GUAYAQUIL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS II

ISSUE:

Technical-economic study to create a plant producing backpacks based

on gigantograph canvases.

MEMBERS:

 MALAN CEPEDA JAIRO GEOVANNY

 DANIEL IGNACIO PEREZ BELTRAN
 KEVIN ROLANDO CADENA MORALES
 NARANJO ALCIVAR KEVIN JOSUE

TEACHER:

ING. POMBAR VALLEJOS PEDRO GALO

GROUP 4

6TH SEMESTER

FRONT PAGE
SCHOOL PERIOD

2017 – 2018
 INDEX
FRONT PAGE............................................................................................................................1
1 PROBLEM.............................................................................................................................1
2 BACKGROUND......................................................................................................................2
3 JUSTIFICATION......................................................................................................................3
4 GENERAL OBJECTIVE............................................................................................................5
5 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................5
6 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.................................................................................................5
6.1 Used materials..............................................................................................................5
6.2 Productive process.......................................................................................................6
6.3 Production process used by Totto................................................................................7
6.4 Machines and equipment used in production..............................................................8
7 METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................................11
Sample calculation................................................................................................................18
8 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................................7
 1 PROBLEM

The quality of backpacks today has decreased slightly, since many companies have
chosen to use slightly cheaper materials, thus they have also reduced manufacturing
costs, therefore quality is not the main objective, but more Well, they try to sell at lower
prices than normal, a clear example of that are the backpacks that the Chinese sell and
distribute in the sales centers of the country, these do not have good quality, with the
passage of time these backpacks can It may be the case that when placing a somewhat
heavy weight on them they suffer a defect, so much so that they can cause them to come
unstitched, as they are not made with resistant fabrics.

Another problem that occurs is that backpacks that have good quality often have a
somewhat exaggerated price, which makes it difficult for many students or parents to
purchase one for their children. A clear example is backpacks made by brands. As you
know, these are expensive but many times it is just because they have a supporting
brand, and we all know that this is not something that can surprise us since this is with
all the products sold on the market.

We must not leave aside the designs with which the backpacks are launched on the
market, many companies that manufacture them have sought to opt for very attractive
models and in others somewhat simple, this generates the need for new models with
fresh and eye-catching, which draws the attention of customers.

Finally, there are problems in which the raw materials used are petroleum derivatives,
and as we all know this is not a renewable source, that is part of the environmental
problem, therefore, it becomes a problem, perhaps not so big, but yes. This must be
taken into account, since they could be made with reusable raw materials, as is the case
of this project.
 2 BACKGROUND

The use of backpacks dates back to prehistoric times, where they were used to carry
heavy loads with them, due to the need they had to carry their belongings on their backs,
becoming specialized for mountaineering and military campaigns today.

Since the beginning, man has been in charge of being able to carry heavy loads on his
shoulders (since they support a better weight than his hands) from one place to another.
To make it easier they have used backpacks or bags, which over time They have been
developing either in size, mode of use, manufacturing materials, etc.

When using backpacks, according to studies, they make the belts that surround the hips
support a greater amount of weight, since they are stronger than the shoulders
themselves, significantly increasing their balance and agility.

Those who have contributed to their development have been the armies and wars,
especially since the 18th century, this, both in the materials that compose it, its shape
and the load capacities, all this due to the obligation they had to carry everything what is
essential to the conflict where they were involved.

Part of the raw material for the production of backpacks came from animals such as
sheep, sheep and rams, thus allowing the use not only of meat and milk, but also
especially of wool where fine white threads are obtained, browns, grays and blacks, all
of which contributed to improving flexibility and durability.

By the middle of the 20th century, after the relationship with the settlers and the
indigenous people with the influence of the church, new crafts and industrial elements
were brought, here the industrial fiber called MADEJA began to be included in
backpacks, with the feasibility that they offered of being able to combine all the colors
that were available, with an artistic touch that highlighted the ancestral figures of the
communities and towns.

Nowadays, one of the most used materials to make backpacks is cordura, a derivative of
polyamide, due to its weight and tear resistance ratio, with a final finish where a
coating, resin coating or polyurethane coating is applied. Some brands make their
superlight, high-capacity backpacks based on fabrics such as Kevlar, which is one of the
predominant materials today.
In the current century, backpacks have also undergone a radical change due to the
technological advances that have been developed, so much so that in some Spanish
classrooms they allow the replacement of several of the everyday materials used,
making the weight of the suitcases is lighter, which today has come to be called digital
backpacks, leaving behind those where children were seen with backpacks full of
notebooks and books.

Also today, not only have new fabrics been introduced to make backpacks, but new
functions have been introduced, such as making it easier to transport laptops,
smartphones and tablets, as well as great innovations such as introducing plugs for
charging. devices through internal batteries where many of them include small solar
panels, at the same time there are also companies where they have introduced speakers
and amplifiers to their backpacks, aimed at young music lovers.

