,
4 4 4
3𝜋
𝑥 = 𝜋,
2
14a i 𝑅 sin(𝑥 + 𝛼)
= 𝑅 sin 𝑥 cos 𝛼 + 𝑅 cos 𝑥 sin 𝛼
≡ 2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
= − sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥
𝑅 sin 𝛼 = 2 (1)
𝑅 cos 𝛼 = −1 (2)
tan 𝛼 = −2 (1) ÷ (2)
1
𝛼 = − tan−1
2
𝑅 2 sin2 𝛼 + 𝑅 2 cos2 𝛼 = 1 + 4 (1)2 + (2)2
𝑅 2 (sin2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛼) = 5
𝑅2 = 5
𝑅 = √5
Hence 2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = √5 sin(𝑥 − tan−1 2)
14a ii 2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = 1
√5 sin(𝑥 − tan−1 2) = 1
1
sin(𝑥 − tan−1 2) =
√5

1 1
𝑥 = − sin−1 + tan−1 2 , 180° + sin−1 + tan−1 2
√5 √5
= 36°52′ , 270°
14b i 𝑆 cos(𝑥 − 𝛽)
= 𝑆 cos 𝑥 cos 𝛽 + 𝑆 sin 𝑥 sin 𝛽
≡ −3 sin 𝑥 − 4 cos 𝑥
= −4 cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥
𝑆 sin 𝛽 = −3 (1)
𝑆 cos 𝛽 = −4 (2)
3
tan 𝛽 = 4 (1) ÷ (2)
3
𝛽 = tan−1
4
𝑆 2 sin2 𝛽 + 𝑆 2 cos 2 𝛽 = 9 + 16 (1)2 + (2)2
𝑆 2 (sin2 𝛽 + cos2 𝛽) = 25
𝑆 2 = 25
𝑆=5
3
Hence −3 sin 𝑥 − 4 cos 𝑥 = 5 cos (𝑥 − tan−1 4)
14b ii −3 sin 𝑥 − 4 cos 𝑥 = 2

3
5 cos (𝑥 − tan−1 ) = 2
4
3 2
cos (𝑥 − tan−1 ) =
4 5
2 3 2 3
𝑥 = 𝜋 + cos−1 + tan−1 , 𝜋 + cos −1 + tan−1
5 4 5 4
≑ 2.63, 4.94
15a 2 sec 𝑥 − 2 tan 𝑥 = 5

Multiplying through cos 𝑥

2 − 2 sin 𝑥 = 5 cos 𝑥
2 sin 𝑥 + 5 cos 𝑥 = 2
5
√22 + 52 sin (𝑥 + tan−1 ) = 2
2
5
√29 sin (𝑥 + tan−1 ) = 2
2
5 2
sin (𝑥 + tan−1 ) =
2 √29
2 5
𝑥 = 360° + sin−1 − tan−1
√29 2
≑ 313°36′
15b 2 cosec 𝑥 + 5 cot 𝑥 = 3

Multiplying through by sin 𝑥
2 + 5 cos 𝑥 = 3 sin 𝑥
3 sin 𝑥 − 5 cos 𝑥 = 2
5
√32 + 52 sin (𝑥 − tan−1 ) = 2
3
5
√34 sin (𝑥 − tan−1 ) = 2
3
5 2
sin (𝑥 − tan−1 ) =
3 √34
2 5 2 5
𝑥 = sin−1 + tan−1 , 180° − sin−1 + tan−1
√34 3 √34 3
≑ 79°6′ , 218°59′
16a sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = cos 2𝜃

sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
(sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃) = (cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃)(cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃)
0 = (cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃)(cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃) − (sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃)
0 = (cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 − 1)(cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃)
Hence cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 − 1 = 0 or cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 = 0

Thus
cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 − 1 = 0
and
cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 = 1
or
cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 = 0
So
sin 𝜃 = − cos 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = −1
3𝜋 7𝜋
16b For tan 𝜃 = −1 the solutions are 𝜃 = ,
4 4
𝜋 3𝜋
For cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 = 1, √2 cos (𝑥 + 4 ) = 1 which has solutions 𝑥 = 0, .
2
3𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
Hence the solutions are 𝜃 = 0, , ,
4 2 4
17a sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = √1.5

𝜋
√2 cos (𝑥 + ) = √1.5
4
𝜋 √3
cos (𝑥 + ) =
4 2
7𝜋 11𝜋
𝑥= ,
12 12
17b √3 sin 2𝑥 − cos 2𝑥 = 2

𝜋
√4 cos (𝑥 + ) = 2
4
𝜋 1
cos (2𝑥 + ) =
4 2
𝜋 11𝜋 35𝜋
2𝑥 + = ,
4 12 12
𝜋 4𝜋
𝑥= ,
3 3

17c
1
√2 cos (4𝑥 + tan−1 − ) = 1
1
𝜋 1
cos (4𝑥 − ) =
4 √2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋 15𝜋 17𝜋 23𝜋 25𝜋 31𝜋
4𝑥 − =− , , , , , , , ,
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 9𝜋 3𝜋 13𝜋
𝑥 = 0, , , , 𝜋, , , , 2𝜋
8 2 8 8 2 8
18a 𝐴 cos(2𝑥 − 𝛼)
= 𝐴 cos 2𝑥 cos 𝛼 + 𝐴 sin 2𝑥 sin 𝛼
= (√3 + 1) cos 2𝑥 + (√3 − 1) sin 2𝑥
𝐴 cos 𝛼 = (√3 + 1) (1)
𝐴 sin 𝛼 = (√3 − 1) (2)

2 2
𝐴2 sin2 𝛼 + 𝐴2 cos 2 𝛼 = (√3 + 1) + (√3 − 1) (1)2 + (2)2
𝐴2 (sin2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛼) = 3 + 2√3 + 1 + 3 − 2√3 + 1

𝐴2 = 8
𝐴 = 2√2
(1) ÷ (2) gives
√3−1
tan 𝛼 =
√3+1
2
(√3 − 1)
=
(√3 + 1)(√3 − 1)
3 − 2√3 + 1
=
2
= 2 − 2√3
𝜋
𝛼 = tan−1(2 − 2√3) = 12
(√3 + 1) cos 2𝑥 + (√3 − 1) sin 2𝑥 = 2

𝜋
2√2 cos(2𝑥 − )=2
12
𝜋 1
cos(2𝑥 − )=
12 √2
𝜋 7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋
2𝑥 − =− ,− , ,
12 4 4 4 4
5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 11𝜋
𝑥=− ,− , ,
6 12 6 12
19a i 𝐴 sin(𝑥 − 𝛼) = 𝐴 sin 𝑥 cos 𝛼 − 𝐴 cos 𝑥 sin 𝛼 = sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥

𝐴 cos 𝛼 = 1 (1)
𝐴 sin 𝛼 = 1 (2)
𝐴2 sin2 𝛼 + 𝐴2 cos 2 𝛼 = 12 + 12 (1)2 + (2)2
𝐴2 (sin2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛼) = 2
𝐴2 = 2
𝐴 = √2
tan 𝛼 = 1 (1) ÷ (2)
𝜋
𝛼=
4
𝜋
Hence sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = √2 sin (𝑥 − 4 )
19a ii
𝜋
19a iii <𝑥<𝜋
2

19b i
𝜋
sin 𝑥 + √3 cos 𝑥 = 2 sin (𝑥 + )
3
Noting that the points of intersection of the two graphs are when
𝜋
2 sin (𝑥 + ) = 1
3
𝜋 11𝜋
𝑥= ,
2 6
𝜋 𝜋
We can read from the graph that 2 sin (𝑥 + 3 ) ≤ 1 when 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋.
19b ii sin 𝑥 − √3 cos 𝑥 < −1
2 sin(𝑥 − tan−1 √3) < −1

1
sin(𝑥 − tan−1 √3) < −
2
𝜋 3𝜋
Noting that the solutions are 6 , , 2𝜋, we see that the inequality holds when
2
𝜋 3𝜋
0 ≤ 𝑥 < 6 or < 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
2

19b iii |√3 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥| < 1

𝜋
|2 sin (𝑥 + )| < 1
6
Solving the equation
𝜋
|2 sin (𝑥 + )| = 1
6
𝜋
2 sin (𝑥 + ) = ±1
6
𝜋 1
sin (𝑥 + ) = ±
6 2
2𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥= , 𝜋, , 2𝜋
3 3
Hence, by observation of the graph, the inequality is satisfied when

2𝜋 5𝜋
< 𝑥 < 𝜋 or < 𝑥 < 2𝜋
3 3
19b iv
1
cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 ≥ √2
2
𝜋 1
2 cos (𝑥 + ) ≥ √2
4 2
𝜋 17𝜋
Solving for the intersection of the two graphs gives 𝑥 = 12 , , 2𝜋
12
Hence by observation of the graph, the inequality is satisfied when

𝜋 17𝜋
0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12 or ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
12
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
20a i cos (𝜃 − 2 ) = cos 𝜃 cos 2 + sin 𝜃 sin 2
= cos 𝜃 (0) + sin 𝜃 (1)

= sin 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
20a ii sin (𝜃 + 2 ) = sin 𝜃 cos 2 + cos 𝜃 sin 2
= sin 𝜃 (0) + cos 𝜃 (1)

= cos 𝜃
20b sin 𝑥 + √3 cos 𝑥

𝜋
= 2 sin (𝑥 + )
3
𝜋
= 2 sin (𝑥 + − 2𝜋)
3
5𝜋
= 2 sin(𝑥 + )
3
sin 𝑥 + √3 cos 𝑥
𝜋
= 2 sin (𝑥 + )
3
𝜋 𝜋
= 2 cos (𝑥 + − )
3 2
𝜋
= 2 cos(𝑥 − )
6
sin 𝑥 + √3 cos 𝑥
𝜋
= 2 sin (𝑥 + )
3
𝜋
= 2 cos (𝑥 − )
6
𝜋
= 2 cos (𝑥 − + 2𝜋)
6

11𝜋
= 2 cos(𝑥 + )
6
20c cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥

𝜋
= √2 cos (𝑥 + )
4
cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
𝜋
= √2 cos (𝑥 + )
4
𝜋
= √2 cos (𝑥 + − 2𝜋)
4
7𝜋
= √2 cos (𝑥 − )
4
𝜋
= √2 cos (𝑥 + )
4
𝜋 𝜋
= √2 sin (𝑥 + + )
4 2
3𝜋
= √2 sin (𝑥 + )
4
𝜋
= √2 cos (𝑥 + )
4
3𝜋
= √2 sin (𝑥 + )
4
3𝜋
= √2 sin (𝑥 + − 2𝜋)
4
5𝜋
= √2 sin (𝑥 − )
4
21 sin(𝜃 + 𝜋)
= sin 𝜃 cos 𝜋 + cos 𝜃 sin 𝜋
= sin 𝜃 (−1) + cos 𝜃 (0)

= − sin 𝜃
21b i −√3 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
= √3 sin(−𝑥) + cos(−𝑥)
𝜋
= 2 sin (−𝑥 + )
6
𝜋
= 2 sin (𝜋 − (−𝑥 + ))
6
5𝜋
= 2 sin (𝑥 + )
6
21b ii −√3 sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
= −(√3 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)

𝜋
= −2 sin (𝑥 + )
6
𝜋
= 2 sin (− (𝑥 + ))
6
𝜋
= 2 sin (𝜋 + (𝑥 + ))
6
7𝜋
= 2 sin (𝑥 + )
6
21b iii √3 sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
= −(−√3 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)

= −(√3 sin(−𝑥) + cos(−𝑥))
𝜋
= −2 sin (−𝑥 + )
6
𝜋
= −2 sin (− (𝑥 − ))
6
𝜋
= 2 sin (𝑥 − )
6
22a cos(𝑥 − 𝛼) = cos 𝛽

cos 𝑥 cos 𝛼 + sin 𝑥 sin 𝛼 = cos 𝛽
cos 𝛽
cot 𝛼 + tan 𝑥 =
sin 𝛼 cos 𝑥

Squaring both sides gives
2 2
cos2 𝛽
cot 𝛼 + 2 cot 𝛼 tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 =
sin2 𝛼 cos2 𝑥
cos 2 𝛽
cot 2 𝛼 + 2 cot 𝛼 tan 𝑥 + tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥
sin2 𝛼
cos 2 𝛽
cot 2 𝛼 + 2 cot 𝛼 tan 𝑥 + tan2 𝑥 = (1 + tan2 𝑥)
sin2 𝛼
cos 2 𝛽 2 2
cos2 𝛽
(1 − ) tan 𝑥 + 2 cot 𝛼 tan 𝑥 + cot 𝛼 −
sin2 𝛼 sin2 𝛼

tan 𝑥
cos2 𝛽 2
2 𝛼 − cos 𝛽 )
−2 cot 𝛼 ± √(2 cot 𝛼)2 − 4 (1 − ) (cot
sin2 𝛼 sin2 𝛼
= 2
cos 𝛽
2 (1 − )
sin2 𝛼
2 cos 𝛼 2 sin2 𝛼 − cos 2 𝛽 cos 2 𝛼 − cos2 𝛽

−2 cot 𝛼 ± √( sin 𝛼 ) − 4 ( )( )
sin2 𝛼 sin2 𝛼
=
cos2 𝛽
2 (1 − )
sin2 𝛼
cos 𝛼 2 sin2 𝛼 − cos 2 𝛽 cos2 𝛼 − cos2 𝛽

−2 cot 𝛼 ± 2√( sin 𝛼 ) − ( )( )
sin2 𝛼 sin2 𝛼
=
cos 2 𝛽
2 (1 − )
sin2 𝛼
cos2 𝛼 sin2 𝛼 − sin2 𝛼 cos2 𝛼 + cos 2 𝛼 cos2 𝛽 + sin2 𝛼 cos2 𝛽 − cos4 𝛽

− cot 𝛼 ± √( )
sin4 𝛼
=
cos 2 𝛽
(1 − )
sin2 𝛼
cos 2 𝛼 cos 2 𝛽 + sin2 𝛼 cos 2 𝛽 − cos 4 𝛽

− cot 𝛼 ± √( )
sin4 𝛼
=
cos2 𝛽
(1 − )
sin2 𝛼
(sin2 𝛼 + cos 2 𝛼) cos2 𝛽 − cos 4 𝛽

− cot 𝛼 ± √( )
sin4 𝛼
=
cos 2 𝛽
(1 − )
sin2 𝛼

cos2 𝛽 − cos 4 𝛽
− cot 𝛼 ± √( )
sin4 𝛼
=
cos2 𝛽
(1 − )
sin2 𝛼
cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽
− sin 𝛼 ± 2 √1 − cos 2 𝛽
= sin 𝛼
cos 2 𝛽
(1 − )
sin2 𝛼
cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 sin 𝛽
− sin 𝛼 ±
= sin2 𝛼
cos 2 𝛽
(1 − )
sin2 𝛼
− sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 ± cos 𝛽 sin 𝛽
=
sin2 𝛼 − cos2 𝛽
sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 ± cos 𝛽 sin 𝛽
=
cos2 𝛽 − sin2 𝛼
sin(𝛼 ± 𝛽) sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)
= = ,
cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) cos(𝛼 + 𝛽)
sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)
= ,
cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) cos(𝛼 − 𝛽)
= tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) , tan(𝛼 − 𝛽)
22b 𝐴 cos(𝑥 − 𝜃) = 𝐴 cos 𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝐴 sin 𝑥 sin 𝜃 = 2 cos 𝑥 + 11 sin 𝑥

𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 2 (1)
𝐴 sin 𝜃 = 11 (2)
𝐴2 sin2 𝜃 + 𝐴2 cos 2 𝜃 = 4 + 112
𝐴2 (sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃) = 125
𝐴2 = 125
𝐴 = 5√5
11
tan 𝜃 = (2) ÷ (1)
2
11
𝜃 = tan−1
2
11
Hence 2 cos 𝑥 + 11 sin 𝑥 = 5√5 cos (𝑥 − tan−1 )
2

22c i 2 cos 𝑥 + 11 sin 𝑥 = 10

11
5√5 cos (𝑥 − tan−1 ) = 10
2
11 2
cos (𝑥 − tan−1 )=
2 √5
11 2
cos (𝑥 − tan−1 ) = cos (cos −1 )
2 √5
Hence, from part a the solutions are
𝑥 = tan(𝛼 + 𝛽)
11 2
= tan (tan−1 + cos−1 )
2 √5
−1 11 2
tan (tan 2 ) + tan (cos −1 )
= √5
11 2
1 − tan (tan−1 2 ) tan (cos −1 )
√5
11 1
= 2 +2
11 1
1 − ( 2 ) (2)
4
=3
or
𝑥 = tan(𝛼 − 𝛽)
11 2
= tan (tan−1 − cos−1 )
2 √5
11 2
tan (tan−1 2 ) − tan (cos −1 )
= √5
11 2
1 + tan (tan−1 2 ) tan (cos −1 )
√5
11 1
= 2 −2
11 1
1 + ( 2 ) (2)
24
=− 7
4 4
22c ii tan 𝑥 = 3, hence 𝑥 = tan−1 3
24 24
tan 𝑥 = − 7 , hence 𝑥 = 𝜋 − tan−1 7
4 24
Thus, the roots are tan−1 3 and 𝜋 − tan−1 7

22c iii
4
tan (2 tan−1 )
3
4 4
= tan (tan−1 + tan−1 )
3 3
4 4
tan tan−1 3 + tan tan−1 3
=
4 4
1 − tan tan−1 3 tan tan−1 3
4 4
+
= 3 3
4 4
1 − (3) (3)
24
=−
7
24
= tan (𝜋 − tan−1 )
7
Thus, it follows that
4 24
2 tan−1 = 𝜋 − tan−1
3 7
And thus, one root is twice the other.


1a cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = 1
1 − 𝑡2 2𝑡
− =1
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
1 − 𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 = 1 + 𝑡 2
2𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 = 0
𝑡2 + 𝑡 = 0
1b 𝑡(𝑡 + 1) = 0
𝑡 = −1 or 0, hence
𝑥
tan 2 = −1 or 0
1c 𝑡 = −1 or 0, hence
𝑥
tan 2 = −1 or 0
3𝜋
𝑥 = 0, , 2𝜋
2
1
Now, testing points where tan 2 𝑥 is undefined which is where 𝑥 = 𝜋 the
solutions are
3𝜋
𝑥 = 0, , 2𝜋
2
2a √3 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 1
2𝑡 1 − 𝑡2
√3 × + =1
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
2√3𝑡 + 1 − 𝑡 2 = 1 + 𝑡 2
2√3𝑡 − 2𝑡 2 = 0
2√3𝑡 = 2𝑡 2
𝑡 2 = √3𝑡

2b 𝑡 2 − √3𝑡 = 0
𝑡(𝑡 − √3) = 0
𝑡 = 0 or √3
𝑥
tan 2 = 0 or √3
1
Now, testing points where tan 2 𝑥 is undefined which is where 𝑥 = 𝜋 the
solutions are
2𝜋
𝑥 = 0, , 2𝜋
3
3a 4 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 1
1
Let 𝑡 = tan 2 𝑥
1 − 𝑡2 2𝑡
4( 2
)+ =1
1+𝑡 1 + 𝑡2
4(1 − 𝑡 2 ) + 2𝑡 = 1 + 𝑡 2
4 − 4𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 = 1 + 𝑡 2
5𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 − 3 = 0
(5𝑡 + 3)(𝑡 − 1) = 0
3b (5𝑡 + 3)(𝑡 − 1) = 0
3
𝑡 = 1 or − 5
1 3
So tan 2 𝑥 = 1 or − 5
1
Now, testing points where tan 2 𝑥 is undefined which is where 𝑥 = 180° the
solutions are
𝑥 = 90° or 𝑥 ≑ 298°4′

4a 3 sin 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 = 2
2𝑡 1 − 𝑡2
3( ) − 2( )=2
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
6𝑡 − 2(1 − 𝑡 2 ) = 2(1 + 𝑡 2 )
6𝑡 − 2 + 2𝑡 2 = 2 + 2𝑡 2
6𝑡 − 4 = 0
3𝑡 − 2 = 0
4b
2
𝑡=
3
1 2
tan 𝑥 =
2 3
1 2
𝑥 = tan−1
2 3
2
𝑥 = 2 tan−1
3
≑ 67°23′
1
solutions are
𝑥 = 180° or 𝑥 ≑ 67°23′
5a 6 sin 𝑥 − 4 cos 𝑥 = 5
2𝑡 1 − 𝑡2
6( ) − 4 ( )=5
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
12𝑡 − 4 + 4𝑡 2 = 5(1 + 𝑡 2 )
12𝑡 − 4 + 4𝑡 2 = 5 + 5𝑡 2
𝑡 2 − 12𝑡 + 9 = 0


1
tan 𝑥
2
=𝑡
−(−12) ± √(−12)2 − 4 × 1 × 9
=
2
12 ± √108
=
2
12 ± 6√3
=
2
= 6 ± 3√3
1
5c tan 2 𝑥 = 6 ± 3√3
1
𝑥 = tan−1(6 ± 3√3)
2
1
solutions are
𝑥 = 2 tan−1(6 ± 3√3)
= 77°35′ or 169°48′
𝑥
6 Note for all following parts, as 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°, 0° ≤ 2 ≤ 180°
6a 5 sin 𝑥 + 4 cos 𝑥 = 5
2𝑡 1 − 𝑡2
5( ) + 4( )=5
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
10𝑡 + 4(1 − 𝑡 2 ) = 5(1 + 𝑡 2 )

10𝑡 + 4 − 4𝑡 2 = 5 + 5𝑡 2
9𝑡 2 − 10𝑡 + 1 = 0
(9𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 − 1) = 0
𝑡 = 1 or 9
1 1
tan 2 𝑥 = 1 or tan 2 𝑥 = 9

1 1
𝑥 = 45° or 2 𝑥 = 6°20′ 25
2
So 𝑥 = 90° or 𝑥 ≑ 12°41′
6b 7 cos 𝑥 − 6 sin 𝑥 = 2
1 − 𝑡2 2𝑡
7( ) − 6 ( )=2
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
7 − 7𝑡 2 − 12𝑡 = 2 + 2𝑡 2
9𝑡 2 + 12𝑡 − 5 = 0
(3𝑡 − 1)(3𝑡 + 5) = 0
1 5
Hence 𝑡 = 3 or − 3
𝑥 1 5
tan = or −
2 3 3
𝑥 ≑ 36°52′ , 241°56′
6c
2𝑡 1 − 𝑡2
3( ) − 2 ( )=1
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
6𝑡 − 2 + 2𝑡 2 = 1 + 𝑡 2
𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 − 3 = 0
−6 ± √62 − 4 × 1 × −3
𝑡=
2
−6 ± √48
=
2
−6 ± 4√3
=
2
= −3 ± 2√3
𝑥
tan = −3 ± 2√3
2
𝑥 ≑ 49°48′ , 197°35′

6d 5 cos 𝑥 + 6 sin 𝑥 = −5
1 − 𝑡2 2𝑡
5( ) + 6 ( ) = −5
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
5 − 5𝑡 2 + 12𝑡 = −5 − 5𝑡 2
12𝑡 = −10
5
𝑡=−
6
𝑥 5
tan =−
2 6
𝑥 ≑ 100°23′ or 𝑥 ≑ 280°23′
However, after substitution we find that 𝑥 ≑ 100°23′ is not a solution.
Since the terms in 𝑡 2 have cancelled out, we need to check 𝑡 = 180°.
LHS = 5 cos 180° + 6 sin 180°
= 5 × −1 + 6 × 0
= −5
= RHS
So the solutions are 𝑥 = 180° or 𝑥 ≑ 280°23′.
7 8 tan 𝜃 − 4 sec 𝜃 = 1
8 sin 𝜃 4
− =1
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
8 sin 𝜃 − 4 = cos 𝜃
2𝑡 1 − 𝑡2
8( )−4= ( )
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
16𝑡 − 4 − 4𝑡 2 = 1 − 𝑡 2
3𝑡 2 − 16𝑡 + 5 = 0
−(−16) ± √(−16)2 − 4 × 3 × 5
𝑡=
2×3
16 ± 14
=
6

1
= 5,
3
1 1
tan 𝑥 = 5,
2 3
1
𝑥 = 2 tan−1 5 , 2 tan−1
3
8 2 sin 2𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 = 2
Let 𝑡 = tan 𝑥
2𝑡 1 − 𝑡2
2( ) + =2
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
4𝑡 + 1 − 𝑡 2 = 2 + 2𝑡 2
3𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 1 = 0
(3𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 − 1) = 0
1
𝑡 = 1 or 3
1
tan 𝑥 = 1 or
3
𝑥 = 45°, 225° or 𝑥 ≑ 18.4°, 198.4°
9a 𝑎 cos 𝑥 = 1 + sin 𝑥
1 − 𝑡2 2𝑡
𝑎( 2
)=1+
1+𝑡 1 + 𝑡2
𝑎 − 𝑎𝑡 2 = 1 + 𝑡 2 + 2𝑡
𝑡 2 + 𝑎𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 1 − 𝑎 = 0
(1 + 𝑎)𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + (1 − 𝑎) = 0
−2 ± √22 − 4(1 + 𝑎)(1 − 𝑎)

𝑡=
2(1 + 𝑎)
−2 ± √2 − 4(1 − 𝑎2 )
2
=
2(1 + 𝑎)
−2 ± √4𝑎2
=
2(1 + 𝑎)

−2 ± 2𝑎
=
2(1 + 𝑎)
−1 ± 𝑎
=
1+𝑎
−1+𝑎
= −1 or 1+𝑎
𝑎−1
Hence 𝑡 = 𝑎+1 as 𝑡 = −1 is not a solution for 0° < 𝑥 < 90°
9b 2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = 1
2 cos 𝑥 = 1 + sin 𝑥
2−1 1
𝑡= =
2+1 3
Hence
1 1
tan 𝑥 =
2 3
1
𝑥 = 18°26′
2
𝑥 = 36°52′
10 6 cos 𝜃 + 17 sin 𝜃 = 18
1 − 𝑡2 2𝑡
6( 2
) + 17 ( ) = 18
1+𝑡 1 + 𝑡2
6(1 − 𝑡 2 ) + 34𝑡 = 18 + 18𝑡 2

24𝑡 2 − 34𝑡 + 12 = 0
12𝑡 2 − 17𝑡 + 6 = 0
Hence, using the quadratic formula
−(−17) ± √172 − 4 × 12 × 6
𝑡=
2 × 12
17 ± 1
=
24
3 2
= 4 or 3
𝜃1 3 𝜃2 2
Hence the solutions are tan = 4, tan =3
2 2

𝜃1 − 𝜃2
tan ( )
2
𝜃 𝜃
tan 21 − tan 22
=
𝜃 𝜃
1 + tan 21 tan 22
3 2
= 4−3
3 2
1 + (4) (3)
1
=
18
as required
11a 𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥 = 𝑐

1 − 𝑡2 2𝑡
𝑎( 2
)+𝑏( )=𝑐
1+𝑡 1 + 𝑡2
𝑎(1 − 𝑡 2 ) + 2𝑏𝑡 = 𝑐(1 + 𝑡 2 )

𝑐(1 + 𝑡 2 ) − 𝑎(1 − 𝑡 2 ) − 2𝑏𝑡 = 0
𝑐 + 𝑐𝑡 2 − 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑡 2 − 2𝑏𝑡 = 0
(𝑎 + 𝑐)𝑡 2 − 2𝑏𝑡 − (𝑎 − 𝑐) = 0
𝑥
where 𝑡 = tan 2
11b In order for the roots of this equation to be real, the discriminant must be greater
than 0, hence
Δ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0
(−2𝑏)2 − 4(𝑎 + 𝑐)(−(𝑎 − 𝑐)) ≥ 0
4𝑏 2 + 4(𝑎 + 𝑐)(𝑎 − 𝑐) ≥ 0
4𝑏 2 + 4(𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 ) ≥ 0
4𝑏 2 + 4(𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 ) ≥ 0
4𝑏 2 + 4𝑎2 − 4𝑐 2 ≥ 0
𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 ≥ 0
𝑐 2 ≤ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

11c The roots of the equation are given by the quadratic formula
−(−2𝑏) ± √Δ
𝑡=
2(𝑎 + 𝑐)
2𝑏 ± √4b 2 + 4𝑎2 − 4𝑐 2
=
2(𝑎 + 𝑐)
𝑏 ± √b 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2
=
(𝑎 + 𝑐)
1 𝑏+√b2 +𝑎2 −𝑐 2 1 𝑏−√b2 +𝑎2 −𝑐 2
So let tan 2 𝛼 = and tan 2 𝛽 =
(𝑎+𝑐) (𝑎+𝑐)
1
tan (𝛼 + 𝛽)
2
1 1
tan 2 𝛼 + tan 2 𝛽
=
1 1
1 − tan 2 𝛼 tan 2 𝛽
𝑏 + √b 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 𝑏 − √b 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2
+
(𝑎 + 𝑐) (𝑎 + 𝑐)
=
𝑏 + √b 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 𝑏 − √b 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2
1−( )( )
(𝑎 + 𝑐) (𝑎 + 𝑐)
2𝑏
(𝑎 + 𝑐)
=
𝑏 − (b 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 )
2
1−( )
(𝑎 + 𝑐)2
2𝑏
(𝑎 + 𝑐)
=
𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
1−( )
(𝑎 + 𝑐)2
2𝑏
(𝑎 + 𝑐)
=
(𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑐 + 𝑎)
1−( )
(𝑎 + 𝑐)2
2𝑏
(𝑎 + 𝑐)
= 𝑐−𝑎
1 − (𝑎 + 𝑐 )
2𝑏
=
𝑎 + 𝑐 − (𝑐 − 𝑎)
2𝑏
=
2𝑎
𝑏
=
𝑎

1−𝑡 2 2𝑡
12 (2𝑘 − 1) ( ) + (𝑘 + 2) (1+𝑡 2 ) = 2𝑘 + 1
1+𝑡 2
(2𝑘 − 1)(1 − 𝑡 2 ) + 2𝑡(𝑘 + 2) = (2𝑘 + 1)(1 + 𝑡 2 )

(2𝑘 + 1)(1 + 𝑡 2 ) − (2𝑘 − 1)(𝑡 2 − 1) − 2𝑡(𝑘 + 2) = 0
2𝑡 2 − 2𝑡(𝑘 + 2) + 4𝑘 = 0
𝑡 2 − 𝑡(𝑘 + 2) + 2𝑘 = 0
(𝑘 + 2) ± √(𝑘 + 2)2 − 4 × 1 × 2𝑘
𝑡=
2
(𝑘 + 2) ± √𝑘 2 + 4𝑘 + 4 − 4 × 1 × 2𝑘
𝑡=
2
(𝑘 + 2) ± √𝑘 2 − 4𝑘 + 4
𝑡=
2
(𝑘 + 2) ± √(𝑘 − 2)2
𝑡=
2
(𝑘 + 2) ± (𝑘 − 2)
𝑡=
2
𝑡 = 𝑘, 2
Noting that
2𝑡
tan 𝜃 =
1 − 𝑡2
it follows that
4 2𝑘
tan 𝜃 = , 2
3 𝑘 −1
13 𝑎 cos 4𝜃 + 𝑏 sin 4𝜃 = 𝑐
𝑎(cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃) + 2𝑏 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 𝑐
Let 𝑡 = tan 𝜃
2
1 − 𝑡2 2𝑡 2 2𝑡 1 − 𝑡2
𝑎 (( ) −( ) ) + 2𝑏 ( )( )=𝑐
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
𝑎((1 − 𝑡 2 )2 − (2𝑡)2 ) + 2𝑏 × 2𝑡(1 − 𝑡 2 ) = 𝑐(1 + 𝑡 2 )2

𝑎(1 − 2𝑡 2 + 𝑡 4 − 4𝑡 2 ) + 𝑏(4𝑡 − 4𝑡 3 ) = 𝑐(1 + 2𝑡 2 + 𝑡 4 )
(𝑎 − 𝑐)𝑡 4 − 4𝑏𝑡 3 − (2𝑎 + 2𝑐 + 4)𝑡 2 + 4𝑏𝑡 + (𝑎 − 𝑐) = 0

Hence it follows that the product of roots is

𝑎−𝑐
𝑡1 𝑡2 𝑡3 𝑡4 = =1
𝑎−𝑐
Since 𝑡 = tan 𝜃 and the solutions are 𝜃1 , 𝜃2 , 𝜃3 , 𝜃4 , it follows that
tan 𝜃1 tan 𝜃2 tan 𝜃3 tan 𝜃4 = 1


1a sin 2𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 0
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 0
sin 𝑥 (2 cos 𝑥 + 1) = 0
1
sin 𝑥 = 0 or cos 𝑥 = − 2
For sin 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋.

1 2𝜋 4𝜋
For cos 𝑥 = − 2, 𝑥 = , .
4 3
2𝜋 4𝜋
Together this gives 𝑥 = 0, , 𝜋, , 2𝜋
4 3
1b cos 2𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 0
2 cos2 𝑥 − 1 + cos 𝑥 = 0
(2 cos 𝑥 − 1)(cos 𝑥 + 1) = 0
1
cos 𝑥 = 2 or −1
1 𝜋 5𝜋
For cos 𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 3 , 3
For cos 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 𝜋

𝜋 5𝜋
Together this gives 𝑥 = 3 , 𝜋, 3
1c cos 2𝑥 + 5 sin 𝑥 + 2 = 0
1 − 2 sin2 𝑥 + 5 sin 𝑥 + 2 = 0
2 sin2 𝑥 − 5 sin 𝑥 − 3 = 0
(2 sin 𝑥 + 1)(sin 𝑥 − 3) = 0
1 1
sin 𝑥 = − 2 or 3, but −1 ≤ sin 𝑥 ≤ 1 so the only solution is sin 𝑥 = − 2
7𝜋 11𝜋
Hence, 𝑥 = ,
6 6

1d
𝜋 𝜋
2 sin (𝑥 − ) = cos (𝑥 − )
6 3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 sin 𝑥 cos − 2 cos 𝑥 sin = cos 𝑥 cos + sin 𝑥 sin
6 6 3 3
√3 1 1 √3
2 sin 𝑥 ( ) − 2 cos 𝑥 ( ) = cos 𝑥 ( ) + sin 𝑥 ( )
2 2 2 2
√3 1
( ) sin 𝑥 = 3 ( ) cos 𝑥
2 2
3
tan 𝑥 =
√3
2a 𝑅 sin(𝑥 − 𝛼) = 𝑅 sin 𝑥 cos 𝛼 − 𝑅 cos 𝑥 sin 𝛼 = sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥

𝑅 cos 𝛼 = 1 (1)
𝑅 sin 𝛼 = 1 (2)
𝑅 2 sin2 𝛼 + 𝑅 2 cos2 𝛼 = 12 + 12 (1)2 + (2)2
𝑅 2 (sin2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛼) = 2
𝑅2 = 2
𝑅 = √2
tan 𝛼 = 1 (2) ÷ (1)
𝜋
𝛼=
4
𝜋
Hence sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = √2 sin (𝑥 − )
4
2b sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = √2
𝜋
√2 sin (𝑥 − ) = √2
4
𝜋
sin (𝑥 − ) = 1
4
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥− =
4 2

3𝜋
𝑥=
4
3a 𝐴 cos(𝑥 − 𝜃) = 𝐴 cos 𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝐴 sin 𝑥 sin 𝜃 = √3 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥

𝐴 cos 𝜃 = √3 (1)
𝐴 sin 𝜃 = 1 (2)
2
𝐴2 sin2 𝜃 + 𝐴2 cos 2 𝜃 = 12 + √3 (1)2 + (2)2
𝐴2 (sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃) = 4
𝐴2 = 4
𝐴=2
1
tan 𝜃 = (2) ÷ (1)
√3
𝜋
𝜃=
6
𝜋
Hence √3 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 2 cos (𝑥 − 6 )
3b √3 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = −1
𝜋
2 cos (𝑥 − ) = −1
6
𝜋 1
cos (𝑥 − ) = −
6 2
𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋
𝑥− = ,
6 3 3
4a 𝑅 sin(𝑥 + 𝛼) = 𝑅 sin 𝑥 cos 𝛼 + 𝑅 cos 𝑥 sin 𝛼 = 2 sin 𝑥 + √5 cos 𝑥

𝑅 cos 𝛼 = 2 (1)
𝑅 sin 𝛼 = √5 (2)
2
𝑅 2 sin2 𝛼 + 𝑅 2 cos2 𝛼 = 22 + √5 (1)2 + (2)2
𝑅 2 (sin2 𝛼 + cos2 𝛼) = 9

𝑅2 = 9
𝑅=3
√5
tan 𝛼 = (2) ÷ (1)
2
√5
𝛼 = tan−1
2
√5
Hence 2 sin 𝑥 + √5 cos 𝑥 = 3 sin (𝑥 + tan−1 )
2
4b 2 sin 𝑥 + √5 cos 𝑥 = 3
√5
3 sin (𝑥 + tan−1 )=3
2
√5
sin (𝑥 + tan−1 )=1
2
√5
𝑥 + tan−1 = 90°
2
√5
𝑥 = 90° − tan−1
2
𝑥 ≑ 41.8°
5a 𝐴 cos(𝑥 + 𝜃) = 𝐴 cos 𝑥 cos 𝜃 − 𝐴 sin 𝑥 sin 𝜃 = 3 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥

𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 3 (1)
𝐴 sin 𝜃 = 2 (2)
𝐴2 sin2 𝜃 + 𝐴2 cos 2 𝜃 = 22 + 32 (1)2 + (2)2
𝐴2 (sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃) = 13
𝐴2 = 13
𝐴 = √13
2
tan 𝜃 = 3 (2) ÷ (1)
2
𝜃 = tan−1
3

2
Hence 3 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 = √13 cos (𝑥 + tan−1 3)
5b 3 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 = 1
2
√13 cos (𝑥 + tan−1 ) = 1
3
2 1
cos (𝑥 + tan−1 ) =
3 √13
2 1 1
𝑥 + tan−1 = cos −1 , 2𝜋 − cos−1
3 √13 √13
1 2 1 2
𝑥 = cos−1 − tan−1 , 2𝜋 − cos−1 − tan−1
√13 3 √13 3
𝑥 ≑ 40°12′ or 252°25′
1
6 sin 𝑥 = tan 2 𝑥
2𝑡
=𝑡
1 + 𝑡2
2𝑡 = 𝑡 + 𝑡 3
𝑡3 − 𝑡 = 0
𝑡(𝑡 2 − 1) = 0
𝑡(𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 + 1) = 0
𝑡 = 0, ±1
1
tan 2 𝑥 = 0, ±1
1 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 = 0, , or 𝜋
2 4 4
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 = 0, , or 2𝜋
2 2
7a 7 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 5
2𝑡 1 − 𝑡2
7( ) + =5
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
14𝑡 + 1 − 𝑡 2 = 5 + 5𝑡 2

6𝑡 2 − 14𝑡 + 4 = 0
𝑥
3𝑡 2 − 7𝑡 + 2 = 0 where 𝑡 = tan 2
−(−7) ± √(−7)2 − 4 × 3 × 2
𝑡=
2×3
7 ± √25
=
6
7±5
=
6
1
= or 2
3
𝑥 1
tan = or 2
2 3
𝑥 1
= tan−1 or tan−1 2
2 3
1
𝑥 = 2 tan−1 or 2 tan−1 2
3
8a 4 sin 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 = 3
𝑥
Let 𝑡 = tan 2
2𝑡 1 − 𝑡2
4( ) − 2 ( )=3
1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
4(2𝑡) − 2(1 − 𝑡 2 ) = 3(1 + 𝑡 2 )

8𝑡 − 2 + 2𝑡 2 = 3 + 3𝑡 2
𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 + 5 = 0
−(−8) ± √(−8)2 − 4 × 1 × 5
𝑡=
2×1
8 ± √44
=
2

8 ± 2√11
=
2
= 4 ± √11
𝑥
Since 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 then 0 ≤ 2 ≤ 𝜋.
𝑥
Recalling 𝑡 = tan 2
𝑥
tan 2 = 4 + √11 or 4 − √11
𝑥
= tan−1 (4 + √11) or tan−1(4 − √11)
2
𝑥 = 2 tan−1(4 + √11) or 2 tan−1 (4 − √11)
𝑥 ≑ 2.87 or 1.20
9a cos 3𝑥
= cos 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − sin 𝑥 sin 2𝑥
= cos 𝑥 (2 cos2 𝑥 − 1) − sin 𝑥 (2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥)
= 2 cos3 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − 2 sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= 2 cos3 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − 2(1 − cos2 𝑥) cos 𝑥
= 2 cos3 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 + 2 cos3 𝑥
= 4 cos3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥
9b cos 3𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 0

4 cos3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 0
4 cos3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 0
4 cos3 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 0
2 cos 𝑥 (2 cos2 𝑥 − 1 + sin 𝑥) = 0
2 cos 𝑥 (2(1 − sin2 𝑥) − 1 + sin 𝑥) = 0
2 cos 𝑥 (2 − 2 sin2 𝑥 − 1 + sin 𝑥) = 0
2 cos 𝑥 (1 − 2 sin2 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) = 0
2 cos 𝑥 (2 sin2 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 − 1) = 0
2 cos 𝑥 (2 sin 𝑥 + 1)(sin 𝑥 − 1) = 0
1
Hence the solutions occur when cos 𝑥 = 0, sin 𝑥 = − 2 and sin 𝑥 = 1.

𝜋 3𝜋
For cos 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 , 2
1 7𝜋 11𝜋
For sin 𝑥 = − 2, 𝑥 = ,
6 6
𝜋
For sin 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 2
𝜋 7𝜋 3𝜋 11𝜋
Hence the solutions are 𝑥 = 2 , , ,
6 2 6

Chapter 12 worked solutions – Further calculus

1a
𝑥 −1 −0.7 −0.5 −0.2 0 0.3 0.6 0.8 1
𝑑𝑦 undefined 1.40 1.16 1.02 1 1.05 1.25 1.67 undefined
𝑑𝑥
1b
𝑥 −1 −0.7 −0.5 −0.2 0 0.3 0.6 0.8 1
𝑑𝑦 undefined 1.40 1.16 1.02 1 1.05 1.25 1.67 undefined
𝑑𝑥
2a
𝑑 −1
(cos−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
2b
𝑑 1
(tan−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
2c
𝑑
(sin−1 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= × (2𝑥)
√1 − (2𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
2
=
√1 − 4𝑥 2
2d
𝑑
(tan−1 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= 2
× (3𝑥)
1 + (3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
3
=
1 + 9𝑥 2
2e
𝑑
(cos−1 5𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑑
= × (5𝑥)
√1 − (5𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
5
=−
√1 − 25𝑥 2
2f
𝑑
(sin−1 −𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= × (−𝑥)
√1 − (−𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
−1
=
√1 − 𝑥 2
2g
𝑑
(sin−1 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 2
= × (𝑥 )
√1 − (𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
=
√1 − 𝑥 4
2h
𝑑
(tan−1 𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 3
= × (𝑥 )
1 + (𝑥 3 )2 𝑑𝑥

3𝑥 2
=
1 + 𝑥6
2i
𝑑
(tan−1(𝑥 + 2))
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= × (𝑥 + 2)
1 + (𝑥 + 2)2 𝑑𝑥
1
=
𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 5
2j
𝑑
(cos−1 (1 − 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑑
= × (1 − 𝑥)
√1 − (1 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
−1
= × −1
√1 − (1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
1
=
√2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
2k
𝑑
(𝑥 sin−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= sin−1 𝑥 × (𝑥) + 𝑥 × (sin−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= sin−1 𝑥 +
√1 − 𝑥 2
2l
𝑑
((1 + 𝑥 2 ) tan−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= tan−1 𝑥 × (1 + 𝑥 2 ) + (1 + 𝑥 2 ) × (tan−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
= tan−1 𝑥 × 2𝑥 + (1 + 𝑥 2 ) ×
1 + 𝑥2
= 2𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 + 1
2m
𝑑 1
(sin−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 5
1 𝑑 1
= × ( 𝑥)
2 𝑑𝑥 5
√1 − (1 𝑥)
5
1 1
= ×
2 5
√1 − 𝑥
25
1
=
√25 − 𝑥 2
2n
𝑑 1
(tan−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 4
1 𝑑 1
= 2× ( 𝑥)
1 𝑑𝑥 4
1 + (4 𝑥)
1 1
= ×
𝑥2 4
1 + 16
4
=
16 + 𝑥 2
2o
𝑑
(cos −1 √𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑑
= × (√𝑥)
2 𝑑𝑥
√1 − √𝑥
−1 𝑑 1
= × (𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
√1 − √𝑥2

−1 1 1
= × 𝑥 −2
2 2
√1 − √𝑥
−1
=
2√𝑥√1 − 𝑥
1
=−
2√𝑥 − 𝑥 2
2p
𝑑
(tan−1 √𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= 2 × 𝑑𝑥 (√𝑥)
1 + (√𝑥)
1 𝑑 1
= 2 × 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 )
2
1 + (√𝑥)
1 1 1
= × − 𝑥 −2
2
1 + (√𝑥) 2
1
=
2√𝑥(1 + 𝑥)
2q
𝑑 1
(tan−1 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑑 1
= 2 × ( )
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 + (𝑥 )
1 1
= ×− 2
1 𝑥
1+ 2
𝑥
1
=− 2
𝑥 +1
3 For this question you only need to provide the gradient. We also provide the
equation of the tangent for your benefit.

3a
𝑑𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 2
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 tan−1 0 = 0 and 𝑑𝑥 = 1+02 = 2. Hence, the tangent will be given by
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 0 = 2(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦 = 2𝑥
3b
𝑑𝑦 √3
=
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
1 1 √3 𝑑𝑦 √3 √3
At 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = √3 sin−1 2 = and 𝑑𝑥 = 2
= = 2. Hence, the tangent will be
6 3
√1−1 √
2 4
given by
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
√3
𝑦− = 2(𝑥 − 0)
6
√3
𝑦 = 2𝑥 +
6
3c
𝑑𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 1 + 4𝑥 2
1 1 𝜋 𝑑𝑦 2 2
At 𝑥 = − 2, 𝑦 = tan−1 (2 (− 2)) = − 4 and 𝑑𝑥 = 1 2
= 2 = 1. Hence, the
1+4(− )
2
tangent will be given by
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝜋
𝑦 − (− ) = 1(𝑥 − 0)
4
𝜋
𝑦=𝑥−
4

3d
1
𝑑𝑦 −2 1
= =−
𝑑𝑥 2 √4 − 𝑥 2
√1 − (𝑥)
2
√3 𝜋 𝑑𝑦 1
At 𝑥 = √3, 𝑦 = cos −1 = 6 and 𝑑𝑥 = − = −1. Hence, the tangent will be
2
√4−√32
given by
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝜋
𝑦− = −1(𝑥 − 0)
6
𝜋
𝑦 = −𝑥 +
6
4a
𝑑𝑦 1 6
=− ×2×3 =−
𝑑𝑥 √1 − (3𝑥)2 √1 − 9𝑥 2
When 𝑥 = 0
𝜋
𝑦 = 2 cos −1 3(0) = 2 ( 2 ) = 𝜋,
𝑑𝑦 6 1 1
=− = −6 and 𝑚𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 = − 𝑑𝑦 =6
𝑑𝑥 √1−9(0)2 ( )
𝑑𝑥
For the tangent:

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 𝜋 = −6(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦 = −6𝑥 + 𝜋
For the normal:
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
1
𝑦−𝜋 = (𝑥 − 0)
6
1
𝑦 = 𝑥+𝜋
6

4b
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= × =
𝑑𝑥 2 2 √4 − 𝑥 2
√1 − (𝑥)
2
When 𝑥 = √2
√2 𝜋
𝑦 = sin−1 = 4,
2
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= = and 𝑚𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 = − 𝑑𝑦 = −√2
𝑑𝑥 √2 ( )
√4−(√2)2 𝑑𝑥
For the tangent:

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝜋 1
𝑦− = (𝑥 − √2)
4 √2
𝑥 𝜋
𝑦= −1+
√2 4
For the normal:
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝜋
𝑦− = −√2(𝑥 − √2)
4
𝜋
𝑦 = −𝑥√2 + 2 +
4
5a
𝑑
(sin−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= (sin−1 𝑥) + (cos−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= −
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
=0
5b As the gradient of the function is zero, it must be flat along its entire domain and
𝜋 𝜋
hence constant. Letting 𝑥 = 0 gives sin−1 0 + cos −1 0 = 0 + 2 = 2 , hence the
𝜋
function has a constant value of 2 .

6a
𝑑
(cos−1 𝑥 + cos−1 (−𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
1 (−𝑥)
=− − 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − (−𝑥)2
1 1
=− +
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
=0
As the gradient of the function is zero, it must be flat along its entire domain and
𝜋 𝜋
hence constant. Letting 𝑥 = 0 gives cos −1 0 + cos −1 0 = 2 + 2 = 𝜋, hence the
function has a constant value of 𝜋.
6b
𝑑
(2 sin−1 √𝑥 − sin−1(2𝑥 − 1))
𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1
= × 2 × 𝑥 −2 + × (−2)
2 2 √1 − (2𝑥 − 1) 2
√1 − √𝑥
1 2
= −
√𝑥√1 − 𝑥 √1 − (4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1)
1 2
= −
√𝑥 − 𝑥 2 √4𝑥 − 4𝑥 2
1 2
= −
√𝑥 − 𝑥 2 2√𝑥 − 𝑥 2
1 1
= −
√𝑥 − 𝑥 2 √𝑥 − 𝑥 2
=0
As the gradient of the function is zero, it must be flat along its entire domain and
hence constant. Letting 𝑥 = 0 gives 2 sin−1 √0 − sin−1 (2(0) − 1) = 2 sin−1 0 −
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin−1 (−1) = 0 − 2 = 2 , hence the function has a constant value of 2 .
7a
1 1 2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 × tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑥 × − ×
1 + 𝑥2 2 1 + 𝑥2
𝑥 𝑥
= tan−1 𝑥 + 2
−
1+𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
−1
= tan 𝑥

Hence
1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) =
1 + 𝑥2
1
7b 𝑓 ′′ (−1) = 2 > 0, hence the curve is concave up
8 By the quotient rule

𝑑 −1 −1 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 × 𝑑𝑥 (sin 𝑥) − sin 𝑥 × 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
1
𝑥× 2
− sin−1 𝑥
√1 − 𝑥
=
𝑥2
1
When 𝑥 = 2
1 1 1
− sin−1 (2)
2× 2
𝑑𝑦 √1 − (1)
2
=
𝑑𝑥 1 2
(2)
1 1 𝜋
2× 3−6
√
4
=
1
4
1 2 𝜋
2 × √3 − 6
=
1
4
1 𝜋
−6
= √3
1
4
√3 𝜋
= 4( − )
3 6
2
= (2√3 − 𝜋)
3

9a
𝑑
(𝑥 cos −1 𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
=𝑥×− + cos−1 𝑥 − × (−2𝑥) × (1 − 𝑥 2 )−2
√1 − 𝑥 2 2
𝑥 𝑥
=− + cos −1 𝑥 +
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
−1
= cos 𝑥
9b
𝑑
(sin−1 𝑒 3𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 3𝑥
= × (𝑒 )
√1 − (𝑒 3𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥
3𝑒 3𝑥
=
√1 − 𝑒 6𝑥
9c
𝑑 1
(sin−1 (2𝑥 − 3))
𝑑𝑥 4
1 𝑑 1
= × ( (2𝑥 − 3))
2 𝑑𝑥 4
√1 − (1 (2𝑥 − 3))
4
1 2
= ×
4
√1 − 1 (4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9)
16
2 1
= ×
4 1 √16 − (4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9)
4
2
=
√7 − 4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥

9d
𝑑 1
(tan−1 )
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥
1 𝑑 1
= 2 × ( )
1 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥
1 + (1 − 𝑥)
(1 − 𝑥)2
= × −1 × −1 × (1 − 𝑥)−2
(1 − 𝑥)2 + 1
1
=
(1 − 𝑥)2 + 1
1
=
1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1
1
= 2
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2
9e
𝑑
(sin−1 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 𝑥
= × (𝑒 )
√1 − (𝑒 𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥
=
√1 − 𝑒 2𝑥
9f
𝑑
(log 𝑒 √sin−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(√sin−1 𝑥)
= 𝑑𝑥
√sin−1 𝑥
1 1 𝑑
× (sin−1 𝑥)−2 × (sin−1 𝑥)
= 2 𝑑𝑥
√sin−1 𝑥
1 𝑑
= −1
× (sin−1 𝑥)
2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
=
2√1 − 𝑥 2 sin−1 𝑥

9g
𝑑
(sin−1 √log 𝑒 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 1
= × ((log 𝑒 𝑥)2 )
𝑑𝑥
1 2
√1 − ((log 𝑒 𝑥)2 )
1 1 1 𝑑
= × × (log 𝑒 𝑥)−2 × (log 𝑒 𝑥)
√1 − log 𝑒 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
= × ( )
√log 𝑒 𝑥 (1 − log 𝑒 𝑥) 2 𝑥
1
=
2𝑥√log 𝑒 𝑥 (1 − log 𝑒 𝑥)
9h
𝑑
(√𝑥 sin−1 √1 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= sin−1 √1 − 𝑥 × (√𝑥) + √𝑥 × (sin−1 √1 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑑
= sin−1 √1 − 𝑥 × + √𝑥 × × (√1 − 𝑥)
2√𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
√1 − (√1 − 𝑥)
1 1 1 1
= × sin−1 √1 − 𝑥 + √𝑥 × × × −1 ×
2√𝑥 √1 − (1 − 𝑥) 2 √1 − 𝑥
1 1 1 1
= × sin−1 √1 − 𝑥 + √𝑥 × × × −1 ×
2√𝑥 √𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥
1 1
= × sin−1 √1 − 𝑥 −
2√𝑥 2√1 − 𝑥
9i
𝑑 𝑥+2
(tan−1 )
𝑑𝑥 1 − 2𝑥
1 𝑑 𝑥+2
= 2 × ( )
𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 1 − 2𝑥
1 + (1 − 2𝑥 )
1 (1 − 2𝑥) − (−2)(𝑥 + 2)
= 2 ×
𝑥+2 (1 − 2𝑥)2
1 + (1 − 2𝑥 )

1 1 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4
= 2 ×
𝑥+2 (1 − 2𝑥)2
1 + (1 − 2𝑥 )
5
=
(1 − 2𝑥)2 + (𝑥 + 2)2
5
=
1 − 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4
5
=
5𝑥 2 +5
1
=
1 + 𝑥2
10a i
1 2 sin−1 𝑥
𝑦′ = 2 × × sin−1 𝑥 =
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
1 1
2× × √1 − 𝑥 2 − 1 × (−2𝑥) × (1 − 𝑥 2 )−2 × 2 sin−1 𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2 2
𝑦 ′′ = 2
(√1 − 𝑥 2 )
2𝑥 sin−1 𝑥
2+
√1 − 𝑥 2
=
1 − 𝑥2
2(1 + 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥)
= 3
(1 − 𝑥 2 )2
10a ii
(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦 ′′ − 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 2
2𝑥 sin−1 𝑥
2+
√1 − 𝑥 2 2 sin−1 𝑥
= (1 − 𝑥 2 ) −𝑥( )−2
1 − 𝑥2 √1 − 𝑥 2
( )
2𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 2𝑥 sin−1 𝑥
= 2+ − −2
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
=0

10b
1 −1 𝑥
𝑦′ = 𝑒 sin
√1 − 𝑥 2
1 3 −1 1 1 −1
𝑦 ′′ = − (−2𝑥)(1 − 𝑥 2 )−2 𝑒 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 sin 𝑥
2 2
√1 − 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
sin−1 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥
𝑥𝑒 𝑒
= 3 + 1 − 𝑥2
(1 − 𝑥 2 )2
(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦 ′′ − 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦
−1 −1
2
𝑥𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑒 sin 𝑥 1 −1 −1
= (1 − 𝑥 ) ( 3 + 1 − 𝑥2 ) − 𝑥 ( 𝑒 sin 𝑥 ) − 𝑒 sin 𝑥
(1 − 𝑥 2 )2 √1 − 𝑥 2
−1
𝑥𝑒 sin 𝑥 −1 𝑥 −1 −1
= + 𝑒 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 sin 𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
=0
𝜋 𝜋
11a The range is the same as that of sin−1 𝑥 which is − 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2
11b
𝑦 = sin−1 2𝑥
2𝑥 = sin 𝑦
1
𝑥= sin 𝑦
2
11c
𝑑𝑥 1
= 2 cos 𝑦, as the square root function always returns positive numbers, and as
𝑑𝑦
the division of one number by another positive is always positive, this derivative
function will always be positive.

11d
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1
=
1
2 cos 𝑦
2
=
cos 𝑦
2
=
√1 − sin2 𝑦
2
=
1 − (2𝑥)2
2
=
√1 − 4𝑥 2
Note that taking the derivative normally yields
𝑑𝑦 2 2
= =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − (2𝑥)2 √1 − 4𝑥 2
12a
1
𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥
2
𝑥
= sin 𝑦
2
𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1
=
2 cos 𝑦
1
=
𝑥 2
2√1 − (2)
1
=
√4 − 𝑥 2

12b
𝑦 = cos −1(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥 − 1 = cos 𝑦
𝑥 = cos 𝑦 + 1
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1
=
− sin 𝑦
1
=
−√1 − cos2 𝑦
1
=
−√1 − (𝑥 − 1)2
−1
=
√1 − (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1)
−1
=
√2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
12c
𝑦 = tan−1 √𝑥
√𝑥 = tan 𝑦
𝑥 = tan2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1
=2× × tan 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1
=
1
2× × tan 𝑦
1 + 𝑦2
1 + 𝑦2
=
2 tan 𝑦
2
1 + (tan−1 √𝑥)
=
2 tan(tan−1 √𝑥)
2
1 + (tan−1 √𝑥)
=
2√𝑥

13a From the domain of the inverse cosine function we know that −1 ≤ 𝑥 2 ≤ 1.
Furthermore, 𝑥 2 ≥ 0 for all real 𝑥. Hence 0 ≤ 𝑥 2 ≤ 1.
Hence the domain is −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
13b 𝑓(−𝑥) = cos−1 (−𝑥)2 = cos −1 𝑥 2 = 𝑓(𝑥), hence the function is even and
symmetric about the line 𝑥 = 0
13c
−1 𝑑 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = × (𝑥 )
√1 − (𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥
−1
= × 2𝑥
√1 − (𝑥 2 )2
2𝑥
=−
√1 − 𝑥 4
13d 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2 cos −1 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 2 cos−1 𝑥 2

𝑓 ′ (0) = 0
𝑓 ′′ (0) = −𝜋 < 0
Hence at 𝑥 = 0 the derivative is zero and the curve is concave down, so it is a
maximum turning point.
13e
2(−1) 2
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑓 ′ (−1) = − = which is undefined.
√1−(−1)4 √0
2(1) 2
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓 ′ (1) = − = which is undefined.
√1−(1)4 √0
This means that the gradient is vertical at that point.

13f
14a
4
tan ∠𝑇𝐸𝑃 =
𝑥
4
∠𝑇𝐸𝑃 = tan−1
𝑥
3
tan ∠𝐵𝐸𝑃 =
𝑥
3
∠𝐵𝐸𝑃 = tan−1
𝑥
Hence
4 3
𝜃 = ∠𝑇𝐸𝑃 − ∠𝐵𝐸𝑃 = tan−1 − tan−1
𝑥 𝑥
14b
𝑑𝜃 1 𝑑 4 1 𝑑 3
= × ( )− × ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
√1 − (4) √1 − (3)
𝑥 𝑥
1 4 1 3
= × (− )− × (− )
𝑥2 𝑥2
√1 − 162 √1 − 92
𝑥 𝑥
−4 3
= +
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 16 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 9

When 𝑥 = 2√3
𝑑𝜃 −4 3
= +
𝑑𝑥 2 2
(2√3)√(2√3) − 16 (2√3)√(2√3) − 9
=0
Hence there is a stationary point
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
When 𝑥 = √3, 𝑑𝑥 > 0 and when 𝑥 = 3√3, 𝑑𝑥 < 0. Hence this is a maximum
turning point.
14c When 𝑥 = 2√3

4 3
𝜃 = tan−1 − tan−1
2√3 2√3
tan 𝜃
4 3
= tan (tan−1 − tan−1)
2√3 2√3
4 3
tan (tan−1 ) − tan (tan−1 )
2√3 2√3
=
4 3
1 + tan (tan−1 ) tan (tan−1 )
2√3 2√3
4 3
−
2√3 2√3
=
4 3
1+
2√3 2√3
1
2√3
=
1+1
1
=
4√3
√3
=
12
Hence
√3
𝜃 = tan−1
12

15a
𝜃 = ∠ 𝑂𝑃𝐴 (equal alternate angles on parallel lines)
𝑂𝐴 6
tan 𝜃 = tan ∠𝑂𝑃𝐴 = =
𝐴𝑃 𝑥
Hence
6
𝜃 = tan−1
𝑥
15b
𝑑𝜃 1 𝑑 6
= 2 × ( )
𝑑𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 + (𝑥 )
1 6
= × (− 2 )
36 𝑥
1+ 2
𝑥
−6
= 2
𝑥 + 36
𝑑𝑥
Now 𝑑𝑡 = 600
Hence
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥
= ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
−6
= × 600
𝑥 2 + 36
−3600
=
𝑥 2 + 36
15c When 𝑥 = 3,
𝑑𝜃 −3600
= 2 = −80
𝑑𝑡 3 + 36
1
Hence it is travelling at 80 radians per hour which is 45 rad/s.
16a Note that tan−1 𝑥 is defined for all values of 𝑥, the only value for which the
1
function is undefined is when 𝑥 = 0 as 𝑥 is undefined when 𝑥 = 0. Hence the
domain is all 𝑥 such that 𝑥 ≠ 0.

1
𝑓(−𝑥) = tan−1(−𝑥) + tan−1 ( )
−𝑥
1
= − tan−1(𝑥) − tan−1 ( )
𝑥
1
= − (tan−1(𝑥) + tan−1 ( ))
𝑥
= −𝑓(𝑥)
Hence the function is odd so it has rotational symmetry about the origin.
16b
1 1 𝑑 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = + 2 × ( )
1 + 𝑥2 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 + (𝑥 )
1 1 1
= + × (− )
1 + 𝑥2 1 + 1 𝑥2
𝑥2
1 1
= −
1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2
=0
16c
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 0 𝑑𝑥
=𝐶
Now as this function has a point of discontinuity at 𝑥 = 0, this constant may be
different on either side of the discontinuity.
For 𝑥 > 0, substitute in 𝑥 = 1.
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝐶 = 𝑓(1) = tan−1 1 + tan−1 1 = + =
4 4 2
For 𝑥 < 0, substitute in 𝑥 = −1.
𝜋
𝑐 = 𝑓(−1) = −𝑓(1) = − 2 (as the function is odd)
𝜋 𝜋
Hence for 𝑥 > 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 and for 𝑥 < 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = − 2

17a
1
| |≤1
𝑥
|𝑥| > 1
Hence the domain is 𝑥 > 1 or 𝑥 < −1.
17b
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
−1 𝑑 1
= × ( )
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
√1 − (1)
𝑥
−1 1
= ×− 2
𝑥
√1 − 12
𝑥
1
=
1
𝑥 2 √1 − 2
𝑥
1
=
1
√𝑥 4 √1 − 2
𝑥
1
=
√𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 − 1
1
=
|𝑥|√𝑥 2 − 1

17c
17d When 𝑥 > 1,

1
𝑓′(𝑥) =
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
When 𝑥 < 1,
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
17e For 𝑥 > 1 we use the equation

1
𝑓′(𝑥) =
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
Hence 𝑥 > 0 and √𝑥 2 − 1 > 0 thus 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0
For 𝑥 < −1 we use the equation
1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − =
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1 −𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1
Hence −𝑥 > 0 and √𝑥 2 − 1 > 0 thus 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0
1 𝜋+
17f i lim cos −1 𝑥 = lim cos −1 0+ =
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 2
1 𝜋−
17f ii lim cos −1 𝑥 = lim cos −1 0− =
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 2

17g
𝑑
18a (tan−1 𝑒 3𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 3𝑥
= 3𝑥 2
× (𝑒 )
1 + (𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
= × 3𝑒 3𝑥
1 + (𝑒 3𝑥 )2
3𝑒 3𝑥
=
1 + 𝑒 6𝑥
𝑑
18b (sin−1 𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 3
= × (𝑥 )
√1 − (𝑥 3 )2 𝑑𝑥
1
= × 3𝑥 2
√1 − (𝑥 3 )2
3𝑥 2
=
√1 − 𝑥 6
𝑑
18c (cos−1 log 𝑒 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑑
= × (log 𝑒 𝑥)
√1 − (log 𝑒 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
−1 1
= ×
√1 − (log 𝑒 𝑥)2 𝑥
1
=−
𝑥√1 − (log 𝑒 𝑥)2

19a The restrictions on 𝑥 are

−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
and
−1 ≤ √1 − 𝑥 2 ≤ 1
But √1 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 0, so
0 ≤ √1 − 𝑥 2 ≤ 1
0 ≤ 1 − 𝑥2 ≤ 1
−1 ≤ −𝑥 2 ≤ 0
0 ≤ 𝑥2 ≤ 1
Hence the domain is −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.
19b
1 1 𝑑
𝑔′ (𝑥) = + × (√1 − 𝑥 2 )
√1 − 𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥
√1 − (√1 − 𝑥 2 )
1 11 1
= + × ( × −2𝑥 × (1 − 𝑥 2 )−2 )
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2
1 1 𝑥
= + × (− )
√1 − 𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
1 1 𝑥
= − ×
√1 − 𝑥 2 |𝑥| √1 − 𝑥 2
1 𝑥
= −
√1 − 𝑥 2 |𝑥|√1 − 𝑥 2
19c 𝑔(𝑥) is constant when 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 0, hence

𝑔′ (𝑥) = 0
1 𝑥
− =0
√1 − 𝑥 2 |𝑥|√1 − 𝑥 2
1 𝑥
√1−𝑥 2
= |𝑥|√1−𝑥 2
For 𝑥 ≠ 1 and 𝑥 ≠ 1
|𝑥|√1 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2

|𝑥| = 𝑥
|𝑥| − 𝑥 = 0
This is true for 𝑥 ≥ 0. But 𝑥 ≠ 0 so the function is constant for 𝑥 > 0.
20
𝑥+2 1
tan−1 1−2𝑥 is simply tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 2 for 𝑥 < 2, and is tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 2 − 𝜋 for
1
𝑥>2
(this can be proven by applying tan to both equations and then using double
angle formulae to show they have the same result)
21a As sin 𝑥 is defined for all real 𝑥, and because −1 ≤ sin 𝑥 ≤ 1, this function will be
defined for all real 𝑥.
Now since −1 ≤ sin 𝑥 ≤ 1
sin−1 (−1) ≤ sin−1 (sin 𝑥) ≤ sin−1 (1)
𝜋 𝜋
− ≤ sin−1(sin 𝑥) ≤
2 2
So the range is
𝜋 𝜋
− ≤𝑦≤
2 2
21b
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑
= (sin−1 (sin(𝑥)))
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= × (sin 𝑥)
√1 − (sin 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
1
= × cos 𝑥
√1 − sin2 𝑥
cos 𝑥
=
√cos 2 𝑥
cos 𝑥
=
| cos 𝑥 |

0
21c When cos 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = |0| which is undefined. Hence 𝑓′(𝑥) is not defined when
cos 𝑥 = 0.
21d Since |cos 𝑥| = cos 𝑥 or |cos 𝑥| = − cos 𝑥. Hence

cos 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = =1
cos 𝑥
or
cos 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = = −1
− cos 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
Now 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 when cos 𝑥 > 0 which is when − 2 + 2𝜋𝑛 < 𝑥 < − 2 + 2𝜋𝑛 for all
integers 𝑛.
𝜋 3𝜋
Now 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −1 when cos 𝑥 < 0 which is when 2 + 2𝜋𝑛 < 𝑥 < + 2𝜋𝑛 for all
2
integers 𝑛.
21e
22a


1 Answers will vary
2a
1
∫− 𝑑𝑥 = cos −1 𝑥 + 𝐶
√1 − 𝑥 2
2b
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4 − 𝑥 2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
2√1 − 4
1 1
=∫ × 𝑑𝑥
2 2
√1 − (𝑥)
2
𝑥
= sin−1 ( ) + 𝐶
2
2c
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
9 + 𝑥2
1 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
9 𝑥2
1+ 9
1 1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 3 𝑥 2
1 + (3 )
1 𝑥
= tan−1 ( ) + 𝐶
3 3

2d
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4 − 𝑥 2
9
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
2√ 3 2
1 − (
3 2 𝑥)
3 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2
√1 − (3 𝑥)
2
3
= sin−1( 𝑥) + 𝐶
2
2e
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 + 𝑥2
1 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 2
1+( )
√2
√2 𝑥
= tan−1 +𝐶
2 √2
2f
1
∫− 𝑑𝑥
√5 − 𝑥 2
1 −1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√5 2
𝑥
√1 − ( )
√5
𝑥
= cos−1 ( ) + 𝐶
√5

3a
3
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 √9 − 𝑥 2
3
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥 2
3√1 − (3)
𝑥 3
= [sin−1 ]
30
= sin−1 1 − sin−1 0
𝜋
=
2
3b
2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 4 + 𝑥2
2
1 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 4 𝑥 2
1 + (2)
1 𝑥 2
= [tan−1 ( )]
2 2 0
1
= (tan−1 1 − tan−1 0)
2
𝜋
=
8
3c
1
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 √2 − 𝑥 2
1
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 2
𝑥
√2√1 − ( )
√2
𝑥 1
= [sin−1 ( )]
√2 0

1 0
= sin−1 ( ) − sin−1 ( )
√2 √2
𝜋
=
4
3d
1 1
2√3 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 1 2
2 4+𝑥
1
2√3 2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 1 + 4𝑥 2
2
1
2√3 2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 1 + (2𝑥)2
2
1
√3
= [tan−1(2𝑥)]21
2
= tan (2√3) − tan−1 (1)
−1
𝜋
=
12
3e
1
6 −1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√3 1
6 √ 2
9−𝑥
1
6 −1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√3 1 2
6 3 √1 − (3𝑥)
1
6 −3
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√3 √1 − (3𝑥)2
6
1
= [cos (3𝑥)]6
−1
√3
6
1 √3
= cos−1 − cos−1
2 2
𝜋
=
6

3f
3
4 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3
− √2 9
4 √ 𝑥2
4−
3
4 1
=∫
3
− √2 3
4 √1 2𝑥 2
−(3)
2
3
4 2
=∫
3
− √2
4 3√1 2𝑥 2
−(3)
3
2𝑥 4
= [sin−1 ( )] 3
3 − √2
4
1 √2
= sin−1 − sin−1 (− )
2 2
5𝜋
=
12
4a
1 1
𝑦 ′ = (1 − 𝑥 2 )−2 =
√1 − 𝑥 2
𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
Substituting in (0, 𝜋)
𝜋 = sin−1 0 + 𝐶
𝜋 =0+𝐶
𝐶=𝜋
Hence
𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 + 𝜋
4b
𝑦 ′ = 4(16 + 𝑥 2 )−1
1
=
4(16 + 𝑥 2 )

4 1
= ×
4 × 16 𝑥 2
1 + (4)
1 1
= ×
4 𝑥 2
1 + (4 )
𝑥
𝑦 = tan−1 + 𝐶
4
Substituting in (−4, 0)
0 = tan−1 −1 + 𝐶
𝜋
0=− +𝐶
4
𝜋
𝐶=
4
Hence
𝑥 𝜋
𝑦 = tan−1 +
4 4
5a
1 1
𝑦′ = =
√36 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 2
6√1 − (6)
𝑥
𝑦 = sin−1 ( ) + 𝐶
6
𝜋
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 6
𝜋 1
= sin−1 + 𝐶
6 2
𝐶=0
𝑥
𝑦 = sin−1 ( )
6
When 𝑥 = 3√3
√3 𝜋
𝑦 = sin−1 =
2 3

5b
2 1 1
𝑦′ = =
4+𝑥 2 2 𝑥 2
1 + (2 )
𝑥
𝑦 = tan−1 + 𝐶
2
𝜋
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3
𝜋
= tan−1 1 + 𝐶
3
𝜋 𝜋
= +𝐶
3 4
𝜋
𝐶=
12
𝑥 𝜋
𝑦 = tan−1 +
2 12
2
When 𝑥 =
√3
1 𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = tan−1 + =
√3 12 4
6a
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 4𝑥 2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 − (2𝑥)2
1 −1
= sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
6b
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 16𝑥 2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + (4𝑥)2
1
= tan−1 4𝑥 + 𝐶
4

6c
1
∫− 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 2𝑥 2
1
= ∫− 𝑑𝑥
2
√1 − (√2𝑥)
1
= cos−1 √2𝑥 + 𝐶
√2
6d
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4 − 9𝑥 2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 2
2√1 − ( 2 )
1 −1 3𝑥
= sin +𝐶
3 2
6e
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
25 + 9𝑥 2
1 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
25 3𝑥 2
1+( )
5
1 3𝑥
= tan−1 +𝐶
15 5
6f
1
∫− 𝑑𝑥
√3 − 4𝑥 2
1
= ∫− 𝑑𝑥
2
2𝑥
√3√1 − ( )
√3

1 2𝑥
= cos−1 +𝐶
2 √3
7a
1
6 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 √1 − 9𝑥 2
1
6 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 √1 − (3𝑥)2
1
1
= [sin 3𝑥]60
−1
3
𝜋
=
18
7b
1
2√3 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 1 + 4𝑥 2
2
1
2√3 2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 1 + (2𝑥)2
2
1
√3
= [tan (2𝑥)]21
−1
2
𝜋
=
12
7c
1
2 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 √1 − 3𝑥 2
−
2
1
2 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 2
−
2 √1 − (√3𝑥)
1
1
= [sin−1 √3𝑥]2 1
√3 −
2

2𝜋
= √3
9
7d
3
2√2 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 √9 − 4𝑥 2
−
4
3
2√2 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
3
− 2𝑥 2
4 3√1 − ( 3 )
3
1 2𝑥 2√2
= [sin−1 ( )] 3
2 3 −
4
5𝜋
=
24
7e
3
2 1
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
− 3 + 4𝑥
1
2
3
2 1 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
− 3
1 2𝑥 2
2 1+( )
√3
3
√3 2𝑥 2
= [tan−1 ]
6 √3 −1
2
𝜋
= √3
12

7f
1
2√30 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 5 + 2𝑥 2
2√10
1
2√30 1 1
=∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
1 5 √2𝑥
2√10 1+( )
√5
1
2√30
√5 √2𝑥
= [tan−1 ]
5√2 √5 1
2√10
𝜋
= √10
120
8a

8b
𝑑
(𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑥 sin−1 𝑥) + (√1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1
= (𝑥) sin−1 𝑥 + 𝑥 (sin−1 𝑥) + ((1 − 𝑥 2 )2 )
𝑥 1 1
= sin−1 𝑥 + + × −2𝑥 ×
√1 − 𝑥 2 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 𝑥
= sin−1 𝑥 + −
√1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
= sin−1 𝑥
8c
1
2
∫ sin−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
1
2 𝑑
=∫ (𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥
1
−1 2
= [𝑥 sin 𝑥 + √1 2
−𝑥 ]
0
𝜋 1
= (12 + 2 √3 − 1) square units

9a
9b
𝜋
6
𝐴 = ∫ sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0
𝜋
= −[cos 𝑦]06
1
= (1 − 2 √3) square units
9c Note that the area formed by combined regions of the previous two questions is
𝜋 1 𝜋
that of a square with area 6 × 2 = 12 units2.
𝜋 𝜋 1 1
Thus, the area in this question will be − (12 + 2 √3 − 1)= 1 − 2 √3 units2
12

10a
𝑑
(cos−1 (2 − 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑑
= × (2 − 𝑥)
√1 − (2 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
−1
= × −1
√1 − (2 − 𝑥)2
1
=
√1 − (4 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
1
=
√4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 3
10b
2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 √4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 3
= [cos−1 (2 − 𝑥)]12
= cos−1 0 − cos−1 1
𝜋
=
2
11a
𝑑 1
(tan−1 𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥 2
1 𝑑 1 3
= 2 × ( 𝑥 )
1 𝑑𝑥 2
1 + (2 𝑥 3 )
1 3
= × 𝑥2
𝑥6 2
1+ 4
3𝑥 2
=
𝑥6
2+ 2
6𝑥 2
=
4 + 𝑥6

11b
𝑥2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 + 𝑥6
1 6𝑥 2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
6 4 + 𝑥6
1 𝑑 1
= ∫ (tan−1 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
6 𝑑𝑥 2
1 1
= tan−1 𝑥 3 + 𝐶
6 2
12a
𝑑
(𝑥 tan−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= tan−1 𝑥 × (𝑥) + 𝑥 × (tan−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= tan−1 𝑥 +
1 + 𝑥2
12b
𝑑 𝑥
(𝑥 tan−1 𝑥) = tan−1 𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑 𝑥
tan−1 𝑥 = (𝑥 tan−1 𝑥) −
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
1
∫ tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑑 𝑥
=∫ ( (𝑥 tan−1 𝑥) − ) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
1 1
𝑑 −1
𝑥
=∫ (𝑥 tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥 0 1+𝑥
1
−1 1
1 2
= [𝑥 tan 𝑥]0 − [ ln(1 + 𝑥 )]
2 0
𝜋 1
= − (ln 2 − 0)
4 2
𝜋 1
= − ln 2
4 2

13a 0 as this is an odd function
13b 0 as this is an odd function
13c
3
4
∫ cos −1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
−
4
3
1 4
= −[ ]
√1 − 𝑥 2 −
3
4
3𝜋
=
4
13d 0 as this is an odd function
13e 0 as this is an odd function
13f
This is a semicircle of radius 6. Hence
6
∫−6 √36 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
= × (𝜋 × 62 )
2
= 18𝜋 square units
0
14a i 𝑓(0) = 1+02 − tan−1 0 = 0 − 0 = 0
14a ii
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = ( ) − (tan−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) × (𝑥) − 𝑥 × (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 1
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 1 + 𝑥2
2 2
1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥(2𝑥) 1+𝑥
= −
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
2
−2𝑥
=
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2
14b i Firstly consider 𝑓′(𝑥)

As the numerator −2𝑥 2 < 0 for all 𝑥 > 0 and the denominator (1 + 𝑥 2 )2 < 0 for
all 𝑥 ≥ 0. It follows that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 for all 𝑥 < 0.
Since 𝑓(0) = 0, and as the function is strictly decreasing for all 𝑥 > 0, it follows
that 𝑓(𝑥) < 0 for all 𝑥 > 0.
14b ii
1
𝑥2
∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑥
0 (1 + 𝑥 )
1 1 −2𝑥 2
=− ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 0 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
1 1 ′
= − ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 0
1
= − [𝑓(𝑥)]10
2
1
= − [𝑓(1) − 𝑓(0)]
2
1
= − 𝑓(1)
2
1 1 𝜋
=− [ − ]
2 2 4
1
= [𝜋 − 2]
8

15a,b
15c From the graph the domain is −2 < 𝑥 < 2 (note that this is strictly less than) and
1 1 1
the range is 𝑥 ≥ 2. Its symmetry is even as 𝑓(−𝑥) = 2
= √4−𝑥 2 = 𝑓(𝑥)
√4−(−𝑥)
15d
1
1
𝐴=∫ 𝑑𝑥
−1 √4 − 𝑥2
1
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑥 2
2√1 − (2)
𝑥 1
= [sin−1 ( )]
2 −1
1 1
= sin−1 − sin−1 (− )
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
= − (− )
6 6
𝜋
= square units
3

15e
2
1
𝐴=∫ 𝑑𝑥
−2 √4 − 𝑥2
2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
−2 𝑥 2
2√1 − (2)
𝑥 2
= [sin−1 ( )]
2 −2
= sin 1 − sin−1 (−1)
−1
𝜋 𝜋
= − (− )
2 2
= 𝜋 square units
16a
4 4
𝑓(−𝑥) = = = 𝑓(𝑥)
(−𝑥)2 + 4 𝑥 2 + 4
Hence the function is even and thus has an axis of symmetry about the 𝑦-axis.
16b The function is defined for all real 𝑥 so the domain is all real 𝑥.
1 1 4
As 𝑥 2 + 4 ≥ 4 it follows that 0 < 𝑥 2 +4 ≤ 4 and hence 0 < 𝑥 2 +4 ≤ 1 thus the range
is 0 < 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 1.
16c
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑
= (4(𝑥 2 + 4)−1 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2
= −1 × 4(𝑥 2 + 4)−2 × (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= −1 × 4(𝑥 2 + 4)−2 × 2𝑥
8𝑥
=− 2
(𝑥 + 4)2
Hence
𝑓 ′ (0) = 0
and
𝑓(0) = 1

So there is a turning point at (0, 1).

Testing for maximum
𝑥 −1 0 1
𝑓′(𝑥) 8 0 8
−
25 25
Thus the curve is increasing before the turning point decreasing afterwards.
Thus it is a maximum
16d
lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→∞
4
= lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 +4
4
= lim 𝑥2
𝑥→∞ 4
1+
𝑥2
0
=
1+0
=0

16e
2√3
4
𝐴=∫ 𝑑𝑥
−2√3 𝑥2 +4
2√3
1
=∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
−2√3 (𝑥 ) +1
2
𝑥 2√3
= 2 [tan−1 ]
2 −2√3
= 2(tan−1 √3 − tan−1(−√3))
= 𝜋 square units
16f
𝑎
4
𝐴=∫ 𝑑𝑥
−𝑎 𝑥2
+4
𝑎
1
=∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
−𝑎 (𝑥 ) + 1
2
𝑥 𝑎
= 2 [tan−1 ]
2 −𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
= 2 (tan−1 − tan−1 (− ))
2 2
−1 𝑎
= 4 tan 2 square units
16g
lim 4 tan−1 𝑎
𝑎→∞
= 4 lim tan−1 𝑎
𝑎→∞
𝜋
= 4( )
2
= 2𝜋 square units

17
𝑑𝑦 1
Since 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = √1−𝑥 2.
√3 𝜋 𝑑𝑦
When 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = 3 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2. Hence the tangent is
2
𝜋 √3
𝑦− = 2 (𝑥 − )
3 2
𝜋
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − √3 +
3
Rearranging this gives
1 𝜋
𝑥= (𝑦 + √3 − )
2 3
𝜋
Also note that for the tangent, when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −√3 + 3
Hence the area can be calculated by

𝜋 𝜋
3 3
𝐴=∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
√3+ 3 0
𝜋 𝜋
3 1 𝜋 3
=∫ (𝑦 + √3 − ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
√3+ 2 3
𝜋
0
3
𝜋
𝜋
1 𝑦2 𝜋 3
= [ + 𝑦 (√3 − )] + [cos 𝑦]03
2 2 3 𝜋
√3+ 3
1
= 4 square units
18a
1
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑏−𝑎
≑ (𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏) + 2(𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + ⋯ )
2𝑛
1−0
= (𝑓(0) + 𝑓(1) + 2(𝑓(0.25) + 𝑓(0.5) + 𝑓(0.75))
2(4)
1 1 16
= (1 + + 2 ( + 0.8 + 0.64))
8 2 17
5323
= square units
6800

18b
1
1 −1 1
𝜋
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [tan 𝑥] 0 =
0 1 + 𝑥2 4
Hence
𝜋 5323
≑
4 6800
so
5323
𝜋≑
1700
19
3
1
5
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
− 1+𝑥
1
4
3
= [tan−1 𝑥]5 1
−
4
3 1
= tan−1 + tan−1 (− )
5 4
Hence
3
5 1
tan ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
− 1+𝑥
1
4
3 1
= tan (tan−1 + tan−1 (− ))
5 4
−1 3 1
tan (tan ) + tan (tan−1 (− 4))
= 5
3 1
1 − tan (tan−1 ) tan (tan−1 (− 4))
5
3 1
−
= 5 4
3 1
1 − ( ) (− 4)
5
=1
Hence
3
1
5 𝜋
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 =
− 1+𝑥 4
1
4

20a Let 𝑥 = 𝑢2 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ × 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
√𝑥(1 − 𝑥) √𝑢2 (1 + 𝑢2 )
For 𝑢 > 0
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥(1 − 𝑥)
1
=∫ × 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑢(1 + 𝑢2 )
1
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑢
(1 + 𝑢2 )
= 2 tan−1 𝑢 + 𝑐
= 2 tan−1 √𝑥 + c
For 𝑢 < 0
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥(1 − 𝑥)
1
=∫ × 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
−𝑢(1 + 𝑢2 )
1
= −2 ∫ 𝑑𝑢
(1 + 𝑢2 )
= −2 tan−1 𝑢 + 𝑐
= −2 tan−1 √𝑥 + c
1
20b Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 hence 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 and so 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
1
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥
𝑒
1 1
=∫ × 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑢−1
+𝑢 𝑢
𝑒
1
=∫ 2
𝑑𝑢
1 1+𝑢
= [tan−1 𝑢]1𝑒
𝜋
= tan−1 𝑒 −
4

21a
𝑑 3
(tan−1 ( tan 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 2
1 𝑑 3
= 2× ( tan 𝑥)
3 𝑑𝑥 2
1 + (2 tan 𝑥)
1 3
= × sec 2 𝑥
9
1 + 4 tan2 𝑥 2
1 3 1
= 2 ×
9 sin 𝑥 2 cos2 𝑥
1+4
cos2 𝑥
3 1
= ×
2 cos2 𝑥 + 9 sin2 𝑥
4
6
=
4 cos2 𝑥 + 9 sin2 𝑥
6
=
4 sin 𝑥 + 5(sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥)
2
6
= 2
4 sin 𝑥 + 5
21b
7
6
𝐴=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 4 sin2 𝑥
+5
7
𝑑 3
=∫ (tan−1 ( tan 𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥 2
7
−1
3
= [tan ( tan 𝑥)]
2 0
3 3
= tan ( tan 7) − tan−1 ( tan 0)
−1
2 2
≑ 0.153 square unit
21c The integrand is well-defined in the interval [0, 7] , and lies between 14 and 19,
so the area lies between 74 and 79, which is much larger than the answer of
0.153 that was calculated in part (b). The primitive, however, is undefined at two
𝜋 3𝜋
values within the interval, at 𝑥 = 2 and at 𝑥 = 2 , which renders the argument
completely invalid.

