EBS수능특강 영어 전체범위

EBS 수능특강 영어
변형문제 875제 1회
25년도 대비 ebs수능특강 영어지문을 기반으로 한

영어 변형문제입니다.
1
[2025수능특강(영어) 1강 1번] [2025수능특강(영어) 1강 2번]
1 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 2 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A),
We hope all is well with you and your family. At (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
last, spring is in the air, and that means summer I am James Franklin, principal of Grandview High
can't be far behind. For the past several years we School. Each year we provide engaging events to
have taken much pleasure in sharing our cottage on bring our school's community together. This year,
Mirror Pond with you and some of our other close we are trying to have a chess tournament. We think
friends. This year, though, I'm afraid we must do that it will create a healthy competitive atmosphere
things a bit differently. The expense of maintaining and help students make new friends. And some of
the house has gone up quite a bit, and the students in our school chess club are showing
____________________. We already have very promising results and are aiming to participate
several leads from people who are considering in the City Chess Tournament. They are practicing
taking the cottage for most or all of the summer. We hard for the tournament. However, due to our
hope you understand. And if we end up with some school's budgetary constraints, we had to cut back
unbooked time in the fall, we'll let you know. on school supplies. To offer our students the best
education possible, we need the supplies to keep our
① we already sold our cottage in this spring chess club running. We would like to ask that you
② we have decided to rent you our cottage for free help us continue the chess club by donating money.
③ for at least the coming summer we have decided to If you contribute to our school, you'll be a hero to the
put the cottage on the market as a rental property students who are pursuing their dream of becoming
④ from this summer we have a plan to get more rental chess players.
* budgetary: 예산상의
fee in order to make up for financial status

⑤ we were offered to sell our house and move to the
The principal is appealing for ____(A)____ for
cottage in order to save money from the property
[정답] ③ the operation of the school club, as Grandview
[해설] Highschool is struggling with a ____(B)____ of
여름에 별장 임차를 고려하고 있는 사람들이 있다는 것으로 보아 아직 별장을 판 것은
아니며 부동산에 내놓은 상태인 것을 알 수 있다. 금액에 대한 내용은 언급되지 않았으 budget.
므로 별장을 무료로 빌려주거나 비싼 가격에 빌려주겠다는 내용은 확인 할 수 없으며,
별장이 아니라 집에 관한 내용도 언급되지 않아 확인 할 수 없다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는
③ ‘for at least the coming summer we have decided to put the cottage on the
(A) (B)
market as a rental property(우리는 적어도 이번 여름에는 별장을 임대 부동산으로 시 ① donations lack
장에 내놓기로 했거든)’이 가장 적절하다.
① 우리는 이번 봄에 벌써 별장을 팔아버렸거든
② donations abundant
② 우리는 너희에게 별장을 무료로 빌려주기로 했거든 ③ donations abundant
④ 우리는 재정 상태를 보완하기 위해 이번 여름부터 대여료를 올릴 계획이거든
⑤ 부동산으로부터 돈을 아끼기위해 집을 팔고 별장으로 이사갈 것을 제안받았거든
④ joining lack
⑤ joining sufficient
[정답] ①
[해설]
→ 교장은 Grandview Highschool이 예산 부족으로 어려움을 겪고 있으니, 교내 동아
리 운영을 위한 기부를 호소하고 있다.
학교 내 동아리 운영을 위해 기부를 요청하는 내용이다.그러므로 ① (A)에는 ‘기부’를
뜻하는 donations가, (B)에는 ‘부족’를 뜻하는 lack이 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요
약할 수 있다.
② 기부 … 풍부한
③ 기부 … 풍부한
④ 가입… 부족
⑤ 가입… 충분한
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3 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? 4 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A),
I am writing to you about an issue with my recent (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
mobile phone order. I ordered a silver model, but I If you ask your administrative employees, they
was sent a black one. However, I decided to use it will probably agree that copier maintenance is
anyway. Nevertheless, I could not save numbers in critical to a successful office. Our research shows
it, and the battery would not even last a day on a full that the typical business will use copy equipment
charge. When I contacted customer service, the about six months before repairing or replacing it.
representative asked me to return the phone and Historically, when you have needed service, the only
promised to send a replacement. That was two option has been to call a repairperson at a very high
weeks ago, and I still have not received the new cost. Fortunately, there is now a service that can
phone. I would highly appreciate it if you could send extend the life of your copier and save your company
me the replacement phone — in silver and with a thousands of dollars during the next year. Lake
healthy battery — as soon as possible. I look forward Paperworx specializes in copier maintenance,
to your prompt action on my request. successfully serving business and legal firms
throughout the United States. We can significantly
① Inquiry About Mobile Phone Order reduce your maintenance costs and your downtime.
② The Guide Line to Change Your Order The enclosed brochure outlines our services. If you
③ How to Return Mobile Phone with Wrong Color? are interested in using our services, please call me
④ Urgent Request Concerning Mobile Phone directly at 920-4848-1212.
Replacement Service 
⑤ Question about Tracking Number of Mobile Phone Offices can save money and ____(A)____ by
Order using service provided by a copy machine company
[정답] ④ every ____(B)____.
[해설]
자신이 주문한 것과 색상이 다르고 배터리도 불량인 제품이 발송되어 교환을 요청했
으나, 이주가 지난 후에도 제품이 도착하지 않아 빠른 처리를 요구하는 내용이다. 그러 (A) (B)
므로 제목으로는 ④ ‘ Urgent Request Concerning Mobile Phone Replacement
Service.(휴대 전화 교환 서비스에 관한 신속한 요청)‘이 가장 적절하다.
① work six months
① 휴대 전화 주문에 대한 문의 ② work year
② 주문 수정에 관한 지침
③ 잘못된 색상의 휴대 전화를 반품하는 법
③ time six months
⑤ 휴대 전화 주문의 운송장 번호에 관한 질문 ④ time year
⑤ paper year
[정답] ③
[해설]
→ 사무실은 복사기 회사가 6개월마다 제공해주는 서비스를 이용함으로써 시간과 비
용을 줄일 수 있다.
조사에 따르면 일반 기업은 복사기를 6개월 정도 문제 없이 사용할 수 있는데, 이후 문
제가 생겼을 시 복사기 회사의 서비스를 이용하여 저렴한 가격에 빨리 수리를 할 수 있
다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ③(A)에는 ’시간‘을 뜻하는 time이, (B)에는 ’6개월‘을 뜻하는
six months가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 일 … 6개월
② 일 … 1년
④ 시간… 1년
⑤ 종이… 1년
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5 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? 6 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Olivia pulled a piece of bright yellow silk from the Mr. Garcia walked to his closet and pulled a
display. In her free hand she held a sample of beaded trumpet out of its case. He blew into it, you know,
lace and tried to imagine the sound it would make ① like he was clearing it all out. He ran his fingers
whispering around her ankles as she danced. Now along the valves and played a scale. And then he said,
that the war was over, there would be a lot of "Okay, Zach, ready?" And then he started playing. I
dancing. Anticipation ② bubbled in her chest. She'd mean the guy could play. He played this really soft
meet a real gentleman this season, and who knew? and beautiful song. I never knew a trumpet could
Maybe she would get married. "May I help you?" A whisper. I kept looking at his fingers. I wanted him
shopkeeper stood beside her. "I ③ would like five to keep playing forever. It was better than any of the
yards of this silk and a roll of this lace," Olivia said. poems he'd read to us in class. It was like the whole
"I'm very sorry, miss. They are already ④ reserved." loud world had gone really, really quiet and there
What a letdown! No other fabric would make her as was nothing but this one song, this one sweet and
beautiful as the yellow silk, and no other pearls ⑤ gentle and brilliant song that was as soft as a breeze
would have made such a charming whisper. With a blowing through the leaves of a tree. The world just
sigh, she returned the items to the display. disappeared. I wanted to live in that stillness forever.
I wanted to clap. And then, I just didn't know what to
[정답] ⑤ would have made를 would make로 바꿔야 적절하다. do or what to say.
① the difficulty of playing the trumpet

② an impressive appreciation of Garcia's trumpet
performance
③ the spectacular technique of trumpet performance
④ the reason why Garcia plays trumpet in the closet
⑤ performance of the trumpet in beautiful scenery
[정답] ②
[해설]
화자는 조용한 세상에 노래 한 곡만 남은 것 같다고 말하고 있다. 그러므로 주제로는
② ’an impressive appreciation of Garcia's trumpet performance(인상적인 Garcia의
트럼펫 연주에 대한 감상)‘이 가장 적절하다.
① 트럼펫 연주의 어려움
③ 트럼펫 연주의 화려한 기교
④ 벽장에서 트럼펫을 연습하는 이유
⑤ 아름다운 풍경속에서 듣는 트럼펫 연주
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7 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은? 8 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
A very large warrior approached and stood in front "I think everyone is here now! Shall we all sit
of Benny. The warrior took him by the arm, and down?" Everyone was more than happy to cooperate
Benny was convinced that he was going to be and soon the whole group was settled in their chairs
punished. around the long dining room table, passing dishes
filled with Charlotte's cooking. Soon, everyone had a
(A) The chief continued, "I heard what you did for us. full plate and conversation buzzed around the table
Your kindness makes me say welcome. Welcome between bites. Charlotte took a careful bite of her
to Life Island." Tears of relief poured down stuffing and found that the seasonings had all
Benny's face. blended together beautifully to create a flavorful
(B) He introduced himself as Allani, meaning experience. She relaxed a bit more as she sampled
"Highest Chief," and surprisingly enough, he the dishes on her plate and found that everything
spoke in the English language. He told Benny, "I tasted good. Or, at least, she thought so. She just
have decided that we are not going to punish you. hoped everyone else felt the same way. As if reading
We do not punish good men, so you can relax.“ her mind, Addison leaned over to her. "Everything
tastes so delicious," she said quietly, patting her
(C) He shivered with fear while being dragged. The
belly and indicating her already half-eaten plate.
warrior brought Benny to an open area of the
“___________________________” Charlotte
village. There sat an old man. He seemed to be
replied with a laugh, "There's no judgment,
incredibly respected by all of the warriors.
*shiver: (몸을) 떨다
especially on Thanksgiving!"
* pat: (가볍게) 두드리다, 쓰다듬다
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

① Can I take out some leftovers?
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
② I am so full that I can’t eat anymore.
③ What ingredients are in this seasoning?
④ Could you prepare these foods for next
Thanksgiving?
⑤ You're going to have to roll me out of here when all
is said and done.
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
Charlotte가 추수감사절에 만든 음식을 손님들이 맛있게 먹고 있는 상황으로,
Charlotte가 마음껏 먹어도 된다고 대답했으므로 빈칸에는 지금 음식을 더 먹겠다는
내용의 대화가 들어가야 한다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ⑤ ‘You're going to have to roll
me out of here when all is said and done.(결국 날 굴려서 여기 밖으로 데리고 나가야
할 거예요.)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 남은 음식을 좀 포장해가도 될까요?
② 너무 배불러서 더 이상 못 먹겠어요.
③이 양념에는 어떤 재료들이 들어갔나요?
④ 내년 추수감사절에도 이 음식들을 먹을 수 있나요?
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9 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 10 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
One of the biggest misconceptions about creativity 지 않은 것은?
is that _____________________________. Sometimes it is hard to know the right thing to do
While this may be true in pure sciences, in most for the planet. What sounds good may not ①
commercial contexts, or even in day-to-day living, it necessarily be so. Rooftop solar panels, for example,
is never that one silver bullet that does the magic. It are one of the most expensive and least effective
is, in fact, a series of seemingly simple ideas that ways to help the environment. Buying local food can
counts. The key is to have enough ideas that solve actually ② decrease water pollution and waste.
specific parts of the overall problem, and then the According to research from the Danish and UK
thorny task looks very much tenable. Since creativity governments, plastic grocery bags may actually be
comes from combining concepts in an unusual better than cotton bags for the climate and for water.
fashion, and since it is exceedingly difficult to trace You may ③ disagree with all or some of those claims,
the origins of ideas, you are better off generating as and you may be right. It depends on your individual
many ideas as possible with the hope that some of circumstances. If you live in Phoenix, Arizona, for
them would click. That is what great scientists and example, solar panels could be a smart choice. Using
artists do. As the author Walter Isaacson notes, ‘The your own cotton bags ④ continuously and without
sparks come from ideas rubbing against each other exception for shopping for several years is probably
rather than as bolts out of the blue.’ better for the environment than the alternatives.
* thorny: 골치 아픈, 까다로운 ** tenable: 참아 낼 수 있는 Each of these choices depends on ⑤ personal
circumstances and behavior. The best solutions for
① the IQ should be high the environment are personal.
② it is only for a few geniuses
③ it appears suddenly like magic [정답] ② decrease를 increase와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
④ a series of ideas are created through interaction

⑤ it takes a brilliant idea to solve a complex problem
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
문제를 해결하는 데는 하나의 기발한 아이디어보다 단순해 보이는 일련의 아이디어들
이 더 도움이 된다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸에는 ⑤ ‘it takes a brilliant idea to solve
a complex problem(복잡한 문제를 해결하는 데 한 개의 기발한 아이디어가 필요하
다.)’가 가장 적절하다.
① IQ가 높아야 한다
② 소수의 천재에게만 허락된다
③ 마법처럼 갑자기 나타난다
④일련의 아이디어가 상호작용하며 탄생한다
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11 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), 12 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? When you think, you are using your imagination
Consider people with disabilities. Often they are to create an image or picture in your mind of an
judged using criteria of competence that are biased event rather than the real thing.
in favor of nondisabled people. Compare, for
example, an average blind person with an average
(A) The reason things 'seem so bad' is because your
sighted person. Who will be more competent in
mind is able to recreate past events, and preview
walking from one place to another? You might think
upcoming events, almost as though they were
that the sighted person will be more competent
happening right in front of you, at that moment
because the sighted person can see where he or she is
even though they're not. To make matters worse,
going, but this is using an unfair criterion. If you
your mind can add additional drama to any event,
think about competence based on the fairer criterion
thereby making that event seem even worse than
of who can best walk with the eyes closed, then the
it really is, or was, or will be.
blind person will definitely be more competent. Such
(B) Similarly, if you are thinking about how bad your
knowledge about people who are blind and, by
marriage is, you are considering it in your mind.
extension, other socially marginalized people, can
It's all in your imagination. You are literally
make us appreciate them and celebrate their unique
'making up' your relationship. The thoughts you
abilities as they really are, rather than discriminate
are having about your relationship are just
against, pity, or patronize them for some
thoughts. This is why the old saying, 'Things
incompetence that does not exist except as a figment
aren't as bad as they seem' is almost always true.
of our traditional, prejudiced imaginations.
* marginalize: 소외시키다 ** patronize: 깔보는 듯한 태도로 대하다
(C) If you are driving home from a football match,
*** figment: 꾸며낸 것 reviewing the game in your mind, you are merely
 imagining what the game was like. The game is no
People with disabilities are evaluated by longer real; it's now only in your mind, in your
____(A)____ biased standards, however, we memory. It was real once, but not any longer.
should treat people with disabilities without
prejudice by ____(B)____ standards. ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
(A) (B)
① favorably biased
② favorably unfair
③ favorably fair
④ unfavorably unfair
⑤ unfavorably fair
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
→장애가 있는 사람은 불리하게 편향된 기준으로 평가받고 있다. 하지만 우리는 공정
한 기준에 의해 편견없이 장애가 있는 사람을 대해야 한다.
비장애인에게 유리한 기준으로 장애인을 판단하는 것은 잘못되었으며 그들을 차별하
지 않고 있는 그대로 바라봐야한다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤ (A)에는 ‘불리하게’를 뜻
하는 unfavorably이, (B)에는 ‘공정한’을 뜻하는 fair가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘
요약할 수 있다.
① 유리하게 … 편향된
② 유리하게 … 불공정한
③ 유리하게 … 공정한
④ 불리하게 … 불공정한
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13 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? 14 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A),
Most people don't equate silence with (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
appreciation. People whose work is always good still The quality of news is difficult to measure because
need to hear it from you occasionally. Let them ① there are no agreed-upon standards that satisfy
know you've noticed they are meeting their goals. everyone's definition of high quality. The term
Acknowledgement and appreciation create a quality generally refers to any attribute, service, or
supportive work environment and keep motivation performance that is highly valued within a group or a
alive. Make your appreciation specific and positive community. Defining quality is thus
by noting ② that was done well and why it matters. context-dependent, field-specific, and subject to
This makes people feel good and it also ensures ③ individual preferences and tastes. It is important to
that the behaviour you identify is repeated. So, don't note, however, that compared to other cultural
just say, "That was great!" Say, "That was great products such as music and paintings, journalistic
because ..." Both teams and individuals need content is unique because it has a strong civic and
positive, specific information about their democratic component. The idea of the press as the
accomplishments. Use your imagination: post "fourth estate" stems from the expectation that
graphs ④ showing what the team has achieved: high-quality journalism promotes democratic ideals
mark the achievement of major milestones or goals by playing the role of a watchdog, providing a public
by bringing in sandwiches for lunch for everyone to forum, and serving as a reliable information
share or putting up balloons; send thank you notes. provider. Therefore, when discussing news quality,
When you ignore success, people think it doesn't normative aspects cannot be overemphasized.
* normative: 규범적인
matter and stop ⑤ trying.

[정답] ② that을 what으로 바꿔야 적절하다. The quality of the news is difficult to
____(A)____, but it can be judged from a
normative aspect, focusing on the strong civic and
____(B)____ elements.
(A) (B)
① consider political
② consider democratic
③ measure political
④ judge political
⑤ judge democratic
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
→뉴스의 질은 판단하기 어렵지만, 시민적이고 민주적인 요소가 강하다는 것에 집중
하여 규범적인 측면으로 판단할 수 있다.
뉴스와 같은 저널리즘 콘텐츠는 다른 문화적 산물과 비교하여 시민적이고 민주적인
요소가 강해서 특별히 질을 정의할 수 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤ (A)에는 ‘판단하
다’를 뜻하는 judge가, (B)에는 ‘민주적인’을 뜻하는 democratic이 들어가야 글의 내용
을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 고려하다 … 정치적인
② 고려하다 … 민주적인
③ 측정하다 … 정치적인
④ 판단하다 … 정치적인
8
15 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 17 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
지 않은 것은? There are no black-and-white issues in life. No
One thing that managers have to keep in mind is categorical answers. Everything is a subject for
that they should mend fences after any fight. endless debate and compromise. This is one of the
Opponents are not necessarily enemies. An core principles of our current society. Because that
opponent ① disagrees with you on the issue, of core principle is wrong, the society ends up causing a
course, but enemies are ones with whom you also lot of problems when it comes to sustainability.
have a ② positive relationship. That makes it There are some issues that are black and white.
personal. You can often work with opponents and There are indeed planetary and societal boundaries
strategize toward mutually ③ successful outcomes, that must not be crossed. For instance, we think our
but enemies are far more difficult and consequently societies can be a little bit more or a little bit less
far more dangerous. Try to keep ④ opponents from sustainable. But in the long run you cannot be a little
becoming enemies, and work to turn enemies into bit sustainable — either you are sustainable or you
mere opponents. Find points of agreement, and find are unsustainable. It is like walking on thin ice —
ways you can legitimately support those who were either it carries your weight, or it does not, Either
your opponents. The subject of the fight will ⑤ you make it to the shore, or you fall into the deep,
eventually recede, but you still need the dark, cold waters, And if that should happen to us,
relationships. there will not be any nearby planet coming to our
* legitimately 정당하게 ** recede (기억이) 희미해지다
rescue. We are completely on our own.
* categorical: 단정적인
[정답] ② positive를 negative와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
① Criticism of Balck-and-White Logic

② The need for Discussion and Compromise
[2025수능특강(영어) 4강 4번]
16 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절 ③ The Characteristics of Sustainable Discussion
한 곳은? ④ Exceptionality in the Discussion of Sustainability
We extract resources from the world around us, ⑤ A Variety of Sustainable Development for the Earth
[정답] ④
consume them as products we eat or use, and then
[해설]
dump the waste back into the Earth. 흑백논리는 지양되어야 하는 것이 맞지만 사회의 지속가능성에 대해서는 비교적 명확
한 답이 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는④ ‘Exceptionality in the Discussion of
Sustainability(지속가능성에 관한 논의의 예외성)’이 가장 적절하다.
Political decisions and management decisions ① 흑백논리에 관한 비판
② 토의와 타협의 필요성
about how much of any given species can be
③ 지속가능한 토의의 특성
harvested are often based on the amount of money ④ 지속가능성에 관한 논의의 예외성
there is to be made. Profit leads to economic growth, ⑤지구를 위한 다양한 지속 가능한 발전
which is the goal of many politicians and business

leaders. ( ① ) But the problem with seeking
continuous economic growth is that our economy is
not separate from our environment. ( ② )
Everything in our economy comes from our
environment. ( ③ ) Our Earth is a finite ecosystem,
which means there is only so much that we can take
from the natural world to feed our economy, and
only so much waste that the Earth can absorb, before
natural processes stop functioning properly. ( ④ )
The constant effort to extract more and more
resources is actually an ecological impossibility over
the long term. ( ⑤ ) Our survival depends on
learning to live within the limits of ecosystems.
글의
흐름상
③에
들어가는
것이
자연스럽다
.
9
18 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), 19 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? The notion of a "circular economy" — ① in which
The modern corporation as a child of laissez-faire materials circulate continuously, being used and
economics and of the market society is based on a reused time and time again — is an appealing vision.
creed whose greatest weakness is the inability to see However, it is crucial to highlight just ② how far we
the need for status and function of the individual in are from that goal at present. Although most textiles
society. In the philosophy of the market society there are entirely recyclable, 73 percent of waste clothing
is no other social criterion than economic reward. was incinerated or went to landfills globally in 2015.
Henry Maine's famous epigram that the course of Just 12 percent ③ recycled into low-value textile
modern history has been from status to contract applications such as mattress stuffing and less than 1
neatly summarizes the belief of the nineteenth percent was recycled back into clothing. Some would
century, that social status and function should be question how realistic the idea of "closing the loop"
exclusively the result of economic advancement. can be: the complexity of the fashion system means
This emphasis was the result of a rebellion against a ④ that there are multiple opportunities for
concept of society which defined human position materials to "leak" from the reuse cycle.
exclusively in terms of politically determined status, Furthermore, it must be noted that fiber recycling is
and which thus denied equality of opportunity. But not without its own environmental footprint. Even
the rebellion went too far. In order to establish the reuse of secondhand clothing ⑤ has
justice it denied meaning and fulfillment to those implications in terms of resource use and waste,
who cannot advance — that is, to the majority — particularly if items are transported over long
instead of realizing that the good society must give distances, dry cleaned, and repackaged.
both justice and status. * textile: 직물 ** incinerate: 소각하다
* laissez-faire: 자우방임의 ** creed: 신조, 신념
*** epigram: 경구(警句) [정답] ③ recycled를 was recycled로 바꿔야 적절하다.

Modern market society is biased towards
____(A)___ rewards, depriving those who are
economically unsuccessful of meaning and
____(B)____.
(A) (B)
① economic defeat
② economic defeat
③ economic accomplishment
④ political accomplishment
⑤ political accomplishment
[정답] ③
[해설]
→현대 시장 사회는 경제적 보상에 치우쳐져 있으며, 경제적으로 성공하지 못한 사람
들에게 의미와 성취감을 박탈하고 있다.
현대 기업이 사회적 지위와 기능보다 경제적 보상에 중점을 두고 있는 것을 비판하고
있으며, 경제적 성공과 사회적 정의와 지위 사이의 균형이 필요하다는 내용이다. 그러
므로 ③ (A)에는 ‘경제적’을 뜻하는 economic이, (B)에는 ‘성취감’을 뜻하는
accomplishment가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 경제적 … 실패감
② 경제적 … 실패감
④ 정치적… 성취감
⑤ 정치적… 성취감
10
20 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 21 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절
지 않은 것은? 한 곳은?
When anticipating the effects of time, we should Because teachers are required to emphasize
mentally forecast what they are likely to be; we uninspiring workbooks and drills, more and more
should not practically stop them from happening, by students are developing negative feelings about
demanding the ① prolonged performance of mathematics, science, history, grammar, and
promises which time alone can fulfill. The man who writing.
makes his demand will find out that there is no
worse or stricter usurer than Time: and that, if you There are disturbing changes underway in today's
compel Time to give money in ② advance, you will school systems. ( ① ) Funding is frequently tied to
have to pay a rate of interest much higher than any scores achieved on standardized tests, which
usurer would require. It is possible, for instance, to primarily evaluate rote memory. ( ② ) Teaching
make a tree burst forth into leaf, blossom, or even "to" tests like these inevitably focuses resources and
bear fruit within a few days, by the ③ application of curriculum on the lower-scoring students. ( ③ )
unslaked lime and artificial heat: but after that the The pressure to bring up test scores for these
tree will wither away. So a young man may abuse his struggling students limits time for the kinds of
strength — It may be only for a few weeks — by trying individualized learning that challenges all students
to do at nineteen what he could easily ④ manage at to reach their highest potential, and teachers have
thirty, and Time may give him the loan for which he less opportunity to encourage creative thinking and
asks; but the interest he will have to pay comes out of incorporate hands-on activities. ( ④ ) When
the ⑤ strength of his later years; indeed, it is part of education is not enriched by exploration, discovery,
his very life itself. problem solving, and creative thinking, students are
*usurer: 고리대금업자 ** unslaked lime: 생석회(生石灰) not truly engaged in their own learning. ( ⑤ )
*** wither away: 시들어 죽다
Opportunities to authentically learn and retain
[정답] ① prolonged를 immediate와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.

knowledge are being replaced by instruction that
teaches "to the tests."
* rote memory: 기계적 암기 ** authentically: 진정으로
글의 흐름상 ⑤에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.
11
22 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), 23 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Often ideological principles crystallize in laws,
For many years, it was indeed widely believed that rules, and institutions that threaten to block deals.
the adult brain was essentially 'set', with all the Nationalism requires that all resources belong to the
neurons and major connections we'd need. Sure, we state and that no one else may own them. Islamic
learn new things and update our understanding of fundamentalism prohibits interest payments on
things all the time, meaning new connections are loans. Egyptian socialism demands that workers
regularly being formed and turned over in networks participate both in the management and the profits
governing learning and memory. But in terms of of an enterprise. Each of these principles can be an
overall physical structure and major connections, obstacle to deal making in particular cases. Yet, with
the stuff that makes us 'what we are', the adult brain some creativity, it is possible to structure a deal in
was long thought to be 'done'. However, in recent such a way that the ideological principle is respected
years there's been a steady stream of evidence but business goes forward. For example, worker
revealing that the adult brain can change and adapt, participation in management need not mean a seat
even create new neurons, and experiences can still on the company's board of directors, but simply an
reshape the brain, even as we head into our twilight advisory committee that meets regularly with an
years. Consider the taxi driver study, where constant officer of the company. And a petroleum
driving and navigation of chaotic London streets development contract could be written in such a way
leads to increased hippocampus size, revealing the that the ownership of oil is transferred not when the
adult brain structure is somewhat malleable. oil is in the ground but at the point that it leaves the
* hippocampus: (대뇌 측두엽의) 해마 ** malleable: 적응성 있는
flange of the well.