3 JUSTIFICATION

The reasons that justify carrying out this project focused on this type of product are the
following:
The first aspect that this project will take into account will be the economic partner,
aiming at the well-being of a sector with limited economic resources.

The production of products with raw materials such as reused vinyl from gigantographs
will reduce costs in the production of backpacks for everyday use. The possibilities are
broader than the use of conventional raw materials due to the ecological factor that, with
the passage of time, It is becoming more accepted due to its sales costs, adding the fact
that governments place fewer restrictions on this type of initiatives with the aim of
encouraging the best use of resources.

At a productive level in the market there is still no wide offer that satisfies this demand
for products that have a good quality-price ratio, so at a competitive level there is an
acceptable margin of possibilities that can be exploited even more by using economical
advertising media. such as dissemination through social networks and online sales.

Given that the Ecuadorian online sales market is limited in relation to other countries,
this project would contribute to further developing said market without mentioning the
feedback of information obtained between buyers and the company both at the level of
economic advertising and the obtaining of necessary data. to improve the product and
the relationship with the customer.

Another of the strong points of the manufacture of backpacks through remaining scraps
of the printing of gigantographs is that the possibility of being able to reduce the
environmental impact that these waste could generate in the environment in which they
are discarded, giving the ability to attract attention of sectors interested in the ecosystem
willing to acquire this type of products, allowing us to locate ourselves in an industrial
sector little explored and exploited in our country.

In addition, there is the production time factor, which, by using complete scraps to
manufacture the backpacks, their manufacturing time is greatly reduced because it is not
necessary to produce them from scratch, giving the ability to save on direct and indirect
costs. , providing a fairly good profitability margin, making this project achievable and
sustainable.
 4 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

Determine the economic, technical and market viability to carry out the implementation
and installation of a suitcase production plant.

5 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

MARKET STUDY

 Determine the unmet demand for backpacks in the market

 Design a methodology that allows measuring the level of customer satisfaction

TECHNICAL STUDY

 Build or design a plant that allows the efficient production of backpacks

ECONOMIC STUDY

 Determine the cost or investment necessary to implement the respective plant

 Carry out an administrative study to establish legal standards necessary at the

time of establishing the plant, define administrative structure, procedures that
facilitate total administration and analysis of results of commercial activity.

6 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

6.1 Used materials.

Canvas.
Canvas is a very heavy product that is used for the manufacture of
many products and other functions where sturdiness is required.
Polypropylene.
Examples of products made of polypropylene: glasses, water bottles, bags, backpacks,
portable shoulder coolers.
Polypropylene feels like a wax paper towel when applied to textiles such as backpacks,
briefcases and tote bags. It is often used in coolers, tumblers and water bottles due to its
low heat transfer, meaning it is a great insulator. It is stress resistant, which means in
products like open and close lid, with the repeated opening and closing of its typical use
it will not wear out and as quickly as it could if made with another material. (Vinicio,
01)
Polyester
Some products made of polyester: briefcases, bags, visors, clothing,
caps, backpacks.
Polyester has a bad reputation for being the fabric of choice for tacky suits in the '70s,
but this material is actually an incredible asset for promotional products. Everything
from clothing to backpacks is made from this affordable, lightweight material. (Vinicio,
01)
Nylon
Products made of nylon: bags, backpacks, key chains, wallets, watch
straps . When it comes to strength, there is nothing like nylon. This
material was used for parachutes and ropes during World War II, so it is proven to be
strong and durable. Nylon is also well known for its ability to stretch without breaking
and return to its original shape. Ideal for products that are going to have very “busy”
use. (Vinicio, 01)

6.2 Productive process.

Production process for backpacks.

Product description
Measures: Pieces: 27
Height 58cm 11 denim 3 snaps
Width 38cm 8 lining
7 little eyes
1 lanyard
Fabrics:
Denim
Cover
Process1: Measurement and cutting process.

Production process where the cuts of the different pieces that will be used in the
manufacture of the backpack are made.
You need 20 cloths of 1.40m x 1.90m of denim
You need 20 cloths of 1.40m x 1.90m lining
A total of 53.2 m² of denim is used for this process, which has a value of
Process 2: Stitching

In this production process, seams will be made, with which we will join the different
pieces of the product. 12 different seams are carried out, which are done with industrial
sewing machines.
In this production process, 1,235.4m of polyester thread $427,522 are used. (20.59m x
backpack). (Carlitos, 2013)
Process 3: Details

In this production process the last details are added to the backpack.
The 7 eyelets are added to the top part of the backpack, then the 3 clasps are placed on
the lids with the pin placement machine and to finish, the rope is inserted inside the
eyelets. To make the 60 backpacks, 180 snaps ($9), 420 eyelets ($10) and 60 cords
($113) are used. (Carlitos, 2013)
Process 4: Quality control and assembly.