22a This is a GP with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑟 = −𝑡 2 . Hence 𝑇𝑘 = (−𝑡)𝑘−1 , solving for 𝑇𝑘 = 𝑡 4𝑛

𝑡 4𝑛 = (−𝑡 2 )𝑘−1
𝑡 4𝑛 = (−1)𝑘−1 (𝑡 2 )𝑘−1
As 4𝑛 is even, 𝑘 − 1 must also be even and hence (−1)𝑘−1 = 1. Thus

𝑡 4𝑛 = (𝑡 2 )𝑘−1
4𝑛 = 2𝑘 − 2
𝑘 = 2𝑛 + 1
Hence there are 2𝑛 + 1 terms so the sum must be
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) (−𝑡 2 )2𝑛+1 − 1
𝑆2𝑛+1 = =
𝑟−1 −𝑡 2 − 1
Since 2𝑛 + 1 is odd
−𝑡 4𝑛+2 − 1 𝑡 4𝑛+2 + 1
𝑆2𝑛+1 = = 2
−𝑡 2 − 1 𝑡 +1
Hence it follows that for positive values of 𝑡
1 𝑡 4𝑛+2 + 1
<
𝑡2 + 1 𝑡2 + 1
And thus
1
< 1 − 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 4 − ⋯ + 𝑡 4𝑛
𝑡2 +1
22b As we are adding one extra term to the previous sum, this will be 𝑆2𝑛+2
Hence there are 2𝑛 + 2 terms so the sum must be
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) (−𝑡 2 )2𝑛+2 − 1
𝑆2𝑛+2 = =
𝑟−1 −𝑡 2 − 1
Since 2𝑛 + 2 is even
𝑡 4𝑛+4 − 1 −𝑡 4𝑛+4 + 1
𝑆2𝑛+2 = =
−𝑡 2 − 1 𝑡2 + 1
Hence it follows that for positive values of 𝑡
From part a

1
< 1 − 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 4 − 𝑡 6 + ⋯ + 𝑡 4𝑛
𝑡2 +1
1
− 𝑡 4𝑛+2 < 1 − 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 4 − 𝑡 6 + ⋯ + 𝑡 4𝑛 − 𝑡 4𝑛+2
𝑡2 + 1
1 4𝑛+2
−𝑡 4𝑛+4 + 1
− 𝑡 <
𝑡2 + 1 𝑡2 + 1
1 −𝑡 4𝑛+4 + 1
< + 𝑡 4𝑛+2
𝑡2 + 1 𝑡2 + 1
1 + 𝑡 4𝑛+4 1
2
< 2 + 𝑡 4𝑛+2
𝑡 +1 𝑡 +1
1
1 − 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 4 − 𝑡 6 + ⋯ + 𝑡 4𝑛 < + 𝑡 4𝑛+2
𝑡2 +1
1 −𝑡 4𝑛+4 + 1
<
𝑡2 + 1 𝑡2 + 1
1 −𝑡 4𝑛+4 + 1
<
𝑡2 + 1 𝑡2 + 1
1 1 + 𝑡 4𝑛+2 + 𝑡 4𝑛+4
<
𝑡2 + 1 1 + 𝑡2
1 1 𝑡 4𝑛+2 + 𝑡 4𝑛+4
< +
𝑡2 + 1 1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
1 1 𝑡 4𝑛+2 (1 + 𝑡 2 )
< +
𝑡2 + 1 1 + 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
1 1
< + 𝑡 4𝑛+2
𝑡2 + 1 1 + 𝑡2

22c The inequality

1 1
2
< 1 − 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 4 − 𝑡 6 + ⋯ 𝑡 4𝑛 < + 𝑡 4𝑛+2
1+𝑡 1 + 𝑡2
Is true for all 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑥, hence
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 2 4 6 4𝑛 )
1
∫ 2
𝑑𝑡 < ∫ (1 − 𝑡 + 𝑡 − 𝑡 + ⋯ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 < ∫ ( 2
+ 𝑡 4𝑛+2 ) 𝑑𝑡
0 1+𝑡 0 0 1 + 𝑡
𝑥 𝑥
𝑡3 𝑡5 𝑡7 𝑡 4𝑛+1 𝑡 4𝑛+3
[tan−1 𝑥]0𝑥 < [𝑡 − + − + ⋯ + ] < [tan−1 𝑥 + ]
3 5 7 4𝑛 + 1 0 4𝑛 + 3 0
Thus
−1
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7 𝑥 4𝑛+1 −1
𝑥 4𝑛+3
tan 𝑥 < 𝑥 − + − +⋯+ < tan 𝑥 +
3 5 7 4𝑛 + 1 4𝑛 + 3
22d
1
For 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 we know that 0 ≤ 𝑥 4𝑛+3 ≤ 1 and as 𝑛 → ∞, 4𝑛+3 → 0, hence it
𝑥 4𝑛+3
follows that as 𝑛 → ∞, 4𝑛+3 → 0.
Thus as 𝑛 → ∞
−1
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
tan 𝑥 < 𝑥 − + − + ⋯ < tan−1 𝑥 + 0
3 5 7
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
tan−1 𝑥 < 𝑥 − + − + ⋯ < tan−1 𝑥
3 5 7
And so
−1
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
tan 𝑥 =𝑥− + − +⋯
3 5 7
22e As tan 𝑥 is odd, tan−1 −𝑥 = − tan−1 𝑥

and hence for −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0, (where 0 < −𝑥 ≤ 1)
tan−1 𝑥
= tan−1(−(−𝑥))
= − tan−1(−𝑥)
(−1)3 (−1)5 (−1)7
= − ((−1) − + − +⋯)
3 5 7

𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
=𝑥− + − +⋯
3 5 7
22f Substituting 𝑥 = 1 into the above equation

1 1 1
tan−1 1 = 1 − + − +⋯
3 5 7
𝜋 1 1 1
=1− + − +⋯
4 3 5 7
22g
𝜋 3 − 1 7 − 5 11 − 9
= + + …
4 3 × 5 5 × 7 9 × 11
𝜋 2 2 2
= + + …
4 3 × 5 5 × 7 9 × 11
𝜋 1 1 1
= + + …
8 3 × 5 5 × 7 9 × 11
Using 10 terms gives
𝜋 ≑ 3.092, error ≑ 0.050
23a All rectangles have the same width of 1 unit and their height is given by tan−1 𝑛
for the 𝑛th rectangle . This means that
𝑆𝑛 = tan−1 1 + tan−1 2 + ⋯ + tan−1 𝑛
23b
𝑑 1
(𝑥 tan 𝑥) = tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 ×
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
Hence
𝑑 1
∫ (𝑥 tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 × 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
𝑥
𝑥 tan 𝑥 = ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑥2
1
𝑥 tan 𝑥 = ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ln(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐶
2
1
∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ln(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐶
2

23c Firstly note that since

1
∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ln(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐶
2
Substituting 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1 into the equation gives
∫ tan(𝑢 − 1) 𝑑𝑢
1
= (𝑢 − 1) tan(𝑢 − 1) − ln(1 + (𝑢 − 1)2 ) + 𝐶
2
1
= (𝑢 − 1) tan−1(𝑢 − 1) − ln(1 + 𝑢2 − 2𝑢 + 1) + 𝐶
2
1
= (𝑢 − 1) tan (𝑢 − 1) − ln(𝑢2 − 2𝑢 + 2) + 𝐶
−1
2
The area in the boxes is overestimated by the area under tan−1 𝑥 but
underestimated by the area under tan−1(𝑥 − 1), hence
𝑛+1 𝑛+1
∫ tan(𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 < 𝑆𝑛 < ∫ tan(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 0
𝑛+1 𝑛+1
∫ tan(𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 < 𝑆𝑛 < ∫ tan(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 0
𝑛+1
1
[(𝑥 − 1) tan−1(𝑥 − 1) − ln(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2)] < 𝑆𝑛
2 1
𝑛+1
−1
1 2 )]
< [(𝑥) tan (𝑥) − ln(1 + 𝑥
2 1
1 1
(𝑛) tan−1(𝑛) − ln(1 + 𝑛2 ) − (0) tan−1(0) − ln(1) < 𝑆𝑛
2 2
1 1
< (𝑛 + 1) tan−1(𝑛 + 1) − ln(1 + (𝑛 + 1)2 ) − (1) tan−1(1) − ln(2)
2 2
1
(𝑛) tan−1(𝑛) − ln(1 + 𝑛2 ) < 𝑆𝑛
2
1 𝜋 1
< (𝑛 + 1) tan−1 (𝑛 + 1) − ln(1 + (𝑛 + 1)2 ) − − ln(2)
2 4 2
1
(𝑛) tan−1(𝑛) − ln(1 + 𝑛2 ) < 𝑆𝑛
2
1 𝑛2 + 2𝑛 + 2 𝜋
< (𝑛 + 1) tan−1 (𝑛 + 1) − ln ( )−
2 2 4
1 1 𝑛2 𝜋
𝑛 tan−1 𝑛 − ln(𝑛2 + 1) < 𝑆𝑛 < (𝑛 + 1) tan−1(𝑛 + 1) − ln ( + 𝑛 + 1) −
2 2 2 4

23d Substituting 𝑛 = 1000 into the above equation gives

1
1000 tan−1 1000 − ln(10002 + 1) < 𝑆1000
2
−1 (1000
1 10002 𝜋
< (1000 + 1) tan + 1) − ln ( + 1000 + 1) −
2 2 4
1562.89 < 𝑆100 < 1564.02

1563 < 𝑆1000 < 1565
Hence
1563 < tan−1 1 + tan−1 2 + tan−1 3 + ⋯ + tan−1 1000 < 1565


1a
cos 2𝑥 = cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥
cos 2𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥
cos 2𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥
2 sin2 𝑥 = 1 − cos 2𝑥
1 1
sin2 𝑥 = − cos 2𝑥
2 2
1b
cos 4𝑥 = cos 2(2𝑥)
cos 4𝑥 = cos2 2𝑥 − sin2 2𝑥
cos 4𝑥 = cos2 2𝑥 − (1 − cos2 2𝑥)
cos 4𝑥 = 2 cos2 2𝑥 − 1
2 cos2 2𝑥 = 1 + cos 4𝑥
1 1
cos2 2𝑥 = + cos 4𝑥
2 2
1c
1 1
sin 6𝑥 = sin 2(3𝑥)
2 2
1
= (2 sin 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥)
2
= sin 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥
1d
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
cos 𝑥 = cos 2 ( ) = cos 2 ( ) − sin2 ( )
2 2 2
𝑥 𝑥
cos 𝑥 = 1 − sin2 ( ) − sin2 ( )
2 2
𝑥
cos 𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 ( )
2

𝑥
2 sin2 ( ) = 1 − cos 𝑥
2
2a cos2 15°
1 1
= + cos 30°
2 2
1 1 √3
= + ×
2 2 2
1
= (2 + √3)
4
2b
5𝜋
sin2
12
1 1 5𝜋
= − cos
2 2 6
1 1 √3
= + ×
2 2 2
1
= (2 + √3)
4
2c sin 105° cos 105°

1
= sin 210°
2
1 1
= × (− )
2 2
1
=−
4
2d
7𝜋
sin2
8
1 1 7𝜋
= − cos
2 2 4

1 1 1
= − ×( )
2 2 √2
2 − √2
=
4
1 1
3 sin2 𝜃 = 2 − 2 cos 2𝜃 (see 1a)
3a
∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ∫ ( − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥 sin 2𝑥
= − +𝐶
2 4
3b
∫ sin2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ∫ ( − cos 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥 sin 4𝑥
= − +𝐶
2 8
3c
1
4
1 1 1
= ∫ ( − cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
1
𝑥 sin 2 𝑥
= − +𝐶
2 2 (1)
2
𝑥 1
= − sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2

3d
1 1
= ∫ ( − cos 6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥 sin 6𝑥
= − +𝐶
2 12
1 1
4 cos2 𝜃 = 2 + 2 cos 2𝜃 (see 1b)
4a
1 1 𝑥 sin 2𝑥
∫ cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = + +𝐶
2 2 2 4
4b
1 1 𝑥 sin 12𝑥
∫ cos 2 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + cos 12𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = + +𝐶
2 2 2 24
4c
1 1 1 𝑥 sin 𝑥
∫ cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = + +𝐶
2 2 2 2 2
4d
1 1 𝑥 sin 20𝑥
∫ cos 2 10𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + cos 20𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = + +𝐶
2 2 2 40
5a
𝜋
0
𝜋
1 1
= ∫ ( − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 2 2

𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝜋
=[ − ]
2 4 0
𝜋
=
2
5b
𝜋
4
∫ cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
1 1 4
= ∫ ( + cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 2 2
𝜋
𝑥 sin 2𝑥 4
=[ + ]
2 4 0
1
= (𝜋 + 2)
8
5c
𝜋
6 1
0 2
𝜋
1 1 6
= ∫ ( − cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 2 2
𝜋
𝑥 sin 𝑥 6
=[ − ]
2 2 0
1
= (𝜋 − 3)
12
5d
𝜋
16
∫ cos2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
1 1 16
= ∫ ( + cos 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 2 2

𝜋
𝑥 sin 4𝑥 6
=[ + ]
2 8 0
1
= (𝜋 + 2√2)
32
5e
𝜋
6 𝜋
∫ cos2 (𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
−
𝜋 12
6
𝜋
6 1 1 𝜋
=∫ + cos 2 (𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
− 2 2 12
𝜋
6
𝜋
𝜋 6
𝑥 sin 2 (𝑥 + 12)
=[ + ]
2 4
𝜋
−
6
1
= (4𝜋 + 9)
24
5f
𝜋
3 𝜋
∫ sin2 (𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 6
6
𝜋
1 1 3 𝜋
= ∫ ( − cos 2 (𝑥 − )) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2 2 6
6
𝜋
𝜋 3
𝑥 sin 2 (𝑥 − 6)
=[ − ]
2 4
𝜋
6
1
= (2𝜋 − 3√3)
24

6a
∫ sin 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ∫ ( sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑥) + sin(3𝑥 − 2𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
= ∫ ( sin 5𝑥 + sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
= − cos 5𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
10 2
6b
∫ cos 3𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ∫ ( sin 2𝑥 − sin 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
= cos 2𝑥 − cos 4𝑥 + 𝐶
4 8
6c
𝜋
4
∫ 2 cos 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
14
= ∫ 2 × (cos 𝑥 + cos 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 2
𝜋
4
= ∫ (cos 𝑥 + cos 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
1 4
= [sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥]
3 0
2√2
=
3
6d
𝜋
3
∫ sin 5𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
31
=∫ (sin 3𝑥 − sin 7𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 2

𝜋
1 1 1 3
= [− cos 3𝑥 + cos 7𝑥]
2 3 7 0
√3
=
28
7a
7b
1 1
𝑦 = 2 (1 + cos 2𝑥) is shown in blue and 𝑦 = 2 (1 − cos 2𝑥) is shown in green.
7c
1
By observation firstly note that sin2 𝑥 = 2 (1 − cos 2𝑥) and that
1
cos2 𝑥 = 2 (1 + cos 2𝑥). By observation of the graph, we see that these two
graphs always add to 1 and hence sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1.

8a Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢
𝑢4
= +𝐶
4
sin4 𝑥
= +𝐶
4
8b Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢6 𝑑𝑢
𝑢7
= +𝐶
7
sin7 𝑥
= +𝐶
7
8c Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ cos 5 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= − ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢
𝑢6
=− +𝐶
6
cos 6 𝑥
=− +𝐶
6
8d Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥
∫ cos 8 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ −𝑢8 𝑑𝑢

𝑢9
=− +𝐶
9
cos 9 𝑥
=− +𝐶
9
8e Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶
= − cos 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
8f Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 5𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ cos 5𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1
= sin 5𝑢 + 𝐶
5
1
= sin 5𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
5
8g Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥
∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
1
= ∫ − 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
= − ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
= − ln | cos 𝑥 | + 𝑐

8h Let 𝑢 = sin 7𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 7 cos 𝑥
∫ cot 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos 7𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin 7𝑥
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
7𝑢
1
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
7
1
= ln | sin 7𝑥 | + 𝐶
7
9a
1
𝑦 = cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥
2
Hence the range is
1 1
− ≤𝑦≤
2 2
9b i
∫ cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1
= − cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶
4
9b ii
Method 1:
Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑢2
= +𝐶
2
sin2 𝑥
= +𝐶
2
Method 2:
Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ −𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑢2
= − +𝐶
2
cos 2 𝑥
=− +𝐶
2
9c Note that cos 2𝑥 = cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 = 2 cos 2 𝑥 − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥. Thus

1
− cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐
4
1
= − (2 cos2 𝑥 − 1)
4
cos 2 𝑥
=− + 𝑐2
2
sin2 𝑥
= + 𝑐3
2
Note at 𝑐, 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are not the same constant.
10a sin4 𝑥 = (sin2 𝑥)2

2
1 1
= ( − cos 2𝑥)
2 2
1 1 1
= − cos 2𝑥 + cos2 2𝑥
4 2 4
1 1 1 1
= − cos 2𝑥 + ( + cos 4𝑥)
4 2 4 2

3 1 1
= − cos 2𝑥 + cos 4𝑥
8 2 8
10b cos4 𝑥 = (cos2 𝑥)2

2
1 1
= ( + cos 2𝑥)
2 2
1 1 1
= + cos 2𝑥 + cos2 2𝑥
4 2 4
1 1 1 1
= + cos 2𝑥 + ( + cos 4𝑥)
4 2 4 2
3 1 1
= + cos 2𝑥 + cos 4𝑥
8 2 8
10c i
𝜋
0
𝜋
3 1 1
= ∫ ( − cos 2𝑥 + cos 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 8 2 8
𝜋
3 1 1
= [ 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 + sin 4𝑥]
8 4 2 0
3𝜋
=
8
10c ii
𝜋
4
0
𝜋
3 14 1
= ∫ ( + cos 2𝑥 + cos 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 8 2 8
𝜋
3 1 1 4
= [ 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + sin 4𝑥]
8 4 2 0
1
= (3𝜋 + 8)
32

10d
𝜋
3
0
𝜋
3
= ∫ sin 𝑥 (sin2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
3
= ∫ sin 𝑥 (1 − cos 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
3
= ∫ (sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 cos2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋 𝜋
3 3
= ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝜋
Now for ∫03 sin 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥
𝜋 1 1
3
2 2
2 𝑢3 2 1
∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = [ ] =
0 1 3 1 24
Hence
𝜋 1
𝜋
3 𝑢3 2 5
∫ sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [− cos 𝑥]03 −[ ] =
0 3 1 24
11a
∫ tan2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(sec 2 2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
1
= tan 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
11b
1 1
∫ cot 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(cosec 2 ( 𝑥) − 1) 𝑑𝑥
2 2

1
= −2 cot 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
11c
𝜋
9
∫ 3 tan2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
12
𝜋
9
= ∫ 3(sec 2 3𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
12
𝜋
9
= ∫ (3 sec 2 3𝑥 + 3 )𝑑𝑥
𝜋
12
𝜋
= [tan 3𝑥 + 3𝑥] 9𝜋
12
𝜋
= √3 − 1 −
12
11d
𝜋
8
∫ cot 2 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
24
𝜋
8
= ∫ (cosec 2 4𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
24
𝜋
1 1 8
= [− cot 𝑥 + 𝑥] 𝜋
4 2
24
1 𝜋
= √3 −
4 12
12a Let 𝑢 = tan 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑢2
= +𝐶
2
tan2 𝑥
= +𝐶
2
12b
sin2 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + cos 𝑥
1 − cos2 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + cos 𝑥
(1 − cos 𝑥)(1 + cos 𝑥)
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + cos 𝑥
= ∫(1 − cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
12c
1 + cos3 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑥
1
= ∫( + cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑥
= ∫(sec 2 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= tan 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
13a
𝑥
𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ sin2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
𝑥
1 1
= ∫ ( − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 2 2
𝑥
1 1
= [ 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥]
2 4 0
1 1
= 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 − (0 − 0)
2 4

1 1
= 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥
2 4
13b
1 1
𝐹′(𝑥) = − × 2 cos 2𝑥
2 4
1 1
= − cos 2𝑥
2 2
= sin2 𝑥
13b i 𝐹(𝑥) is stationary when 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 0 this is when sin2 𝑥 = 0, sin 𝑥 = 0 and hence
when 𝑥 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋.
13b ii 𝐹(𝑥) is increasing when 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) > 0 this is when sin2 𝑥 > 0. This is all 𝑥 such that
sin 𝑥 ≠ 0 and hence when 𝑥 ≠ 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋.
13b iii The curve is decreasing when 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) < 0. However, sin2 𝑥 ≥ 0 for all 𝑥. Hence
there are no values of 𝑥 for which the curve is decreasing.
13c
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Since −1 ≤ sin 2𝑥 ≤ 1, − 4 ≤ 4 sin 2𝑥 ≤ 4 and thus 2 𝑥 − 4 ≤ 2 𝑥 + 4 sin 2𝑥 ≤ 2 𝑥 +
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, thus 2 𝑥 − 4 ≤ 𝐹(𝑥) ≤ 2 𝑥 + 4. Thus 𝐹(𝑥) never differs from 2 𝑥 by more than 4.
4
13d We know that the stationary points are 𝑥 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋. As the curve is always
increasing, these will all be points of inflection (if there is a maximum or
minimum the slope would have to be decreasing on one side).

13e
13f i
𝑘
3𝜋
∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
0 2
𝑘
1 1 3𝜋
∫ ( − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =
0 2 2 2
𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑘 3𝜋
[ − ] =
2 4 0 2
𝑘 sin 2𝑘 3𝜋
− =
2 4 2
𝑘 3𝜋
=
2 2
𝑘 = 3𝜋
13f ii
𝑘
𝑛𝜋
∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
0 2
𝑘
1 1 𝑛𝜋
∫ ( − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =
0 2 2 2
𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑘 𝑛𝜋
[ − ] =
2 4 0 2
𝑘 sin 2𝑘 𝑛𝜋
− =
2 4 2
𝑘 𝑛𝜋
=
2 2
𝑘 = 𝑛𝜋
14
1 𝑅
lim ( ∫ sin2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡)
𝑅→∞ 𝑅 0
1 𝑅 sin 2𝑅
= lim ( ( − ))
𝑅→∞ 𝑅 2 4
1 1 sin 2𝑅
= lim ( − ( ))
𝑅→∞ 2 4 𝑅
sin 2𝑅
Now as −1 ≤ sin 2𝑅 ≤ 0, then as 𝑅 gets large → 0, hence
𝑅
1 𝑅 2 1 1 1
lim ( ∫ sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡) = − (0) =
𝑅→∞ 𝑅 0 2 4 2


1a
𝑑
𝑑𝑢 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 2
= (1) + (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 0 + 2𝑥
= 2𝑥
1b
∫ 2𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 )3 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(1 + 𝑥 2 )3 (2𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢 where 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑢4
= +𝑐
4
(1 + 𝑥 2 )4
= +𝐶
4
1c
(1 + 𝑥 2 )4
+𝐶
4
1d
𝑑 (1 + 𝑥 2 )4
( )
𝑑𝑥 4
4(2𝑥)(1 + 𝑥 2 )3
=
4
= 2𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 )3

2a Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 3, 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2(2𝑥 + 3)3 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢
𝑢4
= +𝐶
4
(2𝑥 + 3)4
= +𝐶
4
2b Let 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥 3 , 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∫ 3𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑥 3 )4 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢
𝑢5
= +𝐶
5
(1 + 𝑥 3 )5
= +𝐶
5
2c Let 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢2
= ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
= −𝑢−1 + 𝐶
1
=− +𝐶
1 + 𝑥2

2d Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 5, 𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑑𝑥
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√3𝑥 − 5
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
√𝑢
1
= ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
1
= 2𝑢2 + 𝐶
= 2√3𝑥 − 5 + 𝐶
2e Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢
𝑢4
= +𝐶
4
sin4 𝑥
= +𝐶
4
2f Let 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥 4 , 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥 3
4𝑥 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑥4
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
= ln(1 + 𝑥 4 ) + 𝐶 (as 1 + 𝑥 4 is positive)
1
3a Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 hence 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑑𝑢

3b
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2
1 1
=∫ × − 𝑑𝑢
√𝑢 2
1 1
= − ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
2
3c
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2
1 1
=∫ × − 𝑑𝑢
√𝑢 2
1 1
= − ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
2
1
= −𝑢2 + 𝐶
= −√1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
4a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 4 + 1, 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 3 (𝑥 4 + 1)5 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢
4
𝑢6
= +𝐶
24
(𝑥 4 + 1)6
= +𝐶
24

4b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 1, 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 2 √𝑥 3 − 1 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ √𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3
1 2 3
= × 𝑢2 + 𝐶
3 3
2 3
= 𝑢2 + 𝐶
9
2 3 3
= (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐶
9
4c Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
3
𝑒𝑢
= +𝐶
3
3
𝑒𝑥
= +𝐶
3
1
1 1
4d Let 𝑢 = 1 + √𝑥, hence 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥, hence 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
1
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥(1 + √𝑥)
2
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢3
1
=− +𝐶
𝑢2
1
=− 2 +𝐶
(1 + √𝑥)

4e Let 𝑢 = tan 2𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 2 sec 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ tan2 2𝑥 sec 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢2
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑢3
= +𝐶
6
tan3 2𝑥
= +𝐶
6
1 1
4f Let 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑒𝑥
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= ∫ −𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= −𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
1
= −𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
5a Let 𝑢 = 2 + 𝑥 3 , 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑢 = 2
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑢 = 3
1
∫ 𝑥 2 (2 + 𝑥 3 )3 𝑑𝑥
0
3
1 3
=∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 3
3
𝑢9
=[ ]
9 2
1 9
= (3 − 29 )
9

65
=
12
5b When 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥 4 , 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥 3
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑢 = 1
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑢 = 2
1
2𝑥 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 √1 + 𝑥 4
1 1 4𝑥 3
= ∫
2 0 √1 + 𝑥 4
1 2 𝑑𝑢
= ∫
2 1 √𝑢
1 1 2
= [2𝑢2 ]
2 1
2
= [√𝑢]1
= √2 − 1
5c Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑢 = 1
𝜋
When 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑢 = 0
𝜋
2
∫ cos2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
0
= ∫ −𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
1
1
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
0
1
𝑢3
=[ ]
3 0
1
=
3

5d Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
When 𝑥 = 2 √3, 𝑢 = 4
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑢 = 0
1
∫ 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
2√3
1
41
=∫ √𝑢 𝑑𝑢
0 2
1
1 2 3 4
= [ 𝑢2 ]
2 3 0
1
1 3 4
= [𝑢2 ]
3 0
3
1 1 2
= ( )
3 4
1
=
24
1
5e Let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑢 = ln 1 = 0
When 𝑥 = 𝑒 2 , 𝑢 = ln 𝑒 2 = 2 ln 𝑒 = 2
𝑒2
ln 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
2
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
0
2
𝑢2
=[ ]
2 0
=2

1
1 1
5f Let 𝑢 = √𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
4
𝑒 √𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 4√𝑥
2 𝑢
𝑒
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
0 2
1 𝑢2
= [𝑒 ]0
2
1 2
= (𝑒 − 1)
2
5g Let 𝑢 = sin 2𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
4
∫ sin4 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑢4
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
0 2
1
1 𝑢5
= [ ]
2 5 0
1
=
10
1
5h Let 𝑢 = sin−1 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = √1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 (sin−1
𝑥)3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝜋
2
= ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢
0
𝜋
𝑢4 2
=[ ]
4 0
𝜋 4
(2)
=
4
𝜋4
=
64
5i Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥+1
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
0√𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
1 2 2𝑥 + 2
= ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
2 0 √𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
1 8 1
= ∫ 3 𝑑𝑢
2 0 √𝑢
1 8 −1
= ∫ 𝑢 3 𝑑𝑢
2 0
1 3 2 8
= [ 𝑢3 ]
2 2 0
3 2
= (83 )
4
=3
5j Let 𝑢 = tan 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = sec 2 𝑥

𝜋
3 sec 2 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 tan 𝑥
4
√3 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑢
= [ln|𝑢|]1√3
= ln √3 − ln 1
1
= ln 3
2
6 Note that the area to be found is shown in green in the diagram below

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥. The area bounded will be given by

1
𝑥2
𝐴=∫ 6
𝑑𝑥
0 1+𝑥
1 1 3𝑥 2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 0 1 + 𝑥6
1 1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
3 0 1 + 𝑢2
1
= [tan−1 𝑢]10
3
𝜋
= square units
12
7 For all following subsections, let 𝑢 = sin 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
7a
𝜋
6 cos 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + sin 𝑥
1
2 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
0 1+𝑢
1
= [ln|1 + 𝑢|]20
3
= ln
2
7b
𝜋
2 cos 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + sin2 𝑥
1
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
0 1 + 𝑢2
= [tan|𝑢|]10
𝜋
=
4

7c
𝜋
2
0
𝜋
2
= ∫ cos 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
2
= ∫ cos 𝑥 (1 − sin2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
= ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cos 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝜋 1
= [sin 𝑥]02 − ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
0
1
𝑢3
= 1−[ ]
3 0
1
= 1−
3
2
=
3
7d
𝜋
2 cos 3 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 sin4 𝑥
6
𝜋
2 cos 𝑥 (1 − sin2 𝑥)
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 sin4 𝑥
6
𝜋
2 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= (∫ 4
− 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
6
1
1 1
=∫ ( 4
− 2 ) 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑢 𝑢
2
1
= ∫ (𝑢−4 − 𝑢−2 ) 𝑑𝑢
1
2

1
𝑢−3 𝑢−1
=[ − ]
3 1 1
2
4
=
3
8a Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 + 𝑒 2𝑥
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 √1 + 𝑢
1 1
= ∫ (1 + 𝑢)−2 𝑑𝑢
2
1
= (1 + 𝑢)2 + 𝐶
= √1 + 𝑢 + 𝐶
= √1 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
1
8b Let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 ln 𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
= ln | ln 𝑥 | + 𝐶
sin 𝑥
8c Let 𝑢 = ln cos 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
ln cos 𝑥
1
= ∫ − 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
= − ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
= − ln|ln cos 𝑥| + 𝐶

8d Let 𝑢 = tan 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢3 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 𝑢3 (1 + tan2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 𝑢3 (1 + 𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢
= ∫(𝑢3 + 𝑢5 ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢4 𝑢6
= + +𝐶
4 6
tan 𝑥 tan6 𝑥
4
= + +𝐶
4 6
9a
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 2𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑒 4𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑒 4𝑥
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 1 + 𝑢2
1
= tan−1 𝑢 + 𝐶
2
1
= tan−1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
𝜋
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 8
𝜋 1
= tan−1 𝑒 0 + 𝐶
8 2
𝜋 1
= tan−1 1 + 𝐶
8 2
𝜋 𝜋
= +𝐶
8 8

Hence 𝐶 = 0 so the equation of the line is

1
𝑦 = tan−1 𝑒 2𝑥
2
9b
𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 3
(4 − 𝑥 2 )2
1
Let 𝑢 = 4 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 hence − 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑦′ = ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
(4 − 2
𝑥 )2
1 1
=∫ 3 (− ) 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑢 2
1 3
= − ∫ 𝑢 −2
2
1
= 𝑢 −2 + 𝐶
1
= (4 − 𝑥 2 )−2 + 𝐶
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = 1
1
1 = 4−2 + 𝐶
1
1= +𝐶
2
1
𝐶=
2
So
1 1 1 1
𝑦 ′ = (4 − 𝑥 2 )−2 + = +
2 √4 − 𝑥 2 2
1 1
𝑦 = ∫( + ) 𝑑𝑥
√4 − 𝑥 2 2
1 1
=∫ + 𝑑𝑥
2 2
2 √1 − (𝑥)
( 2 )

𝑥 𝑥
= sin−1 ( ) + + 𝐷
2 2
1
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2
1
=0+0+𝐷
2
1
𝐷=
2
𝑥 𝑥 1
𝑦 = sin−1 ( ) + +
2 2 2
10a
𝑑
(sec 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= (cos−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= −1 × − sin 𝑥 × (cos 𝑥)−2
1 sin 𝑥
= ×
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
10b i Let 𝑢 = sec 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
3
∫ 2sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
2
= ∫ 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1
2𝑢 2
=[ ]
ln 2 1
4 2
= −
ln 2 ln 2
2
=
ln 2

10b ii
𝜋
4
∫ sec 5 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
√2
= ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢
1
1 5 √2
= [𝑢 ]1
5
1
= (4√2 − 1)
5
11a Let 𝑢 = sin2 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 2 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
2 sin 2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + sin2 𝑥
1
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
0 1 + 𝑢2
= [tan−1 𝑢]10
𝜋
=
4
1
11b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 1 × ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 × 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑒
ln 𝑥 + 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 (𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 1)2
𝑒
1
=∫ 2
𝑑𝑢
0 (𝑢 + 1)
1 𝑒
= [− ]
𝑢+1 0
1
=− − (−1)
𝑒+1
1
= 1−
𝑒+1
𝑒+1 1
= −
𝑒+1 𝑒+1
𝑒
=
𝑒+1

1
12 Let 𝑢 = √𝑥 − 1, 𝑑𝑢 = 2√𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥
If 𝑢 = √𝑥 − 1, then 𝑢2 = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑢2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥√𝑥 − 1
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑥
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
1 + 𝑢2
= tan−1 𝑢 + 𝐶
= tan−1 √𝑥 − 1 + 𝐶
1
13a Let 𝑢 = √𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑢2 = 𝑥
√𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥(1 − 𝑥)
2 𝑑𝑥
=∫
√(1 − 𝑥) 2√𝑥
2
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
√1 − 𝑢2
= 2 sin−1 𝑢 + 𝐶1
= 2 sin−1 √𝑥 + 𝐶1
1 1
13b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 2, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥, 𝑥 = 2 + 𝑢
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥(1 − 𝑥)
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
√(1 + 𝑢) (1 − 𝑢)
2 2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
1
√ − 𝑢2
4
2
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
√1 − (2𝑢)2
= sin−1(2𝑢) + 𝐶2
= sin−1(2𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶2

13c Since
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥(1 − 𝑥)
= 2 sin−1 √𝑥 + 𝐶1
= sin−1(2𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶2
It follows that
sin−1 (2𝑥 − 1) = 2 sin−1 √𝑥 + 𝐶3

Substituting 𝑥 = 0
sin−1 (−1) = 2 sin−1 √0 + 𝐶3

𝜋
𝐶3 = −
2
Hence we can conclude that
𝜋
sin−1 (2𝑥 − 1) = 2 sin−1 √𝑥 −
2
1 1
14 Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥,
Hence 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑢 = 0
1
When 𝑥 = 2 (√6 + √2),
1 1
𝑢= (√6 + √2) −
2 1
2 (√6 + √2)
1 √6 − √2
= (√6 + √2) −
2 1
( )
2 6−2
1 1
= (√6 + √2) − (√6 − √2)
2 2
= √2
1
𝑢2 = 𝑥 2 − 2 +
𝑥2
2
𝑥4 + 1
𝑢 = −2
𝑥2
𝑥4 + 1
𝑢2 + 2 =
𝑥2
1 𝑥2
=
𝑢2 + 2 1 + 𝑥 4
1
( )
2 √6+√2 1 + 𝑥2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 1 + 𝑥4
√2 𝑥2
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
0 1 + 𝑥4
√2 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
0 𝑢2 + 2
1 √2 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 0 𝑢 2
1+( )
√2
√2 𝑢 √2
= [tan−1 ( )]
2 √2 0
√2
= (tan−1 1 − 0)
2
1 𝜋
= ( )
√2 4
𝜋
=
4√2


𝑑 𝑑
1a 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 (𝑢) + 𝑑𝑢 (1)𝑑𝑢 = 1𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑢
1b 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)5 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑢 + 1)(𝑢)5 𝑑𝑢
1c 𝐼 = ∫(𝑢 + 1)(𝑢)5 𝑑𝑢
= ∫(𝑢6 + 𝑢5 ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢7 𝑢6
= + +𝐶
7 6
(𝑥 − 1)7 (𝑥 − 1)6
= + +𝐶
7 6
1d
𝑑 (𝑥 − 1)7 (𝑥 − 1)6
( + )
𝑑𝑥 7 6
= (𝑥 − 1)6 + (𝑥 − 1)5
= (𝑥 − 1 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)5
= 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)5 + 𝐶
2a
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 − 1
𝑢+1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
√𝑢
1 1
= ∫ (𝑢2 + 𝑢−2 ) 𝑑𝑢
2 3 1
= 𝑢2 + 2𝑢2 + 𝐶
3
2 3
= (𝑥 − 1)2 + 2√𝑥 − 1 + 𝐶
3

2b
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 1)2
𝑢+1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢2
1 1
= ∫ ( + 2 ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑢
1
= ln|𝑢| − +𝐶
𝑢
1
= ln|𝑥 − 1| − +𝐶
𝑥−1
3a 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3b
𝐽 = ∫ 𝑥√𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑢2 − 1)√𝑢2 − 1 + 1 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 2 ∫(𝑢2 − 1)√𝑢2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 2 ∫(𝑢2 − 1)𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
= 2 ∫(𝑢4 − 𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢
3c
𝐽 = 2 ∫(𝑢4 − 𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢5 𝑢3
= 2( − ) + 𝐶
5 3
5 3
(√𝑥 + 1) (√𝑥 + 1)
= 2( − )+𝐶
5 3

3d
5 3
𝑑 (√𝑥 + 1) (√𝑥 + 1)
(2 ( − ))
𝑑𝑥 5 3
5 3 3
( √ 𝑥 + 1) (√𝑥 + 1)
= 2(2 −2 )
5 3
3
= (√𝑥 + 1) − (√𝑥 + 1)
= (𝑥 + 1)√𝑥 + 1 − √𝑥 + 1
= (𝑥 + 1 − 1)√𝑥 + 1
= 𝑥√𝑥 + 1
4a
∫ 𝑥 2 √𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑢2 − 1)2 √𝑢2 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 2 ∫(𝑢2 − 1)2 𝑢 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 2 ∫(𝑢2 − 1)2 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
= 2 ∫(𝑢4 − 2𝑢2 + 1)𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
= 2 ∫(𝑢6 − 2𝑢4 + 𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢7 2𝑢5 𝑢3
= 2( − + )+𝐶
7 5 3
7 5 3
2(𝑥 + 1)2 4(𝑥 + 1)2 2(𝑥 + 1)2
= − + +𝐶
7 5 3
4b
2𝑥 + 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 + 1
2𝑥 + 2 1
= ∫( + ) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 + 1 √𝑥 + 1
2(𝑥 + 1) 1
= ∫( + ) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 + 1 √𝑥 + 1

2(𝑢2 ) 1
= ∫( + 2𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
√𝑢2 √𝑢2
= ∫(4 𝑢2 + 2𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
4 3
= 𝑢 + 𝑢2 + 𝐶
3
4 3 1
= (𝑥 + 1)2 + 2(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶
3
5a Let 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑥−2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+2
𝑢−2−2
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢−2+2
𝑢−4
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
4
= ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
= 𝑢 − 4 ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
= 𝑥 + 2 − 4 ln|𝑥 + 2| + 𝐶
1 1
5b Let 𝑥 = 2 (𝑢 + 1), 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑢, 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 1
2𝑥 + 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√2𝑥 − 1
1
2 (2 (𝑢 + 1)) + 1
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
2
1
√2 ( (𝑢 + 1)) − 1
2
𝑢+1+1 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
√𝑢 + 1 − 1 2
1 𝑢+2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 √𝑢
1 2
= ∫ (√𝑢 + ) 𝑑𝑢
2 √𝑢
1 2 3
= ( 𝑢2 + 4√𝑢) + 𝐶
2 3

1 3
= 𝑢 2 + 2 √𝑢 + 𝐶
3
1 3
= (2𝑥 − 1)2 + 2√2𝑥 − 1 + 𝐶
3
1 1
5c 𝑥 = 4 (𝑢2 + 5), 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢, 𝑢2 = 4𝑥 − 5, 𝑢 = √4𝑥 − 5
∫ 3𝑥√4𝑥 − 5 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
= 3 ∫ (𝑢2 + 5)√4 ( (𝑢2 + 5)) − 5 × 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4 4 2
1 1
= 3 ∫ (𝑢2 + 5)√𝑢2 + 5 − 5 × 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4 2
1 2 1
= 3 ∫ (𝑢 + 5)√𝑢2 × 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4 2
1 2
= 3 ∫ (𝑢 + 5)𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
8
3
= ∫(𝑢4 + 5𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢
8
3 𝑢5 5𝑢3
= ( + )+𝐶
8 5 3
3 𝑢5 5𝑢3
= ( + )+𝐶
8 5 3
3 (√4𝑥 − 5)5 5(√4𝑥 − 5)3
= ( + )+𝐶
8 5 3
5d 𝑥 = (𝑢 − 1)2 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2(𝑢 − 1) 𝑑𝑢
Hence √𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1, 𝑢 = 1 + √𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + √𝑥
1
= ∫ × 2(𝑢 − 1) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
1
= 2 ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
= 2(𝑢 − ln|𝑢|)
= 2((1 + √𝑥) − ln(1 + √𝑥)) + 𝐶 (as √𝑥 positive)
= 2(1 + √𝑥) − 2 ln(1 + √𝑥) + 𝐶

6a 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
1
∫ 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)3 𝑑𝑥
0
2
= ∫ (𝑢 − 1)𝑢3 𝑑𝑢
1
2
= ∫ (𝑢4 − 𝑢3 ) 𝑑𝑢
1
2
𝑢5 𝑢4
=[ − ]
5 4 1
49
=
20
6b 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑢, 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑢
1
21 +𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1−𝑥
1
−𝑢22
=∫ (−𝑑𝑢)
1 𝑢
1
2
= ∫ ( − 1) 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑢
2
= [2 ln|𝑢| − 𝑢]11
2
1
= 2 ln 2 −
2
1 1
6c Let 𝑥 = 3 (𝑢 − 1), 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑑𝑢, 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 1
1
3𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 √3𝑥 + 1
4
𝑢−1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
1 √𝑢
4 1
= ∫ (√𝑢 − 𝑢−2 ) 𝑑𝑢
1
2 3 1 4
= [ 𝑢 − 2𝑢2 ]
2
3 1

8
=
9
6d Let 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢, 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2
1
2−𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 (2 + 𝑥)3
3
4−𝑢
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 (𝑢)3
3
4 1
=∫ ( 3
− 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑢 𝑢
2 1 3
= [− 2 + ]
𝑢 𝑢 2
1
=
9
6e Let 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑢2 , 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑢 𝑑𝑢, 𝑢 = √4 − 𝑥

4
∫ 𝑥√4 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
0
= ∫ (4 − 𝑢2 )𝑢 (−2𝑢 𝑑𝑢)
2
2
= ∫ (4 − 𝑢2 )𝑢 (2𝑢 𝑑𝑢)
0
2
= ∫ (8𝑢2 − 2𝑢4 ) 𝑑𝑢
0
2
8𝑢3 2𝑢5
=[ − ]
3 5 0
128
=
15
1
6f 𝑥 = 2 (𝑢2 + 1), 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑢, 𝑢2 = 2𝑥 − 1, 𝑢 = √2𝑥 − 1
5
𝑥
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
1 (2𝑥 − 1)2

5
𝑥
=∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
1
(2𝑥 − 1)2
1
3 (𝑢 2 + 1)
=∫ 2 3 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1 2
(𝑢 )2
3 (𝑢 2
1 + 1)
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 1 𝑢3
1 3 (𝑢2 + 1)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 1 𝑢2
1 3 1
= ∫ (1 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑢
2 1 𝑢
3
1 1
= [𝑢 − ]
2 𝑢1
4
=
3
6g 𝑥 = (𝑢 − 3)2 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2(𝑢 − 3) 𝑑𝑢, 𝑢 = √𝑥 + 3

4
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 3 + √𝑥
5
1
=∫ 2(𝑢 − 3) 𝑑𝑢
3 𝑢
5
6
=∫ 2− 𝑑𝑢
3 𝑢
= [2𝑢 − 6 ln|𝑢|]53
5
= 4 − 6 ln
3
3
6h 𝑥 = 𝑢3 − 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑢2 𝑑𝑢, 𝑢 = √𝑥 + 1
7
𝑥2
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
0 √𝑥 + 1
2 (𝑢 3
− 1)2
=∫ 3𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑢
2
= ∫ 3𝑢(𝑢3 − 1)2 𝑑𝑢
1

2
= ∫ 3𝑢(𝑢6 − 2𝑢3 + 1)𝑑𝑢
1
2
= ∫ (3𝑢7 − 6𝑢4 + 3𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
1
2
3𝑢8 6𝑢5 3𝑢2
=[ − + ]
8 5 2 1
2517
=
40
7a Let 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
1
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
√5 − 4(𝑢 − 2) − (𝑢 − 2)2
1
=∫
√5 − 4𝑢 + 8 − (𝑢2 − 4𝑢 + 4)
1
=∫
√9 − 𝑢2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 2
3√1 − (3)
𝑢
= sin−1 (3) + 𝐶
𝑥+2
= sin−1( )+𝐶
3
7b i Let 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4
1
=∫ 2
𝑑𝑢
(𝑢 − 1) + 2(𝑢 − 1) + 4
1
=∫ 2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 − 2𝑢 + 1 + 2𝑢 − 2 + 4
1
=∫ 2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 +3
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
3 𝑢 2
1+( )
√3

√3 𝑢
= tan−1 ( ) + 𝐶
3 √3
1 𝑥 +1
= tan−1 +𝐶
√3 √3
7b ii Let 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
√4 − 2(𝑢 − 1) − (𝑢 − 1)2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
√4 − 2𝑢 + 2 − (𝑢2 − 2𝑢 + 1)
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
√5 − 𝑢2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑢
√5√1 − ( )
√5
𝑢
= sin−1 ( ) + 𝐶
√5
𝑥 +1
= sin−1 +𝐶
√5
7b iii Let 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 √3 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
1
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
0 √3 + 2(𝑢 + 1) − (𝑢 + 1)2
1
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
+ 2𝑢 + 2 − (𝑢2 + 2𝑢 + 1)
0 √3
1
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
2
0 √4 − 𝑢
𝑢1
= [sin−1 ]
20
𝜋
=
6

7b iv Let 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
7
1
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 25
4
1
=∫ 2
𝑑𝑢
0 (𝑢 + 3) − 6(𝑢 + 3) + 25
4
1
=∫ 2
𝑑𝑢
0 (𝑢 + 3) − 6(𝑢 + 3) + 25
4
1
=∫ 2 𝑑𝑢
0 𝑢 + 6𝑢 + 9 − 6𝑢 − 18 + 25
4
1
=∫ 2 𝑑𝑢
0 𝑢 + 16
1 𝑢4
= [tan−1 ]
4 40
𝜋
=
16
8a Let 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

Hence
1
𝐽=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4 − 𝑥 2
1
=∫ × 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
√4 − (2 sin 𝜃)2
1
√4 − 4 sin2 𝜃
1
2√1 − sin2 𝜃
1
2√cos2 𝜃
1
2 cos 𝜃
= ∫ 1 𝑑𝜃
=𝜃+𝐶
Since
𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃
𝑥
sin 𝜃 =
2
Hence

𝑥
𝜃 = sin−1
2
Thus
𝑥
𝐽 = sin−1 + 𝐶
2
𝑥
8b i Let 𝑥 = 3 tan 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 3 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 and 𝜃 = tan−1 3
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
9 + 𝑥2
1
=∫ 3 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
9 + (3 tan 𝜃)2
1
9 + 9 tan2 𝜃
1 sec 2 𝜃
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃
3 1 + tan2 𝜃
1 sec 2 𝜃
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃
3 sec 2 𝜃
1
= ∫ 1 𝑑𝜃
3
1
= 𝜃+𝐶
3
1 𝑥
= tan−1 3 + 𝐶
3
𝑥
8b ii Let 𝑥 = √3 cos 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = −√3 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 𝜃 = cos −1
√3
1
∫− 𝑑𝑥
√3 − 𝑥 2
1
= ∫− × −√3 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2
√3 − (√3 cos 𝜃)
√3 sin 𝜃
=∫ 𝑑𝜃
√3√1 − cos 2 𝜃
√3 sin 𝜃
=∫ 𝑑𝜃
√3√sin2 𝜃
√3 sin 𝜃
=∫ 𝑑𝜃
√3 sin 𝜃
= ∫ 1 𝑑𝜃

=𝜃+𝐶
𝑥
= cos−1 +𝐶
√3
1 1
8b iii Let 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 and 𝜃 = sin−1 2𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 4𝑥 2
11
=∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
22
1
√1 − 4 ( sin 𝜃)
2
1 cos 𝜃
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃
2 √1 − sin2 𝜃
1 cos 𝜃
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃
2 √cos2 𝜃
1 cos 𝜃
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃
2 cos 𝜃
1
= ∫ 1 𝑑𝜃
2
1
= 𝜃+𝐶
2
1
= sin−1 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
1 1
8b iv Let 𝑥 = 4 tan 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 4 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 and 𝜃 = tan−1 4𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 16𝑥 2
1 1
1 4
1 + 16 ( tan 𝜃)
4
1 sec 2 𝜃
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃
4 1 + tan2 𝜃
1 sec 2 𝜃
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃
4 sec 2 𝜃
1
= ∫ 1 𝑑𝜃
4
1
= 𝜃+𝐶
4
1
= tan−1 4𝑥 + 𝐶
4

𝑥
8bv Let 𝑥 = 6 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 6 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 and 𝜃 = sin−1 6.
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝜃 = 0
1 𝜋
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝜃 = sin−1 2 = 6
3
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 √36 − 𝑥 2
𝜋
6 1
=∫ 6 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 √36 − (6 sin 𝜃)2
𝜋
6 1
2𝜃
0 6√1 − sin
𝜋
6 6 cos 𝜃
=∫ 𝑑𝜃
2
0 6√cos 𝜃
𝜋
6 6 cos 𝜃
=∫ 𝑑𝜃
0 6 cos 𝜃
𝜋
6
= ∫ 1 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
= [𝜃]06
𝜋
=
6
8b vi
2 2 3
Let 𝑥 = 3 tan 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 3 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 and 𝜃 = tan−1 2 𝑥
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝜃 = 0
2 𝜋
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝜃 = tan−1 1 = 4
2
3 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 4 + 9𝑥 2
𝜋
4 1 2 2
=∫ 2 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 2 3
4 + 9 (3 tan 𝜃)
𝜋
4 1 2
=∫ sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 4 + 4 tan2 𝜃 3
𝜋
1 4 sec 2 𝜃
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃
6 0 sec 2 𝜃

𝜋
1 4
= ∫ 1 𝑑𝜃
6 0
1 𝜋4
= [𝜃]0
6
𝜋
=
24
9a Let 𝑥 = sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 and 𝜃 = sin−1 𝑥

1
𝐼=∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
(1 − 𝑥 2 )2
1
(1 − 2
sin 𝜃)2
1
2
(cos 𝜃)2
1
cos3 𝜃
1
=∫ 𝑑𝜃
cos2 𝜃
= ∫ sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= tan 𝜃 + 𝐶
𝑥
Now since sin 𝜃 = 𝑥 = 1, it follows, from the Pythagorean theorem that
𝑥
tan 𝜃 =
√1 − 𝑥 2
Hence
𝑥
𝐼= +𝐶
√1 − 𝑥 2
9b i Let 𝑥 = 2 tan 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

1
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
(4 + 𝑥 2 )2
1 2
=∫ 3 2 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
(4 + 2
4 tan 𝜃)2
1 2
=∫ 3 2 sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2
(4 sec 𝜃)2

1
8 sec 3 𝜃
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑θ
4 sec 𝜃
1
= ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑θ
4
1
= sin 𝜃 + 𝐶
4
1 𝑥
= +𝐶
4 √4 + 𝑥 2
9b ii Let 𝑥 = sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

1
2 𝑥2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝜋
6 sin2 𝜃
2𝜃
0 √1 − sin
𝜋
6 sin2 𝜃
2
0 √cos 𝜃
𝜋
6 sin2 𝜃
0 cos 𝜃
𝜋
6
= ∫ sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
1 6
= ∫ (1 − cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2 0
𝜋
1 sin 2𝜃 6
= [𝜃 − ]
2 2 0
𝜋 √3
= −
12 8
9b iii Let 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

2
∫ √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
2
= ∫ √4 − (2 sin 𝜃)2 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
2
= ∫ 2√1 − sin2 𝜃 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0

𝜋
2
= 4 ∫ cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
2
= 2 ∫ (1 + cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
sin 2𝜃 2
= 2 [𝜃 + ]
2 0
=𝜋
9b iv Let 𝑥 = 5 cos 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = −5 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 √25 − 𝑥 2
1
=∫ × −5 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
(5 cos 𝜃)2 √25 − (5 cos 𝜃)2
1
=∫ × −5 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
25 cos 𝜃 5√1 − cos2 𝜃
2
1
=∫ × −5 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
25 cos2 𝜃 5 sin 𝜃
1 1
=− ∫ 𝑑𝜃
25 cos 2 𝜃
1
= − ∫ sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
25
1
= − tan 𝜃 + 𝐶
25
1 √25 − 𝑥 2
=− × +𝐶
25 𝑥
√25 − 𝑥 2
=− +𝐶
25𝑥
9b v Let 𝑥 = 3 tan 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 3 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 √9 + 𝑥 2
1
(3 tan 𝜃)2 √9 + (3 tan 𝜃)2
1
(3 tan 𝜃)2 3√1
+ tan2 𝜃
1
(3 tan 𝜃)2 3 sec 𝜃

sec 𝜃
=∫ 𝑑𝜃
(3 tan 𝜃)2
1 cos2 𝜃 1
= ∫ 2
× 𝑑𝜃
9 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 cos 𝜃 1
= ∫ × 𝑑𝜃
9 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
1
= ∫ cot 𝜃 cosec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
9
1
= − cosec 𝜃 + 𝐶
9
1 √9 + 𝑥 2
=− × +𝐶
9 𝑥
√9 + 𝑥 2
=− +𝐶
9𝑥
9b vi Let 𝑥 = 2 sec 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

4
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 − 4
𝜋
3 1
=∫ 2 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 (2 sec 𝜃)2 √(2 sec 𝜃)2 −4
𝜋
3 1
2 2
0 (2 sec 𝜃) 2√sec 𝜃 −1
𝜋
3 1
2 2
0 (2 sec 𝜃) 2√tan 𝜃
𝜋
3 1
=∫ 2 2 tan 𝜃
2 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 (2 sec 𝜃)
𝜋
3 1
=∫ 𝑑𝜃
0 4 sec 𝜃
𝜋
1 3
= ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4 0
𝜋
1
= [sin 𝜃]03
4
√3
=
8
𝑥
10 Let 𝑥 = 3 sec 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 3 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 and 𝜃 = sec −1 3
𝑓(𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 − 9
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
√9 sec 2 𝜃 − 9
3 sec 𝜃
3 tan 𝜃
3 sec 𝜃
= 3 ∫ tan2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 3 ∫(sec 2 𝜃 − 1) 𝑑𝜃
= 3(tan 𝜃 − 𝜃) + 𝐶
𝑥
= √𝑥 2 − 9 − 3 sec −1 + 𝐶
3
Now note that
√𝑥 2 − 9 = √9 sec 2 𝜃 − 9 = 3 tan 𝜃
−1
√𝑥 2 − 9
∴ 𝜃 = tan
3
𝑓(3) = 0
3
√32 − 9 − 3 sec −1 + 𝐶 = 0
3
𝐶=3
Hence,
𝑓(𝑥) = 3[tan 𝜃 − 𝜃] + 𝐶
√𝑥 2 − 9
= √𝑥 2 − 9 − 3 tan−1
3
11 Let 𝑥 = √3 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = √3 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

1
𝑥3
𝐴=∫ 𝑑𝑥
2
0 √3 − 𝑥
𝜋
6 3√3 sin3 𝜃
=∫ √3 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2𝜃
0 √3 − 3 sin
𝜋
6 3√3 sin3 𝜃
=∫ √3 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 √3 cos 𝜃

𝜋
6
= ∫ 3√3 sin3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
Let 𝑢 = cos 𝜃, 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

√3
2
𝐴=∫ −3√3 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝑢
1
1
= 3√3 ∫ 1 − cos 2 𝜃 𝑑𝑢
√3
2
1
= 3√3 ∫ 1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
√3
2
1
𝑢3
= 3√3 [𝑢 − ]
3 √3
2
1
= (6√3 − 7√2) square units
3
12a Let 𝑥 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑟
𝐴 = 2 ∫ √𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
−𝑟
𝑟
= 2 ∫ √𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
−𝑟
𝜋
2
= 2 ∫ √𝑟 2 − (𝑟 sin 𝜃)2 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
−
2
𝜋
2
= 2 ∫ 𝑟√1 − sin2 𝜃 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
−
2
𝜋
2
= 2𝑟 ∫ cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2
𝜋
−
2
𝜋
2
= 𝑟 2 ∫ (1 − cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
−
2
𝜋
2
sin 2𝜃 2
= 𝑟 [𝜃 − ]
2 −𝜋
2
= 𝜋𝑟 2
12b i Let 𝑃 be the 𝑥-position of chord 𝐴𝐵

𝛼 𝑃 𝑃
sin = =
2 𝑂𝐴 𝑟
Hence
𝛼
𝑃 = 𝑟 sin
2
The area is twice the area from 𝑃 to 𝑟 under the semicircle
𝑟 𝑟
𝐴 = 2 ∫ √𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ √𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝛼
𝑃 𝑟 sin
2
12b ii Let 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝑟
𝐴 = 2∫ √𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝛼
𝑟 sin
2
𝑟
= 2∫ √𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝛼
𝑟 sin
2
𝜋
2
= 2∫ −√𝑟 2 − (𝑟 cos 𝜃)2 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝛼
𝑟 sin
2
0
= 2 ∫ −𝑟√1 − cos2 𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1
𝛼
2
0
= 2 ∫ −𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1
𝛼
2
0
= −2𝑟 ∫ sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2
1
𝛼
2
12b iii
𝑟
𝐴 = 2∫ √𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝛼
𝑟 sin
2
0
= −2𝑟 ∫ sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2
1
𝛼
2
1
𝛼
2
= 2𝑟 2 ∫ sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
1
𝛼
2
= 2𝑟 2 ∫ (1 − cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
0

1
𝛼
1 2
= 2𝑟 2 [𝜃 − sin 2𝜃]
2 0
1 2
= 𝑟 (𝛼 − sin 𝛼)
2
12c For an ellipse

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2
𝑦2 𝑥2
= 1 −
𝑏2 𝑎2
𝑥2
𝑦 = 𝑏√1 −
𝑎2
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

The area will be given by
𝑎
𝑥2
𝐴 = 2 ∫ 𝑏√1 − 𝑑𝑥
−𝑎 𝑎2
𝜋
2 𝑎2 sin2 𝜃
= 2 ∫ 𝑏√1 − 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
−
𝜋 𝑎2
2
𝜋
2
= 2𝑎𝑏 ∫ √1 − sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
−
2
𝜋
2
= 2𝑎𝑏 ∫ cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
−
2
𝜋
2
= 2𝑎𝑏 ∫ cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
−
2
𝜋
2
= 𝑎𝑏 ∫ 1 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
−
2
𝜋
1 2
= 𝑎𝑏 [𝜃 + sin 2𝜃] 𝜋
2 −
2
= 𝜋𝑎𝑏
The unit circle has area 𝜋, dilating it 𝑎 units horizontally causes it to become 𝑎𝜋
and then dilating it a further 𝑏 units vertically causes the area to become 𝜋𝑎𝑏.

13a Let 𝑥 = −𝑢, 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑢

2
𝑥2
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−2 𝑒 + 1
−2 (−𝑢)2
=∫ (−𝑑𝑢) (using when 𝑥 = −2, 𝑢 = 2 and when 𝑥 = 2, 𝑢 = −2)
2 𝑒 −𝑢 + 1
2
𝑢2
=∫ −𝑢 + 1
𝑑𝑢
−2 𝑒
2
𝑢2 𝑒 𝑢
=∫ 𝑢
𝑑𝑢
−2 1 + 𝑒
2
𝑢2 𝑒 𝑢
=∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
−2 𝑒 + 1
Now let 𝑥 = 𝑢
2 2
𝑢2 𝑒 𝑢 𝑥2𝑒 𝑥
∫ 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−2 𝑒 + 1 −2 𝑒 + 1
Hence
2 2
𝑥2 𝑥2𝑒 𝑥
∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−2 𝑒 + 1 −2 𝑒 + 1
13b
2
𝑥2
∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−2 𝑒 + 1
2 2
1 𝑥2 𝑥2
= (∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
2 −2 𝑒 + 1 −2 𝑒 + 1
2 2
1 𝑥2 𝑥2𝑒 𝑥
= (∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
2 −2 𝑒 + 1 −2 𝑒 + 1
2 2
1 𝑥 + 𝑥2𝑒 𝑥
= (∫ 𝑑𝑥)
2 −2 𝑒 𝑥 + 1
2 2 (1
1 𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥)
= (∫ 𝑑𝑥)
2 −2 𝑒 𝑥 + 1
2
1
= (∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥)
2 −2
2
1 𝑥3
= [ ]
2 3 −2

1 8 8
= ( − (− ))
2 3 3
8
=
3


1a
1b The radius will be 𝑟 = 3(3) = 9 units and the height will be 3 units.
Hence
1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2
3
1
= 𝜋(9)2 (3)
3
= 81𝜋 cubic units
1c
3
𝜋 ∫ 9𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
= 3𝜋[𝑥 3 ]30

2a
2b This is a sphere of radius 3, hence the volume is

4
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
4
= 𝜋(3)3
3
2c
3
𝜋 ∫ (9 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−3
3
𝑥3
= 𝜋 [9𝑥 − ]
3 −3
3a This is a cylinder of radius 2, height 4. Hence

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
= 𝜋(2)2 × 4
3b This is a cone of radius 3 and height 3. Hence

1
3
1
= 𝜋(3)2 × 3
3

= 9𝜋 cubic units
3c
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
0
2
= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
0
2
𝑥5
= 𝜋[ ]
5 0
32𝜋
= cubic units
5
3d
4
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
2
4
= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝜋 24
= [𝑥 ]2
2
= 6𝜋 cubic units
3e
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
0
2
= ∫ (4 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
𝑥3
= [4𝑥 − ]
3 0
16𝜋
= cubic units
3

3f
0
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
−1
0
= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥
−1
0
𝑥7
= 𝜋[ ]
7 −1
𝜋
= cubic units
7
3g
−2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
−5
−2
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥 + 2)2 𝑑𝑥
−5
−2
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥
−5
3 −2
𝑥
= 𝜋 [ + 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥]
3 −5
= 9𝜋 cubic units
3h
3
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
−3
3
4
= 𝜋 ∫ (4 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−3 9
4 3 3
= 𝜋 [4𝑥 − 𝑥 ]
27 −3
16𝜋
= cubic units
3

4a This is a cylinder of radius 1, height 3, hence

= 𝜋(1)2 (3)
= 3𝜋 cubic units
4b This is a cone with radius 2, height 4, hence

1
3
1
= 𝜋(4)2 (2)
3
256
= 𝜋 cubic units
3
4c
5
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
2
5
= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦
2
5
𝜋𝑦 5
=[ ]
5 2
3093𝜋
= cubic units
5
4d
1
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
0
1
= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0
1
𝑦2
= 𝜋[ ]
2 0
𝜋
= cubic units
2

4e This is a sphere of radius 4, hence

4
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
4
= 𝜋(4)3
3
256
= 𝜋 cubic units
3
4f
0
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
−3
0
= 𝜋 ∫ (−𝑦 2 )2 𝑑𝑦
−3
0
= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦
−3
0
𝑦5
= 𝜋[ ]
5 −3
243𝜋
= cubic units
5
4g
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
0
2
= 𝜋 ∫ (2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )2 𝑑𝑦
0
2
= 𝜋 ∫ (4𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 3 + 𝑦 4 ) 𝑑𝑦
0
2
4 𝑦5
= 𝜋 [ 𝑦3 − 𝑦4 + ]
3 5 0
16𝜋
= cubic units
15

4h
1
𝑉 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
−1
1
= ∫ (4 − 4𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
−1
1
4𝑦 3
= [4𝑦 − ]
3 −1
16𝜋
= cubic units
3
5
1
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
0
1
= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋 2𝑥 1
= [𝑒 ]0
2
𝜋
= (𝑒 2 − 1) cubic units
2
6
4
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
2
4
1
= 𝜋∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
= 𝜋[ln 𝑥]42
= 𝜋[ln 4 − ln 2]
= 𝜋 ln 2 cubic units

7
6
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
1
6
1
= 𝜋∫ 𝑑𝑦
1 𝑦
= 𝜋[ln 𝑦]16
= 𝜋 ln 6 cubic units
8a tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 − 1
8b
𝜋
3
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝜋
3
= 𝜋 ∫ tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝜋
3
= 𝜋 ∫ (sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
1
𝜋
= 𝜋[tan 𝑥 − 𝑥]13
𝜋
= 𝜋 (√3 − ) cubic units
3
1 1
9a sin2 𝑥 = 2 − 2 cos 2𝑥
9b
𝜋
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
2
= 𝜋 ∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
2
= 𝜋 ∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
21 1
= 𝜋 ∫ ( − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 2 2

𝜋
1 1 2
= 𝜋 [ 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥]
2 4 0
2
𝜋
= cubic units
4
10a
5
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
3
5
= ∫ (𝑥 + 3)2 𝑑𝑥
3
5
(𝑥 + 3)3
= 𝜋[ ]
3 3
296𝜋
= cubic units
3

10b
4
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
1
4
2
= 𝜋 ∫ (1 + √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
4
= 𝜋 ∫ 1 + 2√𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
4 1
= 𝜋 ∫ 1 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
4
4 3 𝑥2
= 𝜋 [𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ]
3 2 1
119𝜋
= cubic units
6
10c
5
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
0
5
= 𝜋 ∫ (5𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥
0
5
= 𝜋 ∫ (25𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
5
25𝑥 3 10𝑥 4 𝑥 5
= 𝜋[ − + ]
3 4 5 0
625𝜋
= cubic units
6

10d
1
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
−1
1
= 𝜋 ∫ (1 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥
−1
1
= 𝜋 ∫ (1 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
−1
1
2𝑥 3 𝑥 5
= 𝜋 [𝑥 − + ]
3 5 −1
16𝜋
= cubic units
15
11a
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
1
2
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦 − 2)2 𝑑𝑦
1
2
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4) 𝑑𝑦
1

2
𝑦3
= 𝜋 [ − 2𝑦 2 + 4𝑦]
3 1
𝜋
= cubic units
3
11b
1
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
0
1
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦 2 + 1)2 𝑑𝑦
0
1
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦 4 + 2𝑦 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑦
0
1
𝑦 5 2𝑦 3
= 𝜋[ + + 𝑦]
5 3 0
28𝜋
= cubic units
15

11c
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
0
2
= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 (𝑦 − 3)2 𝑑𝑦
0
2
= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 (𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9) 𝑑𝑦
0
2
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦 4 − 6𝑦 3 + 9𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
0
2
𝑦 5 6𝑦 4
= 𝜋[ − + 3𝑦 3 ]
5 4 0
81𝜋
= cubic units
10
11d
1
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
0
1
= 𝜋 ∫ (1 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
0
1
𝑦2
= 𝜋 [𝑦 − ]
2 0

𝜋
= cubic units
2
12
3
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
1
2
3
1 2
= 𝜋 ∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
2
3
2 1
= 𝜋 ∫ (1 + + ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑥2
2
13
= 𝜋 [𝑥 + 2 ln|𝑥| − ]1
𝑥
2
𝜋
= (25 + 12 ln 6) cubic units
6
13
1
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
0
1
2
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥
0
1
2
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 2
= 𝜋[ − 2𝑥 − ]
2 2 0
𝜋
= (𝑒 − 2 − 𝑒 −1 ) cubic units
2

14
6𝜋
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
4𝜋
6𝜋
𝑥 2
= 𝜋∫ (4 + 4 sin ) 𝑑𝑥
4𝜋 4
6𝜋
𝑥 𝑥
= 16𝜋 ∫ (1 + 2 sin + sin2 ) 𝑑𝑥
4𝜋 4 4
6𝜋
𝑥 1 𝑥
= 16𝜋 ∫ (1 + 2 sin + (1 − cos )) 𝑑𝑥
4𝜋 4 2 2
6𝜋
3 𝑥 𝑥
= 16𝜋 ∫ ( + 2 sin − cos ) 𝑑𝑥
4𝜋 2 4 2
𝑥 𝑥 6𝜋
= 16𝜋 [𝑥 − 8 cos − 2 sin ]
4 2 4𝜋
= 71.62 mL
15a
16
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
0
16
= 𝜋 ∫ 42 𝑑𝑥
0
= 𝜋[4 𝑥]16
2
0
15b
16
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
0
16
0
16
𝑦2
= 𝜋[ ]
2 0
15c 𝑉 = 256𝜋 − 128𝜋 = 128𝜋 cubic units

16a i
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
0
2
= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
0
2
𝑥5
= 𝜋[ ]
5 0
32𝜋
= cubic units
5
16a ii
4
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
0
4
0
𝑦2
= 𝜋[ ]
2
= 8𝜋 cubic units
16b i
1
𝑉 = 𝜋 × 5 × 1 − 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
2
0
1
= 𝜋 × 52 × 1 − 𝜋 ∫ 25𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
1
2
25𝑥 3
= 𝜋 ×5 ×1−𝜋[ ]
3 0
50𝜋
= cubic units
3

16b ii
5
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
0
5
𝑦 2
= 𝜋 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑦
0 5
𝜋 5 2
= ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
25 0
5
𝜋 𝑦3
= [ ]
25 3 0
5𝜋
= cubic units
3
16c i
4
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
0
4
= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
4
𝑥2
= 𝜋[ ]
2 0
= 8𝜋 cubic units
16c ii
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 × 4 × 2 − 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
2
0
2
= 𝜋 × 42 × 2 − 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦
0
2
2
𝑦5
= 𝜋 ×4 ×2−𝜋[ ]
5 0
128𝜋
= cubic units
5

16d i
1
𝑉 = 𝜋 × 4 × 1 − ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
2
0
1
= 16𝜋 − 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥 2 + 3)2 𝑑𝑥
0
1
= 16𝜋 − 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 2 + 9) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑥5
= 16𝜋 − 𝜋 [ + 2𝑥 3 + 9𝑥]
5 0
24𝜋
= cubic units
5
16d ii
4
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
3
4
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦 − 3) 𝑑𝑦
3
4
𝑦2
= 𝜋 [ − 3𝑦]
2 3
𝜋
= cubic units
2
17a

17b i
1 1
𝑉 = 𝜋∫ 𝑦12 𝑑𝑥 − 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦22 𝑑𝑥
0 0
1 1
= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 − 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥
0 0
1
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥 4 − 𝑥 6 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑥5 𝑥7
= 𝜋[ − ]
5 7 0
2𝜋
= cubic units
35
17b ii
1 1
𝑉 = 𝜋∫ 𝑥12 𝑑𝑦 − 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥22 𝑑𝑦
0 0
1 1 3
= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 − 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
0 0
1 3
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦 1 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
0
1
𝑦2 2 5
= 𝜋 [ − 𝑦2]
2 5 0
𝜋
= cubic units
10
18a

18b
5
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦12 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
5
5 2
= 𝜋 ∫ ((6 − 𝑥)2 − ( ) ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
5
25
= 𝜋 ∫ (36 − 12𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
5
2
𝑥 3 25
= 𝜋 [36𝑥 − 6𝑥 + + ]
3 𝑥 1
64𝜋
= cubic units
3
19
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦12 − 𝑦22 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
2
2 2
= 𝜋 ∫ (12 − (2 − ) ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
2
4 8
= 𝜋 ∫ (1 − 2 − 4 + ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑥
2
4 8
= 𝜋 ∫ (−3 − 2 + ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑥
2
4
= 𝜋 [−3𝑥 + + 8 ln 𝑥]
𝑥 1
= 𝜋(8 ln 2 − 5) cubic units

20a 𝑦 = 𝑥3 + 2
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3 and = 3. Hence the equation of the tangent is
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 − 3 = 3(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 3𝑥
20b

20c i
1
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦12 − 𝑦22 ) 𝑑𝑥
−2
1
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥 6 − 9𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−2
1
𝑥7
= 𝜋 [ − 3𝑥 3 ]
7 −2
15𝜋
= cubic units
7
20c ii
3
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥12 − 𝑥22 ) 𝑑𝑦
−6
3 2 𝑦2
= 𝜋∫ (𝑦 3 − ) 𝑑𝑦
−6 9
3
3 2 𝑦3
= 𝜋 [ 𝑦3 − ]
2 27 −6
2𝜋
= cubic units
5
21
ln 2
𝑉 = 𝜋 × 22 × ln 2 − 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
0
ln 2
= 4𝜋 ln 2 − 𝜋 ∫ (𝑒 𝑦 )2 𝑑𝑦
0
ln 2
= 4𝜋 ln 2 − 𝜋 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0
ln 2
𝑒 2𝑦
= 4𝜋 ln 2 − 𝜋 [ ]
2 0
𝑒 2 ln 2 𝑒 0
= 4𝜋 ln 2 − 𝜋 ( − )
2 2
ln 4 0
𝑒 𝑒
= 4𝜋 ln 2 − 𝜋 ( − )
2 2

4 1
= 4𝜋 ln 2 − 𝜋 ( − )
2 2
3
= 4𝜋 ln 2 − 𝜋 ( )
2
𝜋
= (8 ln 2 − 3) cubic units
2
22a
ℎ
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
0
ℎ
𝑟𝑥 2
= 𝜋 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
0 ℎ
ℎ 2 2
𝑟 𝑥
= 𝜋∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 ℎ2
ℎ
𝑟 2𝑥3
= 𝜋[ 2 ]
3ℎ 0
𝑟 2 ℎ3
= 𝜋[ 2 ]
3ℎ
1
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
22b
ℎ
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
0
ℎ
= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑥
0
= 𝜋[𝑟 2 𝑥]ℎ0
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

22c i
𝑟
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
−𝑟
𝑟
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−𝑟
𝑟
2
𝑥3
= 𝜋 [𝑟 𝑥 − ]
3 −𝑟
𝑟3
2 2 (−𝑟)
(−𝑟)3
= 𝜋 [(𝑟 𝑟 − ) − (𝑟 − )]
3 3
4
= 𝜋𝑟 3
3
22c ii
𝑟
𝑉 = 𝜋∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑟−ℎ
𝑟
= 𝜋∫ 𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑟−ℎ
𝑟
2
𝑥3
= 𝜋 [𝑟 𝑥 − ]
3 𝑟−ℎ
𝑟3 (𝑟 − ℎ)3
= 𝜋 [(𝑟 2 𝑟 − ) − (𝑟 2 (𝑟 − ℎ) − )]
3 3
2
𝑟3 3 2
𝑟 3 − 3𝑟 2 ℎ + 3𝑟ℎ2 − ℎ3
= 𝜋 [(𝑟 𝑟 − ) − (𝑟 − 𝑟 ℎ − )]
3 3
1
= 𝜋ℎ2 (3𝑟 − ℎ)
3
23a sec 𝜃
sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
= sec 𝜃 ×
sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
sec 2 𝜃 + sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
=
sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 + sec 2 𝜃
=
sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 + sec 2 𝜃

=∫ 𝑑𝜃
sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃

= ln(sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃) + 𝐶
23b
𝑥
𝑦=
√𝑥 2 + 16
𝑥2
𝑦2 =
𝑥 2 + 16
2
𝑥2
𝑥 + 16 = 2
𝑦
𝑥2
16 = 2 − 𝑥 2
𝑦
1
16 = 𝑥 2 ( 2 − 1)
𝑦
16
𝑥2 =
1
( 2 − 1)
𝑦
16
=
1 𝑦2
( 2 − 2)
𝑦 𝑦
16
=
1 − 𝑦2
( 2 )
𝑦
16𝑦 2
=
1 − 𝑦2
1
√2
𝑉 = 𝜋∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
0
1
√2 16𝑦 2
= 𝜋∫ 𝑑𝑦
0 1 − 𝑦2
Let 𝑦 = sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

1
√2
𝑉 = 𝜋∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
0
𝜋
16 sin2 𝜃
4
= 𝜋∫ 2
cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 1 − sin 𝜃

𝜋
4 16 sin2 𝜃
= 𝜋∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 cos2 𝜃
𝜋
4 16 sin2 𝜃
= 𝜋∫ 𝑑𝜃
0 cos 𝜃
𝜋
4 16(1 − cos 2 𝜃)
= 𝜋∫ 𝑑𝜃
0 cos 𝜃
𝜋
4
= 16𝜋 ∫ (sec 𝜃 − cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
= 16𝜋[ln(sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃) + sin 𝜃]04
= 16𝜋(√2 − ln(√2 + 1)) cubic units
24a
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥 𝑛+1 = 0
𝑥 𝑛 (1 − 𝑥) = 0
Hence 𝑥 = 0 or 1. Substituting back into the equations gives the points of
intersection as (0, 0) and (1, 1).
24b
1 1
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝜋 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
2
0 0
1 1
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥 𝑛 )2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥 𝑛+1 )2 𝑑𝑥
0 0
1 1
= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2𝑛 𝑑𝑥 − 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2𝑛+2 𝑑𝑥
0 0
2𝑛+1 1 1
𝑥 𝑥 2𝑛+3
= 𝜋[ ] −𝜋[ ]
2𝑛 + 1 0 2𝑛 + 3 0
1 1
= 𝜋( − )
2𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 3
24c It is the cone formed by rotating the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1 about the
𝑥-axis.