* crystallize: 구체화되다 ** flange: (철관 끝의) 테두리
Contrary to the previous belief that the adult brain
____(A)____ growing, new evidence of brain ① Religious Beliefs Help to Get the Oil
____(B)____ is being revealed. ② A Freedom of The First Importance : Worker's
Belief
(A) (B) ③ The Nation And Company Exclude The Worker’s
① stops weakness Ideology
② stops incompleteness ④ A Shift in Ideas About Rules Can Take Both
③ accelerate growth Business And Ideology
④ slows down essence ⑤ Countries Whose Business Performances Vary
⑤ slows down completeness Depending on Their Own Ideology
[정답] ② [정답] ④
[해설] [해설]
→ 성인의 뇌는 성장을 멈춘다는 그동안의 믿음과 달리, 뇌의 미완성에 대한 새로운 증 이념적 원칙이 거래 성사에 걸림돌이 될 때, 창의력을 발휘하여 두 가지 모두 놓치지
거가 밝혀지고 있다. 않을 수 있다는 내용을 설명하고 있다. 따라서 제목은 ④ ‘A Shift in Ideas About Rules
성인의 뇌가 완성된 것으로 여겨지던 기존의 믿음과 달리 새롭게 변화할 수 있다는 사 Can Take Both Business And Ideology(규칙에 대한 발상의 전환은 사업과 이념을 모
실을 설명하는 내용이다. 두 챙길 수 있다)’가 가장 적절하다.
그러므로 ② (A)에는 ‘멈추다’을 뜻하는 stops가, (B)에는 ‘미완성’을 뜻하는 ① 종교적인 신념은 석유를 얻는데 도움이 된다
incompleteness가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다. ② 가장 중요한 자유: 노동자의 신념
① 멈추다 … 약점 ③ 국가와 기업이 노동자의 이념을 배제하다
③ 가속하다 … 성장 ⑤ 고유한 이념에 따라 사업 성과가 달라지는 국가들
④ 늦추다 … 본질
⑤ 늦추다 … 완전함
12
24 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? 26 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
The unquestioned assumption that any and all Throughout history, human imagination has been
scientific knowledge — and associated technology — a double-edged sword. On one hand, it pushes new
contributes to sustainability ① deriving from faith in discoveries, but for every newly established
the importance of objective knowledge for solving scientific fact, there are often multiple incorrect
global problems. Scientists obtain power and hypotheses, which must be corrected along the way
become the priests of our era to the extent ② that or risk becoming myths.
they provide a special form of knowledge that can be
used to do such wonderful things. And we often (A) For example, even though the humors have been
consider that the final test of scientific knowledge: discredited for centuries, some still believe in the
we can do things with its results, such as ③ applying myth that blood types (blood being one of the four
it to reverse the decline of an endangered species. humors) can determine personalities.
Regardless, we know now that the linear view of the (B) A quick internet search finds more than five
relation between science and social outcomes is million websites related to this topic, meaning
flawed. Science may allow us to do things, but we can this myth is slow to die.
assess ④ its contribution to sustainability only by
(C) Thomas Edison is credited with saying: "I have not
incorporating broader contextual and
failed, I've just found 10,000 ways that won't
socioecological questions. We typically think of
work," implying that error is part of invention.
sustainability as ⑤ doing something out there in the
Unfortunately, if errors or partial truths get
world, when in fact we may need to first reassess the
circulated long enough, they can lead to a false
way we are setting the problem.
echo chamber of repetition and suggest "truth"
where none exists.
[정답] ① deriving을 derives로 바꿔야 적절하다.
* echo chamber: 메아리 방
** humor: 체액(인간의 기질을 정한다고 생각되었던 4가지 액)
25 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
지 않은 것은? ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
According to research from the University of ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
Arizona's Bureau of Applied Research in
Anthropology, the average household ends up
wasting an average of 14 percent of its grocery
spending by throwing away ① unused or spoiled
food. Even worse, 15 percent of that waste includes
products that were never opened and were still
within their ② expiration date! (This statistic really
makes me cringe - why not just set dollar bills on fire
while we're at it?) The study also found that a family
of four ends up ③ throwing away an average of $590
of perishable groceries per year, such as meat,
produce, dairy, and grain products. You can save an
average of $50 per month by ④ accepting
overbuying perishable foods. Check your supplies
before shopping and ⑤ estimate the exact amount
you'll need to buy for the next week. This is also a
good time to throw away outdated leftovers, make
sure perishable items are in view, and use up good
leftovers for that day's meals.
* cringe: (겁이 나서) 움찔하다 ** perishable: 상하기 쉬운
[정답] ④ accepting을 avoding과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
13
27 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), 28 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? When Galileo rolled the balls down the inclined
Ideally, when we make art or engage in any plane, he didn't merely look and see what happened.
creative activity by ourselves, we recognize its value He very carefully measured the distance traveled
and make time and space for it in our lives. The and the time it took to travel that distance. From
boom in coloring books and coloring pages in the these measurements, he calculated the speed of
past few years is one such example. It takes away the travel. What he came up with was a mathematical
challenging part of visual art-making and skills and equation relating numerical quantities. We can
provides us with a level of challenge that is relatively imagine that when he observed the moons of
easy and manageable. Our studies with cancer Jupiter, he didn't merely see some spots at various
patients and caregivers showed that solitary different places from night to night: he kept track of
activities like coloring helped in meditative and where the spots were, compared their positions from
reflective ways by taking us to a space of distraction night to night, and perhaps did some calculations
away from everyday concerns. Such activities do not intended to compute what path they were traveling,
necessarily help us resolve our problems; rather, to find out that their change in apparent position
they provide a time to rest and a way to focus our was consistent with their being bodies moving
attention elsewhere until such time as we can around Jupiter. Similarly, in my hypothetical bird
address them directly. When we make art by experiment I imagined myself as a budding junior
ourselves, it can help us self-regulate; feel a sense of scientist weighing the stuff I put into the cage and
mastery, control, and agency over our lives; and calculating percentages by weight of what was eaten.
engage in reflective, validating, contemplative, or It's obvious: numbers are important to science.
meditative practices. Scientists measure and calculate: they don't just
* meditative: 명상의 ** contemplative: 사색하는
observe.

____(A)____ artistic activities can help people
① the reputation of Galileo as a mathematician
take a break from the ____(B)____ of life and
② the harmony made of both precise observation and
achieve self-improvement.
imagination
③ the mathematical insight into measuring method
(A) (B)
of position of planets
① Challenging boredom
④ the relationship between measurement tools and
② Challenging inefficiency
mathematical formula
③ Interesting difficulty
⑤ the importance of measurement and calculation in
④ Professional disease
science, not mere observation
⑤ Professional challenge [정답] ⑤
[정답] ③ [해설]
[해설] 과학에서 단순 관찰 외에도 수학적인 측정과 계산이 중요하다는 내용이다. 따라서 주
→ 흥미로운 예술활동들은 사람들이 삶의 고난에서 잠시 떠나 자기발전을 이루는데 제는 ⑤ ‘the importance of measurement and calculation in science, not mere
도움을 줄 수 있다. observation(단순 관찰이 아닌 측정과 계산이 과학에서 갖는 중요성)’가 가장 적절하
혼자 해낼 수 있는 창의적인 활동을 하며 시간을 보내는 것이 문제해결에 간접적인 도 다.
움이 될 수 있다는 내용이다. ① 갈릴레오의 수학자로서의 명성
그러므로 ③ (A)에는 ‘흥미로운’을 뜻하는 interesting이, (B)에는 ‘고난’을 뜻하는 ② 정밀한 관찰과 상상력이 만들어내는 조화
difficulty가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다. ③ 천체의 위치 측정 방법에서의 수학적 통찰
① 도전적인 … 지루함 ④ 측정 도구와 수학적 공식의 관계
② 도전적인 … 비효율성
④ 전문적인 … 질병
⑤ 전문적인 … 도전
14
Gladys West is an American mathematician. She The Mayan ball game was a very important part of
was born in rural Virginia in 1930. She grew up on Mayan culture. The ball games were played either by
her family’s small farm and ① dreamed of getting a 2 players or by 2 teams of players.
good education. She worked hard and received a
scholarship to Virginia State College (now Virginia (A) For protection, players wore hard leather gloves,
State University), a historically black university. In elbow and knee pads, masks, and belts that were
1956 she was hired as a mathematician at the naval made of wood or stone. Although not all
base in Dahlgren, Virginia. She was the second black historians agree, some think the rules did not
woman ② to hire at the base and was one of only allow players to touch the ball with their hands or
four black employees. There, West made significant feet.
contributions to the applied mathematics ③ that (B) They used only their elbows, hips, and knees to hit
deals with the measurement of the Earth’s size, the ball, and had to keep the ball from touching
shape, and gravitational field. West and her team the ground. Spectators from all classes liked to
created a model that allows the GPS system ④ to watch and bet on the games.
make accurate calculations of any location on Earth.
(C) The object of the game was to put a ball through
West retired from the base in 1998 at the age of 68
one of the stone rings while stopping the other
but ⑤ continued her education. She later completed
team from putting the ball through the other
a PhD in Public Administration at Virginia Tech by
stone ring. The ball was a little larger than a
distance-learning.
basketball and was made of solid rubber.
* gravitational field: (지구의) 중력장
[정답] ② to hire를 to be hired로 바꿔야 적절하다. ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
지 않은 것은?
Fado means “fate” in Portuguese, but is also the
name of a form of music ① originating in Lisbon. It is
usually performed by one singer, accompanied by
dual guitarras (mandolin-shaped 12-string guitars)
and a viola (Spanish guitar). Fado lyrics ②
frequently focus on the hard realities of daily life, or
the trials of love. Fado is also linked with the notion
of saudade, which is a longing for something ③
possible to attain. Fadistas, as fado singers are
known, often wear a black shawl of mourning,
although songs can also be upbeat. Since the 19th
century, fado has been performed in bars and clubs
in working-class districts of Lisbon. It ④ flourished
during the Salazar years, before falling out of favour
after the 1974 Revolution. In recent times, the genre
has been ⑤ revived and a new generation of
musicians and singers can be heard in casas de fado,
around Lisbon.
* lyrics: 가사 ** mourning: 애도
[정답] ③ possible을 impossible과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
15
32 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 33 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Lysippus was the most prominent, prolific and A good way to make human-machine interaction
longest-lived of the great 4th-century BC sculptors. more natural would be to develop a better metaphor.
He was active, reportedly making 1,500 works, all of A computer metaphor is a familiar object or activity
them in bronze. Considered the most accomplished that your computer imitates with its commands,
artist of his age, Lysippus suitably became Alexander display arrangements, and behavior. The two main
the Great’s favourite — in fact, court-sculptor. The metaphors we have today are the desktop and the
world-conqueror allowed almost no one else to browser. In the desktop metaphor, the display
sculpt him. Lysippus went on to make portraits screen mimics a typical desk; information is kept
busts of many of Alexander’s warring successors, inside folders, which can be opened, closed, and
such as Cassander and Seleucus I. A native of Sicyon slipped into other folders. With Web browsing, the
in the Peloponnese, Lysippus ran a workshop of metaphor is downtown window shopping; you gaze
almost industrial size that was continued after his at various "storefronts," see one you like, and (click)
death by his sons. Ancient writers such as Pliny you enter. Inside, there are more options to browse,
relate that Lysippus invented an entirely new canon, you choose another, and again you enter. Like a
or mathematically calculated ideal beauty, linguistic metaphor, the power of a good computer
__________ that of Polyclitus. metaphor is that it makes a new system you don't
* prolific: 다작의 ** bust: 흉상 *** canon: 규범 know behave like an old "system" with which you are
familiar. This lets you use the new system and get
① often losing useful results out of it easily, since you don't have to
② even wasting struggle learning new concepts and commands.
③ never changing
④ almost displacing ① Metaphor: Shortcut to All Answers
⑤ sometimes buying ② How to communicate with academics with
[정답] ④
[해설]
linguistic intimacy
알렉산더 대왕의 총애를 받던 위대한 조각가 Lysippus의 생애에 대한 내용이다. 전반 ③ The attitude of memorizing things as they are helps
적인 내용과 빈칸의 문장이 그의 위대함에 대해 말하고 있으므로 빈칸으로는 ④
‘almost displacing(거의 대체했다)’가 가장 적절하다.
to interact with machines
① 자주 패배했다 ④ Get close to the machine with systematic
② 심지어 탕진했다
③ 절대 바꾸지 않았다
classification and analysis
⑤ 가끔 구매했다 ⑤ How to get close to a machine: Associate a machine
with something familiar around us
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
기계를 친숙한 것에 은유함으로써 인간이 더 자연스러운 상호 작용을 가능케 한다는
내용이다. 따라서 제목은 ⑤ ‘How to get close to a machine: Associate a machine
with something familiar around us(기계와 친해지는 방법: 기계를 익숙한 주변의 것과
연관짓기)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 은유: 모든 정답으로의 지름길
② 언어적 친밀감을 갖고 학문과 소통하는 방법
③ 있는 그대로 암기하는 태도는 기계와의 상호작용을 돕는다
④ 체계적인 분류와 분석으로 기계와 친해지기
16
[2025수능특강(영어) 11강 2번] shelters rather than settled in caves. In 1996,
34 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? scientists digging at a Neanderthal site in Slovenia
Human activity on the landscape can significantly announced they had found what ⑤ disappeared to
contribute to soil erosion. In a natural state, be a musical instrument, a flute made from a bear
vegetation serves as natural protection against bone.
erosion because the network of roots helps ① hold * dim-witted: 우둔한 ** slouching: 구부정한 자세로 앉은[선]
the soil in place against various erosive forces, such
[정답] ⑤ disappeared를 appeared와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
as wind and water. Scientists estimate that, in the
United States, 30% of erosion is due to natural forces
and 70% is due to human impact. Oftentimes, when
people use the land for farming, the protective
covering of natural vegetation ② is destroyed, and
the erosion process speeds up. In fact, studies have
shown that artificially created erosion played a big
part in the downfall of many early civilizations. Poor
land management practices degraded the soil until it
[2025수능특강(영어) 11강 4번]
was no longer productive enough ③ to support the
36 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
population living in the area. Early civilizations that
Discrimination occurs on two levels: institutional
recognized the disastrous effects of erosion ④ used
and individual. On the institutional level,
devices such as terracing the land to keep from
discriminatory practices are embedded in the social
plowing, planting, and irrigating on hillside slopes
structures of a society, whereas on the individual
⑤ which water could wash the fertile soil away.
level, discrimination takes place during direct
* erosion: 침식 ** plow: 쟁기질하다 *** irrigate: 관개 작업을 하다
interactions among individuals or groups.
[정답] ⑤ which를 where로 바꿔야 적절하다.
(A) Standardized testing in schools, for example, may

exclude certain historically marginalized groups
from succeeding in academic settings. Although
the government may not have intentionally
established testing standards that are culturally
[2025수능특강(영어) 11강 3번] or class biased, in practice these standards tend to
35 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 have a disproportionate negative effect on ethnic
지 않은 것은?
minority students.
It used to be thought that Neanderthals were
(B) Unlike individual discrimination, which tends to
dim-witted, slouching cavemen completely covered
be overt, intentional, and direct, institutional
with hair. But this ① reputation is based on just one
discrimination is often covert and unintentional,
fossil, which modern scholarship has proved
and this invisibility makes it much harder to
happens to be that of an old, diseased, and injured
detect.
man. He was ② approximately forty or forty-five
(C) Furthermore, institutional discrimination often
years old when he died very old for people at that
has a generational or cyclical impact on certain
time. Healthy Neanderthals probably walked erect.
ethnic minority groups and therefore its
Objects found at Neanderthal sites show that
consequences are as severe, if not more so, than
Neanderthals could make ③ complex tools. The
for those suffering individual discrimination.
characteristics of their skulls suggest that they
* embed: 묻다, 끼워 넣다 ** overt: 공공연한
probably could speak, although perhaps not with the *** marginalize: (사회적으로) 소외시키다
full range of sounds that modern humans make.
Sites also show that they did not necessarily live in ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
caves, but, if they did, they likely ④ altered the caves ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
to make them more livable. Sometimes they built ② (B)-(A)-(C)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
17
37 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? 38 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
One should perhaps ask why even very simple Social psychologist Irving Janis recognized the
animals would prefer familiar stimuli or familiar problems of groupthink, but felt that it could be
other animals. A tendency to grow fond of the avoided. It is most likely to develop when team spirit
familiar would help stamp in the preference for a becomes more important than the opinions of
stable environment (so animals might learn to like individual members. It's also likely to form if the
their homes). It would certainly promote stable group is made up of like-minded people to begin
social bonds. Imagine, for example, that nature with, and they are faced with a difficult decision. To
programmed animals in the opposite way, so that prevent groupthink, Janis proposed a system of
familiarity led to contempt or some other form of organization that encourages _______________
disliking. How would families stay together? How thinking. The leader of the group should appear to
would friendships, alliances, or other partnerships be impartial, so that members do not feel any
survive? If you always preferred a stranger to pressure to obey. Furthermore, he or she should get
someone you knew, social life would be in constant the group to examine all the options, and to consult
turmoil and turnover. In contrast, if you people outside the group, too. Disagreement, Janis
automatically grew to like the people you saw argued, is actually a good thing, and he suggested
regularly, you would soon prefer them over that members should be asked to play "devil's
strangers, and groups would form and stabilize advocate“ — introducing an alternative point of view
easily. Given the advantages of stable groups (e.g., in order to provoke discussion. In addition to
people know each other, know how to work together, ensuring that the group comes to more rational and
know how to make decisions together, know how to fair decisions, allowing members to retain their
adjust to each other), it is not surprising that nature individuality creates a healthier team spirit than the
favored animals that grew to like (rather than state of groupthink, which results from conformity
dislike) each other on the basis of familiarity. and obedience.
* contempt:경멸 ** alliance: 동맹 *** turmoil: 혼란 * groupthink: 집단 순응 사고 ** provoke: 일으키다, 유발하다
① Familiarity Breeds Contempt ① reliant

② The Danger of Solely Seeking Stability ② unified
③ Thriving in Diversity: A Key to Survival ③ emotional
④ Why Do Humans Alone Pursue Familiarity ④ empathetic
⑤ Embracing the Familiar: A Natural Inclination ⑤ independent
[정답] ⑤ [정답] ⑤
[해설] [해설]
익숙함이 좋아지는 경향은 안정적인 사회적 유대를 촉진하므로, 단순한 동물들조차 집단 순응 사고의 방지를 위해 제안된 독립적인 사고를 장려하는 조직 체계에 관한 내
익숙함을 선호하는 것이 자연스러운 경향이라는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ⑤ 용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ⑤ ‘independent(독립적인)’이 가장 적절하다.
‘Embracing the Familiar: A Natural Inclination(익숙함을 받아들이기: 자연스러운 경 ① 의존적인
향)’이 가장 적절하다. ② 하나된
① 숙함이 경멸을 낳는다 ③ 감정적인
② 안정만을 추구하는 것의 위험 ④ 공감하는
③ 다양성 속에서 번영하기: 생존의 열쇠
④ 왜 인간만이 익숙함을 추구하는가?
18
[2025수능특강(영어) 12강 3번] and beholden to the keeper of information. As a
39 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? result, students have little ⑤ control over their own
The alternative world provided by cyberspace is thinking and their own education.
essentially an ideal private world ① in which each * subservient: 부차적인 역할을 하는, 보조적인
** beholden: 신세를 진
person controls the information that is revealed. In
this world, the full identity of the person is not [정답] ④ thinking을 unthinking과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
revealed, and the two people are physically remote

from each other. Hence, it is much easier to keep
private ② whatever areas the participants so wish.
These circumstances do not lead the participants to
remain completely mysterious — on the contrary, in
many cases it leads the participants ③ to reveal
much more about themselves than they would
usually do. When we can keep private that ④ what
seems to threaten us, we can be more open
concerning other matters. The greater degree of
openness generates a greater degree of emotional
closeness as well. Accordingly, in online
relationships we can find both greater privacy and
[2025수능특강(영어) 13강 1번]
greater closeness and openness this considerably ⑤
reduces the common conflict between openness and
In his 1967 book, Coopersmith first noticed a
privacy.
positive relationship between self-esteem levels in
mothers and their children.
[정답] ④ what을 which으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
(A) The impact of parents' behavior upon the child's

self-esteem is undeniable: given the immaturity
of children, however, parents' expression of their
own resolution of the self-esteem question is far
[2025수능특강(영어) 12강 4번]
40 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 more influential than what they teach verbally.
지 않은 것은? Parents who face life's challenges honestly and
People often have different definitions of openly and who attempt to cope with difficulties
education, as the nature of education is somewhat instead of avoiding them thereby expose their
fluid. Nearly 600 years ago the printing press children early to a pro- self-esteem
changed the way much of education ① occurred. problem-solving strategy.
Students began reading information, coupled with (B) Those who avoid dealing with difficulties reveal a
the information a teacher would share. To ensure negative route for handling the challenges and
that the student had ② retained the information, a problems of life. Either way, it is important to
test or paper was often required to make an remember that modeling helps set the stage for
assessment of that retention. This downloading of healthy self-esteem or problems with it.
information is known as the banking model, and (C) But Bednar, Wells, and Peterson made
what the banking model does is it reduces the considerable use of this factor by pointing out that
student from being a critical and ③ independent parents actually show their children the route to
thinker to being a receptacle for facts. The process of self-esteem by how they handle their own
the banking model raises the power and control of challenges, conflicts, and issues.
the teacher while falling to recognize that students
are more than simply ④ thinking blank slates. The ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
concept, then, is placed squarely into the minds of ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
students, who are taught that they are subservient ④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
19
42 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? 43 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Several different strategies will be used to get us to When kids feel forced to do things — or are too
buy. For new products, marketers want to motivate tightly regulated in the way they do things — they're
us to try their product, so the job is to advertise it as likely to become less interested in what they're doing
much as possible to get the word out. With an and less likely to stick with something challenging.
established product, marketers will either want us to In an intriguing experiment, parents were invited to
try it again (reminder advertising), or they may try sit on the floor next to their very young children —
to get us to consume more of their product. A good not even two years old who were playing with toys.
way to do this is to provide new uses. One brand of Some of the parents immediately took over the task
baking soda is a good example. After women entered or barked out instructions ("Put the block in. No, not
the Job market en masse in the 1960s and there was there. There!"). Others were content to let their kids
less time for baking, the company promoted using explore, providing encouragement and offering help
the product to keep the freezer and refrigerator only when it was needed. Later, the babies were
smelling clean — and to change the box every three given something else to play with, this time without
months. Or when women started earning significant their parents present. It turned out that, once they
salaries and getting married later, the diamond were on their own, those who had controlling
industry started selling diamond rings to women, parents were apt to give up more easily rather than
claiming that the left hand is for "we" and the right is trying to figure out how the new toy worked.
for "me". * intriguing: 아주 흥미로운
* en masse: 대거, 집단으로
① the roles of school and home in education
② the role of parents necessary for adolescent growth
① Stop Falling for False Advertising!
③ the effective communication strategies between
② Guidelines to Become a Good Marketer
child and parents
③ Look at the Product, Not the Advertisement
④ the tendency of children to give up tasks under
④ Strategies in Advertising: Proposing New Uses
strict parental control
⑤ How to Use One Product for Multiple Purposes
[정답] ④ ⑤ the tendency for children to perform better in
[해설] challenging tasks with strong parental control
마케터는 구매를 유도하기 위해 다양한 전략을 사용하는데, 새로운 제품 구매를 유도
[정답] ④
하기 위해서는 가능한 한 많은 광고를 하고, 기존 제품 구매를 유도하기 위해서는 새로
[해설]
운 용도를 제시하기도 한다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ④ ‘Strategies in
강요당하거나 엄격히 통제받을 경우 아이들이 자신의 일에 흥미를 덜 느끼고 도전적
Advertising: Proposing New Uses(광고의 전략: 새로운 용도를 제안하기)’가 가장 적
인 일을 하지 않게 된다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 그러므로 ④ ’the tendency of
절하다.
children to give up tasks under strict parental control(부모의 엄격한 통제 아래 아이
① 허위 광고에 속는 것을 멈추라!
들이 일을 포기하는 경향)‘이 가장 적절하다.
② 좋은 마케터가 되기 위한 지침
① 교육에서 학교와 가정의 역할
③ 광고를 보지 말고 제품을 보라
② 청소년기 성장을 위해 필요한 부모의 역할
⑤ 하나의 제품을 여러 용도로 사용하는 법
③ 아이와 부모 간의 효율적인 소통 전략
⑤ 강한 부모의 통제 아래 아이들이 도전적인 일을 더 잘 수행하는 경향
20
It is critical, as we recreate mutual provision in a Cities continue to reinvent themselves. In the last
sustainable form, ① that we keep track of the line few decades, many have worked to reduce pollution
between needs and wants. While a permanent place and create appealing modern spaces by restricting
for people on Earth requires that our needs be met, polluting vehicles, encouraging energy-efficient
people ② gathered about themselves quantities of buildings, and planting trees.
unnecessary goods, while others lack food and
shelter, cannot be part of a durable order. A society (A) The history of the world is very much a history of
that oppresses other people ③ to bloat itself will not great cities, and whatever future we build, these
stop at undermining foreign nations. The ethic will sites of trade, creativity, and transformation are
express itself with exploitation at home. While likely to be at the heart of it.
ingenuity and hard work will still lead ④ to (B) Yet cities have responded to changing
improved circumstances as communities increase circumstances in the past. Through the first
their effective use of local resources, when one's kingdoms of Mesopotamia, global expansion, and
achieved wealth is at the expense of others, much the Industrial Revolution, they have evolved to
goodwill, effort and resources will ⑤ be lost to remain at the heart of politics, economics, and
resentment, rebellion and repression. A huge bonus culture.
is available for everyone when the focus of
(C) In 2020, another impetus for change came in the
development is securing and improving the quality
form of COVID-19, which saw retail centres
of life for all.
empty, businesses send workers home, and some
* bloat oneself: 자신의 배를 불리는 ** exploitation: 착취
*** resentment: 분노 question whether crowded cities were a safe
environment.
[정답] ② gathered를 gathering으로 바꿔야 적절하다. * impetus: (일의 추진에 필요한) 원동력, 자극
[2025수능특강(영어) 13강 5번]