This production process is the last, in which the backpacks will be checked one by one
and it will be verified that they are in perfect condition to be packaged for subsequent
sale.
Plastic bags ($10) are used to pack each of the backpacks manufactured. (Carlitos,
2013)

6.3 Production process used by Totto

First phase
 Step1: Design of the suitcase.

The design of the suitcase is made on paper with all the measurements and details so
that the cooks have a clear idea of the design. (Capera, 2015)
  Step 2: Tarp Selection and Testing.

The canvas is selected according to the design and use of the backpack, once the canvas
is selected it is subjected to a series of tests, such as washing in a washing machine, 40
hours in ultraviolet light, and finally the canvas is rubbed to see if it does not it fades.
(Capera, 2015)

Second stage.
 Step 3: Molding.

The design is printed on paper with a special and very precise machine on the canvas.
 Step 4: Cutting moldings.

The already molded canvas is cut with an automatic machine, controlled by a computer
so that the cuts are perfect.
 Step 5: Small cuts.

In order to cut the smaller moldings of the backpack, a vertical cutter is used.
 Step 6: Stamp.

A machine is installed that is responsible for embroidering the side of the backpack
where you want to place the logo.
 Step7: Zipper.

The zippers on the backpacks are finished by hand and are taken from a machine in
charge of distributing the zipper.
 Step 8: Assembled.

The assembly of the backpack is done in different machines in charge of its part and
then it is cooked.
 Step 9: Packaging.

They go through the last review and then are assembled and distributed.
6.4 Machines and equipment used in production.

Industrial sewing machines classification of sewing machines

Sewing machines are classified by their construction, by the type of stitch, by their
speed, and application, by the tasks they perform, by brands and models, etc., but in
general we will divide them into family machines and workshop machines. or industrial.
Within this classification the best known are:
 Industrial Straight Machine

Of the industrial machines, this is the most common; With it, quality sewing is achieved
using straight, zigzag stitches or a combination of both that even allows you to make
decorative figures. (Clavel, 2012)

Its characteristics are: double straight stitching and 5,000 stitches per minute; 16 x 231
needle system, automatic return device, automatic lubrication, number of threads 1,
needle number 1, federal stitch 301. (Clavel, 2012)

Multiple links or overlock machine main parts

The industrial overlock sewing machine is one of the most

used in the clothing industry. This machine saves time, it
performs three steps at the same time: trimming, sewing and
overcasting. The Overlock Machine, Overlocker, or Filleting
Machine is a Machine capable of joining several layers of
fabric and performing complex Overcasting using 2, 3, 4 and up to 5 different Threads
(in some cases), cutting the excess Fabric at a time, and giving finishes. Perfect
professional polishes. All this at breakneck speeds. It will never replace the
Conventional Sewing Machine, but will complement it to create a great work team. The
Overlock Machine is perfect for working especially Knitwear and Elastic Fabrics.
Although its main function is to Overcast the edges of the Fabric, with it you can also
make Gathers, Ruffles, Ripples, Cords, Repulgos. (Clavel, 2012)

Eyelet Machine.
Buttonhole Machine The buttonhole machine also sews in a
zigzag pattern making a rectangular pattern to form the
buttonhole. At the end of the training sequence, a blade falls
and automatically makes the opening for the button.
There are buttonhole machines with straight buttonholes and others that produce tailor-
type buttonholes with an eye and a scalloped edge with a chain stitch. NEEDLE: 135x5.
There are several references according to the material 503, 50. Needle gauge from 110
to 125 depending on the material. (Clavel, 2012)

Emergency stop lever

This lever is used to stop the machine as soon as we detect any anomaly during sewing.
It is used in the following cases:

 When the needle breaks and we want to prevent the blade from lowering and
cutting the fabric.
 When there is an error in the thread color
 When the thread breaks.

Adjusting buttonhole stitches

To adjust the buttonhole stitches of the machine, you need the set of gears that come
with the machine and observe the following table. The greater the number of stitches,
the stronger and more attractive the buttonhole will be, only the machine cycle will take
longer. (Clavel, 2012)

Industrial Printer

B100 tabletop pad printing machine

The ICN-B100 is a dynamic single color pad printing machine

that offers a host of features and capabilities. This compact
desktop printer incorporates the patented VersaCup ink cup with its double-sided
ceramic ring and quick, tool-free setup for changing job programs.

