TRAINING IN OPERATIONS

OF WORKOVER
 PRODUCTION PROBLEMS
SUBSOIL AND EQUIPMENT PROBLEMS

Raid of
Sand
Water Paraffin
production Deposition

Organic and
Other combined inorganic inlays
problems

Problems with
team of Plugging by solids
Production
 MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS
OF THE PRODUCTION
Requires:

■ Extensive knowledge of the

deposits
■ Application of existing
technologies
■ Good planning, programming
and operational control
 PRODUCTION PROBLEMS
AN OIL WELL
Most common reasons for the decrease
in the desired production rate of a well:
• Low reservoir pressure
• Training impairment
• Low reservoir permeability

• Inadequate size of production equipment

• High oil viscosity
• Hole Restrictions and Formation Damage
 DAMAGES TO TRAINING

Damage (Skin): plugging of the inter-

communicating pore space of the rocks
that contain the hydrocarbons, due to
different causes

Reduction of rock permeability

 DAMAGES TO TRAINING

Potential damage formation during

operations of:

• Drilling and completion

• Subsequent production work, such as: gunning,
corrective cementing, sand cleaning,
stimulations
• Change of production mechanism
 DAMAGES TO TRAINING

The degree of severity of these damages

is mainly due to the following factors:
• Magnitude of overbalance pressure
• Drilling fluid filtration characteristics
• Contact time with fluid
• Solid particle size of the fluid
• Mineralogical composition of the rock
• Drilling fluid flow and pressure
 DAMAGES TO TRAINING
• In drilling operations, compaction of the
penetration area occurs and a reduction in the
permeability of the producing formation can occur.
Likewise, cargo cuttings or other debris are held in
place by the drilling mud and help reduce the
permeability of the formation face.

• Balanced undershooting is the most appropriate to

obtain an effective drilling system that is not
exposed to foreign fluids.
 DAMAGES TO TRAINING

• Damage caused by mud:

• Filter Invasion

• Salty filtering

• Sweet filtering

• Plugging by solids
 DAMAGES TO TRAINING

• Problems with cannonade

• Plugged: paraffin, cement, steel

• Gunshot Quality: penetration, density,
geometry
• Cannon better at 360º
• Deep cannonade: greater than 6”
• Partial penetration
 DAMAGES TO TRAINING

• Restoring formation damage is a difficult and

expensive activity that must be prevented.

• Damage impacts productivity and production

costs .
• Have knowledge of the potential formations
to suffer damage to carry out adequate
planning, execution and monitoring of the
work being carried out.
 DAMAGES TO TRAINING

The difference between formation

pressure and hydrostatic pressure is
known as “differential pressure.”
• Well “Balanced Bass”
• “Over balanced” well

The two main formation damages frequently

occur at the drilling stage by invasions of mud
filtrate and mud solids that alter permeability.
 DAMAGES TO TRAINING
• Low reservoir permeability may be a
natural condition but can be improved
with some hydraulic fracturing
techniques.

• Plugging by inorganic scale can occur in

the wells or directly in the formation and
is caused by the formation of calcium
carbonates, iron carbonates, and calcium
and barium sulfates.
 MOST COMMON TECHNIQUES FOR
IDENTIFY TRAINING DAMAGES

• Training Tests (DST)

• Resistivity logs
• Production history review
• Comparison with analogous wells
• Nodal systems analysis
• Production efficiency profile
• Production records
• Core analysis
 MOST COMMON TECHNIQUES FOR
IDENTIFY TRAINING DAMAGES
Training tests
The test called “DST” is generally done to
determine the hydrocarbon potential at the
beginning of the production stage of a well.

A “DST” shows the behavior of reservoir pressure

against time and can help interpret the possible
existence of “formation damage.”
 MOST COMMON TECHNIQUES FOR
IDENTIFY TRAINING DAMAGES
Resistivity logs
They are used to determine the degree of invasion of
the mud filtrate and give an idea of possible
formation damage.