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
지 않은 것은? ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
As Marshall McLuhan suggested so presciently in
1964, "the medium is the message," which means
that, beyond the ① content that is conveyed, the
medium itself has an impact by its very nature and
unique characteristics. For example, the use of social
media means that we have less need to ② interact
with others directly. This distancing of
communication has real implications for children's
development. If learning to communicate with
others is a skill that develops with practice,
children's ③ constant use of social media reduces
the experiences they have with which to learn social
skills. McLuhan asserts that we are so focused on the
content of the technology that we ④ neglect to
notice the influence of the technology itself on
people. This ⑤ observance is certainly true today:
we focus on what the technology provides (e.g.,
video, text messages, social media), but we fall to
consider how the very act of using these advances
shapes us.
* presciently: 예지력 있게
[정답] ⑤ observance를 observation과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
21
47 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은? 48 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Human cultures seem to be infinitely variable, but Think about what happens in a standard scientific
in fact that variability takes place within the experiment to find out how a certain laundry
boundaries produced by physical and mental detergent bleaches. In normal use, there are several
capacities. Human languages, for example, are factors that may cause the detergent to act in a
tremendously diverse, differing in sound, grammar, certain way. These will include its active ingredients,
and semantics. But all are dependent upon what the type and temperature of the water in which the
appears to be a uniquely human capacity and ingredients are mixed, the materials being cleaned
predisposition for learning languages. While the and the machinery — if any — used to do the laundry.
range of sounds used in human languages extends Any experiment that could hope to discover what
from clicks and pops to guttural stops, the caused bleaching would have to be devised in such a
distinctive speech sounds that are meaningful in all way as to ensure that the crucial factors were
the languages of the world are but a fraction of the properly isolated from the other variables. So if, for
sounds it is possible for humans to make. Another example, the hypothesis is that it is the chlorine that
way that we might observe the intricate relationship does the bleaching, the experiment needs to show
between the culturally specific and the universal is in that if all the other factors remain the same, the
the way an American boy and his Mixtec friends presence or absence of the chlorine will determine
might react emotionally, even instinctively, to bee whether the laundry detergent bleaches.
larvae and onion soup: whether they feel delight or * detergent: 세제 ** bleach: 표백하다 *** chlorine: 염소
disgust is determined by the way they learn to
perceive food, but delight and disgust seem to be ① the relevance of everyday phenomena to scientific
basic and universal human reactions to food. experiments

* guttural stop: 후두 폐쇄음 ** intricate: 복잡한 ② the significance of conducting experiments to
*** larva: 애벌레(pl. larvae) illuminate scientific facts
③ the importance of isolating important factors from
① the infinite variability of human culture other variables in scientific experiments
② the irrelevance of human culture to physical ④ the example of improvement in everyday life
abilities through utilization of chemical reactions
③ the social change induced by increasing cultural ⑤ the scientific principles that can be uncovered from
diversity the bleaching action of laundry detergent
④ the variability of culture constrained by human [정답] ③
physical and mental capacities [해설]

세탁 세제와 관련한 실험을 예로 들며, 실험에서 중요한 요인이 다른 변수와 분리되는
⑤ the expansion of culture through the extension of 것이 중요하다는 점을 말하는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ③ ‘the importance of
human physical and metal capacities isolating important factors from other variables in scientific experiments(과학 실험
에서 중요한 요인을 다른 변수와 분리하는 것의 중요성)’이 가장 적절하다.
[정답] ④
① 일상적인 현상과 과학 실험의 관련성
[해설]
② 과학적 사실을 밝히기 위한 실험의 중요성
인간의 문화는 무궁무진하게 다양한 것으로 보이지만 신체적 정신적 한계 내에서만
④ 화학 반응을 활용해 일상생활에서 개선을 불러온 사례
다양하다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ④ ‘the variability of culture constrained by
⑤ 세탁 세제의 표백 작용으로부터 발견할 수 있는 과학 원리
human physical and mental capacities(인간의 신체적 정신적 능력에 의한 제약을 받
는 문화의 가변성)’이 가장 적절하다.
① 인간 문화의 무한한 가변성
② 인간 문화와 신체적 능력의 무관련성
③ 문화 다양성 증가로 인한 사회적 변화
⑤ 인간의 신체적 정신적 능력의 확장으로 인한 문화의 확장
22
[2025수능특강(영어) 13강 9번] greatest ③ complement they can give their parents
49 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? as they grow is to turn out just like them. If you stop
AI's effects on human knowledge are paradoxical. to take a personal ④ inventory, you may find that
On the one hand, AI intermediaries can navigate and you are much like those that you emulate. A parent, a
analyze bodies of data vaster than the unaided coach, a teacher, or a leader all leave their mark on
human mind could have previously ① imagined. On the final package with your name on it. When you
the other, this power — the ability to engage with look in the mirror, you may see one or all of them in
vast bodies of data — may also accentuate forms of the ⑤ reflection.
manipulation and error. AI is capable of exploiting * take a personal inventory: 자신을 성찰하다
** emulate: (흠모하는 대상을) 모방하다
human passions more effectively than traditional
propaganda. Having tailored ② itself to individual [정답] ③ complement를 complimnet와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
preferences and instincts, AI draws out responses its
creator or user desires. Similarly, the deployment of
AI intermediaries may also amplify inherent blases,
even if these AI intermediaries are technically under
human control. The dynamics of market
competition ③ prompt social media platforms and
search engines to present information that users
find most compelling. As a result, information that
[2025수능특강(영어) 13강 11번]
users are believed to want to see is prioritized, ④
distorted a representative picture of reality. Much as
technology accelerated the speed of information We are all familiar with battles between reason
production and dissemination in the nineteenth and and desire. Socrates asks whether there are thirsty
twentieth centuries, in this era, information ⑤ is people who don't wish to drink. Indeed there are. (A
being altered by the mapping of AI onto sign on a faucet that reads "nonpotable water, do not
dissemination processes. drink" won't take away a person's thirst, but she
* propaganda: 선전 ** deployment: 배치 won't want to drink there.)
*** dissemination: 전파, 보급
(A) How could that be? "It is obvious that the same
[정답] ④ distorted를 distorting으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
thing will not be willing to do or undergo
opposites in the same part of itself, in relation to
the same thing, at the same time. So, if we ever
find this happening in the soul, we'll know that we
aren’t dealing with one thing but many."
(B) Yet there is something paradoxical about this: the
word "thirsty" means "wishes to drink." So we are
[2025수능특강(영어) 13강 10번] imagining people who wish to drink and do not
50 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 wish to drink.
지 않은 것은?
(C) In other words, since no one thing can both wish to
It is not a coincidence that children turn out like
drink and not wish to drink (in the same way at
their parents. From the moment you come into the
the same time), no one thing can have both of
world, your mother and your father are your role
those two characteristics: we thus manage this by
models. As little girls grow, they try on their
being more than one: one part of the soul wishes
mother's clothes, put on her make-up, and ①
to drink, and another does not wish to drink.
pretend to be her. When little boys come of age, they * faucet: 수도꼭지 ** nonpotable: 마실 수 없는
play with their father's tools and try to build or fix
something for real. The truth of the matter is that ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
children look up to their parents as ② mentors. They ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
praise them and hold them in high regard. The ② (B)-(A)-(C)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
23
Media executives understand that they must think (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
of their audiences as consumers who buy their Rejecting any academic training they had
products or whom they sell to advertisers. The experienced, Monet and the other Impressionists
complaining individual might be successful in believed that their art, with its objective methods of
getting the content changed or even removed if he or painting what they saw before them, was more
she convinces the media executives that they might sincere than any academic art. They all agreed that
otherwise lose a substantial portion of their target they aimed to capture their "sensations" or what
market. But an individual's concern will garner little they could see as they painted. These sensations
attention if it is clear that the person does not belong included the flickering effects of light that our eyes
in the target audience. The editors from capture as we regard things. In complete contrast to
Cosmopolitan magazine, which aims at the Academie, the Impressionists painted ordinary,
20-something single women, for example, are not modern people in everyday and up-to-date settings,
likely to follow the advice of an elderly-sounding making no attempt to hide their painting
woman from rural Kansas who phones to protest techniques. They avoided symbols or any narrative
what she feels are demeaning portrayals of women content, preventing viewers from "reading" a
on covers of the magazine that she sees in the picture, but making them experience their paintings
supermarket. Yet the magazine staff might well act as an isolated moment in time.
* flickering: 깜빡거리는
favorably if a Cosmopolitan subscriber writes with a

suggestion for a new column that would attract more
Impressionists ____(A)____ academic art,
of the upscale single women they want as readers.
* garner: 받다, 얻다 ** demeaning: 비하하는 prioritizing sincerity through ____(B)____
*** subscriber: 구독자 painting methods to capture sensations of light and
modern life.
① Magazines Demeaning Women: Is This Acceptable
as It Is? (A) (B)
② The Influence of Media Industry on Social ① rejected objective
Communities ② embraced subjective
③ The Pitfall of Target Marketing: Considering Parts ③ influenced depictive
While Losing the Whole ④ embraced objective
④ Why Do Magazines Consider Only Young Women ⑤ rejected subjective
as the Target Audience? [정답] ①
[해설]
⑤ Ignoring Voices Outside the Target Audience:
→ 인상주의 화가들은 학술적인 예술을 거부하며, 객관적인 그림 그리는 방법을 통해
Media Executives' Strategy 빛의 감각과 현대 생활을 포착함으로써 진실성을 우선시했다.
[정답] ⑤ 모네를 비롯한 인상파 화가들이 아카데미의 훈련을 거부하고 자신만의 예술을 확립하
[해설] 려 하기 위해 시도한 것에 관한 내용이다. 그러므로 ① (A)에는 ‘거부하다’를 뜻하는
미디어 경영진에 대한 고객의 불만 제기는 성공할 수도 있으나, 목표 고객층에 속하지 rejected가, (B)에는 ‘객관적인’을 뜻하는 objective가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요
않는 고객의 설득은 관심을 크게 받지 못할 것이라는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 약할 수 있다.
⑤ ‘Ignoring Voices Outside the Target Audience: Media Executives' Strategy(목표 ② 포용하다 … 주관적인
고객층 밖의 목소리는 무시하는 것: 미디어 경영진의 전략)’이 가장 적절하다. ③ 영향을 미치다 … 묘사적인
① 여성을 비하하는 잡지들: 받아들일 수 있는 것인가? ④ 포용하다 … 객관적인
② 사회 공동체들에 대한 미디어 산업의 영향 ⑤ 거부하다 … 주관적인
③ 목표 마케팅의 허점: 부분을 고려하다가 전체를 잃는다
④ 왜 잡지들은 오로지 젊은 여성만을 목표 고객층으로 삼는가?
24
54 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
If you wanted to be entertained in a theater before
Plants assess when they need to be competitive
the nineteenth century, you could not avoid the fact
and when it is more prudent ① to be collaborative.
that you were at some level participating in a dialog,
To make this kind of decision, they weigh the energy
a conversation, either with your fellow members of
cost relative to the benefit for improved growth and
the audience, or with the actors.
persistence. For example, although a plant would
generally attempt ② to grow taller than a closely
(A) It was the actor David Garrick in the eighteenth
situated neighbor for preferential access to sunlight,
century who pioneered the idea that an audience
if the neighbor is already significantly taller and the
should shut up and listen.
race is likely to be lost, the plant will temper ③ its
(B) The idea of the audience sitting in the dark and
competitive instinct. That is, plants compete only
watching the stage in silence is a new thing. Prior
when competition ④ needs to improve their ability
to the nineteenth century, the audience were lit
to support their own growth and reproduction and
and often extremely vocal and active, even leaping
has some likelihood of success. ⑤ Once competition
on stage to fight with the cast.
yields the needed results, they cease competing and
shift their energy to living. For plants, competition is (C) The passive and reverential silence in which
about survival, not the thrill of victory. today's actors can indulge themselves is a new
* prudent: 현명한 ** temper: 누그러뜨리다 phenomenon, as, of course, is the cinema, where
our surrogates on the screen can unfold their
[정답] ④ needs를 is needed로 바꿔야 적절하다.
stories unaware of our responses.
* reverential: 경건한 ** indulge oneself: 만끽하다
*** surrogate: 대리인
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
② (B)-(A)-(C)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
[2025수능특강(영어) 14강 3번]

지 않은 것은?
Mechanisation speeded up vertical movement.
Stairs and ramps were ① traditionally how you went
up and down, so few buildings in frequent use
exceeded five stories. The Otis Company, founded in
1853 in New York, changed all that with the ②
invention of the safety elevator (safe because it
locked the car in place should the cables fail) that
made taller buildings possible. Escalators came later
bringing greater capacity to move more people over
shorter ③ horizontal distance: they made their
debut, and were a sensation, at the 1900 Paris
Exposition. With elevators and escalators, cities
could now spread ④ underground, with deep
basements, subways, and tunnels, and upwards,
with high-rise buildings, as well as outwards. The
modern cityscape — of which Manhattan is still the
⑤ iconic exemplar — was created.
* ramp: 램프(높이가 다른 두 도로나 건물 등의 사이를 연결하는
경사로) ** cityscape: 도시 경관 *** exemplar: 전형, 모범
[정답] ③ horizontal을 vertical과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
25
Globalization has often been studied as a macro (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
phenomenon. However, as the globalization process On June 17, 1953, Mrs. Roosevelt traveled to
obviously affects individuals' lives, a need for Hiroshima, where she visited the Atomic Bomb
alternative concepts has emerged. Concepts such as Casualty Commission, an American research group
cosmopolitanism and global citizenship have that studied the effects of the nuclear attacks on
frequently been used to capture how globalization is bomb survivors. Many people had been injured by
experienced "from below," with individuals as the the fires that the bomb had caused. After her official
object of analysis. Here, cosmopolitanism is meetings, some girls were waiting to see her. The
interpreted as having many similarities to global girls explained that they did not blame her for the
citizenship. For instance, cultural sociologist John atomic bomb: they only wanted to impress on her
Tomlinson claims that being a cosmopolitan means the need to ensure that these weapons were never
that one has an active experience of “belonging to used again on human beings, given their effects.
the wider world.” As such, cosmopolitanism is Although she did not say so directly, the girls may
closely connected to identity: a cosmopolitan have been among those whose faces were
obtains a reflexive awareness of the features that permanently disfigured by the attack. This must
unite us as human beings. This requires the ability to have been a powerful encounter because Mrs.
question one's own assumptions and prejudices. Roosevelt called it a “tragic moment.” It led her to
Identity is in this context not essentialist or stable; urge Americans to do more to help. Though she
rather, it is fragmented and constructed and maintained that they were not America's direct
reconstructed across the different practices and responsibility, “as a gesture of goodwill for the
positions in which one participates. victims of this last war, such help would be
* fragment: 분해하다 ** cosmopolitan: 세계주의자 invaluable.”
*** reflexive: 성찰의 * casualty 피해자, 희생자 ** disfigure: (외양을) 흉하게 만들다

① The Impact of Globalization on Identity
Mrs. Roosevelt's encounter with survivors of the
② Individual Experiences Forming Prejudices
atomic bomb ____(A)____ her to urge Americans
③ The Fragility of Identity in a Globalized World
to provide more ____(B)____.
④ Embracing Diversity: The Essence of Globalization
⑤ Redefining Globalization in Individual Perspective
(A) (B)
[정답] ⑤
[해설] ① forced comfort
세계화가 개인의 삶에 영향을 미치면서, 개인을 분석대상으로 삼은 ‘세계주의’와 ‘세계 ② forced aids
시민권’이라는 개념이 대두되었다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤ ‘Redefining Globalization
in Individual Perspective(개인적 시각에서의 세계화 재정의)'가 제목으로 적절하다. ③ helped funds
①세계화가 정체성에 미치는 영향 ④ prompted support
②선입견을 형성하는 개인의 경험
③세계화된 세상에서의 정체성의 취약성 ⑤ prompted inspiration
④다양성의 포용: 세계화의 본질 [정답] ④
[해설]
→ Roosevelt여사의 원폭 생존자들과의 만남은 그녀가 미국인들이 더 많은 지원을 제
공하도록 촉구하게 만들었다.
원폭 피해자들과의 만남이 Roosevelt 여사에게 강렬한 인상을 주었고 그로인해
Roosevelt 여사가 미국인들에게 피해자들을 위한 도움을 촉구하게 되었다는 내용이
다. 그러므로 ④ (A)에는 ‘유도했다’를 뜻하는 prompted가, (B)에는 ‘지원’을 뜻하는
support가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 강요했다 … 위로
② 강요했다 … 도움
③ 도왔다 … 자금
⑤ 유도했다 … 영감
26
59 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? 61 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절
Most philosophers accepted Plato's definition of 한 곳은?
knowledge as ① justified true belief until the 1960s However, as machine autonomy develops there
when Edmund Gettier showed that it didn't always will be a progressive reduction in the extent of
provide a satisfactory explanation. He came up with human influence on computer evolution.
several instances ② which we instinctively realize

that someone doesn't really know something, even Life-forms work to evolve survival strategies but
though that person's belief is both true and justified. without necessarily being aware of the process.
For example, I have arranged ③ to meet my friend Consciousness is not a necessary condition of life,
Sue at her house, and when I arrive I see her through though it says much about the organism that
the window sitting in the kitchen. In fact, it is not happens to possess it. ( ① ) Most biological species
Sue that I see, but her identical twin sister — Sue is have evolved techniques and mechanisms for
actually in another room. My belief that Sue is home survival without reflecting on the fact, and this is
is true, and I have a good reason ④ to believe it what has happened so far with computer life-forms.
because I am sure I have seen her, but it is wrong to ( ② ) We can speculate on how computers might
say that I knew she was at home — I didn't know. ponder on their own survival but this is essentially a
Examples such as this became known as "Gettier matter for the future. ( ③ ) At present we see a host
problems" and have prompted philosophers ⑤ to of rudimentary survival mechanisms in computers:
ask if, in addition to belief, truth, and justification, we may expect these to develop and new ones to
there is a fourth criterion for knowledge. Gettier had emerge. ( ④ ) It is inevitable, at the present stage of
cast doubt not only on Plato's definition but also on their development, that computer survival strategies
whether or not it is possible to define completely owe virtually everything to human involvement in
what knowledge is. computer design. ( ⑤ ) Computers will come to

* criterion: 기준 think about their own position in the world and take
steps to enhance their own security.
[정답] ② which를 where로 바꿔야 적절하다.
* rudimentary: 원시적인 ** ponder: 숙고하다

[2025수능특강(영어) 15강 4번]
지 않은 것은?
On one level, it is helpful for individuals to ①
identify which kind of ethical system they have and
which kind they admire. Immanuel Kant takes it one
step further, adding an unusual rule for a
deontologist. He believed that you can and should
test your decisions for moral and ② ethical
soundness and outlined a thought experiment he
called the Categorical Imperative to help you do just
that. When ③ considering any course of action, ask
yourself, "Would I want everyone else, if placed in
my position, to do the same thing?" If the answer is
yes, you're on the right path. If the answer is no, then
don't do it yourself. For example, while you can
easily ④ imagine a situation in which it might be to
your ⑤ disadvantage to lie, you would not want
everyone to lie, so you should not lie yourself.
* deontologist: 의무론자 **Categorical Imperative: 정언 명령
(양심의 절대 무조건적 도덕률)
[정답] ⑤ disadvantage를 advantage와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
27
62 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), 63 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A),
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Since at least the late nineteenth century and the As soon as a reporter is assigned to a specialized
rise of industrial cities, the history of urbanism and beat, he or she should read several basic books on
urban planning has been a history of expertise — that subject to become familiar in a general way with
political, administrative, and technocratic. Cities how the beat works. If a governmental area is
came to be seen as solutions to demands, for wealth, involved — for example, a state legislature or a court
health, safety, opportunity, and personal system — a reporter should not go on a first
development, as society grew more economically, assignment without knowing how that particular
socially, and politically complex. Cities also came to unit operates. Libraries contain such books,
be seen as posing new problems, often caused by although it is better for reporters to buy their own
their successes in meeting earlier social demands. copies for future reference. No medical reporter can
Both fueled by and fueling that problem/solution, work successfully without a good medical dictionary,
framework, the Progressive political movement of for example. Nor should a business reporter be
the early twentieth century relied heavily on trained without a basic economics text. City directories and
and trusted experts, especially economists and other telephone books from all cities in a reporter's area of
social scientists. Those experts were often educated coverage are valuable tools, as are internal
in newly formed occupational disciplines and directories of the organizations he or she will
professional schools. Degrees in hand, they were encounter on the beat. Having such numbers —
primed to lead both governments and businesses which are often impossible to obtain officially — will
away from the era of laissez-faire and toward better enable a reporter to bypass obstacles and reach
outcomes for themselves and for workers and potential sources quickly.
citizens. That meant safer food: safer water: better * beat: (관할) 구역 ** bypass: 우회하다
working conditions: safer and less expensive 
automobiles: expanded opportunities for education, Reporters should ____(A)____ themselves with
leisure, and personal fulfillment: and so on. basic books on their specialized beats to understand
* technocratic: 기술 관료적 ** prime: (사용할 수 있게) 준비시키다 how their beat ____(B)____ effectively
*** laissez-faire: 자유방임주의

(A) (B)
Urban planning history has been marked by a ① prove functions
____(A)____ on expertise to address societal ② equip grows
demands, leading to the ____(B)____ of city life. ③ identify succeeds
④ connect expands
(A) (B)
⑤ familiarize operates
① focus degradation
[정답] ⑤
② reliance deterioration [해설]
③ reliance improvement → 기자들은 그들의 구역이 어떻게 효과적으로 작동하는지 이해하기 위해 자신들의
전문 구역 대한 기본 서적을 익혀야한다.
④ insistence maintenance 전문적인 구역에 배정을 받은 기자는 그 구역의 작동 방식에 관한 정보를 구해야한다
⑤ agreement evolution 는 내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤ (A)에는 ‘익히다’를 뜻하는 familiarize가, (B)에는 ‘작동하다’
를 뜻하는 operates가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
[정답] ③
① 증명하다 … 기능하다
[해설]
② 장착하다 … 성장하다
→ 도시 계획의 역사는 사회적 요구를 해결하기 위해 전문 지식에 의존해왔으며, 이는
③ 동일시하다 … 성공하다
도시 생활의 향상으로 이어졌다.
④ 연결하다 … 확장하다
도시화의 역사 속에서 전문가들이 정부와 기업을 자유방임주의에서 벗어나 더 나은
결과를 향하도록 이끌었다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ③ (A)에는 ‘의존’을 뜻하는 reliance
가, (B)에는 ‘향상’을 뜻하는 improvement가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수
있다.
① 집중 … 저하
② 의존 … 악화
④ 주장 … 유지
⑤ 합의 … 진화
28
Cultural and behavioral diversity can result from Smell is not just a sense that determines taste: it is
humans' innate ability to flexibly respond to their also a powerful force that stimulates desire and may
environments, ① to engage in social learning, and to even overwhelm the other senses.
make culture (an ability which is itself a part of the
social suite). The diversity might conceal an (A) In the past decade, aromatherapy has emerged as
underlying universality that, paradoxically, might an alternative healing practice, as well as a new
relate more to our genes than to cultural exigencies. product to be advertised to consumers. Some
Evolutionary psychologists John Tooby and Leda stores spread scents of freshly baked bread or
Cosmides provide a fanciful illustration of this idea. apple pie to encourage shoppers to stay longer
They suggest a thought experiment ② in which and buy more. Smells are also important for
aliens replace humans with jukeboxes, each of which distinguishing between edible and inedible foods.
has a repertoire of thousands of songs and the ability (B) Yet biomedical pills and tablets are prepared in
to play a particular song according to ③ which and ways that deemphasize smells considered to be
when it is. We would then observe that jukeboxes in more palatable. The absence of smells further
different parts of the world played different songs at distances medicine from food.
different times, songs ④ that were similar to those
(C) Herbal medicine stores frequently have a wide
on the jukeboxes near them. But none of this
variety of pungent odors. The preparation of
intergroup variation and intragroup commonality
herbal medicines may include cooking plants into
would have anything to do with the workings of
liquid form or distilling essences with alcohol,
culture. This is a way of illustrating that humans
which often creates an odor.
might have an inborn ability ⑤ to respond flexibly — * palatable: 맛이 좋은 ** pungent: 자극적인 *** distill: 증류하다
but also predictably — to their environment.
* innate: 타고난 ** exigency: 필요성, 본질적 요구 ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
[정답] ③ which를 where로 바꿔야 적절하다.
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
[2025수능특강(영어) 16강 3번] ① (A)-(C)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.