Unlike most desktop printers that are built for short, single jobs and small shops, the
B100 was designed for long production runs and high workloads. This pad printing
machine is designed for objects with a maximum height of 4.25 inches, including the
fixing base. It has a robust tampon/pad compression capacity of 120lbs at 80 PSI. A
special lamp above the plate keeps the work area well illuminated; The variability of ink
changes and printing frequency gives the operator the ability to regulate the opacity of
their prints. (Loarteblogger, 2018)

Fabric cutter

This machine performs the fabric cutting operation, this operation is

decisive, once performed it is practically impossible to correct
serious errors. When making the cut, you can use conventional
scissors or cutting machines, among the latter there are: rotary blade
machines, which are suitable for straight cuts or with gradual curves.

The machine consists of a disc of 4 to 20cm in diameter that, when

rotated, performs the cutting. With this machine you can cut sheets of fabric with widths
of up to 40% of the diameter of the disc; straight blade machine, it is the most popular
machine in cutting rooms, it consists of a straight blade that makes the cut, used
correctly it is versatile and accurate; band cutting machine, this machine allows highly
accurate cuts due to the thinness of the band, finally there are computer-assisted
mechanisms that constitute the latest innovations in terms of cutting. (Loarteblogger,
2018)

7 METHODOLOGY

The methodology is the set of processes that are carried out in an orderly manner to
achieve an objective. With the use of an orderly and correct methodology, the
researcher obtains excellent results.

To carry out this project, the methodology to follow will be: Collect, record and
systematically analyze data related to the problem in the product market. The collection
of data from reliable sources such as INEC, Banco General del Ecuador, Empresa de
Manifestos de Ecuador; in addition to a survey carried out at stores in which these
backpacks are sold.

Survey. - The survey is a method in which a questionnaire is designed with clear and
precise questions that help determine the demand for the product (laptop backpack). The
questionnaire must be completed by the student based on the objectives they have.
Demand and supply projections obtained from secondary sources: INEC, Manifest
Company, Central Bank, to obtain an estimate of the company's flow of goods.
Area distribution: once you have located where the plant will be to manufacture the
backpack with the exact size of the land, prepare the plans of the type of distribution
that the factory will have, locating its respective areas.
Qualitative Method by points: This Method consists of defining the main determining
factors of a Location, to assign them weighted values of relative weight, according to
the Importance attributed to them. Then the city or place that has obtained the highest
score is selected.

Product definition.
The malaware line includes a very wide range of products of which there are sub-
classifications for each of them. Normally, they are grouped by the type of objects they
store, generating product lines within the suitcase market: there is, for example, the line
of backpacks that are used to store educational items in general and within it, the
segments appear. for each type of need that arises, having children's backpacks that
have designs for children as their main characteristic, the youth ones generally used in
the secondary section that are usually more resistant and have more space to house all
the implements that are required. that age, and university students who, in addition to
their functionality, seek to have greater visual appeal than the aforementioned.

School Line. - The school line includes backpacks in

general, they are considered backpacks with wheels,
children's designs, space to carry a laptop and other
characteristics of the branch.
Youth Line. - The youth line covers everything that is
backpacks and bags for young people or people in general who
want a more youthful look. In general, it will be aimed at young
people from schools and universities.
Vacation Line. - This line mainly includes bags used for vacations whose main
characteristic is that they are carried by hand despite the fact that there are
sizes from medium to large and that they do not have wheels to move them

Executive Line. - Accessories used by business class,

briefcases, briefcases, etc. are considered.

Analysis of the offer.

Threat of New Competitors
Currently, there is a high level of Asian immigration that enters the country with high
levels of capital to invest in all types of businesses including the malateria line, these
become large importers of merchandise at very low costs in which they primarily
sacrifice the quality of the products generating distrust in consumers and causing them
to classify the sectors selling the products and their prices as low quality.
Likewise, the increasing increase in merchandise smugglers across the borders,
especially from Peru, causes greater competition to be created among market
participants since when this merchandise enters without tariffs, sales prices to the public
are lower.
The backpack manufacturing and distribution project in the city of Guayaquil is focused
on allowing people who are looking to purchase a bag or backpack to obtain a standard
size that meets not only their individual and unique needs for use, adjusting to the
characteristics indicated individuals, but also allows them to express, without the need
to know sewing, cutting or design techniques or possess the necessary machinery, their
individuality and personal taste.

In this way, the target market has been considered to be the population of all ages, that
is, those who are starting their working life, older people or those who are studying at
universities or educational centers, which have a large number of needs of various
kinds. nature that creates the need for resistant and modern ecological type backpacks.
Thus, we can divide this market into three different groups that represent those
interested in obtaining this product, because their uses and requirements differ from
each other, in order to bring it to the market to anyone interested in backpacks that seek
to adjust to people's needs, providing comfort and demonstrating personality.
Additionally, we find the accessories, but these are intended to be complements to this
article, so it will not be analyzed as a division of the market on its own, but rather for
the target market in general. The group will be analyzed in its entirety, since the
characteristics of so many backpacks are similar, the more they differ in their uses, in
this way a plan is structured that allows satisfying the varieties on the market as a
general objective.