Comparison with analogous wells

By analyzing the behavior of neighboring wells with
similar characteristics, it is also possible to establish
whether there is possible damage to the formation
and determine the actions to follow.
 MOST COMMON TECHNIQUES FOR
IDENTIFY TRAINING DAMAGES

Review of production rates

It consists of analyzing the history of the

productivity indices of a well in the different stages
of the productive life of a well to compare them with
the estimated productivity index, depending on the
type of production mechanism, reservoir depletion
and the characterization of the rocks. and the fluids
produced.
 MOST COMMON TECHNIQUES FOR
IDENTIFY TRAINING DAMAGES
Production history review

This system is useful to detect possible formation

damage.

It consists of analyzing the production decline

curves of the different wells, determining the sudden
variations in production that occur and analyzing
their possible causes.
 MOST COMMON TECHNIQUES FOR
IDENTIFY TRAINING DAMAGES
Pressure testing analyzes

a They are more effective techniques to determine

damage to the formation.

> The damage factor has three main causes: if the

damage is close to the well, if it is due to the flow of
fluids or if it is due to mechanical restrictions in the
wells.
 MOST COMMON TECHNIQUES FOR
IDENTIFY TRAINING DAMAGES

Core analyzes can give a better idea of the type and

size of damage present in a given producing rock.
 TOOLS OF
DIAGNOSIS

COLLECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF SAMPLES AND

ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION FROM LABORATORY

MECHANICAL STATISTICS REVISION

DIAGRAM PETROPHYSI
CS
INHIBITION: Treatment carried out to inhibit
carbonates in the formation (Scale).

FLUIDS INVOLVED:
• Preflush: Compound of 2% KCl Brine, WAW
5244X and AQ-40.

• Pill: Brine KCl and SCW-167.

• Overflush: 2% KCl brine and WAW5244X

FRACTURING: It is carried out to create fractures
that allow better communication between pore
spaces in a formation.

FLUIDS INVOLVED:

• Fracture Sands: Highly spherical sands.

• Brines: 8% KCl brine.

• Linear and non-linear gels: According to

the
ACID TREATMENT:

Treatments to dilute carbonate precipitates.

FLUIDS INVOLVED:

• Acids: FeAcid HCl, Organic acids (Acetic Acid,

Formic Acid).
• Crude: To carry out displacements of these acids.
• Brine: For travel.
• Neutralizers: Caustic Soda.
ORGANIC TREATMENT:

Treatments to dilute paraffins and asphalt.

FLUIDS INVOLVED:

• Xylene: In formulations according to net feet to be

treated (50/50 in Vol.)

• Diesel: In formulations according to net feet to be

treated.

• Surfactant: Hyflo-IV.
GRAVEL PACKER: Process to pack the well in order
to avoid sanding. (wells with high sand production).
Gravel and Scren liner are used.

FLUIDS INVOLVED:
• Gels: For packaging fluids.

• Gravel: Depending on the type of packaging.

• Brine: For circulation.

WELL CONTROL: Operations through which inflows
or overpressures are controlled (When the formation
pressure is greater than the pressure of the
hydrostatic column). THP and CHP wanted: 0 psi.
FLUIDS INVOLVED:
• Muds: Generally used for drilling operations, in
Workover the control fluids do not have such high
weights, and the muds are more expensive.
• Brines (KCl, CaCl): from 8.6 ppg to 9.8 ppg
• Formates: from 9.8 lpg to 11 lpg
• Carbothixal: for weights from 11 to 14 lpg
 CASING SCRAPERS
This tool is used in Workover to remove
obstructions from the internal walls of the casing,
and to calibrate it before lowering gaskets.

• The construction of the tool allows it to be worked

either with rotation or with reciprocation.

• Generally, it is run with the box facing down and if

desired, a drill bit is placed under it. For practical
reasons, it is generally recommended that you only
work by reciprocating it.
CASING SCRAPERS
 COATING TEST
CASING LEAK-OFF
These are done:

After having made collapse repairs with

Tapper mill where the Casing may have
broken.