지 않은 것은?
When companies select leaders, two of the first
questions they ask are, “Has he done anything like
this before?" "What is his track record?” We ①
assume that if that person has done it before (and
done it well), he can do it again. Experience is still ②
important for leaders, and there are times when it is
the most effective predictor of future success. The
problem, however, is that because of ③ constantly
improving technology, processes, and best practices
in a world that is constantly changing and where
success is being ④ intermittently redefined,
experience can be a handicap. Today, leaders must
discipline themselves to look at problems and
opportunities with a fresh eye. This is difficult
because people naturally want to repeat an approach
that worked in a similar situation. It is a challenge to
consider an ⑤ alternative to what brought you
success in the past or to your current position in the
present.
[정답] ④ intermittently를 continually와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
29
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? One important point related to the possibility of
The divergence between parental and peer values reproducing believable tactile sensations in virtual
does not necessarily lead to a hostile confrontation or machine-mediated environments lies in the role
between parents and teenagers. In fact, most of “pain”. Certainly, a number of real interactions
youngsters are just as friendly with parents as with can never be entirely believable without the
peers. They simply engage in different types of presence of painful stimulation. However, one might
activities — work and task activities with parents, wonder whether reproducing such kinds of
play and recreation with peers. Concerning stimulation would ever be of any use within virtual
financial, educational, career, and other serious or mediated interactions. Shouldn't a "virtual" world
matters, such as what to spend money on and what be, in some sense, "better" without pain? Even if not
occupation to choose, youths are inclined to seek immediately intuitive, there are a (admittedly small)
advice from parents. When it comes to social number of situations in which the ability to deliver
activities, such as whom to date and what clubs to painful stimulation comes in handy within mediated
join, they are more likely to discuss them with peers. environments. In fact, numerous attempts have
This reflects the great importance placed by the peer been made over the course of the last few years to
group on other-directed behavior, looking to others reproduce these aspects of our perception as well.
for approval and support as opposed to reliance on This may occur in video games to increase the
personal beliefs and traditional values. Peer groups, realism of the simulation or even more importantly
in effect, demand conformity at the expense of in training programs for soldiers where pain is an
independence and individuality. occupational hazard and will need to be dealt with.
* divergence: 차이 ** hostile: 적대적인
* intuitive: 직관적인 ** tactile: 촉각의 *** hazard: 위험
*** confrontation: 대립, 대면
 ① ways to minimize painful stimulation
The divergence between parental and peer values ② the history of virtual reality technology
results in youths engaging in ____(A)____ ③ reproducing pain in virtual environments
activities with each group, reflecting the peer ④ the benefits of virtual worlds over real-life
group's emphasis on ____(B)____. ⑤ techniques for enhancing sensations in virtual
reality
[정답] ③
(A) (B) [해설]
① similar pressure 가상이나 기계로 매개되는 환경에서 고통스러운 자극의 재현이 유용하게 쓰일 수 있
다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ③ ‘reproducing pain in virtual environments(가상 환경에서
② identical trend 고통의 재현)’이 주제로 가장 적절하다.
③ identical independence ①고통스러운 자극을 최소화하는 방법
②가상현실 기술의 역사
④ different intimacy ④현실을 뛰어넘는 가상 세계의 이점
⑤ different conformity ⑤가상현실에서 감각을 향상시키는 기술
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
→부모와 또래의 가치 차이는 청소년이 두 집단과 서로 다른 활동에 참여하게 만들고,
이것은 또래 집단의 순응에 대한 강조를 보여준다.
십대는 부모 및 또래 집단과 서로 다른 활동을 함께하고, 또래 집단은 타인 지향형 행
동을 중요시한다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤ (A)에는 ‘다른’을 뜻하는 different가, (B)에
는 ‘순응’을 뜻하는 conformity가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 비슷한 … 압력
② 동일한 … 유행
③ 동일한 … 독립성
④ 다른 … 친밀함
30
Consider a bar of soap, the kind you keep by the 한 곳은?
bathroom sink to wash your hands and face. How Afterward, they’re more generous in sharing any
much meaning could such an innocuous object treats the experimenters give them — as if working
contain? While it may be ① tempting to answer “not with others has put them in a better mood.
much,” or even “none,” in fact, even soap can

embody a rich set of symbols. Think about a We come into the world ready to start
particular brand of soap. By ② itself, that soap relationships and, as we gain control of our body,
cleans like any other soap. But through some clever we're keen to take part in games and tasks that
marketing, packaging, and advertising, the brand involve working with others. ( ① ) In this way, we're
immerses its soap in a complex set of messages so different from young chimps. ( ② ) Experiments
about the environment, personal empowerment, have shown chimps can understand collaborative
and progressive politics. The brand’s website even tasks perfectly well, but they only bother to take part
says, “We ③ are committed to animal protection, if they can see how it will result in their getting a
environmental protection and respect for human piece of fruit or some other reward. ( ③ ) Humans,
rights.” These meanings allow the brand’s customers by contrast, often work together just for the joy of it.
④ doing more with the soap than just clean their Experiments have shown that working with others
faces: By using these products, they can make a affects children’s behavior. ( ④ ) It seems unlikely
statement about what kind of person they are and that children’s greater willingness to share is simply
what kind of politics they ⑤ embrace. the result of learning that they should pay people for
* innocuous: 눈에 띄지 않는, 재미없는 ** immerse: 담그다 working with them, but the way we feel about
[정답] ④ doing을 to do로 바꿔야 적절하다. everything is strongly influenced by the experiences
that shaped the development of our brain. ( ⑤ ) Our
[2025수능특강(영어) 17강 2번] childhood observations of others don’t just help us
70 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 learn how to behave; they help us understand how
지 않은 것은? we’re supposed to feel.
Comparative psychology finds that pointing (in its
full-blown form) is unique to our species. Few ① 글의
흐름상
에들어가는
④ 것이
자연스럽다
.
nonhuman species seem able to comprehend

pointing (notably, domestic dogs can follow
pointing, while our closest relatives among the great
apes cannot), and there is little ② evidence of
pointing occurring spontaneously between
members of any species other than our own.
Apparently only humans have the social-cognitive
infrastructure needed to support the kind of ③
egocentric and prosocial motivations that pointing
gestures presuppose. This suggests a new place to
look for the foundations of human language. While
research on language in ④ cognitive science has long
focused on its logical structure, the news about
pointing suggests an alternative: that the essence of
language is found in our capacity for the communion
of minds through shared intentionality. At the
center of it is the ⑤ deceptively simple act of
pointing, an act that must be mastered before
language can be learned at all.
* presuppose: 전제로 하다 ** communion: 교감, 공유
[정답] ③ egocentric을 cooperative와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
31
[2025수능특강(영어) 17강 4번] [2025수능특강(영어) 18강 1-2번]
72 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은? 73 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A),
The theory of reasoned action maintains that a (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
person’s decision to engage in a purposeful activity We trust our common sense largely because we
depends on several factors, of which some are are prone to naive realism: the belief that we see the
situational and some are mediated by personal world precisely as it is. We assume that ‘seeing is
dispositions or characteristics. At the core of the believing’ and trust our intuitive perceptions of the
theory is the idea that when people engage in a given world and ourselves. In daily life, naive realism often
behavior it is because they formed an intention to do serves us well. If you are driving down a one-lane
so and have reasons for their decision to actualize road and see a tractor-trailer moving uncontrollably
their intentions. Because of this, much of our towards you at 120 kilometers per hour, it is a wise
behavior can be characterized as “reasoned action.” idea to get out of the way. Much of the time, we
Fishbein and Ajzen suggested that behavioral should trust our perceptions. Yet appearances can
intentions are controlled by two factors: attitude sometimes be deceptive. The Earth seems flat. The
toward an act and the normative component. sun seems to revolve around the Earth. Yet in both
Attitude toward an act is influenced by the beliefs cases, our intuitions are wrong. Sometimes, what
that people have about the consequences of appears to be obvious can mislead us when it comes
performing an act. The normative component is to evaluating ourselves and others. Our common
controlled by our beliefs about what valued others sense tells us that our memories accurately capture
(i.e., people important in our lives) expect us to do. virtually everything we have seen, although
For some behaviors we rely more on our attitude scientific research demonstrates otherwise. Our
toward an act, whereas for other behaviors we may common sense also assures us that people who do
rely more on the normative component for guidance not share our political views are biased, but that we
on how to behave. are objective. Yet psychological research

demonstrates that we are all susceptible to
① the factors that determine behavior evaluating political issues in a biased fashion. So our
② social influences of individual behavior tendencies to believe appearances can lead us to
③ change in attitude toward certain behavior draw erroneous conclusions about human nature. In
④ how ethical norms change human behavior many cases, ‘believing is seeing’ rather than the
⑤ ways to find out the intentions behind behavior reverse: our beliefs shape our perceptions of the
[정답] ①
world.
[해설]
우리의 행동은 미리 형성된 행동의 의도를 실현하려는 합리적인 결정에서 비롯되고, * prone: (~의) 경향이 있는 ** deceptive: 판단을 그르치게 하는
미리 형성된 행동 의도는 행동의 결과에 대한 믿음과 소중한 타인의 기대에 의해 영향 *** susceptible: ~하기 쉬운
을 받는다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ①‘the factors that determine behavior(행동을 결정 
짓는 요인들)’이 주제로 가장 적절하다.
②개인행동의 사회적 영향 Although we ____(A)____ our intuitive
③특정한 행동에 대한 태도의 변화
perception of the world, what seems ____(B)____
④윤리적 규범이 인간 행동을 어떻게 변화시키는가
⑤행동 뒤의 의도를 알아내는 방법 can make us mistake because our intuition can be
wrong.
(A) (B)
↗ ① trust passionate
[해설] ② trust obvious
→ 우리는 세상에 대한 우리의 직관적 인식을 신뢰하지만, 우리의 직관이 틀릴 수 있기 ③ expect opposite
때문에 명백해 보이는 것이 우리를 실수하게 만들 수 있다.
우리는 소박실재론에 따라 세상에 대한 우리의 직관적인 인식을 신뢰하지만, 때로는 ④ disregard supportive
겉모습이 판단을 그르치게 할 수 있어서 우리의 직관이 틀릴 수 있고, 명백해 보이는 ⑤ disregard ambiguous
것이 우리를 실수하게 만들 수도 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ② (A)에는 ‘신뢰하다’를
뜻하는 trust이, (B)에는 ‘명백한’를 뜻하는 obvious가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요
약할 수 있다.
① 신뢰하다 … 열정적인
③ 예상하다 … 반대의
④ 무시하다 … 지지하는
⑤ 무시하다 … 애매한
32
[2025수능특강(영어) 18강 3-4번] [2025수능특강(영어) 18강 5-6번]
74 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? 75 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
Some people claim that gratitude is just about 지 않은 것은?
thinking nice thoughts and expecting good things — In all social systems, it is true that people’s
and ignores the negativity, pain, and suffering in life. behavior is influenced by social rules and they are
Well, they’re wrong. ① Consider our definition of extraordinarily ① adaptable. One natural
gratitude, as a specific way of thinking about experiment involving baboons is instructive. A study
receiving a benefit and giving credit to others in 2004 examined how a troop of baboons
besides yourself for that benefit. In fact, gratitude dominated by large and aggressive males changed
can be very difficult, because it requires ② that you after all those dominant males caught a disease and
recognize your dependence on others, and that’s not died. With only smaller, gentler males ② remaining,
always positive. You have to humble yourself, in the the culture of that troop underwent a dramatic shift,
sense that you have to become a good receiver of moving from a social structure characterized by
others’ support and generosity. ③ That can be very widespread bullying and fighting to one with much
hard — most people are better givers than receivers. more peaceful grooming. Conflict was still there, of
course, but it tended to be resolved with peaceful
What’s more, feelings of gratitude can sometimes
methods, and the fighting that did happen was more
stir up related feelings of indebtedness and
between equally matched baboons, instead of a big
obligation, ④ what doesn’t sound like positive
one picking on a small one. Remarkably, the culture
thinking at all: If I am grateful for something you
of that troop ③ persisted even after all those original
provided to me, I have to take care of that thing — I
males had died off and were replaced by others
might even have to reciprocate at some appropriate
coming in from outside. The new males were
time in the future. That type of indebtedness or
acculturated to the group norms, and learned to
obligation can ⑤ be perceived very negatively — it
behave less aggressively.
can cause people real discomfort, as Jill Suttie
explores in her essay “How to Say Thanks Without Obviously, humans are not baboons. But it seems
Feeling Indebted.” highly possible that this is basically similar to why ④

indifferent human societies can have much different
The data bear this out. When people are grateful,
behavioral norms — consider premodern tribes who
they aren’t necessarily free of negative emotions —
worshiped their ancestors and shared food in
we don’t find that they necessarily have less anxiety
common, medieval peasants who accepted the
or less tension or less unhappiness. Practicing
divine right of kings and performed free labor for
gratitude magnifies positive feelings more than it
feudal lords, and people today who believe in
reduces negative feelings. If gratitude were just
democracy and corporate employment contracts.
positive thinking, or a form of denial, you’d
Human societies have much more ⑤ complexity and
experience no negative thoughts or feelings when
choice than baboon societies, but the point is that
you’re keeping a gratitude journal, for instance. But,
behavioral norms are to a great degree the product
in fact, people do.
of culture and learning, not the other way around.
* indebtedness: 부채 ** reciprocate: (비슷한 것으로) 보답하다
* baboon: 개코원숭이 ** groom: (서로) 털 손질을 해 주다
[정답] ④ what을 which로 바꿔야 적절하다. *** feudal: 봉건 (시대의)
[정답] ④ indifferent를 different와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
33
[2025수능특강(영어) 18강 7-8번] [2025수능특강(영어) 20강 1번]
76 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은? 77 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Not surprisingly, usage of unsafely designed and Marcel Pagnol was born in Aubagne in 1895, and
insecurely implemented software presents some died in 1974. The son of a primary school teacher,
risks. After distributed software reaches user sites, whom he described so vividly in his Souvenirs
installation and administration of system and d’enfance (childhood memories), this southern
application software, when improperly performed, Frenchman began his professional life as an English
may adversely affect performance and proper teacher. However, he quickly earned a reputation for
functioning of such software. his plays in the 1920s: the extraordinary success of
Topaze in 1927 and Marius in 1928 established him
(A) This somewhat “explorative” way to use systems as a playwright. Marcel Pagnol had long been
rather often leads to a risky attitude with interested in the cinema, but had to wait for the
potentially harmful effects, e.g., by clicking on development of talking picture techniques to use his
unknown attachments without due care. Software full vigor as a dialogue writer. His first few films
manufacturers often argue that failure of software were adaptations of his theatrical works, for example
is mainly caused by improper actions of users. the highly acclaimed trilogy Marius, Fanny and
(B) But in many — if not most — cases, the César. The public success was enormous at both
human-computer interface (e.g., the display of national and international levels. This persuaded
functions and operations on the screen, or the Marcel Pagnol to devote himself exclusively to the
handling of input devices such as mouse and cinema. For his second film he set up his own
keyboard) is inadequately designed and users are production company, La societe des films Marcel
not properly supported by help functions (which Pagnol. He was certain that the dramatist of the past
when existing in many cases are so complex that would be the film-maker of the future, a thesis which
users are further misled). While users are he controversially developed in a short-lived critical
primarily interested in doing their work, one must review entitled Les cahiers du film.
* acclaimed: 극찬[호평]을 받은 ** trilogy: 3부작
admit that they rather often tend to forget about
*** thesis: 논제(論題)
any precaution and even sometimes bypass
security measures when thinking that their work ① What Made Marcel Pagnol Successful?
performance is reduced. ② Marcel Pagnol : French Playwright and Film Maker
(C) Due to the complexity as well as due to inadequate ③ New Approaches To Making Films at That Time
documentation of these systems, users hardly ④ Why Was Marcel Pagnol Considered As an
understand effects of their attempts to “properly” Dogmatist?
use such systems. Consequently, users apply “trial ⑤ The Recommendation For Leaning Both
and error” methods in learning to work with new Playwriting And Film-making
features, rather than trying methodologically to [정답] ②
[해설]
understand which functions may have which Marcel Pagnol의 생애와 극작가로서 입지를 다지고 성공했을 분만 아니라 영화에 전
effects, and which precautions should be taken to 념하여 영화 제작사를 설립했으며 Marcel Pagnol는 과거의 극작가가 미래의 영화 제
작자가 될 것이라는 확신을 했다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ②‘Marcel Pagnol
avoid unwished side-effects. : French Playwright and Film Maker(Marcel Pangnol : 프랑스의 극작가이자 영화제작
자)’이 가장 적절하다.
① 무엇이 Marcel Pagnol이 성공적이게 만들었는가?
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ③ 당시에 영화를 만드는데서의 새로운 접근
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) ④ Marcel Pagnol은 왜 독단주의자로 여겨졌는가?
⑤ 극작하는 것과 영화 만드는 것을 둘다 배우는 것을 추천
34
78 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? 79 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
When he was a Harvard student, world-famous In the summer of 1878, a thirty-year-old Dutch
cellist Yo-Yo Ma played often at concerts in and botanist named Hugo de Vries traveled to England
around Boston. He became very popular, and one to see Darwin. It was more of a spiritual journey than
day when one of his concerts was sold out, he gave a a scientific visit. Darwin was ① vacationing at his
free concert for those who were unable to obtain sister's estate in Dorking, but de Vries tracked him
tickets — he sat in the theater lobby and played Bach down and traveled out ② to meet him. Thin,
cello suites. Later in his career, when he was an intense, and excitable, with a beard that rivaled
international success, he still would often give more Darwin's, de Vries already looked like a younger
than required. For example, many guest cello version of his idol. He also had Darwin's persistence.
soloists play in the first half of a concert, then they The meeting ③ must be exhausting, for it lasted
are finished for the night. However, Mr. Ma would only two hours, and Darwin had to excuse himself to
sometimes play as part of the orchestra in the second take a break. But de Vries left England transformed.
half of the concert — doing this with the Philadelphia With no more than a brief conversation, Darwin ④
Orchestra was especially enjoyable for him. He says, had inserted a sluice into de Vries's racing mind,
“It is an honor to play the back stands of the completely redirecting it forever. Back in
Philadelphia Orchestra. It’s incredible the way those Amsterdam, de Vries suddenly terminated his prior
players listen, the knowledge they have. I admire it work on the movement of tendrils in plants and
so much. And I feel the thrill of being part of threw ⑤ himself into solving the mystery of
something that’s greater than the sum of its parts — heredity.
being accepted as part of the team.” * sluice: 수문(水門) ** tendril: 덩굴손 *** heredity: 유전
[정답] ③ must be를 must have been으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
① What Made Yo-Yo Ma Successful?

[2025수능특강(영어) 21강 1번]
② Yo-Yo Ma’s New Style To Play Cello
③ Yo-Yo Ma : His Secret to Being a World-Famous
지 않은 것은?
Cellist
It is uncontroversially true that people in different
④ Why Was Yo-Yo Ma Considered Only As Part of the
societies have different customs and different ideas
Orchestra ?
about right and wrong. There is no world ①
⑤ Cellist Yo-Yo Ma Known For His Respectable
consensus on which actions are right and wrong,
Qualities and Modesty
even though there is a considerable overlap between
[정답] ⑤
[해설] views on this. If we consider how much moral views
첼리스트 Yo-Yo Ma는 연주회가 매진되면 표를 구하지 못한 사람들을 위해 무료 연주 have changed both from place to place and from age
회를 열었고, 객원 첼로 독주자로 활동할 때는 하지 않아도 되는 후반부를 연주하는
등, 해야 하는 일 이상을 하곤 했다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ⑤ Cellist Yo-Yo to age it can be tempting to think that there are no ②
Ma Known For His Respectable Qualities and Modesty(존경할만한 특성들과 겸손함 absolute moral facts, but rather that morality is
으로 알려진 첼로연주자 Yo-Yo Ma)이 가장 적절하다.
① 무엇이 Yo-Yo Ma를 성공적으로 이끌었는가?
always relative to the society in which you have been
② Yo-Yo Ma가 첼로를 연주하는 새로운 스타일 brought up. On such a view, since slavery was
③ Yo-Yo Ma : 세계적으로 유명한 첼로연주자가 된 그의 비결
④ 왜 Yo-Yo Ma는 단지 오케스트라의 일원으로만 여겨지는가?
morally ③ unacceptable to most Ancient Greeks but
is not to most Europeans today, slavery was right for
the Ancient Greeks but would be wrong for today’s
Europeans. This view, known as moral ④ relativism,
makes morality simply a description of the values
held by a particular society at a particular time. This
is a ⑤ meta-ethical view about the nature of moral
judgements. Moral judgements can only be judged
true or false relative to a particular society. There are
no absolute moral judgements: they are all relative.
[정답] ③ unacceptable을 acceptable과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
35
81 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은? 82 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
If the United States has one of the easiest When Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote the words,
geographies to develop, Mexico has one of the most "Water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink"
difficult. The entirety of Mexico is in essence the in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in 1798, the
southern extension of the Rocky Mountains, which dangers of drinking seawater had been known for
is a kind way of saying that America’s worst lands are thousands of years. Seawater does indeed make men
strikingly similar to Mexico’s best lands. mad. Historical evidence indicates the ancient
Egyptians knew seawater was not potable, but the
(A) Mexico shouldn’t be thought of as a unified state, earliest realization that it was unsafe to drink has
but instead as a collage of dozens of little Mexicos been lost to antiquity. In pre-Columbian times, the
where local power brokers constantly align with greatest fear of venturing too far from land on the
and against each other (and a national ocean was not falling off the surface of the Earth but
government seeking — often in vain — to stitch lack of fresh drinking water. From a human
together something more cohesive). perspective, the oceans, which cover 70% of Earth's
(B) In its regional disconnectedness, Mexico is a surface, are still the most extensive and unique
textbook case that countries with the greatest desert wildernesses on the planet. Saltwater
need for capital-intensive infrastructure are constitutes 97% of Earth's water, and of the 3% that
typically the countries with the lowest ability to is fresh, two-thirds is frozen in glaciers and polar ice.
generate the capital necessary to build that Thus, a mere 1% of all the water on the planet (in
infrastructure. lakes and rivers, groundwater, and the atmosphere)
is fresh and can be used by terrestrial plants and
(C) As one would expect from a territory that is
animals.
mountain-dominated, there are no navigable
* potable: 마시기에 적합한 ** terrestrial: 육상의
rivers and no large cohesive pieces of fertile land
like the American Southeast or the Columbia
① availability of vast ocean water
valley, much less the Midwest. Each mountain
② difference between saltwater and freshwater
valley is a sort of fastness where a small handful of
③ the benefit of knowing the history of the sea
oligarchs control local economic and political life.
④ the limited knowledge to utilize seawater as
* cohesive: 응집된, 결합력이 있는 ** oligarch: 과두 정치 독재자
freshwater
*** infrastructure: 사회 기반 시설
⑤ historically and scientifically proven dangers of
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
drinking seawater
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) [정답] ⑤
④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다. [해설]
고대와 콜럼버스 이전 시대와 같은 역사적인 증거를 통해서도 알 수 있듯이 바닷물을
마시는 것이 위험하고 면적상으로도 97퍼센트를 차지하는 바다 이외의 1퍼센트의 담
수만으로 육상 동식물이 살아간다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ⑤ ‘Historically and
scientifically proven dangers of drinking seawater(현대 미술 시상식으로의 초청)’가
가장 적절하다.
① 광활한 바닷물의 이용가능성
② 바닷물과 담수사이의 차이점
③ 바다의 역사를 아는 것의 유익
④ 미래에 바닷물을 담수로 사용하는 제한된 지식
36
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? "In recent years, there has been an increasing
Shifting demographics, household structures, tendency of economists, scientists, and politicians ①
lifestyle preferences, and consumer values suggest a to shift the focus from population growth to
different built environment and urban fabric 30 consumption as the more important underlying
years ahead compared with 30 years ago. More and driver of biodiversity loss. For many, the emphasis
more Americans, Australians, and Europeans are on consumption avoids politically charged topics,
choosing to live in settings where they are less such as population control, ② where most people
dependent on their cars because reducing air oppose on ethical or moral grounds, and because it is
pollution and energy use matters to them. A 2011 associated with divisive topics such as xenophobia,
survey of more than two thousand adult Americans racism, and eugenics. Others highlight that it is not
found seven times more people said the the number of people per se, but ③ how natural
neighborhood where a house is located is a bigger resources are consumed that is the main cause of
consideration in deciding where to live than the size environmental decline. Indeed, rich people and rich
of the house. Walking to restaurants, businesses, countries have a disproportionate impact on the
schools, and other amenities was the most appealing natural environment because they consume a
neighborhood feature for many respondents. To disproportionately large share of the world's natural
many 20- and 30-somethings, walkable resources. ④ To use one example, the USA
communities are equated with a downsized accommodates only 5% of the world's human
environmental footprint and energy efficiency, with population but uses 25% of the world's harvested
the added benefit of burning calories during natural resources each year. In fact, decorative
everyday activities. If green buildings and solar Christmas lights in the USA alone use more energy
panels dot the landscape and rooftops, all the better. than the annual energy usage of the entirety of
Notes one economist with the Urban Land Institute, Ethiopia or Tanzania. And yet, the average USA
“Energy efficiency is becoming the new granite citizen uses less than half of the energy that an
countertops; it’s a necessary feature to sell the average citizen of Qatar uses, Qatar ⑤ being a small
property.” but wealthy Middle Eastern country.
* amenity: 생활 편의 시설 ** dot: (점으로) 덮다 *** granite: 화강암
* xenophobia: 외국인 혐오 ** eugenics: 우생학
 *** per se: 그 자체로
Compared to 30 years ago, people's perceptions [정답] ② which를 where로 바꿔야 적절하다.
and lifestyles have ____(A)____ changed, affecting
the built environment and urban structure, with
many people ____(B)____ to live within walking
distance.
(A) (B)
① changed offering
② changed preferring
③ remained expecting
④ been developed managing
⑤ been developed needing
[해설]
→ 30년 전과 비교하여 사람들의 인식과 생활 방식이 변했기 때문에, 건축 환경과 도시
구조에도 영향을 미쳤는데, 많은 사람들은 걸어서 생활 편의 시설을 다닐 수 있는 거주
지를 선호한다.
사람들이 자동차에 덜 의존하는 환경에서 살기를 선택하면서 거주지를 결정할 때 생
활 편의 시설까지 걸어 다닐 수 있는 것을 가장 매력적인 동네의 특징으로 본다는 내용
이다. 그러므로 ② (A)에는 ‘변하다’를 뜻하는 changed가, (B)에는 ‘선호하는’를 뜻하는
preferring이 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 변하다 … 제공하는
③ 유지하다 … 예상하는
④ 개발되다 … 가까스로 해내는
⑤ 개발되다 … 필요한
37
"Movies featuring wonderful natural landscapes Based on the unique combination of body size
and charismatic wildlife often increase the desire of measurements, scientists can predict where an ant
① moviegoers to visit natural areas where they can nests and forages or even what kind of food it eats.
see these landscapes and animals first-hand. But
they can also raise awareness of environmental Many aspects of an ant’s appearance have likely
issues in new audiences. While many documentaries evolved to meet a specific lifestyle requirement,
are created with this purpose in mind, such benefits although the extent to which this is true has not been
can also ② extend to blockbuster movies meant for fully explored for all aspects of its body structure. (
broader audiences. For example, Disney’s Happy ① ) Adaptations could be due to environment,
Feet (2006) highlighted the threat of overfishing available food, or predators. ( ② ) Long legs and
and plastic pollution to penguins; The Jungle Book large eyes are commonly seen in ground-foraging
(2016) exposed audiences to the ③ endangered ants that need to move quickly to avoid predators in
pangolins. Such exposure can even lead to open ground or be the first to acquire a food
environmentally conscious behavioural changes. resource. ( ③ ) In contrast, ants that forage and
For example, moviegoers were willing to donate 50% nest in leaf litter have shorter legs and antennae,
more money to climate ④ mitigation after watching alongside small eyes. ( ④ ) This makes sense in the
the apocalyptic movie The Day After Tomorrow dark environment of leaf litter where moving
(2004). Perhaps, in part, due to the influence of through small spaces is easier with a compact body
environmentally-orientated movies, an increasing plan. ( ⑤ ) Predators have longer, flatter
number of movie stars (and other celebrities) have mandibles, while omnivores — those eating a diverse
started using their stardom as a platform from range of foods — have shorter, curved mandibles.
where they ⑤ constrict biodiversity conservation * forage: 먹이를 찾다 ** leaf litter: 낙엽 *** mandible: 아래턱뼈
efforts in Africa.
* pangolin: 천산갑(몸의 위쪽이 딱딱한 비늘로 덮여있고 긴 혀로
곤충을 핥아먹는 작은 동물)
** mitigation: 완화 *** apocalyptic: 종말론적인
[정답] ⑤ constrict를 promote와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
38
The largest species of octopus in the world, the (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
giant Pacific octopus, usually grows to about 3 m in However skilled you may be at bowling, there will
length and weighs up to 272kg. It lives on the rim of always be minute changes in the angle at which you
the North Pacific Ocean, where it crawls about on release the ball that will be magnified as the ball
the bottom, using its long, sucker-covered arms. It travels the length of the lane. As it strikes, the first
seeks out rocky dens on the seabed; youngsters will skittle falls back either slightly to the right or the left,
often dig holes under rocks in sand. Here, the and the ball is deflected slightly in the other
octopus can take refuge from predators — seals, direction. From then on, within a fraction of a
sharks, and other large fishes — too big to slip second, skittles start falling in different directions,
through the den mouth. Foraging mainly at night, sometimes hitting others as they fall. The differences
this giant octopus looks especially for crabs and in the final arrangement of skittles each time are
lobsters, but also takes shrimp and shellfish, smaller difficult to predict from the slight variation of angle
octopuses, and fishes. Often it will return to its den as the ball leaves the bowler’s hand. Even those who
to feed, depositing empty shells and other inedible can achieve strike after strike actually achieve a
fragments of prey in piles at the entrance. Like its different strike every time, for the skittles will never
relatives, this octopus mostly lives alone, except for a fall in exactly the same way twice.
* skittle: 볼링핀 ** deflect: 방향을 바꾸다
brief period when adults come together for mating.

