Cancer 16: A man before a square with a manuscript scroll before him

The word square d e s c e n d s f r o m t he I n d o E u r o p e a n ( IE ) r o o t k w e t e r w h i c h m e a n s f o u r.

1

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p a r o n y m s i n c l u d e fo u r , f o r t y , f o u r t e e n , qu a t r a i n , quaternary, cahier, cadre, q u a r r e l , qu a r r y , qu a d r a n t , q u a r a n t i n e , t e t r a d , a n d t h e s u f f i x e s qu a d r i - a n d t e t r a - . T h e w o r d m a n u s c ri p t d e s ce n d s f r o m t w o I E r o o t s m a n- 2 a n d s k r i b h , r e s p e c t i ve ly T h e f o r m e r m e a n s h a n d a n d a m o n g i t s p a r o n y m s a r e t h e w o r d s ma n a c l e , ma n a g e , m a n n e r , m a n u a l , ma i n t a in , ma n e u v e r , m a n i c u r e , m a n i f e st , m a n u r e , ma s t i f f , m a n i p u l a t e , m a n d a t e , co m ma n d , c o m m e n d , c o u n t e r m a n d, d e ma n d , a n d r e ma n d , a s w e l l a s t h e n a m e s E d m u n d a n d Ra y mo n d . 2 T h e l a t t e r r o o t m e a n s t o c u t , s e p a r a t e , si f t a n d i t s p a r o n y m s i n c l ud e s c r i b b l e , s c r ip t , s c r i b e , s cr i p t u r e , sh r i v e , d e s c r i be , s u b s c r i be , a n d s c a r i f y . 3 T h e w o r d s c r o l l i s d e s c e n d s f r o m t he I E r o o t s k r eu - w h i c h m e a n s t o c u t ; c u t t i n g t o o l. It s p a r o n y m s i n c l u d e s h r e w , s hr e w d , s cr e e d , s h r e d , s h r o u d , s c r o d ( a yo u n g co d o r h a d d o ck , e s p . o n e sp l it a n d b o n e d f o r c o o k in g ), s c r u t in y , i n s c r u t a b l e , a n d s cr o t u m. 4 T h e w o r d b e f o r e de s c e n d s f r o m t h e IE r o o t p e r - 1 w h i c h i s t he b a s e o f o v e r 1 2 0 w o r d s w i t h t he b a s i c me a n i n g o f f o r w a r d , t h r ou g h a s w e l l a s a w i d e r a n ge o f e x t e n d e d s e n s e s s u c h a s b e f o re , e a r l y , f i rs t , c hi e f, t o w a r d ,

1 2 3 4

Watkins, Watkins, Watkins, Watkins,

c. c. c. c.

(2000), (2000), (2000), (2000),

The The The The

American American American American

Heritage Heritage Heritage Heritage

Dictionary Dictionary Dictionary Dictionary

of of of of

Indo -European Indo-European Indo -European Indo -European 1

Roots, Roots, Roots, Roots,

pp.45-6 pp.51 pp. 79 pp.79

Starling Hunter 2011

a g a i n st , n e a r , a t , a r o u n d . 5 A m o n g i t s d e r i v a t i v e s a r e f o un d f o r t h , fr o m , f u r t h e r , p r e m i e r , p r i d e , p r i ma r y , p r i me , p r i n ce , p r in c i p l e , p r in c i p a l , p r i e st , p r o be , p r o o f , p r o u d , a n d p r o t o n . T H E M E S : T h e f i r st t h e m e c on c e r n s C U T T I N G . Re c a l l t h a t b o t h s k r eu - , t h e r o o t o f s c r ol l , a n d s k r i b h - , t h e r oo t o f s c r i p t , m e a n t o c u t . A s e c o n d t he m e c on ce r n s NU M BE R S , p a r t i c u l a r l y o n e a n d f o u r . R e c a l l t h a t t h e k e y w o r d s q u a re d e s c e n d s f r o m t he I E r o o t kw et w e r - w h i c h m e a n s f o u r w h i le t h e w o r d f i r s t i s a p a r o n y m o f b e f o r e . I n t e r e s t i n g l y , a n o t h e r p a r o n y m o f b ef o r e i s t he a d v e r b fo r t h . C l e a r l y i t i s a h om o n y m o f f o u r t h w h i c h i s a p a r on y m o f s q u a r e .

5 http://web.archive.org/web/20080211183126/www.bartleby.com/61/roots/ie395.html Starling Hunter 2011 2