24d
lim (𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + ⋯ + 𝑉𝑛 )
𝑛→∞
1 1 1 1 1 1
= lim (𝜋 ( − )+𝜋( − )+𝜋( − )
𝑛→∞ 2+1 2+3 2(2) + 1 2(2) + 3 2(3) + 1 2(3) + 3
1 1
+ ⋯+ 𝜋( − ))
2(𝑛) + 1 2(𝑛) + 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 𝜋 lim ( − + − + − + ⋯ + − )
𝑛→∞ 3 5 5 7 7 9 2𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 + 3
1 1
= 𝜋 lim ( − )
𝑛→∞ 3 2𝑛 + 3
1
= 𝜋 ( − 0)
3
𝜋
= cubic units
3
24e
1 1 1
+ + +⋯
3×5 5×7 7×9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ( − )+ ( − )+ ( − )+⋯
2 3 5 2 5 7 2 7 9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ( − + − + − +⋯)
2 3 5 5 7 7 9
1 1
= ( )
2 3
1
=
6
25a
25b 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 8
𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 9 + 1
𝑦 = −(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9) + 1

𝑦 = −(𝑥 − 3)2 + 1
(𝑥 − 3)2 = 1 − 𝑦
𝑥 − 3 = √1 − 𝑦 for 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4 and 𝑥 − 3 = −√1 − 𝑦 for 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
Hence
𝑥 = 3 + √1 − 𝑦 for 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4 and 𝑥 = 3 − √1 − 𝑦 for 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
25c
1 1
2 2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ (3 + √1 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 − 𝜋 ∫ (3 − √1 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
0 0
1
2 2
= 𝜋 ∫ ((3 + √1 − 𝑦) − (3 − √1 − 𝑦) ) 𝑑𝑦
0
1
= 𝜋 ∫ ((9 + 6√1 − 𝑦 + (1 − 𝑦)) − (9 − 6√1 − 𝑦 + (1 − 𝑦)) ) 𝑑𝑦
0
1
= 𝜋 ∫ (12√1 − 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
0
1
= ∫ (12𝜋√1 − 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
0
1 1
= ∫ (12𝜋(1 − 𝑦)2 ) 𝑑𝑦
0
2 3 1
= 12𝜋 [− (1 − 𝑦)2 ]
3 0
2 2
= 12𝜋 (− × 0 + × 1)
3 3
= 8𝜋 cubic units


1a
𝑑
(sin−1 3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= × (3𝑥)
√1 − (3𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
3
=
√1 − 9𝑥 2
1b
𝑑 𝑥
(tan−1 ( ))
𝑑𝑥 3
1 𝑑 𝑥
= 2 × ( )
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3
1 + (3)
1 1
= ×
𝑥2 3
1+ 9
3
=
9 + 𝑥2
1c
𝑑
(cos−1 (1 − 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑑
= × (1 − 𝑥)
√1 − (1 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
−1
= × −1
√1 − (1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
1
=
√2𝑥 − 𝑥 2

1d
𝑑 2
(𝑥 tan−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑑
= (tan−1 𝑥) × (𝑥 ) + 𝑥 2 × (tan−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ×
1 + 𝑥2
2
𝑥
= + 2𝑥 tan−1 𝑥
1 + 𝑥2
1e
𝑑 1
(tan−1 ( 𝑥 + 1))
𝑑𝑥 2
1 𝑑 1
= 2× ( 𝑥 + 1)
1 𝑑𝑥 2
1 + (2 𝑥 + 1)
1 1
= 2 ×
𝑥 2
1+ 4 +𝑥+1
1 1
= 2 ×
𝑥 2
4 +𝑥+2
4 1
= 2 ×
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 8 2
2
=
𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 8
1f
𝑑 1
(sin−1 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑑 1
= × ( )
1 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
√1 − ( )
𝑥
1 1
= × (− 2 )
𝑥
√1 − 12
𝑥
1
=−
1
√𝑥 4 √1 − 2
𝑥
1
=−
√𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2

2a 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥
1
𝑦′ = = (1 + 𝑥 2 )−1
1 + 𝑥2
2𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = −1 × (1 + 𝑥 2 )−2 × 2𝑥 = −
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2
Substituting for 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 ′′ :
(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑥𝑦 ′
2𝑥 1
= (1 + 𝑥 2 ) × − + 2𝑥 ×
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )
2𝑥 2𝑥
=− +
(1 + 𝑥 ) (1 + 𝑥 2 )
2
=0
3a
𝑑 1
(cos−1 𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑
(sin−1 √1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= × (√1 − 𝑥 2 )
2 𝑑𝑥
√1 − (√1 − 𝑥 2 )
1 1 1
= × × (1 − 𝑥 2 )−2 × −2𝑥
√1 − (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2
1 𝑥
= ×−
√𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
1 𝑥
=− ×
√𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
For 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, √𝑥 2 = 𝑥
Hence
𝑑
(sin−1 √1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
=− ×
𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
1
=−
√1 − 𝑥 2

𝑑
= (cos−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
3b The functions differ by at most a constant.
This constant is zero, so cos−1 𝑥 = sin−1 √1 − 𝑥 2 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.
4a
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 + 𝑥2
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥 2
1+( )
√3
√3 𝑥
= tan−1 +𝐶
3 √3
4b
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√3 − 𝑥 2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥
√3√1 − ( )
√3
𝑥
= sin−1 +𝐶
√3
4c
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
9 + 4𝑥 2
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 9 𝑥 2
+ ( )
4 2
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
9 2𝑥 2
1+(3)

1 2𝑥
= tan−1 +𝐶
6 3
4d
1
∫− 𝑑𝑥
√16 − 9𝑥 2
1
= ∫− 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 2
4√1 − ( 4 )
1 3𝑥
= cos−1 +𝐶
3 4
5a
1
√3 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 1 + 9𝑥 2
3
1
√3 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 1 + (3𝑥)2
3
1
1
= [tan−1 3𝑥]√3
1
3 3
𝜋
=
36
5b
3
4 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 √3 − 4𝑥 2
−
4
3
4 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
3
− 2
4 2𝑥
√3√1 − ( )
√3
3
√31 2𝑥 4
= × [sin−1 ]
√3 2 √3 −3
4

3
1 2𝑥 4
= [sin−1 ]
2 √3 −3
4
𝜋
=
3
6a
∫ cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ∫ ( + cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
= 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 4
6b
1 1
= ∫ ( − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
= 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 4
6c
∫ cos 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ∫ ( + cos 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
= 𝑥 + sin 4𝑥 + 𝐶
2 8
6d
1 1
= ∫ ( − cos 8𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
= 𝑥− sin 4𝑥 + 𝐶
2 16
7a
𝜋
3
0
𝜋
1 1 3
= ∫ ( − cos 6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 2 2
𝜋
1 1 3
=[ 𝑥− sin 4𝑥]
2 16 0
𝜋
=
6
7b
𝜋
6 1
0 2
𝜋
1 1 6
= ∫ ( + sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 2 2
𝜋
1 1 6
= [ 𝑥 − cos 𝑥]
2 2 0
1
= (𝜋 + 3)
12
8
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 1 12 1 1 2 𝜋
∫ cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥] =
0 0 2 2 2 4 0 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 1 1 2 1 1 2 𝜋
∫ cos2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + cos 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑥 + sin 4𝑥] =
0 0 2 2 2 8 0 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 1 1 2 1 1 2 𝜋
∫ cos2 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + cos 8𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑥 + sin 8𝑥] =
0 0 2 2 2 16 0 4

9a Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 − 1, 𝑑𝑢 = 5 𝑑𝑥
∫ 5(5𝑥 − 1)5
= ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢
𝑢6
= +𝐶
6
(5𝑥 − 1)6
= +𝐶
6
9b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 2)2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢3
= +𝐶
3
(𝑥 2 + 2)3
= +𝐶
3
9c Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 4 + 1, 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥 3
4𝑥 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 4 + 1)2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢2
= ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
= −𝑢−1 + 𝐶
1
= +𝐶
𝑥4 +1

9d Let 𝑢 = 4𝑥 + 3, 𝑑𝑢 = 4 𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4𝑥 + 3
1 1
=∫ × 𝑑𝑢
√𝑢 4
1 1
= ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
4
1 1
= × 2𝑢2 + 𝐶
4
1
= √4𝑥 + 3 + 𝐶
2
9e Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢3
= +𝐶
3
sin3 𝑥
= +𝐶
3
9f Let 𝑢 = tan 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢3 𝑑𝑢
𝑢4
= +𝐶
4
tan4 𝑥
= +𝐶
4

1
10a Let 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥 3 , 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 and 3 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
∫ 𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑥 3 )4 𝑑𝑥
−1
1 1 4
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3 0
1
1 𝑢5
= [ ]
3 5 0
1
=
15
10b Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥

𝜋
2
∫ cos3 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
1
= [−𝑢4 ]10
4
1
= − (03 − 12 )
4
1
=
4
1
10c Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√2
∫ 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
1
1 1
= ∫ √𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 0
1 1 1
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
2 0
1 2 31
= [ 𝑢2 ]
2 3 0
1 2
= ( − 0)
2 3

1
=
3
1
10d Let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 (ln
𝑥)2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
0
1 31
=[ 𝑢 ]
3 0
1
=
3
1 1
10e Let 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
1
𝑒𝑥
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
2
1
= ∫ −𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
2
1
= [𝑒 𝑢 ]12
= 𝑒2 − 𝑒
10f Let 𝑢 = tan 2𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 2 sec 2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
sec 2 2𝑥
8
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + tan 2𝑥
1 1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 0 1+𝑢
1
= [ln|1 + 𝑢|]10
2

1
= (ln 2 − ln 1)
2
1
= ln 2
2
11a Let 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 1, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1
𝑢+1
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
1
= ∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
= 𝑢 + ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
= 𝑥 − 1 + ln|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
11b Let 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 2, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 + 2
𝑢−3
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
√𝑢
1 1
= ∫(𝑢2 − 3𝑢−2 ) 𝑑𝑢
2 3 1
= 𝑢2 − 6𝑢2 + 𝐶
3
2 3
= (𝑥 + 2)2 − 6√𝑥 + 2 + 𝐶
3
1 1
11c Let 𝑥 = 2 𝑢2 − 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Note that 2𝑥 + 1 = 𝑢2
∫ 𝑥√2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ∫ ( 𝑢2 − ) (√𝑢2 ) 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 2
1
= ∫(𝑢4 − 𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢
2

1 𝑢5 𝑢3
= ( − )+𝐶
2 5 3
5 3
1 (2𝑥 + 1)2 (2𝑥 + 1)2
= ( − )+𝐶
2 5 3
1 5 1 3
= (2𝑥 + 1)2 − (2𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶
10 6
11d Let 𝑥 = (𝑢 − 4)2 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2(𝑢 − 4) 𝑑𝑢

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 + √𝑥
2(𝑢 − 4)
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
4+𝑢−4
8
= ∫ (2 − ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
= 2𝑢 − 8 ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
= 2(√𝑥 + 4) − 8 ln(√𝑥 + 4) + 𝐶
12a Let 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
2
∫ 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)4 𝑑𝑥
1
1
= ∫ (𝑢 + 1)𝑢4 𝑑𝑢
0
1
= ∫ 𝑢5 + 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢
0
1
𝑢6 𝑢5
=[ + ]
6 5 0
1 1
= +
6 5
11
=
30

12b Let 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
5
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥+3
8
𝑢−3
=∫ 𝑑𝑢
4 𝑢
8
3
= ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑢
4 𝑢
= [𝑢 − 3 ln|𝑢|]84
= (8 − 3 ln 8) − (4 − 3 ln 4)
= 4 − 3 ln 2
12c Let 𝑥 = 𝑢2 − 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
15
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 √𝑥 + 1
4
𝑢2 − 1
=∫ × 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1 √𝑢2
4
= ∫ (2𝑢2 − 2) 𝑑𝑢
1
4
2 3
= [ 𝑢 − 2𝑢]
3 1
= 36
12d Let 𝑥 = 𝑢2 + 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3
1
∫ 𝑥√𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1
1
= ∫ (𝑢2 + 2)√𝑢2 × 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
0 2
1
= ∫ (𝑢4 + 2𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢
0
1
𝑢5 2
= [ + 𝑢3 ]
5 3 0
1 2
= +
5 3

13
=
15
13a The domain is all 𝑥 such that 9 − 𝑥 ≥ 0 and hence the domain is 𝑥 ≤ 9. As the
square root function always returns a positive number, the range is 𝑦 ≥ 0.
13b
13c
9
𝐴 = ∫ √9 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
9 1
= ∫ (9 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
0
4 3 9
= − [(9 − 𝑥)2 ]
3 0
= 18 square units
13d i
9
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
0
9
= 𝜋 ∫ (9 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
9
𝑥2
= 𝜋 [9𝑥 − ]
2 0
81𝜋
= cubic units
2

13d ii
3
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
0
3
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦 2 − 9)2 𝑑𝑦
0
3
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦 4 − 18𝑦 2 + 81) 𝑑𝑦
0
3
𝑦5
= 𝜋 [ − 6𝑦 3 + 81𝑦]
5 0
648𝜋
= cubic units
5
14
3
3
4
𝑉 = ∫ 𝜋𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
0
3 2
3
4 1
= ∫ 𝜋( ) 𝑑𝑥
0 √4 − 𝑥
3
3
4 𝜋
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 4−𝑥
3
3
= −𝜋[ln|4 − 𝑥|]04
= 4𝜋 ln 2 cubic units
15 𝑦 2 = 18(𝑥 − 6)
𝑦2
𝑥= +6
18
6
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
−6
6 2
𝑦2
= 𝜋 ∫ ( + 6) 𝑑𝑦
−6 18
6
𝑦 4 12
= 𝜋 ∫ ( 2 + 𝑦 2 + 36) 𝑑𝑦
−6 18 18

6
𝑦5 12
= 𝜋[ + 𝑦 3 + 36𝑦]
5 × 182 18 × 3 −6
2688𝜋
= cubic units
5
1 1
16 cos2 2𝑥 = 2 + 2 cos 4𝑥
16b
𝜋
6
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−
6
𝜋
6
= 𝜋 ∫ cos2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
−
6
𝜋
1 1
6
= 𝜋 ∫ ( + cos 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2 2
−
6
𝜋
1 1 6
= 𝜋 [ 𝑥 + sin 4𝑥] 𝜋
2 8 −
6
𝜋
= (4𝜋 + 3√3) cubic units
24
17
3
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
1
3
= 𝜋 ∫ (1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥
1
3
= 𝜋 ∫ (1 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
−𝑥
1 −2𝑥 3
= 𝜋 [𝑥 − 2𝑒 − 𝑒 ]
2 1
1 1
= 𝜋 ((3 − 2𝑒 −3 − 𝑒 −6 ) − (1 − 2𝑒 −1 − 𝑒 −2 ))
2 2
≑ 8.49 cubic units

18a
18b
𝜋
4
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
4
= 𝜋 ∫ (1 − tan 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
4
= 𝜋 ∫ (1 − 2 tan 𝑥 + tan2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
4
= 𝜋 ∫ (1 − 2 tan 𝑥 + sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
4 2 sin 𝑥
= 𝜋 ∫ (− + sec 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 cos 𝑥
𝜋
= 𝜋[2 ln|cos 𝑥| + tan 𝑥]04
1
= 𝜋 ((2 ln (2−2 ) + 1) − (−2 ln 1 + 0))
= 𝜋((− ln 2 + 1) − (0 + 0))
= 𝜋(1 − ln 2) cubic units

19a
𝑑𝑦 1
=1− 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦
Stationary points occur when 𝑑𝑥 = 0
1
1− =0
𝑥2
1
1=
𝑥2
𝑥2 = 1
𝑥 = ±1
𝑑2 𝑦
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = −2, 𝑑𝑥 2 = −2 < 0, hence the curve is concave down and this
is a maximum.
𝑑2 𝑦
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑑𝑥 2 = 2 > 0, hence the curve is concave up and this is a
minimum.
Hence there is a minimum at (1, 2) and a maximum at (−1, −2).

19b
5 1
=𝑥+
2 𝑥
2
5 = 2𝑥 +
𝑥
5𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 2
2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2 = 0
(2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
Hence
1
𝑥 = 2 or 2
19c
5 2 2 2
1 2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝜋 ∫ (𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
1 2 1 𝑥
2 2
2
25 1
= 𝜋 ∫ ( − 𝑥 2 − 2 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 4 𝑥
2
2
17 1
= 𝜋∫ ( − 𝑥 2 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 4 𝑥
2
2
17 𝑥3 1
= 𝜋[ 𝑥 − + ]
4 3 𝑥 1
2
17 8 1 17 1
= 𝜋 (( − + )−( − + 2))
2 3 2 8 24
9𝜋
= cubic units
4

20a <To come>
21a
3
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
1
3
= 𝜋 ∫ (2𝑥+1 )2 𝑑𝑥
1
3
= 𝜋 ∫ 22𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥
1
21b
3−1
𝑉≑𝜋× (𝑓(1) + 𝑓(3) + 2(𝑓(1.5) + 𝑓(2) + 𝑓(2.5))
2(4)
𝜋 2
= (2 + 28 + 2(25 + 26 + 27 )
4

21c
3
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
1
3
= 𝜋 ∫ (2𝑥+1 )2 𝑑𝑥
1
3
= 𝜋 ∫ 22𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥
1
3
2𝑥+2
= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑒 ln 2 𝑑𝑥
1
3
= 𝜋 ∫ 𝑒 (2𝑥+2) ln 2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝜋 3
= [𝑒 (2𝑥+2) ln 2 ]1
2 ln 2
120𝜋
=
ln 2
≑ 173𝜋 cubic units
The exact answer is smaller than the trapezoidal-rule approximation because the
curve is concave up.

Chapter 13 worked solutions – Differential equations

Let the integration constants be 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 or 𝐷.
1a 𝑦′ − 𝑦 = 𝑥
first-order differential equation
1b 𝑦 ′ 𝑦 = 3𝑥
1c 𝑦′′ + 4𝑦′ − 𝑦 = sin 𝑥

second-order differential equation
1d 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 cos 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
1
1e 𝑦′′ − 2 (𝑦′)2 = 0
1f 𝑦′ + 𝑦2 = 1
1g 𝑦 ′ + 𝑥𝑦 = 0
1h 𝑥𝑦′′ + 𝑦′ = 𝑥 2
1i 𝑦′′ − 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 = 0

2a linear
2b non-linear
2d linear
2f linear
2g linear
3a one arbitrary constant
3b one arbitrary constant
3c two arbitrary constants
3d one arbitrary constant
3e two arbitrary constants
3f one arbitrary constant
3g one arbitrary constant
3h two arbitrary constants
3i two arbitrary constants

4a 𝑦 = 5𝑥 3
𝑦 ′ = 15𝑥 2
Substituting for 𝑦 and 𝑦 ′ in 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0:
LHS = 𝑥(15𝑥 2 ) − 3(5𝑥 3 )
= 15𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 3
=0
= RHS
Therefore, 𝑦 = 5𝑥 3 is a solution of 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0.
4b 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 1
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥
Substituting for 𝑦 and 𝑦 ′ in 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 2:
LHS = 𝑥(2𝑥) − 2(𝑥 2 − 1)
= 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 2 + 2
=2
= RHS
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1 is a solution of 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 2.
4c 𝑦 = 3𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −3𝑒 −𝑥
Substituting for 𝑦 and 𝑦 ′ in 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0:
LHS = −3𝑒 −𝑥 + 3𝑒 −𝑥
=0
= RHS
Therefore, 𝑦 = 3𝑒 −𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0.

4d 𝑦 = √𝑥 2 + 4
1
= (𝑥 2 + 4)2
1
1
𝑦 ′ = 2 (𝑥 2 + 4)−2 × 2𝑥
1
= 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 4)−2
Substituting for 𝑦 and 𝑦 ′ in 𝑦 ′ 𝑦 = 𝑥:
1 1
LHS = 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 4)−2 × (𝑥 2 + 4)2
= 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 4)0
=𝑥×1
=𝑥
= RHS
Therefore 𝑦 = √𝑥 2 + 4 is a solution of 𝑦 ′ 𝑦 = 𝑥.
5a 𝑦 = ∫(2𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2
= − 3𝑥 + 𝐶
2
= 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝐶
5b 𝑦 = ∫(12𝑒 −2𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥

12
=− 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶
2
= −6𝑒 −2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶
5c 𝑦 = ∫(sec 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
5d 𝑦 = ∫(6 cos 2𝑥 + 9 sin 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

6 9
= 2 sin 2𝑥 − 3 cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶
= 3 sin 2𝑥 − 3 cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶

5e 𝑦 = ∫ √1 − 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫(1 − 5𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
3
(1 − 5𝑥)2
= +𝐶
3
(−5) × ( )
2
3
(1 − 5𝑥)2
= +𝐶
15
(− 2 )
3
2(1 − 5𝑥)2
=− +𝐶
15
5f 𝑦 = ∫ 4𝑥 cos 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , = 2𝑥 so 2𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑦 = ∫ 4𝑥 cos 𝑢 2𝑥
= ∫ 2 cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 2∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 2 sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
= 2 sin 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
6a 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1
𝑦 ′ = 𝐶𝑒 𝑥 − 1
Substituting for 𝑦 and 𝑦 ′ in 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 + 𝑦:
LHS = 𝐶𝑒 𝑥 − 1
RHS = 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1
= 𝐶𝑒 𝑥 − 1
= LHS
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1 is a solution of 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 + 𝑦.

6b 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝐶(𝑒 −𝑥 × 1 + 𝑥 × −𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑦 ′ = 𝐶(𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 )
Substituting for 𝑦 and 𝑦 ′ in 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 𝑦(1 − 𝑥):
LHS = 𝑥(𝐶(𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 ))
= 𝐶𝑥(𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 )
= 𝐶𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)
= 𝑦(1 − 𝑥)
= RHS
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 is a solution of 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 𝑦(1 − 𝑥).
6c 𝑦 = sin (𝑥 + 𝐶)
𝑦 ′ = cos (𝑥 + 𝐶)
Substituting for 𝑦 and 𝑦 ′ in (𝑦 ′ )2 = 1 − 𝑦 2 :
LHS = (cos (𝑥 + 𝐶))2
= cos2 (𝑥 + 𝐶)
RHS = 1 − sin2 (𝑥 + 𝐶)
= cos2 (𝑥 + 𝐶)
= LHS
Therefore 𝑦 = sin (𝑥 + 𝐶) is a solution of (𝑦 ′ )2 = 1 − 𝑦 2 .
6d
𝐶
𝑦= +2
𝑥
= 𝐶𝑥 −1 + 2
𝑑𝑦
= −𝐶𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥
𝐶
=−
𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2−𝑦
Substituting for 𝑦 and 𝑑𝑥 in 𝑑𝑥 = :
𝑥

𝐶
2 − ( 𝑥 + 2)
RHS =
𝑥
𝐶
− 𝑥
=
𝑥
𝐶
=−
𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥
= LHS
𝐶 𝑑𝑦 2−𝑦
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 is a solution of = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
7a 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 − 2
𝑦 ′′ = 2
Substituting for 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 ′′ in 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑥𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 6:
LHS = 𝑥 2 (2) − 2𝑥(2𝑥 − 2) + 2(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3)
= 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 6
=6
= RHS
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 is a solution of 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑥𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 6.
7b 𝑦 = 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 5𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑒 𝑥 + 5𝑒 5𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑒 𝑥 + 25𝑒 5𝑥
Substituting for 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 ′′ in 𝑦 ′′ − 6𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 0:
LHS = 2𝑒 𝑥 + 25𝑒 5𝑥 − 6(2𝑒 𝑥 + 5𝑒 5𝑥 ) + 5(2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 5𝑥 )
= 2𝑒 𝑥 + 25𝑒 5𝑥 − 12𝑒 𝑥 − 30𝑒 5𝑥 + 10𝑒 𝑥 + 5𝑒 5𝑥
=0
= RHS

Therefore 𝑦 = 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 5𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ − 6𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 0.
7c 𝑦 = cos 𝜋𝑥 − 3 sin 𝜋𝑥
𝑦 ′ = − 𝜋 sin 𝜋𝑥 − 3𝜋 cos 𝜋𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = − 𝜋 2 cos 𝜋𝑥 + 3𝜋 2 sin 𝜋𝑥
Substituting for 𝑦 and 𝑦 ′′ in 𝑦 ′′ + 𝜋 2 𝑦 = 0:
LHS = − 𝜋 2 cos 𝜋𝑥 + 3𝜋 2 sin 𝜋𝑥 + 𝜋 2 (cos 𝜋𝑥 − 3 sin 𝜋𝑥 )
= − 𝜋 2 cos 𝜋𝑥 + 3𝜋 2 sin 𝜋𝑥 + 𝜋 2 cos 𝜋𝑥 − 3𝜋 2 sin 𝜋𝑥
=0
= RHS
Therefore 𝑦 = cos 𝜋𝑥 −3 sin 𝜋𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ + 𝜋 2 𝑦 = 0.
7d 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = (sin 𝑥)(−2𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + (𝑒 −2𝑥 )(cos 𝑥)
= −2𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = (sin 𝑥)(4𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + (−2𝑒 −2𝑥 )(cos 𝑥) + (cos 𝑥)(−2𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + (𝑒 −2𝑥 )(−sin 𝑥)
= 4𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑥
= 3𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 4𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 𝑥
Substituting for 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 ′′ in 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 0:
LHS = 3𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 4𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 4(−2𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 𝑥 ) + 5( 𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑥)
= 3𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 4𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 8𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 4𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 5𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑥
=0
= RHS
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 0.

7e 𝑦 = cos(log 𝑒 𝑥)
1
𝑦 ′ = − sin(log 𝑒 𝑥) ×
𝑥
sin(log 𝑒 𝑥)
=−
𝑥
1
𝑥 × (cos(log 𝑒 𝑥) × 𝑥 − sin(log 𝑒 𝑥)(1)
𝑦 ′′ = −
𝑥2
cos(log 𝑒 𝑥) − sin(log 𝑒 𝑥)
= −
𝑥2
Substituting for 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 ′′ in 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0:
cos(log 𝑒 𝑥) − sin(log 𝑒 𝑥) sin(log 𝑒 𝑥)
LHS = 𝑥 2 (− 2
) + 𝑥 (− ) + cos(log 𝑒 𝑥)
𝑥 𝑥
= − cos(log 𝑒 𝑥) + sin(log 𝑒 𝑥) − sin(log 𝑒 𝑥) + cos(log 𝑒 𝑥)
=0
= RHS
Therefore 𝑦 = cos(log 𝑒 𝑥) is a solution of 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0.
8a 𝑦 ′′ = 2
𝑦 ′ = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 𝐴
2𝑥 2
𝑦 = ∫(2𝑥 + 𝐴 )𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐴 𝑥 + 𝐵 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
2
8b 𝑦 ′′ = cos 2𝑥
1
𝑦 ′ = ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin 2𝑥 + 𝐴
1 1
𝑦 = ∫ (2 sin 2𝑥 + 𝐴 ) 𝑑𝑥 = − 4 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐴 𝑥 + 𝐵
1
8c 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 2𝑥
1 1
𝑦 ′ = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐴
1 1
𝑦 = ∫ (2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐴 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐴 𝑥 + 𝐵

8d 𝑦 ′′ = sec 2 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐴
𝑦 = ∫(tan 𝑥 + 𝐴) 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
𝑦 = ∫ (cos 𝑥 + 𝐴) 𝑑𝑥
Using substitution:
Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = −
sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥
𝑦 = ∫ (cos 𝑥 + 𝐴) 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
= ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝐴 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑢
= ∫ (− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑢
1
= −∫ 𝑑𝑢 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑢
= − log 𝑒 |𝑢| + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
= − log 𝑒 |cos 𝑥| + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
9a For 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 −𝑥
Substituting 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 ′′ into 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0:
LHS = 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2(−𝑒 −𝑥 ) − 3𝑒 −𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 − 3𝑒 −𝑥
=0
= RHS
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0.

For 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 9𝑒 3𝑥
Substituting 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 ′′ into 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0:
LHS = 9𝑒 3𝑥 − 2(3𝑒 3𝑥 ) − 3𝑒 3𝑥
= 9𝑒 3𝑥 − 6𝑒 3𝑥 − 3𝑒 3𝑥
=0
= RHS
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0.
9b 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 3𝐵𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 9𝐵𝑒 3𝑥
Substituting 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 ′′ into 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0
LHS = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 9𝐵𝑒 3𝑥 − 2(−𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 3𝐵𝑒 3𝑥 ) − 3(𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 3𝑥 )
= 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 9𝐵𝑒 3𝑥 + 2𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 − 6𝐵𝑒 3𝑥 − 3𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 − 3𝐵𝑒 3𝑥
=0
= RHS
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 3𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0.
10a 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 + 2𝐴
𝑦 ′′′ = 6
Substituting 𝑦 ′′′ into 𝑦 ′′′ = 6:
LHS = 6
= RHS
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′′ = 6.

10b 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3
𝑦 ′ = −𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2
𝑦 ′′ = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 4𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥
Substituting 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 ′′ into 𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 4𝑥:
LHS = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 4𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 + 3(−𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2) + 2(𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3)
= 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 4𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 − 3𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 − 6𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 + 6 + 2𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 6
= (𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 − 3𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 ) + (4𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 − 6𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + 6 + 4𝑥 − 6
= 4𝑥
= RHS
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 4𝑥.
10c 𝑦 = 𝐴 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 2𝑥

𝑦 ′ = −2𝐴 sin 2𝑥 + 2𝐵 cos 2𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = −4𝐴 cos 2𝑥 − 4𝐵 sin 2𝑥
Substituting 𝑦 and 𝑦 ′′ into 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 = 0:
LHS = −4𝐴 cos 2𝑥 − 4𝐵 sin 2𝑥 + 4(𝐴 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 2𝑥)
= −4𝐴 cos 2𝑥 − 4𝐵 sin 2𝑥 + 4𝐴 cos 2𝑥 + 4𝐵 sin 2𝑥
=0
= RHS
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝐴 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 2𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 = 0.
10d 𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝐴(cos 𝑥 × (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝑒 −𝑥 × (−sin 𝑥))
= 𝐴(−𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥)
= −𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = A ((𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥) + 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥)
= A 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 𝐴 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥
= 2𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥
Substituting 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 ′′ into 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0:

LHS = 2𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 2(−𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥) + 2𝐴 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥

= 2𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 2 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2𝐴 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥
=0
= RHS
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0.
1 2
10e 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
1
𝑦 ′ = 𝐴 (− 2 × 2𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 )
1 2
= −𝐴𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2 1 2
1
𝑦 ′′ = −𝐴 (𝑒 −2𝑥 × 1 + 𝑥 × − 2 × 2𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 )
1 2 1 2
= −𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐴𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥
Substituting 𝑦 and 𝑦 ′′ into 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑦(𝑥 2 − 1):
1 2 1 2
LHS = −𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐴𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
RHS = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 1)
1 2 1 2
= 𝐴𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2 1 2
= −𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐴𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥
= LHS
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑦(𝑥 2 − 1).
11a 𝑦′ = 1
𝑦 =𝑥+𝐴
Substituting (2, 1):
1=2+A
𝐴 = −1
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1

11b 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 − 3
2𝑥 2
𝑦= − 3𝑥 + 𝐴
2
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝐴
2 = (0)2 − 3(0) + 𝐴
𝐴 =2
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
11c 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 9
3𝑥 3 6𝑥 2
𝑦= + − 9𝑥 + 𝐴
3 2
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 𝐴
2 = (1)3 + 3(1)3 − 9(1) + 𝐴
2= 1+3−9+𝐴
2 = −5 + 𝐴
𝐴=7
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 7
11d 𝑦 ′ = sin 𝑥
𝑦 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐴
Substituting (π, 3):
3 = − cos 𝜋 + 𝐴
3= 1+𝐴
𝐴=2
Therefore 𝑦 = − cos 𝑥 + 2
𝑦 = 2 − cos 𝑥

11e 𝑦 ′ = 6𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 = 3𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐴
0 = 3𝑒 0 + 𝐴
0= 3+𝐴
𝐴 = −3
Therefore 𝑦 = 3𝑒 2𝑥 − 3
𝑦 = 3(𝑒 2𝑥 − 1)
11f 𝑦 ′ = 3 √𝑥 − 2
1
= 3𝑥 2 − 2
3
3
𝑦= 3 × 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝐴
2
3
= 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝐴
3
7 = 2(4)2 − 2(4) + 𝐴
7 = 2(8) − 8 + 𝐴
7= 8+𝐴
𝐴 = −1
3
Therefore 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1
𝑦 = 2𝑥 √𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 1
12a i
1 1
RHS = +
𝑥 1−𝑥
1(1 − 𝑥) + 1(𝑥)
=
𝑥(1 − 𝑥)
1−𝑥+𝑥
=
𝑥(1 − 𝑥)

1
=
𝑥(1 − 𝑥)
= LHS
Hence:
1 1 1
= +
𝑥(1 − 𝑥) 𝑥 1 − 𝑥
Alternatively, using a partial fractions approach:

1 𝐴 𝐵
= +
𝑥(1 − 𝑥) 𝑥 1 − 𝑥
𝐴(1 − 𝑥) + 𝐵𝑥
=
𝑥(1 − 𝑥)
𝐴 − 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥
=
𝑥(1 − 𝑥)
𝐴 − 𝑥(𝐴 − 𝐵)
=
𝑥(1 − 𝑥)
Equating coefficients in the numerators:
1 + 0𝑥 = 𝐴 − (𝐴 − 𝐵)𝑥
𝐴=1 (1)
𝐴−𝐵 =0 (2)
1−𝐵 =0
𝐵=1
Therefore:
1 1 1
= +
𝑥(1 − 𝑥) 𝑥 1 − 𝑥

12a ii
1
𝑦=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(1 − 𝑥)
1 1
= ∫( + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1−𝑥
= log 𝑒 |𝑥| + (−log 𝑒 |1 − 𝑥|) + 𝐶
= log 𝑒 |𝑥| − log 𝑒 |1 − 𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥
= log 𝑒 | |+𝐶 (3)
1−𝑥
1
12a iii Substituting 𝑦 (2) = 0 into (3):
1
0 = log 𝑒 | 2 | + 𝐶
1
1−2
0 = log 𝑒 |1| + 𝐶
0= 0+𝐶
𝐶=0
Therefore:
𝑥
𝑦 = log 𝑒 | |
1−𝑥
12b i
1 1
RHS = +
2−𝑥 2+𝑥
1(2 + 𝑥) + 1(2 − 𝑥)
=
(2 − 𝑥)(2 + 𝑥)
2+𝑥+2−𝑥
=
(2 − 𝑥)(2 + 𝑥)
4
=
(2 − 𝑥)(2 + 𝑥)
= LHS

Hence:
4 1 1
= +
(2 − 𝑥)(2 + 𝑥) 2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
Alternatively, using a partial fractions approach:

4 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(2 − 𝑥)(2 + 𝑥) 2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
𝐴 (2 + 𝑥 ) + 𝐵 (2 − 𝑥 )
=
(2 + 𝑥)(2 − 𝑥)
2𝐴 + 𝐴𝑥 + 2𝐵 − 𝐵𝑥
=
(2 + 𝑥)(2 − 𝑥)
𝑥(𝐴 − 𝐵) + 2𝐴 + 2𝐵
=
(2 + 𝑥)(2 − 𝑥)
0𝑥 + 4 = 𝑥(𝐴 − 𝐵) + 2𝐴 + 2𝐵
𝐴−𝐵 =0 (1)
2𝐴 + 2𝐵 = 4 (2)
From (1), 𝐴 = 𝐵.
Substituting 𝐴 = 𝐵 into (2):
2𝐵 + 2𝐵 = 4
4𝐵 = 4
𝐵=1
Hence 𝐴 = 1.
Therefore:
4 1 1
= +
(2 − 𝑥)(2 + 𝑥) 2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥

12b ii
4
𝑦=∫ 𝑑𝑥
(2 − 𝑥)(2 + 𝑥)
1 1
= ∫( + ) 𝑑𝑥
2−𝑥 2+𝑥
= −log 𝑒 |2 − 𝑥| + log 𝑒 |2 + 𝑥| + 𝐶
= log 𝑒 |2 + 𝑥| − log 𝑒 |2 − 𝑥| + 𝐶
2+𝑥
= log 𝑒 | |+𝐶 (3)
2−𝑥
12b iii Substituting 𝑦(0) = 1 into (3):

2+0
1 = log 𝑒 | |+𝐶
2−0
1 = log 𝑒 |1| + 𝐶
1= 0+𝐶
1=𝐶
Hence:
2+𝑥
𝑦 = log 𝑒 | |+1
2−𝑥
13a i
𝑑(𝑥 2 ) 𝑑(𝑦 2 ) 𝑑(9)
+ =
𝑑(𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + × =0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
(or 2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0)

13a ii
𝑑𝑦
From 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
13a iii 𝑦′ is undefined when 𝑦 = 0. That is, at (3, 0) and (−3, 0) where the tangent to the
circle is vertical.
13b i 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 + 4
𝑑(𝑦 2 ) 𝑑(𝑥) 𝑑(4)
= +
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 =1+0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦
13b ii 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2
𝑑(𝑥) 𝑑(𝑦) 𝑑(𝑐 2 )
𝑦 +𝑥 =
𝑑𝑦
𝑦(1) + 𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

13b iii 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 = 144

𝑑(9𝑥 2 ) 𝑑(16𝑦 2 ) 𝑑(144)
+ =
𝑑𝑦
18𝑥 + 32𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
32𝑦 = −18𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 18𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 32𝑦
𝑑𝑦 9𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 16𝑦
13b iv 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 4
𝑑(𝑥 2 ) 𝑑(4𝑦 2 ) 𝑑(4)
− =
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 − 8𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
8𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 8𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 4𝑦
13b v 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 1
𝑑(𝑥𝑦) 𝑑(𝑦 2 ) 𝑑(1)
− =
𝑑(𝑥) 𝑑(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 +𝑥 − 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦+𝑥 − 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 − 2𝑦) = −𝑦
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 − 𝑥
13b vi 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 3𝑥𝑦
𝑑(𝑥 3 ) 𝑑(𝑦 3 ) 𝑑(3𝑥𝑦)
+ =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑(𝑥) 𝑑(𝑦)
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 3𝑦 + 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 3𝑦 + 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 =𝑦+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦2 −𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
(𝑦 − 𝑥) = 𝑦 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑥 2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 2 − 𝑥
14a 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = cos 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = −sin 𝑥
Substituting 𝑦 and 𝑦 ′′ into 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 0:
LHS = −sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥
=0
= RHS
Therefore 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ = 0.

14b 𝑦 ′′ = −sin 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = −𝑦
When 𝑦 = 12,
𝑦 ′′ = −12
14c 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) is the negative of 𝑓(𝑥) so it is a reflection in the 𝑥-axis.
15 𝑦 ′′ = sec 2 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = tan 𝑥 + 𝐴
sin 𝑥
𝑦′ = +𝐴
cos 𝑥
Since 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1,
sin 0
1= +𝐴
cos 0
1=0+𝐴
𝐴=1
sin 𝑥
Therefore 𝑦 ′ = +1
cos 𝑥
Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = −
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
So:
sin 𝑥
𝑦 = ∫( + 1) 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑢
= ∫ (− )+𝑥+𝐵
𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

1
= − ∫ (𝑑𝑢) + 𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑢
= − log 𝑒 |𝑢| + 𝑥 + 𝐵
= − log 𝑒 |cos 𝑥| + 𝑥 + 𝐵
Since 𝑦(0) = 1,
1 = − log 𝑒 |cos 0| + 0 + 𝐵
1 = − log 𝑒 1 + 0 + 𝐵
1=𝐵
Therefore 𝑦 = − log 𝑒 |cos 𝑥| + 𝑥 + 1
𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 − log 𝑒 (cos 𝑥)
16 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = sec 2 𝑥
= (cos 𝑥)−2
𝑦 ′′ = −2(cos 𝑥)−3 (− sin 𝑥)
2 sin 𝑥
=
cos3 𝑥
2 sin 𝑥 1
= ×
cos 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥
First check
𝜋
Substituting 𝑦 ( ) = 1 into 𝑦 = tan 𝑥:
4
𝜋
RHS = tan ( )
4
=1
= LHS
Second check
𝜋
Substituting 𝑦′ ( ) = 2 into 𝑦 ′ = sec 2 𝑥:
4
𝜋
RHS = sec 2 ( )
4

1
= 𝜋
cos2 ( 4 )
1
=
1 2
( )
√2
=2
= LHS
Substituting 𝑦, 𝑦′ and 𝑦 ′′ into 𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑦𝑦′:
RHS = 2 × tan 𝑥 × sec 2 𝑥
= LHS
Therefore 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 is a solution.
17 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑥
𝑦′ = 𝐴𝜆𝑒 𝜆𝑥
𝑦′′ = 𝐴𝜆2 𝑒 𝜆𝑥
17a Substituting 𝑦, 𝑦′ and 𝑦 ′′ into 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ + 3𝑦 = 0:

𝐴𝜆2 𝑒 𝜆𝑥 − 4𝐴𝜆𝑒 𝜆𝑥 + 3 𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑥 = 0
𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑥 (𝜆2 − 4𝜆 + 3 ) = 0
𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑥 (𝜆 − 1 )(𝜆 − 3) = 0
(𝜆 − 1 )(𝜆 − 3) = 0 (as 𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑥 ≠ 0)
𝜆 = 1 or 𝜆 = 3
17b Substituting 𝑦, 𝑦′ and 𝑦 ′′ into 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0:
𝐴𝜆2 𝑒 𝜆𝑥 + 2𝐴𝜆𝑒 𝜆𝑥 + 𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑥 = 0
𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑥 (𝜆2 + 2𝜆 + 1 ) = 0
𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑥 (𝜆 + 1)2 = 0
(𝜆 + 1)2 = 0 (as 𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑥 ≠ 0)

𝜆 = −1
17c Substituting 𝑦, 𝑦′ and 𝑦 ′′ into 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 0:
𝐴𝜆2 𝑒 𝜆𝑥 − 3𝐴𝜆𝑒 𝜆𝑥 + 4𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑥 = 0
𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑥 (𝜆2 − 3𝜆 + 4 ) = 0
𝜆2 − 3𝜆 + 4 = 0 (as 𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑥 ≠ 0)
Using the discriminant for a quadratic to check for any real solutions:
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= (−3)2 − 4(1)(4)
= 9 − 16
= −7
Since ∆ < 0, no real solutions exist.
18a 𝑦 = sec 𝑥
= (cos 𝑥)−1
𝑦 ′ = −(cos 𝑥)−2 × − sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥 1
= ×
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥
𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 tan 𝑥
= tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
=0
Therefore required IVP is 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 tan 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦(0) = 1
18b 𝑦 2 = sec 2 𝑥
(𝑦′)2 = (tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥)2
= tan2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥
= tan2 𝑥 × 𝑦 2
Now tan2 𝑥 + 1 = sec 2 𝑥

tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 − 1
tan2 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 1
So (𝑦 ′ )2 = tan2 𝑥 × 𝑦 2
= (𝑦 2 − 1) × 𝑦 2
Therefore required IVP is (𝑦 ′ )2 = 𝑦 2 (𝑦 2 − 1), 𝑦(0) = 1
19a 𝑦(0) = 1
19b 𝑦 ′ = −2𝑥𝑦
Substituting 𝑦(0) = 1:
𝑦 ′ = −2(0)(1)
=0
19c i 𝑦 ′ = −2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 ′′ = −2 (𝑦 × 1 + 𝑥 × 1 )
𝑑𝑥
= −2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦′
= −2𝑦 − 2𝑥(−2𝑥𝑦)
= −2𝑦 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦
= 𝑦(4𝑥 2 − 2)
or 𝑦′′ = (4𝑥 2 − 2)𝑦
19c ii 𝑦′′ = (4𝑥 2 − 2)𝑦

At (0, 1):
𝑦′′ = (4 × 02 − 2) × 1
= −2
Since 𝑦 ′′ < 0, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is concave down.

19d 𝑦′′ = (4𝑥 2 − 2)𝑦

= 4𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑦
′′′
𝑑(𝑥 2 ) 𝑑(𝑦) 𝑑(𝑦)
𝑦 = 4𝑦 × + 4𝑥 2 × −2×
= 4𝑦 × 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦′ − 2𝑦′
= 8𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 2 𝑦′ − 2𝑦′
= 8𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 2 (−2𝑥𝑦) − 2(−2𝑥𝑦)
= 8𝑥𝑦 − 8𝑥 3 𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦
At (0, 1):
𝑦 ′′′ = 8 × 0 × 1 − 8 × 0 × 1 + 4 × 0 × 1
=0
20a 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐 2
𝑦′ = 𝑐
Substituting 𝑦 and 𝑦 ′ into (𝑦 ′ )2 − 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0:
LHS = (𝑐)2 − 𝑥(𝑐) + 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐 2
= 𝑐 2 − 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐 2
=0
= RHS
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐 2 is a general solution of (𝑦 ′ )2 − 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0.
20b

They seem to form the outline of a curve (shown dotted)
20c For 𝑐 = 𝑝,
𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 − 𝑝2
For 𝑐 = 𝑝 + ℎ,
𝑦 = (𝑝 + ℎ)𝑥 − (𝑝 + ℎ)2
At point of intersection:
(𝑝 + ℎ)𝑥 − (𝑝 + ℎ)2 = 𝑝𝑥 − 𝑝2
𝑝𝑥 + ℎ𝑥 − 𝑝2 − 2𝑝ℎ − ℎ2 = 𝑝𝑥 − 𝑝2
ℎ𝑥 − 2𝑝ℎ − ℎ2 = 0
ℎ𝑥 = 2𝑝ℎ + ℎ2
ℎ𝑥 = ℎ(2𝑝 + ℎ)
𝑥 = 2𝑝 + ℎ (ℎ ≠ 0)
𝑦 = 𝑝(2𝑝 + ℎ) − 𝑝2
= 2𝑝2 + 𝑝ℎ − 𝑝2
𝑦 = 𝑝2 + 𝑝ℎ
Therefore point of intersection is (2𝑝 + ℎ , 𝑝2 + 𝑝ℎ).
20d lim (𝑥)

ℎ⟶0
= lim (2𝑝 + ℎ)
ℎ⟶0
= 2𝑝
lim (𝑦)
ℎ⟶0
= lim (𝑝2 + 𝑝ℎ)

ℎ⟶0
= 𝑝2
Therefore, as ℎ → 0, point of intersection is (2𝑝 , 𝑝2 ).

20e 𝑥 = 2𝑝
𝑥
so 𝑝 =
2
𝑥
Substituting 𝑝 = 2 into 𝑦 = 𝑝2 :
𝑥 2
𝑦=( )
2
1
𝑦 = 𝑥2
4
1
𝑦′ = 𝑥
2
Substituting 𝑦 and 𝑦 ′ into (𝑦 ′ )2 − 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0:
1 2 1 1
LHS = ( 𝑥) − 𝑥 ( 𝑥) + 𝑥 2
2 2 4
1 2 1 2 1 2
LHS = 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥
4 2 4
=0
= RHS
1
Therefore 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 2 is a solution of (𝑦 ′ )2 − 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0.
This is called a singular solution. This means the solution is not obtained from
the general solution but obtained by the usual method of solving the differential
equation. In solving this differential equation, a general solution consisting of a
family of curves is obtained.
Each line in part b is tangent to the parabola. Thus every point in the parabola is
also a point in a general solution. Hence the parabola itself is also a solution.
21 𝑦 (𝑛) = 1
𝑦 (𝑛−1) = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 + 𝐴1
𝑦 (𝑛−2) = ∫(𝑥 + 𝐴1 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
= + 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐴2
2

𝑥 2 𝐴1 𝑥
𝑦 (𝑛−3) = ∫ ( + + 𝐴2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 1
𝑥3 𝐴1 𝑥 2 𝐴2 𝑥
= + + + 𝐴3
3×2 2×1 1
(𝑛−4)
𝑥3 𝐴1 𝑥 2 𝐴2 𝑥
𝑦 = ∫( + + + 𝐴3 ) 𝑑𝑥
3×2 2×1 1
𝑥4 𝐴1 𝑥 3 𝐴2 𝑥 2 𝐴3 𝑥
= + + + + 𝐴4
4×3×2 3×2 2×1 1
Following this pattern gives:
𝑥 𝑛−2 𝐴1 𝑥 𝑛−3 𝐴2 𝑥 𝑛−4 𝐴𝑛−3 𝑥
𝑦 (2) = + + +⋯+ + 𝐴𝑛−2
(𝑛 − 2)! (𝑛 − 3)! (𝑛 − 4)! 1!
𝑥 𝑛−1 𝐴1 𝑥 𝑛−2 𝐴2 𝑥 𝑛−3 𝐴𝑛−2 𝑥
𝑦 (1) = + + +⋯+ + 𝐴𝑛−1
(𝑛 − 1)! (𝑛 − 2)! (𝑛 − 3)! 1!
𝑥 𝑛 𝐴1 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝐴2 𝑥 𝑛−2 𝐴𝑛−1 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦 (0) = + + +⋯+ + 𝐴𝑛
𝑛! (𝑛 − 1)! (𝑛 − 2)! 1!
Or, absorbing the factorial terms into the constants:
𝑥𝑛
𝑦= + 𝐶1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝐶2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛
𝑛!
There are 𝑛 arbitrary constants.


1a 𝑦 ′ = 2(1) − 3 = −1
1b 𝑦 ′ = 2 cos(0) − 1 = 1
1c 𝑦 ′ = 4 − (1)2 = 3
1 1
1d 𝑦 ′ = 1+(1) = 2
(1) 1
1e 𝑦 ′ = (−2) + 1 = 2
1f 𝑦 ′ = (1)(−2) − (1) = −3
2a
2d Every entry in that column is the same.
2e Every vertical line 𝑥 = 𝑘 is an isocline.
2f concave up with a minimum turning point at 𝑥 = 2
2g a parabola

2h
3a 𝑦′ = 𝑥 − 𝑦
3b
3e The lines 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑘 are isoclines.
3f concave up
3g, h

3i 𝑦 =𝑥−1
3j 𝑦′ = 𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑑
LHS = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
=1
RHS = 𝑥 − 𝑦
= 𝑥 − (𝑥 − 1)
=1
Therefore it is a solution.
4a
4a i 𝑥 axis
4a ii any horizontal line
4a iii The gradients decrease to zero then increase.
4a iv The gradients are the same. It is an isocline.

4b
4b i There are no points or isoclines where 𝑦 ′ = 0.
4b ii any vertical line
4b iii The gradients are the same. It is an isocline.
4b iv The gradients decrease to vertical then increase.
4c
4c i 𝑥 = −2, 𝑥 = 2
4c ii any vertical line
4c iii The gradients are the same. It is an isocline.
4c iv The gradients increase from −1 to 1 then back again.

4d
4d i 𝑦 =𝑥−1
4d ii 𝑦 =𝑥+𝐶
4d iii The gradients increase.
4d iv The gradients decrease.
4e
4e i 𝑥=2
4e ii 𝑦 = 0 (excepting the point (0, 0) where the gradient is undefined)
4e iii The gradients increase.
4e iv The gradients decrease, but the gradient is undefined at the 𝑦-axis.

4f
4f i 𝑦 = 1 or 𝑥 = 0
4f ii Undefined at 𝑦 = −1.
4f iii The gradients decrease, but the gradient is undefined at 𝑦 = −1.
4f iv The gradients decrease.
5a
5b

5c
5d
5e
5f
6a All vertical lines are isoclines so 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓(𝑥).
6b All vertical lines are isoclines so 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓(𝑥).

6c All horizontal lines are isoclines so 𝑦 ′ = 𝑔(𝑦).
6d All horizontal lines are isoclines so 𝑦 ′ = 𝑔(𝑦).
6e Not all horizontals and not all verticals are isoclines, so 𝑦 ′ is a combination.
6f Not all horizontals and not all verticals are isoclines, so 𝑦 ′ is a combination.
7a Solution curves through the points (0, −2) and (0, 2) are shown.
7b i The gradients decrease.
7b ii The solution curves converge as they cross 𝑥 = 1 from left to right.
1
7c 𝑦′ = − everywhere on that line
2
7d
1 1
𝑦= − 𝑥
2 2
1
𝑦′ = − 𝑥 − 𝑦
2

𝑑 1 1
LHS = ( − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2 2
1
= −2
1
RHS = − 𝑥 − 𝑦
2
1 1 1
= − 𝑥 − ( − 𝑥)
2 2 2
1
=−
2
Therefore it is a solution.
7e The isocline is an asymptote for each one.
8a
8b 𝑦 = −3, 3
8c Yes, these constant solutions are isoclines.
8d i converge
8d ii diverge
8d iii yes

8d iv They are the asymptotes for the solution curves.
8e See part a.
9 𝑦 ′ = −2 − 𝑦
Since gradient depends only on 𝑦, all horizontal lines should be isoclines
(eliminating options A and B).
Both the remaining solutions show 𝑦’ = 0 at 𝑦 = −2 which fits with the DE
given.
Checking D we can confirm that the slope field seems consistent with the
equation given.
10 All vertical lines are isoclines but horizontal lines are not, so 𝑦 ′ must be a
function of 𝑥, eliminating options B and D. At 𝑥 = 0, the slope is positive, which
eliminates A. Checking C we can confirm that the slope field seems consistent
with the equation given.
𝑥
11 𝑦′ = 1 − 𝑦
For 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ≠ 0, slope should equal 1. This eliminates options C and D.

For 𝑥 = 𝑦 ≠ 0, slope should equal 0. This eliminates option A.
Checking B we can confirm that the slope field seems consistent with the
equation given.
12a Along vertical and horizontal lines, the slope increases with increasing 𝑥, and
decreases with increasing 𝑦. Of the four options given, only B is consistent with
this pattern.
12b Along all horizontal lines, the slope is 0 at 𝑥 = 0, and asymptotes to zero again as
𝑥 becomes large in either direction. However, under options A and C, the slope
would tend to ±∞ as 𝑥 becomes large, so we can rule these out. At (1, 1), option
B predicts a slope of 1 (inconsistent with the graph shown) and D predicts slope
of −1 (consistent with the graph shown) so the only valid answer is D.

13a i,ii
13b i,ii
13c i 𝑥𝑦 = 4
𝑦
Need to show 𝑦 ′ = −
𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥𝑦) = (4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(1)(𝑦) + (𝑥) =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Hyperbola passes through (2, 2) and (−2, −2).
Therefore it is a solution of the IVP in part a.
13c ii 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 4
𝑥
𝑦
𝑑 2 𝑑
(𝑥 − 𝑦 2 ) = (4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 − (2𝑦) =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 −2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
Hyperbola passes through (2, 0) and (−2, 0).
Therefore it is a solution of the IVP in part b.
13c iii
𝑦
13d At any point where these curves intersect, gradient of the first curve is − 𝑥 and
𝑥
gradient of the second curve is 𝑦. The product of these two is always −1, hence
the hyperbolas are perpendicular where they intersect.
14a i, ii

14b i, ii
1
14c i 𝑦 = 2 𝑥2
2𝑦
Need to show 𝑦 ′ =
𝑥
LHS = 𝑦 ′
𝑑
= (𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 2
= ( 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 2
=𝑥
2𝑦
RHS =
𝑥
1
2 (2 𝑥 2 )
=
𝑥
=𝑥
Also the parabola passes through (2, 2).
Therefore it is a solution of the IVP in part a.
14c ii 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 4
𝑥
2𝑦
𝑑 2 𝑑
(𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 ) = (4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(2𝑥) + (4𝑦) =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 4𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦
Also the ellipse passes through (2, 0) and (−2, 0).
Therefore it is a solution of the IVP in part b.
14c iii
2𝑦 𝑥
14d The gradient of the parabola is and the gradient of the ellipse is − 27.
𝑥
At any given point the product of these gradients is −1 so the parabola
and the ellipse are perpendicular where they intersect.
15a 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16
𝑑 2 𝑑 2 𝑑
(𝑥 ) + (𝑦 ) = (16)
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= − as required
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
15b (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 4

15c (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 4

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = (16)
𝑑 2 𝑑 2 𝑑
(𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 9) + (𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 1) = (16)
𝑑𝑦
(2𝑥 − 6) + (2𝑦 − 2) =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(2𝑦 − 2) = −(2𝑥 − 6)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (2𝑥 − 6)
=−
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑦 − 2)
𝑑𝑦 2(𝑥 − 3)
=−
𝑑𝑥 2(𝑦 − 1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−3
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑦−1
15d i
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 − 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 + 2
15d ii

16a, b
16c (1) ≑ 0.8; a better approximation is 0.8413.
17a 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 0
17b The rectangular hyperbola 𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶
17c-i
17j i The advantage of this technique is the exact gradient of the integral curve is
known as an isocline is crossed.
17j ii The disadvantage of this technique is it takes a lot of time to sketch the isoclines.
18a i The line elements of the slope field for points on the 𝑦-axis other than the origin
are horizontal.
18a ii The line elements of the slope field for points on the 𝑥-axis are vertical.

18a iii
18a iv circle
1
18b i 𝑦 = − 𝐶 𝑥
18b ii
The straight lines at 30° and 60° to the 𝑥-axis.
18b iii Each line element is perpendicular to its isocline because the product of the
gradients
−1
𝐶× = −1
𝐶
18b iv See graph in part b ii.
18b v Yes, the shape of part c is clearer now. Notice that the innermost line elements
almost join up to give the outline of a circle.

19a Any two points on the same vertical line have the same 𝑥-value.
Therefore, if 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓(𝑥), then any two points on the same vertical line give the
same slope, making this line an isocline.
Let 𝐷 be the domain of 𝑓(𝑥). For each 𝑎 in 𝐷, the point (𝑎, 𝑦) gives 𝑦’ = 𝑓(𝑎) for all
values of 𝑦. Hence 𝑥 = 𝑎 is an isocline for each 𝑎 in 𝐷.
19b Any two points on the same horizontal line have the same 𝑦-value. Therefore, if
𝑦 ′ = 𝑔(𝑦), then any two points on the same horizontal line give the same slope,
making this line an isocline.
𝑑(𝑐𝑥+𝑏)
19c If 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑏 is a solution to this DE, then 𝑦 ′ = = 𝑐 everywhere along the
𝑑𝑥
line. Hence all points on the line give the same gradient, so it is an isocline.
20a 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 3𝑥𝑦
Differentiating:
𝑑(𝑥 3 ) 𝑑(𝑦 3 ) 𝑑(3𝑥𝑦)
+ =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 3𝑦 + 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Grouping terms:
𝑑𝑦
(3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥) = 3𝑦 − 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
′
3𝑦 − 3𝑥 2
𝑦 = 2
3𝑦 − 3𝑥
𝑦 − 𝑥2
= 2
𝑦 −𝑥

20b
20c 𝑦 ′ = 0 when 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = 0, that is, when 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , excluding the points (0, 0) and
(1, 1) where the gradient is undefined.
1
20d approaches zero as 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 approaches zero, that is, the integral curve is
𝑦′
vertical when 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 , again excluding the points (0, 0) and (1, 1).
20e See part b.
20f Although gradients here are undefined, we can see that the curve crosses itself
here.
20g 𝑦 = −𝑥 − 1 appears to be an isocline.

Substituting this into the DE from part a, we find:
𝑦 − 𝑥2
′
𝑦 = 2
𝑦 −𝑥
−𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 2
=
(−𝑥 − 1)2 − 𝑥
−𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
= 2
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥

−𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
=
𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1
= −1
Hence the slope field equals −1 everywhere along this line, so it is an isocline.
The gradient of the line is also equal to −1 so it is a solution of the DE.
20h The curve is symmetrical in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
20h i The equation is symmetric in 𝑥 and 𝑦, hence we expect the solution to be

symmetric when we swap 𝑥 and 𝑦 by reflecting in 𝑦 = 𝑥.
20h ii Swapping 𝑥 and 𝑦 in the RHS of the differential equation has the same effect as
taking the reciprocal of the gradient, hence the gradient field is symmetric
around 𝑦 = 𝑥 and so we expect the curve to have the same symmetry.


1a
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 − 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 + 1
𝑑𝑦
(𝑦 + 1) =𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥
(𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
∫(𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = ∫(𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
1b
∫(𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = ∫(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
(𝑦 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 1)2
= +𝐶
2 2
(𝑦 + 1)2 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 2𝐶
(𝑦 + 1)2 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐷, where 𝐷 = 2𝐶
2a
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥𝑒 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1
( ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 −𝑦
1
∫ ( −𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒
∫(𝑒 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑒𝑦 = +𝐶
2
𝑦)
𝑥2
ln(𝑒 = ln | + 𝐶|
2

𝑥2
𝑦 = ln | + 𝐶|
2
2b
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑥 3 (1 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑥
1
( 2
) 𝑑𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑦
1
∫( ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑦2
4𝑥 4
tan−1 𝑦 = +𝐶
4
𝑦 = tan(𝑥 4 + 𝐶)
3a Substitute 𝑦 = 0, where 𝑥 ≠ 0. Then LHS and RHS are both zero.
3b
𝑑𝑦 𝑦2
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 𝑥
1 1
∫ ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (− ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
1
∫(𝑦 −2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑦 −1
= − ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
−1
1
− = − ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑦
𝑦 1
− =−
1 ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
1
𝑦=
ln|𝑥| + 𝐶

4a
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4b
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 𝑥2
=− +𝐶
2 2
𝑦 2 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝐶
𝑦 2 = −𝑥 2 + 𝐷, where 𝐷 = 2𝐶
4c Substituting (1, √3):

2
(√3) = −(1)2 + 𝐷
3 = −1 + 𝐷
4=𝐷
Therefore 𝑦 2 = −𝑥 2 + 4 or 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 = 4
5a
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 𝑥2
= +𝐶
2 2
𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝐶
𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐷, where 𝐷 = 2𝐶


(1)2 = (0)2 + 𝐷
1=𝐷
Therefore 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 1
5b
𝑑𝑦
= (1 + 𝑥) (1 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑥
1
( ) 𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑦2
1
∫( ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑦2
(1 + 𝑥)2
tan−1 𝑦 = +𝐶
2
1
𝑦 = tan ( (1 + 𝑥)2 + 𝐶)
2
Substituting (−1, 0):
1
0 = tan (2 (1 + (−1))2 + 𝐶)
0 = tan(𝐶)
0=𝐶
1
Therefore, 𝑦 = tan (2 (1 + 𝑥)2 )
5c
𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑦 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(−2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑦2
∫(𝑦 −2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(−2𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑦 −1 −2𝑥 2
= +𝐶
−1 2
−𝑦 −1 = −𝑥 2 + 𝐶
𝑦 −1 = 𝑥 2 − 𝐶
1 𝑥2 − 𝐶
=
𝑦 1
𝑦 1
= 2
1 𝑥 −𝐶
1
𝑦=
𝑥2 − 𝐶
1
1 1
=
2 (1)2 − 𝐶
2= 1−𝐶
𝐶 = −1
1
Therefore 𝑦 =
𝑥2 + 1
5d
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 −𝑦 sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
( ) 𝑑𝑦 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 −𝑦
1
∫ ( −𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒
∫(𝑒 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦 = ln(𝐶 + tan 𝑥)
𝜋
Substituting ( 4 , ln 2):
𝜋
ln 2 = ln(𝐶 + tan )
4

𝜋
2 = 𝐶 + tan
4
2=𝐶+1
1=𝐶
Therefore 𝑦 = ln (1 + tan 𝑥)
𝜋 𝜋
(More strictly, the solution is only valid in the interval − 2 < 𝑥 < 2 . )
6a
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 + 4
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = −2 is a constant solution
𝑑(−2)
LHS = =0
𝑑𝑥
2(−2) + 4
RHS = =0
𝑥
LHS = RHS
Therefore 𝑦 = −2 is a solution of the DE.
6b
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 + 4
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
2𝑦 + 4 𝑥
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑦 + 4 𝑥
1 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑦+2 𝑥
1
ln|𝑦 + 2| = ln|𝑥| + 𝐵
2
ln|𝑦 + 2| = 2 ln|𝑥| + 2𝐵
ln|𝑦 + 2| = ln(𝑥 2 ) + ln(𝑒 2𝐵 )
ln|𝑦 + 2| = ln(𝑒 2𝐵 𝑥 2 )

𝑦 + 2 = 𝑒 2𝐵 𝑥 2 or −𝑒 2𝐵 𝑥 2
𝑦 + 2 = 𝐶𝑥 2 where 𝐶 = 𝑒 2𝐵 or −𝑒 2𝐵 and 𝐶 ≠ 0
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 2 − 2
6c Allow 𝐶 = 0.
7a 𝑦 ′ = −𝑥𝑦
𝑦 = 0 is a constant solution
𝑑(0)
LHS = =0
𝑑𝑥
RHS = −𝑥 × 0 = 0
LHS = RHS
Therefore 𝑦 = 0 is a solution of the DE.
7b
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑥2
ln|𝑦| = − + 𝐵
2
1 2
|𝑦| = 𝑒 (−2 𝑥 +𝐵)
1 2 1 2
𝑦 = 𝑒 −2 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝐵 or − 𝑒 −2 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝐵
1 2
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 −2 𝑥 where 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐵 or −𝑒 𝐵 and 𝐶 ≠ 0
7c Allow 𝐶 = 0

8a
𝑑𝑦 2 − 𝑦 𝑦 − 2
= =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥
1 1
𝑦−2 𝑥
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦−2 𝑥
ln|𝑦 − 2| = − ln|𝑥| + 𝐵
ln|𝑦 − 2| = ln|𝑥 −1 | + ln(𝑒 𝐵 )
ln|𝑦 − 2| = ln(𝑒 𝐵 |𝑥 −1 |)
|𝑦 − 2| = 𝑒 𝐵 |𝑥 −1 |
𝑦 − 2 = 𝑒 𝐵 𝑥 −1 or − 𝑒 𝐵 𝑥 −1
𝑦 − 2 = 𝐶𝑥 −1 where 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐵 or −𝑒 𝐵
𝐶
𝑦−2=
𝑥
𝐶
𝑦= +2
𝑥
8b
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2
1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1 + 𝑥2
1 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1 + 𝑥2
1 1 2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 2 1 + 𝑥2
2 ln|𝑦| = ln|1 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝐵
ln(𝑦 2 ) = ln (1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐵
ln(𝑦 2 ) = ln (1 + 𝑥 2 ) + ln(𝐶) where 𝐵 = ln(𝐶)
ln(𝑦 2 ) = ln (𝐶(1 + 𝑥 2 ))
𝑦 2 = 𝐶(1 + 𝑥 2 )

8c
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 2
𝑑𝑦 = (− ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
1 2
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (− ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
ln|𝑦| = −2ln|𝑥| + 𝐵
ln|𝑦| = ln (𝑥 −2 ) + 𝐵
ln|𝑦| = ln (𝑥 −2 ) + ln(𝑒 𝐵 )
ln|𝑦| = ln(𝑒 𝐵 𝑥 −2 )
|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝐵 𝑥 −2
𝑒𝐵 𝑒𝐵
𝑦= or −
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝐶
𝑦= where 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐵 or − 𝑒 𝐵
𝑥2
8d
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
ln|𝑦| = −cos 𝑥 + 𝐵
ln|𝑦| = ln(𝑒 −cos 𝑥 ) + ln(𝑒 𝐵 )
ln|𝑦| = ln(𝑒 𝐵 𝑒 − cos 𝑥 )
|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝐵 𝑒 − cos 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐵 𝑒 − cos 𝑥 or −𝑒 𝐵 𝑒 − cos 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 −cos 𝑥 where 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐵 or −𝑒 𝐵

8e
𝑑𝑦 3𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑑𝑥
3𝑦 𝑥
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
3𝑦 𝑥
1 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑦 𝑥
1 𝑥 −1
ln|𝑦| = +𝐵
3 −1
1 1
ln|𝑦| = − + 𝐵
3 𝑥
3
ln|𝑦| = − + 3𝐵
𝑥
3
ln|𝑦| = ln (𝑒 −𝑥 ) + ln(𝑒 3𝐵 )
3
ln|𝑦| = ln (𝑒 3𝐵 𝑒 −𝑥 )
3
|𝑦| = 𝑒 3𝐵 𝑒 −𝑥
3 3
𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝐵 𝑒 −𝑥 or – 𝑒 3𝐵 𝑒 −𝑥
3
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑥 where 𝐶 = 𝑒 3𝐵 or − 𝑒 3𝐵
8f
𝑑𝑦 𝑦(1 − 𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 1−𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
1 1−𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
1 1 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥

1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ( − 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
ln|𝑦| = ln |𝑥| − 𝑥 + 𝐵
1 1
ln|𝑦 2 | = ln |𝑥 2 | − 𝑥 + 𝐵
2 2
ln(𝑦 2 ) = ln(𝑥 2 ) −2𝑥 + 2𝐵
ln(𝑦 2 ) = ln(𝑥 2 ) + ln(𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + ln(𝑒 2𝐵 )
ln(𝑦 2 ) = ln(𝑒 2𝐵 𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
𝑦 2 = 𝑒 2𝐵 𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐵 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 or −𝑒 𝐵 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 where 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐵 or −𝑒 𝐵
9a cos 𝑦 = 0
3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑦=− ,− ,− , and
2 2 2 2 2
9b
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 cos2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑦
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
cos 2 𝑦
∫ sec 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 3
tan 𝑦 = +𝐶
3
tan 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝐶
𝑦 = tan−1 (𝑥 3 + 𝐶)
10a Constant solution is 𝑦 = 0 which does not match the initial value.

10b
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 1
1 2
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥−1
1 2
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥−1
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥−1
ln |𝑦| = 2 ln |𝑥 − 1| + 𝐵
ln|𝑦| = ln ((𝑥 − 1)2 ) + ln(𝑒 𝐵 )
ln|𝑦| = ln (𝑒 𝐵 (𝑥 − 1)2 )
|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝐵 (𝑥 − 1)2 or −𝑒 𝐵 (𝑥 − 1)2
𝑦 = 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)2 where 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐵 or −𝑒 𝐵
10c Substituting 𝑦(2) = 1:

1 = 𝐶(2 − 1)2
1=𝐶
𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2
11a Constant solution is 𝑦 = 1 which does not satisfy the IVP.
11b
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑦 − 1) tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 = tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦−1
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦−1
1 −sin 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦−1 cos 𝑥
ln|𝑦 − 1| = − ln |cos 𝑥| + 𝐵

ln|𝑦 − 1| = ln |sec 𝑥| + ln(𝑒 𝐵 )

ln|𝑦 − 1| = ln (𝑒 𝐵 |sec 𝑥|)
|𝑦 − 1| = 𝑒 𝐵 |sec 𝑥|
𝑦 − 1 = 𝑒 𝐵 sec 𝑥 or − 𝑒 𝐵 sec 𝑥
𝑦 − 1 = 𝐶 sec 𝑥 where 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐵 or − 𝑒 𝐵
𝑦 = 1 + 𝐶 sec 𝑥
𝜋
11c Substituting 𝑦 ( 4 ) = 3:
𝜋
3 = 1 + 𝐶 sec ( )
4
√2
3=1+𝐶 ×
1
3 − 1 = √2C
2
𝐶= = √2
√2
Therefore 𝑦 = 1 + √2 sec 𝑥
12a
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
ln|𝑦| = ln |𝑥| + 𝐵
ln|𝑦| = ln |𝑥| + ln(𝑒 𝐵 )
ln|𝑦| = ln (𝑒 𝐵 |𝑥|)
|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝐵 |𝑥|
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐵 𝑥 or − 𝑒 𝐵 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 where 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐵 or − 𝑒 𝐵

1=𝐶×2
1
=𝐶
2
1
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑥
2
12b
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 2𝑥
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 2𝑥
1 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 2 𝑥
1
ln|𝑦| = ln |𝑥| + 𝐵
2
1
ln|𝑦| = ln |𝑥|2 + ln(𝑒 𝐵 )
1
ln|𝑦| = ln (𝑒 𝐵 |𝑥|2 )
1
|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝐵 |𝑥|2
1 1
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐵 𝑥 2 or − 𝑒 𝐵 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝐶 √𝑥 where 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐵 or − 𝑒 𝐵
2=𝐶×1
2=𝐶
Therefore 𝑦 = 2√𝑥

12c
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2
1 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1 + 𝑥2
1 −2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1 + 𝑥2
1 2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1 + 𝑥2
ln|𝑦| = −ln |1 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝐵
ln|𝑦| = ln((1 + 𝑥 2 )−1 ) + ln(𝑒 𝐵 )
ln|𝑦| = ln(𝑒 𝐵 (1 + 𝑥 2 )−1 )
|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝐵 (1 + 𝑥 2 )−1
𝑒𝐵 𝑒𝐵
𝑦= or −
1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2
𝐶
1 + 𝑥2
𝐶
2=
1+1
4=𝐶
4
Therefore 𝑦 =
1 + 𝑥2
12d
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 1
𝑦 𝑥
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
ln|𝑦| = − ln |𝑥| + 𝐵
ln|𝑦| = ln |𝑥|−1 + ln(𝑒 𝐵 )

ln|𝑦| = ln (𝑒 𝐵 |𝑥|−1 )
|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝐵 |𝑥|−1
𝑒𝐵 𝑒𝐵
𝑦= or −
𝑥 𝑥
𝐶
𝑥
𝐶
1=
2
2=𝐶
2
Therefore 𝑦 =
𝑥
12e
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
ln|𝑦| = sin 𝑥 + 𝐵
|𝑦| = 𝑒 (sin 𝑥+𝐵)
|𝑦| = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑒 𝐵
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐵 𝑒 sin 𝑥 or − 𝑒 𝐵 𝑒 sin 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 sin 𝑥 where 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐵 or − 𝑒 𝐵
𝜋
Substituting 𝑦 ( 2 ) = 1:
𝜋
1 = 𝐶𝑒 sin2
1 = 𝐶𝑒 1
1
𝐶=
𝑒
1
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑒 sin 𝑥
𝑒

= 𝑒 sin 𝑥 × 𝑒 −1
= 𝑒 sin 𝑥−1
12f
𝑑𝑦 𝑦(2 − 𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
1 2−𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
1 2−𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
1 2 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ( 2 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
1 2 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ( 2 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
2𝑥 −1
ln|𝑦| = − ln |𝑥| + 𝐶
−1
2
ln|𝑦| = − − ln |𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥
2
ln|𝑦| + ln|𝑥| = − +𝐶
𝑥
2
ln|𝑥𝑦| = − +𝐶
𝑥
2
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥+𝐶
2
𝑒 −𝑥+𝐶
𝑦=
𝑥
1
Substituting 𝑦(2) = :
2
2
1 𝑒 −2+𝐶
=
2 2
1 𝑒 −1+C
=
2 2
1 = 𝑒 −1−𝐶
−1 − 𝐶 = 0

𝐶 = −1
2
𝑒 −𝑥+1
𝑦=
𝑥
2
𝑒 1−𝑥
𝑦=
𝑥
13a
𝑑(log 𝑒 (log 𝑒 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ×
𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥
1
=
𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥
13b (𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥)𝑦 ′ = 𝑦

𝑦
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥
log 𝑒 |𝑦| = log 𝑒 (log 𝑒 𝑥) + 𝐵
log e |𝑦| = log e (log e 𝑥) + log e 𝑒 𝐵
log e |𝑦| = log e (𝑒 𝐵 log e 𝑥)
|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝐵 log e 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐵 log e 𝑥 or −𝑒 𝐵 log e 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶log e 𝑥 where 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐵 or − 𝑒 𝐵

14a
𝑥 𝑥+2−2
=
𝑥+2 𝑥+2
𝑥+2 2
= −
𝑥+2 𝑥+2
2
=1−
𝑥+2
14b (𝑥 + 2)𝑦 ′ − 𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 2
1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥+2
1 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥+2
1 2
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥+2
ln|𝑦| = 𝑥 − 2 ln|𝑥 + 2| + 𝐵
ln|𝑦| = ln(𝑒 𝑥 ) − ln(|𝑥 + 2|2 ) +ln(𝑒 𝐵 )
ln|𝑦| = ln(𝑒 𝑥 ) − ln((𝑥 + 2)2 ) +ln(𝑒 𝐵 )
𝑒𝐵𝑒 𝑥
ln|𝑦| = ln ( )
(𝑥 + 2)2
𝑒𝐵𝑒 𝑥
|𝑦| =
(𝑥 + 2)2
𝑒𝐵𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝐵𝑒 𝑥
𝑦= or −
(𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 + 2)2
𝐶𝑒 𝑥
(𝑥 + 2)2
𝐶𝑒 0
1=
(0 + 2)2
𝐶
1=
4

𝐶=4
4𝑒 𝑥
Therefore 𝑦 =
(𝑥 + 2)2
15a Since cos 2𝑥 = 2 cos 2 𝑥 − 1

2 cos2 𝑥 = 1 + cos 2𝑥
15b
𝑑𝑦 2 cos2 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(1 + cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 1
= 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2
𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + 2𝐶
Substituting 𝑦(0) = √2:
(√2)2 = 2(0) + sin(0) + 2𝐶

2𝐶 = 2
Therefore 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + 2
16a 𝑦=𝑥×𝑢
𝑦 ′ = 𝑢 × 1 + 𝑥 × 𝑢′
𝑦 ′ = 𝑢 + 𝑥𝑢′

16b i 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑦′ =
𝑥
Substituting for 𝑦 and 𝑦′:
2𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑢
𝑢 + 𝑥𝑢′ =
𝑥
2𝑥(1 + 𝑢)
𝑢 + 𝑥𝑢′ =
𝑥
𝑢 + 𝑥𝑢′ = 2(1 + 𝑢)
𝑥𝑢′ = 2(1 + 𝑢) − 𝑢
𝑥𝑢′ = 2 + 2𝑢 − 𝑢
𝑥𝑢′ = 2 + 𝑢
2+𝑢
𝑢′ =
𝑥
16b ii
𝑑𝑢 2 + 𝑢
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2+𝑢 𝑥
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2+𝑢 𝑥
ln|2 + 𝑢| = ln|𝑥| + 𝐵
ln|2 + 𝑢| = ln|𝑥| + ln(𝑒 𝐵 )
ln|2 + 𝑢| = ln(𝑒 𝐵 |𝑥|)
|2 + 𝑢| = 𝑒 𝐵 |𝑥|
2 + 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝐵 𝑥 or − 𝑒 𝐵 𝑥
2 + 𝑢 = 𝐶𝑥 where 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐵 or − 𝑒 𝐵
𝑢 = 𝐶𝑥 − 2

16b iii 𝑢 = 𝐶𝑥 − 2
𝑦
From part a, 𝑢 = .
𝑥
𝑦
= 𝐶𝑥 − 2
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
17a (𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦 ′ + (𝑦 2 + 1) = 0
𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 2 + 1) = −(𝑦 2 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑦2 + 1 𝑥2 + 1
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 + 1 𝑥2 + 1
tan−1 𝑦 = −tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑥 = 𝐶
17b tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑥 = 𝐶

tan(tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑥) = tan 𝐶
Using the formula for tangent of the sum of two angles,
𝑦+𝑥
= 𝐷 where 𝐷 = tan 𝐶
1 − 𝑥𝑦
17c Substituting 𝑦(0) = 1:

1+0
=𝐷
1−0
𝐷=1
𝑦+𝑥
Therefore =1
1 − 𝑥𝑦
𝑦 + 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥𝑦
𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥
𝑦(1 + 𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥

1−𝑥
𝑦=
1+𝑥
18a
1 4
𝑦1 = 𝑥
16
Substituting 𝑥 = 2:
1
𝑦1 (2) = × 24
16
16
=
16
=1
1 2
𝑦2 = (𝑥 − 8)2
16
Substituting 𝑥 = 2:
1 2
𝑦2 (2) = (2 − 8)2
16
1
= (−4)2
16
16
=
16
=1
Both 𝑦1 and 𝑦2 satisfy the initial condition 𝑦(2) = 1.
18b
𝑑 𝑥4
𝑦1′ = ( )
𝑑𝑥 16
𝑥3
=
4
2
𝑥3
(𝑦1′ )2 =( )
4
𝑥6
=
16

𝑥4
= 𝑥2 ×
16
= 𝑥 2 𝑦1
𝑑 1 2
𝑦2′ = ( (𝑥 − 8)2 )
𝑑𝑥 16
1
= × 2(𝑥 2 − 8) × 2𝑥
16
𝑥
= (𝑥 2 − 8)
4
2
𝑥
(𝑦2′ )2 = ( (𝑥 2 − 8))
4
𝑥2 2
= (𝑥 − 8)2
16
1 2
= 𝑥2 × (𝑥 − 8)2
16
= 𝑥 2 𝑦2
Both 𝑦1 and 𝑦2 satisfy the DE (𝑦′)2 = 𝑥 2 𝑦.
18c

1
18d 𝑦2′ = 𝑥𝑦2 2
𝑥 2
So 𝑦2′ = (𝑥 − 8) becomes
4
1
𝑥
𝑥𝑦22 = √(𝑥 2 − 8)2
4
𝑥
= |𝑥 2 − 8|
4
When 𝑥 2 − 8 < 0 these two expressions are not equal.
To derive the solution correctly:
𝑑𝑦 1
= 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥2
2𝑦 2 = +𝐵
2
1 𝑥2 𝐵
𝑦2 = + 𝐶 where 𝐶 =
4 2
1 22
12 = +𝐶
4
4
1= +𝐶
4
𝐶=0
Hence the solution is
1 𝑥2 𝑥4
𝑦2 = or 𝑦 =
4 16
19a The result follows from the fundamental theorem of calculus.

19b i
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑥2
log|𝑦| = − +𝐵
2
1 2
|𝑦| = 𝑒 −2𝑥 +𝐵
1 2
|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝐵 𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2 1 2
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐵 𝑒 −2𝑥 or − 𝑒 𝐵 𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 −2𝑥 where 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐵 or − 𝑒 𝐵
1 2
1 = 𝐶𝑒 −2×0
1 = 𝐶𝑒 0
𝐶=1
1 2
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
19b ii
𝑥
𝑦1 (𝑥) = 𝑦0 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑡, 𝑦0 ) 𝑑𝑡
0
𝑥
= 𝑦0 + ∫ (−𝑦0 𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
0
𝑥
= 1 − ∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (as 𝑦0 = 1)
0
𝑥
𝑡2
=1−[ ]
2 0
1
= 1 − 𝑥2
2

𝑥
𝑦2 (𝑥) = 𝑦0 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑡, 𝑦1 (𝑡)) 𝑑𝑡
0
𝑥
= 𝑦0 + ∫ (−𝑦1 (𝑡) 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
0
𝑥
1
= 1 − ∫ (1 − 𝑡 2 ) 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 2
𝑥
1
= 1 − ∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡 3 ) 𝑑𝑡
0 2
1 2 1 4 𝑥
=1−[ 𝑡 − 𝑡 ]
2 8 0
1 1
= 1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥4
2 8
𝑥
𝑦3 (𝑥) = 𝑦0 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑡, 𝑦2 (𝑡)) 𝑑𝑡
0
𝑥
= 𝑦0 + ∫ (−𝑦2 (𝑡)𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
0
𝑥
1 1
= 1 − ∫ (1 − 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 4 ) 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 2 8
𝑥
1 1
= 1 − ∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡 3 + 𝑡 5 ) 𝑑𝑡
0 2 8
1 2 1 4 1 6 𝑥
=1−[ 𝑡 − 𝑡 + 𝑡 ]
2 8 48 0
1 1 1
= 1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥4 − 𝑥6
2 8 48
𝑥
𝑦4 (𝑥) = 𝑦0 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑡, 𝑦3 (𝑡)) 𝑑𝑡
0
𝑥
= 𝑦0 + ∫ (−𝑦3 (𝑡)𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
0
𝑥
1 1 1
= 1 − ∫ (1 − 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 4 − 𝑡 6 ) 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 2 8 48

𝑥
1 1 1
= 1 − ∫ (𝑡 − 𝑡 3 + 𝑡 5 − 𝑡 7 ) 𝑑𝑡
0 2 8 48
1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 𝑥
=1−[ 𝑡 − 𝑡 + 𝑡 − 𝑡 ]
2 8 48 384 0
1 1 1 1 8
= 1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥4 − 𝑥6 + 𝑥
2 8 48 384
19b iii
1 1 1 2 1
− ( )
𝑦 ( ) = 𝑒 2 2 = 𝑒 −8
2
−8
1
Therefore 𝑒 = (𝑦 (2))
Applying the formula above,

1
𝑦4 ( ) ≑ 0.882 497 2
2
−8
1
and 𝑒 ≑ (𝑦4 ( )) ≑ 2.7183
2


1a 𝑦=0
1b
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1
( ) 𝑑𝑦 = (−1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
1
∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(−1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
ln|𝑦| = −𝑥 + 𝐶
1c ln|𝑦| = ln 𝑒 −𝑥+𝐶
|𝑦| = 𝑒 −𝑥+𝐶
|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −𝑥 or − 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or −𝑒 𝐶
1d 𝑦 = 0 when 𝐴 = 0
1e Substituting 𝑦(0) = 2:
2 = 𝐴𝑒 −0
𝐴=2
Therefore 𝑦 = 2𝑒 −𝑥
2a 𝑦=0

2b
𝑑𝑥 1
=
𝑑𝑦 3𝑦
2c
𝑑𝑥 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 3𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑦
1
𝑥= ln|𝑦| + 𝐶
3
2d
1
𝑥 − 𝐶 = ln|𝑦|
3
ln|𝑦| = 3(𝑥 − 𝐶)
|𝑦| = 𝑒 3(𝑥−𝐶)
|𝑦| = 𝑒 −3𝐶 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝐶 𝑒 3𝑥 or − 𝑒 −3𝐶 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 3𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 −3𝐶 or −𝑒 −3𝐶
2e 𝑦 = 0 when 𝐴 = 0
2f Substituting 𝑦(0) = −1:

−1 = 𝐴𝑒 3(0)
𝐴 = −1
Therefore 𝑦 = −𝑒 3𝑥

3a 𝑦′ − 𝑦 = 0
𝑦′ = 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
=𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1
=
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 = ln|𝑦| + 𝐶
𝑥 − 𝐶 = ln|𝑦|
|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝑥−𝐶
|𝑦| = 𝑒 −𝐶 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝐶 𝑒 𝑥 or − 𝑒 −𝐶 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 −𝐶 or −𝑒 −𝐶
Substituting 𝑦(0) = −3:
−3 = 𝐴𝑒 0
−3 = 𝐴
Therefore 𝑦 = −3𝑒 𝑥
3b 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑦 ′ = −2𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= −2𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1
=−
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑦
1
𝑥 = − ln|𝑦| + 𝐶
2
ln|𝑦| = 2𝐶 − 2𝑥
|𝑦| = 𝑒 2𝐶−2𝑥

|𝑦| = 𝑒 2𝐶 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝐶 𝑒 −2𝑥 or − 𝑒 2𝐶 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 2𝐶 or −𝑒 2𝐶
1 = 𝐴𝑒 0
1=𝐴
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
3c 𝑦 ′ = −3𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= −3𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑦
1
𝑥 = − ln|𝑦| + 𝐶
3
ln|𝑦| = 3𝐶 − 3𝑥
|𝑦| = 𝑒 3𝐶−3𝑥
|𝑦| = 𝑒 3𝐶 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝐶 𝑒 −3𝑥 or − 𝑒 3𝐶 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −3𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 3𝐶 or −𝑒 3𝐶
2 = 𝐴𝑒 0
2=𝐴
Therefore 𝑦 = 2𝑒 −3𝑥
3d 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1
=
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦

𝑑𝑥 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑦
1
𝑥= ln|𝑦| + 𝐶
2
2𝑥 − 2𝐶 = ln|𝑦|
|𝑦| = 𝑒 2𝑥−2𝐶
|𝑦| = 𝑒 −2𝐶 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝐶 𝑒 2𝑥 or − 𝑒 −2𝐶 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 −2𝐶 or −𝑒 −2𝐶
−1 = 𝐴𝑒 0
−1 = 𝐴
Therefore 𝑦 = −𝑒 2𝑥
4a 𝑦=2
4b
𝑑𝑦
=2−𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −1(𝑦 − 2)
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 = (−1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦−2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(−1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦−2
ln|𝑦 − 2| = −𝑥 + 𝐶

4c ln|𝑦 − 2| = −𝑥 + 𝐶
|𝑦 − 2| = 𝑒 −𝑥+𝐶
𝑦 − 2 = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −𝑥 or − 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 − 2 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or −𝑒 𝐶
𝑦 = 2 + 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥
4d 𝑦 = 2 when 𝐴 = 0
4e Substituting 𝑦(0) = 3:
3 = 2 + 𝐴𝑒 0
1=𝐴
𝑦 = 2 + 𝑒 −𝑥
5a 𝑦′ = 1 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
=1−𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −1(𝑦 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 = (−1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦−1
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(−1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦−1
ln|𝑦 − 1| = −𝑥 + 𝐶
|𝑦 − 1| = 𝑒 −𝑥+𝐶
𝑦 − 1 = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −𝑥 or − 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 − 1 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or −𝑒 𝐶
𝑦 = 1 + 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥
3 = 1 + 𝐴𝑒 0
3= 1+𝐴

2=𝐴
Therefore 𝑦 = 1 + 2𝑒 −𝑥
5b 𝑦′ = 𝑦 − 1
𝑑𝑦
=𝑦−1
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦−1
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑦−1
ln|𝑦 − 1| = 𝑥 + 𝐶
|𝑦 − 1| = 𝑒 𝑥+𝐶
𝑦 − 1 = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑥 or − 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 − 1 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or −𝑒 𝐶
𝑦 = 1 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑥
0 = 1 + 𝐴𝑒 0
0= 1+𝐴
−1 = 𝐴
Therefore 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑒 𝑥
1
5c 𝑦 ′ = 2 (𝑦 + 1)
𝑑𝑦 1
= (𝑦 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 2
1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦+1 2
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦+1 2
1
ln|𝑦 + 1| = 𝑥 + 𝐶
2
1
|𝑦 + 1| = 𝑒 2𝑥+𝐶

1 1
𝑦 + 1 = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 2𝑥 or − 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 2𝑥
1
𝑦 + 1 = 𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or −𝑒 𝐶
1
𝑦 = −1 + 𝐴𝑒 2𝑥
1 = −1 + 𝐴𝑒 0
1= −1 + 𝐴
2=𝐴
1
Therefore 𝑦 = −1 + 2𝑒 2𝑥
5d 𝑦 ′ = 2(3 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
= 2(3 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −2(𝑦 − 3)
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 = (−2) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦−3
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(−2) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦−3
ln|𝑦 − 3| = −2𝑥 + 𝐶
|𝑦 − 3| = 𝑒 −2𝑥+𝐶
𝑦 − 3 = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −2𝑥 or − 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦 − 3 = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or −𝑒 𝐶
𝑦 = 3 + 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥
4 = 3 + 𝐴𝑒 0
4= 3+𝐴
1=𝐴
Therefore 𝑦 = 3 + 𝑒 −2𝑥

6a 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2
−𝑦 −1 = 2𝑥 + 𝐶
1
− = 2𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦
1
− =0+𝐶
3
1
𝐶=−
3
1 1
Therefore − = 2𝑥 −
𝑦 3
1 6𝑥 − 1
− =
𝑦 3
𝑦 3
− =
1 6𝑥 − 1
3
𝑦=−
6𝑥 − 1
3
𝑦=
1 − 6𝑥
6b 𝑦 ′ = −𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ (− ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2
𝑦 −1 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
1
=𝑥+𝐶
𝑦

1
=0+𝐶
1
𝐶=1
1
Therefore =𝑥+1
𝑦
𝑦 1
=
1 𝑥+1
1
𝑦=
𝑥+1
6c 𝑦′ = 1 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑦
= 1 + 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑦2
tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝜋
Substituting 𝑦 ( 4 ) = 1:
𝜋
tan−1 1 = +𝐶
4
𝜋 𝜋
= +𝐶
4 4
0=𝐶
Therefore tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑦 = tan 𝑥
6d 𝑦 ′ = −𝑒 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑒 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ (− ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑦
∫(−𝑒 −𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥

𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
ln(𝑒 −𝑦 ) = ln(𝑥 + 𝐶)
−𝑦 ln 𝑒 = ln(𝑥 + 𝐶)
−𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + 𝐶)
𝑦 = − ln(𝑥 + 𝐶)
0 = − ln 𝐶
𝐶 = 𝑒0
𝐶=1
Therefore 𝑦 = − ln(𝑥 + 1)
6e 𝑦′ = 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 −𝑦
∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
ln 𝑒 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + 𝐶)
𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + 𝐶)
0 = ln(3 + 𝐶)
𝑒0 = 3 + 𝐶
1= 3+𝐶
𝐶 = −2
Therefore 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 − 2)

2
6f 𝑦′ = 𝑦 3
𝑑𝑦 2
= 𝑦3
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑦3
2
∫ 𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦3
=𝑥+𝐶
1
3
1
3𝑦 3 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
1
3(13 ) = 0 + 𝐶
𝐶=3
1
Therefore 3𝑦 3 = 𝑥 + 3
1 𝑥+3
𝑦3 =
3
𝑥+3 3
𝑦=( )
3
7a 𝑦 ′ = 𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
ln|𝑦| = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶
|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝑘𝑥+𝐶
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 𝑜𝑟 − 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑘𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or −𝑒 𝐶

7b Substituting 𝑦(0) = 20:
20 = 𝐴𝑒𝑘(0)
𝐴 = 20
7c 𝑦 = 20𝑒 𝑘𝑥
5 = 20𝑒𝑘(2)
1
= 𝑒 2𝑘
4
1
2𝑘 = ln ( )
4
1 1
𝑘= ln ( )
2 4
1
𝑘= ln(2−2 )
2
1
𝑘 = −2 × ln 2
2
𝑘 = −ln 2
7d 𝑦 = 20𝑒 (− ln 2)𝑥
𝑦 = 20𝑒 −𝑥 ln 2
−𝑥
𝑦 = 20𝑒 ln 2
𝑦 = 20 × 2−𝑥
𝑦(3) = 20 × 2−3
20
=
8
1
=2
2
8a 𝑦 ′ = 𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑥

1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
ln|𝑦| = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶
|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝑘𝑥+𝐶
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 𝑜𝑟 − 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑘𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or −𝑒 𝐶
8 = 𝐴𝑒𝑘(0)
𝐴=8
8c 𝑦 = 8𝑒 𝑘𝑥
18 = 8𝑒𝑘(2)
18
= 𝑒 2𝑘
8
9
2𝑘 = ln ( )
4
1 9
𝑘= ln ( )
2 4
1 3 2
𝑘= ln ( )
2 2
1 3
𝑘 = 2 × ln
2 2
3
𝑘 = ln
2

8d
3
𝑦 = 8𝑒 (ln2)𝑥
3
𝑦 = 8𝑒 𝑥 ln2
3 𝑥
ln( )
𝑦 = 8𝑒 2
3 𝑥
𝑦 =8×( )
2
3 4
𝑦(4) = 8 × ( )
2
81
=8×
16
1
= 40
2
9a 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝜆𝑥 + 𝐶 cos 𝜆𝑥 + 𝐷 sin 𝜆𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝐴𝜆𝑒 𝜆𝑥 − 𝐵𝜆𝑒 −𝜆𝑥 − 𝐶𝜆 sin 𝜆𝑥 + 𝐷𝜆 cos 𝜆𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 𝐴𝜆2 𝑒 𝜆𝑥 + 𝐵𝜆2 𝑒 −𝜆𝑥 − 𝐶𝜆2 cos 𝜆𝑥 − 𝐷𝜆2 sin 𝜆𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = 𝐴𝜆3 𝑒 𝜆𝑥 − 𝐵𝜆3 𝑒 −𝜆𝑥 + 𝐶𝜆3 sin 𝜆𝑥 − 𝐷𝜆3 cos 𝜆𝑥
𝑦 ′′′′ = 𝐴𝜆4 𝑒 𝜆𝑥 + 𝐵𝜆4 𝑒 −𝜆𝑥 + 𝐶𝜆4 cos 𝜆𝑥 + 𝐷𝜆4 sin 𝜆𝑥
LHS = 𝑦 (4)
= 𝐴𝜆4 𝑒 𝜆𝑥 + 𝐵𝜆4 𝑒 −𝜆𝑥 + 𝐶𝜆4 cos 𝜆𝑥 + 𝐷𝜆4 sin 𝜆𝑥

RHS = 𝜆4 𝑦
= 𝜆4 (𝐴𝑒 𝜆𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝜆𝑥 + 𝐶 cos 𝜆𝑥 + 𝐷 sin 𝜆𝑥 )
= 𝐴𝜆4 𝑒 𝜆𝑥 + 𝐵𝜆4 𝑒 −𝜆𝑥 + 𝐶𝜆4 cos 𝜆𝑥 + 𝐷𝜆4 sin 𝜆𝑥

LHS = RHS
Therefore 𝑦 is a solution of the DE.