In old wells there may be breaks due to

advanced corrosion.

Casing testing can be performed at isolated

intervals using a retainer and retrievable gasket.
• The method consists of sitting the
recoverable gasket as low as possible and
pressing it by pumping through the pipe
with pressures of 500 to 2000 Psi.

• Press for about 5 or 10 minutes and see if

the pressure is maintained or not. In that
same position without unseating the
gasket, but after releasing the pressure,
press on the annular ring to check the
interval above the recoverable gasket
upwards until the entire casing is checked
and all the broken ones are identified.
 LI-DAILEY DRILLING JARS
The name hammers (JARS) distinguishes the tool that
is used on the strings in order to accelerate the impact
or create impact on the string to strongly tension it.
This is used when the pipe is stuck, in fishing
operations.
Drilling Jars: the string can be used and rotated all the
time (drilling jars)
The Fishing Jars: used or lowered only with fishing
strings.
Two types are manufactured Hydraulic Mechanical. To
use them together, it is recommended to place the
mechanical one immediately below the hydraulic one
and together.
 BACK – OFF OPERATIONS

This name refers to the operation of

recovering pipes that have been stuck
between the well.

There are two ways to do it:

- Mechanical: Requires the operator's

experience and can be done in an open or
 BACK – OFF OPERATIONS

cased hole.
BACK – OFF OPERATIONS

- Conventional (string shot): It requires

the use of the wireline unit (truck), weight
bars, metal rods and explosive ropes
(prime-cord) to be carried out.
 PROCEDURE

• Locate the exact place where you will

perform the back-off. It will be the
union between any two pipes at a
depth.
• Prepare the number of prime-cord
strings you are going to use, usually
two or three strings, and tie them to
the metal rod.
 PROCEDURE
• Connect the metal rod to the CCL and this
to the cable (wireline).
• Lower the previous set between the pipes
that are between the well to the depth that
has already been defined; taking care to
place the center of the load in front of the
joint where you want to unscrew (using the
CCL).
• Set the number of counterclockwise turns
(torque) you will use to initiate the back-off.

• Generally 3/4 to 1 turns per 1000 feet is

used; if it were mechanical back-off.

• Place the pipe at normal weight.

• With the rotary tool or with wrenches, turn
the pipe to the left a number of turns equal
to that previously estimated, and maintain
said torque.

• Close the circuit in the truck with which the

ropes will explode at the bottom,
immediately noticing on the surface that
the torque has been released (the keys
have been released).
• If the wrenches were noticed to have
loosened, this indicates success and the
pipe was unscrewed correctly.

• If it was not noticed that the wrenches

loosened (the torque was maintained), it
will be necessary to repeat the operation
with more ropes or more initial torque.
• Many times and generally in drilling, this
operation requires transmitting torque all
the time, otherwise the torque will remain
in the first tubes above.

• This causes the pipe to not unscrew when

the explosion occurs and worse, in other
cases it unscrews where it is not desired.
 ILLUSTRATION EXAMPLE

Suppose the case of a back-off at 10,000 feet of a pipe

that weighs 220,000 Lbs; for which you can do the
following:

• 1. Maximum tension 300,000 Lbs

• 2. Minimum tension 250,000 Lbs
• 3. Number of strings 4 (prime - cord)
• 4. Number of turns (torque) 3/4 x 10 ≈ 7
 PROCESS
V Lower the ropes and cable to 10,000 feet (in front of
the Union).

V Tension up to 300,000 Lbs.

V Turn two turns counterclockwise and hold torque.

V Lower the pipe up to 250,000 Lbs.

V Lift up to 300,000 Lbs.

V Lower up to 250,000 Lbs.

{ Repeat until the torque loosens.

V Place another two turns to the left and transmit the
torque by tensioning and lowering the pipe in these
ranges until the torque loosens.

V Continue until you get the 7 designed turns.

V Close the circuit and make the explosion with which

the torque will be completely released.