Analysis of demand
Currently, being able to have an online sales service is becoming a new market, to
which people in the city of Guayaquil are becoming accustomed. The majority of
purchases made through this means are made by people who have a medium and high
economic level, since in the majority of cases these are the ones who have the ease of
access in search of satisfying their needs to this half.
It should be noted that the reasons that sometimes prevent you from acquiring this type
of good and service are several, such as not having a credit card, and the risks that can
be run when making a purchase through this means, among other things, reasons for
which people who browse are not encouraged to make the purchase. In our country it is
still an emerging market that if promoted will achieve great results since there is an
unsatisfied demand for it, who seek to satisfy their needs with the little time they have
and also be able to obtain a product that identifies them and that is even designed by
themselves.

Demand quantification .
Population (Ecuador): 16,816,930
Population (guayas): 3,645,483
Population by sex:
Women (1,829,569)
Men (1,815,914)
Active economic population: 1,671,419
Sales number

On the other hand, it is important to note that the manufacturing of backpacks is part of
the country's Manufacturing Industry. In the last 11 years, this sector has maintained an
average participation of between 1% and 2% in total GDP, according to data from the
Central Bank of Ecuador. On the other hand, within the textile manufacturing industry,
its average participation is around 15.87% with respect to GDP.

Direct competition
When analyzing the rivalry between competitors, we can find several characteristics that
allow competitors to be classified as direct competitors and indirect competitors. We
will consider direct competition to be those stores dedicated to the marketing of
backpacks. Despite this purchasing and service method being very different from that
proposed in our project, this mechanism is the best known, most common and practiced
by the target market; In this way they will initially turn out to be our direct competitors.
Additionally, due to our added value, we must eliminate from direct competitors
informal sellers who provide this product at the lowest cost by not paying rent. Any
store that sells any fabric item listed above will be considered a competitor; But for the
current analysis we will mention those that usually provide this type of products on a
continuous basis and aimed at the same target market; Among these locations we can
highlight:
totto brand
Totto is the brand of the Colombian company Nalsani SA, which since 1987 has been in
the market with its lines of briefcases, clothing and accessories. This company is
considered one of the 400 most important in Colombia and is one of the most loved
brands by Colombians, generating a Top of Mind of more than 80%. Totto has been the
undisputed leader in its category since entering the market more than 20 years ago, with
practically no direct competitors and a series of indirect competitors whose core
business is sports footwear and consider briefcases within their accessory lines.

Nike brand
“If you have a body, you are an athlete” was the observation made by Nike co-founder
Bill Bowerman years ago when he explained that the human potential for sports has
unlimited possibilities. Nike is an American footwear, clothing and sports equipment
company with a presence in 160 countries, created in 1972. Its portfolio includes brands
such as Cole Haan, Converse Inc., Hurley International LLC, NIKE Golf and Umbro
Ltd. Through its distributors, shippers, retailers and other service providers, Nike
directly and indirectly employs nearly one million people.

Puma Brand
Puma is a German sports footwear, clothing and accessories company, founded in 1948,
with headquarters in Germany, Boston, London and Hong Kong. Its brands are Puma,
Cobra Golf and Tretorn. It has a presence in more than 120 countries and employs more
than 9,500 people. Puma's consolidated sales for fiscal year 2010 were €$2,706.4
million1

Adidas Brand
The Adidas group is a German sports footwear, clothing and accessories company with
more than 80 years in the market. Their products are in virtually every country in the
world. Its brands are Adidas, Reebok, Taylor Made, Rockport and CCM-Hockey, with
corporate offices in Germany, Massachusetts and California and a global subsidiary in
Hong Kong. It has 42,541 effective employees.
 Indirect competition
It should be noted that the direct competition group would include, as already noted,
professional seamstresses who eventually enter the business when it begins to develop,
but who due to little promotion have not generated a boom. Indirect competition is
given by the online sale of backpacks. We consider this sector as indirect due to the low
tendency of people to buy items through this means. Additionally, we must emphasize
that this type of purchase, although it does not involve search costs, does entail
transportation costs, and generally does not focus on fabric backpacks with the indicated
utilities, without also taking into account that, despite offering a large number of
designs, will not provide the opportunity to design and adapt them.