0 = 𝐴𝑒 𝜆(0) + 𝐵𝑒 −𝜆(0) + 𝐶 cos 𝜆(0) + 𝐷 sin 𝜆(0)

0=𝐴+𝐵+𝐶 (1)
Substituting 𝑦′′(0) = 0:
0 = 𝐴𝜆2 𝑒 𝜆(0) + 𝐵𝜆2 𝑒 −𝜆(0) − 𝐶𝜆2 cos 𝜆(0) − 𝐷𝜆2 sin 𝜆(0)
0 = 𝐴𝜆2 + 𝐵𝜆2 − 𝐶𝜆2
0 = 𝜆2 (𝐴 + 𝐵 − 𝐶)
0=𝐴+𝐵−𝐶 where 𝜆 ≠ 0 (2)
(1) − (2):
2𝐶 = 0
𝐶=0
9c i Substituting 𝑦(10) = 0 and 𝐶 = 0:

𝑛𝜋
(10)
𝑛𝜋
(10) 𝑛𝜋
0 = 𝐴𝑒 10 + 𝐵𝑒 − 10 + 𝐷 sin ( (10))
10
0 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑛𝜋 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑛𝜋 + 𝐷 sin 𝑛𝜋 (1)

Substituting 𝑦′′(10) = 0 and 𝐶 = 0:
0 = 𝐴𝜆2 𝑒 10𝜆 + 𝐵𝜆2 𝑒 −10𝜆 − 𝐶𝜆2 cos 10𝜆 − 𝐷𝜆2 sin 10𝜆
0 = 𝜆2 (𝐴𝑒 𝑛𝜋 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑛𝜋 − 𝐷 sin 𝑛𝜋)
0 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑛𝜋 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑛𝜋 − 𝐷 sin 𝑛𝜋 where 𝜆 ≠ 0 (2)
(1) + (2):
2𝐴𝑒 𝑛𝜋 + 2𝐵𝑒 −𝑛𝜋 + 𝐷 sin 𝑛𝜋 − 𝐷 sin 𝑛𝜋 = 0
2𝐴𝑒 𝑛𝜋 + 2𝐵𝑒 −𝑛𝜋 = 0
𝐴𝑒 𝑛𝜋 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑛𝜋 = 0
𝐴𝑒 𝑛𝜋 = −𝐵𝑒 −𝑛𝜋
𝐴 = −𝐵𝑒 −2𝑛𝜋 (3)
From part b above, 𝐴 + 𝐵 − 𝐶 = 0 and 𝐶 = 0
Therefore 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0
𝐴 = −𝐵 (4)

Combining (3) and (4):

−𝐵 = −𝐵𝑒 −2𝑛𝜋
𝐵 = 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑛𝜋
Either 𝐵 = 0 or 𝑒 −2𝑛𝜋 = 1, i.e. 𝑛 = 0.
If 𝑛 = 0 then 𝜆 = 0 and the beam equation simplifies to 𝑦 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0.
Without loss of generality we can then set 𝐴 = 𝐵 = 0.
If 𝑛 ≠ 0 then 𝐵 = 0 and therefore 𝐴 = 0.
9c ii Since 𝐴 = 𝐵 = 𝐶 = 0,
𝑛𝜋
𝑦 = 𝐷 sin ( 𝑥)
10
10a 𝑦′ = 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 −𝑦
∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
ln 𝑒 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + 𝐶)
𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + 𝐶)
10b Log curves with different 𝑥-intercepts

10c i,ii
10c iii Shift left or right
10c iv The isoclines are horizontal lines.
10d 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + 𝐶)
1 = ln(0 + 𝐶)
𝑒1 = 0 + 𝐶
𝐶=𝑒
Therefore 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 + 𝑒)
11a 𝑦 ′𝑦 = 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑦=2
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2
= 2𝑥 + 𝐵
2
𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 + 2𝐵
𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 + 𝐶 where 𝐶 = 2𝐵
11b Concave right parabolas with vertex on the 𝑥-axis.

11c i, ii
11c iii Shift left or right
11c iv The isoclines are horizontal lines.
11d 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 + 𝐶
1 = 4(0) + 𝐶
𝐶=1
Therefore 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 + 1
12a
1
𝐿(𝑥) =
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
For 𝑦-intercept, 𝑥 = 0.
1
𝐿(0) =
1 + 𝑒0
1
𝐿(0) =
2
1
𝑦-intercept at (0, 2)
12b 𝑒 −𝑥 > 0 for all 𝑥 so 𝐿(𝑥) is always positive

12c Since 𝑒 −𝑥 → 0 as 𝑥 → ∞, lim 𝐿(𝑥) = 1

𝑥→∞
and 𝑒 −𝑥 → ∞ as 𝑥 → −∞, so lim 𝐿(𝑥) = 0

𝑥→−∞
12d 𝐿(𝑥) = (1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )−1

𝐿′ (𝑥) = −(1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )−2 × −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥
=
(1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
For stationary points to exist, 𝐿′ (𝑥) = 0.
𝑒 −𝑥
=0
(1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
𝑒 −𝑥 = 0 which has no solution
Therefore, there are no stationary points.
12e i 𝐿′ (𝑥)
𝑒 −𝑥
=
(1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
1
=
𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
1
=
𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
1
=
(𝑒 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
1
= 𝑥 𝑥 2
−
(𝑒 2 +𝑒 2)

12e ii
𝑥 𝑥 −2
𝐿′ (𝑥) = (𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 )
𝑥 𝑥 −3 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝐿′′ (𝑥) = −2 (𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 ) × ( 𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 )
2 2
𝑥 𝑥 −3 1 𝑥 𝑥
= −2 (𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 ) × (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 )
2
𝑥 𝑥 −3 𝑥 𝑥
= − (𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 ) × (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 )
𝑥 𝑥
(𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 )
=− 𝑥 𝑥 3
−
(𝑒 2 +𝑒 2)
12e iii Point of inflection when 𝐿′′ (𝑥) = 0.

𝑥 𝑥
(𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 )
− 𝑥 𝑥 3
=0
−
(𝑒 2 +𝑒 2)
𝑥 𝑥
𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 = 0
𝑥
𝑒 −2 (𝑒 −𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥
𝑒 −2 = 0 ⟹ No solution
𝑒 −𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝑒 −𝑥 = 1
−𝑥 = ln 1
𝑥=0
1
𝐿(0) = (1 + 𝑒 0 )−1 = (2)−1 = 2
1
POI = (0, 2)

12f
12g i 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
𝑒 −𝑥
LHS = 𝑦 ′ = 𝐿′ (𝑥) = (from part a)
(1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
RHS = 𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
1 1
=( −𝑥
) (1 − )
1+𝑒 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
1 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1
=( )( )
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
1 𝑒 −𝑥
=( )( )
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥
=
(1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
Therefore, since LHS = RHS, 𝐿(𝑥) is a solution.
12g ii 𝑦′ = 𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
1 1
=( −𝑥
) (1 − )
1+𝑒 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
1 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1
=( ) ( )
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
1 𝑒 −𝑥
=( )( )
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥
=
(1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
1
=
𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2

1
=
𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
1
=
(𝑒 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
1
= 𝑥 𝑥 2
(𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 )
12g iii 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦(1 − 𝑦) = 𝑦 − 𝑦 2

𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ) ×
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= (1 − 2𝑦) × 𝑦′
1 𝑥 𝑥 −2
−
= (1 − 2 ( )) × (𝑒 2 + 𝑒 2)
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 − 1 𝑥
−
𝑥 −2
=( ) × (𝑒 2 + 𝑒 2)
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 − 1 1
=( )× 𝑥 2
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥
(𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 )
𝑥
1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 2 −1
=( )( ) ×
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥 2
(𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 )
𝑥 𝑥
(𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 ) −1
= 𝑥 𝑥 × 𝑥 𝑥 2
(𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 ) (𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 )
𝑥 𝑥
(𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 )
= − 𝑥 𝑥 3
(𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 )

13a
1 𝐴 𝐵
Let = +
𝑦(1 − 𝑦) 𝑦 1 − 𝑦
𝐴(1 − 𝑦) + 𝐵𝑦
RHS =
𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
𝐴 − 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦
=
𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
𝐴 + 𝑦(−𝐴 + 𝐵)
=
𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
Equating coefficients of numerators in LHS and RHS:
𝐴=1
−𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0
−1 + 𝐵 = 0
𝐵=1
1 1 1
Therefore = +
𝑦(1 − 𝑦) 𝑦 1 − 𝑦
13b i 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 1
13b ii 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
1 1
∫( + ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1−𝑦
ln|𝑦| − ln|1 − 𝑦| = 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦
ln | | =𝑥+𝐶
1−𝑦
𝑦
| | = 𝑒 𝑥+𝐶
1−𝑦

𝑦
| | = 𝑒𝐶 × 𝑒 𝑥
1−𝑦
𝑦
= 𝑒 𝐶 × 𝑒 𝑥 or −𝑒 𝐶 × 𝑒 𝑥
1−𝑦
𝑦
= 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or − 𝑒 𝐶
1−𝑦
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 (1 − 𝑦)
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑦𝐴𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 + 𝑦𝐴𝑒 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥
𝑦(1 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥
𝐴𝑒 𝑥
𝑦=
1 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑥
1
𝑦=
𝐴−1 𝑒 −𝑥 (1 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 )
1
𝑦=
𝐴−1 𝑒 −𝑥 +1
1
𝑦= where 𝐵 = 𝐴−1
𝐵𝑒 −𝑥 +1
1
𝑦=
1 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑥
13c
1 1
𝐿(𝑥) = ⟶ 𝑦 =
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 1 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑥
1
𝑦=
1 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑥
1
=
1+ 𝑒 ln 𝐵 𝑒 −𝑥
1
=
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥+ln 𝐵
1
=
1+ 𝑒 −(𝑥−ln 𝐵)
Therefore there is a shift of ln 𝐵 to the right.

13d i
1
lim =0
𝐵→∞ 1 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑥
Yes, this is one of the constant solutions.
13d ii
1
lim+ =1
𝐵→0 1 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑥
Yes, this is one of the constant solutions.
14a 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 1
14b 𝑦 ′ = 𝑟𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑟𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑥
𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
1 1
∫( + ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1−𝑦
ln|𝑦| − ln|1 − 𝑦| = 𝑟𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦
ln | | = 𝑟𝑥 + 𝐶
1−𝑦
𝑦
| | = 𝑒 𝑟𝑥+𝐶
1−𝑦
𝑦
| | = 𝑒 𝐶 × 𝑒 𝑟𝑥
1−𝑦
𝑦
= 𝑒 𝐶 × 𝑒 𝑟𝑥 or −𝑒 𝐶 × 𝑒 𝑟𝑥
1−𝑦
𝑦
= 𝐴𝑒 𝑟𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or − 𝑒 𝐶
1−𝑦
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑟𝑥 (1 − 𝑦)
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑟𝑥 − 𝑦𝐴𝑒 𝑟𝑥
𝑦 + 𝑦𝐴𝑒 𝑟𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑟𝑥

𝑦(1 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑟𝑥 ) = 𝐴𝑒 𝑟𝑥
𝐴𝑒 𝑟𝑥
𝑦=
1 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑟𝑥
1
𝑦=
𝐴−1 𝑒 −𝑟𝑥 (1 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑟𝑥 )
1
𝑦=
𝐴−1 𝑒 −𝑟𝑥 +1
1
𝐵𝑒 −𝑟𝑥 +1
1
𝑦=
1 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑟𝑥
14c Substituting 𝑦(0) = 𝑦0 :

1
𝑦0 =
1 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑟(0)
1
𝑦0 =
1+𝐵
1
1+𝐵 =
𝑦0
1
𝐵= −1
𝑦0
14d
1
𝑦=
1
=
1+ 𝑒 ln 𝐵 𝑒 −𝑟𝑥
1
=
1+ 𝑒 −𝑟𝑥+ln 𝐵
1
= 1
1 + 𝑒 −𝑟(𝑥−𝑟 ln 𝐵)
1
Therefore, there is a shift of ln 𝐵 to the right.
𝑟

14e i
1
𝐵= −1
𝑦0
As 𝑦0 → 0+ , 𝐵 → ∞ so 𝑦 = 0 in the limit.
14e ii
1
𝐵= −1
𝑦0
As 𝑦0 → 1− , 𝐵 → 0+ so 𝑦 = 1 in the limit.
15a,b,d
15c
1
𝑦=
1 − 𝑒 −𝑥
= (1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )−1
𝑦 ′ = (1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )−2 × −𝑒 −𝑥
= −𝑒 −𝑥 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )−2
𝑦 ′ = 𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
1 1
RHS = −𝑥
(1 − )
1−𝑒 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥
1 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1
= ( )
1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥
= −𝑒 −𝑥 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )−2

= LHS
1
So 𝑦 = is a solution of the DE 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦(1 − 𝑦).
1 − 𝑒 −𝑥
16a
1 𝐴 𝐵
Let = +
(𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 − 3) 𝑦 − 1 𝑦 − 3
𝐴(𝑦 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑦 − 1)
RHS =
(𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 − 3)
𝐴𝑦 − 3𝐴 + 𝐵𝑦 − 𝐵
=
(𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 − 3)
𝑦(𝐴 + 𝐵) − 3𝐴 − 𝐵
=
(𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 − 3)
Equating coefficients of numerators in LHS and RHS:
𝐴+𝐵 =0 (1)
−3𝐴 − 𝐵 = 1 (2)
(1) + (2):
−2𝐴 = 1
1
𝐴=−
2
1
Substituting 𝐴 = − 2 into (1):
1
− +𝐵 =0
2
1
𝐵=
2
Therefore
1 1
1 −2
= + 2
(𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 − 3) 𝑦 − 1 𝑦 − 3
1 1
= −
2(𝑦 − 3) 2(𝑦 − 1)
1 1 1
= ( − )
2 (𝑦 − 3) (𝑦 − 1)

16b i 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑦 = 3
16b ii 𝑦 ′ = −(1 − 𝑦)(3 − 𝑦)

𝑑𝑦
= −(1 − 𝑦)(3 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(−1) 𝑑𝑥
(1 − 𝑦)(3 − 𝑦)
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(−1) 𝑑𝑥
(𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 − 3)
1 1 1
∫( − ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(−1) 𝑑𝑥
2 (𝑦 − 3) (𝑦 − 1)
1 1
∫( − ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(−2) 𝑑𝑥
(𝑦 − 3) (𝑦 − 1)
ln|𝑦 − 3| − ln|𝑦 − 1| = −2𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦−3
ln | | = −2𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦−1
𝑦−3
| | = 𝑒 −2𝑥+𝐶
𝑦−1
𝑦−3
| | = 𝑒 𝐶 × 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦−1
𝑦−3
= 𝑒 𝐶 × 𝑒 −2𝑥 or −𝑒 𝐶 × 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦−1
𝑦−3
= 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or − 𝑒 𝐶
𝑦−1
𝑦 − 3 = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝑦 − 1)
𝑦 − 3 = 𝑦𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦 − 𝑦𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 = 3 − 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦(1 − 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 ) = 3 − 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥
3 − 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦=
1 − 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥
3 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦= where 𝐵 = −𝐴
1 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥

16c i As 𝐵 → 0+ , 𝑦 → 3, so 𝑦 = 3 is the constant solution.
16c ii As 𝐵 → ∞, 𝑦 → 1, so 𝑦 = 1 is the constant solution.
16d
16e i 𝑦′ = −(1 − 𝑦)(3 − 𝑦)

𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 ′′ = − (1 − 𝑦)(3 − 𝑦) ×
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
=− (3 − 4𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) × 𝑦′
𝑑𝑦
= −(−4 + 2𝑦) × −(1 − 𝑦)(3 − 𝑦)
= 2(−2 + 𝑦)(1 − 𝑦)(3 − 𝑦)
= −2(2 − 𝑦)(1 − 𝑦)(3 − 𝑦)
= −2(1 − 𝑦)(2 − 𝑦)(3 − 𝑦)
16e ii For points of inflection, 𝑦 ′′ = 0

−2(1 − 𝑦)(2 − 𝑦)(3 − 𝑦) = 0
𝑦 = 1, 2 or 3
However, 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑦 = 3 are constant solutions so only point of inflection at
𝑦 = 2.
For 𝐵 = 1

3 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦=
1 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
3 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
2=
1 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
2 + 2𝑒 −2𝑥 = 3 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 −2𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
Point of inflection at (0, 2).
17a
1
𝑣=
𝑦
1 ′
𝑣′ = − 𝑦
𝑦2
1
= −𝑣 2 𝑦 ′ (as 𝑣 2 = )
𝑦2
= −𝑣 2 𝑟𝑦(1 − 𝑦) (as 𝑦 ′ = 𝑟𝑦(1 − 𝑦))
1−𝑦
= −𝑣 2 𝑟𝑦 2 ( )
𝑦
1
= −𝑟𝑣 2 𝑦 2 ( − 1)
𝑦
1
= −𝑟 ( − 1) (as 𝑣 2 𝑦 2 = 1)
𝑦
= −𝑟(𝑣 − 1)
= 𝑟(1 − 𝑣)
17b 𝑣′ = 𝑟(1 − 𝑣)
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑟(1 − 𝑣)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
= −𝑟(𝑣 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(−𝑟) 𝑑𝑥
𝑣−1

ln|𝑣 − 1| = −𝑟𝑥 + 𝐶
|𝑣 − 1| = 𝑒 −𝑟𝑥+𝐶
|𝑣 − 1| = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −𝑟𝑥
𝑣 − 1 = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −𝑟𝑥 or − 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −𝑟𝑥
𝑣 − 1 = 𝐵𝑒 −𝑟𝑥 where 𝐵 = 𝑒 𝐶 or − 𝑒 𝐶
𝑣 = 1 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑟𝑥
17c
1
𝑣=
𝑦
1
𝑦=
𝑣
1
𝑦=
18a 𝑦 ′′ = 2(1 − 𝑦 ′ )
𝑣 ′ = 2(1 − 𝑣)
18b 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0 so 𝑣(0) = 0
18c 𝑣′ = 2(1 − 𝑣)
𝑑𝑣
= 2(1 − 𝑣)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
= −2(𝑣 − 1)
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(−2) 𝑑𝑥
𝑣−1
ln|𝑣 − 1| = −2𝑥 + 𝐶
|𝑣 − 1| = 𝑒 −2𝑥+𝐶
|𝑣 − 1| = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑣 − 1 = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −2𝑥 or − 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −2𝑥

𝑣 − 1 = 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 where 𝐵 = 𝑒 𝐶 or − 𝑒 𝐶
𝑣 = 1 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥
(Alternatively, use 𝑟 = 2 in your answer to Q17b.)
Substituting 𝑣(0) = 0 from part b:
0 = 1 + 𝐵𝑒 −2(0)
0= 1+𝐵
−1 = 𝐵
Therefore 𝑣 = 1 − 𝑒 −2𝑥
18d Since 𝑣 = 𝑦 ′ ,
𝑦′ = 1 − 𝑒 −2𝑥
18e
∫ 𝑦′ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
1
1 = 0 + 𝑒 −2(0) + 𝐶
2
1
1= +𝐶
2
1
=𝐶
2
1 1
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 +
2 2

19a We are given:

𝑑𝑓(𝑥)
= 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
Substitute 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝐶
𝑑𝑢
Note that =1
𝑑𝑥
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝐶)
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢)
𝑑𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = ×
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑓(𝑢)
= ×1
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑓(𝑢)
=
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑔(𝑓(𝑢))
= 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥 − 𝐶))
= 𝑔(𝑓(𝑦))
So 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝐶) is also a solution.
19b Shift right by 𝐶
19c Since translating a solution horizontally gives another solution, all horizontal
lines are isoclines.
19d If a graph is shifted right, its gradient at a given height is unchanged by the shift.

20a i
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
= (as 𝑣 = )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
= ×
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
= ×𝑣
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑣
=𝑣
𝑑𝑦
20a ii
𝑑2𝑦
+𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = −𝑦
𝑑𝑦
20b
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = −𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑣2 𝑦2
=− +𝐵
2 2
𝑣 2 = −𝑦 2 + 2𝐵
𝑣 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶 where 𝐶 = 2𝐵

20c If 𝐶 is negative, there is no solution.

If 𝐶 is zero, the solution is a single point, the origin.
If 𝐶 is positive, the solution is a circle with centre the origin and radius √𝐶.
20d Standard parametrisation for a circle: 𝑣 = 𝑟 cos 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝑥
20e 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝑥
𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑟 sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑟 cos 𝑥
=𝑣
20f The original DE is autonomous. From Question 19 we know that if 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is a

solution to the DE, then 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝐷) is also a solution.
Hence the general solution is 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin(𝑥 − 𝐷).
20g i 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin(𝑥 − 𝐷)
= 𝑟 cos 𝐷 sin 𝑥 − 𝑟 sin 𝐷 cos 𝑥
= 𝐴 cos 𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 𝑥 where 𝐴 = −𝑟 sin 𝐷 and 𝐵 = 𝑟 cos 𝐷
20g ii 𝑦 = 𝐴 cos 𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= −𝐴 sin 𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
= −𝐴 cos 𝑥 − 𝐵 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
= −𝑦
𝑑2𝑦
+𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 2

21a
𝑑𝑦
= −√1 − 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
−1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 𝑦 2
cos −1 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶

cos −1 1 = 0 + 𝐶
0=0+𝐶
𝐶=0
Therefore cos−1 𝑦 = 𝑥
21c
𝑑𝑦
= −√1 − 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
If 𝑦 = cos 𝑥,
𝑑
LHS = (cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
RHS = −√1 − cos 2 𝑥 = −|sin 𝑥|

So the two solutions differ when sin 𝑥 is negative.
21d The DE holds when sin 𝑥 is non-negative. The largest region containing the
initial point where this is true is 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 so the solution is:
𝑦 = cos 𝑥 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
22a 𝑦 = 𝑥3
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2
Substituting into the initial value problem = 3𝑦 3 :
𝑑𝑥
LHS = 3𝑥 2
2
RHS = 3(𝑥 3 )3
= 3𝑥 2
= LHS
Hence 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 is a solution of this IVP.
22b 𝑦=0
𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
Substituting into the initial value problem = 3𝑦 3 :
𝑑𝑥
LHS = 0
2
RHS = 3(0)3
=0
= LHS
Hence 𝑦 = 0 is a solution of this IVP.
22c 𝑦(0) = 0
From parts a and b above, we know the DE is satisfied for 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑑𝑦
For 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 = 0 and =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
As 𝑥 → 0+ , 𝑦 tends to zero and 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 also tends to zero.
𝑑𝑦
Therefore at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑑𝑥 = 0 so the DE and initial values are satisfied
here too.

22d 𝑦(0) = 0
From parts a and b above, we know the DE is satisfied for 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑑𝑦
For 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 = 0 and =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
As 𝑥 → 0− , 𝑦 tends to zero and 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 also tends to zero.
𝑑𝑦
Therefore at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑑𝑥 = 0 so the DE and initial values are satisfied
here too.


1a i 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
Substituting for 𝑦′ in 𝑦 ′ = 1 − 4𝑥:
2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 1 − 4𝑥
Equating coefficients:
2𝑎 = −4 and 𝑏 = 1
𝑎 = −2 and 𝑏 = 1
Therefore 𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 + 𝑥
1a ii 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = −𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥) + 𝑒 −𝑥 (−𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 −𝑥 (−(𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥) + (−𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥))
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 −𝑥 (−𝑎 cos 𝑥 − 𝑏 sin 𝑥 − 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥)

Substituting for 𝑦′ in 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥:
𝑒 −𝑥 (−𝑎 cos 𝑥 − 𝑏 sin 𝑥 − 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥) = 2𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥
−𝑎 − 𝑏 = 2 (1)
−𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0 (2)
(2) + (3):
−2𝑎 = 2
𝑎 = −1
Substituting 𝑎 = −1 into (2):
1+𝑏 =0
𝑏 = −1
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (− cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) or 𝑦 = −𝑒 −𝑥 (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)

1a iii 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 3𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑎 − 3𝑒 −𝑥
Substituting for 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 in 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 − 𝑦:
𝑎 − 3𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑥 − (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 3𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑎 − 3𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏 − 3𝑒 −𝑥
−𝑥 + 𝑎 = −𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏
−𝑎 = −1 so 𝑎 = 1
−𝑏 = 𝑎 so 𝑏 = −1
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 + 3𝑒 −𝑥
1b i 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 4𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 − 8𝑒 −2𝑥
Substituting for 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 in 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4:
2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 − 8𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 4𝑒 −2𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4
2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 − 8𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 2𝑐 + 8𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4
2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 2𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 2𝑐 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4
2𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 + 2𝑐 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4
2𝑎𝑥 2 + (2𝑎 + 2𝑏)𝑥 + (𝑏 + 2𝑐) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4
1
2𝑎 = 1 so 𝑎 =
2
2𝑎 + 2𝑏 = −3
1
2 ( ) + 2𝑏 = −3
2
1 + 2𝑏 = −3
2𝑏 = −4
𝑏 = −2
𝑏 + 2𝑐 = −4
−2 + 2𝑐 = −4

2𝑐 = −2
𝑐 = −1
1
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 + 4𝑒 −2𝑥
2
1b ii 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 − sin 2𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 − 2cos 2𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 2𝑎 + 4sin 2𝑥
Substituting for 𝑦 ′′ , 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 in 𝑦′′ + 4𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥:
2𝑎 + 4sin 2𝑥 + 4(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 − sin 2𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥
2𝑎 + 4sin 2𝑥 + 4𝑎𝑥 2 + 4𝑏𝑥 + 4𝑐 − 4sin 2𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥
2𝑎 + 4𝑎𝑥 2 + 4𝑏𝑥 + 4𝑐 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥
4𝑎𝑥 2 + 4𝑏𝑥 + (2𝑎 + 4𝑐) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥
4𝑎 = 1
1
𝑎=
4
4𝑏 = 5
5
𝑏=
4
2𝑎 + 4𝑐 = 0
1
2 ( ) + 4𝑐 = 0
4
1
+ 4𝑐 = 0
2
1
4𝑐 = −
2
1
𝑐=−
8
1 5 1
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − − sin 2𝑥
4 4 8
1
or 𝑦 = (2𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 1) − sin 2𝑥
8
1c 𝑦 = 5𝑒 𝜆𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 5𝜆𝑒 𝜆𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 5𝜆2 𝑒 𝜆𝑥
Substituting for 𝑦 ′′ , 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 in 𝑦′′ + 5𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = 0:
5𝜆2 𝑒 𝜆𝑥 + 5(5𝜆𝑒 𝜆𝑥 ) + 6(5𝑒 𝜆𝑥 ) = 0
5𝜆2 𝑒 𝜆𝑥 + 25𝜆𝑒 𝜆𝑥 + 30𝑒 𝜆𝑥 = 0

5𝑒 𝜆𝑥 (𝜆2 + 5𝜆 + 6) = 0
5𝑒 𝜆𝑥 = 0 (no solution)
or 𝜆2 + 5𝜆 + 6 = 0
(𝜆 + 3)(𝜆 + 2) = 0
𝜆 = −3, −2
Therefore 𝑦 = 5𝑒 −3𝑥 or 5𝑒 −2𝑥
2a
𝑑𝑅
= 𝑘𝑅
𝑑𝑡
1
𝑑𝑅 = 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑅
1
∫ 𝑑𝑅 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑅
ln|𝑅| = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑅 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+𝐶 since 𝑅 must be positive
𝑅 = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑅 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑡 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶

2b 𝑅 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑡
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑅 = 100, so:
100 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑘×0
𝐴 = 100
2c 𝑅 = 100𝑒 𝑘𝑡
When 𝑡 = 4, 𝑅 = 20, so:
20 = 100𝑒 4𝑘
1
= 𝑒 4𝑘
5
1
ln ( ) = 4𝑘
5
1
𝑘= ln(5−1 )
4
1
𝑘 = − ln 5
4
1
2d 𝑅 = 100𝑒 𝑘𝑡 where 𝑘 = − 4 ln 5
When 𝑡 = 12,
1
𝑅 = 100𝑒 (−4 ln 5)×12
= 100𝑒 (−3 ln 5)
−3
= 100𝑒 ln 5
= 100 × 5−3
100
=
125
4
=
5
4
Amount present after 12 days is gram.
5

1
2e 𝑅 = 100𝑒 (−4 ln 5)𝑡
1
𝑅 = 100𝑒 (−4𝑡 ln 5)
1
− 𝑡
(ln 5 4 )
𝑅 = 100𝑒
1
𝑅 = 100 × 5−4𝑡
1
1 4𝑡
𝑅 = 100 × (5)
When 𝑡 = 12,
1 3 1 4
𝑅 = 100 × ( ) = 100 × =
5 125 5
3a
𝑑𝐻
= 𝑘(𝐻 − 25)
𝑑𝑡
1
𝑑𝐻 = 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝐻 − 25
1
∫ 𝑑𝑅 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝐻 − 25
ln|𝐻 − 25| = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
|𝐻 − 25| = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+𝐶
|𝐻 − 25| = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝐻 − 25 = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑜𝑟 − 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝐻 − 25 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑡 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or −𝑒 𝐶
𝐻 = 25 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑡
3b When 𝑡 = 0, 𝐻 = 5, so:
5 = 25 + 𝐴𝑒𝑘(0)
5 = 25 + 𝐴
−20 = 𝐴
Therefore 𝐻 = 25 − 20𝑒 𝑘𝑡

3c When 𝑡 = 10, 𝐻 = 15, so:

15 = 25 − 20𝑒 10𝑘
20𝑒 10𝑘 = 10
10
𝑒 10𝑘 =
20
1
10𝑘 = ln
2
1
𝑘= ln(2−1 )
10
1
𝑘=− ln 2
10
3d When 𝐻 = 24,
1
24 = 25 − 20𝑒 (−10 ln 2)𝑡
1
20𝑒 (−10 ln 2)𝑡 = 1
1 1
2−10𝑡 =
20
𝑡 ≑ 43 mins
4a
𝑑𝑉
= 𝑘𝜋𝑟 2 , for some constant 𝑘
𝑑𝑡
4b
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑉
= ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
= × 𝑘𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑉
ℎ = 3𝑟 (from initial proportions) so
1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 × 3𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3

𝑑𝑉
Therefore = 3𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑟 1
= × 𝑘𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑡 3𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑟 1
= 𝑘
𝑑𝑡 3
4c
𝑑𝑟 1
= 𝑘
𝑑𝑡 3
∫ 3 𝑑𝑟 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
3𝑟 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
1 1
𝑟 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐷 where 𝐷 = 𝐶
3 3
Substituting 𝑟(0) = 4:
1
4 = 𝑘(0) + 𝐷
3
𝐷=4
1
Therefore 𝑟 = 𝑘𝑡 + 4
3
4d Substituting 𝑟(6) = 3.5:

1
3.5 = 𝑘(6) + 4
3
−0.5 = 2𝑘
1
2𝑘 = −
2
1
𝑘=−
4
1 1
Therefore 𝑟 = (− ) 𝑡 + 4
3 4
1
𝑟 =4− 𝑡
12

4e 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
1 3
𝑉 = 𝜋 (4 − 12 𝑡)
1
Since 𝑟 and 𝑉 cannot be negative, 4 − 12 𝑡 must also be non-negative therefore
0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 48.
5a ℎ(0) = 400
𝑑ℎ
The height decreases so < 0.
𝑑𝑡
Since √ℎ ≥ 0, the constant 𝑘 must be negative.
5b
𝑑ℎ
= 𝑘√ℎ
𝑑𝑡
1
∫ 𝑑ℎ = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
√ℎ
1
∫ ℎ−2 𝑑ℎ = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
1
2ℎ2 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
1 1
ℎ2 = (𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶)
2
1
ℎ= (𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶)2
4
Substituting ℎ(0) = 400:
1
400 = (𝑘(0) + 𝐶)2
4
1600 = 𝐶 2
𝐶 = 40
1
Therefore ℎ = 4 (𝑘𝑡 + 40)2

5c Substituting ℎ(20) = 100:

1
100 = 4 (𝑘 × 20 + 40)2
400 = (20𝑘 + 40)2

20 = 20𝑘 + 40
20𝑘 = −20
𝑘 = −1
5d
1
ℎ= (−𝑡 + 40)2
4
When ℎ = 0,
1
0 = (−𝑡 + 40)2
4
0 = (−𝑡 + 40)2
0 = −𝑡 + 40
𝑡 = 40 mins
5e No, ℎ(𝑡) increases for 𝑡 > 40, which is impossible.
6a
𝑦−0 𝑦
Gradient = =
𝑥−0 𝑥
6b
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

6c
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
ln|𝑦| = ln|𝑥| + 𝐵
ln|𝑦| − ln|𝑥| = 𝐵
𝑦
ln | | = 𝐵
𝑥
𝑦
| | = 𝑒𝐵
𝑥
𝑦
= 𝑒 𝐵 or − 𝑒 𝐵
𝑥
𝑦
= 𝐶 where 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐵 or − 𝑒 𝐵
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥
6d 𝑥 = 0 because then 𝑦′ undefined.
7a
𝑦−0 𝑦
Gradient = =
𝑥−0 𝑥
𝑥
7b Normal has gradient of − 𝑦.
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
7c
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 𝑥2
=− +𝐶
2 2
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =𝐶
2 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝐶

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 where 𝑟 2 = 2𝐶 and 𝑟 is the radius of the circle
8a
𝑦−0
Gradient = =𝑦
𝑥 − (𝑥 − 1)
8b
𝑑𝑦
=𝑦
𝑑𝑥
8c
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
ln|𝑦| = 𝑥 + 𝐶
|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝑥+𝐶
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑥 or − 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or − 𝑒 𝐶
8d Substituting (0, 1):

1 = 𝐴𝑒 0
𝐴=1
Therefore 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
9a
𝑑𝑃
= 𝑘𝑃
𝑑ℎ
1
∫ 𝑑𝑃 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑ℎ
𝑃
𝑙𝑛 |𝑃| = 𝑘ℎ + 𝐶
𝑃 = 𝑒 𝑘ℎ+𝐶 (from the context of the problem, we can ignore the negative case)
𝑃 = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑘ℎ

𝑃 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑘ℎ where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶
Substituting (0, 𝑃0 ):
𝑃0 = 𝐴𝑒 0
𝐴 = 𝑃0
Therefore 𝑃 = 𝑃0 𝑒 𝑘ℎ
9b Substituting (10 000, 40):

40 = 𝑃0 𝑒 10 000𝑘 (1)
80 = 𝑃0 𝑒 6000𝑘 (2)
(2) ÷ (1):
80 𝑒 6000𝑘
= 10 000𝑘
40 𝑒
2 = 𝑒 6000𝑘−10 000𝑘
2 = 𝑒 −4000𝑘
ln 2 = −4000𝑘
ln 2
𝑘=−
4000
ln 2
9c Substituting 𝑘 = − 4000 into (1):
ln 2
40 = 𝑃0 𝑒 10 000(−4000)
5
40 = 𝑃0 𝑒 (−2 ln 2)
5
40 = 𝑃0 2(−2)
40
5 = 𝑃0
(− )
2 2
160√2 = 𝑃0
ln 2
Therefore 𝑃 = 160√2 𝑒 (−4000)ℎ
When ℎ = 0,

ln 2
𝑃 = 160√2 × 𝑒 (−4000)×0
𝑃 = 160√2
𝑃 ≑ 226 kPa
10a 𝐴 = (2𝑥, 0), 𝐵 = (0, 2𝑦)
10b
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 − 0 𝑦
= =−
𝑑𝑥 0 − 2𝑥 𝑥
10c
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
ln|𝑦| = −ln|𝑥| + 𝐵
ln|𝑦| + ln|𝑥| = 𝐵
ln|𝑥𝑦| = 𝐵
|𝑥𝑦| = 𝑒 𝐵
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐵 or − 𝑒 𝐵
𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶 where 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐵 or − 𝑒 𝐵
𝐶
or 𝑦 =
𝑥
11a
𝑑𝐶
= 𝑘(𝑆 − 𝐶)
𝑑𝑡
1
∫ 𝑑𝐶 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑆−𝐶
1
∫ 𝑑𝐶 = − ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝐶−𝑆
𝑙𝑛 |𝐶 − 𝑆| = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝐵
|𝐶 − 𝑆| = 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡+𝐵

|𝐶 − 𝑆| = 𝑒 𝐵 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝐶 − 𝑆 = 𝑒 𝐵 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 or 𝑒 𝐵 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝐶 − 𝑆 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 −𝐵 or −𝑒 −𝐵
𝐶 = 𝑆 + 𝐴𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
11b Substituting (0, 𝐶0 ):

𝐶0 = 𝑆 + 𝐴𝑒 −𝑘(0)
𝐶0 = 𝑆 + 𝐴
𝐶0 − 𝑆 = 𝐴
Therefore 𝐶 = 𝑆 + (𝐶0 − 𝑆)𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
12a
1 1
RHS = +
𝑁 1000 − 𝑁
1000 − 𝑁 + 𝑁
=
𝑁(𝑃 − 𝑁)
1000
=
𝑁(1000 − 𝑁)
= LHS
1000 1 1
Therefore = +
𝑁(1000 − 𝑁) 𝑁 1000 − 𝑁
Alternatively, let
1000 𝐴 𝐵
= +
𝑁(1000 − 𝑁) 𝑁 1000 − 𝑁
𝐴(1000 − 𝑁) + 𝐵(𝑁)
=
𝑁(1000 − 𝑁)
1000𝐴 − 𝐴𝑁 + 𝐵𝑁
=
(𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 − 3)
𝑁(−𝐴 + 𝐵) + 1000𝐴
=
(𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 − 3)

1000𝐴 = 1000
𝐴=1
−𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0
Since 𝐴 = 1,
−1 + 𝐵 = 0
𝐵=1
1000 1 1
Therefore = +
𝑁(1000 − 𝑁) 𝑁 1000 − 𝑁
12b
𝑑𝑁
= 𝑘𝑁(1000 − 𝑁)
𝑑𝑡
1
∫ 𝑑𝑁 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑁(1000 − 𝑁)
1 1000
∫ 𝑑𝑁 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
1000 𝑁(1000 − 𝑁)
1 1
∫( + ) 𝑑𝑁 = ∫ 1000𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑁 1000 − 𝑁
ln|𝑁| − ln|1000 − 𝑁| = 1000𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑁
ln | | = 1000𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
1000 − 𝑁
𝑁
| | = 𝑒 1000𝑘𝑡+𝐶
1000 − 𝑁
𝑁
= 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 1000𝑘𝑡 or − 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 1000𝑘𝑡
1000 − 𝑁
𝑁
= 𝐴𝑒 1000𝑘𝑡 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or – 𝑒 𝐶
1000 − 𝑁
𝑁 = 𝐴𝑒 1000𝑘𝑡 (1000 − 𝑁)
𝑁 = 1000𝐴𝑒 1000𝑘𝑡 − 𝑁𝐴𝑒 1000𝑘𝑡
𝑁 + 𝑁𝐴𝑒 1000𝑘𝑡 = 1000𝐴𝑒 1000𝑘𝑡
𝑁(1 + 𝐴𝑒 1000𝑘𝑡 ) = 1000𝐴𝑒 1000𝑘𝑡
1000𝐴𝑒 1000𝑘𝑡
𝑁=
1 + 𝐴𝑒 1000𝑘𝑡
1000𝐴𝑒 1000𝑘𝑡 𝐴−1 𝑒 −1000𝑘𝑡

𝑁= × −1 −1000𝑘𝑡
1 + 𝐴𝑒 1000𝑘𝑡 𝐴 𝑒
1000
𝑁=
𝐴−1 𝑒 −1000𝑘𝑡 +1
1000
𝑁= where 𝐵 = 𝐴−1
𝐵𝑒 −1000𝑘𝑡 +1
1000
𝑁=
1 + 𝐵𝑒 −1000𝑘𝑡
12c Substituting 𝑁(0) = 40:

1000
40 =
1 + 𝐵𝑒 −1000𝑘(0)
1000
40 =
1+𝐵
40(1 + 𝐵) = 1000
40 + 40𝐵 = 1000
1000 − 40
𝐵=
40
𝐵 = 24
1000
Therefore 𝑁 =
1 + 24𝑒 −1000𝑘𝑡
12d Substituting 𝑁(1) = 80:

1000
80 =
1 + 24𝑒 −1000𝑘(1)
80 + 1920𝑒 −1000𝑘 = 1000
1920𝑒 −1000𝑘 = 920
920
𝑒 −1000𝑘 =
1920
23
−1000𝑘 = ln ( )
48
1 23
𝑘=− ln ( )
1000 48
𝑘 ≑ 7.357 × 10−4

12e When 𝑡 = 5,
1000
𝑁=
1 + 24𝑒 −1000𝑘(5)
≑ 622.57
Population will be 623 after 5 years.
13a
1 1
RHS = +
𝑁 𝑃−𝑁
𝑃−𝑁+𝑁
=
𝑁(𝑃 − 𝑁)
𝑃
=
𝑁(𝑃 − 𝑁)
= LHS
𝑃 1 1
Therefore = +
𝑁(𝑃 − 𝑁) 𝑁 𝑃 − 𝑁
Alternatively, let
𝑃 𝐴 𝐵
= +
𝑁(𝑃 − 𝑁) 𝑁 𝑃 − 𝑁
𝐴(𝑃 − 𝑁) + 𝐵(𝑁)
=
𝑁(𝑃 − 𝑁)
𝐴𝑃 − 𝐴𝑁 + 𝐵𝑁
=
𝑁(𝑃 − 𝑁)
𝑁(−𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐴𝑃
=
𝑁(𝑃 − 𝑁)

𝐴𝑃 = 𝑃
𝐴=1
−𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0
Since 𝐴 = 1,
−1 + 𝐵 = 0
𝐵=1
𝑃 1 1
Therefore = +
𝑁(𝑃 − 𝑁) 𝑁 𝑃 − 𝑁
13b (Same as Q12b with 𝑃 = 1000.)

𝑑𝑁
= 𝑘𝑁(𝑃 − 𝑁)
𝑑𝑡
1
∫ 𝑑𝑁 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑁(𝑃 − 𝑁)
1 𝑃
∫ 𝑑𝑁 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑃 𝑁(𝑃 − 𝑁)
1 1
∫( + ) 𝑑𝑁 = ∫ 𝑘𝑃 𝑑𝑡
𝑁 𝑃−𝑁
ln|𝑁| − ln|𝑃 − 𝑁| = 𝑘𝑃𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑁
ln | | = 𝑘𝑃𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑃−𝑁
𝑁
| | = 𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡+𝐶
𝑃−𝑁
𝑁
= 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡 or − 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡
𝑃−𝑁
𝑁
= 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or – 𝑒 𝐶
𝑃−𝑁
𝑁 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡 (𝑃 − 𝑁)
𝑁 = 𝑃𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡 − 𝑁𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡
𝑁 + 𝑁𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡
𝑁(1 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡 ) = 𝑃𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡

𝑃𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡
𝑁=
1 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡
𝑃𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡 𝐴−1 𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡
𝑁= ×
1 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡 𝐴−1 𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡
𝑃
𝑁=
𝐴−1 𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡 + 1
𝑃
𝐵𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡 + 1
𝑃
𝑁=
1 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡
13c Substituting 𝑁(0) = 23.2 and 𝑃 = 187.5:

187.5
23.2 =
1 + 𝐵𝑒 −187.5𝑘(0)
187.5
23.2 =
1+𝐵
23.2(1 + 𝐵) = 187.5
23.2 + 23.2𝐵 = 187.5
187.5 − 23.2
𝐵=
23.2
164.3
𝐵=
23.2
187.5
Therefore 𝑁 =
164.3
1 + 23.2 𝑒 −187.5𝑘𝑡
187.5 23.2
𝑁= ×
164.3
1 + 23.2 𝑒 −187.5𝑘𝑡 23.2
187.5 × 23.2
𝑁=
23.21 + 164.3𝑒 −187.5𝑘𝑡

13d Substituting 𝑁(40, 63.0):

187.5 × 23.2
63.0 =
23.21 + 164.3𝑒 −187.5(40)𝑘
63.0(23.21 + 164.3𝑒 −7500𝑘 ) = 187.5 × 23.2
4350
23.21 + 164.3𝑒 −7500𝑘 =
63.0
4350
164.3𝑒 −7500𝑘 = − 23.21
63.0
4350 − 23.21 × 63.0
𝑒 −7500𝑘 =
63.0 × 164.3
4350 − 1462.23
−7500𝑘 = ln ( )
10 350.9
1 2887.77
𝑘=− ln ( )
7500 10 350.9
𝑘 ≑ 1.702 × 10−4
13e When 𝑡 = 80 and 𝑘 = 1.702 × 10−4 ,

187.5 × 23.2
𝑁= −4
23.21 + 164.3𝑒 −187.5(1.702 × 10 )(80)
4350
𝑁=
23.21 + 164.3𝑒 −2.553
𝑁 = 120.832 …
Predicted population is about 120.9 million.
13f The mathematical model needs to be revised. Clearly the carrying capacity is
much larger than the figure of 187.5 estimated in 1850.
Using the model, when 𝑡 = 168 and 𝑘 = 1.702 × 10−4 ,
187.5 × 23.2
𝑁= −4
23.21 + 164.3𝑒 −187.5(1.702 × 10 )(168)
4350
𝑁=
23.21 + 164.3𝑒 −5.3613
𝑁 = 181.401 …
Predicted population from the model is about 181.4 million.

14a Using the results from Question 13a and 13b,

𝑃
𝑁=
Alternatively, the full working is shown below.

𝑃 1 1
From Q13a, = +
𝑁(𝑃 − 𝑁) 𝑁 𝑃 − 𝑁
𝑑𝑁
= 𝑘𝑁(𝑃 − 𝑁)
𝑑𝑡
1
∫ 𝑑𝑁 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑁(𝑃 − 𝑁)
1 𝑃
∫ 𝑑𝑁 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑃 𝑁(𝑃 − 𝑁)
1 1
∫( + ) 𝑑𝑁 = ∫ 𝑘𝑃 𝑑𝑡
𝑁 𝑃−𝑁
ln|𝑁| − ln|𝑃 − 𝑁| = 𝑘𝑃𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑁
ln | | = 𝑘𝑃𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑃−𝑁
𝑁
| | = 𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡+𝐶
𝑃−𝑁
𝑁
= 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡 or − 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡
𝑃−𝑁
𝑁
= 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or – 𝑒 𝐶
𝑃−𝑁
𝑁 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡 (𝑃 − 𝑁)
𝑁 = 𝑃𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡 − 𝑁𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡
𝑁 + 𝑁𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡
𝑁(1 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡 ) = 𝑃𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡
𝑃𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡
𝑁=
1 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡
𝑃𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡 𝐴−1 𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡
𝑁= ×
1 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡 𝐴−1 𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡
𝑃
𝑁=
𝐴−1 𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡 +1

𝑃
𝐵𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡 + 1
𝑃
𝑁=
14b Substituting 𝑁(0) = 𝑁0 :

𝑃
𝑁0 =
1 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑘𝑃(0)
𝑃
𝑁0 =
1+𝐵
𝑁0 (1 + 𝐵) = 𝑃
𝑁0 + 𝐵𝑁0 = 𝑃
𝐵𝑁0 = 𝑃 − 𝑁0
𝑃 − 𝑁0
𝐵=
𝑁0
𝑃
Therefore 𝑁 =
𝑃−𝑁
1 + ( 𝑁 0 ) 𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡
0
𝑃 𝑁0
𝑁= ×
𝑃−𝑁
1 + ( 𝑁 0 ) 𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡 𝑁0
0
𝑁0 𝑃
𝑁=
𝑁0 + (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡
14c Substituting 𝑁(𝑡1 ) = 𝑁1 :

𝑁0 𝑃
𝑁1 =
𝑁0 + (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡1
𝑁1 1
=
𝑁0 𝑃 𝑁0 + (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡1
𝑁0 𝑃 𝑁0 + (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡1
=
𝑁1 1
𝑁0 𝑃
− 𝑁0 = (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡1
𝑁1

𝑁0 𝑃 − 𝑁0 𝑁1
= (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡1
𝑁1
𝑁0 𝑃 − 𝑁0 𝑁1
= 𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡1
𝑁1 (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )
𝑁0 (𝑃 − 𝑁1 )
= 𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡1
𝑁1 (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )
𝑁1 (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )
= 𝑒 𝑘𝑃𝑡1
𝑁0 (𝑃 − 𝑁1 )
𝑁1 (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )
𝑘𝑃𝑡1 = ln ( )
𝑁0 (𝑃 − 𝑁1 )
1 𝑁1 (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )
𝑘= ln ( )
𝑡1 𝑃 𝑁0 (𝑃 − 𝑁1 )
14d
𝑁0 𝑃 1 𝑁1 (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )
𝑁= −𝑃𝑘(𝑡)
and 𝑘 = ln ( )
𝑁0 + (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )𝑒 𝑡1 𝑃 𝑁0 (𝑃 − 𝑁1 )
By the same logic (as in part c),

1 𝑁2 (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )
𝑘= ln ( )
𝑡2 𝑃 𝑁0 (𝑃 − 𝑁2)
Substituting 𝑡1 = 1 and 𝑡2 = 2:
1 𝑁1 (𝑃 − 𝑁0 ) 1 𝑁2 (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )
ln ( )=𝑘= ln ( )
𝑃 𝑁0 (𝑃 − 𝑁1 ) 2𝑃 𝑁0 (𝑃 − 𝑁2 )
𝑁1 (𝑃 − 𝑁0 ) 𝑁2 (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )
2 ln ( ) = ln ( )
𝑁0 (𝑃 − 𝑁1 ) 𝑁0 (𝑃 − 𝑁2 )
2
𝑁1 (𝑃 − 𝑁0 ) 𝑁2 (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )
ln ( ) = ln ( )
𝑁0 (𝑃 − 𝑁1 ) 𝑁0 (𝑃 − 𝑁2 )
2
𝑁1 (𝑃 − 𝑁0 ) 𝑁2 (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )
( ) =
𝑁0 (𝑃 − 𝑁1 ) 𝑁0 (𝑃 − 𝑁2 )
2 2
𝑁0 (𝑃 − 𝑁2 )(𝑁1 (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )) = 𝑁2 (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )(𝑁0 (𝑃 − 𝑁1 ))
(𝑃 − 𝑁2 )(𝑃 − 𝑁0 )(𝑁1 )2 = 𝑁0 𝑁2 (𝑃 − 𝑁1 )2

15a It represents the 200 fish harvested each year.
15b
𝑑𝑦 1
= −2 + 𝑦(16 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑡 24
𝑑𝑦 1
= (−48 + 16𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑡 24
𝑑𝑦 1
= − (𝑦 2 − 16𝑦 + 48)
𝑑𝑡 24
𝑑𝑦 1
= − (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 − 12)
𝑑𝑡 24
Initial condition: 𝑦(0) = 5 − 2 = 3 (where 𝑦 is measured in hundreds)
15c RHS
3 3
= −
𝑦 − 12 𝑦 − 4
3(𝑦 − 4) − 3(𝑦 − 12)
=
(𝑦 − 12)(𝑦 − 4)
3𝑦 − 12 − 3𝑦 + 36
=
(𝑦 − 12)(𝑦 − 4)
24
=
(𝑦 − 12)(𝑦 − 4)
= LHS
15d
𝑑𝑦 1
= − (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 − 12)
𝑑𝑡 24
24
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑡
(𝑦 − 12)(𝑦 − 4)
3 3
∫( − ) 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑡
𝑦 − 12 𝑦 − 4
1 1 1
∫( − ) 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑡
𝑦 − 12 𝑦 − 4 3

1
ln|𝑦 − 12| − ln|𝑦 − 4| = − 𝑡 + 𝐶
3
𝑦 − 12 1
ln | |=− 𝑡+𝐶
𝑦−4 3
𝑦 − 12 1
| | = 𝑒 −3𝑡+𝐶
𝑦−4
𝑦 − 12 1 1
= 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −3𝑡 or 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −3𝑡
𝑦−4
𝑦 − 12 1
= 𝐴𝑒 −3𝑡 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or − 𝑒 𝐶
𝑦−4
1
𝑦 − 12 = (𝑦 − 4)𝐴𝑒 −3𝑡
1 1
𝑦 − 12 = 𝑦𝐴𝑒 −3𝑡 − 4𝐴𝑒 −3𝑡
1 1
𝑦 (1 − 𝐴𝑒 −3𝑡 ) = 12 − 4𝐴𝑒 −3𝑡
1
12 − 4𝐴𝑒 −3𝑡
𝑦= 1
1 − 𝐴𝑒 −3𝑡
12 − 4𝐴𝑒 0
3=
1 − 𝐴𝑒 0
12 − 4𝐴
3=
1−𝐴
3 − 3𝐴 = 12 − 4𝐴
𝐴=9
1
12 − 36𝑒 −3𝑡
Therefore 𝑦 = 1
1 − 9𝑒 −3𝑡
1
12 (1 − 3𝑒 −3𝑡 )
𝑦= 1
1 − 9𝑒 −3𝑡

15e Substituting 𝑦 = 0:
1
12 (1 − 3𝑒 −3𝑡 )
0= 1
1 − 9𝑒 −3𝑡
1
1 − 3𝑒 −3𝑡 = 0
1 1
𝑒 −3𝑡 =
3
1
𝑡 = −3 ln
3
= 3 ln 3
= 3.295 8 …
≑ 3.3
Fish will die out in approximately 3.3 years.
15f i 𝑦(0) = 5
15f ii
1
4 (3 + 7𝑒 −3𝑡 )
𝑦= 1
1 + 7𝑒 −3𝑡
1
As 𝑡 → ∞, 𝑒 −3𝑡 → 0
Therefore 𝑦 approaches:
4(3 + 7(0))
1 + 7(0)
12
=
1
= 12
So skipping the harvest for the first year allows the fish population to stabilise at
1200. This suggests the harvest should be stopped for one year to save the
species.

16a i Let 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝐼=∫
𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝐼=∫
𝑥𝑢
𝑑𝑢
𝐼=∫
𝑢
16a ii 𝐼 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑢| + 𝐶

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥| + 𝐶
16b
𝑑𝑁
= 𝑘𝑁 log 𝑒 𝑁
𝑑𝑡
1
∫ 𝑑𝑁 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑁𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑁
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑁| = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶 (using part a)
|𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑁| = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+𝐶
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑁 = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 or − 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑁 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑡 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or −𝑒 𝐶
𝑘𝑡
𝑁 = 𝑒 𝐴𝑒
17 𝑀0 = 200
𝑑𝑀
= −outflow − decay
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑀 5 10
=− 𝑀− 𝑀
𝑑𝑡 100 100
15
=− 𝑀
100

3
=− 𝑀
20
1 3
∫ 𝑑𝑀 = − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑡
𝑀 20
3
ln 𝑀 = − 20 𝑡 + 𝐶 (we can omit absolute value signs since 𝑀 cannot be negative)
3
𝑀 = 𝑒 −20𝑡+𝐶
3
𝑀 = 𝑒 −20 𝑒 𝐶
3
𝑀 = 𝐴𝑒 −20𝑡 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶
Substituting 𝑀(0) = 200:
200 = 𝐴𝑒 0
200 = 𝐴
3
Therefore 𝑀 = 200𝑒 −20𝑡
18a
𝑑ℎ
= 𝑘(ℎ − 20)
𝑑𝑡
1
∫ 𝑑ℎ = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
ℎ − 20
ln|ℎ − 20| = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
|ℎ − 20| = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+𝐶
|ℎ − 20| = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑒 𝐶
ℎ − 20 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑡 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or −𝑒 𝐶
ℎ = 20 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑡
100 = 20 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑘(0)
𝐴 = 80
Therefore ℎ = 20 + 80𝑒 𝑘𝑡
ℎ = 20(1 + 4𝑒 𝑘𝑡 )


80 = 20(1 + 4𝑒 10𝑘 )
1 + 4𝑒 10𝑘 = 4
4𝑒 10𝑘 = 3
3
𝑒 10𝑘 =
4
3
10𝑘 = ln
4
1 3
𝑘= ln
10 4
18b i
𝑑𝐻
= 𝑘(𝐻 − 20 + 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝐻(0) = 80
18b ii 𝑦 = 𝐻 − 20 + 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝐻
= +1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘(𝐻 − 20 + 𝑡) + 1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘𝑦 + 1
𝑑𝑡
𝑦(0) = 80 − 20 = 60
18b iii
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘𝑦 + 1
𝑑𝑡
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑡
𝑘𝑦 + 1
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑡
𝑘 𝑦+1
𝑘

1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑘 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑦+
𝑘
1
ln |𝑦 + | = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑘
1
|𝑦 + | = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+𝐶
𝑘
1
|𝑦 + | = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑘
1
𝑦+ = 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑡 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or − 𝑒 𝐶
𝑘
1
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑘𝑡 −
𝑘
1
60 = 𝐴𝑒 0𝑡 −
𝑘
1
𝐴 = 60 +
𝑘
1 1
Therefore 𝑦 = (60 + ) 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 −
𝑘 𝑘
Since 𝑦 = 𝐻 − 20 + 𝑡, 𝐻 = 𝑦 + 20 − 𝑡
1 1
𝐻 = (60 + ) 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 − + 20 − 𝑡
𝑘 𝑘
1 1
or 𝐻(𝑡) = 20 − − 𝑡 + (60 + ) 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑘 𝑘
19a
𝑑𝑁
= 𝑘𝑁(𝑃 − 𝑁)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑(𝑃𝑦)
= 𝑘𝑃𝑦(𝑃 − 𝑃𝑦)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑃 = 𝑘𝑃2 𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘𝑃𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑟𝑦(1 − 𝑦) (since 𝑟 = 𝑘𝑃)
𝑑𝑡
𝑁0
𝑦(0) = 𝑦0 =
𝑃
19b 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑡
𝑑𝑥
=𝑟
𝑑𝑡
Using the chain rule:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑟𝑦(1 − 𝑦) ×
𝑟
= 𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
Initial condition: 𝑦(0) = 𝑦0
19c
1
𝑣=
𝑦
𝑑𝑣 1
=− 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Using the chain rule:
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1
=− × 𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
𝑦2
1
= − (1 − 𝑦)
𝑦
1
= −𝑣 (1 − )
𝑣
=1−𝑣
or 𝑣 ′ = 1 − 𝑣

19d 𝑣′ = 1 − 𝑣
1
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑣
1
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑣−1
ln|𝑣 − 1| = −𝑥 + 𝐶
|𝑣 − 1| = 𝑒 −𝑥+𝐶
𝑣 − 1 = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −𝑥 or − 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑣 − 1 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or − 𝑒 𝐶
𝑣 = 1 + 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥
1 1
Since 𝑣 = or 𝑦 =
𝑦 𝑣
1
𝑦=
1 + 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥
𝑁0
19e Substituting 𝑦(0) = 𝑦0 = :
𝑃
𝑁0 1
=
𝑃 1 + 𝐴𝑒 −0
𝑃
1+𝐴=
𝑁0
𝑃
𝐴= −1
𝑁0
1
Therefore 𝑦 =
𝑃
1 + (𝑁 − 1) 𝑒 −𝑥
0
1 𝑁0
𝑦= ×
𝑃 𝑁0
1 + (𝑁 − 1) 𝑒 −𝑥
0
𝑁0
𝑦=
𝑁0 + (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )𝑒 −𝑥

19f Substituting 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑡 = 𝑘𝑃𝑡:

𝑁0
𝑦=
𝑁0 + (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡
𝑁 = 𝑃𝑦
𝑁0
=𝑃×
𝑁0 + (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡
𝑁0 𝑃
=
𝑁0 + (𝑃 − 𝑁0 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑃𝑡
20a The curves all have an asymptote 𝑦 = 0 on the left and an asymptote 𝑦 = 1 on
1
the right, an the curves become steeper at (0, 2) as the value of 𝑟 increases.
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
r=1 r=2 r=4 r=8

20b i As 𝑟 → ∞, −𝑟𝑥 → −∞ so 𝑒 −𝑟𝑥 → 0 and 𝑦 → 1
1
20b ii As 𝑟 → ∞, −𝑟𝑥 = 0 so 𝑒 −𝑟𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = 2
20b iii As 𝑟 → ∞, −𝑟𝑥 → ∞ so 𝑒 −𝑟𝑥 → ∞ and 𝑦 → 0
20c


1a 1st-order, linear, one arbitrary constant
1b 2nd-order, two arbitrary constants
1c 3rd-order, three arbitrary constants
2a 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 𝑦(1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑦
𝑦′ = (1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑥
2b
2c See part h.

2d See part h.
2e The lines 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −1 are isoclines. 𝑦 = 0 is also an isocline, ignoring the

point (0, 0) where the gradient is undefined.
2f 𝑦 = 0. Yes, 𝑦 = 0 is a constant solution.
2g Odd: 𝑦′ is unchanged when 𝑥 is replaced with −𝑥 and 𝑦 is replaced with −𝑦.
2c,d,h
3a 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝐶(𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
Substituting for 𝑦 and 𝑦 ′ in 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 𝑦(2 + 𝑥):
LHS = 𝑥𝑦 ′
= 𝐶𝑥(2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 )
= 𝐶𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 (2 + 𝑥 )
= 𝑦(2 + 𝑥)
= RHS
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 is a solution of 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 𝑦(2 + 𝑥).

1
3b 𝑦 = √𝑥 2 + 𝐶 = (𝑥 2 + 𝐶)2
1
1
𝑦′ = (𝑥 2 + 𝐶)−2 × 2𝑥
2
1
𝑦 ′ = 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝐶)−2
Substituting for 𝑦 and 𝑦 ′ in 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑥:
LHS = 𝑦𝑦 ′
1 1
= (𝑥 2 + 𝐶)2 × 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝐶)−2
= 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝐶)0
=𝑥
= RHS
Therefore, 𝑦 = √𝑥 2 + 𝐶 is a solution of 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑥.
3c
1
𝑦 = = (𝑥 2 + 𝐶)−1
𝑥2 + 𝐶
𝑦 ′ = −(𝑥 2 + 𝐶)−2 × 2𝑥
= −2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝐶)−2
2𝑥
=−
(𝑥 2 + 𝐶)2
Substituting for 𝑦 and 𝑦 ′ in 𝑦 ′ = −2𝑥𝑦 2
2
1
RHS = −2𝑥 × ( )
𝑥2 + 𝐶
2𝑥
=−
(𝑥 2 + 𝐶)2
= LHS
1
Therefore, 𝑦 = is a solution of 𝑦 ′ = −2𝑥𝑦 2 .
𝑥2 +𝐶

4a 𝑦=0
4b Taking the reciprocal of the DE gives

𝑑𝑥 2
=−
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
4c
𝑑𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 = −2 ln|𝑦| + 𝐶
4d 𝑥 = −2 ln|𝑦| + 𝐶
𝑥 − 𝐶 = −2 ln|𝑦|
𝐶−𝑥
= ln|𝑦|
2
𝐶−𝑥
|𝑦| = 𝑒 ( 2
)
𝐶 𝑥 𝐶 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 (2) × 𝑒 (−2) or − 𝑒 (2) × 𝑒 (−2)
𝑥 𝐶 𝐶
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −2 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 (2) or −𝑒 (2)
4e 𝑦 = 0 when 𝐴 = 0
4f Substituting 𝑦(0) = 3:
0
3 = 𝐴𝑒 −2
𝐴=3
𝑥
Therefore 𝑦 = 3𝑒 −2
5a i 𝑦 ′ = 0 when 𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 = −2
5a ii It is an isocline.
5a iii Gradients decrease to −1 then increase.
5a iv
5b i 𝑦 ′ = 0 when 𝑦 = 2 or 𝑦 = −2
1
5b ii Gradients decrease to − 2 then increase.
5b iii It is an isocline.
5b iv
5c i 𝑦 ′ = 0 when 𝑦 = −𝑥

5c ii Gradients decrease
5c iii Gradients increase
5c iv
6a 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 4𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥
Substituting for 𝑦 ′′ , 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 in 𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0:
LHS = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 4𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 + 3(−𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + 2(𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 )
= 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 4𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 − 3𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 − 6𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥
= 3𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 − 3𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 6𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 − 6𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥
=0
= RHS
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0.

6b 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝐴(cos 2𝑥 × −𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 × −2 sin 2𝑥) + 𝐵(sin 2𝑥 × −𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 × 2 cos 2𝑥)
= 𝐴(−𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥) + 𝐵(−𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥)
= −𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 (cos 2𝑥 + 2 sin 2𝑥) − 𝐵𝑒 −𝑥 (sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥)
𝑦 ′′ = −𝐴(−𝑒 −𝑥 (cos 2𝑥 + 2 sin 2𝑥) + 𝑒 −𝑥 (−2sin 2𝑥 + 4 cos 2𝑥)) −

𝐵(−𝑒 −𝑥 (sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥) + 𝑒 −𝑥 (2cos 2𝑥 + 4 sin 2𝑥))
= −𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 (− cos 2𝑥 − 2 sin 2𝑥 −2sin 2𝑥 + 4 cos 2𝑥) − 𝐵𝑒 −𝑥 (− sin 2𝑥 +

2 cos 2𝑥 + 2cos 2𝑥 + 4 sin 2𝑥)
= −𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 (3 cos 2𝑥 − 4 sin 2𝑥) − 𝐵𝑒 −𝑥 (3 sin 2𝑥 + 4 cos 2𝑥)
Substituting 𝑦 ′′ , 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 in 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 0:
LHS
= −𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 (3 cos 2𝑥 − 4 sin 2𝑥) − 𝐵𝑒 −𝑥 (3 sin 2𝑥 + 4 cos 2𝑥)
+ 2(−𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 (cos 2𝑥 + 2 sin 2𝑥) − 𝐵𝑒 −𝑥 (sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥))
+ 5𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 5𝐵𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 (−3𝐴 − 4𝐵 − 2𝐴 + 4𝐵 + 5𝐴) + 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 (4𝐴 − 3𝐵 − 4𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 5𝐵)
= 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 (0) + 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 (0)
=0
= RHS
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 0.
6c 𝑦 = 𝐴 cos 𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −𝐴 sin 𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 𝑥 + 2𝐶𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = −𝐴 cos 𝑥 − 𝐵 sin 𝑥 + 4𝐶𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = 𝐴 sin 𝑥 − 𝐵 cos 𝑥 + 8𝐶𝑒 2𝑥
Substituting 𝑦 ′′′ , 𝑦 ′′ , 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 in 𝑦 ′′′ − 2𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0:
LHS
= 𝐴 sin 𝑥 − 𝐵 cos 𝑥 + 8𝐶𝑒 2𝑥 − 2(−𝐴 cos 𝑥 − 𝐵 sin 𝑥 + 4𝐶𝑒 2𝑥 ) + (−𝐴 sin 𝑥 +
𝐵 cos 𝑥 + 2𝐶𝑒 2𝑥 ) − 2(𝐴 cos 𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑒 2𝑥 )
= 𝐴 sin 𝑥 − 𝐵 cos 𝑥 + 8𝐶𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝐴 cos 𝑥 + 2𝐵 sin 𝑥 − 8 𝐶𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝐴 sin 𝑥 +
𝐵 cos 𝑥 + 2𝐶𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝐴 cos 𝑥 − 2𝐵 sin 𝑥 − 2𝐶𝑒 2𝑥

=0
= RHS
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝐴 cos 𝑥 + 𝐵 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑒 2𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′′ − 2𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0.
6d 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐷 cos 2𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 2𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2𝐶 sin 2𝑥 − 2𝐷 sin 2𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 4𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 − 4𝐶 cos 2𝑥 − 4𝐷 cos 2𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = 8𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 − 8𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 + 8𝐶 sin 2𝑥 + 8𝐷 sin 2𝑥
𝑦 ′′′′ = 16𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 + 16𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 + 16𝐶 cos 2𝑥 + 16𝐷 cos 2𝑥
Substituting 𝑦 ′′′′ and 𝑦 in 𝑦 ′′′′ − 16𝑦 = 0:
LHS = 16𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 + 16𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 + 16𝐶 cos 2𝑥 + 16𝐷 cos 2𝑥
−16(𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐷 cos 2𝑥)
=0
= RHS
Therefore, 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐷 cos 2𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′′′ − 16𝑦 = 0.
7a
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2
1 2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1 + 𝑥2
ln|𝑦| = −ln|1 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝐵
ln|𝑦| + ln|1 + 𝑥 2 | = 𝐵
ln|𝑦(1 + 𝑥 2 )| = 𝐵
|𝑦(1 + 𝑥 2 )| = 𝑒 𝐵
𝑦(1 + 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑒 𝐵 or −𝑒 𝐵
𝑦(1 + 𝑥 2 ) = 𝐶 where 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐵 or −𝑒 𝐵
𝐶
𝑦=
1 + 𝑥2

7b
𝑑𝑦 1 − 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑦
∫(2 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 𝑥2
2𝑦 + =𝑥− +𝐵
2 2
𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝐵
𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4 − 4 = −((𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) − 1) + 2𝐵
(𝑦 + 2)2 − 4 = −((𝑥 − 1)2 − 1) + 2𝐵

(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 1 + 4 + 2𝐵
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 5 + 2𝐵
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 𝐶 where 𝐶 = 5 + 2𝐵
7c
𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥 − 1)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑥−1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
ln|𝑦| = 𝑥 − ln|𝑥| + 𝐵
ln|𝑥| + ln|𝑦| = 𝑥 + 𝐵
ln|𝑥𝑦| = 𝑥 + 𝐵
|𝑥𝑦| = 𝑒 𝑥+𝐵
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝐵 or − 𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝐵
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 × 𝐶 where 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐵 or − 𝑒 𝐵
𝐶𝑒 𝑥
𝑦=
𝑥

8a
𝑑𝑦 1 1−𝑦
= (1 − 𝑦) =
𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑑𝑥 2
=
𝑑𝑦 1 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 −2
=
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 − 1
𝑑𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦−1
𝑥 = −2 log 𝑒 |𝑦 − 1| + 𝐶
1
log 𝑒 |𝑦 − 1| = − (𝑥 − 𝐶)
2
1
|𝑦 − 1| = 𝑒 −2(𝑥−𝐶)
1 1
(𝑥−𝐶) (𝑥−𝐶)
𝑦 − 1 = 𝑒 −2 or − 𝑒 −2
1 1 1 1
𝑦 − 1 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 × 𝑒 2𝐶 or − 𝑒 −2𝑥 × 𝑒 2𝐶
1 1 1
𝑦 − 1 = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 2𝐶 or − 𝑒 2𝐶
1
𝑦 = 1 + 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥
1
2 = 1 + 𝐴𝑒 −2×0
𝐴 = 2−1
𝐴=1
1
Therefore 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑒 −2𝑥

8b
𝑑𝑦 1 5−𝑦
= (5 − 𝑦) =
𝑑𝑥 5 5
𝑑𝑥 5
=
𝑑𝑦 5 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 −5
=
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 − 5
𝑑𝑥 5
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦−5
𝑥 = −5 log 𝑒 |𝑦 − 5| + 𝐶
1
log 𝑒 |𝑦 − 5| = − (𝑥 − 𝐶)
5
1
|𝑦 − 5| = 𝑒 −5(𝑥−𝐶)
1 1
𝑦 − 5 = 𝑒 −5(𝑥−𝐶) or − 𝑒 −5(𝑥−𝐶)
1 1 𝑥 1
𝑦 − 5 = 𝑒 −5𝑥 × 𝑒 5𝐶 or − 𝑒 −5 × 𝑒 5𝐶
1 1 1
𝑦 − 5 = 𝐴𝑒 −5𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 5𝐶 or − 𝑒 5𝐶
1
𝑦 = 5 + 𝐴𝑒 −5𝑥
1
2 = 5 + 𝐴𝑒 −5×0
𝐴 = 2−5
𝐴 = −3
1
Therefore 𝑦 = 5 − 3𝑒 −5𝑥
9a Let
1 𝐴 𝐵
= +
1 − 𝑥2 1 − 𝑥 1 + 𝑥
𝐴(1 + 𝑥) + 𝐵(1 − 𝑥)
=
(1 + 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥)
𝐴 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 − 𝐵𝑥
=
(1 + 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥)

(𝐴 − 𝐵)𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵
=
(1 + 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥)
𝐴+𝐵 =1 (1)
𝐴−𝐵 =0 (2)
(1) + (2):
2𝐴 = 1
1
𝐴=
2
1
Substituting 𝐴 = into (1):
2
1
+𝐵 =1
2
1
𝐵=
2
1 1 1
So 2
= +
1−𝑥 2(1 − 𝑥) 2(1 + 𝑥)
1 1 1 1
or 2
= ( + )
1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥 1+𝑥
9b
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2
1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1 − 𝑥2
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1 − 𝑥2
1 1
1 2
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ( + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1−𝑥 1+𝑥
1 1
log 𝑒 |𝑦| = − log 𝑒 |1 − 𝑥| + log 𝑒 |1 + 𝑥| + 𝐵
2 2
1 1+𝑥
log 𝑒 |𝑦| = log 𝑒 | |+𝐵
2 1−𝑥

1
1+𝑥 2
log 𝑒 |𝑦| = log 𝑒 | | + log 𝑒 𝑒 𝐵
1−𝑥
1
1+𝑥 2
log 𝑒 |𝑦| = log 𝑒 (𝑒 𝐵 |1−𝑥| )
1
1+𝑥 2
|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝐵 | |
1−𝑥
1 1
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑒𝐵 | | or − 𝑒 𝐵 | |
1−𝑥 1−𝑥
1
1+𝑥 2
𝑦 =𝐶| | where 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐵 or − 𝑒 𝐵
1−𝑥
1+𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶 √| |
1−𝑥
10a For domain: 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ≠ 0

𝑒 −𝑥 ≠ 1
−𝑥 ≠ log 𝑒 1
𝑥≠0
Also 𝐿(𝑥) ≠ 0, so there are no intercepts.
10b
1
As 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑒 −𝑥 → 0 so 𝐿(𝑥) → . Hence lim 𝐿(𝑥) = 1
1−0 𝑥⟶∞
1
As 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑒 −𝑥 → ∞ so 𝐿(𝑥) → . Hence lim 𝐿(𝑥) = 0
−∞ 𝑥⇢−∞
10c 𝑥 ≠ 0 (from part a) so there is a vertical asymptote at 𝑥 = 0.