The female lays her eggs in a den, and will tend them
Because there will always be a slight change in
until her young emerge. She will not feed in all this
____(A)____ when you release the bowling ball
time — and will die soon after her young emerge.
* rim: 가장자리 ** den: 굴, 동굴 *** fragment: 조각 from your hand, so getting strikes in a row actually
means getting a ____(A)____ strike every time.
① the way the giant octopus hunts
② the unique structure of the giant octopus habitat (A) (B)
③ the ecological characteristics of the giant octopus ① the power same
④ A giant octopus that devotedly cares for its young ② the power opposite
⑤ the breeding methods that take advantage of the ③ the distance technical
uniqueness of the physical structure ④ the angle probable
[정답] ③ ⑤ the angle different
[해설]
[정답] ⑤
대왕문어의 신체 구조와 서식지, 먹이와 습성, 번식 방법 등의 특징을 열거하며 설명하
[해설]
는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ③ ‘tthe ecological characteristics of the giant
→ 당신이 얼마나 훌륭한 볼러 일지라도 볼링공을 손에서 놓는 각도에 항상 미세한 변
octopus(대왕 문어의 생태적 특징들)’가 가장 적절하다.
화가 있기 때문에 연달아 스트라이크를 성공하는 것은 실제로는 매번 다른 스트라이
① 대왕문어가 사냥하는 방법
크를 성공하는 것을 의미 한다.
② 대왕문어 서식지의 독특한 구조
볼링 실력이 아무리 뛰어나더라도 볼링공을 손에서 놓는 각도에 항상 미세한 변화가
④ 헌신적으로 새끼를 돌보는 대왕문어
있으며 볼링 핀이 넘어지면서 다른 볼링 핀과 부딪치기도 해서 연달아 스트라이크를
⑤ 신체적 구조의 독특함을 이용한 번식 방법
성공하더라도 실제로는 매번 다른 스트라이크를 성공하는 것이라는 것이 글의 중심
내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤(A)에는 ‘각도’를 뜻하는 the angle이, (B)에는 ‘다른’을 뜻하는
different가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 힘 … 같은
② 힘 … 반대의
③ 거리 … 기술적인
④ 각도 … 그럴듯한
39
[2025수능특강(영어) 24강 1번] foods with ③ lower concentrations of protein or
89 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? consuming protein powders). You just need to eat
Spectators are seen as a source of drive arousal. more of the same foods. The ④ increased athletic
This heightened state of arousal is presumed ① to activity will work up your hunger drive. In response,
facilitate the performance of well-learned or simple you will ⑤ consume more protein as well as
skills. However, if a skill is not well-learned or nutrients of all types. This works well since physical
complex, the increase in arousal will interfere with activity likely requires more of all nutrients, not just
its performance. The underlying notion is ② that an protein.
increase in drive arousal favors the emission of the * sedentary: 몸을 많이 움직이지 않는
performer's dominant responses. In the case of a
[정답] ③ lower를 higher와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
skilled performer, her dominant responses ③ are
presumed to be largely "correct" ones. Her
performance stands ④ to improve with an audience
present. In a case where the performer is still
struggling to master a skill, incorrect responses are
present in abundance and are thereby presumed to
be dominant responses. As a consequence,
onlookers can only worsen the performance of a
beginner. Hence, the performer's level of skill and
[2025수능특강(영어) 24강 3번]
the complexity of the skill itself will determine ⑤
whether an audience helps or hinders a
Once production shifts to industrial methods, the
performance.
leisure consumer is free to seek pleasure in the older
* hinder: 방해하다
handcraft technology.
[정답] ④ to improve를 to be improved로 바꿔야 적절하다.
(A) In the 1950s, the late Shelby Foote reportedly

wrote his three-volume 1.5-million-word history
of the Civil War with a dip pen, eschewing the
then-dominant writing technologies — the
manual typewriter and the fountain pen —
thereby lending a new meaning to the term
"belletristic history.“
[2025수능특강(영어) 24강 2번] (B) Typically, the technology itself enters one or more
90 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 paths to pleasure as the market recognizes hobby
지 않은 것은?
demand: tools and materials are designed for
Athletes do require more protein (and all
comfort, beauty, and satisfaction. Both
nutrients) than sedentary people, but there is no
needlework tools and those of hobby
evidence that they require a higher percentage of
woodworking have undergone this transition, to
protein ① compared to other macronutrients in their
name only two of many possible examples.
diet to perform more optimally. To put it another
(C) Fountain pens, considered obsolete as a
way, a diet with 10 percent protein is sufficient for
production technology for writing, are selling at
most people, athlete and nonathlete alike. If an
four-figure prices to people who simply enjoy the
average adult female eats 2,000 calories, 10 percent
process of forming words with ink on paper and
is 200 calories from protein. If an average female
are willing to pay a premium for the pleasure.
athlete eats 3,000 calories, 10 percent is 300 calories
* obsolete: 구식의, 한물간 ** eschew: 멀리하다
from protein — that’s a 50 percent increase in *** belletristic: 순수 문학적인
protein ② achieved by simply eating more of the
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
same foods. So when you exercise, you don’t need to
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
change the composition of the food (i.e., consuming ③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
40
Responding to life with joy and sorrow is part of Architectural spaces become memorable through
being human. At times when pain and suffering are the architectural characteristics that define them.
inescapable, it is important to remember that Qualities of scale, appropriateness for people,
_____________________________. This does aesthetics, and visual impact are among the many
not mean that one must be in discomfort to make components that give a place its character and feel.
art, but stress can be channeled into a creative force The purpose of a space can make it a place. The Oval
if it produces a sense of inquisitiveness and an Office in the White House is a good example of a
incentive for change. Thinking through making place with enormous historic significance. The
pictures can allow us to place our distress in context. unique oval shape of this splendid room makes it
The images we make can help us understand its memorable and gives it a special importance without
source, catalog its scope, adapt ourselves to its being ostentatious. Incidentally, George
presence, and devise ways to control it. There are Washington had two rooms at Mount Vernon
things in life, once called wisdom, which we have to altered to include bowed ends so he could greet
discover for ourselves by making our own private guests while standing in the middle as they circled
journeys. Stress can be directed to open up around him. Thomas Jefferson designed two oval
possibilities for intelligent and imaginative inquiries meeting rooms in the main floor of the Rotunda at
and solutions that otherwise might have been the University of Virginia. Oval rooms were seen as
ignored, overlooked, or refuted. being democratic because no person could be placed
* inquisitiveness: 호기심 ** refute: 반박하다 at a more important position in the room than
anyone else.
① this is part of the process by which we attain pain * splendid: 훌륭한 ** ostentatious: 대단히 호사스러운
② this is part of the process by which we ignore
happiness ① How An Architectural Space Gets To Be Written In
③ this is part of the process by which we seek for A History Book
escape ② How An Architectural Space Gets The Meaning Of
④ this is part of the process by which we acquire Being A Memorable Place
knowledge ③ How An Architectural Space Gets Evaluations
⑤ this is part of the process by which we obtain From Other Articles
timidity ④ How An Architectural Space Gets The Pride Of
[정답] ④ Being An OstentatiousPplace
[해설]
해당 글은 스트레스가 예술적 사고에 도움이 된다고 주장하고 있다. 빈칸에는 고통을 ⑤ How An Architectural Space Gets The Reputation
받는 시기가 지식을 습득하는 과정의 일부라는 말이 들어가야한다. 이런 내용이 담긴 Of Being An Oval Room
④ ‘this is part of the process by which we acquire knowledge(이것은 우리가 지식을
[정답] ②
습득하는 과정의 일부다)’가 빈칸에 들어가야한다.
[해설]
① 이것은 우리가 고통을 얻는 과정의 일부다
해당 글은 건축적 특성에 따라 건축 공간에 개성과 느낌이 부여되고, 공간이 기억에 남
② 이것은 우리가 행복을 무시하는 과정의 일부다
는 장소가 될 수 있다는 내용의 글이다. 이런 내용을 담은 ② ‘How An Architectural
③ 이것은 우리가 회피(탈출)를 모색하는 과정의 일부다
Space Gets The Meaning Of Being A Memorable Place(건축 공간이 기억에 남는 장
⑤ 이것은 우리가 소심함을 얻는 과정의 일부다
소라는 의미를 얻는 방법)’이라는 선지가 제목 선지로 가장 적절하다.
① 건축 공간이 역사책에 쓰여지는 방법
③ 건축 공간이 다른 기사들로부터 평가를 받는 방법
④ 건축 공간이 과시적인 장소라는 자부심을 얻는 방법
⑤ 건축 공간이 타원형 방이라는 명성을 얻는 방법
41
[2025수능특강(영어) 25강 3번] attending a lecture on a topic they knew nothing
94 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? about ③ beforehand will all walk away with different
Museum and gallery exhibitions are ‘hired’ by or amounts and kinds of learning, and aptitude for that
co-produced with other galleries; it is not particular content and that particular teaching
uncommon for shows to be ‘on the road’ for two method is one important factor in ④ explaining
years or longer. Normally they are curated by one or these differences. But would the students who
more people, ① whose role includes researching the learned the most in this class also learn the most if
exhibition concept, the selection (or commissioning) the lecture were on a ⑤ different topic or if the same
of work, planning ② how the work will be hung material were presented through hands-on
within the exhibition space and writing a significant experiences or in small groups?
part of any accompanying book or catalogue. The * calculus: 미적분학
power of the curator, operating regionally, [정답] ② attitude를 aptitude와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
nationally or internationally, ③ has been
questioned. Of course, curators take initiatives
which contribute to the exposure of work. But they
may also regularly favour certain artists, or types of
work, at the expense of others. Furthermore, it ④
has suggested that curators often act more as
‘creators’, putting together themed exhibitions [2025수능특강(영어) 26강 2번]
which, however relevant and interesting, serve as 96 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
much ⑤ to advance themselves as to showcase the One implication of expectancy theory is that even
work of artists. Indeed, all exhibitions and though all students should have a chance to be
collections reflect the particular interests of their rewarded if they do their best, no student should
curators and archivists as well as the mission have an easy time achieving the maximum reward.
statement, priorities and terms of reference of
particular organisations. (A) In this circumstance, neither high achievers nor
* archivist: 기록 보관인 ** terms of reference: 위임 사항 low achievers are likely to exert their best efforts.
This is one reason why it is important to reward
[정답] ④ has suggested를 has been suggested로 바꿔야 적절하다.
students for effort, for doing better than they have
done in the past, or for making progress, rather
than only for getting a high score.
(B) For example, students can build a portfolio of
compositions, projects, reports, or other work and
can then see how their work is improving over
[2025수능특강(영어) 26강 1번]
time. Not all students are equally capable of
95 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 exerting effort, exceeding their own past
지 않은 것은?
performance, or making progress, so these are
A significant challenge arises when we ask
often better, more equally available criteria on
whether there is any such thing as general aptitude.
which to base reward.
Many people are terrific at calculus but couldn’t
write a good essay or paint a good picture if their (C) This principle is violated by traditional grading
lives ① depended on it. Some people can walk into a practices, because some students find it easy to
room full of strangers and immediately figure out earn A’s and B’s, whereas others believe that they
the relationships and feelings among them; others have little chance of academic success no matter
may never learn this skill. As Will Rogers put it, what they do.
* exert: 다하다, 발휘하다 ** criterion: 기준 (pl. criteria)
“Everybody is ignorant, only on different topics.”
Clearly, individuals vary in their ② attitude for
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
learning any specific type of knowledge or skill
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
taught in a specific way. A hundred students ④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
42
97 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 98 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
As students move into adolescence, they are Some assumptions that notions of space (that is, a
__________________________. Even greater three-dimensional area in which events and objects
physical changes are taking place as the students occur and have relative direction and position) are
approach puberty. So, with developing minds and universal — are being reexamined. Stephen
bodies, young adolescents must confront the central Levinson showed that “systems of spatial reckoning
issue of constructing an identity that will provide a and description can in fact ________________.”
firm basis for adulthood. They have been developing More specifically, languages vary in their use of
a sense of self since infancy. But adolescence marks spatial concepts and, in some instances, determine
the first time that a conscious effort is made to the cognitive categories relating to space concepts;
answer the now-pressing question: "Who am I?" The also, the speakers of a number of languages do not
conflict defining this stage is identity versus role use spatial terms corresponding to the bodily
confusion. Identity refers to the organization of an coordinates of left-right and front-back. One
individual’s drives, abilities, beliefs, and history into example comes from the Tenejapa Tzeltal of Mexico:
a consistent image of self. It involves deliberate Their language uses no relative frame of reference
choices and decisions, particularly about work, and therefore has no terms for spatial reference that
values, ideology, and commitments to people and would correspond to left, right, front, and back.
ideas. If adolescents fail to integrate all these aspects Although terms exist for left hand and right hand,
and choices, or if they feel unable to choose at all, they do not extend to other parts of the body or to
role confusion threatens. areas external to it.
* adolescence: 청소년기 ** puberty: 사춘기 * reckoning: 추정, 계산 ** divergent: 다른, 갈라지는
*** coordinate: 좌표
① degrading their ability to form empathy to other
people ① be quite consistent across cultures, regardless of
② forming capabilities for re-creating their infant linguistic variations
identities ② be quite minimal on cognitive development due to
③ designing new ideologies in order to understand its ambiguous stance
the new society’s stream ③ be quite universally understood due to its
④ educating themselves so that they can create new similarities within cross-dimensional thoughts
groups of friends ④ be quite various within domestic cultures because
⑤ developing capabilities for abstract thinking and of cognitive flaws and errors
understanding the perspectives of others ⑤ be quite divergent across cultures, linguistic

[정답] ⑤ differences correlating with distinct cognitive
[해설] tendencies
해당 글은 정체성을 형성하는 청소년기에 대해서 설명하고 있다. 청소년기의 특징을
[정답] ⑤
가장 잘 설명하기 위해서는 빈칸에 ⑤ ‘developing capabilities for abstract thinking
[해설]
and understanding the perspectives of others(추상적인 사고와 타인의 관점을 이해
해당 글은 공간 개념이 보편적이지 않고, 언어가 공간 개념과 관련된 인지 범주를 결정
하는 능력을 발전시킨다)’가 들어가는 것이 가장 적절하다.
할 정도로 여러 언어에 걸친 공간 개념의 인식이 다리다는 내용의 글이다. 따라서 빈칸
① 다른 사람들에게 공감을 형성하는 그들의 능력을 저하시키는 것
에는 ⑤ ‘(언어적 차이는 뚜렷한 인지적 경향과 관련이 있으며, 문화에 따라 상당히 다
② 유아의 정체성을 재창조하기 위한 능력을 형성하는 것 르다)’가 들어가는 것이 적절하다.
③ 새로운 사회의 흐름을 이해하기 위해 새로운 이념을 설계하는 것 ① 언어적인 차이에 상관없이 여러 문화에 걸쳐 상당히 일관되어 있다
④ 그들이 새로운 친구 그룹을 만들 수 있도록 스스로 교육하는 것 ② 애매모호한 입장 때문에 인지 발달에 있어서는 극히 미미하다
③ 차원을 초월한 사상의 유사성 때문에 매우 보편적으로 이해된다
④ 인지상의 결함과 오류 때문에 국내 문화권에서 상당히 다양하다
43
Languages are far more similar than had The proliferation of data brings with it many
previously been thought, and ① that universality challenges for both reporting and consuming
suggests that the human brain is designed to information. Social networks themselves are biased
understand the world in certain ways, ② which may by their constituents, which never exactly mirror the
also correspond to the structure of reality. Thus, all population at large.
languages have nouns and verbs, modifiers (adverbs
and adjectives), and names and pronouns. (A) As curatorial power is enhanced by automated
Languages may differ as to the sequence of words in systems, we should understand the biases at play.
a sentence (e.g., verb in the middle or at the end), Perhaps more important, we should work to make
but sentences are always used. Even the sequence of sure product engineers and designers are seeking
words does not vary as widely as it ③ could: Steven to optimize the wanted outcome — an informed
Pinker says that there are 128 possible orderings of public — not just heightened traffic.
the main parts of a sentence, but most languages use (B) Certain ethnicities are overrepresented, a
one of only two of those possibilities. Crucially, most significant challenge to social news as an
languages seem ④ to have an almost identical list of equalizer. In addition, a growing number of
concepts, and as a result nearly all words and algorithms make automated decisions on which
sentences can ⑤ translate effectively from one content to recommend for people to read.
language into another. Algorithms are generating top-news lists or hot
＊modifier: 수식어
trends and personalizing recommendations for
[정답] ⑤ translate를 be translated로 바꿔야 적절하다.

readers.
(C) Algorithms leave the impression of being neutral,
yet they are not. Algorithms are human creations.
They encode political choices of their designers
[2025수능특강(영어) 27강 3번]
100 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 and have cultural values baked in.
하지 않은 것은? * proliferation: 급증 ** constituent: 구성원
*** curatorial: (데이터의) 선정, 조직 및 제시의
Some performers manipulate the style of their
product to shift the ① incentives of critics to pay ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
attention. Richard Posner cites Shakespeare, ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
Nietzsche, Wittgenstein, and Kafka as figures who ③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
owe part of their reputation to the puzzling and

perhaps even contradictory nature of their writings.
Unclear authors, at least if they have ② substance
and depth, receive more attention from critics and
require more textual interpretation. Individual
critics can ③ establish their own reputations by
studying such a writer and by promoting one
interpretation of that writer’s work over another.
These same critics will support the ④ exclusion of
the writer in the canon, to promote the importance
of their own criticism. In effect, deep and ambiguous
writers are offering critics ⑤ implicit invitations to
serve as coauthors of a broader piece of work. Critics
respond by examining these works more closely and
spreading their fame more widely.
* canon: 주요 문헌 목록 ** ambiguous: 모호한
[정답] ④ exlcusion을 inclusion과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
44
102 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은? 103 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
How much time are we spending not truly Much alarm and handwringing have occurred
connected to other things or people, in the analogue over the idea that the Internet allows you to lock
or real sense of the word? Not much. We have turned yourself in an information bubble and see only facts
ourselves into human wearables, attached to our that support your views. I am sure this happens, but
phones nonstop, with additional sensors from our it would do us good to remember the alternative. In
smart watches and AI assistant devices, while we 1980, for instance, you got your daily dose of
patiently await to upload our memories, fantasies, information from your local paper and your choice
and consciousness to the cloud. In a relatively short of any of three network news shows, which ran for an
time frame, we quickly transitioned from the hour, all covering the same basic stories. That was
internet to the internet of things and now the “You of about it. We were all beholden to the views of a very
Things,” a concept that sees our bodies as part of an few people. The Internet allows
enormous sentient digital network, and our entire _____________________. Anything you want
existence downgraded to the status of our smart TVs to know is just a few keystrokes and a few clicks
and refrigerator. Since our selves have been largely away. Well over 100,000 web searches are
reduced to the digital fragments of our reputation performed each second, and at their heart, they each
captured in the many devices that connect us to represent a person who wants to know something
others and the world, it is hard to disagree with they don’t currently know. It is the great
Yuval Harari’s argument that “we are becoming tiny democratization of knowledge, which is an
chips inside a giant data-processing system that unquestionably good thing.
nobody really understands.” * handwringing: (걱정으로 인한) 손떨림
** beholden: 갇힌, 신세를 진 *** dose: 분량
* analogue: 아날로그적인 ** sentient: 지각이 있는
*** fragment: 파편
① every argument to be fact-based, every falsehood
① The benefits of technological advancements in affirmed
enhancing human connection. ② every sentence to be fact-deviated, every falsehood
② The disadvantages of data-processing systems threatened
when coding people to the computer ③ every claim to be fact-checked, every likelihood
③ The implications of the global companies’ standard denied
of information sharing ④ every stance to be fact-based, every likelihood
④ The ethical implications of uploading human rewritten
consciousness to the cloud ⑤ every statement to be fact-checked, every falsehood
⑤ The dependency of humans as small fragments to challenged
the gigantic data-processing system [정답] ⑤
[해설]
[정답] ⑤
해당 글은 인터넷의 발전으로 인해 정보 편식이 해소된다는 내용이다. 이런 내용을 가
[해설]
장 잘 담은 선지인 ⑤ ‘every statement to be fact-checked, every falsehood
해당 글은 여러 디지털 기기와 인공지능 기술로 인해 일종의 인간 웨어러블 기기로 변
challenged(모든 진술이 사실확인되고, 모든 거짓에 대해 이의를 제기할 것)’이 빈칸으
화되었고, 다른 사람이나 기기와 연결되어 많은 시간을 보내게 되었고, 우리의 자아는
로 가장 적절하다.
수많은 기기 속에 켑쳐된 평판의 디지털 파편으로 거의 격하되었다는 내용이다. 따라
① 모든 주장이 사실에 기반하고 모든 거짓말이 확증될 것
서 글의 주제는 ⑤ ‘The dependency of humans as small fragments to the gigantic
② 모든 문장이 사실을 왜곡하고 모든 거짓말이 위협될 것
data-processing system(거대한 데이터 처리 시스템에 대한 인간의 작은 조각 같은 의
③ 모든 주장이 사실 확인을 받고 모든 가능성이 부정될 것
존성)’이 가장 적절하다.
④ 모든 입장이 사실에 기반하고 모든 가능성이 다시 쓰여질 것
① 기술 발전이 인간의 연결을 향상시키는 데 미치는 이점
② 컴퓨터에 사람을 코딩할 때 데이터 처리 시스템의 단점
③ 글로벌 기업의 정보공유 표준이 시사하는 바
④ 인간의 의식을 클라우드에 업로드하는 것의 윤리적 의미
45
104 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? 106 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
Unfortunately, as we age, we tend to avoid 은?
vulnerability by avoiding change, so our learning If maintenance of a balance in a relationship
opportunities are reduced and new learning slows. requires much work, why bother aiming for the
We’ve all had the experience of a reunion with an old middle ground?
friend, when listening to them ① saying how they’ve

been, noticing how he or she has held onto some old (A) If things go sour, the tremendous energy drain of
beliefs ② that we discarded long ago. Probably the an irreparably damaged relationship can also
friend has not put himself or herself into a state of mean that the whole is less than the sum of its
vulnerable openness for a long time. Personal parts. Pooling resources — as in a joint savings
growth involves ③ to try out new behaviors, account — makes them optimally large. But if one
attitudes, and beliefs. Trying out something makes person only deposits and the other person only
us vulnerable to failure and ridicule. When learning, withdraws, checks are going to start bouncing.
we make mistakes, we look foolish — even absurd. (B) The wonderful thing about relationships is that
Who likes that? Willingness ④ to take chances in with the proper maintenance, the whole is greater
life, to try new experiences, challenges or activities — than the sum of its parts. Ideally, both members
even though the outcome is unsure — demands get support to realize their potential as
being vulnerable while doing so. Open-mindedness individuals as well as realizing the potential of the
is one of those activities ⑤ that we must do team.
deliberately, because we are naturally inclined to (C) Similarly, if only one person in a relationship is
avoid the vulnerability it entails. performing maintenance and the other is
* vulnerability: 취약성 ** discard: 버리다 indifferent, their joint account will also wind up
[정답] ③ to try를 trying으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
with insufficient funds. Overdraft protection
might cover everyday necessities, but it won’t help
[2025수능특강(영어) 29강 2번]
when something big comes around.
105 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 * bounce: (수표가) 부도 처리되다 ** irreparably: 회복할 수 없을
하지 않은 것은?
정도로 *** overdraft: (은행 계좌 등의) 초과 인출
Expectations influence children’s behavior. After
① observing the amount of litter in three classrooms, ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
Richard Miller and colleagues had the teacher and ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
others ② repeatedly tell one class that they should ② (B)-(A)-(C)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
be neat and tidy. This persuasion increased the

amount of litter placed in wastebaskets from 15 to 45
percent, but only ③ consistently. Another class,
which also had been placing only 15 percent of its
litter in wastebaskets, was repeatedly congratulated
for being so neat and tidy. After 8 days of hearing
this, and still 2 weeks later, these children were ④
fulfilling the expectation by putting more than 80
percent of their litter in wastebaskets. Tell children
they are hardworking and kind (rather than lazy and
mean), and they may live up to their labels. Tying the
⑤ identity to the self is important: Children who
were asked to be “a helper” were more likely to help
in later tasks than those asked to “help.” When
children think of themselves as tidy and helpful, they
become tidy and helpful.
* litter: (바닥에 버린) 쓰레기
[정답] ③ consistently를 temporarily와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
46
107 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 108 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸
(A),(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
The ancient Egyptian term for ‘colour’ was iwn — a Bentham, the eighteenth-century utilitarian
word that also meant ‘skin’, ‘nature’, ‘character’ and philosopher who promoted the social benefits of
‘being’, and was represented in part by a hieroglyph mass surveillance, designed a panopticon, a circular
of human hair. The members of that civilization had building where those to be observed, whether
noticed a striking resemblance between colours and prisoners, workers, patients, or students, were
humans. To them colours were just like people — full placed in cells or rooms lined along an outside wall.
of life, energy, power and personality. We now An “inspector” sat in a booth at the center of the
understand, as the Egyptians could only sense, how circle, unseen by those being watched, but able to see
thoroughly the two are connected. Colour, after all, them. According to Bentham, even though this
is ultimately made by its perceivers. Every hue we inspector could not observe every resident at every
see around us is actually manufactured within us — moment, simply knowing that they could be seen
in the same grey matter that forms language, stores would be enough to make prisoners behave and keep
memories, triggers emotions, shapes thoughts and workers and students on task. The panopticon’s
gives rise to consciousness. Colour is a pigment of physical design proved impractical, but the idea that
our imaginations that we paint all over the world. behavior could be regulated by stripping away
Larger than any city, more sophisticated than any privacy lived on. Closed-circuit television both on
machine, more beautiful than any painting, it might our streets and inside public and private spaces is
in fact be the greatest human creation of them all. the modern, subtle, and more practical version 2.0
* hieroglyph: 상형 문자 ** hue: 색조 of that first architectural panopticon.
*** pigment: 빛깔, 색소, 안료
* utilitarian: 공리주의의 ** surveillance: 감시
 