V It should be clarified that back-off operations, the use

of too much load can damage the pipe joints.
Furthermore, when the torque is being transmitted,
the pipe should never be lowered to its normal
weight as it will unscrew easily and suddenly in an
unwanted location.
 INTERNAL CASING CUTTER
• The A-1 S type internal cutter is always used and is
used with the corresponding spider and elevator.
Cut the siding correctly and radially.
• The depth at which casing will be cut is established
in advance. This type of cutter reduces random
cutting problems and concentric facing problems.
• The tool has a greater variety of blade sizes than any
other tool.
• By placing the tool at depth, the blades expand
hydraulically by simple pump pressure.
• The string is rotated to do the cutting work.

• The blades are made of tungsten carbide and have

good durability.

• The procedure requires making all the cuts one after

the other, holding the casing with the spider and
safety clamps from the beginning, then going down
to fish with a spear and thus recovering traces of
casing already cut until everything is recovered.

The difference in cutting with this tool is the

uniformity in the cut, compared to cuts made with
explosives.
 • clays

• Filters
eme Matrix
acidizing
PRIORITIES OF A PROGRAM
RECONDITIONING

To define the priority of reconditioning work,

several logistical aspects must be taken into
account:

• Work duration time

• Additional barrels to recover
• Degree of Job Uncertainty
• Equipment availability and location
• Mobilization and transportation cost
PRIORITIES OF A PROGRAM
RECONDITIONING

EFFICIENCY FACTORS OF OVERHAUL

EQUIPMENT

The efficiency factor of

reconditioning equipment is
calculated from the ratio of the time
actually spent by the equipment over
the estimated time.

Efficiency = time spent/estimated time

TYPICAL SEQUENCE OF COMPLETION

1. Condition with scrapper, change water for oil.

2. Run Cement Evaluation Record (CBL)

3. Cannoning at independent or simultaneous

intervals, depending on the test requirements.

4. Successive fractures
TYPICAL SEQUENCE OF COMPLETION

5. Post-fracturing sand cleaning.

6. Swapping to unload the well.

7. Post-suabeo sand cleaning.

8. Final completion with indicated production

equipment.
 TYPICAL SEQUENCE OF COMPLETION

Identify the correct well and depths

Download the well until you die

Fill with good completion fluid

Install rod preventers

Remove rods and

pumps
Fill the well

Remove the Christmas tree and install

5
BOPS
 Take out the going to
5 7
string of
production wash
sand
Y
E
NO A
Lower with drill
bit and scraper
correct H
+ pipes
rabbited and It will
measure stimulate
s

was able to NO
arrive
thorou Possible collapse 10
ghly
With or
Fish.
the
drill?
Y
E
Take
A out scraper Cannon or cannon if
and/or
H
pipeline it is
s. necessary.

Lower scraper
1
and leave clean.
1
 Fracture
No Acidify

Lower pipes + gaskets + 12

Nipple to isolate the

Fracture

Drive in reverse
under the Let pressure relax
packaging, not to zero without
for on Backflow

Swavear Check the Kill the well.

the J index.
hole Take out string
ofjob.
Lower production string.
 Fill the well with Lower pipe with gasket and
12 a good fluid. nipple (isolated interval).

Soak if using
retarded. Acidify.

Drive in reverse. Swabear.

Kill again Put the well in

Well. production.
Calculate
Remove working pipe and J.
Packing.

Lower production string Install the tree

and
remove BOP of
S. Christmas.
Test subsurface pump on surface
(If it is mechanical
pumping).
Install rod preventer and lower
bomb.
Test the pump at 100
psi at the bottom.
Put the well into
production.
 Lower with toothed neck to the
7 bottom with connected and
measured pipe,
Washing in reverse or direct

Lower with scraper and drill

background, bit
to
check
collaps
e

Y N
Stick out e was able to o 10
neck a arrive
Thoroug
jagged.
h hly?

Lower liner shaved Lower with 1 y washpipe

and
Package with rava. touch bottom of
liner.