1
As 𝑥 → 0+ , 𝑒 −𝑥 → 1− so 𝐿(𝑥) → . That is 𝐿(𝑥) ⟶ ∞.
0+
1
As 𝑥 → 0− , 𝑒 −𝑥 → 1+ so 𝐿(𝑥) → . That is 𝐿(𝑥) ⟶ −∞.
0−

10d For 𝑥 = log 𝑒 2:

𝑦 = 𝐿(log 𝑒 2)
1
=
1− 𝑒 −(log𝑒 2)
1
= 1
1 − 𝑒 log𝑒 22
1
=
1
1−2
=2
For 𝑥 = − log 𝑒 2:
𝑦 = 𝐿(− log 𝑒 2)
1
=
1 − 𝑒 log𝑒 2
1
=
1−2
= −1
10e i 𝐿(𝑥) = (1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )−1

𝐿′(𝑥) = −(1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )−2 × 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥
=−
(1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
𝑒 −𝑥
=−
1 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
1
=−
𝑒 𝑥 (1 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
−1
=
𝑒𝑥 − 2 + 𝑒 −𝑥
−1
= 𝑥 𝑥
𝑒𝑥 − 2 (𝑒 2 ) (𝑒 −2 ) +𝑒 −𝑥
−1
= 𝑥 𝑥 2
(𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 )

𝑥 𝑥 −2
10e ii 𝐿′(𝑥) = − (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 )
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 −3 𝑒 2 𝑒 −2
𝐿′′ (𝑥) = 2 (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 ) ×( + )
2 2
𝑥 𝑥
2 𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2
= 𝑥 𝑥 3×( )
2
(𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 )
𝑥 𝑥
𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2
= 𝑥 𝑥 3
(𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 )
10f When 𝑥 > 0, 𝐿′′ (𝑥) > 0 and when 𝑥 < 0, 𝐿′′ (𝑥) < 0.
Hence graph is concave up for 𝑥 > 0 and concave down for 𝑥 < 0.
10g
10h Substituting for 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 in 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦(1 − 𝑦):

𝑒 −𝑥
LHS = −
(1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
1 1
RHS = −𝑥
(1 − )
1−𝑒 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥
1 1
= −𝑥
−
1−𝑒 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2

(1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) − 1
=
(1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
𝑒 −𝑥
=−
(1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )2
= LHS
Therefore, since LHS = RHS, 𝑦 = 𝐿(𝑥) is a solution of the DE.
1
11 The graph in option C corresponds to 𝑦 ′ = 4 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ).
Slope must be zero at the origin (eliminates A) and positive everywhere else
(eliminates B and D which have zero slope on the 𝑥 and 𝑦-axes respectively).
𝑦
12 Option B 𝑦 ′ = 1 + 𝑥 corresponds to the graph.
The diagram shows slope of zero on the isocline 𝑦 = −𝑥, which eliminates
options C and D. For 𝑥 = 1, slope grows more extreme with increasing 𝑦, which
eliminates A.
13a
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
log 𝑒 |𝑦| = −log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
log 𝑒 |𝑥| + log 𝑒 |𝑦| = 𝐶
log 𝑒 |𝑥𝑦| = 𝐶
|𝑥𝑦| = 𝑒 𝐶
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐶 or − 𝑒 𝐶
𝑥𝑦 = 𝐴 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or −𝑒 𝐶
𝐴
𝑦=
𝑥

𝐴
1=
2
𝐴=2
2
Therefore 𝑦 =
𝑥
13b
𝑑𝑦
= (1 + 2𝑥)𝑒 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(1 + 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 −𝑦
∫ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(1 + 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝐶
𝑦 = ln( 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝐶)
0 = ln( 1 + 1 + 𝐶)
0 = ln( 2 + 𝐶)
1= 2+𝐶
𝐶 = −1
Therefore 𝑦 = ln( 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 1)
13c
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 √𝑥
1
∫ 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
1
−𝑦 −1 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶

1 1
− = 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶
𝑦
1
−𝑦 = 1
2𝑥 2 +𝐶
1
𝑦=−
2√𝑥 + 𝐶
1
−1 = −
2√0 + 𝐶
1
−1 = −
𝐶
𝐶=1
1
Therefore 𝑦 = −
2√𝑥 + 1
14a Let
1 𝐴 𝐵
= +
𝑦(1 − 𝑦) 𝑦 1 − 𝑦
𝐴(1 − 𝑦) + 𝐵𝑦
=
𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
𝐴 − 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦
=
𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
(𝐵 − 𝐴)𝑦 + 𝐴
=
𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
𝐴=1
𝐵−𝐴 =0 (1)
Substituting 𝐴 = 1 into (1):
𝐵−1 =0
𝐵=1
1 1 1
Therefore = +
𝑦(1 − 𝑦) 𝑦 1 − 𝑦

14b i 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 1
14b ii
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑦(1 − 𝑦)
1 1
∫( + ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1−𝑦
log 𝑒 |𝑦| − log 𝑒 |1 − 𝑦| = 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦
log 𝑒 | |=𝑥+𝐶
1−𝑦
𝑦
| | = 𝑒 𝑥+𝐶
1−𝑦
𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝐶 or − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝐶
1−𝑦
𝑦
= 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or − 𝑒 𝐶
1−𝑦
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 (1 − 𝑦)
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 − 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 𝑦
𝐴𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥
𝑦(𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 1) = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥
𝐴𝑒 𝑥
𝑦=
𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 1
𝐴𝑒 𝑥 𝐴−1 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦= ×
𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 1 𝐴−1 𝑒 −𝑥
1
𝑦=
𝐴−1 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
1
𝑦=
1 + 𝐴−1 𝑒 −𝑥
1
1 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑥

1
14b iii Substituting (0, 4):
1 1
=
4 1 + 𝐵𝑒 0
1 1
=
4 1+𝐵
𝐵=3
1
Therefore 𝑦 =
1 + 3𝑒 −𝑥
15a Let
1 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(2 − 𝑦)(3 − 𝑦) 2 − 𝑦 3 − 𝑦
𝐴(3 − 𝑦) + 𝐵(2 − 𝑦)
=
(2 − 𝑦)(3 − 𝑦)
3𝐴 − 𝐴𝑦 + 2𝐵 − 𝐵𝑦
=
(2 − 𝑦)(3 − 𝑦)
(−𝐴 − 𝐵)𝑦 + 3𝐴 + 2𝐵
=
(2 − 𝑦)(1 − 𝑦)
−𝐴 − 𝐵 = 0 (1)
3𝐴 + 2𝐵 = 1 (2)
2 × (1) + (2):
𝐴=1
−1 − 𝐵 = 0
𝐵 = −1
1 1 1
Therefore = −
(2 − 𝑦)(3 − 𝑦) 2 − 𝑦 3 − 𝑦
1 1 1
or = −
(2 − 𝑦)(3 − 𝑦) 𝑦 − 3 𝑦 − 2

15b i 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑦 = 3
1
15b ii 𝑦′ = − 5 (3 − 𝑦)(2 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 1
= − (3 − 𝑦)(2 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 5
1 1
(3 − 𝑦)(2 − 𝑦) 5
1 1 1
∫( − ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ − 𝑑𝑥
𝑦−3 𝑦−2 5
1
log 𝑒 |𝑦 − 3| − log 𝑒 |𝑦 − 2| = − 𝑥 + 𝐶
5
𝑦−3 1
log 𝑒 | |=− 𝑥+𝐶
𝑦−2 5
𝑦−3 1
| | = 𝑒 −5𝑥+𝐶
𝑦−2
𝑦−3 1 1
= 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑒 𝐶 or − 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑒 𝐶
𝑦−2
𝑦−3 1
= 𝐴𝑒 −5𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or − 𝑒 𝐶
𝑦−2
1
𝑦 − 3 = 𝐴𝑒 −5𝑥 (𝑦 − 2)
1 1
𝑦 − 3 = 𝐴𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑦 − 2𝐴𝑒 −5𝑥
1 1
𝑦 − 𝐴𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑦 = 3 − 2𝐴𝑒 −5𝑥
1 1
𝑦 (1 − 𝐴𝑒 −5𝑥 ) = 3 − 2𝐴𝑒 −5𝑥
1
3 − 2𝐴𝑒 −5𝑥
𝑦= 1
1 − 𝐴𝑒 −5𝑥
3 − 2𝐴𝑒 0
1=
1 − 𝐴𝑒 0
3 − 2𝐴
1=
1−𝐴

1 − 𝐴 = 3 − 2𝐴
𝐴=2
1
3 − 4𝑒 −5𝑥
Therefore 𝑦 = 1
1 − 2𝑒 −5𝑥
15b iii 𝑦 = 0 when:

1
3 − 4𝑒 −5𝑥
0= 1
1 − 2𝑒 −5𝑥
1
3 − 4𝑒 −5𝑥 = 0
1 3
𝑒 −5𝑥 =
4
1 3
− 𝑥 = ln
5 4
3
𝑥 = −5 ln
4
3 −1
𝑥 = 5 ln ( )
4
4
𝑥 = 5 ln
3
or 𝑥 ≑ 1.44
16a Let
5 𝐴 𝐵
= +
𝑁(5 − 𝑁) 𝑁 5 − 𝑁
𝐴(5 − 𝑁) + 𝐵𝑁
=
𝑁(5 − 𝑁)
5𝐴 − 𝐴𝑁 + 𝐵𝑁
=
𝑁(5 − 𝑁)
(𝐵 − 𝐴)𝑁 + 5𝐴
=
𝑁(5 − 𝑁)


5𝐴 = 5 so 𝐴 = 1
𝐵−𝐴 =0 (1)
𝐵−1 =0
𝐵=1
5 1 1
Therefore = +
𝑁(5 − 𝑁) 𝑁 5 − 𝑦
16b
𝑑𝑁
= 𝑘𝑁(5 − 𝑁)
𝑑𝑡
1
𝑑𝑁 = 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑁(5 − 𝑁)
1
∫ 𝑑𝑁 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑁(5 − 𝑁)
5
∫ 𝑑𝑁 = ∫ 5𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑁(5 − 𝑁)
1 1
∫( + ) 𝑑𝑁 = ∫ 5𝑘 𝑑𝑡
𝑁 5−𝑁
log 𝑒 |𝑁| − log 𝑒 |5 − 𝑁| = 5𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑁
log 𝑒 | | = 5𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
5−𝑁
𝑁
| | = 𝑒 5𝑘𝑡+𝐶
5−𝑁
𝑁
= 𝑒 5𝑘𝑡+𝐶 or − 𝑒 5𝑘𝑡+𝐶
5−𝑁
𝑁
= 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 5𝑘𝑡 or − 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 5𝑘𝑡
5−𝑁
𝑁
= 𝐴𝑒 5𝑘𝑡 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or − 𝑒 𝐶
5−𝑁
𝑁 = 𝐴𝑒 5𝑘𝑡 (5 − 𝑁)
𝑁 = 5𝐴𝑒 5𝑘𝑡 − 𝑁𝐴𝑒 5𝑘𝑡

𝑁𝐴𝑒 5𝑘𝑡 + 𝑁 = 5𝐴𝑒 5𝑘𝑡

𝑁(𝐴𝑒 5𝑘𝑡 + 1) = 5𝐴𝑒 5𝑘𝑡
5𝐴𝑒 5𝑘𝑡
𝑁 = 5𝑘𝑡
𝐴𝑒 + 1
5𝐴𝑒 5𝑘𝑡 𝐴−1 𝑒 −5𝑘𝑡
𝑁= ×
𝐴𝑒 5𝑘𝑡 + 1 𝐴−1 𝑒 −5𝑘𝑡
5
𝑁=
𝐴−1 𝑒 −5𝑘𝑡 (𝐴𝑒 5𝑘𝑡 + 1)
5
𝑁=
1+ 𝐴−1 𝑒 −5𝑘𝑡
5
1 + 𝐵𝑒 −5𝑘𝑡
16c Substituting 𝑁(0) = 1:

5
1=
1 + 𝐵𝑒 0
1+𝐵 =5
𝐵=4
5
Therefore 𝑁 =
1 + 4𝑒 −5𝑘𝑡
16d Total sales at 𝑡 = 2 is 1 million phones already sold at 𝑡 = 0, plus 0.4 million
phones sold between 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 2. So 𝑁(2) = 1.4 (as 𝑁 is the number of
people in millions).
Substituting 𝑁(2) = 1.4:
5
1.4 =
1 + 4𝑒 −5𝑘(2)
5
1 + 4𝑒 −10𝑘 =
1.4
25
1 + 4𝑒 −10𝑘 =
7
25
4𝑒 −10𝑘 = −1
7

18
4𝑒 −10𝑘 =
7
9
𝑒 −10𝑘 =
14
9
−10𝑘 = ln
14
1 9
𝑘=− ln
10 14
𝑘 ≑ 4.418 × 10−2
16e When 𝑡 = 3,
5
𝑁= 1 9
1 + 4𝑒 −5(−10ln14)(3)
≑ 1.633
Sales during year 3 equals total sales in three years (1.633 million) minus sales
up to year 2 (1.4 million).
That is, the projected sales in the third year will be 0.233 million or 233,000.
17a 𝑦′ = 𝑥(1 − 2𝑦)

= 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝑦 ′′ = 1 − 2𝑦 × 1 − 2𝑥 × 𝑦′
= 1 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦′
17b Turning point when 𝑦 ′ = 0:

𝑥(1 − 2𝑦) = 0
𝑥=0
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, so
𝑦 ′′ = 1 − 2 × 1 − 2 × 0 × 0
= 1−2
= −1
Since 𝑦 ′′ < 0, the turning point at 𝑥 = 0 is a maximum.

17c 𝑦′ = 𝑥(1 − 2𝑦)

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥(1 − 2𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 − 2𝑦
1 2
− ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2𝑦 − 1
2
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = −2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑦 − 1
ln|2𝑦 − 1| = −𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2 +𝐶
|2𝑦 − 1| = 𝑒 −𝑥
2
|2𝑦 − 1| = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −𝑥
2 2
2𝑦 − 1 = 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −𝑥 or − 𝑒 𝐶 𝑒 −𝑥
2
2𝑦 − 1 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 where 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝐶 or −𝑒 𝐶
2
2𝑦 = 1 + 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥
1 2
𝑦 = (1 + 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 )
2
1
1 = (1 + 𝐴𝑒 0 )
2
2= 1+𝐴
𝐴=1
1 2
Therefore 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
2
18a The solutions are 𝑦 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 where 𝐹 ′(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).

Each is a vertical shift of the other.
1
18b The solutions are 𝑦 = 𝐺 −1 (𝑥 + 𝐶) where 𝐺′(𝑦) = 𝑔(𝑦).
Each is a horizontal shift of the other.

19a 𝑦 = 1, 𝑦 = −1
19b 𝑦1 = cos(𝑥 + 𝐴)
𝑦1 ′ = − sin(𝑥 + 𝐴)
Substituting 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 in (𝑦 ′ )2 = 1 − 𝑦 2 :
LHS = (− sin(𝑥 + 𝐴))2
= sin2 (𝑥 + 𝐴)
= 1 − cos2 (𝑥 + 𝐴)
= 1 − 𝑦2
= RHS
Therefore 𝑦1 = cos(𝑥 + 𝐴) is a solution of (𝑦 ′ )2 = 1 − 𝑦 2 .
𝑦2 = sin(𝑥 + 𝐵)
𝑦2 ′ = cos(𝑥 + 𝐵)
Substituting 𝑦 ′ and 𝑦 in (𝑦 ′ )2 = 1 − 𝑦 2 :
LHS = (cos(𝑥 + 𝐵))2
= cos2 (𝑥 + 𝐵)
= 1 − sin2(𝑥 + 𝐵)
= 1 − 𝑦2
= RHS
Therefore 𝑦2 = sin(𝑥 + 𝐵) is a solution of (𝑦 ′ )2 = 1 − 𝑦 2 .
19c cos(𝑥 + 𝐴) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝐴 − sin 𝑥 sin 𝐴

sin(𝑥 + 𝐵) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐵 cos 𝑥
𝜋
Let 𝐵 = 𝐴 + 2 + 2𝑛𝜋 for integer 𝑛
𝜋
Then cos 𝐵 = cos (𝐴 + 2 + 2𝑛𝜋)
𝜋
cos 𝐵 = cos (𝐴 + 2 )
𝜋 𝜋
= cos 𝐴 cos 2 − sin 𝐴 sin 2

= cos 𝐴 × 0 − sin 𝐴 × 1
= − sin 𝐴
𝜋
sin 𝐵 = sin (𝐴 + 2 + 2𝑛𝜋)
𝜋
sin 𝐵 = sin (𝐴 + 2 )
𝜋 𝜋
= sin 𝐴 cos 2 + cos 𝐴 sin 2
= sin 𝐴 × 0 + cos 𝐴 × 1
= cos 𝐴
Substituting cos 𝐵 = − sin 𝐴 and sin 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 in the expansion for sin(𝑥 + 𝐵):
sin(𝑥 + 𝐵) = sin 𝑥 × − sin 𝐴 + cos 𝐴 × cos 𝑥
= −sin 𝑥 sin 𝐴 + cos 𝐴 cos 𝑥
= cos(𝑥 + 𝐴)
So the two solutions are identical.
𝜋
19d 𝐵 =𝐴+2
𝜋
(More precisely, 𝐵 = 𝐴 + 2 + 2𝑛𝜋, for some integer 𝑛.)
20a Using Pythagoras’ theorem:

𝐴𝐵 2 + 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐵𝐶 2
𝑦 2 + 𝐴𝐶 2 = 42
𝐴𝐶 2 = 16 − 𝑦 2
𝐴𝐶 = √16 − 𝑦 2
𝐴𝐵
Gradient = −
𝐴𝐶
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
=−
𝑑𝑥 √16 − 𝑦 2
20b −4 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4; 𝑦(0) = 4

20c 𝑦 = 0, not a solution of the IVP
20d

Chapter 14 worked solutions – Series and finance

1a This is an arithmetic sequence with 𝑎 = 102, 𝑑 = 2 and 𝑛 = 500. Hence the sum
𝑛 500
is 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑) = 2 (204 + (500 − 1) × 2) = 300 500
1b This is an arithmetic sequence with 𝑎 = 15, 𝑙 = −10 and 𝑛 = 50 (including the

𝑛 50
1st and last term). Hence the sum is 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑙) = 2 ((15) + (−10)) = 125
1c i The common difference is 𝑑 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 97 − 100 = −3
1c ii The 𝑛th term is

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 100 + (𝑛 − 1)(−3) = 100 − 3𝑛 + 3 = 103 − 3𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
1c iii 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑) = 2 (2(100) + (𝑛 − 1)(−3)) = 2 (203 − 3𝑛)
𝑛 𝑛
In order for 𝑆𝑛 to be positive, it must be the case that 2 (203 − 3𝑛) ≤ 0, since 2 >
2
0, we require that 203 ≤ 3𝑛 and thus 67 3 ≤ 𝑛. Thus, there are at least 68 terms
for which 𝑆𝑛 is negative.
𝑇3 4500
2a i = 3000 = 1.5
𝑇2
𝑇2 3000
= = 1.5
𝑇1 2000
Hence all terms have the same common ratio of 1.5. Thus, by definition this is a
GP.
2000(𝑟 𝑛 −1) 2000(1.5𝑛 −1) 2000(1.55 −1)

2a ii 𝑆𝑛 = = , hence 𝑆5 = 26375
𝑟−1 1.5−1 0.5
3 3
2a iii |𝑟| = |2| = 2 > 1, hence there is no limiting sum

2b i
𝑇3 2 1
= =
𝑇2 6 3
𝑇2 6 1
= =
𝑇1 18 3
1
Hence all terms have the same common ratio of 3. Thus, by definition this is a GP.
1 1
2b ii This GP has a limiting sum as |𝑟| = |3| = 3 < 1. The limiting sum is
𝑎 18 18 3
𝑆∞ = = = = (18) = 27
1 − 𝑟 1 − 1 (2) 2
3 3
2b iii
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
1 𝑛
18 (( ) − 1)
3
=
1
3−1
1 𝑛
18 ((3) − 1)
=
2
−3
3 1 𝑛
= − (18 (( ) − 1))
2 3
1 𝑛
= 27 (1 − ( ) )
3
Hence
1 10
𝑆10 = 27 (1 − (3) ) = 26.9995 … ≑ 27 = 𝑆∞ (to 3 decimal places)
3a The secretaries salary is an AP with 𝑎 = 60 000 and 𝑑 = 4000, hence

𝑇𝑛 = 60 000 + (𝑛 − 1) × 4000
and

1
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑛)(2 × 60 000 + (𝑛 − 1) × 4000)
2
After 10 years the annual salary will be 𝑇10 = 60 000 + (10 − 1) × 4000 =
1
$96 000 and the total earnings will be 𝑆10 = 2 (10)(2 × 60 000 + (10 − 1) ×
4000) = $780 000.
3b To find the year we solve for 𝑇𝑛 = 84 000

60 000 + (𝑛 − 1) × 4000 = 84 000
(𝑛 − 1) × 4000 = 24 000
𝑛−1=6
𝑛=7
Hence, his salary will be $84 000 in year 7.
4a By definition, her salary is a GP. A 5% increase implies that each year, her salary
will be equal to the previous year’s salary multiplied by 1.05. That is, the salaries
between each year have a common ratio of 𝑟 = 1.05.
4b This is a GP with 𝑎 = 80 000 and 𝑟 = 1.05. Hence

𝑇𝑛 = 80 000(1.05)𝑛−1
and
80 000((1.05)𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
1.05 − 1
After 10 years her annual salary will be 𝑇10 = 80 000(1.05)10−1 = $124 106 and
80 000((1.05)10 −1)
her total earnings will be 𝑆10 = = $1 006 231.
1.05−1
5a i All the terms are the same.
5a ii The terms are decreasing.
5b If 𝑟 = 0, then 𝑇2 ÷ 𝑇1 = 0, so 𝑇2 = 0. Hence 𝑇3 ÷ 𝑇2 = 𝑇3 ÷ 0 is undefined.

5c i The terms alternate in sign as you are multiplying by a negative number.
5c ii All the terms are the same as you are multiplying by 1.
5c iii The terms will take the form 𝑎, −𝑎, 𝑎, −𝑎, ... where 𝑎 is the first term of the
sequence.
5c iv The terms are decreasing in absolute value and will hence tend towards 0.
6a Lawrence’s wage increases by a fixed amount of $5000 per annum and hence
there will be a common difference of $5000 between each year’s salary. Hence
his salary is an AP with 𝑎 = $50 000 and 𝑑 = $5000.
Thus 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 50 000 + (𝑛 − 1) × 5000. This means that:
𝑇1 = $50 000
𝑇2 = $55 000
𝑇3 = $60 000
6b By definition Julian’s salary is a GP as a 15% increase per annum means that each
year his salary will be the previous year’s salary multiplied by 1.15. That is, the
salaries between each year have a common ratio of 𝑟 = 1.15. Thus we have a GP
with 𝑎 = 40 000 and 𝑟 = 1.15. Hence 𝑇𝑛 = 40 000(1.15)𝑛−1. Applying this
formula gives
𝑇1 = $40 000
𝑇2 = $46 000
𝑇3 = $52 900
6c Julian’s wage is greater when

50 000 + (𝑛 − 1) × 5000 < 40 000(1.15)𝑛−1
Trial and error finds that the lowest value of 𝑛 to satisfy this inequality is 𝑛 = 6.
For Julian
𝑇6 ≑ $80 454.29
For Lawrence
𝑇6 = $75 000
Hence the difference is $5454.29 which is $5454 to the nearest dollar.

7a i This is an AP with 𝑎 = 50 000 and 𝑑 = 3000. Hence

𝑇 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 50 000 + (𝑛 − 1) × 3000
= 50 000 + 3000𝑛 − 3000
= 47 000 + 3000𝑛
7a ii To have at least twice the original salary we must have

𝑇𝑛 > 100 000
47 000 + 3000𝑛 > 100 000
3000𝑛 > 53 000
𝑛 > 17.66 …
Hence, the salary will be at least twice the original salary after the 18th year.
7b This describes an AP with 𝑎 = 50 000 and 𝑟 = 1.04.

Hence 𝑇𝑛 = 50 000(1.04)𝑛−1 . Hence the salary after the 10th year will be
𝑇10 = 50 000(1.04)10−1 = 50 000(1.04)9 = $71 166
8a To the first trough and return: 6 + 6 = 12m

To the second trough and return: 6 + 5 + 5 + 6 = 22m
To the third trough and return: 6 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 6 = 32m
8b Observing that we have an AP with 𝑎 = 12 and 𝑑 = 22 − 12 = 10, we conclude

that:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 12 + (𝑛 − 1) × 10 = 12 + 10𝑛 − 10 = 10𝑛 + 2
8c i To find the number of troughs, we solve the equation 𝑇𝑛 = 62

10𝑛 + 2 = 62
10𝑛 = 60
𝑛=6

Hence there are 6 feed troughs.
8c ii The total distance travelled to feed 𝑛 troughs will be

1 1
𝑆𝑛 = 2 𝑛(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑) = 2 𝑛(2 × 12 + (𝑛 − 1) × 10).
Thus in order to fill 6 troughs, the total distance to be travelled is

1
𝑆6 = 2 (6)(24 + (6 − 1) × 10) = 222 metres
9a Note that as 120 ÷ 7 = 17.14 there will be 17 Sundays between the initial
advertisement and Christmas. Thus, there are a total of 18 advertisements.
9b The first advertisement is published for 120 days and each subsequent
advertisement will be published for 7 days less than the previous. Hence the
number of days each advertisement is published for is given by an AP with 𝑎 =
120 and 𝑑 = −7. Hence the total number of days that all advertisements are
published for will be given by the sum
1 1
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑛)(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑) = (𝑛)(2 × 120 + (𝑛 − 1)(−7))
2 2
Hence
1
𝑆18 = 2 (18)(240 + (18 − 1)(−7)) = 1089 days
9c The last advertisement is 7 × 17 = 119 days after the first advertisement.

Christmas is 120 days after the first advertisement, so Christmas must be on the
next day which is a Monday.
10a Let 𝑥 be the number of infections on 1st August. As the number of infections
forms a AP, all terms must have a common difference and so
𝑥 − 10 000 = 160 000 − 𝑥
Hence
2𝑥 = 170 000
And thus
𝑥 = 85 000
So there are 85 000 infections on 1st August.

10b Let 𝑥 be the number of infections on 1st August. As the number of infections
forms a GP, all terms must have a common ratio and so
𝑥 160 000
=
10 000 𝑥
Hence
𝑥 2 = 1 600 000 000
And thus
𝑥 = 40 000
So there are 40 000 infections on 1st August.
11a If the salary increases by a fixed amount then the salary forms an AP with
𝑇𝑛 = 60 000 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐷. Hence if 𝑇10 = 117 600 then
60 000 + (10 − 1)𝐷 = 117 600
9𝐷 = 57600
𝐷 = 6400
11b If the salary increases by a fixed amount then the salary forms an AP with
𝑇𝑛 = 60 000 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐷 and
1 1
𝑆𝑛 = 2 (𝑛)(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐷) = 2 (𝑛)(2 × 60 000 + (𝑛 − 1)𝐷).
Hence if 𝑆10 = 942 000

1
942 000 = (10)(2 × 60 000 + (10 − 1)𝐷)
2
188 400 = 120 000 + 9𝐷
9𝐷 = 68 400
𝐷 = 7600
11c If 𝐷 = 4400 then the salary forms an AP with

𝑇𝑛 = 60 000 + (𝑛 − 1) × 4400 = 4400𝑛 + 55600
The salary exceeds $120 000 when

𝑇𝑛 > 120 000

4400𝑛 + 55600 > 120 000
4400𝑛 > 64400
𝑛 > 14.6
Hence the salary first exceeds $120 000 after the 15th year.
11d If 𝐷 = 4000 then the salary forms an AP with 𝑎 = 60 000 and 𝑑 = 4000. Hence
𝑇𝑛 = 60 000 + (𝑛 − 1) × 4000 = 4000𝑛 + 56 000
and
1 1
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑛)(2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑) = (𝑛)(2 × 60 000 + (𝑛 − 1) × 4000)
2 2
So
𝑆13 = $1 092 000
and
𝑆14 = $1 204 000
So the total earnings first exceed $1 200 000 during the 14th year.
1
12 This is a GP with 𝑎 = 𝐹 and 𝑇5 = 2 𝐹. Since 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 it follows that:
1
𝐹 = 𝐹𝑟 5−1
2
1
= 𝑟4
2
1
𝑟= 1
24
𝑎 𝐹
Over time, the limiting sum will be 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 𝑛 = 1 ≑ 6.29𝐹 (2 decimal places)
1− 1
24
13a i The common ratio of this sequence is 𝑟 = − tan2 𝑥. The sequence converges
when |𝑟| < 1. That is, when |tan2 𝑥| < 1.
𝜋
This is when −1 < tan 𝑥 < 1 which is when 0 < |𝑥| < 4 in the given domain.

13a ii When the series does converge, the limit is

𝑎 1 1 1
𝑆∞ = = = = = cos2 𝑥
1 − 𝑟 1 − (−tan 𝑥) 1 + tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥
2 2
13a iii When sin 𝑥 = 0, the series is not a GP because the ratio cannot be zero. But the
series is then 1 + 0 + 0 + . . ., which trivially converges to 1. When sin 𝑥 = 0,
then cos 𝑥 = 0 or −1, so sec 2 𝑥 = 0, which means that the given formula for 𝑆∞
is still correct
13b i
𝑇2 cos2 𝑥
= = cos2 𝑥
𝑇1 1
𝑇3 cos4 𝑥
= = cos2 𝑥
𝑇2 cos2 𝑥
Thus as all terms have a common ratio of cos 2 𝑥.
13b ii The angles do not converge when

|𝑟| ≥ 1
|cos 2 𝑥| ≥ 1
cos2 𝑥 = 1
cos 𝑥 = ±1
𝑥 = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋
𝑎 1 1
13b iii 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1−cos2 𝑥 = sin2 𝑥 = cosec 2 𝑥
13b iv When cos 𝑥 = 0, the series is not a GP because the ratio cannot be zero. But the
series is then 1 + 0 + 0 + ⋯, which trivially converges to 1. When cos 𝑥 = 0,
then sin 𝑥 = 1 or −1, so cosec 2 𝑥 = 1, which means that the given formula for
𝑆∞ is still correct.

13c i
𝑇2 sin2 𝑥
= = sin2 𝑥
𝑇1 1
𝑇3 sin4 𝑥
= 2
= sin2 𝑥
𝑇2 sin 𝑥
Thus, as all terms have a common ratio of sin2 𝑥.
13c ii The angles do not converge when

|𝑟| ≥ 1
|sin2 𝑥| ≥ 1
sin2 𝑥 = 1
sin 𝑥 = ±1
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥= ,
2 2
𝑎 1 1
13c iii 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 1−sin2 𝑥 = cos2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥
13c iv When sin x = 0, the series is not a GP because the ratio cannot be zero. But the
series is then 1 + 0 + 0 + . .. , which trivially converges to 1. When sin 𝑥 = 0,
then cos 𝑥 = 1 or −1, so sec 2 𝑥 = 1, which means that the given formula for 𝑆∞ is
still correct.
14a Let 𝑥bee = 2𝑉𝑡 be the position of the bee and 𝑥dozer = 36 − 𝑉𝑡 be the position of
bulldozer B at a given time 𝑡. The bee reaches the bulldozer when they have the
same 𝑥-position. This is when
𝑥bee = 𝑥dozer
2𝑉𝑡 = 36 − 𝑉𝑡
36 = 3𝑉𝑡
12
𝑡=
𝑉

12
Hence, 𝑥dozer = 36 − 𝑉𝑡 = 36 − 𝑉 ( 𝑉 ) = 36 − 12 = 24. Thus the bee reaches the
bulldozer B when it is at 𝑥 = 24.
12
14b Firstly note that 𝑥𝐴 = 𝑉𝑡, hence, when the bee hits bulldozer B, 𝑥𝐴 = 𝑉 ( 𝑉 ) = 12.
For the next part of the question, we shall consider 𝑡 = 0 to be when the bee hits
bulldozer A.
Hence the new equation for bulldozer A will be 𝑥𝐴 = 12 + 𝑉𝑡 and
𝑥𝑏𝑒𝑒 = 24 − 2𝑉𝑡. Thus, bulldozer A hits the bee when
𝑥𝐴 = 𝑥𝑏𝑒𝑒
12 + 𝑉𝑡 = 24 − 2𝑉𝑡
3𝑉𝑡 = 12
4
𝑡=
𝑉
4
𝑥𝐴 = 12 + 𝑉 ( ) = 12 + 4 = 16
𝑉
Hence, they hit each other at 𝑥 = 16.
14c i The bee will keep being able to fly between the two bulldozers until the
bulldozers hit one another. As both bulldozers are travelling at the same speed,
they will hit one another at the midpoint between them, 𝑥 = 18.
14c ii The total time that the bee flies for is the time taken for the bulldozers to
intercept. This time is given by solving the equation
𝑥𝑎 = 𝑉𝑡
18 = 𝑉𝑡
18
𝑡=
𝑉
Thus, the total distance travelled by the bee is given by
18
distance = speed × time = 2𝑉 ( 𝑉 ) = 36 metres.
This is the original distance between the two bulldozers.

15a Using Pythagoras’ Theorem:

Length of diagonal
= √752 + 1002
= 125 m
15b
b
c
Using Pythagoras’ Theorem:

𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 = 752
𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = 1002
Subtracting these two equations gives:
𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 = 1002 − 752
(𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑏 + 𝑎) = 4735
(𝑏 − 𝑎) × 125 = 4735
𝑏 − 𝑎 = 35
Noting that 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 125,
we have that 𝑏 = 80 and 𝑎 = 45.
Substituting this back into 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 = 752 gives 𝑐 = 60.
Now using similar triangles we have that the length of the row on either side of
the diagonal will satisfy the equation
𝑙 60 − 3
=
125 60

57
𝑙 = 125 ×
60
= 118.75 m
15c Using similar triangles we have that the length of the row on either side of the
diagonal will satisfy the equation
𝑙 60 − 6
=
125 60
53
𝑙 = 125 ×
60
= 112.5 m
15d 125 − 118.75 = 118.75 − 112.5 = 6.25

Hence the lengths form an arithmetic sequence with 𝑎 = 125 and 𝑑 = 6.25.
60
15e There will be 𝑛 = = 20 rows on one ‘side’ of the paddock.
3
For one side of the paddock the total length of vines will be
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
20
= (125 + 0)
2
= 1250
Thus the total length of all rows of vines will be 2 × 1250 − 125 = 2375 m.


1a 5
1b 14
1c 3
1d 15
1e 4
1f 8
1g 14
1h 11
2a 2𝑛 > 7000
log 2 2𝑛 > log 2 7000
ln 7000
𝑛>
ln 2
ln 7000
𝑛>
ln 2
𝑛 > 12.77
2b 3𝑛 > 20 000
log 3 3𝑛 > log 3 20 000
ln 20000
𝑛>
ln 3
𝑛 > 9.01

1 𝑛
2c (2) < 0.004
1 𝑛
log 1 (2) > log 1 0.004
2 2
ln 0.004
𝑛>
1
ln 2
𝑛 > 7.97
Thus the smallest integer solution is 𝑛 = 8.
1 𝑛
2d (3) < 0.0002
1 𝑛
log 1 (3) > log 1 0.0002
3 3
ln 0.0002
𝑛>
1
ln 3
𝑛 > 7.75
Thus the smallest integer solution is 𝑛 = 8.
3a
𝑇2 11
= = 1.1
𝑇1 10
𝑇3 12.1
= = 1.1
𝑇2 11
Hence all terms have a common ratio of 1.1 and thus this sequence forms a GP
with 𝑎 = 10 and 𝑟 = 1.1.
3b 𝑎 = 10 and 𝑟 = 1.1
3c 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 10(1.1)𝑛−1 , hence 𝑇15 = 10(1.1)15−1 = 10(1.1)14 ≑ 37.97
3d 19 (𝑇18 ≑ 55.6 and 𝑇19 ≑ 61.16)

3e 10(1.1)𝑛−1 < 60
1.1𝑛−1 < 6
ln 6
𝑛−1<
ln 1.1
ln 6
𝑛< +1
ln 1.1
𝑛 < 19.80
Hence there are 19 terms which satisfy this inequality so there are 19 terms less
than 60.
4a By definition her salary is a GP as a 5% increase means that each year her salary
will be the previous multiplied by 1.05 . That the salary between each year has a
common ratio of 𝑟 = 1.05.
4b This is a GP with 𝑎 = 40 000 and 𝑟 = 1.05.

Thus 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 40 000(1.05)𝑛−1 and so her annual salary after 10 years is
𝑇10 = 40 000(1.05)10−1 = 40 000(1.05)9 = $62 053
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1) 40 000(1.05𝑛 −1)
Furthermore 𝑆𝑛 = = so her total earnings after 10 years will
𝑟−1 1.05−1
be
40 000(1.0510 − 1)
𝑆10 = = $503 116
1.05 − 1
4c Her salary first exceeds $70 000 when 𝑇𝑛 > 70 000 this is when
40 000(1.05)𝑛−1 > 70 000
(1.05)𝑛−1 > 1.75
ln 1.75
𝑛−1>
ln 1.05
ln 1.75
𝑛> +1
ln 1.05
𝑛 > 12.45
𝑇13 = 40 000(1.05)13−1 = 40 000(1.05)12 = $71 834
Hence her salary first exceeds $70 000 after the 13th year.

5 The salary is given by a GP with 𝑎 = 50 000 and 𝑟 = 1.04 so the salary after the
𝑛th year will be 𝑇𝑛 = 50 000(1.04)𝑛−1 . To have twice the original salary we must
have
𝑇𝑛 > 100 000
50 000(1.04)𝑛−1 > 100 000
(1.04)𝑛−1 > 2
ln 2
𝑛−1>
ln 1.04
ln 2
𝑛> +1
ln 1.04
𝑛 > 18.67
𝑇19 = 50 000(1.04)19−1 = 50 000(1.04)18 = $101 291
Thus it will be twice the original salary in the 19th year.
6a SC 50: 100% − 50% = 50%

SC 75: 100% − 75% = 25%
SC 90: 100% − 90% = 10%
6b The first layer of SC 50 stops 50% of UV rays. The second layer then removes a
further 50% of the 50% that have passed through. This means the second layer
stops 50% × 50% = 25% of the total UV. Together the first and second layer
block 50% + 25% = 75% of the UV which is the same as that of SC 75.
6c By the same logic as above the 𝑛th SC 50 shade sail will block (50%)𝑛 = (0.5)𝑛 of
the total sunlight. This means the around of sunlight blocked by the 𝑛th sail is a
GP with 𝑎 = 0.5 and 𝑟 = 0.5 so the total around blocked by 𝑛 sails is
0.5(0.5𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 = = 1 − 0.5𝑛
0.5 − 1
Hence to cut out 90% of rays we require
𝑆𝑛 > 0.9
1 − 0.5𝑛 > 0.9
0.5𝑛 < 0.1

ln 0.1
𝑛>
ln 0.5
𝑛 > 3.32
This means that at least 4 SC 50 shade sails are required.
6d By the same logic as above the 𝑛th SC 50 shade sail will block (50%)𝑛 = (0.5)𝑛 of
the total sunlight. This means the around of sunlight blocked by the 𝑛th sail is a
GP with 𝑎 = 0.5 and 𝑟 = 0.5 so the total around blocked by 𝑛 sails is
0.5(0.5𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 = = 1 − 0.5𝑛
0.5 − 1
Hence to cut out 99% of rays we require
𝑆𝑛 > 0.99
1 − 0.5𝑛 > 0.99
0.5𝑛 < 0.01
ln 0.01
𝑛>
ln 0.5
𝑛 > 6.64
This means that at least 7 SC 50 shade sails are required.
𝑇 2
7a 𝑟 = 𝑇2 = 3
1
2 2 𝑛−1
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑟 = 3 so 𝑇𝑛 = 3 × (3)
7b The ball will have travelled the height of the roof on the ‘0th’ bounce. Hence the
2 −1 3 3
height of the roof is. 𝑇0 = 3 × (3) = 2 = 2 (3) = 4.5 metres
( )
3
7c i If 𝑇𝑛 < 0.01 then
2 𝑛−1
3×( ) < 0.01
3
2 𝑛−1 1
3×( ) <
3 100

2 𝑛−1 1
( ) <
3 300
1
> 300
2 𝑛−1
(3)
3 𝑛−1
( ) > 300
2
as required
7c ii Solving the inequality above gives
3 𝑛−1
( ) > 300
2
ln 300
𝑛−1>
3
ln 2
ln 300
𝑛> +1
3
ln 2
𝑛 > 15.07
Hence it will have bounced 16 times.
8a There are 20 000 × 0.10 = 2 000 graphics calculators sold per month.
8b The number of graphics calculators sold forms an AP with 𝑎 = 2 000 and

𝑑 = 150.
Thus 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 2000 + (𝑛 − 1)(150)
= 1850 + 150𝑛
This means that 6 months from now there will be 𝑇6 = 2750 graphics calculators
sold.
8c All calculators will be graphics calculators when 𝑇𝑛 = 20 000, hence, this is when
1850 + 150𝑛 = 20 000. This is when 150𝑛 = 18150 and thus when 𝑛 = 121.
This will be after 10 years and 1 month.

9a Annual sales form a GP with 𝑎 = 200 000 and 𝑟 = 1.2.

Hence 𝑇𝑛 = 200 000(1.2)𝑛−1 . The annual sales exceed $1 000 000 when
200 000(1.2)𝑛−1 > 1 000 000
(1.2)𝑛−1 > 5
ln 5
𝑛−1>
ln 1.2
ln 5
𝑛> +1
ln 1.2
𝑛 > 9.83
Thus annual sales exceed $1 000 000 in the 10th year.
9b Annual sales form a GP with 𝑎 = 200 000 and 𝑟 = 1.2.

200 000((1.2)𝑛 −1)
Hence 𝑆𝑛 = . The total sales exceed $2 000 000 when
1.2−1
200 000((1.2)𝑛 − 1)
> 2 000 000
1.2 − 1
200 000((1.2)𝑛 − 1)
> 2 000 000
0.2
200 000((1.2)𝑛 − 1) > 400 000
(1.2)𝑛 − 1 > 2
(1.2)𝑛 > 3
ln 3
𝑛>
ln 1.2
𝑛 > 6.03
Thus total sales exceed $2 000 000 in the 7th year.
10a Increasing by 100% means doubling, increasing by 200% means trebling,

increasing by 300% means multiplying by 4, and so on.
10b Solve (1.25)𝑛 > 4.

ln 4
𝑛>
ln 1.25
𝑛 > 6.21
2
11a This is a GP with 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑟 = 3, thus
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
2 𝑛
3 ((3) − 1)
=
2
3−1
2 𝑛
3 ((3) − 1)
=
1
−3
2 𝑛
= 9 (1 − ( ) )
3
2
11b |𝑟| = | | < 1, hence there is a limiting sum as the common ratio is less than 1.
3
𝑎 3 3
𝑆= = = =9
1−𝑟 1−2 1
3 3
11c 𝑆 − 𝑆𝑛 < 0.01

2 𝑛
9 − 9 (1 − ( ) ) < 0.01
3
2 𝑛
9 − 9 + 9 ( ) < 0.01
3
2 𝑛
9 ( ) < 0.01
3
2 𝑛 0.01
( ) <
3 9

2 𝑛 0.01
ln ( ) < ln
3 9
2 0.01
𝑛 ln ( ) < ln
3 9
0.01
ln 2
9
𝑛> 2 (note we switch the inequality sign as ln (3) < 0)
ln( )
3
𝑛 > 16.78
Hence the smallest value of 𝑛 for which 𝑆 − 𝑆𝑛 < 0.01 is 𝑛 = 17.
1 1
12a 𝐴 = 2 𝑏ℎ = 2 × cos 𝜃 × sin 𝜃
𝑏
12b For the second triangle, the base satisfies cos 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 and the height satisfies
𝑎 1
sin 𝜃 = sin 𝜃. Thus the area of the second triangle is 𝐴 = 2 𝑏ℎ =
1
1 (cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃)(sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃).
(cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃)(sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃). Hence, the ratio of areas is 2
1 = sin2 𝜃.
2 ×cos 𝜃×sin 𝜃
2
1
12b The areas form a GP with 𝑎 = 2 × cos 𝜃 × sin 𝜃 and 𝑟 = sin2 𝜃. The limiting sum
1 1 1
𝑎 ×cos 𝜃×sin 𝜃 ×cos 𝜃×sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 1
2 2 2
is thus 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = = = = 2 tan 𝜃.
1−sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1
13a By observation 𝜃𝑛 =
√𝑛
13b
𝑘 𝑘
1
∑ 𝜃𝑛 ≥ ∑ tan 𝜃𝑛
2
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
𝑘
1 1
= ∑ tan
2 √𝑛
𝑛=1
𝑘
11
≥∑
2𝑛
𝑛=1

𝑘
1 1
≥ ∑
2 𝑛
𝑛=1
13c
By observation of the above diagram

𝑘 𝑘
1 1
∑ ≥ ∫ 𝑑𝑛
𝑛 1 𝑛
𝑛=1
𝑘1
13d Evaluating the integral gives ∫1 𝑑𝑛 = ln 𝑘, since ln 𝑘 is unbounded, it follows by
𝑛
1
comparison that ∑𝑘𝑛=1 𝑛 and in turn ∑𝑘𝑛=1 𝜃𝑛 must also be unbounded. Thus we
conclude that the spiral keeps turning without bound.


1a i 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑛 = 5000(0.06)(3) = $900
1a ii 𝐴 = 𝑃 + 𝐼 = 5000 + 900 = $5900
1b i 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑛 = 12000(0.0615)(7) = $5166
1b ii 𝐴 = 𝑃 + 𝐼 = 12000 + 5166 = $17166
2a i 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 5000(1.06)(3) = $5955.08
2a ii 𝐼 = 𝐴 − 𝑃 = 5955.08 − 5000 = $955.08
2b i 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 12 000(1.0615)(7) = $18 223.06
2b ii 𝐼 = 𝐴 − 𝑃 = 18 223.06 − 12 000 = $6223.06
3a i 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑅)𝑛 = 5000(1 − 0.06)(3) = 5000(0.94)(3) = $4152.92
3a ii 𝐷 = 𝑃 − 𝐴 = 5000 − 4152.92 = $847.08
3b i 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑅)𝑛 = 12 000(1 − 0.0615)(7) = 12 000(0.9385)(7) = $7695.22
3b ii 𝐷 = 𝑃 − 𝐴 = 12 000 − 7695.22 = $4304.78
12 2×12
4a 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 𝑃 (1 + 100×12) = 400(1.01)12 = $507.89

7.28 1×52 7.28 52

4b 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 𝑃 (1 + 100×52) = 10000 (1 + 100×52) = $10 754.61
5a 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑃 + 𝐼 = 𝑃 + 𝑃𝑅𝑛 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅𝑛) = 10 000(1 + 0.065 × 𝑛)
5b 𝐴15 = $19 750, 𝐴16 = $20400, hence the investment exceeds $20 000 at the end
of 16 years but not at the end of 15 years.
6a 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑅)𝑛 = 229 000(1 − 0.15)𝑛 = 229 000(0.85)𝑛 .

Hence the net worth of the fleet in 5 years will be 𝐴5 = $101 608.52.
6b The loss in value will be $229 000 − $101 608.52 = $127 391.48
7a The final amount for Juno is

𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 20 000(1 + 0.066)1 = $21 320
The final amount for Howard is
𝐴 = 𝑃 + 𝑃𝑅𝑛 = 20 000 + 20 000(0.0675)(1) = $21350
So Howard has the better investment
7b The final amount for Juno is
𝑛
0.066 12
𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅) = 20 000 (1 + ) = $21 360.67
12
The final amount for Howard is
𝐴 = 𝑃 + 𝑃𝑅𝑛 = 20 000 + 20 000(0.0675)(1) = $21350
So Juno has the better investment by $10.67
8a 𝐴 = 𝑃 + 𝑃𝑅𝑛 = 5000 + 5000(0.07)(3) = $6050
8b Using the simple interest formula

𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑛
13 824 = 𝑃(0.06)(9)

Hence
13 824
𝑃= = $25600
0.06 × 9
8c The amount of interest earned is

𝐼 = 𝐴 − 𝑃 = 31 222.50 − 23 000 = $8222.50
Now using the simple interest formula
𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑛
8222.50 = 23 000(0.0325)(𝑛)
Hence
𝑛 = 11
8d The total interest earned is

𝐼 = 𝐴 − 𝑃 = 22 610 − 17 000 = $5610
Now using the simple interest formula
𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑛
5610 = 17 000𝑅(6)
5610
𝑅= = 0.055
17 000 × 6
So the interest rate is 5.5%.
9a 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛
32 364 = 𝑃(1 + 0.15)10
32 364
𝑃 = (1.15)10 = $8000 (to the nearest dollar)
9b 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛
40 559.20 = 𝑃(1 + 0.07)18
40 559.20
𝑃 = (1+0.07)18 = $12 000 (to the nearest dollar)

9c 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛
0.045 3×12
22 884.96 = 𝑃 (1 + )
12
22 884.96
𝑃= 0.045 3×12
= $20 000 (to the nearest dollar)
(1+ )
12
10 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑅)𝑛
14 235 = 𝑃(1 − 0.107)3
14 235
𝑃= = $19 990
(1 − 0.107)3
0.0825 3×12
11a 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 6000 (1 + ) = $7678.41
12
11b 𝐼 = 𝐴 − 𝑃 = 7678.41 − 6000 = $1678.41
11c For simple interest

𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑛
1678.41 = 6000𝑅(3)
𝑅 = 0.093245
Hence a simple interest rate of 9.32% per annum is required to yield the same
amount.
0.04 5×12
12a 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 10 000 (1 + ) = $12 209.97
12
12b The interest earned over the 5 years is

𝐼 = 𝐴 − 𝑃 = 12 209.97 − 10 000 = $2209.97
For simple interest
𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑛
2209.97 = 10 000𝑅(5)

𝑅 = 0.044 199 4
Hence a simple interest rate of 4.4% per annum is required to yield the same
amount.
12c It will fully exceed $15 000 when

𝐴 > 15000
0.04 𝑛
10 000 (1 + ) > 15000
12
0.04 𝑛
(1 + ) > 1.5
12
ln 1.5
𝑛>
0.04
ln (1 + 12 )
𝑛 > 121.84 …
Hence the smallest integer solution is 𝑛 = 122 months.
13 For depreciation
𝐴 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑅)𝑛
𝑃(1 − 0.175)6 = 350 000
Hence
350 000
𝑃= = $1 110 054.631
(1 − 0.175)6
To the nearest dollar, the original value of the asset was $1 110 000.
14 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑃𝑟 𝑛
𝐴6 = 45 108.91, 𝑃 = 30 000
30 000𝑟 6 = 45 108.91
𝑟 6 = 1.5036
1
𝑟 = 1.50366 = 1.07 …
Hence the interest rate is 7% per annum.

15a In order for the investment to increase by a factor of 10, it must be the case that
𝐴𝑛 ≥ 60 000
6000(1.12)𝑛 ≥ 60 000
(1.12)𝑛 ≥ 10
ln 10
𝑛≥
ln 1.12
𝑛 ≥ 20.32
Hence the smallest number of years required for the investment to double is 21
years.
0.0825 𝑛
15b 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 100 000 (1 + ) = 100 000(1.006875)𝑛 where 𝑛 is in
12
months
In order for the investment to double, it must be the case that
𝐴𝑛 ≥ 200 000
100 000(1.006875)𝑛 ≥ 200 000
(1.006875)𝑛 ≥ 2
ln 2
𝑛≥
ln 1.006875
𝑛 ≥ 101.17
Hence the smallest number of years required for the investment to double is 102
months. This is 8 years and 6 months.
15c 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑃(1 − 0.15)𝑛 = 𝑃 × 0.85𝑛

In order for the car to be less than 10% of its initial cost we require 𝐴𝑛 < 0.1𝑃
𝑃 × 0.85𝑛 < 0.1𝑃
0.85𝑛 < 0.1
𝑛 > log 0.85 0.1
ln 0.1
𝑛>
ln 0.85
𝑛 > 14.17
Thus, the value will first be less than 10% of the cost after 15 years.

16 1.015𝑛 ≑ 1.1956
ln 1.015𝑛 ≑ ln 1.1956
𝑛 ln 1.015 ≑ ln 1.1956
ln 1.1956
𝑛≑ ≑ 11.999
ln 1.015
Hence there are 12 quarters (3 years) in the period of investment.
17 Thirwin 𝐴 = 10 000(1 + 0.072)1 = $10 720

Neri 𝐴 = 10 000(1 + 0.072) × 1 = $10 720
0.07 12
Sid 𝐴 = 10 000 (1 + ) = $10 722.90
12
Nee 𝐴 = 10 000(1 + 0.081) − 50 − 50 = $10 710

Thus Sid is furthest ahead after one year.
18a 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑛 = 𝐼 = 15 000 × 0.07 × 5 = $5250
18b 𝐴 = 𝑃 + 𝐼 = 15 000 + 5250 = $20250
18c 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛

20250 = 15000(1 + 𝑅)5
(1 + 𝑅)5 = 1.35
1
(1 + 𝑅) = 1.355
1
𝑅 = 1.355 − 1
𝑅 = 0.0619 = 6.19% per annum

19a 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑅)𝑛

𝐴 = 54 391.22(1 − 0.09)3 = $40 988
19b 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛

54 391.22 = 𝑃(1 + 0.09)3
54 391.22
𝑃= = $42 000
(1 + 0.09)3
0.12 1
20a i 𝐴 = 1000 (1 + ) = $1120
1
0.12 4
20a ii 𝐴 = 1000 (1 + ) = $1125.51
4
0.12 12
20a iii 𝐴 = 1000 (1 + ) = $1126.83
12
0.12 365
20a iv 𝐴 = 1000 (1 + 365 ) = $1127.47
20b If the compounding were continuous we would have

0.12 𝑛
𝐴 = lim 1000 (1 + ) = 1000𝑒 0.12 = 1127.50
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
0.12 10
20c For 10 years compounding annually 𝐴 = 1000 (1 + ) = $1120
1
For 10 years compounding continuously

0.12 10𝑛
𝐴 = lim 1000 (1 + )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
10
0.12 𝑛
= 1000 ( lim (1 + ) )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
= 1000(𝑒 0.12 )10

= $3320.12

21a 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛
21b By the binomial theorem

𝐴𝑛 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛
𝑛
𝑛
= 𝑃 ∑ ( ) 𝑅 𝑘 1𝑛−𝑘
𝑘
𝑘=0
𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
= 𝑃 (( ) 𝑅 0 1𝑛−0 + ( ) 𝑅1 1𝑛−1 + ∑ ( ) 𝑅 𝑘 1𝑛−𝑘 )
0 1 𝑘
𝑘=2
𝑛
𝑛
= 𝑃 (1 + 𝑛𝑅 + ∑ ( ) 𝑅 𝑘 1𝑛−𝑘 )
𝑘
𝑘=2
𝑛
𝑛
= 𝑃 + 𝑃𝑅𝑛 + 𝑃 ∑ ( ) 𝑅 𝑘 1𝑛−𝑘
𝑘
𝑘=2
𝑛
21c 𝑃 is the principal, 𝑃𝑅𝑛 is the simple interest and ∑ (𝑛𝑘)𝑅 𝑘 1𝑛−𝑘 is the result of
𝑘=2
compound interest over and above simple interest.


1a i On the 31st December 2023, the first instalment will have been compounded 4
times, hence the value of the first instalment is 500 × 1.14 = $732.05.
1a ii On the 31st December 2023, the second instalment will have been compounded
3 times, hence the value of the second instalment is 500 × 1.13 = $665.50.
1a iii On the 31st December 2023, the third instalment will have been compounded 2
times, hence the value of the third instalment is 500 × 1.12 = $605.
1a iv On the 31st December 2023, the fourth instalment will have been compounded
once, hence the value of the fourth instalment is 500 × 1.1 = $550.
1a v The total value will be 732.05 + 665.50 + 605 + 550 = $2552.55
1b i $550, $605, $665.50, $732.05. These terms form a GP with common ratio 1.1 as
732.05 665.50 605
= = = 1.1
665.50 605 550
1b ii The first term is 550, the common ratio is 1.1 and there are 4 terms.
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1) 550(1.14 −1)

1b iii 𝑆𝑛 = = = $2552.55 which matches the answer in part a v.
𝑟−1 1.1−1
2a i On the 31st March 2020, the first instalment will have been compounded 5 times,
hence the value of the first instalment is 1200 × 1.055 = $1531.54.
2a ii On the 31st March 2020, the second instalment will have been compounded 4
times, hence the value of the second instalment is 1200 × 1.054 = $1458.61.
2a iii On the 31st March 2020, the third instalment will have been compounded 3
times, hence the value of the third instalment is 1200 × 1.053 = $1389.15.

On the 31st March 2020, the fourth instalment will have been compounded 2
times, hence the value of the fourth instalment is 1200 × 1.052 = $1323.
On the 31st March 2020, the fifth instalment will have been compounded 1 time,
hence the value of the fifth instalment is 1200 × 1.051 = $1260.
2a iv The total value of the superannuation is

1531.54 + 1458.61 + 1389.15 + 1389.15 + 1323 + 1260 = $6962.30
2b i $1260, $1323, $1389.15, $1458.61, $1531.54

These terms form a GP with common ratio 1.05 as
1531.54 1458.61 1389.15 1323
= = = = 1.05
1458.61 1389.15 1323 1260
2b ii The first term is $1260, the common ratio is 1.05 and there ae 5 terms
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1) 1260(1.054 −1)

2b iii 𝑆𝑛 = = = $6962.30 which matches the answer in part a iv.
𝑟−1 1.05−1
3a i On the target date, the first instalment will have been compounded 15 times,
hence the value of the first instalment is 1500 × 1.0715 .
3a ii On the target date, the second instalment will have been compounded 14 times,
hence the value of the second instalment is 1500 × 1.0714 .
3a iii On the target date, the last instalment will have been compounded 1 time, hence
the value of the last instalment is 1500 × 1.07.
3a iv The series for 𝐴15 will be given by adding the values for each of the instalments,
hence
𝐴15 = (1500 × 1.07) + (1500 × 1.072 ) + ⋯ + (1500 × 1.0715 )

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1) (1500×1.07)(1.0715 −1)

3b 𝐴15 = = = $40 332
𝑟−1 1.07−1
4a i On the target date, the first instalment will have been compounded 24 times,
0.06
hence the value of the first instalment is 250 × (1 + 12 )24 = 250 × 1.00524 .
4a ii On the target date, the second instalment will have been compounded 23 times,
0.06
hence the value of the second instalment is 250 × (1 + 12 )23 = 250 × 1.00523 .
4a iii On the target date, the last instalment will have been compounded 1 time, hence
0.06
the value of the last instalment is 250 × (1 + 12 )1 = 250 × 1.005.
4a iv A series for 𝐴24 , given by adding the value of each instalment is

𝐴24 = 250 × 1.005 + 250 × 1.0052 + ⋯ + 250 × 1.00524
4b The above series is a GP with 𝑎 = 250 × 1.005, 𝑟 = 1.005 and with 24 terms.
Hence
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 250 × 1.005(1.00524 − 1)
𝐴24 = = = $6390
𝑟−1 1.005 − 1
5a i At the end of 25 years, the first instalment will have been compounded 25 times,
hence the value of the first instalment is 3000 × (1 + 0.065)25 = 3000 × 1.06525 .
5a ii At the end of 25 years, the first instalment will have been compounded 24 times,
hence the value of the first instalment is 3000 × (1 + 0.065)24 = 3000 × 1.06524 .
5a iii At the end of 25 years, the last instalment will have been compounded 1 time,
hence the value of the last instalment is 3000 × (1 + 0.065)1 = 3000 × 1.065.
5a iv A series for 𝐴25 , given by adding the value of each instalment is

𝐴25 = 3000 × 1.065 + 3000 × 1.0652 + ⋯ 3000 × 1.06525

5b The above series is a GP with 𝑎 = 3000 × 1.065, 𝑟 = 1.065 and with 25 terms.
Hence
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 3000 × 1.065(1.06525 − 1)
𝐴25 = =
𝑟−1 1.065 − 1
5c The value after 25 years will be

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 3000 × 1.065(1.06525 − 1)
𝐴25 = = = $188 146
𝑟−1 1.065 − 1
The total amount contributed is 3000 × 25 = $75 000
6a At the end of 20 years, the first instalment will have been compounded 20 times,
hence the value of the first instalment is 12 000 × (1 + 0.09)20 = 12 000 ×
1.0920 .
At the end of 20 years, the second instalment will have been compounded 19
times, hence the value of the second instalment is 12 000 × (1 + 0.09)19 =
12 000 × 1.0919.
At the end of 20 years, the last instalment will have been compounded 1 time,
hence the value of the last instalment is 12 000 × (1 + 0.09)1 = 12 000 × 1.09.
From this we can see that adding all contributions together, we will get
𝐴20 = 12 000 × 1.09 + 12 000 × 1.092 + ⋯ + 12 000 × 1.0920
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 12 000 × 1.09, 𝑟 = 1.09 and 20 terms, hence
𝐴20 = 𝑆20
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
12 000 × 1.09(1.0920 − 1)
=
1.09 − 1
12 000 × 1.09(1.0920 − 1)
=
0.09
6b $669 174.36
6c Zoya’s total contributions are 12 000 × 20 = $240000, hence this exceeds her
total contributions by 669 174.36 − 240000 = $429 174.36.

6d At the end of 20 years, the first instalment will have been compounded 20 times,
hence the value of the first instalment is 𝑀 × (1 + 0.09)20 = 𝑀 × 1.0920 .
At the end of 20 years, the second instalment will have been compounded 19
times, hence the value of the second instalment is 𝑀 × (1 + 0.09)19 = 𝑀 ×
1.0919 .
At the end of 20 years, the last instalment will have been compounded 1 time,
hence the value of the last instalment is 𝑀 × (1 + 0.09)1 = 𝑀 × 1.09.
𝐴20 = 𝑀 × 1.09 + 𝑀 × 1.092 + ⋯ + 𝑀 × 1.0920
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑀 × 1.09, 𝑟 = 1.09 and 20 terms, hence
𝐴20 = 𝑆20
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
𝑀 × 1.09(1.0920 − 1)
=
1.09 − 1
𝑀 × 1.09(1.0920 − 1)
=
0.09
6e To have $1 000 000 at the end of 20 years

𝐴20 = 1 000 000
𝑀 × 1.09(1.0920 − 1)
= 1 000 000
0.09
1.09(1.0920 − 1)
𝑀 = 1 000 000 ÷ = $17 932.55
0.09
7a At the end of 𝑛 years, the first instalment will have been compounded 𝑛 times,
hence the value of the first instalment is 𝑀 × (1 + 0.075)𝑛 = 𝑀 × 1.075𝑛 .
At the end of 𝑛 years, the second instalment will have been compounded 𝑛 − 1
times, hence the value of the second instalment is 𝑀 × (1 + 0.075)𝑛−1 = 𝑀 ×
1.075𝑛−1.
At the end of 𝑛 years, the last instalment will have been compounded 1 time,
hence the value of the last instalment is 𝑀 × (1 + 0.075)1 = 𝑀 × 1.075.
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑀 × 1.075 + 𝑀 × 1.0752 + 𝑀 × 1.075𝑛

This is a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑀 × 1.075, 𝑟 = 1.075 and 𝑛 terms, hence

𝐴𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
𝑀 × 1.075(1.075𝑛 − 1)
=
1.075
𝑀 × 1.075(1.075𝑛 − 1)
=
0.075
7b In order to have $1 500 000 in 25 years’ time,

𝐴20 = 1 500 000
𝑀 × 1.075(1.07525 − 1)
= 1 500 000
0.075
1.075(1.07525 −1)
𝑀 = 1 500 000 ÷ = $20 526.52 to the nearest cent
0.075
7c i In order to have superannuation more than $750 000

𝐴𝑛 > 750 000
𝑀 × 1.075(1.075𝑛 − 1)
> 750 000
0.075
20 526.52 × 1.075(1.075𝑛 − 1)
> 750 000
0.075
750 000 × 0.075
1.075𝑛 − 1 >
20 526.52 × 1.075
750 000 × 0.075
1.075𝑛 > +1
20 526.52 × 1.075
as required
7c ii By use of a calculator
750 000 × 0.075
+ 1 = 3.5492
20 526.52 × 1.075
Hence
1.075𝑛 > 3.5492

7c iii 1.075𝑛 > 3.5492

ln 3.5492
𝑛>
ln 1.075
𝑛 > 17.52
The smallest integer solution to this is 𝑛 = 18.
8a The person makes 20 investments of $10 000 each. Hence the total investment
made is 20 × 10 000 = $200 000.
8b At the beginning of 2040, the first instalment will have been compounded 20
times, hence the value of the first instalment is
10 000 × (1 + 0.1)20 = 10 000 × 1.120 = $67 275.
8c At the beginning of 2040, the first instalment will have been compounded 20
times, hence the value of the first instalment is 10 000 × (1 + 0.1)20 = 10 000 ×
1.120 .
At the beginning of 2040, the second instalment will have been compounded 19
times, hence the value of the second instalment is 10 000 × (1 + 0.1)19 =
10 000 × 1.119 .
At the beginning of 2040, the last instalment will have been compounded 1 time,
hence the value of the last instalment is 10 000 × (1 + 0.1)1 = 10 000 × 1.1.
𝐴20 = 10 000 × 1.1 + 10 000 × 1.12 + 10 000 × 1.120
This is a GP with 𝑎 = 10 000 × 1.1, 𝑟 = 1.1 and 20 terms, hence
𝐴20 = 𝑆20
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
10 000 × 1.1(1.120 − 1)
=
1.1 − 1
10 000 × 1.1(1.120 − 1)
=
0.1
= 630 024.9944
= $630 025 (to the nearest dollar)

8d i Similarly to above
𝐴𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
10 000 × 1.1(1.1𝑛 − 1)
=
1.1 − 1
10 000 × 1.1(1.1𝑛 − 1)
=
0.1
= 100 000 × 1.1 × (1.1𝑛 − 1)
8d ii The target is reached when

𝐴𝑛 > 1 000 000
100 000 × 1.1 × (1.1𝑛 − 1) > 1 000 000
1.1 × (1.1𝑛 − 1) > 10
10
(1.1𝑛 − 1) >
1.1
10
1.1𝑛 > +1
1.1
8d iii
10
1.1𝑛 > +1
1.1
10
ln (1.1 + 1)
𝑛>
ln 1.1
𝑛 > 24.25
The smallest integer solution is 𝑛 = 25 and hence it will take 25 years for the
superannuation to be worth $1 000 000
8e For a contribution of 𝑀, following the same method as above, we obtain

𝐴𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
𝑀 × 1.1(1.1𝑛 − 1)
=
1.1 − 1

𝑀 × 1.1(1.1𝑛 − 1)
=
0.1
= 10𝑀 × 1.1 × (1.1𝑛 − 1)
= 11𝑀(1.1𝑛 − 1)
Now, if 𝐴20 > 1 000 000, then
11𝑀(1.120 − 1) > 1 000 000
1 000 000
𝑀>
11(1.120 − 1)
𝑀 > 15872.29
Hence the monthly contribution needs to be 𝑀 ≑ $15 872
9a 18 × 20 = $360
9b The values of the investments form a GP with 𝑎 = 20 and 𝑟 = 1.095. Note the
first deposit occurs on Jane’s “0” birthday, so there are 19 deposits. Hence, the
total amount is
𝐴19
= 𝑆19
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
20(1.09519 − 1)
=
1.095 − 1
20(1.09519 − 1)
=
0.095
= $970.27
10a The first investment will be worth 5000 × 1.085 , the second will be 5000 × 1.084
and so on. The most recent will be 5000 × 1.081 . This forms a GP of 5 terms with
𝑎 = 5000 × 1.08 and 𝑟 = 1.08. Hence, the total payout will be
𝐴5
= 𝑆5
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
5000 × 1.081 (1.085 − 1)
=
1.08 − 1

5000 × 1.081 (1.085 − 1)

=
0.08
≑ $31 680 (to the nearest dollar)
10b The first investment will be worth 5000 × 1.0825 , the second will be 5000 ×
1.0824 and so on. The most recent will be 5000 × 1.081 . This forms a GP of 25
terms with 𝑎 = 5000 × 1.08 and 𝑟 = 1.08. Hence, the total payout will be
𝐴25
= 𝑆25
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
5000 × 1.081 (1.0825 − 1)
=
1.08 − 1
5000 × 1.081 (1.0825 − 1)
=
0.08
10c The first investment will be worth 5000 × 1.0840 , the second will be
5000 × 1.0839 and so on. The most recent will be 5000 × 1.081 . This forms a GP
of 5 terms with 𝑎 = 5000 × 1.08 and 𝑟 = 1.08. Hence, the total payout will be
𝐴40
= 𝑆40
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
5000 × 1.081 (1.0840 − 1)
=
1.08 − 1
5000 × 1.081 (1.0840 − 1)
=
0.08
≑ $1 398 905 (to the nearest dollar)
11a The first payment will be cost 20 000, the second payment will cost
20 000 × 1.045 and so on. The 6th payment will cost 20 000 × 1.0455 . This forms
a GP of 6 terms with 𝑎 = 20 000 and 𝑟 = 1.045. Hence, the total payout will be
𝐴6
= 𝑆6
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1

20 000(1.0456 − 1)
=
1.045 − 1
20 000(1.0456 − 1)
=
0.045
11b The first payment will be cost 20 000, the second payment will cost
20 000 × 1.045 and so on. The 12th payment will cost 20 000 × 1.04511 .
This forms a GP of 12 terms with 𝑎 = 20 000 and 𝑟 = 1.045. Hence, the total
payout will be
𝐴12
= 𝑆12
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
20 000(1.04512 − 1)
=
1.045 − 1
20 000(1.04512 − 1)
=
0.045
12 Let 𝑀 be the annual premium

𝐴1 = 1.125 × 𝑀
𝐴2 = 1.125(𝑀 + 𝐴1 ) = 1.125(𝑀 + 1.125 × 𝑀) = 1.125𝑀 + 1.1252 𝑀
Similarly, it follows that
𝐴𝑛 = 1.125𝑀 + 1.1252 𝑀 + ⋯ 1.125𝑛 𝑀
The terms in this sequence form a GP with 𝑎 = 1.125𝑀 and 𝑟 = 1.125. Hence
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 1.125𝑀 (1.125n − 1) 1.125𝑀 (1.125n − 1)
𝐴𝑛 = = =
𝑟−1 1.125 − 1 0.125
In order to have $500 000 after 25 years
𝐴25 = 500 000
1.125𝑀(1.12525 − 1)
= 500 000
0.125
1.125(1.12525 − 1)
𝑀 = 500 000 ÷ = $3086
0.125

13a At the end of the first year the value of the policy will be
𝐴1 = 1.09 × 500
At the end of the second year the value will be
𝐴2 = 1.09 × (500 + 𝐴1 ) = 1.09 × (500 + 1.09 × 500)
= 1.09 × 500 + 1.092 × 500
Similarly, the value at the end of the 𝑛th year will be
𝐴𝑛 = 1.09 × 500 + 1.092 × 500 + ⋯ + 1.09𝑛 × 500
Each term in the sum form a GP with 𝑎 = 1.09 × 500 and 𝑟 = 1.09. Hence
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 1.09 × 500(1.09𝑛 − 1) 1.09 × 500(1.09𝑛 − 1)
𝐴𝑛 = = =
𝑟−1 1.09 − 1 0.09
So the payout, which occurs 45 years after the initial investment will be
1.09 × 500(1.0945 − 1)
𝐴45 = = $286 593
0.09
1.09×500(1.0934 −1)
13b i 𝐴34 = = $107 355
0.09
13b ii 𝐴 = $107 355 + 0.25($286 593 − $107 355) = $152 165
14a At the end of the first year the value of the fund will be
𝐴1 = 1.06 × 2000
At the end of the second year the value will be
𝐴2 = 1.06 × (2000 + 𝐴1 ) = 1.06 × (2000 + 1.06 × 2000)
= 1.06 × 2000 + 1.062 × 500
Similarly, the value at the end of the 𝑛th year will be
𝐴𝑛 = 1.06 × 2000 + 1.062 × 2000 + ⋯ + 1.06𝑛 × 2000
Each term in the sum form a GP with 𝑎 = 1.06 × 2000 and 𝑟 = 1.06. Hence
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 1.06 × 2000(1.06𝑛 − 1) 1.06 × 2000(1.06𝑛 − 1)
𝐴𝑛 = = =
𝑟−1 1.06 − 1 0.06
Hence the value after 10 years will be

1.06 × 2000(1.0610 − 1)
𝐴10 = = $27 943.29
0.06
14b The fund will reach $70 000 when 𝐴𝑛 = 70 000 this is when
1.06 × 2000(1.06𝑛 − 1)
= 70 000
0.06
1.06 × 2000
(1.06𝑛 − 1) = 70 000 ÷
0.06
1.06𝑛 − 1 = 1.981130275 …
1.06𝑛 = 2.981130275 …
ln 2.9811
𝑛≑
ln 1.06
ln 2.9811
𝑛≑ ≑ 18.75
ln 1.06
Now note that 𝑛 = 18 denotes the end of the 18th year. Hence 𝑛 ≑ 18.75 will be
during the 19th year. The fund will reach $70 000 during the 19th year.
15a 18
15b This is the same value that was obtained in 7c by use of logarithms.
15c By trial and error, you should obtain 25
16 Refer to the answers for questions 3 – 11
17a $M was deposited at the start of the first month and it is then compounded at the
end for the month at a rate of 𝑟 = 0.01. Thus 𝐴1 = 𝑀 × (1 + 0.01) = 𝑀 × 1.01.
17b At the start of the 2nd month, there is 𝐴1 left from the previous month and a
further $M added. At the end for the 2nd month all of this money is then
compounded at a rate of 𝑟 = 0.01. Thus 𝐴2 = 1.002(𝑀 + 𝐴1 ).

At the start of the (𝑛 + 1)th month, there is 𝐴𝑛 left from the previous month and
a further $M added. At the end for the (𝑛 + 1)th month all of this money is then
compounded at a rate of 𝑟 = 0.01. Thus 𝐴𝑛+1 = 1.002(𝑀 + 𝐴𝑛 ).
17c 𝐴1 = 𝑀 × 1.01
𝐴2 = 1.01 × (𝑀 + 1.01 × 𝑀) = 1.01 × 𝑀 + 1.012 × 𝑀
𝐴3 = 1.01 × (𝑀 + 𝐴2 )
= 1.01 × (𝑀 + 1.01 × 𝑀 + 1.012 × 𝑀)
= 1.01 × 𝑀 + 1.012 × 𝑀 + 1.013 × 𝑀
𝐴𝑛 = 1.01 × 𝑀 + 1.012 × 𝑀 + 1.013 × 𝑀 + ⋯ + 1.01𝑛 × 𝑀
17d The terms of 𝐴𝑛 form a GP with 𝑎 = 1.01 × 𝑀 and 𝑟 = 1.01.

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1) 1.01𝑀×(1.01𝑛 −1) 1.01𝑀×(1.01𝑛 −1)
Thus 𝐴𝑛 = = = = 101𝑀(1.01𝑛 − 1)
𝑟−1 1.01−1 0.01
17e After 3 years, 36 months have passed. This means that there will be
𝐴36 = 101(100)(1.0136 − 1) = $4350.76
17f At the end of 5 years, 5 × 12 = 60 months have passed. Thus we require

𝐴60 = 30 000
101𝑀(1.0160 − 1) = 30 000
30 000
𝑀= = $363.70
101(1.0160 − 1)
18a $100 was deposited at the start of the first week and it is then compounded at
0.104
the end for the week at a rate of 𝑟 = 52 = 0.002.
Thus 𝐴1 = 100 × (1 + 0.002) = 100 × 1.002.

At the start of the (𝑛 + 1)thweek, there is 𝐴𝑛 left from the previous week and a
further $100 added. At the end for the (𝑛 + 1)th week all of this money is then
0.104
compounded at a rate of 𝑟 = 52 = 0.002. Thus 𝐴𝑛+1 = 1.002(100 + 𝐴𝑛 ).

18b 𝐴2 = 1.002 × (100 + 1.002 × 100) = 1.002 × 100 + 1.0022 × 100

𝐴3 = 1.002 × (100 + 𝐴2 )
= 1.002 × (100 + 1.002 × 100 + 1.0022 × 100)
= 1.002 × 100 + 1.0022 × 100 + 1.0023 × 100
𝐴𝑛 = 1.002 × 100 + 1.0022 × 100 + 1.0023 × 100 + ⋯ + 1.002𝑛 × 100
18c The terms of 𝐴𝑛 form a GP with 𝑎 = 1.002 × 100 and 𝑟 = 1.002.

Thus 𝐴𝑛
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
1.002 × 100 × (1.002𝑛 − 1)
=
1.002 − 1
1.002 × 100 × (1.002𝑛 − 1)
=
0.002
= 50 100 × (1.002𝑛 − 1)
18d The couple has $100 000 when

100 000 < An
100 000 < 50 100 × (1.002𝑛 − 1)
1.996 < 1.002𝑛 − 1
1.002𝑛 > 2.996
ln 2.996
𝑛> = 549.19
ln 1.002
Hence it will take 550 weeks for the couple to have $100 000.


1a 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 501(1 + 0.1)4 = $733.51
1b i 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 158.05(1 + 0.1)3 = $210.36
1b ii 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 158.05(1 + 0.1)2 = $191.24
1b iii 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 158.05(1 + 0.1)1 = $173.86
1b iv 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 158.05(1 + 0.1)0 = $158.05
1b v 𝐴repayment = $210.36 + $191.24 + $173.86 + $158.05 = $733.51 = 𝐴loan
1c i $158.05, $173.86, $191.24, $210.36

173.86 191.24 210.36
= = = 1.1
158.05 173.86 191.24
1c ii 𝑎 = 158.05, 𝑟 = 1.1 and 𝑛 = 4

1c iii
𝐴4
= 𝑆4
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
158.05(1.14 − 1)
=
1.1 − 1
158.05(1.14 − 1)
=
0.1
≑ $733.51
This is the same as in part b v.

2a 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 5600(1 + 0.05)5 = $7147.18
2b i 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 1293.46(1 + 0.05)4 = $1572.21
2b ii 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 1293.46(1 + 0.05)3 = $1497.34
2b iii Third instalment: 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 1293.46(1 + 0.05)2 = $1426.04

Fourth instalment: 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 1293.46(1 + 0.05)1 = $1358.13
Fifth instalment: 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 1293.46(1 + 0.05)0 = $1293.46
2b iv 𝐴repayment
= $1572.21 + $1497.34 + $1426.04 + $1358.13 + $1293.46
= $7147.18
= 𝐴loan
2c i $1293.46, $1358.13, $1426.04, $1497.34, $1572.21

1358.13 1426.04 1497.34 1572.21
= = = = 1.05
1293.46 1358.13 1426.04 1497.34
2c ii 𝑎 = 1293.46, 𝑟 = 1.05 and 𝑛 = 5
2c iii 𝐴5
= 𝑆5
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
1293.46(1.055 − 1)
=
1.05 − 1
1293.46(1.015 − 1)
=
0.05
≑ $7147.18
This is the same as in part b iv.

3a i 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 15 000(1 + 0.07)15 = 15 000(1.07)15
3a ii 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 1646.92(1 + 0.07)14 = 1646.92(1.07)14
3a iii 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 1646.92(1 + 0.07)13 = 1646.92(1.07)13
3a iv 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 1646.92(1 + 0.07)1 = 1646.92(1.07)1 = 1646.92(1.07)
3a v 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 1646.92(1 + 0.07)0 = 1646.92
3a vi 𝐴15 = 𝐴loan − 𝐴repaid

= 15 000(1.07)15
−(1646.92 + 1646.92(1.07) + ⋯ + 1646.92(1.07)13 + 1646.92(1.07)14 )
3b 𝐴repaid forms a GP with 𝑎 = 1646.92, 𝑟 = 1.07 and 15 terms, hence
𝐴repaid
= 𝑆15
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
1646.92(1.0715 − 1)
=
1.07 − 1
1646.92(1.0715 − 1)
=
0.07
Thus
𝐴15 = 𝐴loan − 𝐴repaid
1646.92(1.0715 − 1)
= 15 000(1.07)15 −
0.07
3c 𝐴15 = $0, hence the loan has been repaid
4a i 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 100 000(1 + 0.005)20×12 = 100 000 × 1.005240

4a ii 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 𝑀(1 + 0.005)239 = 𝑀 × 1.005239
4a iii Second: 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 𝑀(1 + 0.005)238 = 𝑀 × 1.005238 , Last: 𝑀
4a iv 𝐴240 = 𝐴loan − 𝐴repaid

= 100 000 × 1.005240 − (𝑀 × 1.005 + 𝑀 × 1.0052 + ⋯ + 𝑀 × 1.005239 )
4b 𝐴repaid forms a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑀, 𝑟 = 1.005 and 240 terms, hence
𝐴repaid
= 𝑆240
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
𝑀(1.005240 − 1)
=
1.005 − 1
𝑀(1.005240 − 1)
=
0.005
Thus
𝑀(1.005240 − 1)
= 100 000 × 1.005240 −
0.005
4c This is when the loan is repaid.
4d 𝐴240 = 0
240
𝑀(1.005240 − 1)
100 000 × 1.005 − =0
0.005
𝑀(1.005240 − 1)
100 000 × 1.005240 =
0.005
(1.005240 −1)
𝑀 = (100 000 × 1.005240 ) ÷ = $716.43 (to the nearest cent)
0.005
4e 240 × 716.43 =$171 943.20

5a i 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 10 000(1 + 0.015)60 = 10 000 × 1.01560
5a ii 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 𝑀(1 + 0.015)59 = 𝑀 × 1.01559
5a iii Second: 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 𝑀(1 + 0.015)58 = 𝑀 × 1.01558 , Last: 𝑀
5a iv 𝐴60 = 𝐴loan − 𝐴repaid

= 10 000 × 1.01560 − (𝑀 + 1.015𝑀 + 1.0152 𝑀 + ⋯ + 1.01559 𝑀)
5b 𝐴repaid forms a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑀, 𝑟 = 1.015 and 60 terms, hence
𝐴repaid
= 𝑆60
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
𝑀(1.01560 − 1)
=
1.015 − 1
𝑀(1.01560 − 1)
=
0.015
Thus
60
𝑀(1.01560 − 1)
= 10 000 × 1.015 −
0.015
But, since the loan is payed off after 60 months, 𝐴60 = 0 so
𝑀(1.01560 − 1)
0 = 10 000 × 1.01560 −
0.015
5c
𝑀(1.01560 − 1)
0 = 10 000 × 1.01560 −
0.015
60
𝑀(1.01560 − 1)
10 000 × 1.015 =
0.015
(1.01560 −1)
𝑀 = 10 000 × 1.01560 ÷ = $254 (to the nearest dollar)
0.015

6a 𝐴180 = 𝐴loan − 𝐴repaid

= 165 000 × 1.0075180
− (1700 + 1700 × 1.0075 + ⋯ + 1700 × 1.0075179 )
6b 𝐴repaid forms a GP with 𝑎 = 1700, 𝑟 = 1.0075 and 180 terms, hence
𝐴repaid
= 𝑆180
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
1700(1.0075180 − 1)
=
1.075 − 1
1700(1.0075180 − 1)
=
0.0075
Thus
180
1700(1.0075180 − 1)
= 165 000 × 1.0075 −
0.0075
6c 𝐴180 = −$10 012.67, hence more than the required amount has been repayed.
Thus the loan was repaid in less than 15 years (as this is much larger than the
value of a single instalment).
7a 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴loan − 𝐴repaid
= 250 000 × 1.006𝑛 − (2000 + 2000 × 1.006 + 2000 × 1.0062 + ⋯ + 2000
× 1.006𝑛−1 )
7b 𝐴repaid forms a GP with 𝑎 = 2000, 𝑟 = 1.006 and 𝑛 terms, hence
𝐴repaid
= 𝑆𝑛
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
2000(1.006𝑛 − 1)
=
1.006 − 1
2000(1.006𝑛 − 1)
=
0.006
Thus

𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴loan − 𝐴repaid
2000(1.006𝑛 − 1)
𝑛
= 250 000 × 1.006 −
0.006
7c 𝐴10×12 = 𝐴120 = $162498 (to the nearest dollar) which is more than half.
7d 𝐴240 = −$16 881 (to the nearest dollar). Hence, as this is larger than the value of
an instalment, the loan is paid out in less than 20 years.
7e 𝐴𝑛 = 0 for the loan to be paid

2000(1.006𝑛 − 1)
𝑛
250 000 × 1.006 − =0
0.006
1500 × 1.006𝑛 = 2000(1.006𝑛 − 1)
1500 × 1.006𝑛 = 2000 × 1.006𝑛 − 2000
500 × 1.006𝑛 = 2000
1.006𝑛 = 4
Hence
log 1.006𝑛 = log 4
𝑛 log 1.006 = log 4
log 4
𝑛=
log 1.006
log 4
7f 𝑛 = log 1.006 = 231.74 …
The smallest integer solution is hence 232 (we cannot round down, otherwise
the loan will not be paid off). Thus the loan is paid off 240 − 232 = 8 months
early.
8a 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴loan − 𝐴repaid
0.0525 𝑛
= 500 000 (1 + )
12

0.0525 0.0525 2
− (10 000 + 10 000 (1 + ) + 10 000 (1 + )
12 12
0.0525 𝑛−1
+ 10 000 (1 + ) )
12
0.0525
𝐴repaid forms a GP with 𝑎 = 10 000, 𝑟 = (1 + ) and 𝑛 terms, hence
12
𝐴repaid
= 𝑆180
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
0.0525 𝑛
10 000 ((1 + 12 ) − 1)
=
0.0525
(1 + 12 ) − 1
Thus
0.0525 𝑛
10 000 ((1 +
12 ) − 1)
𝑛
0.0525
= 500 000 (1 + ) −
12 0.0525
(1 + )−1
12
𝑛
10 000(1.004375 − 1)
= 500 000 × 1.004375𝑛 −
1.004375 − 1
𝑛
10 000(1.004375 − 1)
= 500 000 × 1.004375𝑛 −
0.004375
8b The loan is paid off when

𝐴𝑛 = 0
10000(1.004375𝑛 − 1)
𝑛
500 000 × 1.004375 − =0
0.004375
10000(1.004375𝑛 − 1)
500 000 × 1.004375𝑛 =
0.004375
2187.50 × 1.004375𝑛 = 10000(1.004375𝑛 − 1)
10 000 = (10 000 − 2187.50) × 1.004375𝑛
10 000 = (10 000 − 2187.50) × 1.004375𝑛
1.004375𝑛 × 7812.50 = 10 000
1.004375𝑛 = 1.28

8c 1.004375𝑛 = 1.28
ln 1.004375𝑛 = ln 1.28
𝑛 ln 1.004375 = ln 1.28
ln 1.28
𝑛= = 56.55
ln 1.004375
Hence rounding up gives 57 months. However the final repayment will only be
$5490.41.
9a The loan is repaid in 25 years which is 25 × 12 = 300 months.

Hence the total amount owing after 300 months must be zero so 𝐴300 = 0.
9b 𝐴300 = 𝐴loan − 𝐴repaid

0.066 300 0.066 0.066 299
= 180 000 (1 + ) − (𝑀 + 𝑀 (1 + ) + ⋯ + 𝑀 (1 + ) )
12 12 12
0.066
𝐴repaid forms a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑀, 𝑟 = (1 + ) and 300 terms, hence
12
𝐴repaid
= 𝑆300
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
0.066 300
𝑀 ((1 + 12 ) − 1)
=
0.066
(1 + 12 ) − 1
Thus
0.066 300
𝑀 ((1 +
0.066 300 12 ) − 1)
= 180 000 (1 + ) −
12 0.066
(1 + 12 ) − 1
𝑀(1.0055300 − 1)
= 180 000 × 1.0055300 −
1.0055 − 1
300
𝑀(1.0055 − 1)
= 180 000 × 1.0055300 −
0.0055

9c Since 𝐴300 = 0
𝑀(1.0055300 − 1)
180 000 × 1.0055300 − =0
0.0055
300
𝑀(1.0055300 − 1)
180 000 × 1.0055 =
0.0055
(1.0055300 −1)
𝑀 = 180 000 × 1.0055300 ÷ = $1226.64 (to the nearest cent)
0.0055
9d 300 × 1226.64 = $367 993 (to the nearest dollar)
9e 𝐼 = total repaid − total borrowed = 367 993 − 180 000 = $187 993
𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑛
187 993 = 180 000(𝑅)(25)
187 993
𝑅= ≑ 0.042
180 000 × 25
Hence the simple interest rate would be 4.2% per annum.