Ancient Egyptians saw colors as ___(A)___ with Bentham ____(A)____ the idea that mass
life and personality, emphasizing the deep surveillance could ___(B)____ behavior by using
____(B)____ between color perception and human the panopticon.
experience.
(A) (B)
(A) (B) ① hindered regulate
① anonymous anti-correlation ② hindered cause
② synonymous anti-correlation ③ promoted spark
③ anonymous correlation ④ promoted regulate
④ synonymous correlation ⑤ nullified cause
⑤ anonymous difference [정답] ④
[정답] ④ [해설]
[해설] → 벤담은 대량 감시가 펜옵티콘을 사용하여 행동을 조절할 수 있다는 생각을 홍보했
→ 고대 이집트인들은 색을 삶과 인격의 동의어로 보고 색 지각과 인간의 경험 사이의 다.
깊은 상관관계를 강조했다. 해당 글은 벤담이 주장한 대중 감시 건물 펜옵티콘에 대한 글이다.현대적 펜옵티콘의
해당 글은 고대 이집트인이 알아차린 것처럼 색깔과 인간이 생명력, 에너지, 힘, 개성 사례로 길거리와 공공의 공간 및 사적공간에 설치된 폐쇄 회로 TV까지 예로 제시하고
이 가득한 존재라는 점에서 유사하고 서로 밀집하게 관련되어 있으며 결국 색깔을 지 있다. 그러므로 ④ (A)에는 ‘홍보하다, 촉진하다’를 뜻하는 promoted가, (B)에는 ‘조절
각하는 인간에 의해 색깔이라는 창조물이 나왔다는 내용의 글이다. 그러므로 ④ (A)에 하다, 제한하다’를 뜻하는 regulate가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
는 ‘유사한’이라는 synonymous가, (B)에는 ‘상관관계, 연결성’이라는 correlation이 들 완성하게 되면, 요약문은 ‘벤담은 대량 감시가 펜옵티콘을 사용하여 행동을 조절할 수
어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다. 있다는 생각을 홍보했다.’가 된다.
①익명의...반상관관계 ① 방해하다...조절하다
②유사한...반상관관계 ② 방해하다...유발하다
③익명의...상관관계 ③ 홍보하다...불꽃이 튀게 하다
⑤익명의...차이 ⑤ 무효화하다...유발하다
47
The mode of consumption ① has been changing In medical sociology, a disease is considered an
from ownership to access during recent years adverse physical state consisting of a physiological
because of the shift in consumers’ perception of dysfunction within an individual, as compared to
value and the advancement of technology. With the illness or sickness.
advent of online platforms ② that has made
unlimited number of tangible and intangible (A) The same could be said of other conditions that
resources accessible, ownership has lost its value in have been identified as “diseases” at various
the consumers’ mind. Consumers believe that access times. Examples include alcoholism and drug
to resources ③ is associated with fewer risks than abuse. These conditions do not necessarily have
ownership; for example, they believe that the the requisite clear-cut symptomatology and
potential financial and social loss is greater in the underlying biological pathology.
purchase of a product than in the free or fee-based (B) They are nevertheless frequently treated as if they
access to the product. All these new changes and were diseases. One explanation for this is clear: In
beliefs have created a sharing practice named order for a condition to be treated by the
“sharing economy” ④ which individuals share their healthcare system, it must be identified as a
resources with others through online networks and disease. Therefore, there is a tendency toward an
promote the culture of collaborative consumption. overly broad conceptualization of disease.
Sharing economy practices, ⑤ which are seen in
(C) In actual practice, the term disease is applied
different sectors, have become very popular and
rather liberally to a wide variety of conditions that
started to disrupt traditional businesses.
do not precisely fit the definition. One of the more
* advent: 등장, 출현 ** tangible: 유형의
controversial areas relates to mental illness. It
[정답] ④ which를 in which나 where로 바꿔야 적절하다. could be argued that many, if not most, mental
disorders would not be considered diseases under
the definition above.
* symptomatology: 병 증상 ** pathology: 건강 이상
[2025수능특강(영어) 31강 1번]
110 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
하지 않은 것은? ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
Skilled clinicians pride themselves in their ④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
knowledge of diseases and treatments. Having an ①

extensive command of anatomy and physiology,
pharmacology, and the latest evidence-based
breakthroughs is critical to providing competent
care. But just as important is the knowledge of how
illness can impact ② patient emotions. And
although there is certainly room for individual
variation, typical emotional reactions can often be ③
anticipated. Having a sense of the normal emotions
that ④ accompany phases and stages of illness
allows clinicians to think about how to incorporate
the emotional domain into patient assessments and
plans of care. Working with patients’ emotions, from
a place of understanding and ⑤ exclusion, allows
the clinician to skillfully address the emotions in a
manner that best serves the patients’ needs.
* anatomy: 해부학 ** physiology: 생리학
*** pharmacology: 약리학
[정답] ⑤ exclusion을 acceptance와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
48
[2025수능특강(영어) 31강 3번] [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 1번]
112 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? 113 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Worldwide increases in IQ scores of about 3 points We are currently facing the challenge of
per decade over the last 100 years illustrate the maintaining our competitive edge in the rapidly
potential for intellectual development. This increase evolving market environment. Therefore, the
in IQ scores, known as the Flynn effect, has occurred management team and I would like you to explore
far too quickly to represent genetic changes. ways to address this challenge. Specifically, we are
Improvements in nutrition and other health factors looking for a 25% increase in maintenance
probably account for some of the change. Using productivity within your work groups over the next
information from the World Health Organization, three months. To get started, we would like you to
researchers have identified strong correlations meet with your team to discuss this assignment.
between a nation’s freedom from serious infectious Following the discussion, you should outline your
diseases and its citizens’ average IQ scores. As thoughts on how to proceed and create a work plan. I
nations become wealthier and more capable of would like to see your plan and review it with you in
battling disease, their citizens’ IQ scores increase. two weeks. This is a very important undertaking for
Surprisingly, the test score gains are most our department and for the company. The
pronounced in supposed culture-free tests such as management team and I look forward to seeing the
the Raven’s Progressive Matrices. Participants born innovative solutions you devise. Your contributions
after 1990 scored far better on these tests than did are invaluable to our success. Thank you.
participants born in 1940. This change might reflect
an improvement in the ability to manage dissimilar ① Hope You Stay Busy Working!
items that accompanies living in a modern society. ② We Invite You To A Company Meeting
③ Ways To Overcome A Management Crisis
① How Smarter Have We Become? ④ Why Is The Company Facing A Challenge?
② Remember To Care For Your Health! ⑤ Task Assignment To Tackle A Business Problem
[정답] ⑤
③ The Reliability And Accuracy Of IQ Tests
[해설]
④ Wealthier The Country, Smarter Its Citizens 회사의 목표 달성을 위해 업무를 전달하는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로 ⑤ ‘Task
Assignment To Tackle A Business Problem (회사 문제를 해결하기 위한 작업 할당)’이
⑤ IQ Scores; The Indicator Of Health And Intellectual
Improvement ① 바쁘게 일하세요!
[정답] ⑤ ② 회사 미팅에 귀하를 초대합니다
[해설] ③ 경영 위기를 극복하는 방법
지난 100년 간 세계적인 지능 지수 점수의 상승에는 영양과 건강 요인이 영향을 미쳤 ④ 회사는 왜 도전에 직면하고 있습니까?
으며, 이 현상에는 현대인들의 상이한 항목들을 관리하는 능력 향상이 반영되어 있다
는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ⑤‘ IQ Scores; The Indicator Of Health And
Intellectual Improvement (IQ 점수; 건강과 지적 향상의 지표)‘가 가장 적절하다.
① 우리는 얼마나 똑똑해졌는가?
② 당신의 건강을 돌보는 것을 기억하라!
③ IQ 테스트의 신뢰성과 정확성
④ 더 부유한 나라, 더 똑똑한 시민들
49
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 2번] these services are ill-suited to ④ commodification
114 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? and market allocation. Ecosystem services should
Kira was playing with her doll when she heard a not be ⑤ defined as nature’s benefits to people, but
voice singing. “Churi, churi. Little girls, come and rather as fund-services that benefit all members of
see.” Kira ran to the window and ① saw a bangle the biotic community, not simply humans.
seller with a basket on his head. He saw Kira and Ecosystem services in general are an even worse fit
said, “Come little girl, come and buy some churis.” for commodification than public services.
She wanted to buy some, but she couldn't, because * rationing: 배급 ** biotic: 생물의
her mother ② had gone to the local market and
[정답] ② impossible을 possible과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
there was no one there to give her money. Kira’s
heart sank at the thought of ③ not being able to buy
bangles. When she told the seller about her
situation, he said, “Come and choose them at least.
I’ll take the money some other day.” After thinking
for a while, Kira went down. The bangle seller asked,
''Child, ④ which colour do you like best?” “Orange,”
said Kira and she selected some bangles. By then,
Kira’s mother returned from the market and had a
few words with the seller before ⑤ being payed for
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 4번]
the bangles. Kira was so glad. The sound of the
bangles hitting each other sounded like music to her.
If we think about our feelings as being part of us
She hummed her way back to her room.
* churi: 츄리(인도 팔찌) * bangle: 팔찌
but not all that we are, then our feelings can feel
more manageable. This idea is captured in this
[정답] ⑤ being payed를 paying으로 바꿔야 적절하다. metaphor: you are the blue sky; your feelings are the
weather.
(A) But if I let the weather determine what I can get

done, I’ll forever be at the mercy of something I
can’t control. Our job is to make space for our
feelings, to be the blue sky, so we don’t have to
engage in unhealthy habits to cope with our
지 않은 것은? feelings and we can continue to do the things that
There has been an effort by some economists to matter to us.
commodify ecosystem services, which refer to (B) If you are the blue sky and your feelings are the
benefits and resources that humans ① obtain from weather, then just as the worst hurricane or
natural ecosystems. Some ecosystem services are tornado can’t damage the blue sky, and it
rival, such as the waste absorption capacity for eventually ends, your feelings can’t damage you,
greenhouse gases, so rationing is necessary. Making and eventually they will pass.
rationing ② impossible requires excludable (C) Sometimes we just have to wait out the storm.
property rights, for example, through auctionable Does that mean it's fun to live through a tornado
emission permits. If emissions are limited to ③ or a rainstorm? Of course not! Is it easier to live
absorption capacity and equitably distributed, your life when it’s sunny and 80 degrees
commodification can be both sustainable and just. Fahrenheit compared to when it’s rainy and
However, many ecosystem services are inherently stormy? Of course!
non-excludable and non-rival and therefore cannot
and should not be commodified. They should also ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
not be ignored. Public services serve all members of ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
the human community; economists recognize that ③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
50
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 5번] [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 6번]
117 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 118 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
In the lecture on memory, I ask my students to Simplifying a problem is what opens it up to
remember a list of words. It includes words like mathematical analysis, so inevitably some biological
“dream” and “bed.” Then I ask them to write down details get lost in translation from the real world to
the words they remember. Invariably, they the equations. As a result, those who use
(mis)remember hearing the word “sleep’' even mathematics are frequently criticized as being too
though I never said the word “sleep.” The idea of disinterested in those details. In his 1897 book
“sleep” is activated in the brain because other words Advice for a Young Investigator, Santiago Ramon y
in the same semantic network, words that have been Cajal (the father of modem neuroscience) wrote
associated with sleep through constant repetition, about these reality-avoiding theorists in a chapter
have also been activated. The word “sleep” is entitled ‘Diseases of the Will’. He identified their
retrieved as if it were really heard. When people hear symptoms as ‘a facility for exposition, a creative and
“bed,” they cannot help but hear “sleep.” When restless imagination, an aversion to the laboratory,
people hear “genes” or “intelligence” they cannot and an indomitable dislike for concrete science and
help but hear “race.” A reader new to this topic might seemingly unimportant data’. Cajal also complained
therefore be surprised to learn that about the theorist’s preference for beauty over facts.
__________________ that genetics explains Biologists study living things that are abundant with
racial differences in outcomes like education. specific traits and subtle exceptions to any rule.
Currently, stories about genetically rooted racial Mathematicians — driven by simplicity, elegance
differences in the complex human traits relevant for and the need to make things manageable —
social inequality in modem industrialized economies ________________________.
— traits like persistence and conscientiousness and * exposition: 설명 ** aversion: 혐오감 *** indomitable: 불굴의
creativity and abstract reasoning — are just that.
① silence that abundance when they put it into
They are stories.
equations
* semantic: 의미의 ** retrieve: 회상하다
*** conscientiousness: 성실성 ② are unable to add the beauty of biology into their
calculations
① there is zero evidence ③ try to reflect the whole list of biological facts in their
② the automatic process explains equations
③ it establishes a clear understanding ④ invest great amount of effort to understand all
④ many researches showed the correlation biological traits
⑤ connection between those words proves the fact ⑤ have the talent of picking just the valuable
[정답] ① information
[해설]
[정답] ①
어떠한 단어들을 들었을 때, 동일한 의미망에 있는 연관된 다른 단어 또한 들었던 것과
[해설]
같이 생각하게 된다는 내용이다. 이때 ‘침대’와 ‘잠’처럼 실제로 연관이 되어 있을 수도
수학적 모델은 단순성, 우아함, 사물을 처리하기 쉽게 만드는 것을 추구하며, 수학자들
있고, ‘유전자’ 또는 ‘지능’과 ‘인종’처럼 연관성이 사실이 아닐 수 도 있다. 그러므로 빈
은 이러한 욕구에 의해 움직이므로, 수학적 모델로의 변환은 생물학적인 풍부함을 잃
칸으로는 ① ‘there is zero evidence (증거가 전혀 없다)’가 가장 적절하다.
는 결과로 이어질 수 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ① ‘silence that
② 자동으로 이루어지는 과정이 설명하다
abundance when they put it into equations(풍부함을 방정식으로 옮기면서 그것을
③ 명확한 이해를 확립하다
묵살한다)’가 가장 적절하다.
④ 많은 연구들이 상관관계를 보여주었다
② 생물학의 아름다움을 그들의 계산에 추가할 수 없다
⑤ 그 단어들 사이의 연관성은 사실을 증명한다
③ 그들의 방정식에 생물학적 사실의 목록 전부를 반영하려고 노력한다
④ 모든 생물학적 특성을 이해하기 위해 많은 노력을 투자한다
⑤ 유익한 정보만 골라내는 재주가 있다
51
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 7번] research, he sought to create interconnected layers
119 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? of information using hardware and software, just as
It’s important to distinguish what humans are the human brain spreads information around its
doing, in following norms, from ① what other dense web of ⑤ disconnected neurons. Throughout
animals are doing in their related patterns of his career, Hinton has held positions at various
behavior. An animal that decides not to pick a fight institutions, including Carnegie Mellon University
is, in most cases, simply worried about the risk of and the University of Toronto.
getting injured — not about some abstract “norm
against violence.” Likewise, an animal ② that shares [정답] ⑤ disconnected를 connected와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
food with animals outside of its group is typically

just trying to get future reciprocity — not following
some “norm of food-sharing.” The incentives
surrounding true norms are more complex. When
we do something "wrong,", we have ③ to worry
about reprisal not just from the wronged party but
also from third parties. Frequently, this means the
entire rest of our local group, or at least a majority of
it. Big strong Albert could easily steal from weak Bob
without ④ fearing trouble from Bob himself, but in
human groups, Albert would then face punishment [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 12번]
from the rest of the community. Collective 121 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
enforcement, then, is the essence of norms. This is From an evolutionary standpoint, ensuring the
⑤ that enables the egalitarian political order so continuation of our species (specifically, our genetic
characteristic of the forager lifestyle. descendants) is the meaning and purpose of life.
* reciprocity: 호혜, 상호 이익 ** reprisal: 질책
*** egalitarian: 평동주의의
(A) This is not to argue that space settlement will
[정답] ⑤ that을 what으로 바꿔야 적절하다. definitely result in these worst-case scenarios, but
rather to ask whether there is any imaginable case
in which allowing or causing humans to become
extinct is the more ethical choice.
(B) But as intelligent animals, who can make decisions
120 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 based on morality rather than biology, we could
ask whether preserving our genome is worth any
Geoffrey Hinton was born in England in 1947. He
cost. Individual humans can and occasionally do
chose to study psychology as an ① undergraduate at
make the choice to sacrifice their own lives in
Cambridge because he wanted to explore his
order to save the lives of other humans, or even
growing interest in neural networks. He quickly
non-human animals.
realized, however, that his professors didn’t actually
understand how neurons learned or ② computed. (C) But let’s examine that choice, between biology and
While the science of the day could explain the morality, on a global scale: What if preserving the
mechanics of electrical signals traveling from one human species means eliminating or abandoning
neuron to another, no one could offer Hinton a ③ all other life on Earth? What if it means
compelling explanation for the emergence of humankind exists only in a state of misery and
intelligence from these billions of interactions. He deprivation, in an eternally inhospitable and alien
felt certain he could better understand the workings environment?

* genome: 게놈(세포나 생명체의 유전자 총체) ** alien: 이질적인
of the brain using tools from the growing field of
artificial neural networks, so he went on to pursue a ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
doctor’s degree in ④ artificial intelligence from the ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
University of Edinburgh in 1972. In his subsequent ③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
52
In most business settings it is desirable to put The fact that the young brain is in a constant state
competitors out of business. Naturally, fewer of absorption should give us pause. Regulations are
competitors mean more available customers. in place to prevent certain types of companies from
However, this is not always the case in sport. In fact, marketing directly to children. These are good
sport organizations that compete in leagues actually measures, but they also provide a false sense of
rely on the health of their competitors for their own security. Why? Just like with language learning,
success. For example, fans are often more attracted young children don’t need ads explicitly directed at
to a game where there is a close contest, and the them to learn about a product, or the consumer
winner is unknown in advance. Dominating a league world in general. Think about ads on websites, TV,
or competition can be self-defeating, because the mobile, and social media, and in video games.
interest of fans can fade. When it is difficult to Children are showered with repeated exposure to
predict who will win a match, sport leagues attract thousands of ads for hundreds of brands, and their
higher attendances and viewers. Ironically, in order spongy, malleable brains are constantly taking this
to remain successful, leagues and competitions need information in. In a study, researchers discovered
as many of their clubs to be competitive as possible. that kids are exposed to so many ads that they will
When the outcome of a match is highly predictable, have memorized three hundred to four hundred
it will not attract large crowd numbers and brands before their tenth birthday. Creepily,
eventually it will reduce ticket, media and children grow up forming relationships with a select
sponsorship revenue. It is important for sport that number of these brands that last well into the future,
there is a healthy, competitive balance between like friends you didn’t know they had.
teams. This leads to uncertainty about who will win a * malleable: 영향을 잘 받는 ** creepily: 오싹하게
contest, and encourages fans to watch.
* revenue: 수익 ① the process of a child’s brain development
② the unexpected influence of advertisement on
① impact of viewers in sport leagues children
② way how a business differs from sports ③ the importance of governmental measures for child
③ nature of competition reflected in various fields protection
④ conditions required for the success of sport leagues ④ the reason why targeting children is effective in
⑤ close connection between result prediction and marketing
ticket sales ⑤ the difficulty of creating an effective advertisement
[정답] ④
[해설]
directed towards children
대부분의 비즈니스 환경과는 달리 스포츠에서는 팬들이 승자를 예측하기 힘든 경기에 [정답] ②
매력을 느끼기 때문에 균형있는 경쟁이 중요하다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ④ [해설]
‘conditions required for the success of sports (스포츠 리그의 성공에 필요한 조건)’가 어린 아이들은 광고에 영향을 잘 받는 두뇌를 가지고 있기 때문에 어린이에게 직접 광
가장 적절하다. 고하는 것을 금지하는 규정이 충분하지 않다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ② ‘the
① 스포츠 리그에서 관객의 영향 unexpected influence of advertisement on children (광고가 어린이들에게 끼치는 예
② 비즈니스와 스포츠의 다른 점 상치 못한 영향)’이 가장 적절하다.
③ 다양한 분야에 반영된 경쟁의 본질 ① 어린이의 뇌 발달 과정
⑤ 결과 예측과 티켓 판매 사이의 밀접한 관계 ③ 아동 보호를 위한 정부 조치의 중요성
④ 어린이를 대상으로 하는 마케팅이 효과적인 이유
⑤ 어린이를 대상으로 한 효과적인 광고를 만드는 어려움
53
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 15번] misalignment with nature has taken us far from our
124 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? ④ ancestorial upbringing, and it continues to
People often think that personality traits such as weaken the nervous system. By intentionally placing
kindness are fixed. But our research with groups ourselves into the heat or cold, we become our best
suggests something quite different: the tendency ① physically, mentally, and even ⑤ spiritually.
to be altruistic or exploitative may depend heavily * physiological: 생리적인 ** threshold: 역(감각, 반응을 일으키는
경계에 있는 자극의 크기) *** misalignment: 부정합(가지런히
on how the social world is organized. So if we took
들어맞지 않음)
the same population of people and assigned them to
one social world, we could make them really [정답] ③ comforts를 discomforts와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
generous to one another, and if we put them in

another sort of world, we ② could make them really
mean or indifferent to one another. Crucially, this
indicates that the tendency to cooperate is a
property not only of individuals but also of groups.
Cooperation depends on the rules ③ governing the
formation of friendship ties. Good people can do bad
things (and vice versa) simply as a result of the
structure of the network ④ which they belong to, [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 17번]
regardless of the convictions they hold or that the 126 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
은?
group shares. It is not just a matter of ⑤ connecting
Suppose a child plays at make-believe. She barks,
to “bad” people; the number and pattern of social
crawls on all fours, and says, “I’m a puppy!” In order
connections is also crucial. Aspects of the social
to make the claim, her brain must construct the key
suite, such as cooperation and social networks, work
proposition “I’m a puppy” as well as contain the
together.
information that puppies bark and walk on all fours.
* altruistic: 이타적인 ** exploitative: 남을 이용해 먹는
*** vice versa: 그 반대도 마찬가지이다 And yet that information exists in a larger context.
[정답] ⑤ connecting을 being connected로 바꿔야 적절하다.