Drive in reverse from the bottom

Take out the washpipe.
of the liner and wash away
Lower
production string. Checkany
thesand.
packaging.
 Y
10 Lower print block Collapse e 30
?

N
o
Lower scraper fully Fishin
g
Y
Do casing test. e
50 Broken
casing

40

I continued
operations
 Get off with
Repair collapse with
Tapper Mill in progressive scraper to
diameter sizes. background.
Do squeezes and/or plugs.
30

40

Do injection and/or
dry test.
Go down with scraper and
drill bit, clean and dry.

Yeah

Are there broken ones? 40

No

I continued operations.
 THE DETAILED PROGRAM OF
COMPLETE INCLUDES:

• Reference to operational patterns

applicable to the operation

• Special considerations
• Compilation of lessons learned

• Detailed operational sequence

 THE DETAILED PROGRAM OF
COMPLETE INCLUDES:

• Procedures for specific operations

• Operations schedule
• Cost budget detail
 COMPLEMENTATION OPTIMIZATION

TIMES AND COSTS OF TESTING AND COMPLETIONS

LOW PRODUCTIVITY AND HIGH TRAINING DAMAGE

CLOGGING OF PCP PUMPS BY FRAC SAND

REACTION TIMES TO NON-PROGRAM STOPS

LOW PRODUCTIVITY DUE TO LOW P. DEFORMATION

ROD BREAKING
FLUIDS
WELL RECONDITIONING

WHAT TYPE OF COMPLETION FLUIDS DO

YOU USE?

WHAT CHARACTERISTICS SHOULD THEY

HAVE?

V ARE THEY COMPATIBLE WITH THE

TRAINING?
FLUIDS
WELL RECONDITIONING

Fluid that is circulated in a well during some

workover operations for pressure control,
cleaning, etc.
Fluid requirements:

• Fluid density: suitable for pressure control

• Compatibility with training. Do not cause damage to

the training
FLUIDS
WELL RECONDITIONING

• Economical, without causing damage

• Clean, free of solids

• Anticorrosive and stable over time

FLUIDS
WELL RECONDITIONING

TYPES OF FLUIDS

V Clean crude oil from the same field

V Salt water of appropriate density

V Conventional muds with water or petroleum

base
FLUIDS
WELL RECONDITIONING

Be careful when handling reconditioning

fluids

• Management in storage tanks

• Transport in tanks and tank cars

• Other sources of contamination

• Use of corrosion inhibitors

PLANNING OF OPERATIONS
RECONDITIONING

V Make work plan including Wire Line work, type of

equipment required, auxiliary equipment
V Plan based on well history and previous experience
V Selection and adaptation of equipment, personnel
and safety conditions
V External tools and equipment to be hired and costs
V Services required from other companies with
economic criteria
 FLUSHING
FLUSHING:
circulations that are carried out
in order to avoid removing the
string and intervening in the
well. They are generally carried
out in wells where there are
pumping strings stuck by sand,
scale, paraffin or asphalt.
Fluids involved:

• Injection water
• Xylene Pills - Diesel
• Raw
• acids
CLOGGING BY ASPHALTENES

Plugging by solids and asphaltenes

• Why are plugging solids produced?

• What are asphaltenes?

PLUGGING BY SOLIDS

Over time, the fluids drag fine particles

that are released from the cementing
material of the sands that contain the
hydrocarbons and affect the porosity and
permeability of the sands.
CLOGGING BY ASPHALTENES
• Another problem that may arise is plugging
due to the formation or precipitation of
asphaltenes in aromatic-based
hydrocarbons with an amorphous structure
that occur in the crude oil in the form of
colloidally dispersed particles, especially in
low API gravity crude oils.
• This problem can be solved by using
aromatic solvents to solubilize the
asphaltenes and remove them from the
formation.
WHAT ARE INCRUSTATIONS?