0.135 5×12
= 15 000 (1 + )
12
0.135 0.135 5×12−1
− (𝑀 + 𝑀 (1 + ) + ⋯ + 𝑀 (1 + ) )
12 12
0.135 60 0.135 0.135 59
= 15 000 (1 + ) − (𝑀 + 𝑀 (1 + ) + ⋯ + 𝑀 (1 + ) )
12 12 12
0.135
𝐴repaid forms a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑀, 𝑟 = (1 + ) and 60 terms, hence
12
𝐴repaid
= 𝑆60
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
0.135 60
𝑀 ((1 + 12 ) − 1)
=
0.135
(1 + 12 ) − 1

Thus
0.135 60
𝑀 ((1 + 12 ) − 1)
0.135 60
= 15 000 (1 + ) −
12 0.135
(1 + 12 ) − 1
𝑀(1.0112560 −1)
= 15 000 × 1.0112560 − 1.01125−1
Since 𝐴60 = 0,
𝑀(1.0112560 −1)
0 = 15 000 × 1.0112560 − as required.
1.01125−1
10b In order to pay back the loan

𝐴60 = 0
60
𝑀(1.0112560 − 1)
15 000 × 1.01125 − =0
0.01125
𝑀(1.0112560 − 1)
15 000 × 1.0112560 =
0.01125
(1.0112560 −1)
𝑀 = 15 000 × 1.0112560 ÷ = $345 (to the nearest dollar)
0.01125
11a
0.133 2×5 0.133 0.133 9

𝐴2×5 = 30 000 (1 + ) − (𝑀 + 𝑀 (1 + ) + ⋯ + 𝑀 (1 + ) )
2 2 2
0.133
Noting that the series is a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑀, 𝑟 = (1 + ) and 10 terms
2
0.133 10
𝑀 ((1 +
0.133 10 2 ) − 1)
𝐴10 = 30 000 (1 + ) −
2 0.133
(1 + 2 ) − 1
( )
10
𝑀(1.066510 − 1)
= 30 000 × 1.0665 − ( )
1.0665 − 1
𝑀(1.066510 − 1)
= 30 000 × 1.066510 − ( )
0.0665
In order to have the loan paid off

𝐴10 = 0

Hence
10
𝑀(1.066510 − 1)
30 000 × 1.0665 −( )=0
0.0665
𝑀(1.066510 − 1)
30 000 × 1.066510 = ( )
0.0665
𝑀(1.066510 − 1) = 30 000 × 1.066510 × 0.0665

30 000×1.066510 ×0.0665
𝑀= (1.066510 −1)
= $4202 (to the nearest dollar)
0.133 10
0.133 10 4202((1+
2
) −1)
11b 𝐴10 = 30 000 (1 + ) −( 0.133 ) = $6.56
2 (1+ )−1
2
11c Each instalment is approximately 48 cents short because of rounding.
12a
0.075 300
𝐴300 = 𝑃 × (1 + )
12
0.075 0.075 299
− (1600 + 1600 × (1 + ) + ⋯ 1600 × (1 + ) )
12 12
= 𝑃 × 1.00625300 − (1600 + 1600 × 1.00625 + ⋯ 1600 × 1.00625299 )
Noting that the series is a GP with 𝑎 = 1600, 𝑟 = 1.00625 and 300 terms
1600(1.00625300 − 1)
𝐴300 = 𝑃 × (1 + 0.00625)300 −
1.00625 − 1
300
1600(1.00625300 − 1)
= 𝑃 × (1.00625) −
0.00625
12b In order to be able to pay off the loan whilst obtaining the maximum amount
possible, we have 𝐴300 = 0
300
1600(1.00625300 − 1)
𝑃 × 1.00625 − =0
0.00625
1600(1.00625300 − 1)
𝑃 × 1.00625300 =
0.00625

1600(1.00625300 −1)
𝑃= ÷ 1.00625300 = $216 511 (to the nearest dollar)
0.00625
0.23
13a 1500 + 1500 × (1 − ) = $2915.90
12
13b $3000 − $2915.90 = $84.10
0.06
14a Noting that the initial loan has interest compounding at a rate of , and noting
12
that the first repayment is made at the end of the first month. The amount owing
at the end of the first month will be.
0.06
𝐴1 = 170 000 × (1 + ) − 1650
12
Now, at the end of the second month, interest will have accumulated on the
remaining amount owing and another repayment is made. This gives
0.06
𝐴2 = (1 + ) × 𝐴1 − 1650
12
0.06 0.06
= (1 + ) × (170 000 × (1 + ) − 1650) − 1650
12 12
0.06 2 0.06
= 170 000 × (1 + ) − 1650 (1 + (1 + ))
12 12
Similarly, at the end of 𝑛 months, the amount owing will be
0.06 𝑛 0.06 0.06 𝑛−1

𝐴𝑛 = 170 000 × (1 + ) − 1650 (1 + (1 + ) + ⋯ + (1 + ) )
12 12 12
Noting that the terms in the right hand brackets form a GP with 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 =
0.06
(1 + ) and containing 𝑛 terms. The amount owing may be written as
12
0.06 𝑛
((1 + 12 ) − 1)
𝑛
0.06
𝐴𝑛 = 170 000 × (1 + ) − 1650 ( )
12 0.06
(1 + 12 ) − 1
Hence after 1 year (12 months) the amount owing is
12
(1.00512 − 1)
𝐴𝑛 = 170 000 × 1.005 − 1650 ( ) = $160 131.55
1.005 − 1

14b Similarly, if we treat $160131.55 as the principal for the remaining 14 years,
then for the amount owing 𝑛 months after the first year
0.085 𝑛
0.085 𝑛 ((1+
12
) −1)
𝐴𝑛 = 160 131.55 × (1 + ) − 1650 ( 0.085 )
12 (1+ )−1
12
0.085 168
0.085 168 ((1+
12
) −1)
𝐴168 = 160 131.55 × (1 + ) − 1650 ( 0.085 ) = −$5388.19
12 (1+ )−1
12
After 14 years the amount owing will be −5388.19. As this number is less than
zero this means the couple will have paid off the loan in time. Hence they can
afford to agree to the loan contract.
15a Noting that the initial superannuation has interest compounding at a rate of 𝑅,
and noting that the first payment is made at the end of the first month. The
amount remaining at the end of the first month will be.
𝐵1 = 𝑃 − 𝑀
Now, at the end of the second month, interest will have accumulated on the
remaining amount left and another payment is made. This gives
𝐵2 = 𝑅 × 𝐵1 − 𝑀 = (1 + 𝑅) × (𝑃 − 𝑀) − 𝑀 = 𝑃 × (1 + 𝑅) − 𝑀(1 + (1 + 𝑅))
Similarly, at the end of 𝑛 months, the amount remaining will be

𝐵𝑛 = 𝑃 × (1 + 𝑅)𝑛−1 − 𝑀(1 + (1 + 𝑅) + (1 + 𝑅)2 + ⋯ + (1 + 𝑅)𝑛−1 )
Noting that the terms in the right hand brackets form a GP with 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = 1 + 𝑅
and containing 𝑛 terms. The amount owing may be written as
𝑛−1
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝐵𝑛 = 𝑃 × (1 + 𝑅) −𝑀( )
𝑟−1
((1 + 𝑅)𝑛 − 1)
= 𝑃 × (1 + 𝑅)𝑛−1 − 𝑀 ( )
1+𝑅−1
((1 + 𝑅)𝑛 − 1)
= 𝑃 × (1 + 𝑅)𝑛−1 − 𝑀 ( )
𝑅
15b The payments run out after 20 years. This is 20 × 12 = 240 months.
Hence 𝐵240 = 0

0.055
15c Noting that 𝑃 = 300 000 and that 𝑅 = 12
𝐵240 = 0
0.055 240
0.055 240−1 ((1+
12
) −1)
300 000 × (1 + ) −𝑀( 0.055 )=0
12
12
0.055 240
((1+ ) −1) 0.055 239
12
𝑀( 0.055 ) = 300 000 × (1 + )
12
12
0.055 240
0.055 240−1 ((1+
12
) −1)
𝑀 = 300 000 × (1 + ) ÷( 0.055 ) = $2054.25
12
12
0.12
16 Noting that the initial loan has interest compounding at a rate of = 0.01, and
12
noting that the first repayment is made at the end of the first sixth months. The
amount owing at the end of the first sixth months.
𝐴1 = 500 000 × 1.016 − 𝑀
Note, as this loan is compounding monthly, then we must raise 1.1 to the power
of 6 after the first 6 months.
Now, at the end of the second sixth month period, interest will have accumulated
on the remaining amount owing and another repayment is made. This gives
𝐴2 = 1.016 𝐴1 − 𝑀
= 1.016 (500 000 × 1.016 − 𝑀) − 𝑀
= 1.0112 × 500 000 − 𝑀(1 + 1.016 )
Similarly, at the end of 𝑛 6 month periods, the amount owing will be
𝐴𝑛 = 1.016𝑛 × 500 000 − 𝑀(1 + 1.016 + 1.0112 + ⋯ + 1.016𝑛−6 )
Noting that the terms in the right hand brackets form a GP with 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 =
1.016 and containing 𝑛 terms. The amount owing may be written as
((1.016 )𝑛 − 1)
𝐴𝑛 = 1.016𝑛 × 500 000 − 𝑀 ( )
(1.016 ) − 1
If this is to be paid off after 20 such instalments then

𝐴20 = 0
((1.016 )20 − 1)
1.01120 × 500 000 − 𝑀 ( )=0
(1.016 ) − 1

120
((1.016 )20 − 1)
1.01 × 500 000 = 𝑀 ( )
(1.016 ) − 1
((1.016 )20 − 1)
𝑀 = 1.01120 × 500 000 ÷ ( ) = $44 131.77
(1.016 ) − 1
17a 𝐴2 − 𝐴1 = $7846.68 whereas 𝐴55 − 𝐴55 = $9889.36.

So we see that the balance decreases more quickly towards the end of the loan.
17b 𝐴57 = −4509.585864 is the first term less than (or equal to) 0
17c This is the same as the answer in question 8
17d 8 months
0.06
18a Noting that the initial loan has interest compounding at a rate of = 0.005, and
12
noting that the first repayment is made at the end of the first month. The amount
owing at the end of the first month will be.
𝐴1 = 1.005𝑃 − 𝑀
18b Now, at the end of the second month, interest will have accumulated on the
remaining amount owing and another repayment is made. This gives
𝐴2 = 1.005𝐴1 − 𝑀 = 1.005(1.005𝑃 − 𝑀) − 𝑀 = 1.0052 𝑃 − 𝑀(1 + 1.005)
Similarly, at the end of 𝑛 months, the amount owing will be the amount
remaining in the previous month, with added interest and then the monthly
repayment subtracted off
𝐴𝑛+1 = 1.005𝐴𝑛 − 𝑀
18c 𝐴𝑛+1 = 1.005𝐴𝑛 − 𝑀

Applying this recursively gives
𝐴2 = 1.0052 𝑃 − 𝑀(1 + 1.005)

𝐴3 = 1.0053 𝑃 − 𝑀(1 + 1.005 + 1.0052 )

𝐴𝑛 = 1.005𝑛 𝑃 − 𝑀(1 + 1.005 + 1.0052 + ⋯ + 1.005𝑛−1 )
18d Noting that the terms in the right hand brackets form a GP with 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = 1.005
𝑛
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 𝑛
(1.005𝑛 − 1)
𝐴𝑛 = 1.005 𝑃 − 𝑀 ( ) = 1.005 𝑃 − 𝑀 ( )
𝑟−1 1.005 − 1
(1.005𝑛 − 1)
= 1.005𝑛 𝑃 − 𝑀 ( )
0.005
= 1.005𝑛 𝑃 − 200𝑀(1.005𝑛 − 1)
18e To be paid off in 20 years

𝐴20×12 = 0
1.005240 𝑃 − 200𝑀(1.005240 − 1) = 0
1.005240 𝑃 = 200𝑀(1.005240 − 1)
1.005240 𝑃 1.005240 (150 000)
𝑀= = = $1074.65
200(1.005240 − 1) 200(1.005240 − 1)
18f With each instalment $1000

𝐴240 = 1.005240 (150 000) − 200(1000)(1.005240 − 1) = $34 489.78
0.096
19a Noting that the initial loan has interest compounding at a rate of = 0.008,
12
and noting that the first repayment is made at the end of the first month. The
amount owing at the end of the first month will be.
𝐴1 = 1.008𝑃 − 𝑀
Similarly, at the end of 𝑛 months, the amount owing will be the amount
remaining in the previous month, with added interest and then the monthly
repayment subtracted off
𝐴𝑛+1 = 1.008𝐴𝑛 − 𝑀

19b Applying the above result recursively gives

𝐴𝑛 = 1.008𝑛 𝑃 − 𝑀(1 + 1.008 + 1.0082 + ⋯ + 1.008𝑛−1 )
so
𝐴2 = 1.0082 𝑃 − 𝑀(1 + 1.008)
𝐴3 = 1.0083 𝑃 − 𝑀(1 + 1.008 + 1.0082 )
19c Noting that the terms in the right hand brackets form a GP with 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = 1.008
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) (1.008𝑛 − 1)
𝐴𝑛 = 1.008𝑛 𝑃 − 𝑀 ( ) = 1.008𝑛 𝑃 − 𝑀 ( )
𝑟−1 1.008 − 1
𝑛
(1.008𝑛 − 1)
= 1.008 𝑃 − 𝑀 ( )
0.008
= 1.008𝑛 𝑃 − 125𝑀(1.008𝑛 − 1)
19d In order to have 𝐴25×12 = 0

1.008300 𝑃 − 125𝑀(1.008300 − 1) = 0
1.008300 𝑃 = 125𝑀(1.008300 − 1)
125𝑀(1.008300 − 1) 125(1200)(1.008300 − 1)
𝑃= = = $136 262
1.008300 1.008300
19e In order to have 𝐴𝑛 = 0

1.008𝑛 𝑃 − 125𝑀(1.008𝑛 − 1) = 0
1.008𝑛 (100 000) − 125(1000)(1.008𝑛 − 1) = 0
(100 000 − 125 × 1000)1.008𝑛 = −125 × 1000
−125 × 1000 −125000
1.008𝑛 = = =5
100 000 − 125 × 1000 −25000
ln 5
𝑛= = 201.9834
ln 1.008
Hence it will take 202 months.


1a 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 44 − 31 = 13
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 57 − 44 = 13
Hence all terms have the same common difference of 13. Thus this is an AP with
𝑎 = 31 and 𝑑 = 13.
1b For an AP,
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 31 + (𝑛 − 1) × 13
= 31 + 13(𝑛 − 1)
= 31 + 13𝑛 − 13
= 13𝑛 + 18
To find the number of terms we solve the equation
𝑇𝑛 = 226
13𝑛 + 18 = 226
13𝑛 = 208
𝑛 = 16
Hence there are 16 terms in the sequence
𝑛 16
1c 𝑆𝑛 = 2 (𝑎 + 𝑙) = (31 + 226) = 2056
2
2a
𝑇3 6 1
= =
𝑇2 12 2
𝑇2 12 1
= =
𝑇1 24 2
1
Hence all terms have the same common ratio so this is a GP with 𝑟 = 2 and 𝑎 =
24.
1
2b |𝑟| = < 1 and hence there is a limiting sum
2

2c
𝑎 24 24
𝑆∞ = = = = 2(24) = 48
1 − 𝑟 1 − 1 (1)
2 2
1 𝑛 1 𝑛
𝑛
𝑎(𝑟 − 1) 24 ((2) − 1) 24 ((2) − 1) 1 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = = = = 48 (1 − ( ) )
𝑟−1 1 1 2
2−1 −2
Hence
1 10
𝑆10 = 48 (1 − (2) ) ≑ 47.953125 … ≑ 48.0 = 𝑆∞ (to 3 significant figures)
3a 2𝑛 > 2000
ln 2000
𝑛>
ln 2
𝑛 > 10.97
Hence the smallest integer solution is 𝑛 = 11
3b 1.08𝑛 > 2000

ln 2000
𝑛>
ln 1.08
𝑛 > 98.76
3c 0.98𝑛 < 0.01

ln 0.01
𝑛>
ln 0.98
𝑛 > 227.95

3d
1 𝑛
( ) < 0.0001
2
ln 0.0001
𝑛>
1
ln (2)
𝑛 > 13.29
29
4 The volume flowing through the well is given by a GP with 𝑎 = 900 and 𝑟 = 30.
Hence the total volume will be given by the limiting sum

𝑎 900 900
𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 29 = 1 = 30(900) = 27 000 litres
1−
30 30
5 By the annual company profits form GP as a 14% increase per annum means that
each year the profits will be multiplied by 1.14 of the previous. That the profits
between each year has a common ratio of 𝑟 = 1.14. Hence
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛 = 𝑎1.14𝑛
The profit will have increased by 2000% when 𝑇𝑛 > 21𝑎 (when they are 21 ×
their initial value). Solving this equation gives
𝑎1.14𝑛 > 21𝑎
1.14𝑛 > 21
ln 21
𝑛>
ln 1.14
𝑛 > 23.24
The smallest integer solution to this is 𝑛 = 24.
6a By definition her salary is a GP as a 4% increase means that each year her salary
will be the previous year’s salary multiplied by 1.04. That the salary between
each year has a common ratio of 𝑟 = 1.04.

6b As this is a GP with 𝑎 = 35 000 and 𝑟 = 1.04 her annual salary will be given by
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 35 000(1.04)𝑛−1
And her total earnings will be given by
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1) 35 000((1.04)𝑛 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 = = = 875 000((1.04)𝑛 − 1)
𝑟−1 1.04 − 1
Hence after 10 years her annual salary will be 𝑇10 = $49 816 and her total
earnings will be 𝑆10 = $420 214.
7a As the salary is increasing by the same amount of $4000 each year, it will be an
AP with 𝑎 = $47 000 and 𝑑 = $4000. Hence
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
= 47 000 + (𝑛 − 1) × 4000
= 47 000 + 4000𝑛 − 4000
= 4000𝑛 + 43 000
7b In order to be at least twice the salary of 2004, Darko’s salary must satisfy
𝑇𝑛 > 94 000
4000𝑛 + 43 000 > 94 000
4000𝑛 > 51 000
𝑛 > 12.75
Hence it the smallest integer is 𝑛 = 13. This is 13 years after 2004 and hence
would be the year 2017.
8 Her salary is a GP with 𝑎 = 53 000 and 𝑟 = 1.03. Hence the salary after 𝑛 years is
given by
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1 = 53 000(1.03)𝑛−1
Her salary will be twice the original salary when
𝑇𝑛 > 106 000
53 000(1.03)𝑛−1 > 106 000
(1.03)𝑛−1 > 2
ln 2
𝑛−1>
ln 1.03

ln 2
𝑛> +1
ln 1.03
𝑛 > 24.45
Hence her salary will be twice the original salary during the 25th year (after
2005) which is in 2030.
0.0525 12×5
9a 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑅)𝑛 = 12 000 (1 + ) = $15 593.19
12
9b 𝐼 = 𝐴 − 𝑃 = 15 593.19 − 12 000 = $3593.19
9c In order for simple interest to yield the same interest, we must have
𝐼 = 𝑃𝑅𝑛
3593.19 = 12 000𝑅(5)
3593.19
𝑅 = 12 000×5 ≑ 0.0599 = 5.99% (to 3 significant figures)
10a 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑅)𝑛 = 25 000(1 − 0.12)4 = 25 000(0.88)4 ≑ $14 992
25 000−14 992
10b The average loss is given by = $2502 per year
4
10c Letting 𝑃 be the value of the new car, we have

𝐴 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑅)𝑛
25 000 = 𝑃(0.88)4
25 000
𝑃= ≑ $41 688
(0.88)4
41 688−25 000
10d The average loss is given by = $4172 per year
4
11a 𝐴15 = 8000 × 1.075 + 8000 × 1.0752 + ⋯ + 8000 × 1.07515

This is a GP with 𝑎 = 8000 × 1.075, 𝑟 = 1.075 and 15 terms, hence

𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝐴15 =
𝑟−1
8000 × 1.075 × (1.07515 − 1)
=
1.075 − 1
8000 × 1.075 × (1.07515 − 1)
=
0.075
11b 𝐴15 = $224 617.94
11c $224 617.94 − $8000 × 15 = $104 617.94
8000×1.075×(1.07517 −1)
11d 𝐴17 = = $227 419.10 and the contributions were
0.075
17 × 8000 = $136 000.00.
Hence the value is more than double that of the contributions.
12a 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑀 × 1.066 + 𝑀 × 1.0662 + ⋯ + 𝑀 × 1.066𝑛

This is a GP with 𝑎 = 𝑀 × 1.066, 𝑟 = 1.066 and 𝑛 terms, hence
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
𝐴𝑛 =
𝑟−1
𝑀 × 1.066 × (1.066𝑛 − 1)
=
1.066 − 1
𝑀 × 1.066 × (1.066𝑛 − 1)
=
0.066
12b To have 500 000 in 25 years time, 𝐴25 = 500 000

𝑀×1.066×(1.06625 −1)
500 000 = 0.066
1.066×(1.06625 −1)
𝑀 = 500 000 ÷ = $7852.46 (to the nearest cent)
0.066


0.0675 15×12
= 159 000 (1 + )
12
0.0675 0.0675 15×12−1
− (1415 + 1415 (1 + ) + ⋯ + 1415 (1 + ) )
12 12
= 159 000 × 1.005625180
− (1415 + 1415 × 1.005625 + ⋯ + 1415 × 1.005625179 )
13b 𝐴repaid forms a GP with 𝑎 = 1415, 𝑟 = 1.005625 and 180 terms, hence
𝐴repaid
= 𝑆180
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
1416(1.005625180 − 1)
=
1.005625 − 1
Thus
1416(1.005625180 − 1)
= 159 000 × 1.005625180 −
1.005625 − 1
180
1416(1.005625 − 1)
= 159 000 × 1.005625180 −
0.005625
13c 𝐴180 = $ − 2479.44, hence the loan is actually paid out in less than 15 years.
13d With a monthly repayment of 𝑀

𝑀(1.00562560 − 1)
𝐴180 = 159 000 × 1.005625180 −
0.005625
Hence, to pay off completely in 15 years
𝐴180 = 0
𝑀(1.00562560 − 1)
159 000 × 1.005625180 − =0
0.005625
180
𝑀(1.00562560 − 1)
159 000 × 1.005625 =
0.005625
(1.00562560 −1)
𝑀 = 159 000 × 1.005625180 ÷ = $1407.01 (to the nearest cent)
0.005625

14a 𝐴𝑁 = 𝐴loan − 𝐴repaid

0.045 𝑛
= 1 700 000 (1 + )
12
0.045 0.045 𝑛−1
− (18 000 + 18 000 (1 + ) + ⋯ + 18 000 (1 + ) )
12 12
= 1 700 000 × 1.00375𝑛
− (18 000 + 18 000 × 1.00375 + ⋯ + 18 000 × 1.00375𝑛−1 )
14b 𝐴repaid forms a GP with 𝑎 = 18 000, 𝑟 = 1.00375 and 𝑛 terms, hence
𝐴repaid
= 𝑆180
𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
=
𝑟−1
18 000(1.00375𝑛 − 1)
=
1.00375 − 1
Thus
18 000(1.00375𝑛 − 1)
= 1 700 000 × 1.00375𝑛 −
1.00375 − 1
𝑛
18 000(1.00375 − 1)
= 1 700 000 × 1.00375𝑛 −
0.00375
14c 𝐴5×12 = 𝐴60 = $919 433, which is more than half
14d 𝐴120 = −$57677.61, hence the loan is actually paid out in less than 10 years
14e When 𝐴𝑛 = 0
18 000(1.00375𝑛 − 1)
1 700 000 × 1.00375𝑛 − =0
0.00375
18 000(1.00375𝑛 − 1)
𝑛
1 700 000 × 1.00375 =
0.00375
6375 × 1.00375𝑛 = 18 000(1.00375𝑛 − 1)
6375 × 1.00375𝑛 = 18 000 × 1.00375𝑛 − 18 000
11625 × 1.00375𝑛 = 18000

1.00375𝑛 = 1.5484
log10 1.00375𝑛 = log10 1.5484
𝑛 log10 1.00375 = log10 1.5484
log10 1.5484
𝑛=
log10 1.00375
14f
log10 1.5484
𝑛= = 116.81
log10 1.00375
Hence the loan can be paid off after 117 months which is 3 months early.

Chapter 15 worked solutions – Displaying and interpreting data

1a categorical (each day of the week forms a discrete category)
1b numeric and continuous. But ‘height correct to the nearest mm’ is numeric and
discrete.
1c numeric and continuous. But ‘age in years’ is numeric and discrete.
1d categorical by party or political code. This would need to be defined carefully —

if a person can be affiliated to two parties, it would not be a function.
1e categorical (the categories are red and blue)
1f categorical (the categories are male and female)
1g numeric and discrete (will be an integer between 2 and 12)
1h Shoe sizes are often arranged into categories.
1i These are frequently integers from 1–100, that is, numeric and discrete. If results
are reported by a grade, for example, A, B, C, . . . , this might be considered
categorical.
2a median 14, mode 14, range 8
2b median 10, every score is trivially a mode, range 12
2c median 8, mode 3, range 12
2d median 6.5, mode 4 & 6, range 6

2e median 4, mode 4, range 7
2f median 5.5, mode 2 & 3 & 9, range 8
3a
score 𝑥 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
frequency 𝑓 4 3 4 2 1 1 1 6
cumulative 4 7 11 13 14 15 16 22
3b There are 22 datapoints so the median will be an average of the 11th and 12th
3+4
datapoints. This is 2 = 3.5
3c 8 (as there are 6 instances of this). Note in a frequency table like this you just
need to look for the value with the tallest peak.
3d i This is a median, but it might be more useful to use the mode in this case. It may
be easier to develop a square box for four cupcakes rather than three.
3d ii See the previous comments. It is also common for sales to package a larger box to
encourage customers to overbuy.
3d iii This is the mode, but if a box of four is marketed, customers can just pick up two
boxes of four.
4a

4b
score 𝑥 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
frequency 𝑓 1 3 3 4 3 3 3 1
cumulative 1 4 7 11 14 17 20 21
4c There are 21 datapoints so the median will be at the 11th datapoint. Looking at
the cumulative frequency of the above table, this occurs when the score is 6
hoops.
4d The new frequency table will be:

score 𝑥 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
frequency 𝑓 1 3 3 4 3 3 3 1 1
cumulative 1 4 7 11 14 17 20 21 22
There are 22 datapoints so the median will be at the average of the 11th and
12th datapoint. Looking at the cumulative frequency of the above table, this will
be the average of 6 and 7 which is 6.5 hoops.
4e Not really. If the scores are ordered by time, his scores improve over the
sessions. This information is lost in the table and plot.
5a

5b
Day Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

frequency 𝑓 13 32 35 38 57 75 65
cumulative 13 45 80 118 175 250 315
6a Blond hair and blue eyes (note that different results might be expected in a
different part of the world due to differing genetic and environmental factors).
6b Red hair and green eyes (there are only 3 instances of this combination).
6c 𝑃(blue eyes|blond)
𝑓(blue eyes and blond hair)
=
𝑓(blond hair)
324
=
728
≑ 45%

6d 𝑃(blue eyes|black hair)

𝑓(blue eyes and black hair)
=
𝑓(black hair)
9
=
54
≑ 17%
6e 𝑃(brown eyes|black hair)

𝑓(brown eyes and black hair)
=
𝑓(black hair)
25
=
54
≑ 46%
6f 𝑃(brown eyes|dark hair)

𝑓(brown eyes and black hair) + 𝑓(brown eyes and brown hair)
=
𝑓(black hair) + 𝑓(brown hair)
65 + 25
=
193 + 54
90
=
247
≑ 36%
6g Using the same reasoning as in part f,

𝑃(blue eyes|light hair)
324 + 252 + 74 + 10 + 8 + 4
=
728 + 25
671
=
752
≑ 89%

6h These two results would suggest so. Geneticists link this to various pigment
genes that affect both characteristics.
6i The proportion of the various eye and hair colours will vary in different genetic
populations and ethnic groups. Studies such as this may be done with a relatively
non-diverse population to prevent the clouding effects of differing genetics.
7a 26 + 10 + 7 + 16 + 21 = 80 orders
7b
Salad Pie Soup Panini Burger
26 12.5% 8.75% 20% 26.25%
× 100%
80
= 32.5%
7c
Menu item Salad Pie Soup Panini Burger
Frequency 26 10 7 16 21
$ Markup 5 6 10 6 8
Profit (frequency × markup) $130 $60 $70 $96 $168
7d Total profit = $130 + $60 + $70 + $96 + $168 = $524
7e It returns more money than the more popular pie option. It is probably also
important for the café to include a vegetarian option on the menu to cater for
such customers or for groups with such customers.
8a In 2002 the price was $400 thousand, and in 2017 it was $1 million.

8b Prices increased by
1 000 000 − 400 000
400 000
600 000
=
400 000
= 1.5
= 150%
8c Average increase
600 0000
=
15
= 40 000
= $40 thousand per year
8d They will increase another (13 × $40 000 =) $520 000 to around $1.5 million.
8e In 2014, median Sydney House Prices were $760 thousand and in 2015, median
Sydney House Prices were $880 thousand. Hence, from 2014 to 2015, median
house prices increased $120 thousand.
8f From 2010 to 2011, median house prices decreased $40 thousand.
9a 35%, 140 dogs (both read directly from graph)
9b There are 5% rabbits and 6% Guinea pigs (reading from the graphs). Together,
this gives 11%.
9c Dogs, cats and birds are the 3 most common pets.

They form 35% + 25% + 15% = 75% of the pets.

9d The three least common pets are guinea pigs, rabbits and reptiles. Together, they
form 6% + 5% + 4% = 15% of the population.
9e This is quite a large category, and it may be that more investigation should be
done to see if there were any other popular types of pets lumped into this
category.
9f Some pets may require more care and attention. For example, dogs may require
frequent exercise and attention. This may give an opportunity for ‘value adding’
if owners are willing to pay for it. They should also consider what other pet
boarding facilities are in the area, because it may be better to pick up a niche
market, not covered by other pet boarding houses. Some pets may also be able to
use the same types of accommodation, for example, rabbits and guinea pigs.
10a

10b
10c The categories are arranged in descending order, so the function will be
increasing (if every frequency is greater than zero), but by less at nearly every
stage, causing it to curve downwards.
10d 67% (this can be read directly off the cumulative percentage for distance)
10e Remind teachers to release students promptly, increase the volume of the bell or
the number of locations where the bell sounds, timetable students in rooms
closer together where possible.
11a 6% (read directly from the graph)
11b 64% (read off the cumulative frequency value at the 3rd most common colour –
Grey)

11c Reading from the cumulative frequency graph, the seven most popular colours
(up to blue) make up 95% of cars.
Hence 100% − 95% = 5%, i.e. five cars, are not one of the seven most popular
colours.
11d Care is needed when the graph is read in a hurry. Compare this with the Pareto
chart later in this exercise where both axes are the same scale.
12a The vertical origin is not at a 0% unemployment rate. This exaggerates the scale
of the graph, which only shows a variation of 0.25%. This is still potentially
significant, but it is only shown over a four-month period, so it is impossible to
examine long-term trends. There are natural cycles — for example, there may be
a rise when school pupils enter the employment market, and a drop when
Christmas provides short-term retail employment. January may be a low point in
economic indicators, before businesses return from holidays and begin to hire
staff.
12b There has been a significant increase over this five-year period, but more
questions need to be asked by someone viewing the graph. What does the
vertical scale represent — is it spending per citizen or spending per household?
If it is per household, have the household structures changed over the period,
such as more larger households? Is this a small community, in which case the
data won’t be very robust to changes in population? Is the data collected from
sales at local shops, and does it include tourists and people passing through —
has there been an increase in tourism, and was the data collected at the same
time of year (more takeaways may be sold at the height of the tourist season)?
What is included in the category of ‘takeaway food’ — if this is a health study,
takeaway salads may be considered healthier than takeaway burgers (which the
graphic is trying to suggest). Finally, note that the eye interprets the increase by
the size of the graphic, but in fact it is the height that holds information,
suggesting a greater increase than was actually the case.

12c i People who do not have access to the internet, or do not feel as comfortable
accessing and filling in an online survey, will not be represented. This may be
more prevalent amongst older demographics.
12c ii The group should look at other hospitals, unless they particularly want to
investigate the change in costs at their local hospital. Hospital costs could be
influenced by government policy increasing the staffing numbers at the hospital,
by purchase of new expensive diagnostic equipment, by opening and closing
particular hospital wards (possibly relocating them to other hospitals), by
quality control improvements, by industrial action of staff, and so on. The group
likely will want to investigate the cause of any changes to overall expenses and
may want to produce graphs of particular expenses, such as doctors’ fees. They
need to be clear what questions they actually want to ask — for example, are
they concerned that medical treatment is getting more expensive for certain
sections of the community who cannot afford it?
13a The three most common languages are Mandarin, Spanish and English. Together
this gives 30% + 15% + 13% = 58% of the 40% who speak one of the three
most common languages as a first language.
13b 40% × 7.7 billion ≑ 3 billion
13c 30% × (40% × 7.7 billion) = 30% × 3 billion ≑ 0.92 billion
13d 40% × 13% = 5.2%
13e It may be of some use if choosing a major world language is a consideration, but
there are often other considerations in deciding what language to learn. For
example, you may have relatives who speak Malay, or a girl-friend who is French,
or you may want to learn Japanese because of Japan’s importance to Australia’s
economy. Others learn languages for academic reasons, such as Latin because of
its historical and linguistic importance, or Russian to study Russian literature.
When deciding a language on the number of speakers, it is probably more useful
to consider the total number of speakers, not merely those who speak it as a first
language — close to a billion people speak English, but only a third of them do so
as a first language.

14a i 15°C
Note that this is established from the graph by reading the value from the point
shown on the graph.
14a ii 30°C
shown on the graph.

14b i 17°C
shown on the graph.
14b ii 23°C
shown on the graph.
14c Around 6-7°C in December-January.
14d September and May (when the lines intersect)

14e November-February
14f June-August (when the blue line is closer to the centre)
14g Various answers are acceptable.
14h Colour-blind readers may find the colours difficult to distinguish. Using dashes
and colour also provides two visuals cues for the bulk of readers, making the
graph easier to read.
15a There were 3 sections each out of 10, so the total possible score is 10 × 3 = 30.
22 8
15b The highest score is 30 = 73% and the lowest score is 30 = 27%.
15c Bill on Essay writing, Claire on Interpretation, Ellie on all sections.
4
15d = 40%
10
5
15e = 50%
10
15f To meet the first condition of leaving the class, students must achieve a minimum
total score of 55% × 30 = 16.5. Aaron, Claire and Dion meet this first
5
requirement. Students must also score at least 10 for each section. Notice that
4
Claire has not reached 50% in the Interpretation section, as she only scored 10.
Therefore, only Aaron and Dion will leave.
16a Yes, this is a reasonable interpretation, provided that similar levels of levels of
postgraduates survive to the 55-64 age bracket (otherwise similar numbers may
have attained postgraduate degrees in the past and a significant have passed
since obtaining the qualification).

16b 100% − 38.9% = 61.1%

The number with post-school qualifications is (100% − those without).
16c The number of Australians with post-school qualifications aged 15-64 is

(100% − 43.5%) × 14 848.1 = 8389.1765 thousand.
Using part b, the number of Australians with post-school qualifications aged 45-
54 is 61.1% × 2969.3 = 1814.2423.
Hence, the probability that a randomly chosen 15-64 year old with a post-school
qualification lies in the 45-54 age bracket is
1814.2423
≑ 21.6%
8389.1765
.


1a
∑ 𝑥𝑓 70
𝑥̅ = = = 7
𝑛 10
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 𝑓 36
Var = = = 3.6
𝑛 10
𝑠 = √Var = √3.6 ≑ 1.9
1b
∑ 𝑥𝑓 70
𝑥̅ = = = 7
𝑛 10
∑(𝑥)2 𝑓 526
Var = − 𝑥̅ 2 = − 72 = 3.6
𝑛 10
𝑠 = √Var = √3.6 ≑ 1.9

2a
𝑥 𝑓 𝑥𝑓 𝑥2𝑓
12 1 12 144
14 1 14 196
16 1 16 256
17 1 17 289
19 1 19 361
21 1 21 441
22 1 22 484
23 1 23 529
Total 8 144 2700
∑ 𝑥𝑓 144
𝑥̅ = = = 18
𝑛 8
∑ 𝑥2𝑓 2700
Var = − 𝑥̅ 2 = − 182 = 13.5
𝑛 8
𝑠 = √13.5 ≑ 3.67

2b
2 1 2 4
3 3 9 27
6 2 12 72
7 1 7 49
8 3 24 192
9 2 18 162
10 2 20 200
13 1 13 169
Total 15 105 875
∑ 𝑥𝑓 105
𝑥̅ = = = 7
𝑛 15
∑ 𝑥2𝑓 875
Var = − 𝑥̅ 2 = − 72 = 9.333 … ≑ 9.33
𝑛 15
𝑠 = √9.333 … ≑ 3.06
2c
40 1 40 1600
49 1 49 2401
50 2 100 5000
51 1 51 2601
54 1 54 2916
57 3 171 9747
60 1 60 3600
65 1 65 4225

70 1 70 4900
Total 12 660 36 990
∑ 𝑥𝑓 660
𝑥̅ = = = 55
𝑛 12
∑ 𝑥2𝑓 36 990
Var = − 𝑥̅ 2 = − 552 = 57.5
𝑛 12
𝑠 = √57.5 ≑ 7.58
2d
7 1 7 49
8 1 8 64
9 2 18 162
10 4 40 400
11 5 55 605
12 4 48 576
13 2 26 338
14 1 14 196
15 1 15 225
Total 21 231 2615
∑ 𝑥𝑓 231
𝑥̅ = = = 11
𝑛 21
∑ 𝑥2𝑓 2615
Var = − 𝑥̅ 2 = − 112 = 3.523 …
𝑛 21
𝑠 = √3.523 … ≑ 1.88
3a 𝑥̅ ≑ 7.17, 𝑠 ≑ 3.18

3b 𝑥̅ = 5.7, 𝑠 ≑ 1.73
3c 𝑥̅ ≑ 3.03, 𝑠 ≑ 0.91
3d 𝑥̅ ≑ 42.88, 𝑠 ≑ 10.53
4a 1 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 3 + 3 + 0 + 1 = 34
4b 𝜇 ≑ 3.26, 𝜎 ≑ 1.75
4c
4d 𝜇 ≑ 3.29, 𝜎 ≑ 1.93
4e Information is lost when data are grouped, causing the summary statistics to
change.
5a The data written in order is

21.5, 22, 22, 23, 23.5, 23.5, 25, 27, 27, 29.5, 30, 30, 32.5, 33, 34, 35.5, 37, 39, 42.
19+1
There are 19 values so the = 10th value will be the median. This is 29.5.
2
5b

19+1
5c There are 19 values so the = 10th value will be the median, which is 30.
2
No, this does not match part a, because information is lost when the data are
grouped.
5d
5e

6a
6b There are 24 values so the median will be the average of the 12th and 13th value.
162+163
Hence the median is = 162.5 cm.
2
6c Trends are less clear when the data are not grouped, because it is less visually
clear that the data are falling in certain zones on the domain.
6d
6e There are 24 values so the median will be the average of the 12th and 13th value.
160+164
Hence the median is = 162 cm
2

6f

6g
This gives the median height as 162 cm.
6h

6i The cumulative frequency polygon and ogive are much less sensitive to the
grouping process than the frequency histogram and ogive. The graphs in parts g
and h look very similar in shape.
6j
The line at frequency 12 meets the ungrouped data ogive at 162 cm, matching
that in part g.
7a i Corrected sample standard deviation

10
= 13.6 ×
10 − 1
10
= 13.6 ×
9
≑ 15.1

7a ii Corrected sample standard deviation

100
= 13.6 ×
100 − 1
100
= 13.6 ×
99
≑ 13.7
7a iii Corrected sample standard deviation

1000
= 13.6 ×
1000 − 1
1000
= 13.6 ×
999
≑ 13.6
7b Corrected sample standard deviation

10 000
= 13.6 ×
10 000 − 1
10 000
= 13.6 ×
9999
= 13.601 …
Percentage change
13.601 … − 13.6
=( ÷ 2) × 100%
13.6
≑ 0.005%
Note that we divide by 2 as the distribution has two sides. We are only
interested in the percentage change on the positive side of the distribution.


1a Mean
4 + 8 + 5 + 2 + 9 + 12 + 8
=
7
≑ 6.9
Ascending order is 2, 4, 5, 8, 8, 9, 12
Median is 4th term = 8
Mode: 8
Range = 12 − 2 = 10
1b Mean
12 + 23 + 18 + 30 + 24 + 29 + 19 + 22 + 25 + 12
=
10
= 21.4
Ascending order is 12, 12, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30
Median is 5.5th term = 22.5
Mode: 12
Range = 30 − 12 = 18
1c Mean
7+6+2+5+7+3+4+5+7+6
=
10
= 5.2
Mode: 7
Range = 7 − 2 = 5

1d Mean
54 + 62 + 73 + 57 + 61 + 61 + 54 + 66 + 73
=
9
≑ 62.3
Ascending order is 54, 54, 57, 61, 61, 62, 66, 73, 73
Trimodal: 54, 61, 73
Range = 73 − 54 = 19
2a 𝑄1 = 7, 𝑄2 = 13, 𝑄3 = 17, IQR = 10
2b 𝑄1 = 12.5, 𝑄2 = 18.5, 𝑄3 = 25.5, IQR = 13
2c 𝑄1 = 7.5, 𝑄2 = 11, 𝑄3 = 18, IQR = 10.5
2d 𝑄1 = 5, 𝑄2 = 8.5, 𝑄3 = 13, IQR = 8
2e 𝑄1 = 4, 𝑄2 = 7, 𝑄3 = 13, IQR = 9
2f 𝑄1 = 10, 𝑄2 = 15, 𝑄3 = 21, IQR = 11
2g 𝑄1 = 5, 𝑄2 = 9, 𝑄3 = 13.5, IQR = 8.5
2h 𝑄1 = 12, 𝑄2 = 14, 𝑄3 = 18, IQR = 6
3a 𝑄1 = 4, 𝑄2 = 12, 𝑄3 = 16, IQR = 12
3b 𝑄1 = 1, 𝑄2 = 6.5, 𝑄3 = 11, IQR = 10

3c 𝑄1 = 7, 𝑄2 = 9, 𝑄3 = 12, IQR = 5
3d 𝑄1 = 2.5, 𝑄2 = 5, 𝑄3 = 7, IQR = 4.5
3e 𝑄1 = 7, 𝑄2 = 7, 𝑄3 = 10, IQR = 3
3f 𝑄1 = 4, 𝑄2 = 5, 𝑄3 = 9, IQR = 5
3g 𝑄1 = 2.5, 𝑄2 = 4, 𝑄3 = 9.5, IQR = 7
3h 𝑄1 = 4.5, 𝑄2 = 9, 𝑄3 = 12, IQR = 7.5
4a Answers may differ here, but 40 and 92 are likely.
4b 40, 54, 59, 69, 92
4c IQR = 15, 𝑄1 − 1.5 × IQR = 31.5 and 𝑄3 + 1.5 × IQR = 91.5.

Thus 92 is the only outlier by the IQR criterion.
4d Some may identify 40 as an outlier by eye — this shows the advantage of plotting
values, where it becomes evident that this score is well separated from other
scores. A student receiving 40 in this cohort should be noted as someone needing
extra attention and assistance.
4e i 54, 60, 70.5, IQR = 16.5
4e ii 53.5, 58, 68.5, IQR = 15
4e iii 54, 59, 68.5, IQR = 14.5

4f In this case, with a reasonably sized dataset, the middle of the data is fairly stable
and removing an extreme value has only a small effect on the quartiles and IQR.
With a large dataset and tightly clustered values in the middle two quarters of
the data, the difference would be even smaller.
4g i 60.8, 11.1
4g ii 61.6, 10.5
4g iii 59.5, 9.4
4g iv 60.3, 8.7
4h 2.4 is 22% of 11.1. Any deviation from the mean is exaggerated by the standard
deviation because the deviation from the mean is squared when calculating the
variance.
5a i IQR = 4, outlier 18
5a ii IQR = 3, outlier 18

5a iii IQR = 5.5, no outliers
5a iv IQR = 3, outlier 1
5a v IQR = 2, outliers 1, 3
5a vi IQR = 1, outlier 5
5a vii IQR = 1.5, no outliers

5a viii IQR = 4.5, outliers 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 23, 24, 25
5b It must be noted that some of the pathologies in these examples come about
because of the small datasets. Statistics is always more accurate and reliable with
a large dataset.
Generally the definition picks up the values that appear extreme on the dot plots.
Notably (in these small datasets), it picks up single extreme values — if more
values are a long way from the mean, they may not be marked as outliers.
Datasets with a small IQR may need a closer inspection — in parts vi and vii, the
value at 5 is not so extreme and the datasets are not so different, yet in one case
it is marked as an outlier, but in the other it is not. The final dataset has a very
tight subset of data between the 𝑄1 and 𝑄3 , giving a small interquartile range.
This definition of outliers gives 8 values in 24 (one third of the data) as outliers.
Furthermore, 23–25 are outliers, but 22 is not. The issue here is the unusual
shape of the distribution. Rules such as this IQR criterion for outliers should be
an invitation to inspect the values that have been flagged more closely, rather
than following a rule blindly.
5c

6a
12 2 24 288
13 1 13 169
14 3 42 588
15 1 15 225
16 2 32 512
24 1 24 576
Total 10 150 2358
∑ 𝑥𝑓 150
𝑥̅ = = = 15
𝑛 10
∑ 𝑥2𝑓 2358
Var = − 𝑥̅ 2 = − 152 = 10.8
𝑛 10
𝑠 = √10.8 ≑ 3.29
6b The value 24 appears to be an outlier.
6c IQR = 3 and 𝑄3 = 16.

Because 24 > 16 + 1.5 × 3, this definition also labels 24 an outlier.

6d
12 2 24 288
13 1 13 169
14 3 42 588
15 1 15 225
16 2 32 512
Total 9 126 1782
∑ 𝑥𝑓 126
𝑥̅ = = = 14
𝑛 9
∑ 𝑥2𝑓 1782
Var = − 𝑥̅ 2 = − 142 = 2
𝑛 9
𝑠 = √2 ≑ 1.41
6e This does not have much effect on the mean, but it has a big percentage effect on
the standard deviation — removing the outlier more than halves the standard
deviation. The operation of squaring (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ ) means that values well separated
from the mean have an exaggerated effect on the size of the variance.
6f No effect at all. (The median is 14 and IQR is 3 with and without 24 in the
dataset.)
6g If there are significant outliers, or at least values spread far from the mean, this
can have a big influence on the IQR. The IQR is a good measure if you are more
interested in the spread of the central 50% of the data.
7a Emily got less than 62.
7b Around 50% (and no more than 50%)

7c The mathematics results were more spread out, and the centre of the data (by
median) was 5 marks higher. The interquartile range of both distributions,
however, was the same. Clearly the mathematics cohort has some students who
perform much more strongly, and others who perform much weaker, than the
majority of their peers.
7d Xavier was placed in the upper half of the English cohort, but in the lower half of
the mathematics cohort. The English result was thus more impressive.
7e i Outlier is 45.
7e ii The bottom 25% of English scores show a spread of 6 marks (51–57). The
bottom 25% of mathematics scores show a spread of 8 marks (53−61). The
spread of the lower half is now much more comparable.
8a The results are not paired. Just because Genjo received the lowest score in the
writing task does not mean that he received the lowest score in the speaking
task. Thus we cannot answer the question, although we might make conjectures,
given that Genjo is obviously struggling significantly with English.
8b i mean 66.1, median 68, range 56
8b ii IQR = 73 − 60 = 13
73 + 1.5 × 13 = 92.5
60 − 1.5 × 13 = 40.5
91 and 35 are outliers.
8c i mean 64.4, median 65.5, range 56

8c ii IQR = 71 − 57.5 = 13.5

71 + 1.5 × 13.5 = 91.25
57.5 − 1.5 × 13.5 = 37.25
37 and 93 are outliers.
8d It is difficult to say. Students have found the second task more challenging,
evidenced by the lower mean and median. This could be due to the construction
of the task, or simply because it is a type of task that some students find more
difficult.
9a Question 5a i contained one outlier. The dot plot for the original data is
Whilst the dot plot without the outlier is given by
(You should try plotting these yourself in software like Desmos if you have not
done so already.)
Here you can see that the plot without outliers is a lot thinner and all of the
datapoints are significantly more condensed than in the graph excluding outliers.

(You should try recreating these using Excel if you have not done so already.)
Note that the box and whisker plots have different endpoints (the one without
outliers has a smaller range). Also note that whilst the median has remained at 7
(this is because coincidentally there were two datapoints with the value 7 in this
dataset), 𝑄1 has changed from 4.5 to 4 and 𝑄3 has changed from 11 to 8. This in
turn means that the IQR has gone from 6.5 (with the outlier) to 4 (without the
outlier). This is a significant change.
9b An example of a question that contained two outliers is question 8.

93 was an outlier on the upper end of the scale and 37 was an outlier on the
lower end of the scale. We shall look at the statistics for the speaking task in this
question.

The box plots are as follows:
(You should try recreating these using Excel if you have not done so already.)
Note that the box and whisker plots have different endpoints (the one without
outliers has a smaller range) but the median, 𝑄1 and 𝑄3 are unchanged.
Now the dot plots are:
With outliers

Without outliers
(You should try plotting these yourself in software like Desmos if you have not
done so already.)
Here you can see that the plot without outliers is a lot thinner and all of the
datapoints are significantly more condensed than in the graph excluding outliers.
Hence, having two or more outliers can mask one another’s existence from an
IQR test if they are at both ends of the dataset.
9c Q5a i: 𝜎 = 4.48, 𝑥̅ = 7.86.

18−87.86
Hence the outlier 18 is = 2.26 standard deviations from the mean.
4.48
Q5a ii: 𝜎 = 2.78, 𝑥̅ = 12.

18−12
Hence the outlier 18 is = 2.16 standard deviations from the mean.
2.78
Q5a iv: 𝜎 = 3.33, 𝑥̅ = 8.1.

1−8.1
Hence the outlier 1 is = −2.13 standard deviations from the mean.
3.33
Q5a v: 𝜎 = 3.31, 𝑥̅ = 8.2.

1−8.2
Hence the outlier 1 is = −2.17 standard deviations from the mean and the
3.31
3−8.2
outlier 3 is = −1.57 standard deviations from the mean.
3.31
Q5a vi: 𝜎 = 1.12, 𝑥̅ = 7.5.

5−7.4
Hence the outlier 5 is = −2.23 standard deviations from the mean.
1.12
Q5a viii: 𝜎 = 7.02, 𝑥̅ = 12.8.

Investigating just two of the six outliers:
1−12.8
The outlier 1 is 7.02 = −1.68 standard deviations from the mean.
25−12.8
The outlier 25 is = 1.73 standard deviations from the mean.
7.02
This would indicate that any outlier more than ±1.5 standard deviations from
the mean should be considered an outlier.


1a i height
1a ii weight
1b i radius
1b ii area. It is natural to think that the area of the circle is determined by the radius
𝐴
chosen when it is drawn, but mathematically we could write 𝑟 = √𝜋, reversing
the natural relationship.
1c i weight
1c ii price. Note that the price may change when meat is bought in bulk, so there is a
deeper relationship between these two quantities than simply
price = weight × cost per kg.
1d i world rank
1d ii placing
1e i temperature
1e ii power consumption. Power consumption increases with the use of air

conditioners (higher temperatures) or heaters (colder weather).
1f It is natural to take 𝑥 as the independent variable and 𝑦 as the dependent

variable. Note in this case the relationship cannot naturally be reversed, because
there are multiple 𝑥-values resulting from the same 𝑦-value.

2a strong positive
2b virtually none
2c strong negative
2d strong negative
2e moderate positive
2f weak positive
2g strong negative
2h strong positive
2i moderate negative
3a
Line of best fit:

0.5
gradient = = 0.5
1

𝑦-intercept = 2.5
𝑦 = 0.5𝑥 + 2.5
3b
Line of best fit:

5
gradient = 1 = 5
𝑦-intercept = 30
𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 30
3c
Line of best fit:

3
gradient = − 2
𝑦-intercept = 15

3
𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 + 15
3d
Line of best fit:

1.5 3
gradient = − = −4
2
𝑦-intercept = 7
3
𝑦 = −4𝑥 + 7
4a i Strong positive correlation
4a ii
4b i Strong negative correlation

4b ii
5a A quadratic relationship (a parabola)
5b A square root
5c A hyperbola
5d A circle
5e An exponential
5f No obvious relationship
6a i 6L
6a ii 10 L
6b 𝑉 = 2𝑡
6c The 𝑉-intercept is zero. In no minutes, zero water will flow through the pipe.

6d This is the flow rate of the water, 2 L/s.
6e Negative time makes little sense here, because he cannot measure the volume of
water that flowed for say −3 minutes.
6f Experimental error could certainly be a factor, but it may simply be that the flow
rate of water is not constant. It may vary due to factors in, for example, the
pumping system.
6g 𝑉 = 2𝑡
= 2 × 30
= 60 L
The extrapolation seems reasonable provided that the half-hour chosen is at
about the same time of day that he performed his experiment.
6h 𝑉 = 2𝑡
𝑉
𝑡=
2
45
=
2
= 22.5 minutes
6i Yasuf’s experiments were all carried out in a period of several hours during the
day. It may be that the flow rate changes at certain times of the day, for example,
at peak demands water pressure may be lower and the flow rate may decrease.
The flow rate may also be different at night — for example, the water pump may
only operate during the day. More information and experimentation is required.
7a 1000 (from the graph)

7b i gradient
rise
=
run
14 − 5
=
10 − 0
9
=
10
= 0.9
𝑦-intercept = 5
𝑃 = 0.9𝑡 + 5
7b ii It looks fairly good for the seven year period.
7b iii Using 𝑃 = 0.9𝑡 + 5,

𝑃 = 0.9(9) + 5 = 13.1
So, predicted population is 1310.
From the graph, 𝑃 = 15.4
So, actual population is 1540.
Hence the error was 1540 − 1310 = 230 people.
7c i The new model predicts 𝑃 = 5 × 20.19×9 = 16.4, that is, 1640 people, so it is
certainly much better.
7c ii Population is growing very strongly in Hammonsville. Investigators should be

looking into the cause of the growth, which may change over the next few years.
For example, it may be due to a short-term mining boom. Eventually there may
be other constraining factors, such as available land for housing.
7d Extrapolation can be dangerous. Provided, however, that the independent

variable is constrained to a small enough interval, linear predictions may well
have validity. This is the idea behind calculus, where curves are approximated
locally by a tangent.

8a 99 in assessment 1, 98 in assessment 2. They were obtained by the same student,

but another student also got 99 in assessment 1.
8b 27 in assessment 1, 33 in assessment 2. They were the same student.
8c Students getting below about 77 marks in assessment 1 do better in assessment

2, students above 77 marks in assessment 1 get a lower mark in assessment 2,
according to the line of best fit. Perhaps the second assessment started easier,
but was harder at the end.
8d i 50
This is obtained from the graph as shown.
8d ii 65

8d iii 80
8d iv 26

8d v A negative score! Clearly the model breaks down for small scores.
8e Using the points (0,20) and (100,94):

gradient
rise
=
run
94 − 20
=
100 − 0
74
=
100
= 0.74
𝑦-intercept = 20
𝑦 = 0.74𝑥 + 20
8f A more accurate method would incorporate data from more than one assessment
task in estimating their missing score. This is a question better tackled using
standard deviation and the techniques of the next chapter.

9a By observation of the graph, the maximum vertical difference between a plotted

point and the line of best fit occurs when 𝐿 = 0.8 m.
𝑇 2 = 4 − 3.2018 ≑ 0.8 s2
9b It could be experimental error. For example, the string could have been twisted
or released poorly, the experiment could have been incorrectly timed, or there
could have been a recording error.
9c They may have measured 10 periods and then divided by 10 before recording
the length of one period. Errors could then arise if the motion was damped, that
is, if the pendulum slowed down significantly over a short time period.
9d The line of best fit in this model has 𝑇 2 = 4.01𝐿.

Theory would predict a value of
4𝜋 2 𝐿
𝑇2 =
𝑔
4𝜋 2
= 𝐿
9.8
≑ 4.03𝐿
These results are in pretty good agreement with the theory.


1a There appears to be a fairly strong correlation, though note the small dataset.
1b
1c
1d 𝑥̅ = 12 ÷ 6 = 2
𝑦̅ = 6 ÷ 6 = 1
(𝑥̅ , 𝑦̅) = (2, 1)

1e See above
1f
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )(𝑦 − 𝑦̅)
𝑟=
√∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 (𝑦 − 𝑦̅)2
53
=
√112 × 28
≑ 0.95
1g 𝑟 is close to ±1, so it is a good fit.
1h
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )(𝑦 − 𝑦̅)
𝑚=
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
53
=
112
≑ 0.47
1i 𝑏 = 𝑦̅ − 𝑚𝑥̅
≑ 1 − 0.47 × 2
= 0.06
So 𝑦-intercept is 0.06.
1j Using 𝑚 ≑ 0.5 (to one decimal place) and

𝑏 ≑ 1 − 0.5 × 2 = 0,
equation of line of best fit is
1
𝑦 = 𝑥+0
2

2a
SUM
𝑥 −2 0 1 3 4 6 12
𝑦 0 0 1 1 2 2 6
𝑥 − 𝑥̅ −4 −2 −1 1 2 4 0
𝑦 − 𝑦̅ −1 −1 0 0 1 1 0
(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 16 4 1 1 4 16 42
(𝑦 − 𝑦̅)2 1 1 0 0 1 1 4
(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )(𝑦 − 𝑦̅) 4 2 0 0 2 4 12
2b
SUM
𝑥 −3 −2 0 2 3 6 6
𝑦 −4 −3 1 3 4 8 9
𝑥 − 𝑥̅ −4 −3 −1 1 2 5 0
𝑦 − 𝑦̅ −5.5 −4.5 −0.5 1.5 2.5 6.5 0
(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 16 9 1 1 4 25 56
(𝑦 − 𝑦̅)2 30.25 20.25 0.25 2.25 6.25 42.25 101.5
(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )(𝑦 − 𝑦̅) 22 13.5 0.5 1.5 5 32.5 75

2c
SUM
𝑥 −4 −2 −1 0 1 2 4 0
𝑦 7 6 1 −1 −3 1 −4 7
𝑥 − 𝑥̅ −4 −2 −1 0 1 2 4 0
𝑦 − 𝑦̅ 6 5 0 −2 −4 0 −5 0
(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 16 4 1 0 1 4 16 42
(𝑦 − 𝑦̅)2 36 25 0 4 16 0 25 106
(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )(𝑦 − 𝑦̅) −24 −10 0 0 −4 0 −20 −58

2d
SUM
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 6 6 −2
𝑦 6 3 4 2 0 −3 12 6
𝑥 − 𝑥̅ −3 −2 −1 0 1 5 0 −3
𝑦 − 𝑦̅ 4 1 2 0 −2 −5 0 4
(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 9 4 1 0 1 25 40 9
(𝑦 − 𝑦̅)2 16 1 4 0 4 25 50 16
(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )(𝑦 − 𝑦̅) −12 −2 −2 0 −2 −25 −43 −12



1a 𝑟 = 0.96, 𝑦 = 0.95𝑥 + 0.44
1b 𝑟 = 0.79, 𝑦 = 0.45𝑥 + 2.58
1c 𝑟 = −0.86, 𝑦 = −1.05𝑥 + 8.75
1d 𝑟 = −0.53, 𝑦 = −0.41𝑥 + 4.70
1e 𝑟 = 0.96, 𝑦 = 1.38𝑥 + 0.75
2a i 𝑟 = 0.45, 𝑦 = 0.58𝑥 + 3.94
2a ii
2a iii If the outlier at (3.9, 1.1) is removed, then 𝑟 = 0.91, 𝑦 = 0.75𝑥 + 4.43.
2b i 𝑟 = −0.77, 𝑦 = −0.78𝑥 + 6.83

2b ii
2b iii If the outlier at (4.3, 5.6) is removed, then 𝑟 = −0.97, 𝑦 = −0.89𝑥 + 6.79.
2c i 𝑟 = 0.89, 𝑦 = 1.62𝑥 − 0.51
2c ii
2c iii If the outlier at (3.6, 2.2) is removed, then 𝑟 = 0.93, 𝑦 = 1.61𝑥 − 0.19.

3 Because the dataset was larger, the effect of the single outlier was mitigated by
the other data points.
4a i Dataset 1: 𝑦 = 1𝑥 + 1.4, 𝑟 = 0.86, Dataset 2: 𝑦 = 0.7𝑥 + 3.0, 𝑟 = 0.76
4a ii Dataset 1: 𝑦 = 0.8𝑥 + 1.9, 𝑟 = 0.79, Dataset 2: 𝑦 = 0.7𝑥 + 2.5, 𝑟 = 0.82
4b In all cases the correlation is strong. In part a, the repeated point has
strengthened the correlation, but in the second example it has weakened it. Note
that a strong correlation doesn’t indicate that the data are correct. In part a, for
example, leaving out 4 of the 9 points still gave a strong correlation, but a very
different equation of line of best fit.
4c The effect is less in the larger dataset, as expected. The gradient is unchanged
(correct to one decimal place) and the y-intercept only differs by 20%, rather
than by 26%. In a larger (more realistically sized) dataset, the effect would likely
be less again. The effect of the repeated point will also depend on its place on the
graph (central versus on the extremes of the data) and how close it is to the line
of best fit.
5-7 Answers will vary
8a, b Refer to the Excel spreadsheet provided in the digital textbook.

8c
8d Select the graph and then go into ‘chart tools/analysis/trend line’ and select the
linear trend line which gives you:
8e To find its 𝑅 2 value go to ‘more trend line options’ and select ‘display 𝑅 2 ’ this will
give you the equation 𝑅 2 = 0.942. This is a good fit due to the high value of 𝑅 2 (it
is close to 1).
8f To find its equation go to ‘more trend line options’ and select ‘display equation
on chart’ this will give you the equation 𝑦 = 2.9911𝑥 − 5999.1.
The gradient is the annual increase which is approximately 3 metres per year.

8g i −33.8 metres
8g ii Follow the Excel instructions.
8g iii
9 Answers will vary
11d

11e
12 Answers will vary


1a Mean
4+7+9+2+4+5+8+6+1+4
=
10
50
=
10
=5
Mode: 4
Range = 9 − 1 = 8
1b Mean
16 + 17 + 14 + 13 + 18 + 15 + 16 + 15 + 11
=
9
135
=
9
= 15
Ascending order is 11, 13, 14, 15, 15, 16, 16, 17, 18
Mode: 15, 16 (bimodal)
Range = 18 − 11 = 7
2a Old fertiliser: median = 1.85, 𝑄1 = 1.8, 𝑄3 = 2.1

New fertiliser: median = 1.95, 𝑄1 = 1.8, 𝑄3 = 2.2

2b
2c The fertiliser does appear to increase his yield — the median yield has increased
by 100 g. Probably more data are required because the lower quarter (0–25%)
shows an increase, but the maximum has reduced. These claims, however, are
each being made on the basis of one data point. 3
3a
3b By eye, 13 and 15 look like outliers.
3c median is 14th term = 6

𝑄1 is 7th term = 4
𝑄3 is 21st term = 8
IQR = 8 − 4 = 4
𝑄3 + 1.5 × IQR = 8 + 1.5 × 4 = 14
By the IQR criterion, 15 is an outlier, but 13 is not.

3d
4a mean ≑ 11.82 s, standard deviation ≑ 0.537 s
4b
4c mean ≑ 11.85 s, standard deviation ≑ 0.563 s.

Agreement is reasonable, but as expected, the answers are not exactly the same.
4d

4e 0.5 seconds is a big difference in the time of a 100 metre sprint — the scale
would be too coarse.
4f
4g The line at 50% of the data (frequency 8) meets the polygon where the sprint
time is 11.6 seconds. You can confirm that this agrees with the result for splitting
the grouped ordered data into two equal sets.
5a
5b 153 people attended the restaurant that night.
5c 𝑃(customer ordered an entrée)

87
=
153

≑ 0.57 or 57%
5d Percentage of customers who attended the first sitting

83
= × 100%
153
≑ 54%
5e 𝑃(order entrée | attend first)

45
=
83
≑ 0.54 or 54%
𝑃(order entrée | attend second) = 42 ÷ 70 = 60%.
42
=
70
= 0.60 or 60%
No, it is not correct.
5f 𝑃(attend first | ordered an entrée)

45
=
87
≑ 0.52 or 52%
5g Using the answer to part e, 60% of customers in the second sitting ordered
entrée.
60% of 90 = 0.6 × 90 = 54 entrées
5h Those attending the first session may prefer a quick meal before heading out to
the theatre or some other event. There may also be more family groups operating
on a tighter budget.

5i If they can estimate the demand on certain dishes, then they may be able to
prepare parts of the dish in advance, for example, preparing the garnishes or
chopping the ingredients.
6a i
6a ii 𝑟 = −0.93, 𝑦 = −0.61 + 5.43
6b i
6b ii 𝑟 = 0.94, 𝑦 = 0.5𝑥 + 1.25
7a 120 000 (from the graph)
7b 94 000, 62 000, 80 000, 80 000 (from the graph)

7c Total annual arrivals = 94 000 + 62 000 + 80 000 + 80 000 = 316 000

Average per quarter
316 000
=
4
= 79 000
7d The arrivals may vary over the year because of seasonal or other effects.
Government policy may consider an annual immigration quota, allowing a higher
rate in one quarter to be balanced by a low rate in a subsequent quarter. As in
2000, examining the average for each quarter balances out such effects.
7e First quarter of 2000: 84 000 arrivals (from the graph)
7f It would be important to know the emigration rate of those leaving the country.
The Net Overseas Migration (NOM) may be the better measure for many
purposes. Other information of interest might include country of origin,
destination within Australia, and whether they’re intending to stay permanently
or for a limited period.
7g i 𝑦 = 2.7(2000.16) − 5328.8
= 71.632 (thousands)
≑ 71 600
7g ii Rounding error has affected these calculations — a discrepancy in the second

decimal place of the gradient is multiplied by 2000, resulting in an answer that is
out by as much as 0.05 × 2000 = 100 thousand.
7g iii 𝑦 = 2.70633(2000.16) − 5328.8

≑ 84 300
This is in agreement with part d.

7g iv 𝑦 = 4(2.70633(2000.16) − 5328.8)
≑ 660 000
7g v Percentage change
660 − 316
= × 100%
316
≑ 109% increase

Chapter 16 worked solutions – Continuous probability distributions

1 A (0.2 + 0.3 + 0.3 + 0.2 = 1) and C (0.15 + 0.2 + 0.4 + 0.25 = 1)
2a The sum of apex numbers can vary between 2 and 8.
1 1 1
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = 4 × 4 = 16 (1, 1)
1 1 1 1 2
𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = 4 × 4 + 4 × 4 = 16 (1, 2 or 2, 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 4 × 4 + 4 × 4 + 4 × 4 = 16 (1, 3 or 2, 2 or 3, 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
𝑃(𝑋 = 5) = 4 × 4 + 4 × 4 + 4 × 4 + 4 × 4 = 16 (1, 4 or 4, 1 or 2, 3 or 3, 2)
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
𝑃(𝑋 = 6) = 4 × 4 + 4 × 4 + 4 × 4 = 16 (2, 4 or 3, 3 or 4, 2)
1 1 1 1 2
𝑃(𝑋 = 7) = 4 × 4 + 4 × 4 = 16 (3, 4 or 4, 3)
1 1 1
𝑃(𝑋 = 8) = 4 × 4 = 16 (4, 4)
2b i 𝑃(𝑋 < 5)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4)
1 2 3
= + +
16 16 16
3
=
8
2b ii 𝑃(𝑋 > 7)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 8)
1
=
16

2b iii 𝑃(𝑋 < 2) = 0 (The sum cannot be less than 2.)
2b iv 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 10) = 1
(The sum is always less than 10 because the sum can be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.)
2c i 𝑃(𝑋 < 4)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3)
1 2
= +
16 16
3
=
16
2c ii 𝑃(𝑋 is odd)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) or 𝑃(𝑋 = 5) or 𝑃(𝑋 = 7)
2 4 2
= + +
16 16 16
1
=
2
2c iii 𝑃(𝑋 ≠ 2)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 2)
1
= 1−
16
15
=
16
2c iv 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 6)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 6) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 7) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 8)
3 2 1
= + +
16 16 16
3
=
8

3a
To fill the row of 𝑓𝑟 , multiply each score by its frequency and write the sum in
the last cell.
To fill the row of 𝑥 2 𝑓𝑟 , multiply the square of each score by its frequency and
write the sum in the last cell.
3b The sum of probabilities of scores is 1.
3c Sum of row 3 is 2.95.
𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑥𝑓𝑟
= 2.95
3d 𝑥̅ is a measure of the centre of the data set.
3e Sum of row 4 is 9.85.
𝑠 2 = ∑ 𝑥 2 𝑓𝑟 − (𝑥̅ )2
= 9.85 − (2.95)2
= 1.1475
≑ 1.15
3f 𝑠 = √𝑠 2
= √1.1475
≑ 1.07

3g Sample standard deviation is a measure of the spread of the dataset.
3h 𝑥̅ is the sample mean which is an estimate of the mean, 𝜇 = 𝐸(𝑋).

𝑠 is the standard deviation of the sample mean which is an estimate of the
standard deviation 𝜎.
3i Since the sample mean is 𝑥̅ = 2.95,

an estimate of the sum after 100 throws is 100 × 2.95 = 295.
4a
Score 𝑥 3 4 5 6 7 Total
Relative frequency, 𝑓𝑟 0.04 0.21 0.35 0.25 0.15 1
𝑥 𝑓𝑟 0.12 0.84 1.75 1.50 1.05 5.26
𝑥 2 𝑓𝑟 0.36 3.36 8.75 9.00 7.35 28.82
𝑥̅ = 5.26
𝑠 2 = ∑ 𝑥 2 𝑓𝑟 − (𝑥̅ )2
= 28.82 − (5.26 )2
= 1.1524
Therefore,
𝑠 = √1.1524
≑ 1.07
4b The centre of the data is about 2.3 units greater but the spread is about the same,
according to the standard deviation.

5a Total frequency is 20. Hence, the median is the average of the 10th score and the
11th score when the scores are in ascending order.
3+4
Median = = 3.5
2
Mode is the score that appears the most. Therefore, the mode is 4.
5b
5c Expected value is the sum of the 4th row. Therefore, 𝐸(𝑋) = 3.2.
5d Variance, Var(𝑋), is
𝜎 2 = ∑ 𝑥 2 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) − 𝜇 2
= 11.6 − (3.2)2
= 1.36
5e Standard deviation, 𝜎, is
𝜎 = √𝜎 2
= √1.36
≑ 1.17
5f It is usual to expect that for a quiz (covering recent work and including short
easy questions) the marks will be high. These marks don’t look impressive.

5g Since each score should be multiplied by 5, the expected value will be

𝐸(𝑋) = 3.2 × 5 = 16 and the variance will be Var (𝑋) = 1.36 × 52 = 34.
Therefore,
𝜎 = √Var (𝑋)
= √34
≑ 5.83
6a i
6a ii Total area
= 1×2+1×5+1×3
= 10
6a iii Total area under the frequency polygon

2×1 2+5 3+5 3×1
= + ×1+ ×1+
2 2 2 2
= 10
6a iv Both areas are the same and equal to the total frequency, that is, the number of
scores.

6b i
6b ii
6b iii Total area

= 1 × 0.2 + 1 × 0.5 + 1 × 0.3
=1
6b iv Total area under the frequency polygon

0.2 × 1 0.2 + 0.5 0.3 + 0.5 0.3 × 1
= + ×1+ ×1+
2 2 2 2
=1
6b v Both areas are the same and equal to the total 1, that is, the sum of the relative
frequencies. (This will only happen when the rectangles have width 1.)
6b vi The relative frequencies are estimates of the probabilities. Note that both add to
1, both are non-negative, and both measure the chance that a random value will
lie within the given rectangle of the histogram. A relative frequency is the

experimental probability of an outcome, and is an estimate of the theoretical

probability.
7a
7b
Score 𝑥 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
𝑐𝑓𝑟 0.1875 0.25 0.5 0.6875 0.75 0.9375 1
7c As shown in the below histogram, 𝑄1 = 2.5 , 𝑄2 = 3.5 , 𝑄3 = 5.5.

8a
20
8b
Score 𝑥 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
𝑐𝑓𝑟 0.25 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.60 0.90 1

8c As shown in the below histogram, 𝑄1 = 5.5, 𝑄2 = 7.5, 𝑄3 = 10.
9a The relative frequency of the households who have no cars is 0.25.

1
Therefore, of the households have no cars.
4
1
9b The relative frequency of the households who have 1 car is 0.5 = .
2
1 1 3
Therefore, 4 + 2 = 4 of the households have at most one car.
9c 𝑃(a household chosen at random has 3 cars) = 0.1

(The ratio of people who have 3 cars and the population.)
9d 𝑃(a household chosen at random has 3 cars) = 0.1.

Then, 10% of the population has 3 cars.
𝑃(a household chosen at random has 4 cars) = 0.025.
Then, 2.5% of the population has 4 cars.
Therefore, 12.5% of the households have 3 or more cars. Hence, the town
planners will not recommend additional on-street parking.

9e
9f Sum of the probabilities is 0.25 + 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.1 + 0.025 = 1

Since the probabilities of individual events are the 𝑦-coordinates of the points on
the relative frequency polygon, they are the heights of the rectangles with widths
1 unit. Therefore, the sum of the areas of the rectangles in the relative frequency
histogram is 0.25 + 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.1 + 0.025 = 1 which is equal to the sum of
the probabilities.
9g The triangles cut off above the polygon fit into the spaces below the polygon.
9h This is an average, and is best understood by saying that for a large sample of 𝑛
houses, we would expect them to have about 1.15𝑛 cars between them — see the
next part.
9i 115 cars. We are assuming that streets in the suburb are uniform with respect to
car ownership. Streets closer to train stations may manage with fewer cars
because people catch the train to work, more affluent streets may own more
cars, people may adjust car ownership to allow for availability of off-street or on-
street parking.
9j
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 0) = 0.25 , 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 1) = 0.25 + 0.5 = 0.75

𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) = 0.25 + 0.5 + 0.125 = 0.875

𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 3) = 0.25 + 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.10 = 0.975

𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 4) = 0.25 + 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.10 + 0.025 = 1
9k The data shown in 9j agree with the graph below because

0.25 is the height of the rectangle representing 0 cars.
0.75 is the height of the rectangle representing 1 car.
1 is the height of the rectangle representing 4 cars.

9l As shown in the histogram, 𝑄1 = 0.5 , 𝑄2 = 1 , 𝑄3 = 1.5
10a
Score 𝑥 0 1 2 3 4
𝑐𝑓𝑟 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.7 1

10b
3.5 is the estimated 70th percentile.
10c
𝑄1 = 1 and 𝑄2 = 2

10d
𝑄3 ≑ 3.7
4.5 − 3.5
10e 3.5 + 0.05 × = 3.67. Therefore, they agree.
1 − 0.7
11a Since the total number of people who purchased an item is 100, the median is the
amount the 50th person spent. Therefore, the median is $3.50. The mode is the
cost of the item that was sold the most. Therefore, the mode is also $3.50.
11b

11c 𝐸(𝑋) = 0.5 × 0.20 + 1.5 × 0.05 + 2.5 × 0.15 + 3.5 × 0.40 + 4.5 × 0.20 = 2.85
Expected value is $2.85.
Var(𝑋) = ∑ 𝑥 2 × 𝑃(𝑥) − 𝜇 2
= (0.5)2 × 0.20 + (1.5)2 × 0.05 + (2.5)2 × 0.15 + (3.5)2 × 0.40
+(4.5)2 × 0.20 − (2.85)2
= 1.9275
(Standard deviation =√1.9275 ≑ 1.39)
11d
11e Since the data is representing the population, the relative frequencies in the table
are the probabilities of the corresponding events happening.
𝑃(𝑋 = 0.5) = 0.2
𝑃(𝑋 = 1.5) = 0.05
𝑃(𝑋 = 2.5) = 0.15
𝑃(𝑋 = 3.5) = 0.4
𝑃(𝑋 = 4.5) = 0.2
11f The sum of the probabilities in part e is 1. This represents the area of the relative
frequency polygon, or the area under the frequency polygon bounded by the 𝑥-
axis (they are the same). This only happens because the rectangles have width 1.

11g i Pr(𝑋 ≤ 3) = 0.2 + 0.05 + 0.15 = 0.4

Pr(𝑋 = 3.5) = 0.2 + 0.05 + 0.15 = 0.4
Since Pr(𝑋 ≤ 3) = Pr(𝑋 = 3.5), these events are equally likely.
11g ii Pr(𝑋 = 0.5) = 0.2 and Pr(𝑋 = 3.5) = 0.4.

Therefore, the amount spent is more likely $3 − $4.
11h 𝐸(𝑌) = 2.5 × 0.20 + 3.5 × 0.05 + 4.5 × 0.15 + 5.5 × 0.40 + 6.5 × 0.20 = $4.85
𝐸(𝑌) represents the expected amount of dollars that may be spent.
Var(𝑋) = ∑ 𝑥 2 × 𝑃(𝑥) − 𝜇 2
= (2.5)2 × 0.20 + (3.5)2 × 0.05 + (4.5)2 × 0.15 + (5.5)2 × 0.40
+ (6.5)2 × 0.20 − (4.85)2
= 1.9275
The variance is the same.
12a The histogram covers 40 grid rectangles.
12b i 0.3 × 0.5 = 0.15
12b ii Counting grid rectangles, this is 12 ÷ 40 = 0.3
12c i The height of each rectangle measures the relative frequency per degree, and the
heights are respectively 0.1 and 0.2. Thus it is twice as likely to be (in the
interval) 20°C.
12c ii In the class 19.25-19.75.
12d i This seems to be a similar calculation to part a, except now we are looking at the
area under the polygon, not the histogram.
The area is a rectangle with size 1 × 0.1 = 0.1.

12d ii Area of trapezium from 19–19.5

1 1
= × × (0.1 + 0.3)
2 2
= 0.1
Area of trapezium from 19.5–20.5
1
= × 1 × (0.3 + 0.1)
2
= 0.2
Thus the total area is 0.3.
12e First, the histogram only records the maximum daily temperature. Secondly, it
recorded 20 consecutive days, but there will be natural variation over the year,
and even within a season.


1a i 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 for all 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2.
1a ii
2
1 𝑥2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] = 1 − 0 = 1
0 2 20
1b i 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 for all 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2.
1b ii
2 2
1 𝑥2
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] = 1 − 0 = 1
0 2 4 0

1c i 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 for all 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10.
1c ii
10 10
1 𝑥2 100 16
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] = − =1
4 42 84 4 84 84
2a
1
∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 3 ]10 = 1 and 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.
0
Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is a probability density function where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.

Since 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing in the interval [0, 1] its mode is 𝑥 = 1.
2b
5 5
1 𝑥2 25 1
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] = − =3
1 4 8 1 8 8
Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is not a probability density function where 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5.
2c
3 3
4 − 2𝑥 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 3 0
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] = − =1
0 3 3 0
3 3
However, 𝑓(𝑥) < 0 when 𝑥 > 2. Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is not a probability density
function.

2d
1
∫ (𝑛 + 1) 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 𝑛+1 ]10 = 1𝑛+1 − 0 = 1
0
If 𝑛 ≥ 0 then 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 for all 𝑥 in its domain and since 𝑡 is increasing in the
interval [0, 1] its mode is 𝑥 = 1.
𝜋1 1 𝜋
2e ∫0 sin(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [− 2 cos(𝑥)]
2 0
1 1
= (2) − (− 2) = 1 and 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋.
𝜋
Hence, 𝑓(𝑥) is a probability density function and its mode is 𝑥 = 2 as sin(𝑥) has
𝜋
a maximum turning point at 𝑥 = 2 .
2f
2
1
∫ (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 12
2
1 3 2 )]
=[ (𝑥 +𝑥
12 0
1 1
= ( × (8 + 4)) − ( (0))
12 12
=1
1
and 𝑓(𝑥) = 12 𝑥(3𝑥 + 2)
2
Since 𝑓(𝑥) is a parabola and has roots at 𝑥 = − 3 , 𝑥 = 0 and is concave up,
𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2. Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is a probability density function and

its mode is 𝑥 = 2.

3a
4
3 2
∫ (𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
0 4
4
3 𝑥3
= [( − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥)]
4 3 0
3 64
= ( − 32 + 12)
4 3
=1
3b Since 𝑓(𝑥) < 0 where 1 < 𝑥 < 3, 𝑓(𝑥) is not a probability density function.
4a
4
4b 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4 and ∫0 0.25 𝑑𝑥 = [0.25𝑥]40 = 1. Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is a
probability density function.

4c i 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 1)
1
= ∫ 0.25 𝑑𝑥
0
= [0.25𝑥]10
= 0.25 × 1 − 0.25 × 0
= 0.25
4c ii 𝑃(1 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 3)
3
= ∫ 0.25 𝑑𝑥
1
= [0.25𝑥]13
= 0.25 × 3 − 0.25 × 1
= 0.5
4c iii 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2)
2
= ∫ 0.25 𝑑𝑥
0
= [0.25𝑥]20
= 0.25 × 2 − 0.25 × 0
= 0.5
4c iv 𝑃(𝑋 = 2)
2
= ∫ 0.25 𝑑𝑥
2
= [0.25𝑥]22
= 0.25 × 2 − 0.25 × 2
=0

4c v 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 3)
3
= ∫ 0.25 𝑑𝑥
0
= [0.25𝑥]30
= 0.25 × 3 − 0.25 × 0
= 0.75
4c vi 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 < 1)

1
= 1 − ∫0 0.25 𝑑𝑥
= 1 − [0.25𝑥]10
= 1 − (0.25 − 0)
= 0.75
4d 𝑃(2 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 3)
3
= ∫ 0.25 𝑑𝑥
2
= [0.25𝑥]32
= 0.25 × 3 − 0.25 × 2
= 0.25 and
3 2
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 3) − 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) = ∫0 0.25 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 0.25 𝑑𝑥
= [0.25𝑥]30 − [0.25𝑥]20
= 0.75 − 0.5
= 0.25
Therefore, 𝑃(2 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 3) = 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 3) − 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2).
1 1 1
5a 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ 32 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 64 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 and 𝐹(8) = 64 (8)2 + 𝐶 = 1. Then, 𝐶 = 0.
1
Therefore, 𝐹(𝑥) = 64 𝑥 2

3 1 1
5b 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ 16 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 16 𝑥 3 + 𝐶 and 𝐹(2) = 16 (2)3 + 𝐶 = 1.
1 1 1 1
Then, 𝐶 = 2. Therefore, 𝐹(𝑥) = 16 𝑥 3 + 2 = 16 (𝑥 3 + 8)
3 3 𝑥3 3 1
5c 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ 2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 (𝑥 − ) + 𝐶 and 𝐹(1) = 2 (1 − 3) + 𝐶 = 1.
3
3 𝑥3 𝑥
Then, 𝐶 = 0. Therefore, 𝐹(𝑥) = 2 (𝑥 − ) = 2 (3 − 𝑥 2 )
3
1 1 1
5d 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 (𝑒 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥) + 𝐶 and 𝐹(1) = 𝑒 (𝑒 + 1) + 𝐶 = 1.
1
Then, 𝐶 = − 𝑒 .
1 1
Therefore, 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑒 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥) − 𝑒
1
= 𝑒 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1)
6a For 5a:
1
𝐹(𝑥) = 64 𝑥 2 = 0.5 when 𝑥 2 = 32 or 𝑥 = 4√2. Therefore, the median is 𝑥 = 4√2.
For 5b:
1
𝐹(𝑥) = 16 (𝑥 3 + 8) = 0.5 when 𝑥 = 0. Therefore, the median is 𝑥 = 0.
6b For 5a:
1
𝐹(𝑥) = 64 𝑥 2 = 0.25 when 𝑥 2 = 16 or 𝑥 = 4. Therefore, the 𝑄1 is 𝑥 = 4.
1
𝐹(𝑥) = 64 𝑥 2 = 0.75 when 𝑥 2 = 48 or 𝑥 = 4√3. Therefore, the 𝑄3 is 𝑥 = 4√3.
For 5b:
1 3 3
𝐹(𝑥) = 16 (𝑥 3 + 8) = 0.25 when 𝑥 = − √4. Therefore, the 𝑄1 is 𝑥 = − √4.
1 3 3
𝐹(𝑥) = 16 (𝑥 3 + 8) = 0.75 when 𝑥 = √4. Therefore, the 𝑄3 is 𝑥 = √4.

