speech motor control

Let's look at it from two criteria. The first of them has to do more with neurological control, and
from the point of view of Dassy (who only changes the names of the systems).

What is speech? It is a complex behavior, because it involves cortical neurological control, since
voluntariness is generated there (cortex), we talk about organization and analysis of how we are
going to generate any type of movement based on various information. At the subcortical level we
no longer talk about voluntariness, a regularization is generated that is not voluntary.

The pyramidal system is best controlled at the cortical level.

The expiramidal system is best commanded in the subcortical area.

The neurological control of speech involves analysis of motor, sensory, and cognitive information.
If I talk about motor programming or motor execution we are talking about the Frontal lobe, if I
talk about sensory analysis Parietal lobe. But can there be more participating lobes? Could the
occipital participate? Yes, it gives me sensitive visuospatial information.

Muscles involved in speech:

- orofacial

- lingual

- laryngeal

- respiratory

-pharyngeal

The performance of a task has sensory and motor components, this implies sensitive, sensory and
motor components, to plan a task I not only need sensory or motor information, but I also need
cognitive information, this tells me that the most likely that the frontal lobe, there is also
responsibility for the prefrontal areas. What happens there? Executive functions, memory,
behavior regulation, has 3 parts, and depending on that it will generate different types of
behaviors, depending on the precise area affected.

In cognitive, perception, attention and working memory (we can program motor patterns that
organize certain types of movements). From the motor point of view, procedural memory is the
most important.

There are two information processing models of normal motor behavior:

- Motor programming: commands that help execute a movement.

- Motor scheme: execution that is carried out thanks to all the extensive analysis that is
carried out of the environment, and the environment that surrounds the subject. Provides
sensory and spatial information to execute movement.

For example: if I have to drink a glass of water, the motor program will only tell me what I have to
do to drink the glass of water (I have to stretch my arm, open my fingers, etc etc), the scheme
motor will also add the distance, if there are objects around the glass, etc.
In the motor scheme, what type of information will I receive?

PARIETAL LOBE

In the program, what type of information will I receive?

FRONTAL LOBE

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Posterior parietal cortex: control of movement

LPD: spatial processing dominance

LPI: Spatio-temporal representations of certain learned actions. It has more connections with
prefrontal lobes and subcortical connections. That help cognitive processes that have to do, for
example, with working memory.

In both hemispheres there is a multimodal sensory integration, that is, connections come from
everywhere.

For example, all that is oculomotor coordination are connections that are generated at the level of
area 39, 40. For writing for example.

The functional system of normal speech

- Cerebral cortex: place where the entire motor process is generated (homunculus).
- Subcortical nuclei: involuntary commands
- Brain stem: automatic controls, respiratory control, swallowing.
- Cerebellum: spatial and fine movements, coordination, regulatory function.
- Spinal cord: information pathway, control of extremities, trunk.

Cerebral cortex:

From the motor point of view, we are going to talk about the motor cortex which is at the level of
the frontal lobe and parietal lobe, in the motor cortex originate the primary and secondary motor
areas that are important, which have to do with the execution of certain actions. motor skills and
planning. There are certain areas that have greater specificity.

Secondary motor cortex: receives all spatial information from other areas to then command good
motor execution. (frontal lobe).

Parietal cortex: visuo-motor activities, eye movements. To execute a movement I need sensory
information.

Frontal lobe: it is the largest of the four lobes, it has important motor and cognitive functions.

The pre-frontal cortex: commands motor commands that have much more cognitive information

The limbic system has to do with emotions, it has to do with motor execution, since the limbic
system regulates and may or may not interfere with the execution of some movements.

Base ganglia: regulate from the point of view of inhibiting certain motor actions.
1.-Brodman area 4: primary motor area: Grosser motor movements, which do not have much
planning, when only motor planning is developed in this place, without other analysis it is most
likely gross motor planning.

When I want to execute a finer movement, it is also done in area 4, but most likely information
comes from other places.

EXECUTE: with information that comes from around you.

RECEIVES INFERENCES: from the thalamus, pallidum, cerebellum.

GIVES EFERENCES: towards the brainstem and spinal cord.

Here is the representation of the HUMUNCULUS.