(A) Her body schema is constructed automatically,
beneath higher cognition, and it describes the
physical layout of a human body, not a puppy
body. She sees her human hands in front of her,
and the visual information confirms her human
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 16번] identity.
125 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절
(B) Her brain contains a vast net of information,
including “I’m not really a puppy,” “I’m making it
Our natural survival instinct is to seek comfort in
up to play a game,” ‘I’m a little girl,” and so on.
temperatures that keep us around 68 to 72 degrees
Some of that information is present at a cognitive
Fahrenheit (20-22.2 °C). By getting outside of this
and linguistic level. Much of it is at a deeper,
comfort zone and stressing the cellular functioning
sensory or perceptual level.
of the body either by using heat and cold in the same
session or focusing on one temperature ① extreme, (C) She remembers eating breakfast cereal with a
we strengthen our physiological systems. We lower spoon, going to school, reading a book — all
our daily breathing rate, improve our muscle tissue, human activities. The claim “I’m a Puppy” is a
and raise our threshold for ② handling stress. superficial proposition that is inconsistent with
Evidence shows that we are at our best — physically her deepest internal models.
* proposition: 명제 ** cognitive: 인지의
harder, mentally tougher, and spiritually sounder —
after experiencing the same ③ comforts our early
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
ancestors were exposed to every day. The lack of
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
temperature change caused by indoor lifestyles and
54
Your children establish their social comfort and When different cultures meet, whether at the
skills early in their lives by observing you in your societal level or in the company, ideas about how
own social life and through the social experiences things should be done often clash. To resolve it, we
they have. These first social experiences become the typically make the assumption that others should
defaults that will guide and shape the quality and change to be more like us. And we can enforce this
quantity of their relationships throughout their view because we are in power — either as the boss in
lives. Genetics clearly has an influence on these an organization or as the dominant culture in a
defaults; research has demonstrated that children country. But assuming that the dominant person or
are born with a certain temperament, including country has the right rules and the right way is, in
where they lie on the continuum of introversion to itself, anathema to innovating. Self-satisfied people
extraversion. But, as the saying goes, “genetics are are not good innovators. So when you ask people to
not destiny”; the messages that your children get do something not consistent with their cultural
from you early in their lives about how they should background, ask yourself whether you should be
interact with others will influence how their genetic rethinking your assumptions about what works best.
predispositions will be expressed. In this interaction For example, free-flowing talk is usually considered
of genes and upbringing, your children will develop the hallmark of a good meeting. Everybody just
social defaults that trigger social ease, jumps in whenever they have a thought. However, in
connectedness, and healthy relationships, or social some cultures, this is considered rude and pushy, so
anxiety, loneliness, and dysfunctional relationships. some people with excellent ideas may not speak up.
* default: 기본 값 ** temperament: 기질 *** introversion: 내향성 One solution might be to strengthen their group
skills but other methods are to occasionally ask
① The Role of Parents: Guiding Children's Social everyone to express an opinion in turn, ask for ideas
Defaults for Life in writing, or table an idea on someone else’s behalf.
② Nurturing Social Defaults: The Interplay of * hallmark: 특징 ** anathema: 아주 싫어하는 것
Genetics and Upbringing
③ Early Social Experiences: Shaping Lifelong ① Clashing Ideas in Cross-Cultural Meetings
Relationship Patterns ② The Power Dynamics in Cultural Encounters
④ Genetics and Social Comfort: The Foundations of ③ Challenging Assumptions for Innovation
Healthy Connections ④ Cultural Background and Communication Styles
⑤ Social Ease or Anxiety: Unraveling the Genetic and ⑤ Strategies for Effective Meetings in Diverse
Environmental Threads Settings
[정답] ③ [정답] ③
[해설] 초반 사회 경험의 중요성을 강조하며 아동의 일생에 걸친 관계 양식에 영향을 [해설] 다양한 문화적 배경을 고려하여 효과적인 다문화 상호 작용을 촉진하기 위해
미치는 것을 다루기에 주제로는 ③ ‘Early Social Experiences: Shaping Lifelong 가정을 다시 생각하는 중요성을 강조하기에 ③ Challenging Assumptions for
Relationship Patterns‘ (초기 사회 경험: 일생에 걸친 관계 패턴) 이 적절하다. Innovation(혁신을 위한 가정 도전)이 적절하다.
① 부모의 역할: 아이들의 일생을 위한 사회적 기본 설정 안내 ① 다문화 회의에서의 의견 충돌
② 사회적 기본설정 육성: 유전자와 양육의 상호작용 ④ 유전자와 사회적 편안: 건강한 ② 문화적 상호 작용에서의 권력 동력
연결의 기반 ④ 문화적 배경과 의사 소통 스타일
⑤ 사회적 편안함 또는 불안: 유전적과 환경적인 변화의 해결 ⑤ 다양한 환경에서 효과적인 회의 전략
55
129 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? 130 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절
Like some strange alien creature extending 하지 않은 것은?
tentacles, each neuron is simultaneously ① Conventional economics uses the phrase “factors
connected to up to thousands of other neurons. It is of production.” Factors of production are the inputs
the combined activity of information coming in ② into a production process ① necessary to create any
that determines whether a neuron is active or not. output. For example, when you make a pizza, you
When the sum of this activity reaches a tipping need a cook, a kitchen with an oven, and the raw
point, the neuron fires, discharging a small chemical ingredients. If you think about it carefully, however,
electrical signal and ③ setting off a chain reaction in you will clearly see that the cook and kitchen are
its connections. In effect, each neuron is a bit like a different in some ② superficial ways from the raw
microprocessor because it computes the combined ingredients. The cook and kitchen are approximately
activity of all the other neurons it is connected to. It’s the same after making the pizza as before, though
a bit like spreading a rumor in a neighborhood. just a bit more worn out. The raw ingredients,
Some of your neighboring neurons are excitatory however, are used up, ③ transformed first into the
and, like good friends, want to help spread the word. pizza itself, then rapidly thereafter into waste. The
Other neurons are inhibitory and basically tell you to cook and kitchen are not physically embodied in the
shut up. And every time the neuron has such a pizza, but the raw ingredients are. Thousands of
conversation with ④ their different neighbors or years ago, Aristotle discussed this important ④
long-distance pals, it remembers the message either distinction and divided causation (factors) into
to spread the word or be silent, so that when the material cause, that which is transformed, and
rumor comes round again, the neuron responds with efficient cause, that which causes the transformation
more certainty. This is ⑤ because the connections without itself being transformed in the process. Raw
between the neurons have become strengthened by ingredients are the material cause, and the cook and
repeatedly firing together. kitchen are the ⑤ efficient cause.

* embody: 담다, 구현하다
* tentacle 촉수 ** pal: 친구
*** tipping point: 급변점(극적인 변화의 시작점)
[정답] ② superficial을 fundamental과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
[정답] ④ their를 its로 바꿔야 적절하다.
56
A society needs to raise children to replace its Primates are capable of sophisticated forms of
members who die, or the society would disappear reasoning in naturalistic settings, especially when
over a couple of generations. One could, therefore, their food — or position in the social hierarchy — is in
think of the production of children as a positive danger. However, it is unclear how versatile their
externality. relational reasoning might be. In the 1940s, the
primatologist Harry Harlow made an interesting
(A) Should all then share in the economic costs of discovery. In a series of experiments, monkeys
raising the children? In the United States, the cost learnt to choose between two visual objects, one of
of educating children is borne collectively through which was rewarded and one was not. Harlow noted
the system of public education, but most other with surprise that each time the task was restarted
costs of raising children are treated as private with two entirely novel objects, the monkeys learnt
costs of the parents. slightly faster. In fact, their performance continued
(B) Those who do not have children benefit from the to accelerate over hundreds of new object sets, until
child-rearing labors of those who do; they enjoy a eventually the monkeys could respond almost
society of varied ages in which to live as they grow perfectly from the second trial onwards. Harlow
older, and a labor force of younger people is argued that over the course of repeated pairings, the
available to support them in their retirement. monkeys had learnt how to learn. It seems that the
monkeys learnt something abstract about the
(C) In about half of the world’s states, however, the
relations between the two stimuli in each pairing —
full society assumes some of the responsibility for
that if one was rewarded, the other was not. By
all costs of child rearing by giving direct grants to
generalizing this knowledge to new pairings, they
families with children. These grants are often
could learn ever faster. Human children tested in a
pegged to the median income of workers in the
comparable fashion showed the same ability.
country: the government might give 10 percent of
* primate: 영장류 ** hierarchy: 위계, 계층
the country’s median income to any family with *** versatile: 다방면적인
two children, for example.
* positive externality: 긍정적인 외부 효과(경제적 거래의 결과로 ① Why Are Primates a Good Reasoner?
제삼자가 누리는 이익) **peg: (가격이나 임금 등의 수준을) 정하다
② How Can Primates Communicate With Others?
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ③ How Primates Differ from Humans in Reasoning
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) ④ Recognizing the Significance of Social Hierarchy
② (B)-(A)-(C)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다. ⑤ How Do Primates Learn to Reason in Naturalistic
Settings?
[정답] ⑤
[해설] 자연주의적 환경에서 그들의 먹이나 사회적 계층구조와 관련된 상황에서 영장
류의 추론 능력을 논하기에 ⑤ How Do Primates Learn to Reason in Naturalistic
Settings?(영장류는 자연주의적 환경에서 어떻게 이성을 배우나?)가 적절하다.
①영장류는 왜 좋은 추론자일까?
②영장류는 어떻게 다른 사람들과 의사소통을 할 수 있을까?
③영장류가 인간과 추론에 있어서 어떻게 다른가
④사회적 위계질서의 중요성 인식
57
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 24-25번]
133 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈
칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? (A) (B)
In the 1930s, the English psychologist Sir Frederic ① adaptive shaped
Bartlett proposed that we gradually build up our ② constructive influenced
knowledge of the world from events we experience, ③ evolving guided
and that these experiences are then clustered in ④ dynamic altered
organized mental structures he called “schemata.” ⑤ transformative affected
In turn, these schemata (or “schemas”) are used to [정답]②
[해설]
help us understand new experiences and form 조직화된 정신 구조, 즉 '도식'이 이해와 기억을 어떻게 형성하는지에 관해 경험을 통
frameworks in which to remember them. One 해 지식을 쌓거나 형성하는 과정을 강조한다. "신념과 태도에 의해 영향을 받는다"는
문장은 이러한 건설적인 과정에 영향을 미치거나 형성하는 외부 요인을 나타내므로
potential downside of this arrangement is that it is ② (A)constructive(건설적인) (B)influenced(영향을 받은)이 적절하다.
relatively difficult for us to understand and 심리학자 Bartlett의 1930년대 연구는 우리의 조직화된 정신 구조, 즉 '도식'이 이해와
기억을 어떻게 형성하는지 보여주었습니다. 민담에 대한 실험은 가십의 변화와 유사
remember information and events that do not fit our 하게 신념과 태도에 의해 (B)영향을 받는 기억의 (A)건설적인 본질을 보여주었습니다.
current schemata. One of Bartlett’s classic ① 적응적인 형성된
③ 진화하는 안내된
demonstrations was to present an unusual North ④ 동적인 변경된
American folktale to an English university student to ⑤ 변형적인 영향을 받은
learn and recall. The student’s written recall differed

from the original by being shorter and omitting a
number of details. This first student’s written recall
was then given to a second student to learn and
recall with the result that more unusual details were
dropped out of his reproduction, but other details
were added, apparently to make the story more
coherent and comprehensible to English ears. This
procedure was repeated until a series of ten students
had learned the previous reproduction and
produced their own versions. By the end of the
series, the reproductions were much shorter, the
supernatural details in the original had been lost,
Thank you for your offer of the pharmacist
and the whole tale was closer to the experience of
position. The position is attractive to me because I
English university students in the 1930s. This
have a strong passion for healthcare and a desire ①
demonstration thus illustrates the constructive
to make a positive impact on patients’ lives. As I
nature of remembering, and the effects of beliefs and
indicated in our last interview, however, I was
attitudes on recollection and understanding. Gossip
disappointed to learn ② that your company would
serves as a commonplace example that is similar to
not be in a position to reimburse tuition costs for my
Bartlett’s findings, with a story progressively
ongoing study toward a Doctor of Pharmacy degree,
changing as it travels across tellings. To return to
currently a primary professional goal of mine. On
metaphors for a moment, human memory is not like
March 14, I was offered another position by a
a tape recorder!
company ③ which benefits package includes tuition
* schema: 스키마(정보를 통합하고 조직화하는 인지적 개념 또는 틀)
(pl. schemata) ** coherent: 일관된 *** metaphor: 은유 reimbursement. Because I expect these costs to be
 substantial in the next two years, I have decided ④
Psychologist Bartlett's 1930s study showed how to accept this position. I sincerely appreciate the
our organized mental structures, or 'schemata,' time you have taken and the special interest you ⑤
shape understanding and memory. An experiment have shown in me during the interview. Thank you
with a folktale illustrated the ____(A)____ nature again for your consideration.
of memory, ____(B)____ by beliefs and attitudes, * pharmacist: 약사 * reimburse: 변제하다, 상환하다
*** substantial: 상당한
similar to changes in gossip.
[정답] ③ which를 whose로 바꿔야 적절하다.
58
135 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 136 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
하지 않은 것은? 은?
One day, Captain Hall, the famous Arctic explorer, Think about the changes that have taken place in
went in a small boat to visit a certain island which he our world over the past 100 years.
wanted to explore. The boat was ① fastened to a
piece of rock on the shore. When he returned from (A) The first to come to mind are probably the
his expedition, he discovered the tide had risen and spectacular scientific and technological
floated his boat, which was quite out of reach. achievements of the past century — motor
Captain Hall feared the ② extreme danger in which vehicles, aircraft, the telephone, radio and TV,
he was placed. The boat was the only connecting link computers and genetic engineering. Each new
between him and the living world, and it was beyond development creates its own demand for legal
his reach. What was to be done? To swim towards change.
the boat was out of the ③ question in such a climate. (B) The increasing volume of traffic on the roads and
He did the only thing that seemed possible. He ④ the resulting inexorable rise in traffic accidents
unwound the thongs that fastened his boots to create have also led to developments in the civil law,
a line about twenty feet long. He attached a heavy especially in the areas of the law of tort and
stone to its end and threw it into the boat, pulling the insurance.
boat to the shore. It was with ⑤ speakable comfort
(C) Consider, for example, the vast body of law which
that Captain Hall once more entered it and felt he
has grown up around the motor vehicle: there are
was saved from inevitable starvation — saved by a
regulations governing such matters as the
shoe-string!
construction and maintenance of motor vehicles,
* Arctic: 북극의 ** expedition: 탐험 *** thong: 가죽끈
the conduct of drivers on the road and even where
[정답] ⑤ speakable을 unspeakable과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다. vehicles may be parked. Indeed, almost half of the
criminal cases tried by magistrates’ courts are
directly related to the use of motor vehicles.
* magistrates’ court: 치안 판사 재판서
** inexorable: 끊임없는 **tort: 불법 행위
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
① (A)-(C)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
59
Sometimes pursuing the truth about some As parents, we spend countless hours debating on
question would be morally worse than not pursuing the freedoms we should allow our children. Too
it. This may be because, as in the case of nuclear much freedom may lead to mischief while not
weapons research, the answer itself may prove enough may stifle their growth. How much should
dangerous or harmful. But it may also be because the be allowed? I am always reminded of a circus
manner of pursuing that truth is dangerous or elephant when in a discussion on freedom. When the
harmful, or simply morally wrong independently of elephant is a baby, it learns restriction by being
its consequences. Consider the Nazi or Tuskegee tethered to a small stake with a four-foot piece of
experiments: it is not the information pursued that chain. The elephant is trained to know that its
is morally bad here, but the manner in which that individual freedom is restricted to that small four
information is pursued. And we need not resort to feet. As the elephant grows stronger and larger, it
such dramatic cases. The National Institutes of still thinks that it has no more freedom outside of
Health and the National Science Foundation heavily those four feet. Although the power to move that
monitor contemporary scientific research that stake and run free is immense, it will not attempt to
involves any sort of experiment involving human break the stake or the chains because of what it
subjects. In cases where the only way in which we perceives as being able to. Are you a victim of your
can obtain certain scientific information is own restraints as well? Do you not move beyond
_______ to other people, we generally feel — your four feet circle because you think you are not
rightly — that the information is not worth pursuing, allowed to? Be bold. Step outside your circle and see
all things considered. So in deciding whether to if you can grow. Without breakthroughs, there
pursue a particular line of inquiry, we must first cannot be change.
determine whether pursuing that line might conflict * mischief: 나쁜 행동[짓] ** stifle: 억누르다
*** tether: (동물을 밧줄로 말뚝에) 매어 놓다
with our other values, moral or otherwise.
① harmful ① The Parental Dilemma: Balancing Freedom and

② creative Restraint
③ positive ② Navigating Children's Freedom: Striking the Right
④ logical Balance
⑤ practical ③ From Tethers to Breakthroughs: Encouraging
[정답] ① Growth and Change
[해설] 진실을 추구하는 과정에서 그 정보 자체나 그 방식이 위험하거나 해로울 때, 혹
④ Unveiling Personal Constraints: Stepping Beyond
은 도덕적으로 잘못된 경우 그 진실을 추구하는 것이 도덕적으로 나쁠 수 있다고 언급
하고 있기에 ① harmful (해로운) 이 적절하다. the Four-Foot Circle
②창의적인
⑤ The Circus Elephant Metaphor: Breaking the
③긍정적인
④논리적인 Chains of Self-Restriction
⑤실용적인 [정답] ⑤
[해설] 너무 많은 자유는 난폭한 행동으로 이어질 수 있고 충분하지 않은 자유는 성장
을 억누를 수 있다. 비유를 통해 자유와 제약에 대한 상황을 설명하기에 ⑤ The Circus
Elephant Metaphor: Breaking the Chains of Self-Restriction(서커스 코끼리 비유: 자
제의 사슬 풀기)가 적절하다.
① 부모의 딜레마: 자유와 제약의 균형
② 아이들의 자유 탐색: 적절한 균형 찾기
③ 밧줄에서 돌파구까지: 성장과 변화를 장려하는 것
④개인적 제한 풀어내기: 네발짝 원밖으로 나서기
60
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 6번] more credible by providing third-party references or
139 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? factual support, or setting deadlines on offers so they
The most effective way to defuse racial ideology is expire if not ④ rejected quickly. Many would argue
to bring people from different ethnic backgrounds that these are common sales tricks ⑤ similar to
together under conditions ① that enable them to discount coupons, two-for-the-price-of-one offers,
deal with one another as individuals and discover “today only” sales, and extra-added-attraction
that ideologies obscure important aspects of people elements. They are! Negotiators can and should use
and the realities of their lives. However, this is the same techniques that salespeople use to move
difficult when teachers, coaches and employers ② their products.
maintaining a belief in the myth of black natural * palatable: 마음에 드는
physical talent and a lack of cognitive skills. Social
[정답] ④ rejected를 accepted와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
scientist Ellis Cashmore illustrates this with an
experience of receiving a telephone call from a black
journalist writing for a major newspaper. The
journalist asked why no one actually expressed ③
what he believed to be an absolute truth: that black
athletes have a ‘natural edge’. The very fact that a
talented black journalist believed this defective
theory is evidence to its power and the difficulties in
④ escaping expectations based on racial ideology. 141 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
When such myths maintain credibility in society,
Benny Goodman is one of the greatest clarinetists
black people are regarded as unsuited to, or
of all time. Born in 1909 in Chicago, he began taking
unwanted for, study, work and other activities ⑤
lessons at the age of 10. With a natural inborn talent,
that demand mental rather than physical skills.
he made rapid progress and was soon playing
* defuse: 완화하다 ** obscure: 보기 어렵게 하다
professionally.
[정답] ② maintaining을 maintain으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
(A) At the time, this was something new for a jazz

orchestra. The concert was a tremendous success.
After years of appealing only to specialized
audiences, jazz had finally broken through and
was being accepted by mainstream audiences.
(B) He was strongly influenced by New Orleans jazz,
and it played an important role in his music
throughout his life. At 16, he joined the Ben
140 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 Pollack Orchestra in Chicago, which at the time
하지 않은 것은? was one of the top bands in the United States. He
Negotiators can make options more palatable by was soon making recordings, and it wasn’t long
enhancing the attractiveness of accepting them. This before he formed his own band.
is a matter of placing emphasis on the ① positive (C) Although Goodman was relatively well known
rather than the negative. In the language of before 1935, it was the change in his style that
traditional carrot-and-stick tactics for ② motivating occurred in the Palomar Ballroom in Los Angeles
workers, the approach should make the carrot more that really caused his career to take off. And a few
attractive rather than enlarging the stick. Promises years later, he was playing in Carnegie Hall in
and offers can be made more attractive in several New York City.
ways: ③ maximizing the attractive qualities and
minimizing the negative ones, showing how the offer ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
meets the other party’s needs, reducing the ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
disadvantages of accepting the offer, making offers ③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
61
142 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? 143 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다.
In the worldview of the Cree hunter, humans do 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
not control the hunt. The fish and game are not there Stay-at-home parents have new employment
simply to be taken. Rather it is the animals who options in our internet economy. Over the last few
control the success of the hunt by offering decades many women have been self-employed.
themselves willingly to people (or, conversely, Such an arrangement gives them greater flexibility
choosing to withhold themselves from a hunter). over their hours and days of work. The rise of remote
The Cree credit animals with knowing the same work could further increase opportunities for them.
things that people know and being able to Internet platforms such as Withinwork are
communicate and share that knowledge with people. two-sided platforms as workers seeking
Humans and animals are in a relationship of employment post their resumes and employers
reciprocity, just as humans are in relationship with seeking workers post their tasks. Artificial
other humans. Indeed, anthropologists argue even intelligence (AI) algorithms play a key matchmaking
more generally that in all cultures, including those role here by gathering and presenting the set of job
that are modem and postmodern, there are opportunities a person sees. I set up my profile on
profound connections between the ways that people Withinwork and was impressed with the alternative
engage with each other and with other species. tasks that I was offered by the AI. As with any
* Cree: 크리족(북아메리카 원주민) ** reciprocity: 호혜 two-sided matching platform, the more job offerings
***anthropologist: 인류학자 an applicant sees, the more likely that person will
find value in the platform. In this sense, as remote
① The Concept of Reciprocity in Human-Animal
work grows as a socially high-status activity, this
Relationships
process will gain its own momentum.
② The Hunter's Perspective: Animals' Role in * momentum: 힘, 탄력
Controlling the Hunt
③ The Interconnected Relationship Between 
Humans and Animals in Cree Worldview The internet economy, ____(A)____ by
④ Anthropological Insights on Human Engagement platforms like Withinwork, provides
with Other Species stay-at-home parents with ____(B)____
⑤ Understanding Cree Culture: Animals' Knowledge employment options, utilizing AI algorithms for
and Communication worker-employer matches.
[정답] ①
[해설] 인간의 상호작용과 다른 종과의 관계에 대한 더 넓은 인류학적 관점을 다루고
있기에 ① The Concept of Reciprocity in Human-Animal Relationships(인간과 동물 (A) (B)
의 관계에서 호혜성의 개념)이 적절하다.
① facilitated flexible
②사냥꾼의 관점: 사냥을 통제하는 동물들의 역할
③크리 세계관에서 인간과 동물의 상호연결적 관계 ② nurtured flexible
④인간과 다른 종과의 관계에 대한 인류학적 통찰 ③ facilitated varied
⑤크리 문화의 이해: 동물의 지식과 소통
④ enabled varied
⑤ enabled inflexible
[정답]①
[해설]
→ Withwork와 같은 플랫폼에 의해 촉진되는 인터넷 경제는 직장인과 고용주의 일치
를 위해 AI 알고리즘을 사용하여 전업주부에게 유연한 고용 선택권을 제공한다.
부모들이 플랫폼을 통해 더 쉽게 새로운 고용 기회를 얻을 수 있다. 원격 근무가 사회
적으로 중요한 지위를 차지하고 있음을 강조하며, "전통적인 사고 방식에 도전하라"는
부모들에게 새로운 고용 기회를 탐색하고 다양한 선택을 고려하도록 동기부여하는 측
면을 강조하기에 ① (A)facilitated(용이한) (B)flexible(유연한)이 적절하다.
② 육성된 유연한
③ 용이한 다양한
④ 활성화된 다양한
⑤ 활성화된 유연하지않은
62
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 14번] labor — and ③ complements labor, or makes it more
144 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? productive, thus generating new demand for labor.
Considerable debate exists as to the appropriate Casual observers have often tended “to ④ overstate
beneficiaries of affirmative action. In the United the extent of machine substitution for human labor,”
States, supporters of affirmative action hoped that, which was readily observable; they “repeatedly ⑤
by expanding the coverage ① to apply to many overestimated the demand for the work of human
minority groups, they would broaden the political beings that would remain.”
base favoring such programs. In practice, however, * recur: 되풀이되다, 반복하다 ** onset: 시작, 개시
*** devastating: 치명적인
the wider coverage has diluted, in the minds of
some, the moral argument in favor of a program ② [정답] ⑤ overestimated를 underestimated와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
intending to help the most obvious victims of
governmental discrimination: African Americans
and Native Americans. Some argue ③ that the
context matters. Thus, because Asian Americans and
women are generally not under-represented among
university student bodies, affirmative action
admissions for them would now be inappropriate
(though they should not ④ be singled out for
restrictions). On the other hand, among corporate
executives or university faculties, blacks, Asians, [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 16번]
Latinos, and women all faced exclusion in the past 146 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적
절한 곳은?
and remain under-represented today; therefore, in
One thing that changes in computer performances
these areas all four groups ⑤ ought to be
is that the gestural relationship with sound is
beneficiaries of affirmative action.
* affirmative action: (인종·남녀 차별 등으로 인한) 사회적 약자 우대
sometimes less direct.
정책 ** dilute: 약화하다 *** discrimination: 차별
[정답] ② intending을 intended로 바꿔야 적절하다.