7a The area Bud wanders is:

(Area of the property)−(area of the house)
= 15 × 20 − (13 × 10)
= 170 m2
The area directly to the right of the house is: 10 × 2 = 20 m2
20
𝑃(neighbours will be stressed) = 170 ≑ 0.12 or 12%
7b 𝑃(Jack’s mother will be stressed)

𝜋 × 22
=
170
≑ 0.07 or 7%
7c 𝑃(Sally will be stressed)

= 0.12 + 0.07
= 0.19 or 19%
7d 𝑃(Jack’s father will be stressed)

= 1 − 0.19
= 0.81 or 81%
8a
𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.

8b
1
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 2 ]10 = 12 − 02 = 1 square unit
0
8c i
𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 and 𝐹(1) = 0. Then, 𝐶 = 0 and 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

Therefore, 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 𝑥) = 𝑥 2
8c ii 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 𝑥)
𝑥
= ∫ 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
= [𝑡 2 ]0𝑥
= 𝑥2

1
8d 𝑥 2 = 0.25 when 𝑥 = 0.5. Therefore, 𝑄1 = 2
1 1 1
𝑥 2 = 0.5 = 2 when 𝑥 = . Therefore, 𝑄2 =
√2 √2
3 √3 √3
𝑥 2 = 0.75 = 4 when 𝑥 = . Therefore, 𝑄3 =
2 2
3
9a If 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 4 then ∫0 𝑐𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = 1
3
𝑥5 35
𝑐[5] = 𝑐× =1
0 5
5
𝑐 = 243
6
9b If 𝑦 = 𝑐 then ∫0 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑐[𝑥]60 = 6𝑐 = 1
1
𝑐=6
5
9c If 𝑦 = 𝑐 then ∫−5 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑐[𝑥]5−5 = 5𝑐 − (−5𝑐) = 1
10𝑐 = 1
1
𝑐 = 10
8
9d If 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 (1 − 𝑥) then
8 𝑐
∫ (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 1
3 0
𝑐
8 𝑥2 8 𝑐2
[𝑥 − ] = (𝑐 − ) = 1
3 2 0 3 2
2𝑐 − 𝑐 2 3
=
2 8
3
𝑐 2 − 2𝑐 =
−4

−4𝑐 2 + 8𝑐 − 3 = 0
(2𝑐 − 1)(3 − 2𝑐) = 0
1 3
Therefore, 𝑐 = 2 or 𝑐 = 2
10a The function 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 for all 𝑥 in the domain and the area under the graph of the
function in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5 is: 0.125 × 2 + 0.25 × 3 = 1. Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is
a probability density function.
10b
1
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 1) = 8 (The area enclosed by the axes, the graph and the line 𝑥 = 1)
1
1
3
10c

1
𝑥 , 0≤𝑥<2
10d 𝐹(𝑥) = {18 1
𝑥 − 4, 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
4
1
The line graph in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2 is 𝑥.
8
1 1
The line graph in the interval 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5 is 𝑥 − 4.
4
11a
5 10
11b ∫0 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 + ∫5 2𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = 1
[𝑐𝑥]50 + [2𝑐𝑥]10
5 =1
5𝑐 + (20𝑐 − 10𝑐) = 1
15𝑐 = 1
1
𝑐 = 15
𝑐𝑥 , 0≤𝑥<5
11c 𝐹(𝑥) = {
2𝑐𝑥 − 5𝑐 , 5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10
11d 𝑃(1 < 𝑋 < 7) = 𝐹(7) − 𝐹(1)

= (14𝑐 − 5𝑐) − (𝑐)
= 8𝑐
8
=
15

3
12a The probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) = 32 𝑥(4 − 𝑥) where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4 is shown
below.
The mode of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑥 = 2 (where the maximum value is).
4 3 3 4
12b ∫0 𝑥(4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 32 ∫0 (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
32
4
3 𝑥3
= 32 [2𝑥 2 − ]
3 0
3 (4)3 (0)3
= 32 [(2(4)2 − ) − (2(0)2 − )]
3 3
3 64
= 32 [(32 − ) − (0)]
3
3 3 64
= 32 × 32 − 32 × 3
= 3−2
=1
12c Since the function is symmetric about the line 𝑥 = 2,

2 3
the area ∫0 𝑥(4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) = 0.5
32
12d 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 1)
1
3
=∫ 𝑥(4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 32
1
3 𝑥3
= [2𝑥 2 − ]
32 3 0

3 2
(1)3 2
(0)3
= [(2(1) − ) − (2(0) − )]
32 3 3
3 1
= [(2 − )]
32 3
5
=
32
𝑃(𝑋 > 1)
4
3
=∫ 𝑥(4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 32
4
3 𝑥3
= 32 [2𝑥 2 − ]
3 1
3 (4)3 (1)3
= 32 [(2(4)2 − ) − (2(1)2 − )]
3 3
3 64 1
= [(32 − ) − (2 − )]
32 3 3
3 32 5
= [ − ]
32 3 3
27
=
32
5 27
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 > 1) = 32 + 32 = 1 because they are complementary events.

12e 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 0.5)

0.5
3
=∫ 𝑥(4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 32
0.5
3 2
𝑥3
= [2𝑥 − ]
32 3 0
3 (0.5)3 (0)3
= [(2(0.5)2 − ) − (2(0)2 − )]
32 3 3
3 1 1
= [( − ) − (0)]
32 2 24
3 11
= ×
32 24
11
=
256
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 3.5)
4
3
=∫ 𝑥(4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
3.5 32
4
3 2
𝑥3
= [2𝑥 − ]
32 3 3.5
3 2
(4)3 2
(3.5)3
= [(2(4) − ) − (2(3.5) − )]
32 3 3
3 64 49 343
= [(32 − ) − ( − )]
32 3 2 24
3 32 245
= [ − ]
32 3 24
3 11
= ×
32 24
11
=
256
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 0.5) = 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 3.5)

12f 𝐹(𝑥)
𝑥
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
0
𝑥
3
=∫ 𝑡(4 − 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
0 32
𝑥
3 𝑡3
= [2𝑡 2 − ]
32 3 0
𝑥
3 (𝑥)3
= [(2(𝑥)2 − ) − (0)]
32 3 0
3 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
= ( )
32 3
1 2
= 𝑥 (6 − 𝑥)
32
12g i 𝑃(𝑋 < 1.5)

1.5
3
=∫ 𝑥(4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 32
1.5
3 𝑥3
= [2𝑥 2 − ]
32 3 0
3 (1.5)3 (0)3
= [(2(1.5)2 − ) − (2(0)2 − )]
32 3 3
3 9 27
= [( − ) − (0)]
32 2 24
3 81
= ×
32 24
81
=
256

12g ii 𝑃(1 < 𝑋 < 1.5)

1.5
3
=∫ 𝑥(4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 32
1.5
3 2
𝑥3
= [2𝑥 − ]
32 3 1
3 (1.5)3 (1)3
= [(2(1.5)2 − ) − (2(1)2 − )]
32 3 3
3 9 27 5
= [( − ) − ( )]
32 2 24 3
3 41
= ×
32 24
41
=
256
81 5 41
𝑃(𝑋 < 1.5) − 𝑃(𝑋 < 1) = − =
256 32 256
Therefore, 𝑃(1 < 𝑋 < 1.5) = 𝑃(𝑋 < 1.5) − 𝑃(𝑋 < 1)
12h
12i 𝑃(𝑋 < 2)

2
3
=∫ 𝑥(4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 32
2
3 𝑥3
= [2𝑥 2 − ]
32 3 0

3 2
(2)3 2
(0)3
= [(2(2) − ) − (2(0) − )]
32 3 3
3 8
= [(8 − ) − (0)]
32 3
3 16
= ×
32 3
1
=
2
𝑃(𝑋 < 2) is half of 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 4).
Therefore, 50% of the data lie to the left of the line 𝑥 = 2.
12j
𝑄1 ≑ 1.3 and 𝑄2 ≑ 2.7
13a Assuming 𝑐 > 0, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑒 −𝑥 is as follows.

1
13b If 𝑓(𝑥) is a probability density function where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 then ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 1
1
Hence, ∫0 𝑐𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑐𝑒 −𝑥 ]10 = 1
𝑐
Then (−𝑐𝑒 −1 ) − (−𝑐𝑒 −0 ) = 1 and − 𝑒 + 𝑐 = 1
𝑒
Therefore, 𝑐 = 𝑒−1
𝑥
13c 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫0 𝑐𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = [−𝑐𝑒 −𝑡 ]0𝑥
= [−𝑐𝑒 −𝑥 − (−𝑐𝑒 −0 )]
= 𝑐 − 𝑐𝑒 −𝑥
= 𝑐(1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑒
= 𝑒−1 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑒 4𝑒
13d To find 𝑄1 , solve (1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 0.25, then 𝑥 = ln or 𝑥 ≑ 0.17
𝑒−1 3𝑒+1
𝑒 2𝑒
To find 𝑄2 , solve (1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 0.5, then 𝑥 = ln or 𝑥 ≑ 0.38
𝑒−1 𝑒+1
𝑒 4𝑒
To find 𝑄3 , solve (1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 0.75, then 𝑥 = ln or 𝑥 ≑ 0.64
𝑒−1 𝑒+3
14a
14b Area of histogram= 0.3 × 1 + 0.4 × 1 + 0.3 × 1 = 1

0.3×1 0.3+0.4 0.4+0.3 0.3×1
Area of relative frequency polygon= + ×1+ ×1+ =1
2 2 2 2

14c
14d 𝑄1 = 2.3 , 𝑄2 = 3 , 𝑄3 = 3.7
5 3
14e i ∫1 (𝑥 − 1)(5 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
32
3 5
= ∫ (−𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 5) 𝑑𝑥
32 1
5
3 𝑥3
= − [ − 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥]
32 3 1
3 (5)3 (1)3
=− [( − 3(5)2 + 5(5)) − ( − 3(1)2 + 5(1))]
32 3 3
3 32
=− ×−
32 3
=1
Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is a probability density function.

14e ii
14e iii
𝑥
3
𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ (𝑡 − 1)(5 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1 32
3 𝑥
= ∫ (−𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 − 5) 𝑑𝑡
32 1
𝑥
3 𝑡3
= − [ − 3𝑡 2 + 5𝑡]
32 3 1
3 (𝑥)3 (1)3
=− [( − 3(𝑥)2 + 5(𝑥)) − ( − 3(1)2 + 5(1))]
32 3 3
1
= (−𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 7)
32
14e iv 𝑄1 = 2.3 and

1
𝐹(2.3) = (−(2.3)3 + 9(2.3)2 − 15(2.3) + 7)
32
1
= × 7.943
32
≑ 0.25
𝑄2 = 3 and

1
𝐹(3) = (−(3)3 + 9(3)2 − 15(3) + 7)
32
1
= × 16
32
≑ 0.5
𝑄3 = 3.7 and
1
𝐹(3.7) = (−(3.7)3 + 9(3.7)2 − 15(3.7) + 7)
32
1
= × 24.057
32
≑ 0.75
All the probabilities are close to the estimates.
14e v
𝑄1 = 2.3 , 𝑄2 = 3 and 𝑄3 = 3.7 still seem good approximations.
15a

15b
15c
15d

16a
16b
16c

17a Unit square centred on (0.5, 0.5).

Area of square = 1 × 1 = 1 square unit
Circle centred on (0.5, 0.5).
1 2 𝜋
Area of circle with radius 0.5 unit = 𝜋 × (2) = square units
4
𝜋
4 𝜋
Hence, ratio of the areas = =
1 4
17b i This returns the square of the distance from a random point in the square to the
centre of the square and circle.
17b ii If the point is inside the circle, the value is 1, since inside the circle the condition
(RAND()-0.5)^2+(RAND()-0.5)^2<0.25 is true.
17b iii If the point is outside the circle, the value is 0, since outside the circle the
condition (RAND()-0.5)^2+(RAND()-0.5)^2<0.25 is false.
17c The code measures the relative frequency of points lying inside the circle, that is,
the probability that the point will lie inside the circle. The value in cell C1 should
approach 𝜋.


10 1 𝑥 10
1a The function is never negative and ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = [10] = 1. Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is a
10 0
valid probability density function.
𝑏
1b 𝐸(𝑋) = ∫𝑎 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 then
10 1
= ∫0 𝑥 × 10 𝑑𝑥
10
𝑥2
= [20]
0
=5
1c Yes, 5 is in the centre of this distribution interval [0, 10].
𝑏
1d Var(𝑋) = ∫𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝜇)2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 then
10 1
= ∫0 (𝑥 − 5)2 × 10 𝑑𝑥
10
1 𝑥3
= 10 [ 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 25𝑥]
0
1 (10)3 (0)3
= 10 [( − 5(10)2 + 25(10)) − ( − 5(0)2 + 25(0))]
3 3
1 250
= 10 × 3
25
=
3
25
Therefore, 𝜎 = √ 3 = 2.886 75 … ≑ 2.9
𝑏
1e Var(𝑋) = ∫𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 𝜇 2 then
10 1
= ∫0 𝑥 2 × 10 𝑑𝑥 − 52
10
𝑥3
= [30] − 25
0

100
= − 25
3
25
= 3
This answer agrees with the previous result.
2a
𝑥 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
𝐹(𝑥) 2 5 1 3 10 2 3 2 2 7 1 3 8 4 1 2 8 5 6 8
2b 𝜇 = 4.15
𝜎 2 = 7.4275 ≑ 7.4
𝜎 = 2.725 344 … ≑ 2.7
2c The mean and standard deviation agree with the results in question 1.
2d If it was impossible to get a random 10, yes it would affect the validity of the
model and the results.
1
1 3 𝑥3
3a The function is never negative and ∫−1 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [ 2 ] = 1. Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is a
−1
𝑏
3b 𝐸(𝑋) = ∫𝑎 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 then
1 3
= ∫−1 𝑥 × 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
3 𝑥4
= 2[4]
−1
=0

𝑏
3c Var(𝑋) = ∫𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝜇)2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 then
1 3
= ∫−1(𝑥 − 0)2 × 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
3 𝑥5
= [ ]
2 5 −1
3
=
5
3 √15
𝜎=√ =
5 5
3d
√15
0+
5 3
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0−
√15 2
5
√15
𝑥3 5
=[ ]
2 −√15
5
3√15
=
25
≑ 0.46 or 46%
1
4a i The function is never negative and ∫0 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 2 ]10 = 1. Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is a
𝑏
4a ii 𝐸(𝑋) = ∫𝑎 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 then
1
= ∫0 𝑥 × 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
= [𝑥 3 ]10
3
2
=
3

𝑏
4a iii Var(𝑋) = ∫𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝜇)2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 then
1 2 2
= ∫0 (𝑥 − 3) × 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥 2 (9𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 8)
=[ ]
18 0
1
=
18
1 1 √2
𝜎=√ = =
18 3√2 6
4a iv
2 √2
+
3 6
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 √2
−
3 6
2 √2
+
= [𝑥 2 ]32 6
√2
−
3 6
4√2
=
9
≑ 0.63 or 63%
1
1 1 𝑥2
4b i The function is never negative and ∫−1|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 [ 2 ] = 1. Therefore,
0
𝑓(𝑥) is a valid probability density function.
𝑏
4b ii 𝐸(𝑋) = ∫𝑎 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 then
1
= ∫−1 𝑥 × |𝑥| 𝑑𝑥
=0
𝑏
4b iii Var(𝑋) = ∫𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝜇)2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 then
1
= ∫−1(𝑥 − 0)2 × |𝑥|𝑑𝑥

1 0
= ∫0 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫−1 −𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1 0
𝑥4 −𝑥 4
=[ ] +[ ]
4 0 4 −1
1
=
2
1 √2
𝜎=√ =
2 2
4b iv
√2
0+
2
∫ |𝑥| 𝑑𝑥
√2
0−
2
√2
𝑥2 2
= 2[ ]
2 0
1
=
2
= 0.5 or 50%
4
4 3 𝑥3
4c i The function is never negative and ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [64] = 1. Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is a
64 0
𝑏
4c ii 𝐸(𝑋) = ∫𝑎 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 then
4 3
= ∫0 𝑥 × 64 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3
= [𝑥 4 ]40
64 × 4
=3

𝑏
4c iii Var(𝑋) = ∫𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝜇)2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 then
4 3
= ∫0 (𝑥 − 3)2 × 64 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
4
3𝑥 3 (2𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 30)
=[ ]
640 0
3
=
5
3 √15
𝜎=√ =
5 5
4c iv
√15
3+
5 3 2
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3−
√15 64
5
√15
1 3 3+ 5
= [ 𝑥 ] √15
64 3
5
69√15
=
400
≑ 0.668 or 67%
𝑐1 𝑥 𝑐 𝑐 0
5a ∫0 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑐 ] = 𝑐 − 𝑐 = 1 and the function is never negative. Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is a
0
5b 𝐸(𝑋)
𝑐
1
=∫ × 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑐
𝑐
𝑥2
=[ ]
2𝑐 0
(𝑐)2 (0)2
= −
2𝑐 2𝑐

𝑐
=
2
Yes, for a measure of centre of this uniform distribution, the mean is as expected.
𝑏
5c Var(𝑋) = ∫𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝜇)2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 then
𝑐 𝑐 2 1
= ∫0 (𝑥 − 2) × 𝑐 𝑑𝑥
𝑐
1 𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑐2
= 𝑐 [( 3 − 𝑐 + 𝑥)]
2 4 0
1 (𝑐)3 (𝑐)2 𝑐2 (0)3 (0)2 𝑐2

= 𝑐 [( −𝑐 + (𝑐)) − ( −𝑐 + (0))]
3 2 4 3 2 4
1 𝑐3
= 𝑐 × 12
𝑐2
= 12
5d The answer agrees for this special case with 𝑐 = 10.
𝑐
5e 𝐸(𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏) = 𝑎𝐸(𝑋) + 𝑏 then 𝐸(𝑋) = 2 + ℎ
and Var(𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏) = 𝑎2 Var(𝑋) then Var(X) is unchanged, where 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑏 = 𝑐
𝑘+ℎ (𝑘−ℎ)2
5f Substitute ℎ + 𝑐 = 𝑘 in the previous result: 𝐸(𝑋) = and Var(𝑋) =
2 12
21 51 𝑥 2 𝑥 5 2 5 2
6a ∫0 8 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 4 𝑑𝑥 = [8] + [4] = 8 + (4 − 4) = 1 and the function is never
0 2
negative. Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is a valid probability density function.
6b 𝐸(𝑋)
2 5
1 1
=∫ × 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ × 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 8 2 4
2 5
𝑥2 𝑥2
=[ ] +[ ]
16 0 8 2

4 25 4
= +( − )
16 8 8
23
=
8
𝑏
Var(𝑋) = ∫𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝜇)2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 then
2 23 2 1 5 23 2 1
= ∫0 (𝑥 − ) × 8 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 (𝑥 − ) × 4 𝑑𝑥
8 8
23 3
2 23 3
5
1 (𝑥− 8 ) 1 (𝑥− 8 )
= [ 3 ] + [ 3 ]
8 4
0 2
1 23 3 23 3 1 23 3 23 3
= 24 ((2 − ) − (0 − ) ) + 12 ((5 − ) − (2 − ) )
8 8 8 8
1 343 391 1 305 343

= 24 (− 512 + 23 512) + 12 (9 512 + 512)
1 3 1 17
= 24 × 23 32 + 12 × 10 64
739 219
= 768 + 256
349
= 192
= 1.817 708 …
≑ 1.82

8a
8b
8c
8d
9a

9b
9c i
9c ii

9c iii
9d
10a
10b

10c
10d
11a Consider
1 1
−
𝑥 𝑥+1
Writing with a common denominator gives
1 1
−
𝑥 𝑥+1
1(𝑥 + 1) − 1(𝑥)
=
𝑥(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥+1−𝑥
=
𝑥(𝑥 + 1)
1
=
𝑥(𝑥 + 1)
Hence
1 1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = ( − )
ln 2 𝑥 𝑥 + 1
becomes

1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = ( )
ln 2 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)
or
1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = ×
ln 2 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)
11b For 𝑥 ≥ 1,
1 1
=∫ × 𝑑𝑥
ln 2 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)
1 1 1
=∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
ln 2 𝑥 𝑥 + 1
1 1 1
= ∫( − ) 𝑑𝑥
ln 2 𝑥 𝑥+1
1
= (ln 𝑥 − ln(𝑥 + 1))
ln 2
1 𝑥
= × ln ( )
ln 2 𝑥+1
11c
∞
1
∞
1 1 1
=∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
1 ln 2 𝑥 𝑥 + 1
∞
1 𝑥
=[ × ln ( )]
ln 2 𝑥+1 1
1 𝑥 ∞
= [ln ( )]
ln 2 𝑥+1 1
1 1
= (ln 1 − ln )
ln 2 2
1
= (0 + ln 2)
ln 2

ln 2
=
ln 2
=1
Hence 𝑓(𝑥) is a valid PDF in the domain [1, ∞).
11d E(𝑋)
∞
= ∫ 𝑥𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
∞
1 1 1
=∫ 𝑥× ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
1 ln 2 𝑥 𝑥 + 1
1 ∞ 𝑥
= ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥
ln 2 1 𝑥+1
1 ∞ (𝑥 + 1) − 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
ln 2 1 𝑥+1
1 ∞ 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
ln 2 1 𝑥 + 1
1
= [ln(𝑥 + 1)]1∞
ln 2
1
= (ln ∞ − ln 2)
ln 2
which is undefined
Hence E(𝑋) does not exist for this PDF.
12a
∞
1
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
−∞ 1 + 𝑥
= [tan−1 𝑥]∞
−∞
= tan−1 ∞ − tan−1 (−∞)

𝜋 𝜋
= − (− )
2 2
=𝜋

12b From part a:

∞
1
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋
−∞ 1 + 𝑥
∞
−∞
∞
1
=∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
−∞ 𝜋(1 + 𝑥 )
1 ∞ 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −∞ 1 + 𝑥 2
1
= ×𝜋
𝜋
=1
Hence 𝑓(𝑥) is a valid PDF in the domain (−∞, ∞).
12c E(𝑋)
∞
= ∫ 𝑥𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−∞
∞
1
=∫ 𝑥× 𝑑𝑥
−∞ 𝜋(1 + 𝑥 2 )
1 ∞ 𝑥
= ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −∞ 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑥
Consider the graph of 𝑦 = 1+𝑥 2 shown below. Note the symmetry of this odd
function.

The integral from −∞ to 0 is negative and the integral from 0 to ∞ is positive.

Hence the integral over the symmetric domain (−∞, ∞) is 0.
This is clear from the graph above where the equal areas (half below and half
above the 𝑥-axis) cancel.
That is, E(𝑥) = 0.
12d E(𝑥) = 𝜇 = 0
Var(𝑋)
∞
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝜇 2
−∞
∞
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−∞
∞
1
= ∫ 𝑥2 × 𝑑𝑥
−∞ 𝜋(1 + 𝑥 2 )
1 ∞ 𝑥2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −∞ 1 + 𝑥 2
𝑥2
Consider the graph of 𝑦 = 1+𝑥 2 shown below. Note the symmetry.
Hence
1 ∞ 𝑥2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −∞ 1 + 𝑥 2
2 ∞ 𝑥2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 1 + 𝑥2

2 ∞ 1
= ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 1 + 𝑥2
2
= [𝑥 − tan−1 𝑥]∞
0
𝜋
𝜋
which is infinite since 𝑥 → ∞ and tan−1 𝑥 → 2 as 𝑥 → ∞
Hence the variance is not defined.


1a 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0) = 0.5000
1b 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1) = 0.8413
1c 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2) = 0.9772
1d 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.5) = 0.9332
1e 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.4) = 0.6554
1f 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.3) = 0.9893
1g 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.2) = 0.8849
1h 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 5) = 1.0000
2 The total area under the curve is 1, so the areas of regions to the right and left of
𝑧 = 𝑎 add to 1. This identity is true for any probability distribution.
2a 𝑃(𝑍 > 0) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0)

= 1 − 0.5
= 0.5
2b 𝑃(𝑍 > 1) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1)

= 1 − 0.8413
= 0.1587

2c 𝑃(𝑍 > 2) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2)

= 1 − 0.9772
= 0.0228
2d 𝑃(𝑍 > 2.4) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.4)

= 1 − 0.9918
= 0.0082
2e 𝑃(𝑍 > 1.3) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.3)

= 1 − 0.9032
= 0.0968
2f 𝑃(𝑍 > 0.7) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.7)

= 1 − 0.7580
= 0.2420
2g 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 1.6) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.6)

= 1 − 0.9452
= 0.0548
2h 𝑃(𝑍 > 8) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 8)

= 1−1
=0
3a From the even symmetry of the graph,

𝑃(𝑍 < −𝑎) = 𝑃(𝑍 > 𝑎) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 𝑎).
(The result also holds for a ≤ 0, but this is not useful to us.) This result is
certainly not true for all probability distributions.

3b i 𝑃(𝑍 < −1.2) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.2)

= 1 − 0.8849
= 0.1151
3b ii 𝑃(𝑍 < −2.3) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.3)

= 1 − 0.9893
= 0.0107
3b iii 𝑃(𝑍 < −0.2) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.2)

= 1 − 0.5793
= 0.4207
3b iv 𝑃(𝑍 < −3.2) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 3.2)

= 1 − 0.8849
= 0.1151
3b v 𝑃(𝑍 < −5) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 5)

= 1 − 0.9993
= 0.0007
3b vi 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ −0.7) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0.7)

= 1 − 0.7580
= 0.2420
3b vii 𝑃(𝑍 < −1.6) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.6)

= 1 − 0.9452
= 0.0548

3b viii 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ −1.4) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.4)

= 1 − 0.9192
= 0.0808
3b ix 𝑃(𝑍 < −0) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0)

= 1 − 0.5
= 0.5000
4a 𝜇 = 0 then the mean is at the centre of the normal distribution, which is

symmetrical, half the data is to the left and half the data is to the right of the
1
mean. Therefore, 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 0) = 2 = 0.5.
4b i 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 ≤ 1.3) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.3) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0)

= 0.9032 − 0.5
= 0.4032
4b ii 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 ≤ 2.4) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.4) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0)

= 0.9918 − 0.5
= 0.4918
4b iii 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 ≤ 0.7) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.7) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0)

= 0.7580 − 0.5
= 0.2580
4b iv 𝑃(−2.4 ≤ 𝑍 < 0) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ −2.4)
= 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) − (1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 2.4))
= 0.5 − (1 − 0.9918)
= 0.4918

4b v 𝑃(−1.1 ≤ 𝑍 < 0) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ −1.1)
= 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) − (1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.1))
= 0.5 − (1 − 0.8643)
= 0.3643
4b vi 𝑃(−0.7 ≤ 𝑍 < 0) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ −0.7)
= 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) − (1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0.7))
= 0.5 − (1 − 0.7580)
= 0.2580
4b vii 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 ≤ 1.6) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.6) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0)

= 0.9452 − 0.5
= 0.4452
4b viii 𝑃(−1.3 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 0) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ −1.3)
= 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) − (1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.3))
= 0.5 − (1 − 0.9032)
= 0.4032
4b ix 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 ≤ 5) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 5) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0)

= 1 − 0.5
= 0.5000
4c i 𝑃(−1.3 ≤ 𝑍 < 1.3) = 2 × (𝑃(𝑍 < 1.3) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0)

= 2 × (0.9032 − 0.5)
= 2 × 0.4032
= 0.8064

4c ii 𝑃(−2.4 ≤ 𝑍 < 2.4) = 2 × (𝑃(𝑍 < 2.4) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0)

= 2 × (0.9918 − 0.5)
= 2 × 0.4918
= 0.9836
4c iii 𝑃(−0.8 ≤ 𝑍 < 0.8) = 2 × (𝑃(𝑍 < 0.8) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0)

= 2 × (0.7881 − 0.5)
= 2 × 0.2881
= 0.5762
4c iv 𝑃(−2.9 ≤ 𝑍 < 2.9) = 2 × (𝑃(𝑍 < 2.9) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0)

= 2 × (0.9981 − 0.5)
= 2 × 0.4981
= 0.9962
4c v 𝑃(−0.4 ≤ 𝑍 < 0.4) = 2 × (𝑃(𝑍 < 0.4) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0)

= 2 × (0.6554 − 0.5)
= 2 × 0.1554
= 0.3108
4c vi 𝑃(−1.5 ≤ 𝑍 < 1.5) = 2 × (𝑃(𝑍 < 1.5) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0)

= 2 × (0.9332 − 0.5)
= 2 × 0.4332
= 0.8664
5 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 2) parts a and e

𝑃(𝑍 ≤ −1) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 1) parts b and g
𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.2) = 𝑃(𝑍 > −1.2) parts c and h

𝑃(𝑍 = 4) = 𝑃(𝑍 = 2.3) parts d and f
6 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 5) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 5) parts a and c

𝑃(𝑍 > −1.7) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.7) parts b and g
𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 2) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ −2) parts d and f
𝑃(𝑍 = 3) = 𝑃(𝑍 = 1.2) parts e and h
7a Since 𝑏 > 𝑎, the area from −∞ to 𝑏 includes the area from −∞ to 𝑎. The
difference of these two areas, 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 𝑏) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑎), is therefore 𝑃(𝑎 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 𝑏).
7b i 𝑃(1.2 ≤ 𝑍 < 1.5) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.5) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.2)

= 0.9332 − 0.8849
= 0.0483
7b ii 𝑃(0.2 ≤ 𝑍 < 2.3) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 2.3) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0.2)

= 0.9893 − 0.5793
= 0.4100
7b iii 𝑃(0.6 ≤ 𝑍 < 1.7) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.7) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0.6)
= 0.9554 − 0.7257
= 0.2297
7b iv 𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 < −1.2) = 𝑃(𝑍 < −1.2) − 𝑃(𝑍 < −2)

= [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.2)] − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2)]
= (1 − 0.8849) − (1 − 0.9772)
= 0.1151 − 0.0228
= 0.0923

7b v 𝑃(−4 ≤ 𝑍 < −0.2) = 𝑃(𝑍 < −0.2) − 𝑃(𝑍 < −4)

= [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.2)] − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 4)]
= (1 − 0.5793) − (1 − 1)
= 0.4207
7b vi 𝑃(−2.7 ≤ 𝑍 < −1) = 𝑃(𝑍 < −1) − 𝑃(𝑍 < −2.7)

= [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1)] − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.7)]
= (1 − 0.8413) − (1 − 0.9965)
= 0.1587 − 0.0035
= 0.1552
7c i 𝑃(−1.5 ≤ 𝑍 < 2.2) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 2.2) − 𝑃(𝑍 < −1.5)

= 𝑃(𝑍 < 2.2) − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.5)]
= 0.9861 − (1 − 0.9332)
= 0.9861 − 0.0668
= 0.9193
7c ii 𝑃(−0.9 ≤ 𝑍 < 1.2) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.2) − 𝑃(𝑍 < −0.9)

= 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.2) − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.9)]
= 0.8849 − (1 − 0.8159)
= 0.8849 − 0.1841
= 0.7008
7c iii 𝑃(−2.9 ≤ 𝑍 < 1.3) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.3) − 𝑃(𝑍 < −2.9)
= 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.3) − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.9)]
= 0.9032 − (1 − 0.9981)
= 0.9032 − 0.0019
= 0.9013

8a 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) = 0.5
8b 𝑃(𝑍 = 4) = 0
8c 𝑃(𝑍 > 1.8) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.8)

= 1 − 0.9641
= 0.0359
8d 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.2) = 0.8849
8e 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 1.2) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.2)

= 1 − 0.8849
= 0.1151
8f 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1.2) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.2) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0)

= 0.8849 − 0.5
= 0.3849
8g 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ −1.8) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.8)

= 1 − 0.9641
= 0.0359
8h 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ −1.2) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.2)

= 0.8849
8i 𝑃(1.2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1.8) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.8) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.2)

= 0.9641 − 0.8849
= 0.0792

8j 𝑃(−1.8 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1.2) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.2) − 𝑃(𝑍 < −1.8)

= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.2) − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.8)]
= 0.8849 − (1 − 0.9641)
= 0.8849 − 0.0359
= 0.8490
9a 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.3) = 0.9032
9b 𝑃(𝑍 = 2.4) = 0
9c 𝑃(𝑍 > 0.4) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.4)

= 1 − 0.6554
= 0.3446
9d 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.7) = 0.9554
9e 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ −1.3) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.3)

= 0.9032
9f 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1.5) = 0.9332 − 0.5

= 0.4332
9g 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ −0.8) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0.8)

= 1 − 0.7881
= 0.2119
9h 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 0.2) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0.2)

= 1 − 0.5793
= 0.4207

9i 𝑃(1.1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1.5) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.5) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.1)

= 0.9332 − 0.8643
= 0.0689
9j 𝑃(−1.3 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2.2) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.2) − 𝑃(𝑍 < −1.3)

= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.2) − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.3)]
= 0.9861 − (1 − 0.9032)
= 0.9861 − 0.0968
= 0.8893
10a 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.2 or 𝑍 ≥ 1.8) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.2 ) + 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 1.8)

= 0.8849 + [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.8)]
= 0.8849 + 1 − 0.9641
= 0.9208
10b 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.8 and 𝑍 ≥ 1.2) = 𝑃(1.2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1.8)

= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.8) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.2)
= 0.9641 − 0.8849
= 0.0792
10c 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.2 or 𝑍 ≥ 1.6) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.2 ) + 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 1.6)

= 0.5793 + [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.6)]
= 0.5793 + 1 − 0.9452
= 0.6341

10d 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.4 and 𝑍 ≥ 1.7) = 𝑃(1.7 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2.4)

= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.4) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.7)
= 0.9918 − 0.9554
= 0.0364
11 The answers are the same when questions are solved using technology.
12a 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0) = 50% (because 𝑧 = 0 is the axis of symmetry)
12b 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1)
𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0) +
2
68%
= 50% + 2
= 84%
12c 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2)
𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0) +
2
95%
= 50% + 2
= 97.5%
(Note the inaccuracy here, from the tables, it should be 97.72%)
12d 𝑃(𝑍 < −1)

𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0) −
2
68%
= 50% − 2
= 16%

12e 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 3)
𝑃(−3 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 3)
=
2
99.7%
=
2
= 49.85%
12f 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑍 < 1)

𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1)
=
2
68%
=
2
= 34%
12g 𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 0)
𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2)
=
2
95%
=
2
= 47.5%
12h 𝑃(−3 < 𝑍 ≤ −2)

𝑃(−3 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 3) 𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2)
= −
2 2
99.7% 95
= − %
2 2
= 49.85% − 47.5%
= 2.35%
12i 𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1) = 68%

12j 𝑃(−3 < 𝑍 ≤ 1)

𝑃(−3 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 3) 𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1)
= +
2 2
99.7% 68%
= +
2 2
= 49.85% + 34%
= 83.85%
12k 𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 < 1)

𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2) 𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1)
= +
2 2
95% 68%
= +
2 2
= 47.5% + 34%
= 81.5%
12l 𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 7)
𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2)
= + 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 0)
2
95%
= + 50%
2
= 47.5% + 50%
= 97.5%
13a 𝑏 = 1 (because 68% of the data is between −1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1)
13b 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 𝑏) = 0.475 then 𝑏 = 2 because

𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2)
𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2)
=
2
95%
=
2

= 47.5%
= 0.475
13c 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 𝑏) = 84% then 𝑏 = −1 because 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ −1) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1) and

𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1)
𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0) +
2
68%
= 50% + 2
= 84%
13d 𝑃(−2𝑏 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 𝑏) = 0.815 then 𝑏 = 1 because

𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 < 1)
𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2) 𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1)
= +
2 2
95% 68%
= +
2 2
= 47.5% + 34%
= 81.5%
= 0.815
13e 𝑃(−3𝑏 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 3𝑏) = 0.997 then 𝑏 = 1 because

𝑃(−3 < 𝑍 ≤ 3) = 99.7% = 0.997
13f 𝑃(𝑍 2 ≤ 𝑏) = 0.95 then 𝑏 = 4 because if 𝑃(𝑍 2 ≤ 𝑏) then 𝑃(−√𝑏 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ √𝑏) and
𝑃(−√4 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ √4) = 𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2) = 95% = 0.95
14a 𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑎) = 0.7257 then 𝑎 = 0.6
14b 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 𝑎) = 0.9893 then 𝑎 = 2.3

14c 𝑃(𝑍 < −𝑎) = 0.1151 then

𝑃(𝑍 < −𝑎) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 𝑎) = 0.1151
Hence, 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 𝑎) = 1 − 0.1151
𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 𝑎) = 0.8849
Therefore, 𝑎 = 1.2
14d 𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑎) = 0.2119

1 − 0.2119 = 0.7881 and 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.8) = 0.7881
If 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.8) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑎) then 𝑎 = −0.8
𝑃(−𝑎≤𝑍<𝑎)
14e 𝑃(−𝑎 ≤ 𝑍 < 𝑎) = 0.7286 then = 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 < 𝑎) = 0.3643
2
Since 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑍) + 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 < 𝑎) = 0.5 + 0.3643 = 0.8643

and 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.1) = 0.8643, 𝑎 = 1.1
𝑃(−𝑎<𝑍≤𝑎)
14f 𝑃(−𝑎 < 𝑍 ≤ 𝑎) = 0.9906 then = 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 ≤ 𝑎) = 0.4953
2
Since 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑍) + 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 ≤ 𝑎) = 0.5 + 0.4953 = 0.9953

and 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.6) = 0.9953, 𝑎 = 2.6.
15a i 𝑃(−1 < 𝑍 < 1) ≑ 68%
15a ii 𝑃(𝑍 < 2) ≑ 97.5%
15a iii 𝑃(𝑍 < − 3 or 𝑍 > 3) = 0.3%
15b Let 𝑎 be the distance from the target where 𝑃(−𝑎 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 𝑎) = 50%.
Then 𝑃(0 < 𝑍 ≤ 𝑎) = 25%. Since 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0) = 50%,
𝑃(0 < 𝑍 ≤ 𝑎) + 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0) = 25% + 50% = 75% = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 𝑎)
If 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 𝑎) = 75% then 𝑎 = 0.67449 ≑ 0.7 cm.

𝑎
16 Mathematically, 𝑃(𝑍 = 𝑎) = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, which is an area of zero width.
Practically, this represents the probability of getting a value exactly 𝑍 = 𝑎 for a

continuous distribution, for example a height of exactly 1.7142435345345 …
metres. In a continuous distribution, all such probabilities are zero.
1 2
17a i The domain is all real numbers, because 𝑒 −2𝑧 is defined for all 𝑧 ∈ ℝ.
17a ii 𝜙(𝑧) = 𝜙(−𝑧). Therefore, 𝜙(𝑧) is an even function.
17a iii 𝜙(𝑧) is symmetric about 𝑥 = 0.
1 2
∞ 1
17a iv ∫−∞ 𝑒 −2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 1
√2𝜋
17a v 𝑧 = −1 and 𝑧 = 1
1 2 1 2
1 1 1
17a vi 𝜙(𝑧) = 𝑒 −2𝑧 then 𝜙(0) = 𝑒 −2 0 =
√2𝜋 √2𝜋 √2𝜋
1
The maximum turning point is (0, ) when 𝑧 = 0.
√2𝜋
17a vii There are no 𝑧-intercepts because the function has a horizontal asymptote
at 𝑦 = 0.
17b i The mean is 0.
17b ii The mode is 0.
17b iii The median is 0.

17b iv The standard deviation is 1.
1 2
1
17c 𝜙(𝑥) = 𝑒 −2 𝑥
√2𝜋
1 2 1 1 2
(−𝑥)2
18a 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −2𝑥 and 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑒 −2 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 . Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥) and
𝑓(𝑥) is an even function.
1 2 1 2 1 2
1
18b 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −2𝑥 then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (− 2 × 2 × 𝑥) 𝑒 −2𝑥 × ln 𝑒 = −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2 1 2
1
and 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (−1) × 𝑒 −2𝑥 + (−𝑥) × (− 2 × 2 × 𝑥) 𝑒 −2𝑥 × ln 𝑒
1 2 1 2
= −𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
= (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑒 −2𝑥
18c The 𝑥-coordinates of the stationary points are the solutions of the equation:
1 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0. Thus, −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥 −1 0 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 0 −
nature / Local maximum \
1 2
𝑓(0) = 𝑒 −20 = 1. Therefore, the local maximum turning point is: (0, 1)
18d The 𝑥-coordinates of the inflection points are the solutions of the equation:
1 2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0. Thus, (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0 when 𝑥 = −1 or 𝑥 = 1
1 1
(−1)2 1 (1)2 1
𝑓(−1) = 𝑒 −2 = and 𝑓(1) = 𝑒 −2 =
√𝑒 √𝑒
1 1
Therefore, the inflection points are: (−1, ) and (1, )
√ 𝑒 √𝑒
(or (−1, 𝑒 −05 ) and (1, 𝑒 −05 ))

1 2
1
18e Since 𝜙(𝑧) = 𝑒 −2𝑧 has a horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 0,
√2𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) → 0 as 𝑥 → ∞ and as 𝑥 → − ∞
18f
18g
19a i 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1) = 0.3401
19a ii 𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 𝑍) = 0.6802
19a iii The graph is concave up on [0, 1] and the concavity changes at the point of
inflection at 𝑧 = 1. Thus, the polygonal path of the trapezoidal rule will lie below
the exact curve.
19a iv This is good agreement with the empirical rule (68) and the table (0.6826).
1 2
1
19b i 𝜙(𝑧) = 𝑒 −2𝑧 and
√2𝜋

1
1 (−2)2
𝜙(−2) = 𝜙(2) = 𝑒 −2 = 0.053 991
√2𝜋
1 1 2
1 (−1)2 1
𝜙(−1) = 𝜙(1) = 𝑒 −2 = 0.241 971 and 𝜙(0) = 𝑒 −20 = 0.398 942
√2𝜋 √2𝜋
Calculating the area using the trapezoid rule,

0.241971−0.053991 0.398942−0.241971
𝐴 = 2×( ×1+ × 1)
2 2
= 2 × (0.09399 + 0.078486) = 2 × 0.194618 = 0.344951
19b i 𝑃(−2 < 𝑍 < 2) = 2 × 0.4750 = 0.95
19b ii 𝑃(−3 < 𝑍 < 3) = 2 × 0.4981 = 0.9962
20a
20b

20c


𝑥−𝜇 5−4
1a 𝑧= = = 1, 1 SD above
𝜎 1
𝑥−𝜇 7−13
1b 𝑧= = = −2, 2 SD below
𝜎 3
𝑥−𝜇 0.75−0.5
1c 𝑧= = = 1, 1 SD above
𝜎 0.25
𝑥−𝜇 −5−1
1d 𝑧= = = −2, 2 SD below
𝜎 3
𝑥−𝜇 120−114
1e 𝑧= = = 5, 5 SD above
𝜎 1.2
𝑥−𝜇 2.20−2.35
1f 𝑧= = = −3, 3 SD below
𝜎 0.05
𝑥−𝜇 60−50
2a i 𝑧= = = +2.5
𝜎 4
𝑥−𝜇 375−450
2a ii 𝑧= = = −3
𝜎 25
𝑥−𝜇 3.85−3.19
2a iii 𝑧 = = = +5.5
𝜎 0.12
𝑥−𝜇 25−23
2a iv 𝑧 = = = +0.25
𝜎 8
2b i iii is furthest from the mean (the mean is 𝑧 = 0)
2b ii i, iii, iv are above the mean (the mean is 𝑧 = 0)

2b iii ii is below the mean (the mean is 𝑧 = 0)
2b iv iv is within 2 SD from the mean (the mean is 𝑧 = 0)
2b v ii and iii are not within the middle 68% of the data (the middle 68% is within
±1 SD distance to the mean, which is 𝑧 = 0)
𝑥−𝜇 5−4
3a 𝑧= = = 0.5 then 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 5) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.5)
𝜎 2
𝑥−𝜇 4.5−4
3b 𝑧= = = 0.25 then 𝑃(𝑋 > 4.5) = 𝑃(𝑍 > 0.25)
𝜎 2
𝑥−𝜇 2−4
3c 𝑧= = = −1 then 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ −1)
𝜎 2
𝑥−𝜇 1−4
3d 𝑧= = = −1.5 then 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ −1.5)
𝜎 2
𝑥−𝜇 0−4 𝑥−𝜇 3−4

3e 𝑧= = = −2 and 𝑧 = = = −0.5 then
𝜎 2 𝜎 2
𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 3) = 𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ −0.5)
𝑥−𝜇 0.5−4 𝑥−𝜇 4.5−4

3f 𝑧= = = −1.75 and 𝑧 = = = 0.25 then
𝜎 2 𝜎 2
𝑃(0.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 4.5) = 𝑃(−1.75 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 0.25)
𝑥−𝜇 5−5
4a 𝑧= = = 0 then
𝜎 2
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 5)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 0)
= 0.5

𝑥−𝜇 3−5 𝑥−𝜇 7−5

4b 𝑧= = = −1 and 𝑧 = = = 1 then
𝜎 2 𝜎 2
𝑃(3 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 7)
= 𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1)
= 0.68
𝑥−𝜇 9−5
4c 𝑧= = = 2 then
𝜎 2
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 9)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2)
𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0) +
2
0.95
= 0.5 +
2
= 0.975
𝑥−𝜇 1−5
4d 𝑧= = = −2 then
𝜎 2
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ −2)
𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2)
= + 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 0)
2
0.95
= + 0.5
2
= 0.975
𝑥−𝜇 −1−5 𝑥−𝜇 7−5

4e 𝑧= = = −3 and 𝑧 = = = 1 then
𝜎 2 𝜎 2
𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 7)
= 𝑃(−3 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1)
𝑃(−3 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 3) 𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1)
= +
2 2
0.997 0.68
= +
2 2

= 0.8385
𝑥−𝜇 1−5 𝑥−𝜇 3−5

4f 𝑧= = = −2 and 𝑧 = = = −1 then
𝜎 2 𝜎 2
𝑃(1 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 3)
= 𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ −1)
𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2) 𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1)
= −
2 2
0.95 0.68
= −
2 2
= 0.135
𝑥−𝜇 10−12 𝑥−𝜇 18−12

5a 𝑧= = = −1 and 𝑧 = = = 3 then
𝜎 2 𝜎 2
𝑃(10 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 18)
= 𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 3)
𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1) 𝑃(−3 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 3)
= +
2 2
0.68 0.997
= +
2 2
= 0.8385
𝑥−𝜇 42−37
5b 𝑧= = = 1 then
𝜎 5
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 42)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 1)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1)
𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1)
= 1 − (𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0) + )
2
0.68
= 1 − (0.5 + )
2
= 1 − 0.84
= 0.16

𝑥−𝜇 4.5−4
5c 𝑧= = = 2 then
𝜎 0.25
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 4.5)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 2)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 2)
𝑃(−2≤𝑍≤2)
= 1 − (𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0) + )
2
0.95
= 1 − (0.5 + )
2
= 1 − 0.975
= 0.025
𝑥−𝜇 3−5 𝑥−𝜇 7−5

6a 𝑧= = = −2.5 and 𝑧 = = = 2.5 then
𝜎 0.8 𝜎 0.8
𝑃(3 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 7)
= 𝑃(−2.5 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2.5)
= 0.9876
𝑥−𝜇 20−4
6b 𝑧= = = 1.6 then
𝜎 10
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 20)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 1.6)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.6)
= 1 − 0.945201
= 0.0548
𝑥−𝜇 8−12
6c 𝑧= = = −0.8 then
𝜎 5
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 8)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ −0.8)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0.8)
= 1 − 0.788145
= 0.2119

𝑥−𝜇 −39−0
6d 𝑧= = = −1.3 then
𝜎 30
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ −39)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ −1.3)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.3)
= 0.9032
𝑥−𝜇 36−20
6e 𝑧= = = 1.6 then
𝜎 10
𝑃(𝑋 < 36)

= 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.6)
= 0.9452
𝑥−𝜇 3−8 𝑥−𝜇 5−8

6f 𝑧= = = −2.5 and 𝑧 = = = −1.5 then
𝜎 2 𝜎 2
𝑃(3 < 𝑋 ≤ 5)
= 𝑃(−2.5 < 𝑍 ≤ −1.5)
= 0.0606
7a The score is above the mean.
7b The score is below the mean.
7c The score is equal to the mean.
8a 73 − 8 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 73 + 8 = 65 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 81
Therefore, the data values which lie within one standard deviation of the mean
are 69 and 80.

8b 73 − 3 × 8 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 73 + 3 × 8 = 49 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 97
Therefore, the data values which lie within three standard deviation of the mean
are 69, 80, 95, 50, 90, 52, 45.
8c 𝑋 < 73 − 2 × 8
𝑋 < 57
Therefore, the data values which lie more than two standard deviations below
the mean are 43, 45, 50, 52.
8d 𝑋 > 73 + 2.5 × 8
𝑋 > 93
Therefore, the data values which lie more than two and a half standard
deviations above the mean are 95 and 98.
8e It doesn’t look very normal (‘bell shaped’)

Here is the stem-and-leaf plot of the data:
𝑥−𝜇 90−65
9a i English test result: 𝑧 = = = 2.5
𝜎 10
𝑥−𝜇 92−62
Maths test result: 𝑧 = = =2
𝜎 15
Student A’s English test result is much better than the average compared to their
mathematics test result.

𝑥−𝜇 57−65
9a ii English test result: 𝑧 = = = −0.8
𝜎 10
𝑥−𝜇 53−62
Maths test result: 𝑧 = = = −0.04
𝜎 15
Student B’s English test result is further below the average than their
mathematics test result. Therefore, their mathematics test result is better than
their English test result (compared with the class average).
𝑥−𝜇 80−65
9a iii English test result: 𝑧 = = = 1.5
𝜎 10
𝑥−𝜇 77−62
Maths test result: 𝑧 = = =1
𝜎 15
Student C’s English test result is much better than the average compared to their
mathematics test result.
𝑥−𝜇 95−62
9b 𝑧= = = 2.2
𝜎 15
𝑃(𝑍 > 2.2)

= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.2)
= 1 − 0.986 097
= 0.013 903
≑ 1.4%
9c The mathematics mean of 62 is 0.3 English standard deviations below the

English mean 65%.
𝑃(𝑍 > −0.3)
= 𝑃(𝑍 < 0.3)
= 0.6179
≑ 0.62

10a About 408 scores (68% of 600) will lie within one SD from the mean, that is, in
[40, 60]. About 570 scores (95% of 600) will lie within two SDs from the mean,
that is, in [30, 70]. About 598 scores (99.7% of 600) will lie within three SDs
from the mean, that is, in [20, 80].
10b i 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 55) = 0.691462 and 0.691462 × 600 = 415

Therefore, approximately 415 scores will lie in the interval [−∞, 55].
10b ii 𝑃(35 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 50) = 0.433193 and 0.433193 × 600 = 260

Therefore, approximately 260 scores will lie in the interval [35, 50].
10b iii 𝑃(38 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 62) = 0.769861 and 0.769861 × 600 = 462

Therefore, approximately 462 scores will lie in the interval [38, 62].
10c 𝑥 that is not in the interval 𝜇 − 2.70𝜎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜇 + 2.70𝜎 is an outlier. Hence,

50 − 2.7 × 10 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 50 + 2.7 × 10 = 23 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 77 and all the 𝑥 values that are
out of this interval are outliers.
𝑃(23 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 77) = 0.993066 and 1 − 𝑃(23 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 77) = 0.006934.
Therefore, 0.006934 × 600 = 4 scores are expected to be outliers.
𝑥−𝜇
11a i Using the formula, 𝑧-score = , or by inspection, we have the 𝑧-scores:
𝜎
50−60
Assessment 1: 𝑧 = = −1
10
53−65
Assessment 2: 𝑧 = = −1.5
8
67−75
Assessment 3: 𝑧 = = −2
4
11a ii The average of −1, −1.5, −2 is −1.5. Thus, his average deviation from the mean is
1.5 standard deviations below the mean.

11a iii 63 − 1.5 × 12 = 45
11a iv Some assessments may be harder than others – simply averaging his other
results takes no account of this.
11a v Jack may perform better in certain types of assessments, for example, in Biology
lab experiments, or he may perform better at certain times of the year. For
example, his results may improve towards the end of the year. This method does
not allow for these effects.
64−60
11b Assessment 1: 𝑧 = = 0.4
10
70−65
Assessment 2: 𝑧 = = 0.625
8
79−75
Assessment 3: 𝑧 = =1
4
Average of 0.4, 0.625 and 1 is 0.675.

Jill’s estimate is 63 + 0.675 × 12 = 71.1.


𝑥−𝜇 50−70
1a 𝑧= = = −2
𝜎 10
𝑃(𝑍 > −2)

= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2)
𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0) +
2
0.95
= 0.5 +
2
= 0.975 or 97.5%
𝑥−𝜇 80−70
1b 𝑧= = =1
𝜎 10
𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1)
𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0) +
2
0.68
= 0.5 +
2
= 0.84 or 84%
𝑥−𝜇 95−68
2a 𝑧= = =3
𝜎 9
𝑃(𝑍 > 3)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 3)
𝑃(−3 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 3)
= 1 − [𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0) + ]
2
0.997
= 1 − (0.5 + )
2
= 0.0015
Therefore, 0.0015 × 2000 = 3 students

𝑥−𝜇 50−68
2b 𝑧= = = −2
𝜎 9
𝑃(𝑍 < −2)

= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2)
𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2)
= 1 − [𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0) + ]
2
0.95
= 1 − (0.5 + )
2
= 1 − 0.975
= 0.025
𝑥−𝜇 59−68 𝑥−𝜇 86−68

2c 𝑧= = = −1 and 𝑧 = = =2
𝜎 9 𝜎 9
𝑃(−1 < 𝑍 < 2)

𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1) 𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2)
= +
2 2
0.68 0.95
= +
2 2
= 0.815
3a The range of two standard deviations of the mean:

𝜇 − 2𝜎 < 𝑥 < 𝜇 + 2𝜎
= 2 − 2 × 0.1 < 𝑥 < 2 + 2 × 0.1
= 1.8 < 𝑥 < 2.2
The screws with sizes below 1.8 cm are considered undersized.
𝑥−𝜇 1.8−2
𝑧= = = −2
𝜎 0.1
𝑃(𝑋 < 1.8)

= 𝑃(𝑍 < −2)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2)

𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2)
= 1 − [𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0) + ]
2
0.95
= 1 − (0.5 + )
2
= 1 − 0.975
= 0.025 or 2.5%
𝑥−𝜇 2.3−2
3b 𝑧= = =3
𝜎 0.1
Thus, 𝑃(𝑋 > 2.3) = 𝑃(𝑍 > 3)

𝑃(𝑍 > 3) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 3)
𝑃(−3≤𝑍≤3)
= 1 − [𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0) + ]
2
0.997
= 1 − (0.5 + )
2
= 1 − 0.975
= 0.0015
Therefore, 0.0015 × 2400 = 3.6 screws (perhaps round to 4)
𝑥−𝜇 72−68 𝑥−𝜇 64−68

4 𝑧= = = 2 and 𝑧 = = = −2
𝜎 2 𝜎 2
𝑃(𝑍 < −2) or 𝑃(𝑍 > 72)

= 1 − 𝑃(−2 < 𝑍 < 2)
= 1 − 0.95
= 0.05
Therefore, 5% are discarded.
𝑥−𝜇 140−98
5a 𝑧= = = 2.8
𝜎 15
𝑃(𝑍 > 2.8)

= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.8)

= 1 − 0.997445
= 0.002555
Therefore, approximately 0.26% of the population are expected to be geniuses.
5b Using 0.26% from part a:

0.0026 × 25 000 000 = 65 000
Therefore, approximately 65 000 people are expected to be geniuses.
𝑥−𝜇 240−219
6 𝑧= = = 0.512195 ≑ 0.5
𝜎 41
𝑃(𝑍 > 0.5)

= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.5)
= 1 − 0.691 462
= 0.308 538
Therefore, approximately 31% of the population have high cholesterol levels.
7a If 𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑧) = 90% then 𝑧 = 1.28155 ≑ 1.28
7b Since = 𝑧 × 𝜎 + 𝜇 ,
𝑥 = 1.28155 × 7.5 + 176 = 185.612 ≑ 186 cm
7c i Interpolate between 1.6 and 1.7
7c ii 𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑧) = 99.7% when 𝑧 = 2.74778

Since = 𝑧 × 𝜎 + 𝜇 ,
𝑥 = 2.74778 × 7.5 + 176 = 196.608 ≑ 197cm
8 𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑧) = 95% when 𝑧 = 1.64485 ≑ 1.6

Hence, 𝑃(𝑍 > −1.64485) = 95%

Since = 𝑧 × 𝜎 + 𝜇 ,
𝑥 = −1.64485 × 2 + 500 = 496.71 ≑ 496.7 g
𝑥−𝜇 274−266
9a 𝑧= = = 0.5
𝜎 16
𝑃(𝑋 < 274)

= 𝑃(𝑍 < 0.5)
= 0.6915
≑ 69%
9b i 266 − 7 = 259 days

𝑥−𝜇 259−266
𝑧= = = −0.4375
𝜎 16
𝑃(𝑋 < 259)

= 𝑃(𝑍 < −0.4375)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.4375)
= 0.669 126
= 0.330 874
≑ 33%
9b ii 266 + 7 = 273 days

𝑥−𝜇 273−266
𝑧= = = 0.4375
𝜎 16
𝑃(𝑋 > 273)

= 𝑃(𝑍 > 0.4375)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.4375)
= 1 − 0.669 126
= 0.330 874
≑ 33%

𝑥−𝜇 60−71
10a 𝑧= = ≑ −1.2
𝜎 9
𝑃(𝑋 < 60)

≑ 𝑃(𝑍 < −1.2)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.2)
= 1 − 0.8849
= 0.1151
≑ 12%
𝑥−𝜇 100−71
10b 𝑧= = ≑ 3.2
𝜎 9
𝑃(𝑋 > 100)

≑ 𝑃(𝑍 > 3.2)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 3.2)
= 1 − 0.9993
= 0.0007
= 0.07%
𝑥−𝜇 60−76
10c i 𝑧 = = ≑ −1.7
𝜎 9.5
𝑃(𝑋 < 60)

≑ 𝑃(𝑍 < −1.7)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.7)
= 1 − 0.9554
= 0.0446
≑ 4.5%

𝑥−𝜇 100−76
10c ii 𝑧 = = ≑ 2.5
𝜎 9.5
𝑃(𝑋 > 100)

≑ 𝑃(𝑍 > 2.5)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.5)
= 1 − 0.9938
= 0.0062
≑ 0.6%
11


1a 𝜇 = 7.5 and 𝜎 = 2.5
1b
Class 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5
centre
frequency 2 5 24 46 88 116 138 158
Relative 2 7 31 77 165 281 419 577
frequency
Class 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5 14.5

centre
frequency 144 113 78 47 27 10 4
Relative 721 834 912 959 986 996 1000
frequency
0.5×2+1.5×5+2.5×24+⋯+14.5×4 7533
𝐸(𝑋) = ∑ 𝑥𝑃(𝑥) = = 1000 = 7.533 ≑ 7.5
1000
Var(𝑋) = 𝐸(𝑋 2 ) − 𝐸(𝑋)2

= ∑ 𝑥 2 𝑃(𝑥) − 𝐸(𝑋)2
63 034
= − 7.5332
1000
= 6.287 911
Therefore, 𝜎 = √Var(𝑋) = √6.287 911 = 2.50757 … ≑ 2.5
Yes, the answers agree with the previous results.

1c
1d Either perform the experiment more than 1000 times, or average more than
three random numbers at each stage.
4c The mean should be about 5 and the standard deviation about 1.6.
1
8d The maximum point on the curve has coordinates (0, ).
√2𝜋


1a
1b

1c
1d
1d i 𝑄2 = 4.0
1d ii 𝑄1 = 2.5 and 𝑄3 = 5.0

1d iii As shown below, the ninth decile is 6.5.
1d iv As shown below, the eighty-fifth percentile is 6.0.
1e This was only a preliminary experiment, and a larger dataset may resolve the
unusual outcomes. It may be worth investigating any common links between
patients falling in the two intervals associated with the two modes — perhaps
different sexes react differently to the drug, perhaps it was administered
differently, or perhaps the two groups are behaving differently after medication,
for example, changing their levels of follow-up exercise or their food intake.

2a False, it joins to the right end.
2b False. The area under the relative frequency polygon is 1 if the rectangles each
have width 1.
2c True.
2d True.
2e True.
2f The empirical rule says 99.7% and only applies to a normal distribution, so false
in general.
10 1 𝑥 10
3a 𝑓(𝑥) is never negative and ∫−10 20 𝑑𝑥 = [20]
−10
10 10
= 20 − (− 20)
= 1.
3b A uniform probability distribution with a uniform probability density function.
10 1
3c ∫−10 𝑥 × 20 𝑑𝑥
10
𝑥2
=[ ]
40 −10
100 100
= −
40 40
=0

3d Var(𝑋)
𝑏
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝐸(𝑥)2
𝑎
10
1
=∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 − 02
−10 20
10
𝑥3
=[ ]
60 −10
1000 1000
= − (− )
60 60
100
=
3
100 10 10√3
𝜎 = √Var(𝑋) = √ = =
3 √3 3
4a 𝑓(𝑥) is never negative in its domain and

2 3
∫0 (4 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
16
2
3𝑥 𝑥 3
=[ − ]
4 16 0
3 1 0 0
=( − )−( − )
2 2 4 16
=1
𝑥 3
4b 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫0 (4 − 𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡
16
𝑥
3 𝑡3
= [16 (4𝑡 − 3 )]
0
3 1
= 𝑥 − 𝑥3
4 16
1
= 16 𝑥(12 − 𝑥 2 ) where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
4c i 𝑄1 = 0.34, 𝑄2 = 0.7, 𝑄3 = 1.1

4c ii The 6th decile is 0.85 as shown below.
4c iii 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 1.2) = 0.8 as shown below.

4c iv 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 0.3) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 < 0.3) and 𝑃(𝑋 < 0.3) = 0.22 is shown below.
Therefore, 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 0.3) = 1 − 0.22 = 0.78
4c v 𝑃(0.2 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 0.4) = 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 0.4) − 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 0.2)

= 0.3 − 0.15
= 0.15
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 0.4) and 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 0.2) are shown below.
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 0.4) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 0.2)

5a 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) = 0.5
5b 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.3) = 0.9032
5c 𝑃(−1.8 < 𝑍 < 1.8) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.8) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ −1.8)

= 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.8) − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.8)]
= 2 × 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.8) − 1
= 2 × 0.9641 − 1
= 0.9282
5d 𝑃(𝑍 > 0.5) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.5)

= 1 − 0.6915
= 0.3085
5e 𝑃(𝑍 < −0.2) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.2)

= 1 − 0.5793
= 0.4207
5f 𝑃(−0.1 < 𝑍 < 1.2) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.2) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ −0.1)

= 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.2) − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0.1)]
= 0.8849 − (1 − 0.5398)
= 0.8849 − 0.4602
= 0.4247

𝑥−𝜇 16−10
6a 𝑧= = =2
𝜎 3
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 16) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2)

𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2)
= 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) +
2
0.95
= 0.5 +
2
= 0.975 or 97.5%
𝑥−𝜇 3.5−5
6b 𝑧= = = −1
𝜎 1.5
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 3.5) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ −1)

𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1)
= 𝑃(𝑍 < 0) +
2
0.68
= 0.5 +
2
= 0.84 or 84%
𝑥−𝜇 1.85−2 𝑥−𝜇 2.3−2

6c 𝑧= = = −1 and 𝑧 = = =2
𝜎 0.15 𝜎 0.15
𝑃(1.85 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 2.3) = 𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2)

𝑃(−1 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1) 𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2)
= +
2 2
0.68 0.95
= +
2 2
= 0.34 + 0.475
= 0.815 or 81.5%
𝑥−𝜇 13.65−15 𝑥−𝜇 14.1−15

6d 𝑧= = = −3 and 𝑧 = = = −2
𝜎 0.45 𝜎 0.45
𝑃(13.65 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 14.1) = 𝑃(−3 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ −2)

𝑃(−3 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 3) 𝑃(−2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2)
= −
2 2
0.997 0.95
= −
2 2

= 0.4985 − 0.475
= 0.0235 or 2.35%
𝑥−𝜇 22.5−20
7a 𝑧= = = 0.5
𝜎 5
Hence, 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 22.5) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.5)

= 0.6915
𝑥−𝜇 62−50
7b 𝑧= = = 1.2
𝜎 10
Hence, 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 62) = 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 1.2)

= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.2)
= 1 − 0.8849
= 0.1151
𝑥−𝜇 3.96−4 𝑥−𝜇 4.3−4

7c 𝑧= = = −0.2 and 𝑧 = = = 1.5
𝜎 0.2 𝜎 0.2
Hence, 𝑃(3.96 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 4.3) = 𝑃(−0.2 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1.5)

= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.5) − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.2)]
= 0.9332 − (1 − 0.5793)
= 0.9332 − 0.4207
= 0.5125
𝑥−𝜇 6.79−5.75 𝑥−𝜇 8.09−5.75

7d 𝑧= = = 0.8 and 𝑧 = = = 1.8
𝜎 1.3 𝜎 1.3
Hence, 𝑃(6.79 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 8.09) = 𝑃(0.8 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1.8)

= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.8) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.8)
= 0.9641 − 0.7881
= 0.176

8a The expected life of washing machines is 6 × 12 + 4 = 76 months.

𝑃(more than 8 years) = 𝑃(more than 96 months) = 𝑃(𝑋 > 96)
𝑥−𝜇 96−76
𝑧= = ≑ 1.3
𝜎 15
𝑃(𝑋 > 96) ≑ 𝑃(𝑍 > 1.3)

= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.3)
= 1 − 0.9032
= 0.0968 or 9.7%
8b 𝑃(less than 5 years) = 𝑃(less than 60 months) = 𝑃(𝑋 < 60)

𝑥−𝜇 60−76
𝑧= = ≑ −1.07
𝜎 15
𝑃(𝑋 < 5) ≑ 𝑃(𝑍 < −1.07)

= 𝑃(𝑍 > 1.07)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.07)
= 1 − 0.858 (using online calculator)
= 0.142 or 14.2%
This is probably an unacceptable risk for the manufacturer, and they should
increase the mean life, or decrease the standard deviation, or adjust the length of
their advertised warranty.

Chapter 17 worked solutions – Binomial distributions

1 1
1 𝑛 = 5; 𝑋 = number of boys; 𝑝 = 2 ; 𝑞=2
1a 𝑃(𝑋 = 5)
= 𝑛C𝑥 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥 where 𝑥 = 5
5
1 5 1 0
= C5 × ( ) × ( )
2 2
1 5
= 1×( ) ×1
2
1
=
32
1b 𝑃(𝑋 = 3)
5
1 3 1 2
= C3 × ( ) × ( )
2 2
5
=
16
1c 𝑃(𝑋 = 4)
1 4 1 1
= 5C4 × ( ) × ( )
2 2
5
=
32

1d 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0)
5
1 0 1 5
= 1 − C0 × ( ) × ( )
2 2
31
=
32
1 4
2 𝑛 = 6; 𝑋 = number of boundaries hit; 𝑝 = 5 ; 𝑞=5
𝑃(𝑋 = 2)
1 2 4 4
= 6C2 × ( ) × ( )
5 5
768
=
3125
1300 1299 1298

3a Because ≑ 1999 ≑ 1998 … and so on; i.e., the probability remains constant as
2000
the numbers are quite large and the ratios shown above almost remain constant.
3b 𝑃(𝑋 = 12)
12
1300 12 700 0
≑ C12 ×( ) ×( )
2000 2000
13 12
= 1×( ) ×1
20
13 12
=( )
20
= (0.65)12
1300! × 1988!
Exact probability =
2000! × 1288!

1 5
4 𝑛 = 12; 𝑋 = number of times 5 appears on uppermost face of die; 𝑝 = 6 ; 𝑞 = 6
4a 𝑃(𝑋 = 3)
12
1 3 5 9
= C3 × ( ) × ( )
6 6
4b 𝑃(𝑋 = 8)
12
1 8 5 4
= C8 × ( ) × ( )
6 6
4c 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 10)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 10) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 11) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 12)
12
1 10 5 2 12
1 11 5 1 12 1 12 5 0
= C10 ×( ) ×( ) + C11 × ( ) × ( ) + C12 × ( ) × ( )
6 6 6 6 6 6
12
1 10 5 2 12
1 11 5 1 1 12
= C10 ×( ) ×( ) + C11 ×( ) ×( ) +( )
6 6 6 6 6
1 5
5 𝑛 = 6; 𝑁 = number of times 3 is shown on uppermost face of die; 𝑝 = 6 ; 𝑞 = 6
5a 𝑃(𝑁 = 2)
6
1 2 5 4
= C2 × ( ) × ( )
6 6
≑ 0.2009
5b 𝑃(𝑁 < 2)
= 𝑃(𝑁 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑁 = 1)
6
1 0 5 6 6 1 1 5 5
= C0 × ( ) × ( ) + C1 × ( ) × ( )
6 6 6 6
≑ 0.7368

5c 𝑃(𝑁 ≥ 2)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑁 < 2)
≑ 1 − 0.7368
= 0.2632
9 1
6 𝑛 = 20; 𝑋 = number of times archer hits bulls-eye; 𝑝 = 10 ; 𝑞 = 10
6a 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 18)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 18) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 19) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 20)
20
9 18 1 2 20
9 19 1 1 20
9 20 1 0
= C18 ×( ) ×( ) + C19 ×( ) ×( ) + C20 ×( ) ×( )
10 10 10 10 10 10
20
9 18 1 2 20
9 19 1 1 9 20 1 0
= C18 ×( ) ×( ) + C19 ×( ) ×( ) + ( ) ×( )
10 10 10 10 10 10
6b 𝑃(misses at least once)

= 1 − 𝑃(no misses)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 20)
20
9 20 1 0
= 1− C20 ×( ) ×( )
10 10
9 20
= 1−( )
10
7 𝑛 = 10; 𝑋 = number of defective bulbs; 𝑝 = 0.09; 𝑞 = 0.91

7a 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2)
10
= C0 × (0.09)0 × (0.91)10 + 10C1 × (0.09)1 × (0.91)9 + 10C2 × (0.09)2 × (0.91)8
= (0.91)10 + 10C1 × (0.09)1 × (0.91)9 + 10C2 × (0.09)2 × (0.91)8

7b 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2)
= 1 − (𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1))
= 1 − ( 10C0 × (0.09)0 × (0.91)10 + 10C1 × (0.09)1 × (0.91)9 )

= 1 − (0.91)10 − 10C1 × (0.09)1 × (0.91)9
8a 𝑆 = {HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HHTT, HTHH, HTHT, HTTH, HTTT, THHH,

THHT, THTH, THTT, TTHH, TTHT, TTTH, TTTT}
𝑛(𝑆) = 16 = 24
8b Let 𝑋 be the event when Janice wins.

𝑋 = {HHTT, HTHT, HTTH, THHT, THTH, TTHH}; 𝑛(𝑋) = 6
𝑃(𝑋 = 6)
𝑛(𝑋)
=
𝑛(𝑆)
6
=
16
3
=
8
8c If we are to order the letters of the word HHTT, we have four places and two
choices for each place.
So the number of arrangements = 4C2 = 6. This answer agrees with part b.
8d The number of ways of choosing the two coins from four that are to be heads up
is 4C2 .
9 𝑛 = 5; 𝑋 = number who support WTP party policies; 𝑝 = 0.55; 𝑞 = 0.45

Majority means 3 or more people.
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 3)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 5)
= 5C3 × (0.55)3 × (0.45)2 + 5
C4 × (0.55)4 × (0.45)1 + 5C5 × (0.55)5 × (0.45)0
= 0.593 126 …
≑ 0.593
10 𝑛 = 31; 𝑋 = number of days a small earthquake occurs; 𝑝 = 0.95; 𝑞 = 0.05

𝑃(𝑋 = 28)
31
= C28 × (0.95)28 × (0.05)3
11 𝑛 = 10; 𝑋 = number of times a jackpot prize is won; 𝑝 = 0.012; 𝑞 = 0.988;

11a i 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)
10
= C1 × (0.012)1 × (0.988)9
= 0.107 644 91 …
≑ 0.107 64
11a ii 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0)
= 1 − 10C0 × (0.012)0 × (0.988)10
= 1 − (0.988)10
= 0.113 723 06 …
≈ 0.113 72
11b For the jackpot to reach $200 000, the prize must be won on the 20th draw.
𝑛 = 20; 𝑥 = 20; 𝑝 = 0.012; 𝑞 = 0.988
𝑃(𝑋 = 20)
20
= C0 × (0.012)0 × (0.988)20
= 0.785 485 486 …
≑ 0.785 49

1 5
12a 𝑛 = ? ; 𝑋 = number of times a six is rolled; 𝑝 = 6 ; 𝑞 = 6
Since 𝑃(rolling at least one six) = 1 − 𝑃(rolling no sixes)

𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) > 0.95
𝑃(𝑋 = 0) < 0.05
𝑛
1 0 5 𝑛
C0 × ( ) × ( ) < 0.05
6 6
5 𝑛
1 × 1 × ( ) < 0.05
6
5 𝑛
( ) < 0.05
6
5 𝑛
log 𝑒 ( ) < log 𝑒 0.05
6
5
𝑛 log 𝑒 ( ) < log 𝑒 0.05
6
log 𝑒 0.05
𝑛>
5
log 𝑒 (6)
𝑛 > 16.431…
The die must be rolled 17 times.
1 1
12b 𝑛 = ? ; 𝑋 = number of times a tail is tossed; 𝑝 = 2 ; 𝑞=2
𝑃(tossing at least one tail) > 0.99

Since 𝑃(tossing at least one tail) = 1 − 𝑃(tossing no tails)
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) > 0.99
𝑃(𝑋 = 0) < 0.01
𝑛
1 0 1 𝑛
C0 × ( ) × ( ) < 0.01
2 2
1 𝑛
1 × 1 × ( ) < 0.01
2
1 𝑛
( ) < 0.01
2

1 𝑛
log 𝑒 ( ) < log 𝑒 0.01
2
1
𝑛 log 𝑒 ( ) < log 𝑒 0.01
2
log 𝑒 0.01
𝑛>
1
log 𝑒 (2)
𝑛 > 6.643 856…

The coin must be tossed 7 times.
13a i For the probability that a family has three boys:
1 3 1
𝑝=( ) =
2 8
For the probability a family does not have three boys:
1
𝑞 = 1−
8
7
=
8
The probability is same for each family.
1 7
𝑛 = 5; 𝑋 = number of families with three boys; 𝑝 = 8 ; 𝑞 = 8
So, for the probability that at least one family has three boys:
𝑃(at least one family has three boys) = 1 − 𝑃(no family has three boys)
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0)
5
1 0 7 5
= 1 − C0 × ( ) × ( )
8 8
= 1 − 0.512 90…
= 0.487 091 …
≑ 0.487

13a ii For a family to have more boys than girls, then each family must have 2 boys and
one girl, or 3 boys.
1 1
𝑛 = 3; 𝑋 = number of boys in a family; 𝑝 = 2 ; 𝑞 = 2
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3)
1 2 1 1 3 1 0
= 3C2 × ( ) × ( ) + 3C3 × ( ) × ( )
2 2 2 2
1 3 1 3
= 3×( ) +1×( ) ×1
2 2
1
=
2
So, for the probability that each of the five families has more boys than girls:
1 1
𝑛 = 5; 𝑁 = number of families with at least two boys; 𝑝 = 2 ; 𝑞 = 2
𝑃(𝑁 = 5)
5
1 5 1 0
= C5 × ( ) × ( )
2 2
1
=
32
= 0.03125
≑ 0.031
13b Following assumptions are made:

1. Each birth is independent.
2. There are only two genders. (biologically true genders)
3. The probability of a child being a boy or a girl is equal.
4. Each birth in each family is an independent Bernoulli trial.
14a The argument is invalid. Normally, mathematics books are grouped together, so
that once the shelf is chosen, one would expect all or none of the books to be
mathematics books, thus the five stages are not independent events. The result
would be true if the books were each chosen at random from the library.

14b The argument is invalid. People in a particular neighbourhood tend to vote more
similarly than the population at large, so the four events are not independent.
This method also oversamples small streets, which may introduce an additional
bias.
18 3
15a 𝑃(rains on a winter day) = 30 = 5
3 2
So, 𝑝 = ; 𝑞=
5 5
𝑃(first two days are fine and next three days are wet)
2 2 3 3 3
= ( )×( )×( )×( )×( )
5 5 5 5 5
108
=
3125
= 0.034 56
≑ 0.0346
3 2
15b 𝑛 = 5; X = number of days that it rains; 𝑝 = 5 ; 𝑞=5
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 3)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 5)
5
3 3 2 2 5 3 4 2 1 5
3 5 2 0
= C3 × ( ) × ( ) + C4 × ( ) × ( ) + C5 × ( ) × ( )
5 5 5 5 5 5
= 0.682 56
≑ 0.6827
8 4 1
16a 𝑛 = 4; 𝑋s = number of serves in; 𝑝s = 10 = 5 ; 𝑞s = 5
𝑃(𝑋 = 4)
4
4 4 1 0
= C4 × ( ) × ( )
5 5
= 0.409 600

1 14
16b 𝑛 = 4; 𝑋a = number of aces served; 𝑝a = 15 ; 𝑞a = 15
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 3)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4)
4
1 3 14 4
1 4 14 0
= C3 × ( ) × ( ) + C4 × ( ) × ( )
15 15 15 15
= 0.001 125 92 …
≑ 0.001 126
1 14 4 1
16c 𝑛 = 4; 𝑥𝑎 = 3; 𝑝a = 15 ; 𝑞a = 15 ; 𝑝s = 5 ; 𝑞s = 5
𝑃(exactly three aces and other serve is in)

= 𝑃(𝑋𝑎 = 3 and 𝑋𝑠 = 1)
4
1 3 14 4
= C3 × ( ) × ( ) × ( )
15 15 5
= 0.000 884 93 …
≑ 0.000 885
17a 𝑋1 = number of 1955 model cars that start; 𝑛1 = 6; 𝑝1 = 0.65; 𝑞1 = 0.35

𝑋2 = number of 1962 model cars that start; 𝑛2 = 4; 𝑝2 = 0.8; 𝑞2 = 0.2
𝑃(𝑋1 = 3 and 𝑋2 = 1)
= 6C3 × (0.65)3 × (0.35)3 × 4C1 × (0.8)1 × (0.2)3
≑ 0.0060
17b Four 1955 models:

𝑃(𝑋1 = 4 and 𝑋2 = 0)
= 6C4 × (0.65)4 × (0.35)2 × 4C0 × (0.8)0 × (0.2)4
= 0.000 524 8 …

Four 1962 models:

𝑃(𝑋1 = 0 and 𝑋2 = 4)
= 6C0 × (0.65)0 × (0.35)6 × 4C4 × (0.8)4 × (0.2)0
= (0.35)6 × (0.8)4
= 0.000 752 953 …
Two of each model:

𝑃(𝑋1 = 2 and 𝑋2 = 2)
= 6C2 × (0.65)2 × (0.35)4 × 4C2 × (0.8)2 × (0.2)2
= 0.014 607 684 …
Three 1955 models and one 1962 model:

𝑃(𝑋1 = 3 and 𝑋2 = 1)
= 6C3 × (0.65)3 × (0.35)3 × 4C1 × (0.8)1 × (0.2)3
= 0.006 028 568 …
One 1955 model and three 1962 models:

𝑃(𝑋1 = 1 and 𝑋2 = 3)
= 6C1 × (0.65)1 × (0.35)5 × 4C3 × (0.8)3 × (0.2)1
= 0.008 390 054 …
Hence, probability of exactly four cars starting
= 0.030 304 059 …
≑ 0.0303
1
18a 𝑋GD = number of Golden Delicious apples to be discarded; 𝑝GD = 50 ;
1
𝑋RD = number of Red Delicious apples to be discarded; 𝑝RD =
100
4 1
of apples are Red Delicious; of apples are Golden Delicious
5 5

𝑃(selected apple is discarded)

4 1 1 1
= ( )×( )+( )×( )
5 100 5 50
3
=
250
3 247
18b 𝑛 = 10; 𝑋 = number of apples to be discarded; 𝑝 = 250 ; 𝑞 = 250
18b i 𝑃(𝑋 = 10)
10
3 10 247 0
= C10 × ( ) ×( )
250 250
3 10
=( )
250
18b ii 𝑃(𝑋 = 5)
10
3 5 247 5
= C5 × ( ) ×( )
250 250
18b iii 𝑃(𝑋 < 2)

= 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)
10
3 0 247 10 10 3 1 247 9
= C0 × ( ) ×( ) + C1 × ( ) ×( )
250 250 250 250
247 10 3 1 247 9
=( ) + 10 ( ) ( )
250 250 250
1 3 4
19a Probability of selecting a bag = 2 ; 𝑝bag 1,red = 8 ; 𝑝bag 2,red = 8
𝑃(selecting a bag and selecting a red ball)

= 𝑃(selecting bag 1 and selecting red ball or selecting bag 2 and selecting red ball)
1 3 1 4
= ( )×( )+( )×( )
2 8 2 8
7
=
16

7 9
19b 𝑛 = 8; 𝑋 = number of red balls drawn; 𝑝 = 16 ; 𝑞= 16
19b i 𝑃(𝑋 = 3)
8
7 3 9 5
= C3 × ( ) × ( )
16 16
19b ii 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 3)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 < 3)
= 1 − [𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2)]
7 0 9 8 7 1 9 7 7 2 9 6
= 1 − [ 8C0 × ( ) × ( ) + 8C1 × ( ) × ( ) + 8C2 × ( ) × ( ) ]
16 16 16 16 16 16
9 8 7 1 9 7 8 7 2 9 6
= 1 − ( ) − 8 ( ) ( ) − C2 ( ) ( )
16 16 16 16 16
1
20a Probability that the number showing is even for a die: 𝑝𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 2
More even faces than odd faces for six dice in one throw means rolling 4, 5 or 6
even faces.
1 1
𝑛 = 6; 𝑋 = number of even faces on one throw of six dice; 𝑝 = ;𝑞 =
2 2
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 4)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 5) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 6)
6
1 4 1 2 6 1 5 1 6
1 6 1 0
= C4 × ( ) × ( ) + C5 × ( ) × ( ) + C6 × ( ) × ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 4 1 2 1 5 1 1 6
= 15 ( ) ( ) + 6 ( ) ( ) + ( )
2 2 2 2 2
1 6
= 22 × ( )
2
= 0.343 75
Number of times this happens in 100 throws
= 100 × 0.343 75
= 34.375
≑ 34

1
20b Probability that a head is tossed with a coin: 𝑝head = 2
More heads than tails in one toss of eight coins means tossing 5, 6, 7 or 8 heads.
1 1
𝑛 = 8; 𝑋 = number of heads on one toss of eight coins; 𝑝 = ;𝑞 =
2 2
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 5)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 5) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 6) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 7) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 8)
8
1 5 1 3 8 1 6 1 2 8 1 7 1 1 8 1 8 1 0
= C5 × ( ) × ( ) + C6 × ( ) × ( ) + C7 × ( ) × ( ) + C8 × ( ) × ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8
= 56 ( ) + 28 ( ) + 8 ( ) + ( )
2 2 2 2
1 8
= 93 × ( )
2
= 0.363 281 25
Number of times this happens in 60 throws
= 60 × 0.363 281 25
= 21.796 875
≑ 22
21a 𝑛 = 5; 𝑋 = number of games where 19 is drawn; 𝑝 = 0.2; 𝑞 = 0.8

𝑃(𝑋 = 2)
= 8C5 × (0.2)2 × (0.8)3
= 0.2048
21b 𝑛 = 5; 𝑋 = number of games where 19 is drawn; 𝑝 = 0.2; 𝑞 = 0.8

𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 < 2)
= 1 − [𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)]
= 1 − [ 5C0 × (0.2)0 × (0.8)5 + 5C1 × (0.2)1 × (0.8)4 ]
= 0.262 72

21c i Suppose we select the ball numbered 𝑛 in the first draw. Now, we have (𝑛 − 1)
choices for the second draw, (𝑛 − 2) for the third and (𝑛 − 3) for the fourth. Each
time we draw a ball, the total number of balls reduce by 1. So, the probability that
all 4 numbers selected are less than or equal to 𝑛 is:
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 𝑛)
𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 𝑛−3
= × × ×
20 19 18 17
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3)
=
20 × 19 × 18 × 17
Alternatively, using combinatorics, the probability is:

Number of ways to select 4 from 𝑛
Number of ways to select 4 from 20
= 𝑛C4 ÷ 20C4
𝑛! 20!
= ÷
(𝑛 − 4)! 4! 16! 4!
𝑛! 16! 4!
= ×
(𝑛 − 4)! 4! 20!
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3)
=
20 × 19 × 18 × 17
21c ii The number of ways to choose a ball labelled 𝑛 and three other balls labelled
with any number up to 𝑛 − 1 is 1 × 𝑛−1C3 . Dividing by the total number of
unrestricted combinations gives the result.
Hence, the probability that 𝑛 is the largest of the numbers drawn
𝑛−1
C3
= 20C
4

22a (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3
= (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
= (𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑎 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 + 𝑐𝑏 + 𝑐 2 )(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
= (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑎𝑐 + 2𝑏𝑐)(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
= 𝑎3 + 𝑎2 𝑏 + 𝑎2 𝑐 + 𝑏 2 𝑎 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑏 2 𝑐 + 𝑐 2 𝑎 + 𝑐 2 𝑏 + 𝑐 3 + 2𝑎2 𝑏 + 2𝑎𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑐
+2𝑎2 𝑐 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑎𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑏 2 𝑐 + 2𝑏𝑐 2
= 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 3𝑏 2 𝑐 + 3𝑏𝑐 2 + 3𝑎𝑐 2 + 3𝑎2 𝑐 + 6𝑎𝑏𝑐
22b Let 𝑎 correspond with Hawthorn, 𝑏 with Collingwood and 𝑐 with Sydney.
𝑝Hawthorn = 0.65 = 𝑎; 𝑝Collingwood = 0.24 = 𝑏; 𝑝Sydney = 0.11 = 𝑐
22b i The coefficient of the 𝑎𝑏𝑐 term is 6, demonstrating there are six ways to
rearrange this outcome 𝑎𝑏𝑐 amongst the three supporters.
𝑃(one supporter of each team is selected)
= 6𝑎𝑏𝑐
= 6 × 0.65 × 0.24 × 0.11
= 0.102 96
22b ii This outcome corresponds to 𝑎𝑏 2 or 𝑏 2 𝑐.