*area 44: drill bit area

2.- Supplementary or pre-motor motor area: this is where a motor action can be better planned,
because it is here where connections from other sides arrive, which give us information on how to
best execute a motor action, information comes from the lobe parietal, limbic system, basal
ganglia, etc. and thanks to this information I can regulate tone, direction, strength, etc.

It is a more complex system, since information comes from other areas 6,8,44, 45 (on some
occasions), it has to do with the organization, the sequence, here in this entire sector the
movement is planned.

RECEIVE INFERENCES: from the dorsomedian nucleus of the thalamus, the thalamus is a relay,
cognitive, motor and sensory center. Everything goes through the thalamus, so when there are
alterations in the thalamus the damage is generalized.

Drill area: Motor programming of the oral apparatus.

Area 8 has to do with oculomotor movement.

Area 6, supplementary motor area, has a lot of activity in general movements, tone, posture, etc.
Damage at this level would explain tonicity or hypertonia in subjects.

Area 19, conjugate deviation of the eyes to the opposite side.

Insula: it has an important mention because it is in the depth of the lateral structure of the frontal
operculum, the insula is below Brodman's area 44, it is not a sector that is superficial, it is more
inward, it is important because it has an important relationship with Motor PROGRAMMING, it is
no coincidence that it is below Brodman's area 44, this will allow us to understand some diagnoses
of dysarthria and apraxia of speech.

Subcortical nuclei

- Caudate
- Putamen
- pale globe
 - Substantia nigra* closely related to the nuclei (it is at the end of the caudate).

They are important because they have to do with the inhibition or activation of certain
movements, they regulate the activation or not of certain movement patterns, what happens here
is not voluntary but rather involuntary.

The basal ganglia are regulatory, they are located in the deep part of the brain, under the cortex.

The substantia nigra and the subthalamic nucleus are closely related to the basal ganglia, but they
are not basal ganglia, they work hand in hand with them through their neurotransmitters.

How is it organized?

Pale-putamen-caudate

Lenticular nucleus: globus pallidus + putamen

Striatum: globus pallidus+putamen+caudate.

What do the basal ganglia do? They modify movement, and as they modify it by regulating, either
activating movement or inhibiting a movement, they participate in tone, speed and posture. If I
have an individual with problems in movement speed, “bradykinesia,” slow executions. Thus I
have “akinesia” the subject has a lack of movement, muscle rigidity is associated with muscle tone,
there is also a subcortical lesion.

*Spasticity: resistance to movement (different from rigidity).

Rigidity is accompanied by bradykinesia. That is, difficulties in movement, and lack of fluidity in
them.

The tone is clear to me only by touch “there is muscle or there is no muscle”

Rigidity has to do with whether it is capable of moving or not moving. SUBCORTICAL

Hypotonia is due to denervation, and hypertonia is due to hyperstimulation.

All that has to do with the cortex, area 4, 6, supplementary motor cortex and somatosensory areas
that come from the parietal, show a preferential direction towards the putamen.

The basal ganglia are super associated with the prefrontal cortex. That is, the basal ganglia have
cognitive functions. As it has a direct connection with the prefrontal cortex, this justifies the
cognitive functions they perform. Attention, memory and executive functions.

The substantia nigra is a subcortical nucleus that is related to the basal ganglia, is connected to the
striatum and sends efferent fibers to the thalamic nuclei.

What are the functions?

They participate in the planning of synesthetic movements (muscle contraction-relaxation), this

synergy is due to the basal ganglia, an alteration causes difficulties in the speed of movement,
alterations in continuing or stopping movements, difficulties in muscle tone, development of
involuntary movements for example tremors, chorea, etc.
Athetosis: generally slow and wide involuntary movements

Dystonia: distorted postures, they are smaller, more specific muscle groups, it has a lot to do with
orofacial and neck muscles.

There are different types of tremors, at rest and in action.

The basal ganglia have regulatory functions, from the point of view of activation and inhibition of
movement.

In Parkinson's: they are rigid in advanced stages, beginning with bradykinesia and ending with
akinesia, tremor and cognitive problems.

Activation pathways

They explain why movements are inhibited or generated.

direct route

Indirect route