Scale is a compound resulting from the

crystallization and precipitation of
mineral ions present in the water
associated with oil reservoirs.
 WHAT ARE INCRUSTATIONS?
• The deposit of crusts on the walls of the well is
very common and affects productivity.

• These crusts can form due to thermodynamic

properties and the interactive relationships in the
different ions present in the water.

• The accumulation of calcium and iron carbonate

crusts and calcium and barium sulfates near
perforations can frequently occur in producing
wells.
REMOVAL OF INCAUSTATIONS

1. CHEMICAL REMOVAL

1. MECHANICAL REMOVAL
 WELL STIMULATION
stimulation to a series of
treatments that aim to eliminate
known as
damage to the formation and
restore the natural capacity of
the well, or, as the case may be,
increase it above its natural
value
STIMULATION TECHNIQUES
ACIDIFICATION WELLS
Its objective is to increase permeability by
dissolving materials that plug the formation.
Acidification methods

■ Matrix acidification
■ Acid fracturing
■ acid wash
Correct application of acidification techniques.
 STIMULATION TECHNIQUES
ACIDIFICATION WELLS
If the acid injection is carried out at rates and
pressures lower than those necessary to overcome
the mechanical resistance of the rock, the treatment
will be matrix; if it is exceeded, it will be a fracturing
treatment 4

M
cu

Rate, BPM
 STIMULATION METHODS

STEP I

Mobility
Damage Factor
Height / thickness of
the area of Interest
Reservoir Pressure
Existence of Barriers
Cement conditions
Existence of contact
Water - Oil TEMPERATURE
ACID FRACTING
SOLUBILITY TO HCl
YOUNG'S MODULE IN
SITU STRESSES
NATURAL FRACTURES FRACTURING
SAND PRODUCTION - HYDRAULIC
FINES
 TYPES OF ACIDS USED

• Mineral acids: hydrochloric,

hydrofluoric

• Organic acids: formic, acetic

• Powdered acids: sulfamic,

chloroacetic

• Hybrid acid mixtures

 Additives for acids

• Corrosion inhibitors
• Surfactants
• Gelatinizing agents
• Divergent agents

Selection of the type of acid treatment

 NON-REACTIVE STIMULATION
In this type of stimulation, surfactants with diverse
properties are mostly used:

Ensure the rock is wet by water

Break W/O emulsions (High Molecular Weight
nonionic surfactants)
• Prevent organic precipitation “Sludge” (Alkyl
Phenols and alkyl ethoxylated ammoniums)
• Fine particle dispersants
 DESIGN OF THE
TREATMENT
In practice, the treatment stages are
calculated considering the displacement
volume and the penetration radius, which
should not be less than 3 feet.
V = 7.48 { onh (rs 2 - rw 2 )}
Where: V = 23.5 h
• (1-Sw) rs 2
V = Volume to penetrate (Gal)
^ = Porosity (fraction)
Sw = Water saturation
h = Net oil sand or cannoned thickness
(feet)
rs = Desired penetration (ft)
rw = hole radius (ft)
 BASIC OPERATIONS
FRACTURING

• It is a technique to stimulate production

• What does it consist of?
• Characteristics of fracturing fluids
• Forcing with Sand and Oil (FAP)
 BASIC OPERATIONS
FRACTURING

Well stimulation in a fracturing operation is

done by injecting a fracturing fluid injected
at high pressure into the area to be
stimulated to induce natural fractures that
improve the permeability and, therefore,
the productivity of the well.
 BASIC OPERATIONS
FRACTURING

Characteristics of fracturing fluids

• The composition of the fracture fluid (liquid phase

+ additives + supporting solids) is of special
importance in the success of the treatment.