𝑃(exactly two supporters of Collingwood are selected)
= 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 3𝑏 2 𝑐
= 3 × 0.65 × (0.24)2 + 3 × (0.24)2 × 0.11
= 0.131 328
≑ 0.131 33

22b iii 𝑃(at least two supporters of the same team are selected)
= 1 − 𝑃(one supporter of each team is selected)
= 1 − 6𝑎𝑏𝑐
= 1 − 0.102 96
= 0.897 04


1a Rain is a seasonal phenomenon and cannot be considered as a strictly independent
event. If it rains one day it is more likely to rain the next day because rainy days
tend to come in groups.
1b Yes, this can be modelled as a binomial random variable.

X = number of throws where the result was less than 5
1c Cases may repeat and there is no certainty if the game will ever end or not. It
cannot be predicted how many trials will be required. The stages are not
independent because if she wins, then the game stops.
1d Yes, this can be modelled as a binomial random variable.

X = number of heads turning up in 20 trials
1e Yes, this can be modelled as a binomial random variable.

Strictly, the pens are not replaced, so the probability changes as each pen is
removed and tested. If the population of pens is large, then 𝑝 is almost constant
with each selection, and it could be modelled with a binomial distribution.
X = number of defective pens in the batch of 20
1f No, there are not two outcomes at each stage. The pupil just goes to school and
measures the travel time. It could be modified to ‘arrives on time’ or ‘takes less
than 20 minutes’, but the events may still not be independent.
1g Yes, this can be modelled as a binomial random variable. Note that while the
experiment is different at each stage, the probabilities at each stage are
independent and have the same probability 0.01 of success.
X = selecting a number that matches 𝑛

2a
Number of heads 𝒙 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 Total
Number of ways 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 64
Probability 𝒑 0.016 0.094 0.234 0.313 0.234 0.094 0.016 1
𝒙𝒑 0 0.094 0.469 0.938 0.938 0.469 0.094 3
𝒙𝟐 𝒑 0 0.094 0.938 2.813 3.75 2.344 0.563 10.5
2b Mode = 3 heads
2c Expected value = 𝜇
= ∑ 𝑥𝑝
=3
Variance = ∑ 𝑥 2 𝑝 − 𝜇 2
= 10.5 − 32
= 10.5 − 9
= 1.5
2d E(𝑋) = 𝑛𝑝
1
=6×
2
=3
Var(𝑋) = 𝑛𝑝𝑞
1 1
=6× ×
2 2
= 1.5
We get the same results.
2e The distribution is symmetric, thus the centre of the distribution is exactly the
midpoint.

3a 𝑛 = 5; 𝑋 = number of heads that are face up when a coin is tossed five times;
1 1
𝑝= ; 𝑞=
2 2
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) 1 5 5 5 5 1
32 32 16 16 32 32
Mode = 2 or 3
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
1
=5×
2
5
=
2
5
So, mean =
2
𝜎 = √𝑛𝑝𝑞
1 1
= √5 × ×
2 2
5
=√
4
√5
=
2
√5
So, standard deviation =
2
3b 𝑛 = 5; 𝑋 = number of times 5 or 6 occurs when a die is thrown five times;

1 2
𝑝= ;𝑞=
3 3
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑝(𝑋 = 𝑥) 32 80 80 40 10 1
243 243 243 243 243 243
Mode = 1 or 2

𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
1
=5×
3
5
=
3
5
So, mean =
3
1 2
= √5 × ×
3 3
10
=√
9
√10
=
3
√10
So, standard deviation =
3
3c 𝑛 = 5; 𝑋 = number of court cards when five cards are drawn;

12 40
𝑝= ; 𝑞=
52 52
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑝(𝑋 = 𝑥) 0.269 0.404 0.242 0.073 0.011 0.001
Mode = 1
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
12
=5×
52
= 1.153 84 …
≑ 1.154
So, mean ≑ 1.154

12 40
= √5 × ×
52 52
= 0.942 11 …
≑ 0.942
So, standard deviation ≑ 0.942
8 2 12 3
4a 𝑛 = 24; 𝑋 = number of times Larry wins; 𝑝 = 20 = 5 ; 𝑞 = 20 = 5
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
48
=
5
= 9.6
144
=√
25
12
=
5
= 2.4
The expected value is 9.6 wins and the standard deviation is 2.4.
4b 𝑥 = 6; 𝜇 = 9.6; 𝜎 = 2.4
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
6 − 9.6
=
2.4
= −1.5
Larry’s result is 1.5 standard deviations below the mean.

1 5
5a 𝑛 = 6; 𝑋 = number of sixes from throw of six dice; 𝑝 = 6 ; 𝑞 = 6
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 < 2)
= 1 − [𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)]
6
1 0 5 6 6 1 1 5 5
= 1 − [ C0 × ( ) × ( ) + C1 × ( ) × ( ) ]
6 6 6 6
5 6 55
= 1−( ) −6× 6
6 6
= 0.263 22 …
≑ 26%
E(𝑋) = 𝑛𝑝
1
=6×
6
=1
1 5
= √6 × ×
6 6
5
= √
6
= 0.912 87 …
≑ 0.91
1 5
5b i 𝑛 = 12; 𝑋 = number of sixes from throw of 12 dice; 𝑝 = 6 ; 𝑞 = 6
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 < 2)
= 1 − [𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)]
1 0 5 12 1 1 5 11
= 1 − [ 12C0 × ( ) × ( ) + 12C1 × ( ) × ( ) ]
6 6 6 6

5 12 511
= 1 − ( ) − 12 × 12
6 6
= 0.618 66 …
≑ 62%
E(𝑋) = 𝑛𝑝
1
= 12 ×
6
=2
1 5
= √12 × ×
6 6
5
= √
3
= 1.290 99 …
≑ 1.29
1 5
5b ii 𝑛 = 24; 𝑋 = number of sixes from throw of 24 dice; 𝑝 = 6 ; 𝑞 = 6
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 < 2)
= 1 − [𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)]
24
1 0 5 24 24 1 1 5 23
= 1 − [ C0 × ( ) × ( ) + C1 × ( ) × ( ) ]
6 6 6 6
5 24 523
= 1 − ( ) − 24 × 24
6 6
= 0.927 04 …
≑ 93%
E(𝑋) = 𝑛𝑝
1
= 24 ×
6
=4
1 5
= √24 × ×
6 6
10
= √
3
= 1.825 74 …
≑ 1.83
6a From graph, distribution has longer ‘tail’ on the right. So, the distribution is right
skewed.
6b 𝑛 = 48; 𝑝 = 0.25; 𝑞 = 0.75

𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
= 48 × 0.25
= 12
= √48 × 0.25 × 0.75
= √9
=3
6c Mode = 12
(Most likely outcome is value along horizontal axis of graph that gives the highest
vertical value.)
From graph, 𝑃(𝑋 = 12) ≑ 0.13

6d Shade the region bounded by [6, 18] on the horizontal axis.
6e This is the graph for 𝑝 = 0.25 reflected horizontally in 𝑥 = 24.
7 Spreadsheet investigation
7e P  X  60   0.0284439...  0.028
7f P  30  X  50   0.864357...  0.864

7g Mode = 50 heads
7h 𝑛 = 100; 𝑝 = 0.5; 𝑞 = 0.5; 𝜇 = 50; 𝜎=5
𝑃((50 − 𝑖) ≤ 𝑋 ≤ (50 + 𝑖)) = 0.5; 68% of data lies within 1 standard deviation
of the mean. So, 𝑖 < 5; Starting from 𝑖 = 1 to 𝑖 = 4; we find that for 𝑖 = 3; the
probability 𝑝(𝑋 = 𝑥) > 0.5. Hence, 𝑖 = 3, and the interval is [47, 53].
1 3
8 𝑛 = 48; 𝑋 = number of questions a person gets correct; 𝑝 = 4 ; 𝑞=4
8a E(𝑋) = 𝑛𝑝
1
= 48 ×
4
= 12
Assuming all the students simply guess the answer or randomly tick an option, a
student would be expected to get 12 correct answers.
8b 𝜎 = √𝑛𝑝𝑞
1 3
= √48 × ×
4 4
144
= √
16
= √9
=3
8c 𝑥 = 24
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
24 − 12
=
3
=4
Fayola’s score is 4 standard deviations away from the mean.

1 4
8d 𝑛 = 100; 𝑌 = number of questions a person gets correct; 𝑝 = 5 ; 𝑞=5
E(𝑌) = 𝑛𝑝
1
= 100 ×
5
= 20
1 4
= √100 × ×
5 5
= √16
=4
8e 𝑥 = 40
𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎
40 − 20
=
4
=5
This time she is five standard deviations above the mean, which is even more
unusual than her previous result.
8f 75% = 0.75; 60% = 0.60

𝑥1 = 0.75 × 48 = 36
𝑥2 = 0.60 × 100 = 60
𝑥1 − 𝜇1
𝑧1 =
𝜎1
36 − 12
=
3
=8
𝑥2 − 𝜇2
𝑧2 =
𝜎2
60 − 20
=
4
= 10
Idette’s score of 75% in the first test is 8 standard deviations above the mean
and her score of 60% in the second test is 10 standard deviations above the
mean. As 𝑧2 > 𝑧1; her score on the second test is farther away from the mean
than her first score. Hence, her second result is more unusual than her first
result. Note, however, that both results are almost impossible to achieve just by
guessing.
9 𝑋 = number of patients who show improvement using the drug; 𝑝 = 0.7; 𝑞 = 0.3;
𝑛A = 50; 𝑥A = 45; 𝑛B = 90; 𝑥B = 74
𝜇A = 𝑛A 𝑝
= 50 × 0.7
= 35
𝜇B = 𝑛B 𝑝
= 90 × 0.7
= 63
𝜎A = √𝑛A 𝑝𝑞
= √50 × 0.7 × 0.3
= √10.5
= 3.240 37 …
≑ 3.2
𝜎B = √𝑛B 𝑝𝑞
= √90 × 0.7 × 0.3
= √18.9
= 4.347 41
≑ 4.3
𝑥A − 𝜇A
𝑧A =
𝜎A
45 − 35
=
3.240 37 …

= 3.086 06 …
≑ 3.1
𝑥B − 𝜇B
𝑧B =
𝜎B
74 − 63
=
4.347 41 …
= 2.530 24 …
≑ 2.5
Team A’s results are 3.1 standard deviations above the mean, compared to Team
B’s which are only 2.5 standard deviations above the mean. Hence, Team A’s
changes to the drug show stronger evidence for improvement.
10 𝑛 = 100; 𝑋 = number of people who voted for the WTP; 𝑝 = 0.15; 𝑞 = 0.85
10a 𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
= 100 × 0.15
= 15
= √100 × 0.15 × 0.85
= √12.75
= 3.570 71 …
≑ 3.57
10b 𝜎 ÷ 2 ≑ 1.79
𝜎
𝑥1 = 𝜇 − ≑ 15 − 1.79 = 13.21
2
𝜎
𝑥2 = 𝜇 + ≑ 15 + 1.79 = 16.79
2
There are 14, 15 or 16 people voting for WTP within half a standard deviation.
𝑃(14 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 16)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 14) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 15) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 16)
100
= C14 (0.15)14 (0.85)86 + 100C15 (0.15)15 (0.85)85 + 100C16 (0.15)16 (0.85)84

= 0.325 03 …
≑ 32.5%
11a 𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞
Since 𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝,
𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝)
= 𝑛𝑝 − 𝑛𝑝2
= −𝑛𝑝2 + 𝑛𝑝
Sketch graph of 𝜎 2 = −𝑛𝑝2 + 𝑛𝑝 shown below.
𝜎2
1
11b The graph of  2 is a parabola, symmetric in its axis of symmetry p  .
2
11c As 0 ≤ 𝑝 ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ 𝑞 ≤ 1,
𝑛𝑝𝑞 < 𝑛𝑝 and 𝑛𝑝𝑞 < 𝑛𝑞 for 𝑛 ≥ 1.
Now 𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞,
hence 𝜎 2 < 𝑛𝑝 and 𝜎 2 < 𝑛𝑞

1
11d From graph, maximum occurs (at vertex) at p  .
2
Hence,
 2  np 1  p 
n 1
 1  
2 2
n

4
11e 𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝)
As lim+ 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝) = 𝑛(0+ )(1 − 0+ ) = 0
𝑝→0
And lim− 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝) = 𝑛(1− )(1 − 1− ) = 0

𝑝→1
Hence, as 𝑝 → 0+ or 𝑝 → 1− ; 𝜎 → 0
1 1
12a 𝑛 = 16; 𝑝 = ; 𝑞 =
2 2
1 1
= √16 × ×
2 2
= √4
= 2 units
There are 4 columns in the interval of one standard deviation or less from the
mean (2 columns on each side of the mean).
1 1
12b 𝑛 = 36; 𝑝 = 2 ; 𝑞 = 2
1 1
= √36 × ×
2 2
= √9

= 3 units
mean.
1 1
12c 𝑛 = 64; 𝑝 = 2 ; 𝑞 = 2
1 1
= √64 × ×
2 2
= √16
= 4 units
mean.
13 Using the pattern observed in Q12,

1 1
𝜎 = √𝑛𝑝𝑞 = √𝑛, since 𝑝 = 𝑞 = .
2 2
Thus an interval 𝜎 either side of the mean covers a width of √𝑛.
1 3 1
Similarly if 𝑝 = , 𝑞 = and 𝜎 = √3𝑛.
4 4 4
1
Thus an interval 𝜎 either side of the mean covers a width of √3𝑛.
2
The ratio of these widths is:
√𝑛
1
2 √3𝑛
√𝑛
=
1
2 √3 × √𝑛
2
=
√3
or 2: √3

14a 𝑋 = number of successful trials

Probability of obtaining at least one success
= 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0)
= 1 − 𝑛C0 𝑝0 𝑞 𝑛
= 1 − 1 × 1 × (1 − 𝑝)𝑛 (since 𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝)
= 1 − (1 − 𝑝)𝑛
14b 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1) > 0.95

1 − (1 − 𝑝)𝑛 > 0.95
(1 − 𝑝)𝑛 < 0.05
log(1 − 𝑝)𝑛 < log(0.05)
𝑛 × log(1 − 𝑝) < log(0.05)
log(0.05)
𝑛>
log(1 − 𝑝)
Note, the inequality sign is reversed in the last step since log(1 − 𝑝) is negative
as 1 − 𝑝 < 1.
So, the number of trials required to ensure that the probability of obtaining a
success is at least 95% is:
log(0.05)
𝑛=
log(1 − 𝑝)
14c Using
log(0.05)
𝑛=
log(1 − 𝑝)
and rounding up to the nearest whole number produces the following table.
𝑝 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.05
𝑛 2 3 4 5 6 9 14 29 59
14d If an experiment testing a certain result is repeated enough times, it is expected

that the hypothesis will be upheld eventually. If 99 times it fails and once it
succeeds, then only publishing the success gives a skewed picture of the truth.

15 𝑋 = first trial producing a success

15a i 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) is the probability of exactly (𝑥 − 1) failures and one success, in that
order. We can multiply the probabilities of these independent events.
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 𝑞 𝑥−1 × 𝑝
= 𝑝𝑞 𝑥−1
15a ii The mean is:
𝜇 = ∑ 𝑥 × 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) (for 𝑥 ≥ 1)
= 1 × 𝑝 + 2 × 𝑝𝑞 + 3 × 𝑝𝑞 2 + 4 × 𝑝𝑞 3 + ⋯
15a iii Subtracting carefully in columns:

𝜇 − 𝑞𝑢 = 𝑝 + 2𝑝𝑞 + 3𝑝𝑞 2 + 4𝑝𝑞 3 + ⋯
−𝑝𝑞 − 2𝑝𝑞 2 − 3𝑝𝑞 3 − ⋯
= 𝑝 + 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑝𝑞 2 + 𝑝𝑞 3 + ⋯
Using the formula for the infinite sum of a geometric progression with
𝑎 = 𝑝 and 𝑟 = 𝑞 gives:
𝑝
𝜇 − 𝑞𝑢 =
1−𝑞
𝑝
𝜇 − 𝑞𝑢 = (since 𝑝 = 1 − 𝑞)
𝑝
𝜇 − 𝑞𝑢 = 1
𝜇(1 − 𝑞) = 1
1
𝜇=
1−𝑞
1
𝜇=
𝑝

15b The probability of being chosen is:

1
𝑝=
20
So the mean waiting time is:
1
𝜇=
𝑝
= 20 time periods
= 5 × 20 minutes
= 100 minutes


Note: the standard normal probability values are found using the table in Exercise 17C.
Hence the answers for some questions may vary slightly depending on the accuracy
used (table or other technology).
1a 𝑛 = 20; 𝑝 = 0.3; 𝑞 = 0.7
Symbolic form is 𝐵(20, 0.3)
1b 𝑃(𝑋 = 9, 10 or 11)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 9) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 10) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 11)
20
= C9 (0.3)9 (0.7)11 + 20C10 (0.3)10 (0.7)10 + 20C11 (0.3)11 (0.7)9
= 0.108 193 …
≑ 0.1082
= 10.82%
1c 𝑛 = 20; 𝑝 = 0.3; 𝑞 = 0.7

𝑛𝑝 = 20 × 0.3 = 6; so 𝑛𝑝 > 5
𝑛𝑞 = 20 × 0.7 = 14; so 𝑛𝑞 > 5
1d 𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝 = 6
𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞 = 6 × 0.7 = 4.2
𝐵(20, 0.3) ≑ 𝑁(6, 4.2)
𝑃(8.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 11.5)
8.5 − 6 11.5 − 6
≑ 𝑃( ≤𝑍≤ )
√4.2 √4.2
≑ 𝑃(1.22 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2.68)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.68) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.22)
= 0.9963 − 0.8888 (using standard normal probability table in textbook)
= 0.1075
= 10.75%

1e Percentage error using normal approximation

0.1082 − 0.1075
= × 100%
0.1082
= 0.646 95 … %
≑ 0.65%
So percentage error is about 0.65%.
The result is very accurate.
2a 𝑛 = 50; 𝑝 = 0.5; 𝑞 = 0.5

𝑃(18 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 20)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 18) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 19) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 20)
50
= C18 (0.5)18 (0.5)32 + 50C19 (0.5)19 (0.5)31 + 50C20 (0.5)20 (0.5)30
50
= C18 (0.5)50 + 50C19 (0.5)50 + 50C20 (0.5)50
= 0.084 899 …
≑ 0.0849
= 8.49%
𝑛𝑝 = 50 × 0.5 = 25 so 𝑛𝑝 > 5
𝑛𝑞 = 50 × 0.5 = 25 so 𝑛𝑞 > 5
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝 = 25
𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞 = 25 × 0.5 = 12.5
𝐵(50, 0.5) ≑ 𝑁(25, 12.5)
𝑃(18 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 20)
17.5 − 25 20.5 − 25
≑ 𝑃( ≤𝑍≤ )
√12.5 √12.5
≑ 𝑃(−2.12 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ −1.27)

= 𝑃(1.27 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2.12)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.12) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.27)
= 0.9830 − 0.8980
= 0.0850
= 8.50%
Percentage error using normal approximation

0.0849 − 0.0850
= × 100%
0.0849
= −0.117 785 … %
≑ −0.1%
So percentage error is about 0.1%.
2b 𝑛 = 20; 𝑝 = 0.4; 𝑞 = 0.6

𝑃(8 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 9)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 8) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 9)
20
= C8 (0.4)8 (0.6)12 + 20C9 (0.4)9 (0.6)11
= 0.339 44 …
≑ 0.3394
= 33.94%
𝑛𝑝 = 20 × 0.4 = 8 so 𝑛𝑝 > 5
𝑛𝑞 = 20 × 0.6 = 12 so 𝑛𝑞 > 5
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝 = 8
𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞 = 8 × 0.6 = 4.8
𝐵(20, 0.4) ≑ 𝑁(8, 4.8)

𝑃(8 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 9)
7.5 − 8 9.5 − 8
≑ 𝑃( ≤𝑍≤ )
√4.8 √4.8
≑ 𝑃(−0.23 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 0.68)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.68) − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.23)]
= 0.7517 − (1 − 0.5910)
= 0.3427
= 34.27%

0.3394 − 0.3427
= × 100%
0.3394
= −0.9723 … %
≑ −1%
So percentage error is about 1%.
2c 𝑛 = 30; 𝑝 = 0.3; 𝑞 = 0.7

𝑃(5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 7)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 5) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 6) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 7)
30
= C5 (0.3)5 (0.7)25 + 30C6 (0.3)6 (0.7)24 + 30C7 (0.3)7 (0.7)23
= 0.251 221 …
≑ 0.2512
= 25.12%
𝑛𝑝 = 30 × 0.3 = 9 so 𝑛𝑝 > 5
𝑛𝑞 = 30 × 0.7 = 21 so 𝑛𝑞 > 5

𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝 = 9
𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞 = 9 × 0.7 = 6.3
𝐵(30, 0.3) ≑ 𝑁(9, 6.3)
𝑃(5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 7)
4.5 − 9 7.5 − 9
≑ 𝑃( ≤𝑍≤ )
√6.3 √6.3
≑ 𝑃(−1.79 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ −0.60)
= 𝑃(0.60 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1.79)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.79) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.60)
= 0.9633 − 0.7257
= 0.2376
= 23.76%

0.2512 − 0.2376
= × 100%
0.2512
= 5.414 … %
≑ 5%
2d 𝑛 = 40; 𝑝 = 0.2; 𝑞 = 0.8

𝑃(9 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 12)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 9) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 10) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 11) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 12)
40
= C9 (0.2)9 (0.7)31 + 40C10 (0.2)10 (0.7)30 + 40C11 (0.2)11 (0.7)29
+ 40C12 (0.2)12 (0.7)28
= 0.363 631 …
≑ 0.3636
= 36.36%

𝑛𝑝 = 40 × 0.2 = 8 so 𝑛𝑝 > 5
𝑛𝑞 = 40 × 0.8 = 32 so 𝑛𝑞 > 5
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝 = 8
𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞 = 8 × 0.8 = 6.4
𝐵(40, 0.2) ≑ 𝑁(8, 6.4)
𝑃(9 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 12)
8.5 − 8 12.5 − 8
≑ 𝑃( ≤𝑍≤ )
√6.4 √6.4
≑ 𝑃(0.20 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1.78)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.78) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.20)
= 0.9625 − 0.5793
= 0.3832
= 38.32%

0.3636 − 0.3832
= × 100%
0.3636
= −5.3905 … %
≑ −5%
2e 𝑛 = 22; 𝑝 = 0.6; 𝑞 = 0.4

𝑃(13 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 15)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 13) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 14) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 15)
22
= C13 (0.6)13 (0.4)9 + 22C14 (0.6)14 (0.4)8 + 22C15 (0.6)15 (0.4)7
= 0.465 907 …
≑ 0.4659
= 46.59%
𝑛𝑝 = 22 × 0.6 = 13.2 so 𝑛𝑝 > 5

𝑛𝑞 = 22 × 0.4 = 8.8 so 𝑛𝑞 > 5
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝 = 13.2
𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞 = 13.2 × 0.4 = 5.28
𝐵(22, 0.6) ≑ 𝑁(13.2, 5.28)
𝑃(13 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 15)
12.5 − 13.2 15.5 − 13.2
≑ 𝑃( ≤𝑍≤ )
√5.28 √5.28
≑ 𝑃(−0.30 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1.00)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.00) − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.30)]
= 0.8413 − (1 − 0.6179)
= 0.4592
= 45.92%

0.4659 − 0.4592
= × 100%
0.4659
= 1.438 … %
≑ 1.4%
2f 𝑛 = 80; 𝑝 = 0.1; 𝑞 = 0.9

𝑃(10 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 13)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 10) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 11) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 12) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 13)
80
= C10 (0.1)10 (0.9)70 + 80C11 (0.1)11 (0.9)69 + 80C12 (0.1)12 (0.9)68
+ 80C13 (0.1)13 (0.9)67
= 0.249 801 …

≑ 0.2498
= 24.98%
𝑛𝑝 = 80 × 0.1 = 8 so 𝑛𝑝 > 5
𝑛𝑞 = 80 × 0.9 = 72 so 𝑛𝑞 > 5
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝 = 8
𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞 = 8 × 0.9 = 7.2
𝐵(80, 0.1) ≑ 𝑁(8, 7.2)
𝑃(10 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 13)
9.5 − 8 13.5 − 8
≑ 𝑃( ≤𝑍≤ )
√7.2 √7.2
≑ 𝑃(0.56 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2.05)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.05) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.56)
= 0.9798 − 0.7123
= 0.2675
= 26.75%

0.2498 − 0.2675
= × 100%
0.2498
= −7.0856 … %
≑ −7%
2g 𝑛 = 500; 𝑝 = 0.25; 𝑞 = 0.75

𝑃(100 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 103)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 100) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 101) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 102) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 103)
500
= C100 (0.25)100 (0.75)400 + 500C101 (0.25)101 (0.75)399
+ 500C102 (0.25)102 (0.75)398 + 500C103 (0.25)103 (0.75)397
= 0.008 413 …
≑ 0.0084
= 0.84%
𝑛𝑝 = 500 × 0.25 = 125 so 𝑛𝑝 > 5

𝑛𝑞 = 500 × 0.75 = 375 so 𝑛𝑞 > 5
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝 = 125
𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞 = 125 × 0.75 = 93.75
𝐵(500, 0.25) ≑ 𝑁(125, 93.75)
𝑃(100 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 103)
99.5 − 125 103.5 − 125
≑ 𝑃( ≤𝑍≤ )
√93.75 √93.75
≑ 𝑃(−2.63 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ −2.22)
= 𝑃(2.22 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2.63)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.63) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.22)
= 0.9957 − 0.9868
= 0.0089
= 0.89%

0.0084 − 0.0089
= × 100%
0.0084
= −5.952 38 … %
≑ −6%

2h 𝑛 = 200; 𝑝 = 0.9; 𝑞 = 0.1

𝑃(170 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 172)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 170) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 171) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 172)
200
= C170 (0.9)170 (0.1)30 + 200C171 (0.9)171 (0.1)29 + 200C172 (0.9)172 (0.1)28
= 0.033 920 …
≑ 0.0339
= 3.39%
𝑛𝑝 = 200 × 0.9 = 180 so 𝑛𝑝 > 5

𝑛𝑞 = 200 × 0.1 = 20 so 𝑛𝑞 > 5
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝 = 180
𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞 = 180 × 0.1 = 18
𝐵(200, 0.9) ≑ 𝑁(180, 18)
𝑃(170 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 172)
169.5 − 180 172.5 − 180
≑ 𝑃( ≤𝑍≤ )
√18 √18
≑ 𝑃(−2.47 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ −1.77)
= 𝑃(1.77 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2.47)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.47) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.77)
= 0.9932 − 0.9616
= 0.0316
= 3.16%

0.0339 − 0.0316
= × 100%
0.0339
= 6.784 66 … %
≑ 7%
3a There are only two possible outcomes – pink or blue. Also, for each stage of the
experiment, the total number of counters remain the same and the probability of
choosing a blue or a pink counter remains the same. Before each stage, the
counters are stirred properly. Hence, at each stage, the probability of selecting a
counter is independent of its predecessor. So, each stage of the process is a
Bernoulli trial.
3b There are 𝑛 stages. Each stage is independent, and each stage has the same
probability of success.
3c Yes. If the counter is not returned, the stages of the experiment will not be
independent. With the large number of counters, however, the probability will
not change much, and we could approximate the experiment as binomial.
3d 𝑛 = 20; 𝑋 = number of pink counters selected

600
𝑝pink = = 0.6
600 + 400
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
= 20 × 0.6
= 12
= √12 × 0.4
= √4.8
= 2.190 89 …
≑ 2.19

3e 𝑃(𝑋 = 14)
20
= C14 (0.6)14 (0.4)6
= 0.124 411 …
≑ 0.12
3f i Considering the diagram of the histogram and the overlayed normal distribution
curve, we can observe that the curve is a continuous function and at point 14, it
is just a value and not an area whereas the histogram, being a discrete figure, has
a width of 1 unit. So, the area under the histogram denoting the probability is
𝑝 × 1 = 𝑝. To find the probability for 14 using the normal curve, we need to use
the same width as that of the histogram. Hence, we use the interval 13.5 to 14.5
so that the average is 14, width is 1 and we get the approximately correct value.
3f ii 𝑃(13.5 < 𝑋 < 14.5)

13.5 − 12 14.5 − 12
≑ 𝑃( <𝑍< )
2.19 2.19
≑ 𝑃(0.68 < 𝑍 < 1.14)
= 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.14) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0.68)
= 0.8729 − 0.7517
= 0.1212
≑ 0.12
To two significant figures, both values are 0.12 or 12%.
4a 𝑁 = 3000; 𝐺 = 1320; 𝑋 = number of girls in sample

1320
𝑝girl = = 0.44
3000
4b 𝑛 = 15; 𝑝 = 0.44; 𝑞 = 0.56

𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
= 15 × 0.44
= 6.6

= √6.6 × 0.56
= √3.696
= 1.922 49 …
≑ 1.92
4c 𝑃(𝑋 = 9 or 10)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 9) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 10)
15
= C9 (0.44)9 (0.56)6 + 15C10 (0.44)10 (0.56)5
= 0.140 393 …
≑ 0.14
= 14%
4d 𝑛𝑝 = 15 × 0.44 = 6.6 > 5

𝑛𝑞 = 15 × 0.56 = 8.4 > 5
Hence, normal approximation can be used.
4e 𝑃(8.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 10.5)
8.5 − 6.6 10.5 − 6.6
≑ 𝑃( ≤𝑍≤ )
√3.696 √3.696
≑ 𝑃(0.99 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2.03)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.03) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.99)
= 0.9788 − 0.8389
= 0.1399
≑ 0.14
= 14%

4f Percentage error using normal approximation

0.1404 − 0.1399
= × 100%
0.1404
= 0.356 … %
≑ 0.36%
So percentage error is less than 1%.
5 𝑛𝑝 > 5; 𝑛(1 − 𝑝) > 5 or 𝑛𝑞 > 5

5 5
𝑛> and 𝑛 >
𝑝 𝑞
5a 𝑝 = 0.5; 𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝 = 0.5
5 5
𝑛> and 𝑛 >
𝑝 𝑞
5 5
𝑛> and 𝑛 >
0.5 0.5
𝑛 > 10 and 𝑛 > 10
Hence, 𝑛 > 10.
5b 𝑝 = 0.25; 𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝 = 0.75
5 5
𝑛> and 𝑛 >
𝑝 𝑞
5 5
𝑛> and 𝑛 >
0.25 0.75
𝑛 > 20 and 𝑛 > 6.66 …
Hence, 𝑛 > 20.
5c 𝑝 = 0.125; 𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝 = 0.875
5 5
𝑛> and 𝑛 >
𝑝 𝑞
5 5
𝑛> and 𝑛 >
0.125 0.875

𝑛 > 40 and 𝑛 > 5.71 …

Hence, 𝑛 > 40.
5d 𝑝 = 0.01; 𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝 = 0.99
5 5
𝑛> and 𝑛 >
𝑝 𝑞
5 5
𝑛> and 𝑛 >
0.01 0.99
𝑛 > 500 and 𝑛 > 5.05 …
Hence, 𝑛 > 500.
5e 𝑝 = 0.75; 𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝 = 0.25
5 5
𝑛> and 𝑛 >
𝑝 𝑞
5 5
𝑛> and 𝑛 >
0.75 0.25
𝑛 > 6.66 … and 𝑛 > 20
Hence, 𝑛 > 20.
5f 𝑝 = 0.875; 𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝 = 0.125
5 5
𝑛> and 𝑛 >
𝑝 𝑞
5 5
𝑛> and 𝑛 >
0.875 0.125
𝑛 > 5.71 … and 𝑛 > 40
Hence, 𝑛 > 40.
5g 𝑝 = 0.9; 𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝 = 0.1
5 5
𝑛> and 𝑛 >
𝑝 𝑞
5 5
𝑛> and 𝑛 >
0.9 0.1

𝑛 > 5.55 … and 𝑛 > 50

Hence, 𝑛 > 50.
5h 𝑝 = 0.55; 𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝 = 0.45
5 5
𝑛> and 𝑛 >
𝑝 𝑞
5 5
𝑛> and 𝑛 >
0.55 0.45
𝑛 > 9.09 … and 𝑛 > 11.11 …
Hence, 𝑛 > 11.
6a As the number of trials is very large, 𝑛 = 854, the normal distribution will
approximate the binomial distribution to a greater accuracy. Also, it is easier to
compute the probabilities using normal distribution than binomial distribution.
Such high computations are beyond the scope of simple calculators.
6b It mostly depends on the method of sampling used. For being a representative

sample, it must have people from all over the world evenly distributed and there
should not be any sampling bias involved to ensure randomness.
It is hard to get a representative sample of the whole world, because different
ethnic groups will have different tendencies to colour blindness.
6c 𝑛 = 854; 𝑋 = number of people in the sample who are colour blind;

𝑝 = 0.08; 𝑞 = 0.92
7% of 854
= 0.07 × 854
= 59.78
9% of 854
= 0.09 × 854
= 76.86
So 60 < 𝑋 < 76

𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
= 854 × 0.08
= 68.32
= √68.32 × 0.92
= √62.8544
= 7.928 07 …
≑ 7.93
𝑃(60 < 𝑋 < 76)
60 − 68.32 76 − 68.32
≑ 𝑃( <𝑍< )
√62.8544 √62.8544
≑ 𝑃(−1.05 < 𝑍 < 0.97)
= 𝑃(𝑍 < 0.97) − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.05)]
= 0.8340 − (1 − 0.8531)
= 0.6871
≑ 68.7%
6d 𝑃(76 < 𝑋 < 76.5)

76 − 68.32 76.5 − 68.32
≑ 𝑃( <𝑍< )
√62.8544 √62.8544
≑ 𝑃(0.97 < 𝑍 < 1.03)
= 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.03) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0.97)
= 0.8485 − 0.8340
= 0.0145
≑ 1.5%

7 𝑛 = 15; 𝑋 = number of offspring with red flowers; 𝑝 = 0.25; 𝑞 = 0.75

7a 𝑃(𝑋 = 0)
15
= C0 (0.25)0 (0.75)15
= (0.75)15
= 0.013 36 …
≑ 1%
7b 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0)
= 1 − (0.75)15
= 0.986 636 …
≑ 99%
7c 20% of 15 = 0.2 × 15 = 3
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
= 15 × 0.25
= 3.75
= √3.75 × 0.75
= √2.8125
= 1.677 05 …
≑ 1.68
Using a normal approximation:
𝑃(𝑋 > 3)
2.5 − 3.75
≑ 𝑃 (𝑍 > )
√2.8125
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 > −0.75)
= 1 − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0.75)]
= 1 − (1 − 0.7734)

= 0.7734
≑ 77%
8 𝑛 = 20; 𝑋 = number of eighteen-year-olds without a driver’s licence;

𝑝 = 0.45; 𝑞 = 0.55
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
= 20 × 0.45
=9
= √9 × 0.55
= √4.95
= 2.224 85 …
≑ 2.225
Looking for 𝑃(𝑋 > 10) = 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 11).
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 10.5)
10.5 − 9
≑ 𝑃 (𝑍 ≥ )
√4.95
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 0.67)
= 1 − 0.7486
= 0.2514
≑ 25%
9 𝑛 = 30; 𝑋 = number of people who prefer Country music;

𝑝 = 0.6; 𝑞 = 0.4
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
= 30 × 0.6
= 18

= √18 × 0.4
= √7.2
= 2.683 28 …
≑ 2.68
Looking for 𝑃(𝑋 > 20).
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 21)
20.5 − 18
≑ 𝑃 (𝑍 ≥ )
√7.2
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 0.93)
= 1 − 0.8238
= 0.1762
≑ 17.6%
The underlying Bernoulli distribution is not applied with replacement, because
the same person will not be in the park twice at the same gathering. If the
population of Nashville is large; it should be reasonable to neglect this fact. It is
also assumed that the visitors to the park are a random cross-section of
Nashville. Groups with similar tastes may arrive together.
10a Spreadsheet
10b There are still 100 trials, but the basic Bernoulli trial has changed. It could be
that an extremely biased coin is tossed, or a card labelled 1 is selected (with
replacement) from a pack of cards labelled 1-10.
10c The graphs are bell-shaped curves. Smaller probabilities give a curve centred to
the left (skewed to the right), and larger probabilities give a curve centred to the
right (skewed to the left). Probabilities further from 0.5 give a narrower curve
(distribution).
11 Spreadsheet investigation

12a i 𝑛 = 10; 𝑋 = number of punnets rejected; 𝑝 = 0.05; 𝑞 = 0.95

𝑃(batch will be rejected)
= 𝑃(at least one punnet is rejected)
= 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0)
= 1 − 10C0 (0.05)0 (0.95)10
= 1 − (0.95)10
= 0.401 26 …
≑ 0.4
12a ii For 𝑝 = 0.1:

𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0)
= 1 − 10C0 (0.1)0 (0.9)10
= 1 − (0.9)10
= 0.651 32 …
≑ 0.65
For 𝑝 = 0.2:
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0)
= 1 − 10C0 (0.2)0 (0.8)10
= 1 − (0.8)10
= 0.892 62 …
≑ 0.89
For 𝑝 = 0.3:
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0)
= 1 − 10C0 (0.3)0 (0.7)10
= 1 − (0.7)10

= 0.971 75 …
≑ 0.97
For 𝑝 = 0.4:
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0)
= 1 − 10C0 (0.4)0 (0.6)10
= 1 − (0.6)10
= 0.993 95 …
≑ 0.99
This can be summarised in the following table.
12a iii

12b 𝑛 = 15; 𝑋 = number of punnets rejected

For 𝑝 = 0.05; 𝑞 = 0.95:
𝑃(batch will be rejected)
= 𝑃(at least two punnets are rejected)
= 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2)
= 1 − [𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)]
= 1 − 15C0 (0.05)0 (0.95)15 − 15C1 (0.05)1 (0.95)14
= 1 − (0.95)15 − 15(0.05)(0.95)14
= 0.170 95 …
≑ 0.17
For 𝑝 = 0.1; 𝑞 = 0.9:
= 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2)
= 1 − [𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)]
= 1 − 15C0 (0.1)0 (0.9)15 − 15C1 (0.1)1 (0.9)14
= 1 − (0.9)15 − 15(0.1)(0.9)14
= 0.450 95 …
≑ 0.45
For 𝑝 = 0.2; 𝑞 = 0.8:
= 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2)
= 1 − [𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)]
= 1 − 15C0 (0.2)0 (0.8)15 − 15C1 (0.2)1 (0.8)14
= 1 − (0.8)15 − 15(0.2)(0.8)14
= 0.832 87 …
≑ 0.83
For 𝑝 = 0.3; 𝑞 = 0.7:
= 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2)
= 1 − [𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)]
= 1 − 15C0 (0.3)0 (0.7)15 − 15C1 (0.3)1 (0.7)14
= 1 − (0.7)15 − 15(0.3)(0.7)14

= 0.964 73 …
≑ 0.96
For 𝑝 = 0.4; 𝑞 = 0.6:
= 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2)
= 1 − [𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)]
= 1 − 15C0 (0.4)0 (0.6)15 − 15C1 (0.4)1 (0.6)14
= 1 − (0.6)15 − 15(0.4)(0.6)14
= 0.994 82 …
≑ 0.99
This can be summarised in the following table.
12c The second method is more forgiving if there are a few punnets that need to be
rejected. Both methods are strongly likely to reject the batch if 𝑝 is high, indeed
the curves approach one another closely by the time 𝑝 reaches 20%. Which
method to apply depends on other considerations, such as how forgiving the
customers are, or whether distributers and shops are happy to throw out
defective stock before it reaches the shelves.


1a
𝑛(𝐻) 2
𝑝̂ = =
𝑛(𝑆) 5
1b
𝑛(Spades) 4 2
𝑝̂ = = =
𝑛(S) 10 5
1c
𝑛(𝑃) 9 3
𝑝̂ = = =
𝑛(𝑆) 12 4
1 1
2a 𝑛 = 5; 𝑋 = number of heads; 𝑝 = 2 ; 𝑞 = 2
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥)
1 𝑥 1 5−𝑥
= 5C𝑥 ( ) ( )
2 2
5
1 5
= C𝑥 ( )
2
1
= 5C𝑥 ×
32
1 5
5
1 1
𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = C0 ( ) = 1 × =
2 32 32
1 5
5
1 5
𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = C1 ( ) = 5 × =
2 32 32
1 5
5
1 10
𝑃(𝑋 = 2) = C2 ( ) = 10 × =
2 32 32
1 5 1 10
𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = 5C3 ( ) = 10 × =
2 32 32
1 5 1 5
𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 5C4 ( ) = 5 × =
2 32 32

1 5 1
5
1
𝑃(𝑋 = 5) = C5 ( ) = 1 × =
2 32 32
The results are summarised in the following table.
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) 1 5 10 10 5 1
32 32 32 32 32 32
2b The results from part a are summarised in the following table.

𝑝̂ 0 1 2 3 4 1
5 5 5 5
𝑃(𝑝̂ ) 1 5 10 10 5 1
32 32 32 32 32 32
2c 𝜇𝑝̂
1 1 5 2 10 3 10 4 5 1
= 0× + × + × + × + × +1×
32 5 32 5 32 5 32 5 32 32
16
=
32
= 0.5
2d It is the probability 𝑝 in each Bernoulli trial, that is, it is the probability of a coin
landing heads.
3a 𝑛 = 5; 𝑋 = number of yes answers in a week; 20 weeks

𝑝̂ 0 1 2 3 4 1
5 5 5 5
𝑓𝑟 1 1 3 2 6 7
20 20 20 10 20 20
3b 𝜇𝑝̂
1 1 1 2 3 3 2 4 6 5 7
= 0× + × + × + × + × + ×
20 5 20 5 20 5 20 5 20 5 20

72
=
100
= 0.72
3c The mean is an estimate of the probability chance that a shopper chosen at

random lives in the suburb.
4a 75% of 10 = 0.75 10  7.5

For more than 75% of the coins to show heads, this would be 8, 9 or 10 coins.
4b 𝑛 = 10; 𝑋 = number of times the coin lands heads; 𝑝 = 0.5; 𝑞 = 0.5

𝑃(𝑋 > 7.5)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 8) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 9) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 10)
10
= C8 × (0.5)8 × (0.5)2 + 10
C9 × (0.5)9 × (0.5)1 + 10C10 × (0.5)10 × (0.5)0
= 45 × (0.5)10 + 10 × (0.5)10 + 1 × (0.5)10
= 0.054 687 …
≑ 5.47%
1 5
5a 𝑛 = 50; 𝑋 = number of sixes rolled; 𝑝 = 6 ; 𝑞 = 6
9% of 50 = 0.09 × 50 = 4.5
𝑃(𝑋 < 4.5)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4)
50
1 0 5 50 50
1 1 5 49 50 1 2 5 48 50 1 3 5 47
= C0 ( ) ( ) + C1 ( ) ( ) + C2 ( ) ( ) + C3 ( ) ( )
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
4 46
1 5
+ 50C4 ( ) ( )
6 6
= 0.064 31 …
≑ 6.4%

5b For sample proportion:

1
𝜇𝑝̂ = = 0.166 66 … ≑ 0.17
6
𝑝𝑞
𝜎𝑝̂ = √
𝑛
1 5
√6 × 6
=
50
1
= √
360
1
=
√360
= 0.052 70 …
𝑃(𝑝̂ < 0.09)
0.09 − 0.166 66 …
≑ 𝑃 (𝑍 < )
0.052 70 …
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 < −1.45)
= 𝑃(𝑍 > 1.45)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.45)
= 1 − 0.9265
= 0.0735
≑ 7.4%
6a Number of students who bought the lunch from canteen = 12

Population proportion
12
=
32
3
=
8
= 0.375

6b Only one of the five students (Dakarai) buys lunch regularly.

Sample proportion
1
=
5
= 0.2
6c
𝑝̂ 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Tally | || ||| ||||
Frequency 1 2 3 4 0 0
6d
7 𝑛 = 500; 𝑋 = number of people who voted independent; 𝑝 = 0.2; 𝑞 = 0.8

22% of 500 = 0.22 × 500 = 110
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
= 500 × 0.2
= 100
= √100 × 0.8
= √80
≑ 8.94
𝑃(𝑋 > 110)
= 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 111)
110.5 − 100
≑ 𝑃 (𝑍 ≥ )
√80

≑ 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 1.17)
= 1 − 0.8790
= 0.1210
≑ 12%
13
8 𝑛 = 80; 𝑋 = number of hearts selected; 𝑝 = 52 = 0.25; 𝑞 = 0.75
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
= 80 × 0.25
= 20
= √20 × 0.75
= √15
≑ 3.87
20% of 80 = 16
30% of 80 = 24
8a 𝑃(16 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 24)
15.5 − 20 24.5 − 20
≑ 𝑃( ≤𝑍≤ )
√15 √15
≑ 𝑃(−1.16 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1.16)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.16) − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.16)]
= 0.8770 − (1 − 0.8770)
= 0.7540
≑ 75%

8b For sample proportion:

𝜇𝑝̂ = 0.25
𝑝𝑞
𝜎𝑝̂ = √
𝑛
0.25 × 0.75
= √
80
3
= √
1280
= 0.048 41 …
≑ 0.0484
𝑃(0.20 ≤ 𝑝̂ ≤ 0.30)
0.20 − 0.25 0.30 − 0.25
≑ 𝑃( ≤𝑍≤ )
0.048 41 … 0.048 41 …
≑ 𝑃(−1.03 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1.03)
= 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.03) − 𝑃(𝑍 < −1.03)
= 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.03) − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.03)]
= 0.8485 − (1 − 0.8485)
= 0.697
≑ 70%
9 𝑛 = 300; 𝑋 = number of seeds that germinate; 𝑝 = 𝜇𝑝̂ = 0.7; 𝑞 = 0.3
𝑝𝑞
𝜎𝑝̂ = √
𝑛
0.7 × 0.3
= √
300
7
= √
10 000
√7
=
100

= 0.026 45 …
≑ 0.0265
9a 65% of 300 = 0.65 × 300 = 195

𝑃(𝑋 > 195)
= 𝑃(𝑝̂ > 0.65)
0.65 − 0.7
≑ 𝑃 (𝑍 > )
0.026 45 …
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 > −1.89)
= 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.89)
= 0.9706
≑ 97%
9b 75% of 300 = 0.75 × 300 = 225

𝑃(195 < 𝑋 < 225)
= 𝑃(0.65 < 𝑝̂ < 0.75)
0.65 − 0.7 0.75 − 0.7
≑ 𝑃( <𝑍< )
0.026 45 … 0.026 45 …
≑ 𝑃(−1.89 < 𝑍 < 1.89)
= 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.89) − 𝑃(𝑍 < −1.89)
= 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.89) − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.89)]
= 0.9706 − (1 − 0.9706)
= 0.9706 − 0.0294
= 0.9412
≑ 94%
10a 𝑛 = 100; 𝑋 = number of people who have painful reaction to medication;

𝑝 = 0.05; 𝑞 = 0.95

10a i 𝑃(𝑋 = 0)
100
= C0 (0.05)0 (0.95)100
= (0.95)100
= 0.005 92 …
≑ 0.6%
10a ii 2% of 100 = 0.2 × 100 = 2

𝑃(𝑋 < 2)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)
= (0.95)100 + 100
C1 (0.05)1 (0.95)99
= 0.037 08 …
≑ 3.7%
10b 𝑛 = 1000; 𝑋 = number of people who have painful reaction to medication;

For sample proportion:
𝜇𝑝̂ = 𝑝 = 0.05; 𝑞 = 0.95
𝑝𝑞
𝜎𝑝̂ = √
𝑛
0.05 × 0.95
= √
1000
= √0.000 047 5
= 0.006 89 …
≑ 0.0069
𝑃(𝑋 < 30)
= 𝑃(𝑝̂ < 0.03)
0.03 − 0.05
≑ 𝑃 (𝑍 < )
√0.000 047 5
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 < −2.90)
= 𝑃(𝑍 > 2.90)

= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 2.90)

= 1 − 0.9981
= 0.0019
≑ 0.2%
10b ii The result of this test is significantly different from the previous claim that 5% of
patients will have a reaction. They should check whether the sample was random
– perhaps it consisted of patients more resistant to the side effects of the
medication. They should also check whether there have been any changes to the
medication to reduce patient reactions. It is also possibly just chance that this
result occurred, but the likelihood of this is small.
11 𝑛 = 20; 𝑋 = number of pink counters selected; 𝑝 = 0.6; 𝑞 = 0.4

11a 𝜇𝑝̂ = 𝑝 = 0.6
𝑝𝑞
𝜎𝑝̂ 2 =
𝑛
0.6 × 0.4
=
20
= 0.012
𝜎𝑝̂ = √0.012
= 0.109 54 …
≑ 0.1095
11b 𝑝̂ is the distribution of the binomial random variable divided by the number of
trials. It has the similar properties to a binomial random variable and hence is
not a continuous distribution.
11c 𝑃(𝑝̂ ≤ 0.4)

0.4 − 0.6
≑ 𝑃 (𝑍 < )
√0.012
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 < −1.83)
= 𝑃(𝑍 > 1.83)

= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.83)

= 1 − 0.9664
= 0.0336
≑ 3.4%
11d 𝑝exact = 5.7% = 0.057

Percentage error
0.057 − 0.034
= × 100%
0.057
= 40.350 … %
≑ 40%
This is not a good estimate. The sample is too small and we are not using any
continuity correction.
11e 𝑃(𝑝̂ ≤ 0.75)

0.75 − 0.6
≑ 𝑃 (𝑍 ≤ )
√0.012
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.37)
= 0.9147
≑ 91.5%
11f 𝑝exact = 95% = 0.95

Percentage error
0.95 − 0.9147
= × 100%
0.95
= 3.715 78 … %
≑ 3.7%
The curve is flatter at the top end and varies less with 𝑝̂ . Percentage difference is
also exaggerated by small values, such as at the left end of the curve.

12a 𝑋 = number of times a coin lands heads; 𝑝 = 0.5

𝜇𝑝̂ = 𝑝 = 0.5; 𝑞 = 0.5
𝑝𝑞
𝜎𝑝̂ = √
𝑛
0.5 × 0.5
= √
𝑛
0.5
=
√𝑛
𝑃(𝑝̂ ≤ 0.52)
0.52 − 0.5
≑ 𝑃 (𝑍 ≤ )
0.5
√𝑛
0.02√𝑛
= 𝑃 (𝑍 ≤ )
0.5
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.04√𝑛)
When 𝑛 = 1000,
𝑃(𝑝̂ ≤ 0.52)
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.04√1000)
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.26)
= 0.8962
When 𝑛 = 500,
𝑃(𝑝̂ ≤ 0.52)
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.04√500)
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.89)
= 0.8133

When 𝑛 = 100,
𝑃(𝑝̂ ≤ 0.52)
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.04√100)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.40)
= 0.6554
When 𝑛 = 50,
𝑃(𝑝̂ ≤ 0.52)
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.04√50)
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.28)
= 0.6103
When 𝑛 = 25,
𝑃(𝑝̂ ≤ 0.52)
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.04√25)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.20)
= 0.5793

𝑛 1000 500 100 50 25
exact 0.9026 0.8262 0.6914 0.6641 0.6550
approx. 0.8962 0.8133 0.6554 0.6103 0.5793
12b When 𝑛 = 1000,

percentage error
0.9026 − 0.8962
= × 100%
0.9026
= 0.709 06 … %
≑ 0.7%

When 𝑛 = 500,
percentage error
0.8262 − 0.8133
= × 100%
0.8262
= 1.561 36 … %
≑ 1.6%
When 𝑛 = 100,
percentage error
0.6914 − 0.6554
= × 100%
0.6914
= 5.206 82 … %
≑ 5.2%
When 𝑛 = 50,
percentage error
0.6641 − 0.6103
= × 100%
0.6641
= 8.101 18 … %
≑ 8.1%
When 𝑛 = 25,
percentage error
0.6550 − 0.5793
= × 100%
0.6550
= 11.557 25 … %


𝑛 1000 500 100 50 25
exact 0.9026 0.8262 0.6914 0.6641 0.6550
approx. 0.8962 0.8133 0.6554 0.6103 0.5793
% error 0.7 1.6 5.2 8.1 11.6
12c Using the above table, we can see that as 𝑛 increases, the accuracy of our
approximation improves. This is because for very large trials, a binomial
distribution is almost similar to the normal distribution.
13 𝑛 = 50; 𝑋 = number of people choosing the branded pineapple; 𝑝 = 0.5; 𝑞 = 0.5

𝜇𝑝̂ = 𝑝 = 0.5
𝑝𝑞
𝜎𝑝̂ = √
𝑛
0.5 × 0.5
= √
50
= √0.005
= 0.070 71 …
≑ 0.071
60% of 50 = 0.6 × 50 = 30
𝑃(𝑋 > 30)
= 𝑃(𝑝̂ > 0.6)
0.6 − 0.5
≑ 𝑃 (𝑍 > )
√0.005
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 > 1.41)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.41)
= 1 − 0.9207
= 0.0793
≑ 8%

It appears that people strongly prefer the branded version, even though the two
versions are identical. There may be an expectation that the branded version is
superior, or they may prefer the packaging.
14 𝑛 = 100; 𝑋 = number of people who respond positively to a drug;

𝑝 = 0.3; 𝑞 = 0.7
𝜇𝑝̂ = 𝑝 = 0.3
𝑝𝑞
𝜎𝑝̂ = √
𝑛
0.3 × 0.7
= √
100
= √0.0021
= 0.045 82 …
≑ 0.046
𝑃(𝑝̂ ≥ 0.4)
0.4 − 0.3
≑ 𝑃 (𝑍 ≥ )
√0.0021
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 2.18)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.18)
= 1 − 0.9854
= 0.0146
≑ 1.5%
The probability that this occurred simply by chance is very low.
15a 𝑋 = number of people on a college campus that are living at home; 𝑝 = 0.7; 𝑞 = 0.3
𝑝𝑞
𝜎𝑝̂ = √
𝑛

15a i 𝜎𝑝̂ < 4%
𝜎𝑝̂ < 0.04
0.7 × 0.3
√ < 0.04
𝑛
0.21
< (0.04)2
𝑛
𝑛 1
>
0.21 (0.04)2
0.21
𝑛>
(0.04)2
𝑛 > 131.25
𝑛 ≥ 132
So sample needs to be at least 132 residents.
15a ii 𝜎𝑝̂ < 3%
𝜎𝑝̂ < 0.03
0.7 × 0.3
√ < 0.03
𝑛
0.21
𝑛>
(0.03)2
𝑛 > 233.33 …
𝑛 ≥ 234
15a iii 𝜎𝑝̂ < 2%
𝜎𝑝̂ < 0.02
0.7 × 0.3
√ < 0.02
𝑛
0.21
𝑛>
(0.02)2

𝑛 > 525
𝑛 ≥ 526
So sample needs to be more than 525 residents or at least 526 residents.
15a iv 𝜎𝑝̂ < 1%
𝜎𝑝̂ < 0.01
0.7 × 0.3
√ < 0.01
𝑛
0.21
𝑛>
(0.01)2
𝑛 > 2100
𝑛 ≥ 2101
15a v 𝜎𝑝̂ < 𝑘%

𝑘
𝜎𝑝̂ <
100
0.7 × 0.3 𝑘
√ <
𝑛 100
0.21 𝑘 2
<( )
𝑛 100
0.21
𝑛>
𝑘 2
(100)
2100
𝑛>
𝑘2
2100
So sample needs to be more than residents.
𝑘2
15b 𝑋 = number of people on a college campus that are living at home; 𝑝 = 0.8; 𝑞 = 0.2
𝑝𝑞
𝜎𝑝̂ = √
𝑛
15b i 𝜎𝑝̂ < 4%
𝜎𝑝̂ < 0.04
0.8 × 0.2
√ < 0.04
𝑛
0.16
< (0.04)2
𝑛
𝑛 1
>
0.16 (0.04)2
0.16
𝑛>
(0.04)2
𝑛 > 100
𝑛 ≥ 101
15b ii 𝜎𝑝̂ < 3%
𝜎𝑝̂ < 0.03
0.8 × 0.2
√ < 0.03
𝑛
0.16
𝑛>
(0.03)2
𝑛 > 177.77 …
𝑛 ≥ 178
15b iii 𝜎𝑝̂ < 2%
𝜎𝑝̂ < 0.02
0.8 × 0.2
√ < 0.02
𝑛
0.16
𝑛>
(0.02)2

𝑛 > 400
𝑛 ≥ 401
15b iv 𝜎𝑝̂ < 1%
𝜎𝑝̂ < 0.01
0.8 × 0.2
√ < 0.01
𝑛
0.16
𝑛>
(0.01)2
𝑛 > 1600
𝑛 ≥ 1601
15b v 𝜎𝑝̂ < 𝑘%

𝑘
𝜎𝑝̂ <
100
0.8 × 0.2 𝑘
√ <
𝑛 100
0.16 𝑘 2
<( )
𝑛 100
0.16
𝑛>
𝑘 2
(100)
1600
𝑛>
𝑘2
1600
𝑘2
15c 𝑋 = number of people on a college campus that are living at home; 𝑝 = 0.5; 𝑞 = 0.5
𝑝𝑞
𝜎𝑝̂ = √
𝑛
15c i 𝜎𝑝̂ < 4%
𝜎𝑝̂ < 0.04
0.5 × 0.5
√ < 0.04
𝑛
0.25
< (0.04)2
𝑛
𝑛 1
>
0.25 (0.04)2
0.25
𝑛>
(0.04)2
𝑛 > 156.25
𝑛 ≥ 157
15c ii 𝜎𝑝̂ < 3%
𝜎𝑝̂ < 0.03
0.5 × 0.5
√ < 0.03
𝑛
0.25
𝑛>
(0.03)2
𝑛 > 277.77 …
𝑛 ≥ 278
15c iii 𝜎𝑝̂ < 2%
𝜎𝑝̂ < 0.02
0.5 × 0.5
√ < 0.02
𝑛
0.25
𝑛>
(0.02)2
𝑛 > 625
𝑛 ≥ 626
15c iv 𝜎𝑝̂ < 1%
𝜎𝑝̂ < 0.01
0.5 × 0.5
√ < 0.01
𝑛
0.25
𝑛>
(0.01)2
𝑛 > 2500
𝑛 ≥ 2501
15c v 𝜎𝑝̂ < 𝑘%

𝑘
𝜎𝑝̂ <
100
0.5 × 0.5 𝑘
√ <
𝑛 100
0.25 𝑘 2
<( )
𝑛 100
0.25
𝑛>
𝑘 2
(100)
2500
𝑛>
𝑘2
2500
𝑘2

16a i 𝑛 = 10; 𝑋 = number of heads from toss of 10 coins; 𝑝 = 0.5; 𝑞 = 0.5

𝑃(𝑋 = 6)
10
= C6 (0.5)6 (0.5)4
= 0.205 078 …
≑ 0.205
16a ii 𝑛 = 40; 𝑝 = 0.205

E(𝑋 = 6)
= 𝑛𝑝
= 40 × 0.205
= 8.2
≑8
From 40 trials, you would expect to get exactly 6 heads about eight times.
16b i Answer will vary. Sample spreadsheet simulation shown below.

Number of heads 0 1 2 3 4 5
Proportion of
heads 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Expected
frequency 0 0.4 1.8 4.7 8.2 9.8
Tally | | |||| |||| |||||||||
Frequency 1 0 1 4 4 9
probability 0.025 0 0.025 0.1 0.1 0.225
6 7 8 9 10
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
8.2 4.7 1.8 0.4 0
|||||||| ||||||||| || | |
8 9 2 1 1
0.2 0.225 0.05 0.025 0.025
16b ii Answers will vary but for the sample simulation it was observed that the
expected frequency is 8.

16b iii Charts for sample simulation.
17a Sum is at least 9 for the cases 6 + 3, 6 + 4, 6 + 5, 6 + 6, 5 + 4, 5 + 5, 5 + 6, 4 + 5,

4 + 6, 3 + 6. That is, for 10 cases out of the 36 possible outcomes of throwing two
dice.
10 5
𝑃(sum is at least 9) = =
36 18

17b 𝑛 = 20; 𝑋 = number of successes where sum of numbers is at least 9;

5 13
𝑝= ;𝑞 =
18 18
𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 4)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4)
20
5 0 13 20 20 5 1 13 19 20 5 2 13 18
= C0 ( ) ( ) + C1 ( ) ( ) + C2 ( ) ( )
18 18 18 18 18 18
3 17 4 16
5 13 5 13
+ 20C3 ( ) ( ) + 20C4 ( ) ( )
18 18 18 18
= 0.309 61 …
≑ 0.3096
17c We approximate the binomial by treating 𝑋 as a normal random variable with:

𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
5
= 20 ×
18
50
=
9
50 13
= √ ×
9 18
325
= √
81
𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 4)
0−𝜇 4−𝜇
≑ 𝑃( ≤𝑍≤ )
𝜎 𝜎
≑ 𝑃(−2.77 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ −0.78)
= 𝑃(0.78 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2.77)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.77) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.78)
= 0.9972 − 0.7823
= 0.2149

17d 𝑃(−0.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 4.5)

−0.5 − 𝜇 4.5 − 𝜇
≑ 𝑃( ≤𝑍≤ )
𝜎 𝜎
≑ 𝑃(−3.02 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ −0.53)
= 𝑃(0.53 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 3.02)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 3.02) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.53)
= 0.9987 − 0.7019
= 0.2968
17e For sample proportion:

5
𝜇𝑝̂ = 𝑝 =
18
5 13
√18 × 18
𝜎𝑝̂ =
20
13
= √
1296
𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑝̂ ≤ 0.2)
0−𝜇 0.2 − 𝜇
≑ 𝑃( ≤𝑍≤ )
𝜎 𝜎
≑ 𝑃(−2.77 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ −0.78)
= 𝑃(0.78 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 2.77)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.77) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.78)
= 0.9972 − 0.7823
= 0.2149
This agrees with the result to part c. The sample proportion distribution is just
the binomial stretched vertically by a factor of 𝑛 and compressed horizontally by
1
a factor 𝑛, thus the corresponding areas will be the same. After the distribution
has been converted to standard normal, the calculation is identical.

1 1
17f 𝑃 (0 − 40 ≤ 𝑝̂ ≤ 0.2 + 40)
= 𝑃(−0.025 ≤ 𝑝̂ ≤ 0.225)
−0.025 − 𝜇 0.225 − 𝜇
≑ 𝑃( ≤𝑍≤ )
𝜎 𝜎
≑ 𝑃(−3.02 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ −0.53)
= 𝑃(0.53 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 3.02)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 3.02) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.53)
= 0.9987 − 0.7019
= 0.2968
1
This result agrees with part d. The factor 40 corresponds to half an interval on
the histogram and thus applies the same continuity correction as part d.
18a i 𝑃(𝜇 − 1.96𝜎 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 𝜇 + 1.96𝜎)

𝜇 − 1.96𝜎 − 𝜇 𝜇 + 1.96𝜎 − 𝜇
≑ 𝑃( ≤𝑍≤ )
𝜎 𝜎
−1.96𝜎 1.96𝜎
= 𝑃( ≤𝑍≤ )
𝜎 𝜎
= 𝑃(−1.96 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 1.96)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.96) − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ −1.96)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.96) − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 1.96)]
= 0.9750 − (1 − 0.9750)
= 0.9750 − 0.0250
= 0.95
= 95%
18a ii

18b i 𝑛 = 100; 𝑝 ≑ 𝑝̂ = 67% = 0.67; 𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝 = 0.33
𝑝(1 − 𝑝)
𝜎𝑝̂ = √
𝑛
0.67 × 0.33
= √
100
= √0.002 211
≑ 0.047
18b ii Margin of error

= 1.96𝜎
= 1.96 × √0.002 211

= 0.092 16 …
≑ 0.09
= 9%
Confidence interval
= [𝑝̂ − 1.96𝜎, 𝑝̂ + 1.96𝜎]
= [67% − 9%, 67% + 9%]
= [58%, 76%]
18b iii 𝑝 ≑ 67% = 0.67; 𝑞 = 0.33; margin of error to be reduced to 1%

𝑝𝑞
Margin of error = 1.96𝜎 where 𝜎 = √
𝑛
0.67 × 0.33
1.96 × √ ≤ 0.01
𝑛
0.67 × 0.33 0.01 2

≤( )
𝑛 1.96
𝑛 1.96 2
≥( )
0.67 × 0.33 0.01

1.96 2
𝑛≥( ) × 0.67 × 0.33
0.01
𝑛 ≥ 8493.77 …
𝑛 > 8493
Sample size to be more than 8493 or at least 8494.


5 1
1 𝑛 = 4; 𝑋 = number of times marksman hits target; 𝑝 = 6 ; 𝑞 = 6
1a 𝑃(𝑋 = 3)
4
5 3 1
= C3 ( ) ( )
6 6
= 0.385 80 …
≑ 0.39
1b Exactly two misses means exactly two hits in the four shots.
𝑃(𝑋 = 2)
4
5 2 1 2
= C2 ( ) ( )
6 6
= 0.115 74 …
≑ 0.12
2 𝑛 = 15; 𝑋 = number of people who think Tasmania is the most beautiful state in
Australia;
5 1
𝑝= ; 𝑞=
6 6
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 13)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 13) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 14) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 15)
15
5 13 1 2 15 5 14 1 1 15 5 15 1 0
= C13 ( ) ( ) + C14 ( ) ( ) + C15 ( ) ( )
6 6 6 6 6 6
15
5 13 1 2 15 5 14 1 1 5 15
= C13 ( ) ( ) + C14 ( ) ( ) + ( )
6 6 6 6 6
= 0.532 22 …
≑ 0.53

1 4
3 𝑛 = 10; 𝑋 = number of questions answered correctly; 𝑝 = 5 ; 𝑞 = 5
𝑃(𝑋 = 7)
10
1 7 4 3
= C7 ( ) ( )
5 5
= 0.000 786 432 …
≑ 0.000 786
1 3
4 𝑛 = ? ; 𝑋 = number of hearts drawn from pack of cards; 𝑝 = 4 ; 𝑞 = 4
Need 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1) > 0.95.

𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0)
1 0 3 𝑛
𝑛
= 1 − C0 ( ) ( )
4 4
3 𝑛
= 1−( )
4
3 𝑛
So 1 − ( ) > 0.95
4
1 − (0.75)𝑛 > 0.95
(0.75)𝑛 < 0.05
log(0.75)𝑛 < log(0.05)
𝑛 log(0.75) < log(0.05)
log(0.05)
𝑛> (as log(0.75) is negative)
log(0.75)
𝑛 > 10.413 34 …
𝑛 ≥ 11
The experiment needs to be performed 11 times.

5a 𝑛(𝑆) = 8; 𝑛(𝐴) = 1
𝑛(𝐴)
𝑝=
𝑛(𝑆)
1
=
8
5b 𝑋 = number of eights that occur when six eight-sided dice are thrown;
1 7
𝑝= ; 𝑞=
8 8
𝑃(𝑋 = 0)
6
1 0 7 6
= C0 ( ) ( )
8 8
7 6
= 1×1×( )
8
= 0.448 79 …
≑ 0.4488
𝑃(𝑋 = 1)
6
1 1 7 5
= C1 ( ) ( )
8 8
= 0.384 68 …
≑ 0.3847
𝑃(𝑋 = 2)
6
1 2 7 4
= C2 ( ) ( )
8 8
= 0.137 38 …
≑ 0.1374
𝑃(𝑋 = 3)
6
1 3 7 3
= C3 ( ) ( )
8 8
= 0.026 16 …
≑ 0.0262
𝑃(𝑋 = 4)
6
1 4 7 2
= C4 ( ) ( )
8 8
= 0.002 80 …
≑ 0.0028
𝑃(𝑋 = 5)
1 5 7 1
= 6C5 ( ) ( )
8 8
= 0.000 16 …
≑ 0.0002
𝑃(𝑋 = 6)
6
1 6 7 0
= C6 ( ) ( )
8 8
= 0.000 003 81 …
≑ 0.0000
These results are summarised in the following distribution table.

𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) 0.4488 0.3847 0.1374 0.0262 0.0028 0.0002 0.0000
5c 𝑛 = 1000; 𝑝 ≑ 0.0262
E(𝑋 = 3)
= 𝑛𝑝
≑ 1000 × 0.0262
= 26.2

In 1000 throws of the six dice, you would expect to get exactly three eights about
26 times.
5d 𝑛 = 1000
𝑝 = 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 5) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 6)
= 0.0262 + 0.0028 + 0.0002 + 0
= 0.0292
E(𝑋 ≥ 3)
= 𝑛𝑝
≑ 1000 × 0.0292
= 29.2
In 1000 throws of the six dice, you would expect to get three or more eights
about 29 times.
6a Yes. There are only two possible outcomes: heads and tails. Each coin toss is
independent of the other and has a probability of 0.5 for each outcome for every
trial.
𝑝 = 𝑞 = 0.5
6b Yes. There are only two possible outcomes: winning if the sum is more than 10
and losing. Every time the dice are thrown, the sum of the numbers appearing is
independent of the previous throw’s outcome.
Successful outcomes are (5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6). So there are 3 successful outcomes
out of 36 possible outcomes.
3 1 11
𝑝= = ; 𝑞=
36 12 12
6c Yes. There are only two possible outcomes: passing quality control and not
passing. The selection of the item is random and the chance of an item passing is
independent of the result of the previous item.
There are 4 successful outcomes out of 1000 possible outcomes.
4
𝑝= = 0.004; 𝑞 = 0.996
1000

6d No. It is not mentioned if the card is put back or not. Also, there are four choices
for the suit of the card but there should be only two possible outcomes for a
Bernoulli trial.
7a 𝐵(𝑛, 𝑝) = 𝐵(20, 0.2)

𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
= 20 × 0.2
=2
𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞
= 20 × 0.2 × 0.8
= 3.2
= √3.2
= 1.788 85 …
≑ 1.79
7b 𝐵(𝑛, 𝑝) = 𝐵(70, 0.5)

𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
= 70 × 0.5
= 35
= 70 × 0.5 × 0.5
= 17.5
= √17.5
= 4.183 30 …
≑ 4.18

7c 𝐵(𝑛, 𝑝) = 𝐵(6, 0.8)

𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
= 6 × 0.8
= 4.8
= 6 × 0.8 × 0.2
= 0.96
= √0.96
= 0.979 79 …
≑ 0.98
7d 𝐵(𝑛, 𝑝) = 𝐵(120, 0.4)

𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
= 120 × 0.4
= 48
= 120 × 0.4 × 0.6
= 28.8
= √28.8
= 5.366 56 …
≑ 5.37
7e 𝐵(𝑛, 𝑝) = 𝐵(300, 0.1)

𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
= 300 × 0.1
= 30

= 300 × 0.1 × 0.9
= 27
= √27
= 5.196 15 …
≑ 5.20
7f 𝐵(𝑛, 𝑝) = 𝐵(5, 0.25)

𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
= 5 × 0.25
= 1.25
= 5 × 0.25 × 0.75
= 0.9375
= √0.9375
= 0.968 24 …
≑ 0.97
8 𝑛 = 60; 𝑋 = number of cases that do not pass inspection; 𝑝 = 0.05; 𝑞 = 0.95

8a 𝐵(60, 0.05)
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
= 60 × 0.05
=3
= 60 × 0.05 × 0.95
= 2.85

= √2.85
= 1.688 19 …
≑ 1.7
8b 𝜇 = 3; 𝜎 ≑ 1.7
𝜇 − 𝜎 ≑ 3 − 1.7 = 1.3
𝜇 + 𝜎 ≑ 3 + 1.7 = 4.7
𝑃(1.3 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 4.7)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 2, 3 or 4)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4)
60
= C2 (0.05)2 (0.95)58 + 60C3 (0.05)3 (0.95)57 + 60C4 (0.05)4 (0.95)56
= 0.628 111 …
≑ 62.8%
8c 𝑛 = 60; 𝑝 = 0.05; 𝑞 = 0.95; 𝜇 + 𝜎 ≑ 3 + 1.7 = 4.7

𝑃(batch rejected)
= 𝑃(𝑋 > 4)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 4)
= 1 − [𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4)]
= 1 − [ 60C0 (0.05)0 (0.95)60 + 60C1 (0.05)1 (0.95)59 + 60C2 (0.05)2 (0.95)58
+ 60C3 (0.05)3 (0.95)57 + 60C4 (0.05)4 (0.95)56 ]
= 1 − 0.819 66 …
= 0.180 33 …
≑ 18%
The probability of rejecting the batch is 18%.

8d 𝑛 = 60; 𝑝 = 0.02; 𝑞 = 0.98

𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
= 60 × 0.02
= 1.2
= 60 × 0.02 × 0.98
= 1.176
= √1.176
= 1.084 43 …
≑ 1.08
𝜇 + 𝜎 ≑ 1.2 + 1.08 = 2.28
𝑃(batch rejected)
= 𝑃(𝑋 > 2)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2)
= 1 − [𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2)]
= 1 − [ 60C0 (0.02)0 (0.98)60 + 60C1 (0.02)1 (0.98)59 + 60C2 (0.02)2 (0.98)58 ]
= 1 − 0.881 25 …
= 0.118 74 …
≑ 12%
The probability of rejecting the batch is 12%.
9a 𝑛 = 80; 𝑋 = number of heads in 80 tosses of coin; 𝑝 = 0.5; 𝑞 = 0.5

𝑃(𝑋 = 38, 39 or 40)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 38) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 39) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 40)
80
= C38 (0.5)38 (0.5)42 + 80C39 (0.5)39 (0.5)41 + 80C40 (0.5)40 (0.5)40
= 0.256 24 …
≑ 25.62%

9b 𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
= 80 × 0.5
= 40
= √40 × 0.5
= √20
= 4.472 13 …
≑ 4.47
9c 𝑛𝑝 = 80 × 0.5 = 40
𝑛𝑞 = 80 × 0.5 = 40
𝑛𝑝 > 5 and 𝑛𝑞 > 5
Hence, a normal approximation to the binomial may be used.
9d The probability of a binomial distribution is the area under the histogram of the
binomial distribution with unit width of each bar. Normal distribution is a
continuous curve which approximates the binomial distribution (a discrete
distribution). To account for the rectangles of unit width and the small triangular
portions of area that are out of the normal distribution curve, we calculate the
area for 𝑃(37.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 40.5) rather than 𝑃(38 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 40).
This is called a continuity correction and occurs because we are approximating a
discrete distribution by a continuous curve.
9e 𝑃(37.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 40.5)
37.5 − 40 40.5 − 40
≑ 𝑃( ≤𝑍≤ )
√20 √20
≑ 𝑃(−0.56 ≤ 𝑍 ≤ 0.11)
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.11) − [1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.56)]
= 0.5438 − 0.2887
= 0.2561
≑ 25.6%

9f Percentage error
0.2562 − 0.2561
= × 100%
0.2562
= 0.039 03 …%
≑ 0.04%
The percentage error is less than 0.1%.
9g 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 50)
49.5 − 40
≑ 𝑃 (𝑍 ≥ )
√20
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 2.12)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 2.12)
= 1 − 0.9830
= 0.0170
≑ 1.7%
10a Outcomes when sum is at least 10: {(4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4), (5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
There are 6 outcomes out of a possible 36 outcomes.
6 1
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 10) = =
36 6
1 5
10b 𝑛 = 80; 𝑋 = number of times the sum of two dice is at least 10; 𝑝 = 6 ; 𝑞 = 6
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
1
= 80 ×
6
40
=
3
40 5
=√ ×
3 6

100
=√
9
10
=
3
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 15)
40
14.5 − 3
≑ 𝑃 (𝑍 > )
10
3
= 𝑃(𝑍 ≥ 0.35)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 ≤ 0.35)
= 1 − 0.6368
= 0.3632
≑ 36%
11a 𝑛 = 100; 𝑛(intending to vote yes) = 35

35
𝑝= = 0.35
100
11b Not necessarily. A voter’s choice of a party is dependent on their personal

interest and the ideology of the party, both of which are subject to change.
11c It will be a binomial distribution with 𝑛 = 100 and the probability of success
equal to the (unknown) proportion of the population intending to vote for the
WTP.
3 2
12a 𝑛 = 5; 𝑋 = number of red balls in selection of 5 balls; 𝑝 = ; 𝑞=5
5
0
When 𝑋 = 0, 𝑝̂ = =0.
5
𝑃(𝑝̂ = 0)
3 0 2 5
= 5C0 ( ) ( )
5 5

32
= 1×1×
3125
32
=
3125
1
When 𝑋 = 1, 𝑝̂ = = 0.2.
5
𝑃(𝑝̂ = 0.2)
5
3 1 2 4
= C1 ( ) ( )
5 5
3 16
= 5× ×
5 625
48
=
625
2
When 𝑋 = 2, 𝑝̂ = = 0.4 .
5
𝑃(𝑝̂ = 0.4)
3 2 2 3
= 5C2 ( ) ( )
5 5
9 8
= 10 × ×
25 125
144
=
625
3
When 𝑋 = 3, 𝑝̂ = = 0.6 .
5
𝑃(𝑝̂ = 0.6)
5
3 3 2 2
= C3 ( ) ( )
5 5
27 4
= 10 × ×
125 25
216
=
625

4
When 𝑋 = 4, 𝑝̂ = = 0.8 .
5
𝑃(𝑝̂ = 0.8)
3 4 2 1
5
= C4 ( ) ( )
5 5
81 2
= 5× ×
625 5
162
=
625
5
When 𝑋 = 5, 𝑝̂ = =1.
5
𝑃(𝑝̂ = 1)
3 5 2 0
= 5C5 ( ) ( )
5 5
243
= 1× ×1
3125
243
=
3125

𝑝̂ 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
𝑃(𝑝̂ ) 32 48 144 216 162 243
3125 625 625 625 625 3125
12b i 𝑝̂ = 40% = 0.4 means 𝑋 = 0.4 × 5 = 2

𝑃(𝑝̂ < 0.4)
= 𝑃(𝑋 < 2)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)
= 𝑃(𝑝̂ = 0) + 𝑃(𝑝̂ = 0.2)
32 48
= +
3125 625

272
=
3125
12b ii 𝑝̂ = 50% = 0.5 means 𝑋 = 0.5 × 5 = 2.5

𝑃(𝑝̂ < 0.5)
= 𝑃(𝑋 < 2.5)
= 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 2)
= 𝑃(𝑝̂ = 0) + 𝑃(𝑝̂ = 0.2) + 𝑃(𝑝̂ = 0.4)
32 48 144
= + +
3125 625 625
992
=
3125
3 2
12c 𝑛 = 5; 𝑝 = ; 𝑞=5
5
For the sample proportion:

3
𝜇𝑝̂ = 𝑝 =
5
𝑝𝑞
𝜎𝑝̂ 2 =
𝑛
3 2
×
=5 5
5
6
=
125
6
𝜎𝑝̂ = √
125
1
= √30
25

1 5
13 a 𝑛 = 500; 𝑋 = number of sixes thrown; 𝑝 = 6 ; 𝑞 = 6
For the sample proportion:

1
𝜇𝑝̂ = 𝑝 =
6
𝑝𝑞
𝜎𝑝̂ = √
𝑛
1 5
√6 × 6
=
500
1
=√
3600
1
=
60
1
13b 𝑛 = 500; 𝑋 = 70; 𝑝 = 6
70 7 1 1
𝑝̂ = = ; 𝜇𝑝̂ = ; 𝜎 =
500 50 6 60
Number of standard deviations away
7 1
−6
= 50
1
60
8
= −
5
= −1.6
Hence, the result is 1.6 standard deviations below the mean.
14 𝑛 = 653; 𝑋 = number of male births; 𝑝 = 0.53

𝑝̂ = 54% = 0.54
0.54 × 653
or 𝑝̂ = = 0.54
653
𝜇𝑝̂ = 𝑝 = 0.53

𝑝𝑞
𝜎𝑝̂ = √
𝑛
0.53 × 0.47
=√
653
= 0.019 53 …
≑ 0.0195
𝑃(𝑝̂ > 0.54)

0.54 − 0.53
≑ 𝑃 (𝑍 > )
0.0195
≑ 𝑃(𝑍 > 0.51)
= 1 − 𝑃(𝑍 < 0.51)
= 1 − 0.6950
= 0.3050
≑ 31%

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Chapter 1 worked solutions – Sequences and series

1b Looking at the sequence from part (a), 𝑇9 = 2050.

2b Each term is double the previous term. The sequence is as follows:

2d Each term is half the previous term. The sequence is as follows:

2f Each term is squared. The sequence is as follows:

© Cambridge University Press 2019 1

© Cambridge University Press 2019 2

5a Counting the number of terms:

5b Counting the number of terms:

© Cambridge University Press 2019 3

5d 37 is the 7th term.

5e This sequence is in the form: 𝑇𝑛 = 5𝑛 + 2

5f This sequence is in the form: 𝑇𝑛 = 5𝑛 + 2

6 Each term is double the previous term:

6a Counting the number of terms:

6b Counting the number of terms:

6c 384 is the 10th term.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 4

6d 192 is the 9th term.

6e Looking at the sequence:

6f Looking at the sequence:

© Cambridge University Press 2019 5

© Cambridge University Press 2019 6

© Cambridge University Press 2019 7

© Cambridge University Press 2019 8

© Cambridge University Press 2019 9

13a This is an AP as all terms have the same common difference, so

13b This is a GP as all terms have the same common ratio, so

13c This is an AP as all terms have the same common difference, so

13d This is a GP as all terms have the same common ratio, so

14a 𝑇1 = sin 90° = 1

14b 𝑇1 = cos 90° = 0

14c 𝑇1 = cos 180° = −1

© Cambridge University Press 2019 10

14d 𝑇1 = sin 180° = 0

© Cambridge University Press 2019 11

© Cambridge University Press 2019 12

17e Here 𝑇𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 , but there is no curve and no real-valued function.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 13

17h Here 𝑇𝑛 = (−2)5−𝑛 , but there is no curve and no real-valued function.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 14

© Cambridge University Press 2019 15

19d 𝑇𝑛+1 − 𝑇𝑛−1

© Cambridge University Press 2019 16

20d The first is 2, 4, 6, 10, 16, …, which is 2𝐹𝑛+1.

21 Investigation question – answers will vary.

© Cambridge University Press 2019 17

© Cambridge University Press 2019 18

2a Start at 3 and add 2. The sequence is as follows:

2b Start at 7 and subtract 4. The sequence is as follows:

2c Start at 30 and subtract 11. The sequence is as follows:

2d Start at −9 and add 4. The sequence is as follows:

2f Start at 0.9 and add 0.7. The sequence is as follows:

© Cambridge University Press 2019 19

© Cambridge University Press 2019 20

© Cambridge University Press 2019 21

© Cambridge University Press 2019 22

© Cambridge University Press 2019 23

© Cambridge University Press 2019 24