Analysis of strategic approach of bidders

The strategic approach of these companies is given by the focus of their businesses; While
Totto focuses its efforts on quality and emphasizes the concept of the urban traveler, the rest
of the companies focus on the world of athletes and the passion for sports. For its part, Nike's
vision is focused on itself, while those of Totto, Adidas and Puma are more focused on
generating well-being and benefits for its consumers and the market in general. Everyone
agrees on the importance of being leaders.

Sample calculation
2
N∗Z α∗p∗q
n= 2 2
e ∗( N −1 ) + Z α∗p∗q
Calculation of the sample size for the population of 1,300 students of the Faculty of
Industrial Engineering of the University of Guayaquil, with a confidence level of 98%
and a margin of error of 5%, where the probability of the event is unknown.

DATA
N=68000 Z=2.33 P=50% Q=50% E=0.03
2
1300∗2 ,33 ∗0 , 5∗0 , 5
n= 2 2
0 ,0 5 ∗( 1300−1 ) +2 , 33 ∗0 ,5∗0 , 5
N=384 people
 PROYECCIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN ECUATORIANA, POR AÑOS CALENDARIO, SEGÚN REGIONES, PROVINCIAS Y SEXO
PERÍODO 2010 - 2020
POBLACIÓN TOTAL DEL ÁREA URBANA
REGIONES Y AÑOS CALENDARIO
PROVINCIAS 2.010 2.011 2.012 2.013 2.014 2.015 2.016 2.017 2.018 2.019 2.020

TOTAL PAÍS 9.412.612 9.596.628 9.780.650 9.963.884 10.145.875 10.326.384 10.505.180 10.682.148 10.857.208 11.030.216 11.201.131

REGIÓN SIERRA 3.748.901 3.816.944 3.884.696 3.951.882 4.018.231 4.083.671 4.148.135 4.211.462 4.273.657 4.334.580 4.394.212

AZUAY 394.561 403.380 412.340 421.390 430.484 439.622 448.814 458.044 467.313 476.605 485.934
BOLÍVAR 53.838 55.125 56.457 57.822 59.218 60.649 62.113 63.604 65.129 66.702 68.289
CAÑAR 98.406 101.824 105.361 108.996 112.726 116.531 120.429 124.386 128.441 132.545 136.735
CARCHI 85.913 87.308 88.719 90.128 91.520 92.900 94.271 95.633 96.974 98.311 99.644
COTOPAXI 124.961 128.505 132.157 135.928 139.789 143.768 147.848 152.033 156.319 160.704 165.211
CHIMBORAZO 193.992 197.074 200.147 203.212 206.266 209.283 212.267 215.231 218.162 221.062 223.925
IMBABURA 217.407 221.906 226.471 231.076 235.703 240.368 245.067 249.763 254.477 259.188 263.907
LOJA 257.422 265.778 274.128 282.483 290.804 299.045 307.205 315.262 323.209 331.009 338.639
PICHINCHA 1.829.775 1.854.768 1.878.968 1.902.227 1.924.479 1.945.662 1.965.753 1.984.667 2.002.385 2.018.892 2.034.139
TUNGURAHUA 213.929 215.501 217.084 218.662 220.207 221.744 223.238 224.705 226.125 227.505 228.845
SANTO DOMINGO 278.697 285.775 292.864 299.958 307.035 314.099 321.130 328.134 335.123 342.057 348.944

REGIÓN COSTA 5.348.377 5.453.133 5.558.018 5.662.646 5.766.899 5.870.620 5.973.706 6.076.068 6.177.556 6.278.137 6.377.714

EL ORO 483.113 491.061 498.915 506.683 514.322 521.865 529.300 536.651 543.884 551.011 558.034
ESMERALDAS 270.215 284.030 298.087 312.280 326.579 340.875 355.114 369.222 383.170 396.885 410.312
GUAYAS 3.191.933 3.245.643 3.299.329 3.352.824 3.406.105 3.459.103 3.511.815 3.564.222 3.616.285 3.668.006 3.719.376
LOS RÍOS 429.280 438.723 448.205 457.698 467.183 476.676 486.151 495.630 505.070 514.498 523.897
MANABÍ 798.022 813.947 829.807 845.534 861.099 876.502 891.722 906.735 921.521 936.096 950.438
SANTA ELENA 175.814 179.729 183.675 187.627 191.611 195.599 199.604 203.608 207.626 211.641 215.657

REGIÓN AMAZÓNICA 293.870 304.798 315.996 327.406 338.995 350.774 362.656 374.698 386.836 399.012 411.247

MORONA SANTIAGO 51.392 52.911 54.427 55.949 57.472 58.983 60.486 61.990 63.501 64.991 66.475
NAPO 36.463 37.541 38.667 39.793 40.952 42.122 43.309 44.520 45.731 46.970 48.229
PASTAZA 38.029 39.209 40.404 41.619 42.866 44.142 45.420 46.721 48.051 49.389 50.738
ZAMORA CHINCHIPE 37.493 38.932 40.410 41.937 43.480 45.077 46.691 48.348 50.029 51.732 53.463
SUCUMBÍOS 74.826 77.304 79.848 82.435 85.069 87.737 90.455 93.209 96.005 98.836 101.708
ORELLANA 55.667 58.901 62.240 65.673 69.156 72.713 76.295 79.910 83.519 87.094 90.634