• Fluids: water with friction reducer, gelatinous

water, super gels, polyemulsions, viscous oil

• Fracturing fluids must have the following

characteristics or properties:
 BASIC OPERATIONS
FRACTURING

• Fluid loss control

• Low tubular friction loss
• High load capacity of solid material
• Low formation permeability damage
• Low cost. Safe and easy to handle
 BASIC OPERATIONS
FRACTURING

TYPES OF FLUID FOR FRACTURING

• Water-based fluids: water alone, water

with friction reducers, viscosified water,
supergels

• Care should be taken not to use in

formations containing clays that may
swell upon contact with water.
 BASIC OPERATIONS
FRACTURING

TYPES OF FLUID FOR FRACTURING

• Polyemulsions: they are fluids made by

emulsifying petroleum and treated water.
It can be cheaper than gelled water

• Viscous and viscosified oils: very useful

in water-sensitive formations
CONCLUSIONS AND ACTION PLAN
TO IMPROVE PRODUCTION

• In light of this seminar, analyze and

formulate your own action plan on
problems encountered or situations that
are arising in your work.

• What are your main production

problems that you have or that you think
may arise in your work?
CONCLUSIONS AND ACTION PLAN
TO IMPROVE PRODUCTION

• What is being done to resolve them?

• In the workshop did you find ideas or help

that you can apply in your work? Which is
it?
• What action plan do you propose to avoid,
correct or minimize possible training
damage?
 QUESTIONS

CONCERNS

SUGGESTIONS
WELL SERVICE OPERATIONS
SOME USED PRODUCTION STRINGS
AND TUBULAR ELEMENTS
• TYPICAL ROD STRING (Mechanical pumping)
Subsoil pump + ¾” Rods + 7/8” Rods + 1” Rods
• PRODUCTION STRING FOR MECHANICAL PUMPING
2 7/8 “plug + 2 7/8” tube + Gas anchor (slotted tube)
+ Nipple + 2 7/8” tubes
• LIFT GAS STRING
Bell tube or short slotted tube + Gasket (can be G
model) + Nipple + 2 7/8” tube + Mandrel for Gas Lift
+ 8 2 7/8” tubes + Mandrel + 2 7/8” pipe
 ESP SERVICE

ESP: Pumping System through which crude oil is

extracted by the action of pumps driven by
electricity, for high potential wells.
COMMON FAULTS:
• Stuck pumps: This happens when the pumps suck
in a large amount of fine particles, which causes
sticking, wear in the stages and, consequently,
damage to the equipment.
• Broken Pipe: Due to corrosion, abrasion, fluid is
lost and there is no pumping action.
• Electrical Damage: Caused by overvoltage,
damage to the motor, power cable, etc.
b. MECHANICAL: Lifting system by which crude oil is
extracted by means of piston pumps. They are divided
into 2 types: Tubing Pumps (THC), Insert Pumps
(RWAC, RWBC).
COMMON FAULTS:
• Stuck pumps: This happens when the pumps suck
in a large amount of fine particles, which causes piston
sticking.
• Broken Pipe: Due to corrosion, abrasion, fluid is lost
and there is no pumping action.
• Broken Rods and/or Smooth Bar: Caused by
compression and tension efforts.
• Valve Problems (Travelling, Fixed): Due to wear, due
to gas blockage.
 PCP SERVICE
b. PCP (pump cavitates progressive): Lifting system
through which crude oil is extracted by means of
progressive cavity pumps.
COMMON FAULTS:
• Stuck pumps: Occurs when the string rotor does not
rotate freely, increasing the torque.
• Broken Pipe: Due to corrosion, abrasion, fluid is lost
and there is no pumping action.
• Broken Rods and/or Smooth Bar: Caused by
compression and tension efforts, rotation (over
torques).
• Stator Problems: Due to wear, due to sand.
ABANDONMENT: operation by which cement plugs are
pumped to permanently or temporarily isolate a well or
area.

FLUIDS INVOLVED:

• Cement: For plugs.

• Mud: Used as a mattress fluid.

• Fresh water: Mixture of additives.

 ABANDONMENT OF A WELL

Plate:
Well Identification Completion
Fluid Cement
Plugs
Coordinates Date, etc.
 THANK YOU

AND SUCCESS IN YOUR

MANAGEMENT
fernandobecerra@epm.net.co