REGIÓN INSULAR 21.464 21.753 21.940 21.950 21.750 21.319 20.683 19.920 19.159 18.487 17.958

GALÁPAGOS 21.464 21.753 21.940 21.950 21.750 21.319 20.683 19.920 19.159 18.487 17.958

ZONAS NO DELIMITADAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 PROYECCIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN ECUATORIANA, POR AÑOS CALENDARIO, SEGÚN REGIONES, PROVINCIAS Y SEXO
PERÍODO 2010 - 2020
POBLACIÓN TOTAL DEL ÁREA RURAL
REGIONES Y AÑOS CALENDARIO
PROVINCIAS 2.010 2.011 2.012 2.013 2.014 2.015 2.016 2.017 2.018 2.019 2.020

TOTAL PAÍS 5.599.616 5.669.803 5.740.323 5.810.865 5.881.591 5.952.460 6.023.550 6.094.829 6.166.200 6.237.770 6.309.512

REGIÓN SIERRA 2.943.435 2.991.280 3.040.069 3.089.453 3.139.551 3.190.266 3.241.551 3.293.480 3.345.992 3.399.145 3.452.924

AZUAY 344.959 350.113 355.355 360.529 365.685 370.790 375.832 380.815 385.757 390.634 395.460
BOLÍVAR 137.793 138.564 139.262 139.886 140.428 140.884 141.231 141.490 141.642 141.682 141.644
CAÑAR 137.408 138.424 139.393 140.301 141.137 141.919 142.619 143.257 143.795 144.274 144.661
CARCHI 85.833 86.102 86.331 86.534 86.708 86.868 86.994 87.086 87.162 87.212 87.225
COTOPAXI 299.702 302.738 305.669 308.470 311.132 313.636 315.971 318.134 320.109 321.911 323.505
CHIMBORAZO 282.263 284.424 286.533 288.541 290.469 292.301 294.058 295.704 297.255 298.715 300.079
IMBABURA 196.250 198.013 199.752 201.467 203.165 204.807 206.409 207.974 209.480 210.941 212.350
LOJA 210.249 207.553 204.836 202.046 199.235 196.419 193.589 190.773 187.975 185.222 182.515
PICHINCHA 838.178 868.741 900.402 933.146 966.993 1.001.965 1.038.046 1.075.304 1.113.726 1.153.308 1.194.094
TUNGURAHUA 310.119 315.154 320.267 325.428 330.625 335.819 341.022 346.228 351.426 356.609 361.755
SANTO DOMINGO 100.681 101.454 102.269 103.105 103.974 104.858 105.780 106.715 107.665 108.637 109.636

REGIÓN COSTA 2.151.024 2.163.422 2.175.273 2.186.591 2.197.370 2.207.665 2.217.563 2.227.100 2.236.332 2.245.316 2.254.145

EL ORO 141.747 143.420 145.085 146.717 148.349 149.952 151.545 153.109 154.661 156.193 157.717
ESMERALDAS 281.497 277.575 273.295 268.730 263.904 258.902 253.792 248.629 243.456 238.342 233.342
GUAYAS 586.787 594.676 602.652 610.717 618.824 626.986 635.181 643.388 651.608 659.839 668.058
LOS RÍOS 376.234 378.953 381.574 384.069 386.439 388.664 390.761 392.721 394.562 396.272 397.866
MANABÍ 622.326 622.312 622.066 621.577 620.841 619.864 618.653 617.215 615.569 613.700 611.641
SANTA ELENA 142.433 146.486 150.601 154.781 159.013 163.297 167.631 172.038 176.476 180.970 185.521

REGIÓN AMAZÓNICA 466.983 475.731 484.289 492.618 500.727 508.611 516.340 523.849 531.180 538.394 545.452

MORONA SANTIAGO 101.771 104.640 107.521 110.396 113.250 116.091 118.920 121.738 124.527 127.310 130.060
NAPO 70.490 71.973 73.484 75.012 76.513 78.022 79.529 81.018 82.521 84.006 85.476
PASTAZA 48.441 49.844 51.295 52.754 54.227 55.713 57.235 58.773 60.314 61.881 63.464
ZAMORA CHINCHIPE 57.701 58.744 59.760 60.747 61.733 62.672 63.605 64.487 65.339 66.167 66.953
SUCUMBÍOS 106.461 108.768 111.048 113.324 115.587 117.849 120.077 122.290 124.478 126.645 128.795
ORELLANA 82.119 81.762 81.181 80.385 79.417 78.264 76.974 75.543 74.001 72.385 70.704

REGIÓN INSULAR 4.420 4.823 5.344 6.050 6.976 8.134 9.489 10.970 12.441 13.833 15.084

GALÁPAGOS 4.420 4.823 5.344 6.050 6.976 8.134 9.489 10.970 12.441 13.833 15.084

ZONAS NO DELIMITADAS 33.754 34.547 35.348 36.153 36.967 37.784 38.607 39.430 40.255 41.082 41.907
 Survey model.
Survey to determine preference for backpacks made of reusable materials
AIM:
Compile information on the degree of acceptance by people possibly willing to purchase
backpacks made from reused materials.
Mark with an x the option that seems most convenient to you in relation to your
preferences

1.- Are you aware of the new generation of backpacks with reusable materials that
are currently produced?
Nothing Little Much

2.- Would you buy that kind of backpacks with the characteristic that its raw
material comes from the reuse of other materials?
Yes maybe

3.- When selecting the backpack to buy, what do you pay most attention to?

 Price
 Well-known brand
 Backpack model with its characteristics
4.- What kind of backpacks do you buy?
 The cheapest: up to 15 dollars.
 Those that have an average price: from 15 to 35 dollars.
 The most expensive: $40 and up
5.- What price would you be willing to pay for ecological backpacks?

$8 $ 12 $ 20

6.- How many backpacks do you use per year?

One Two More

7.- Where do you buy the backpacks?

Malls

Known markets

Locations near your home

 Tabulation of results.
For the following tabulation, a sample of 184 people was taken and subsequently multiplied by
two to work with the sample previously taken.

1.- Are you aware of the new generation of backpacks with reusable materials that are
currently produced?

10; 5%
44; 24% NADA
POCO
130; 71% MUCHO

2.- Would you buy that kind of backpacks with the characteristic that its raw material
comes from the reuse of other materials?

62; 34%
80; 44% SI
NO
TAL VEZ
38; 21%

NOTE: Seeing that 21% of respondents said not to discard their data from the following questions .

3.- When selecting the backpack to buy, what do you pay most attention to?

PRECIO
60; 41% 56; 38%
MARCA
MODELO

30; 21%

4.- What kind of backpacks do you buy?

 21; 14%
55; 38% ECONOMICAS
PRECIO MEDIO
40 EN ADELANTE
70; 48%

5.- What price would you be willing to pay for ecological backpacks?

15; 10%
$8.00
49; 34% $12.00
82; 56%
$20.00

6.- How many backpacks do you use per year?

6; 4%
UNA
51; 35%
DOS
MÁS
89; 61%

7.- Where do you buy the backpacks?

15; 10%
43; 29%
CENTROS COMERCIALES
MERCADOS CONOCIDOS
LOCALES CERCA DE
88; 60% CASA
Approximate direct production costs
Product distribution.
The displacement technique will be used because the company is exclusively in charge of the
company's logistics, this is because it wants to do personalized after-sales follow-up to create
brand loyalty. Furthermore, the form of distribution will be exclusive because it will only be
sold through the Internet and in the company's offices. This is because the company has just
been formed and this option would be chosen due to costs.

Channel choice

Customer needs:
- Have a highly versatile tool.
- The need for some to help conserve the environment.
Goals
- Sales lots: per unit
- Waiting time: at the moment (purchase in offices), 1 to 2 days online purchases.
- Product variety: 1 single design (initially)
- Support: home delivery, product warranty.

Distribution channel designs:

 Considerations to take according to the law.
Weight which the backpack must have in accordance with the law, by the Ministry of
Education.
 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alexandra, P. O. (2014). Elaboracion de mochila . Guayquil : Universidad de Guayaquil .

Capera, C. E. (17 de 08 de 2015). prezi.com. Obtenido de

https://prezi.com/dfkvgc1jpsph/proceso-industrial-de-las-maletas-totto/

Carlitos, E. (13 de 12 de 2013). prezi.com. Obtenido de

https://prezi.com/oet7xnqaxfo3/procesos-productivos-de-una-mochila/

Clavel, P. (20 de Junio de 2012). scribd.com. Obtenido de

https://es.scribd.com/doc/97606454/Maquinas-Industriales-de-Costura

Loarteblogger. (12 de 05 de 2018). blogspot.com. Obtenido de

http://confeccionsenagcfc.blogspot.com/2012/03/cortadora-para-tela.html

Vinicio. (2011 de 07 de 01). blogspot.com. Obtenido de

http://tecnologiadelosplasticos.blogspot.com/2011/07/nylon.html