The most common situation in which musical
equipment becomes an instrument is in live
performance. ( ① ) Playing the piano is generally
associated with performance in realtime, and
computer-based musical instruments are
increasingly being played in real-time. ( ② ) For
example, laptop computers are increasingly used in
performance by live electronic musicians even in
preference to keyboard synthesizers, groove boxes,
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 15번] and turntables. ( ③ ) In acoustic instrument
145 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 performance the musician’s gestures are translated
하지 않은 것은? into sound. ( ④ ) Many instruments have a
Predictions of technological unemployment have one-to-one gesture-to-sound relationship, including
recurred since the onset of the Industrial the press of the piano or synthesizer key, or the slide
Revolution. But the recurring reality was one of of the finger of the guitar fretboard; each translates
economic growth through creative destruction. Yes, gesture into a direct audible result. ( ⑤ ) Many
machines ① destroyed lots of jobs, often with electronic and computer-based instruments have a
devastating effects on displaced workers for whom one-to-many gesture-to-sound relationship when a
new jobs were often too late or out of reach. Over mouse gesture or parameter movement changes the
time, however, job destruction freed up labor and ② complexity of a rhythmic part, or the timbre and
capital that went into new and usually better jobs volume of an entire ensemble of musical voices.
and higher incomes. That is because technology both * fretboard: (기타의) 지판 ** parameter: 파라미터, 매개 변수
substitutes for labor — in particular, less-skilled *** timbre: 음색
글의 흐름상 ③에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.
63
Two Northwestern University marketing In the same way that it is sometimes advisable to
researchers, David Gal and Derek Rucker, take a momentary break, or “fast,” from some of our
conducted research using framing techniques to food, beverages, and habits, a media fast may be
make people feel uncertain. For example, they told good for your system. Spending a set period of time
one group to remember a time when they were full of unplugged can clarify for you the advantages and
certainty, and the other group to remember a time disadvantages of your media practices. Life without
when they were full of doubt. Then they asked the electronic devices momentarily separates you from
participants whether they were meat eaters, constant distraction, online advertisements, and
vegetarians, vegans, or otherwise, how important artificial blue light. You’ll have more time for other
this was to them, and how confident they were in things, like physical activity, face-to-face
their opinions. People who were asked to remember interaction, and even solitude. You’ll also have the
a time of uncertainty were less confident of their opportunity to reflect critically on how life in the
eating choices. However, when asked to write their Communication Age differs from older modes of
beliefs to persuade someone else to eat the way they living and connecting and engaging with the world.
did, they would write more and stronger arguments * solitude: 고독
than those who were certain of their choice. Gal and
Rucker performed the research with different topics ① several ways to break bad media habits
(for example, preferences for a Mac versus a ② the necessity to temporarily fast from media
Windows computer) and found similar results. ③ pros and cons of a media fast in Communication
When people were less certain, they would dig in and Age
argue even harder. ④ increasing use of media as a way to engage with the
* framing: 프레이밍(생각의 틀 짜기) world
⑤ what makes a media fast different from other kinds
① why feeling uncertain makes argument stronger of fast
② how to turn doubt into certainty by writing beliefs [정답] ②
[해설]
③ the impact of uncertainty on intensity of argument 일시적으로 미디어의 사용을 중단하는 것은 신체에 좋을 뿐 아니라 자신의 미디어 관
④ the importance of confidence when persuading 행을 점검하고 다른 것들을 위한 시간을 확보할 수 있게 하는 등의 이점이 있기 때문에
미디어 단식은 필요하다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ② ‘the necessity to temporarily fast
others from media(일시적으로 미디어로부터 단식하는 것의 필요성)’이 가장 적절하다.
⑤ the relationship between degree of confidence and ① 잘못된 미디어 습관을 고치는 몇 가지 방법들
③ 커뮤니케이션 시대에 미디어 단식의 장단점
eating choices ④ 세상과 소통하는 방식으로서의 미디어 사용 증가
[정답] ③ ⑤ 미디어 단식이 다른 종류의 단식과 다른 점
[해설]
확신이 더 적을 때 사람들은 단호해지고 훨씬 더 강하게 주장한다는 내용이다. 그러므
로 주제로는 ③ ‘the impact of uncertainty on intensity of argument(불확실성이 주장
의 강도에 미치는 영향)’이 가장 적절하다.
① 불확실함을 느끼는 것이 주장을 더 강하게 만드는 이유
② 믿음을 쓰는 것을 통해 의심을 확신으로 바꾸는 방법
④ 다른 사람들을 설득할 때 자신감의 중요성
⑤ 확신의 정도와 식생활 선택 간의 관계
64
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 19번] on a traditional pitch? For these sorts of questions,
149 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? broader moral rules do not ⑤ apply in any
To the extent that one can distinguish self-esteem straightforward way, and climbers must work out for
from public esteem, the latter seems ① to be more themselves what is right or wrong within the context
important. The overriding motive of narcissists of climbing.
seems to be to obtain social approval from others. * invoke: (법 등을) 적용하다 ** rappel: (암벽에서) 줄을 타고
내려오기 *** pitch: (등반) 구간
That is, they spend much of their time and energy
seeking ways to get others ② to admire them. In [정답] ④ similar를 unique와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
terms of being liked by others, rather than admired,
they are somewhat indifferent. That is, narcissists
are no more nor less interested than anyone else in
being liked. Being admired, however, is extremely
important to them. In general, they do not seem
overly concerned with ③ proving something to
themselves (possibly because they are already
privately persuaded of their own good qualities), but [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 21번]
they are quite interested in demonstrating their 151 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
superiority to others. For example, if given a chance Sensation and perception almost always happen
④ to tackle a difficult task and find out how good together. Researchers, however, have studied each
they are, narcissists put forth minimal effort if no process separately to determine how the two work
one is looking, ⑤ what is a sign that they do not together.
really care about demonstrating their brilliance to
themselves, whereas if others are watching, they put (A) As a result, when you look at your best friend’s
forth maximum effort in order to shine. face, brain regions that store information about
* overriding: 최우선시 되는
what faces look like, particularly those that are
[정답] ⑤ what을 which로 바꿔야 적절하다.

familiar to you, can help you to perceive and
recognize the specific visual stimulus.
(B) Perception can occur through bottom-up
processing, which begins with the physical stimuli
from the environment, and proceeds through
transduction of those stimuli into neural
impulses. The signals are passed along to
150 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 successively more complex brain regions, and
ultimately result in the recognition of a visual
One obvious area where climbing and philosophy
stimulus.
intersect is with regard to the ① normative
(C) For example, when you look at the face of your best
dimension of climbing — the ethical or unethical
behavior of climbers. Some of the ethical issues in friend, your eyes convert light energy into neural
impulses, which travel into the brain to visual
climbing involve a ② straightforward extension of
regions. This information forms the basis for
more general moral principles. For example, it is
wrong to lie about your climbing accomplishments sensing the visual stimulus and ultimately its
perception. Equally important to perception,
because it is generally wrong to lie about
however, is top-down processing, which involves
accomplishments; it is wrong to needlessly ③
endanger others at the cliff because, more generally, previously acquired knowledge.
* transduction: (에너지 등의) 변화 ** neutral: 신경의
it is always wrong to needlessly endanger others. *** impulse: 자극
However, other ethical issues involve factors that are
④ similar to climbing and thus cannot be resolved ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
by invoking broader moral rules. Is it wrong to place ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
bolts on rappel? Is it cheating to use pre-placed gear
65
The European Union, since the late 1990s, has Although a traditional textbook drawing suggests
embraced gender mainstreaming as its main that neurons in the brain are happily packed next to
strategy for ________________ in policy making. one another like jelly beans in ajar, don’t let the
It is defined as the integration of the gender cartoon fool you: neurons are locked in competition
perspective into every stage of the policy process for survival. Just like neighboring nations, neurons
(design, implementation, monitoring, and stake out their territories and persistently defend
evaluation). Gender mainstreaming is based on the them. They fight for territory and survival at every
understanding that all policies have the potential to level of the system: each neuron and each
impact social and demographic groups differently, connection between neurons fights for resources. As
thus creating and sustaining unequal power the border wars rage through the lifetime of a brain,
relations. For example, gender mainstreaming may maps are redrawn in such a way that the experiences
explicitly consider the experiences of men, such as and goals of a person are always reflected in the
parental leave as a legal claim for men or labor brain’s structure. If an accountant drops her career
policies for men in female-dominated occupations to become a pianist, the neural territory devoted to
(e.g., nursing). Gender mainstreaming can also her fingers will expand; if she becomes a
apply to health care, equally promoting women’s microscopist, her visual cortex will develop higher
and men’s health care needs. In many countries, resolution for the small details she seeks; if she
coronary heart disease is defined through a becomes a perfumer, her brain regions assigned to
masculine lens, influencing all areas of medical care smell will enlarge.
from prevention to recovery. Not only does this lead * stake out: ~을 차지하다 ** cortex: (대뇌) 피질
to overlooking women’s heart health needs, but it
also may negatively impact men who do not seem to ① Neurons Not Only Compete But Also Cooperate for
fit the model of hegemonic masculinity. Survival!

* demographic: 인구 통계학의 ** coronary: 관상 동맥의 ② Different Arguments for Why Neurons Fight for
*** hegemonic masculinity: 헤게모니 남성성 Territory and Survival
③ The More Fiercely Neurons Compete, the More
① defining gender roles Complex the Brain Structure Becomes
② easing gender imbalance ④ Structure of Brain : What Never Changes Regardless
③ breaking gender stereotype of Changes in Personal Experiences or Goals
④ addressing gender inequality ⑤ Reconstruction of Brain Reflecting Personal
⑤ understanding gender history Experiences and Goals : the Result of Neuronal
[정답] ④
[해설]
Competition
모든 단계에 성 인지 관점을 통합하는 것으로 정의되는 성 주류화는 노동 정책, 건강관 [정답] ⑤
리 등에 영향을 미친다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ④ ‘addressing gender [해설]
inequality(성 불평등을 해결하기)’가 가장 적절하다. 뉴런은 인접한 국가와 마찬가지로 자신의 영역을 차지하고 방어하려 하며, 영역과 생
① 성 역할을 정의하기 존을 위해 경쟁하므로, 한 사람의 경험과 목표의 변화에 따라 뇌의 재구조화가 계속 이
② 성비 불균형을 해소하기 루어진다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ⑤ ‘Reconstruction of Brain Reflecting
③ 성 고정관념을 깨기 Personal Experiences and Goals : the Result of Neuronal Competition(개인의 경험과
⑤ 성 역사를 이해하기 목표를 반영한 뇌의 재구조화 : 뉴런 경쟁의 결과)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 뉴런들은 생존을 위해 경쟁할 뿐만 아니라 협력한다!
② 뉴런들이 영역과 생존을 위해 싸우는 이유에 대한 여러 주장들
③ 뉴런들이 더 치열하게 경쟁할수록 뇌 구조는 더 복잡해진다
④ 뇌의 구조: 개인의 경험이나 목표의 변화에 관계없이 절대 변하지 않는 것
66
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 24-25번] located at 201 Green Valley Road. The blue
154 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? equipment bin with portable nets and extra balls
In Singapore, due to road pricing, one can always from Lions Park will be ③ demolished there as well.
expect to be able to achieve a speed of 40 miles per The combination to unlock the bin can be obtained
hour on the road. While the rich are more likely ① to by calling the front desk at the community center. If
afford this, buses can also achieve these speeds, and you have any questions ④ regarding the alternative
with the economies of scale of a bus this lowers the pickleball courts, please contact Mark Perkins at
per-person trip price for ② achieving this speed. The mperkins @ ShakopeeMN.gov. We look forward to
full cost of commuting includes not only the the completion of the new ⑤ dedicated pickleball
out-of-pocket expenditure on gasoline, parking, and courts at Lions Park this summer.
road use fees but the value of the lost time. If a * pickleball: 피클볼(배드민턴, 테니스, 탁구의 요소가 결합한 새로운
패들 스포츠) ** blacktop: 아스팔트로 포장된
commute takes thirty minutes rather than fifteen
minutes because of traffic congestion, then the [정답] ③ demolished를 relocated와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
commuter has lost fifteen minutes. Economists have

adopted the rule of thumb of valuing such lost time
by half of the person’s hourly wage. For example, if I
earn $80 an hour and I lose fifteen minutes stuck in
traffic, then this costs me $10 in lost time (.25 x 80 x
.5).
To conserve on such lost time due to congestion,
cities such as Stockholm, London, and Singapore
have adopted road pricing. Drivers in such cities [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 2번]
move at higher speeds and save time but must pay

156 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
은?
more money out of pocket ③ travelling at peak use
I should have guessed things were not going to go
times. One explanation for why so few cities have
well when I stepped off the train at Weston Station
adopted road pricing focuses on behavioral
and there was no sign of my father.
economics: people ④ are used to the roads being
free. To an economist, this is a puzzling explanation
(A) After a while, one of the station employees
because congested roads cost us valuable time. This
approached me and asked me if I was all right. I
time cost means that free roads are not free to use. A
said I was fine, but inside, my concern was
second explanation for the opposition to road
growing. Then I glanced to the left and noticed my
pricing ⑤ is that many poor people drive and they
dad. At that very moment, all my anxieties
prefer to pay for their commute using their time
disappeared. ‘Dad!’ I shouted.
rather than paying a road use fee.
* commute: 통근(하다) ** expenditure: 경비 (B) I snatched my little bag from the floor and ran to
*** congestion: 정체 him. ‘Sorry to keep you waiting, Son,’ he said,
[정답] ③ travelling을 to travel로 바꿔야 적절하다. ruffling my hair and pulling me close to him. ‘Let’s
go home.’ He smiled, and I returned his smile
with an even bigger one.
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 1번] (C) I was only fifteen, and there was no way I could go
155 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 back home if he didn’t show up. I wandered up
하지 않은 것은? and down the platform. The waiting felt like
Thank you for always supporting our park’s efforts forever, and I began to anxiously wonder if
to ① improve our community’s health and social something bad had happened to him.
bonds. As we have announced, construction at Lions * snatch: 낚아채다 ** ruffle: 헝클어 놓다
Park will begin as soon as the spring season allows.
As an ② alternative place to play pickleball in town ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
this summer, the lines for three pickleball courts will ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
be painted on the blacktop surface at Rose Park,
67
(A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Urban agriculture is moving from just a practice There is a tendency in some parents to treat small
for earning an income and small food-producing children as if they are much older. It seems as if they
activities to a more sustainable practice that focuses want to give the impression that their child is mature
on promoting local food production as an beyond his age. They ask a small child to make
energy-saving resource that is central to creating decisions about matters he is too young to decide.
vital urban communities. It needs to become even When a child is put in this situation, sometimes he
more central to city planning as food security and will do what the parent wants him to do, and
food safety become issues that cities need to address sometimes he will simply say, “No.” This is his
along with the increase in population that is creating attempt to show his authority and to display his
a strain on a global level with regards to food power. A small child should never be asked to make
availability and health. In current practice, the term a decision he is too young to make. The parent
urban agriculture does not necessarily mean that should make the decision and then give instructions
food production itself is based on a sustainable to the child. For example, if a parent thinks that a
methodology or procedure but when combined with child should stop playing and eat, he should not ask
an ecological-based approach it does. With the the child, “Do you want to eat now?” He should tell
recognition of natural resource decline and the the child to put his toys away and get ready to eat. If
advance of environmental degradation in cities he thinks that the child should take a nap, he should
today, urban agriculture is taking on new meaning in not ask the child, “Do you want to take a nap?” He
bringing ecological-based systems back into the city should tell the child that it is time for his nap.
as a vital part of the solution to creating more 
sustainable cities. This does require a paradigm shift Some parents tend to ask their children to make
in thinking about food as an integral part of the city’s decisions about issues that they are ____(A)____,
framework. which should be made by the ____(B)____ and then
* degradation: 저하
directed to children.

Presented as a solution to the food security and (A) (B)
food safety issues faced by modern cities, urban ① able to decide children
agriculture ____(A)____ the creation of sustainable ② unable to decide children
cities. Thus, it is ____(B)____ to utilize ecological- ③ capable of deciding parents
based urban agriculture. ④ incapable of deciding parents
⑤ incompetent to decide children and parents
(A) (B)
[정답] ④
① hinders important [해설]
② enables necessary → 일부 부모들은 어린 아이들이 결정할 수 없는 문제에 관해 결정을 내리도록 요구하
는 경향이 있는데, 그런 결정은 부모에 의해 내려진 다음 아이들에게 지시되어야 한다.
③ disrupts essential 일부 부모에게는 아이가 너무 어려 결정할 수 없는 문제에 관해 결정을 내리도록 요구
④ allows for unnecessary 하는 경향이 있는데, 그런 결정은 부모가 내린 다음 아이에게 지시해야 한다는 내용이
다. 그러므로 (A)에는 unable to decide, incapable of deciding, incompetent to
⑤ interferes with redundant decide, (B)에는 parents가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
[정답] ② ① 결정할 수 있는 ... 아이들
[해설] ② 결정할 수 없는 ... 아이들
→ 현대 도시가 직면한 식량 안보와 식품 안전 문제의 해결책으로 제시되는 도시 농업 ③ 결정할 수 있는 ... 부모들
은 지속 가능한 도시 조성을 가능하게 한다. 따라서 생태 기반형 도시 농업을 활용할 ④ 결정할 수 없는 ... 부모들
필요가 있다. ⑤ 결정할 수 없는 ... 아이들과 부모들
현대 도시가 직면한 식량 안보와 식품 안전 문제의 해결책으로 제시되는 도시 농업은
지속 가능한 도시 조성을 가능하게 하므로 생태 기반형 도시 농업을 활용할 필요가 있
다는 내용이다. 그러므로 (A)에는 enables, allows for, (B)에는 important, necessary,
essential이 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 방해한다 ... 중요한
② 가능하게 한다 ... 필수적인
③ 방해한다 ... 필수적인
④ 가능하게 한다 ... 불필요한
⑤ 방해한다 ... 불필요한
68
I think of neuroscience and the human sciences as Many have observed that people often use mobile
like two very small miners energetically ① phones in waiting areas. It is a way to kill time but it
tunnelling in from opposite sides of an immense Alp. is also a way to create a space within what is often a
Although neuroscientists on their side of the Alp do weak or poorly defined space.
not listen much to sounds of ② digging from the
humanists on the other side, some humanists, those (A) The mobile phone can be used to share a space
concerned with the brain’s role in the arts, listen with someone at a distance, for example, people at
very closely to ③ what the neuroscientists on the a concert who call others so they can hear part (or
other side are saying. We draw hopefully on a great all) of the concert.
many researchers. We hope for answers from them (B) At the extreme, people may be so immersed in the
to the questions that bother us. The neuroscientists interaction with others on a mobile phone, that
and we of the human sciences, even if we are divided they lose contact with those in the physical space
into two groups, ④ sharing the same hope. Although they occupy. Sherry Turkle calls this alone
dwarfed by the mountain, we hope our diggings will together, others have used the term absent
meet in the middle of that huge Alp, and there we ⑤ presence to characterize this behavior.
will discover this mysterious, magical treasure,
(C) Spaces at the edge of a dead zone for making
Mind. We hope.
mobile calls are also prime spots for making calls
* dwarf: 왜소해 보이게 만들다
or sending texts. So, when people touch down at
[정답] ④ sharing을 share로 바꿔야 적절하다. an airport or leave a tunnel after having been out
of contact with a cell tower, they are more likely to
make calls or send texts.
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 6번] * dead zone: 휴대 전화 불통 지역 ** cell tower: 무선 셀 기지국
하지 않은 것은? ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
Modem broadcast media may have contributed to ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
the perpetuation of the innate talent account of ④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
musical performance ability. The discovery of an ①

exceptional child performer — “the next Mozart” is a
common label — makes for a much better story than
reporting how advanced musical learning has
resulted from an ② unusually plentiful combination
of environmental, educational, and economic
factors. Beyond simple media sensationalism,
however, the belief in talent offers other ③ chamless
effects. Giving the musically talented person the
designation of specialness can turn the experience of
a concert into a fantastic, even ④ supernatural,
happening. Plus, musicians themselves can benefit
from the “gifted” label. Feeling special — or even
divinely blessed — can contribute to musicians’
selfesteem and motivation; consequently, many
“talented” musicians feel an obligation to nurture
their gift, which allows them to approach their
musical activities with ⑤ confidence and the
expectation of success.
* perpetuation: 영구화 ** nurture: (재능 따위를) 기르다
[정답] ③ charmless를 appealing과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
69
W. E. B. DuBois (1868-1963), an African We are so easily impressed and make judgements
American sociologist, graduated from Fisk based on superficial evidence, but sometimes luxury
University in Tennessee and became the first African provides a psychological boost to confidence that
American to receive a doctorate from Harvard improves our well-being. Wearing designer clothes
University. Then, at Atlanta University, he founded can make us feel better about ourselves, which then
the nation’s second department of sociology. He becomes self-reinforcing. When we put on our
soon began a highly productive academic career that luxury clothes we feel special and behave
included, among many other things, founding two accordingly. Luxury goods light up the pleasure
scholarly journals and writing numerous books and centres in our brain. If you think you are drinking
articles. He focused his research and writing on the expensive wine, not only does it taste better but the
racial problems in the United States. At the same brain's valuation system associated with the
time, however, he worked hard to apply his experience of pleasure shows greater activation,
enormous knowledge to improving society. He compared to drinking exactly the same wine when
founded the Niagara Movement, an organization of you believe it to be cheap. What’s important here is
African American intellectuals fighting for racial the belief — not the actual luxury. Francesca Gino, a
equality. He also helped create the National professor at Harvard Business School, found that
Association for the Advancement of Colored People people who wore what they believed to be fake
(NAACP) and edited its influential magazine, Crisis. designer brand sunglasses (but were in fact genuine)
Later, he even advocated the use of force to achieve felt like frauds and were more likely to cheat on tests.
racial equality. Finally, seeing little improvement in You may be able to fake until you make it, but deep
race relations, he moved in 1961 to the African down, if we do, many of us feel like imposters.
nation of Ghana, where he died 2 years later. * fake: 모조의; 속이다 ** fraud: 사기꾼 *** imposter: 사기꾼
① Why Can’t Racism Be Solved? ① How To Look Cool in Fashion
② Good Results Take More Effort Than Words ② Cheaters Are Cheaters for Life
③ How To Improve Education for Blacks: Racial ③ Fake and Genuine: You Can’t Tell the Difference
Unification ④ Luxury: A Boost in Our Self-Esteem
④ Efforts of A Sociologist To Solve Racial ⑤ It’s Not Our Beliefs but Who We Are That Matters
[정답] ④
Discrimination [해설]
⑤ The History of How Racial Problems Were 고급스럽다고 믿는 제품을 소비했을 때 뇌의 쾌락 중추가 활성화돼 소지자의 기분을
좋게 한다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로 ④’Luxury: A Boost In Our Self-Esteem(고
Resolved in America 급스러움: 자존감 향상)‘이 가장 적절하다.
[정답] ④ ① 패션에서 멋지게 보이는 방법
[해설] ② 사기꾼은 평생 사기꾼이다
미국에서의 인종 문제를 해결하기 위해 인종 평등을 달성하려고 했으나 결국 인종 관 ③ 가짜와 진짜: 차이점을 구분할 수 없다
계 개선을 실패한 아프리카계 미국인 사회학자에 관한 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로 ⑤ 우리의 신념이 아니라 우리가 누구인가가 중요하다
는 ④ ‘Efforts Of A Sociologist To Solve Racial Discrimination(인종차별을 해결하기
위한 한 사회학자의 노력)’이 가장 적절하다.
① 왜 인종차별은 해결되지 않을까?
② 좋은 결과는 말보다 더 많은 노력이 필요하다
③ 흑인을 위한 교육을 향상시키는 방법: 인종 통일
⑤ 미국에서 인종 문제가 어떻게 해결되었는지에 대한 역사
70
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 13번] simply as “homework.” And so one parent wonders
164 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? why on earth anyone would be a ④ proponent of
Overfishing is in large part a consequence of (mindless) homework while the other can’t
excessive effort and capacity in fisheries. Too often, understand why a parent wouldn’t want their child
fishery managers have been unable to control fishing to do (⑤ irrelevant and creative) work at home.
effort, ① resulting in unsustainable levels of catch. Neither parent understands the other’s point of view
This has been a particular problem for open-access because they aren’t speaking the same language
fisheries where management does not limit the about homework.
number of participants or high individual effort. In * slated: (일정이) 계획된 ** rail: 불평하다
this situation, the economic incentives favor
[정답] ⑤ irrelevant를 relevant와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
short-term exploitation over long-term sustainable
use ② because the economic benefits of sacrificing
current catch to rebuild the stock are hard to
perceive compared to short-term needs (bills to be
paid), and long-term benefits may have ③ to share
with newcomers when the fishery recovers. As more
people enter the fishery or improve their fishing
capabilities, the future yield to the individual fisher
decreases. This often fosters competition ④ to [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 15번]
maintain or even increase individual catch levels

은?
even as stocks decline. In response, managers may
American sociologist William Julius Wilson has
shorten fishing seasons; participants then increase
argued that an unintended consequence of African
their fishing power, and effort becomes ⑤
American suburbanization has been that inner cities
concentrated in time, sometimes resulting in “races
have lost valuable role models.
for fish” or “fishing derbies.”
* exploitation: 이기적 이용 ** derby: 시합, 경기
(A) As higher income minorities leave center cities,
[정답] ③ to share를 to be shared로 바꿔야 적절하다. young people who remain are less likely to see and
interact with adult men who work and have
achieved upward income mobility.
(B) The explanation for this is that young people are
more likely to underestimate the economic
benefits of education when they never interact
with people who look like them and have also
attained a high level of education. The
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 14번] suburbanization of upwardly mobile people thus
165 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 has social consequences for peer effects in the
하지 않은 것은? inner city.
Typically, homework consists of any ① assigned (C) Research in development economics has
task slated to be done outside the hours of class. documented, with data from the Dominican
What the word homework does not describe is the Republic, that when young people are informed
quality or quantity of the task, a reality that makes about the wage gains that are possible by
homework discussions challenging because it turns obtaining more education, this information
into a war of vocabulary. For example, if two people increases their educational attainment.
② discuss their children’s homework, one could be * inner city: (흔히 대도시의, 사회적인 문제가 많은) 도심 지역
railing against mindless worksheets while the other
is in favor of carefully crafted activities ③ prompting ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
students to reflect or create. But instead of naming ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
the specific activity, they both refer to the tasks
71
Because advertisers in the 1950s were interested In a study by Arthur Aron and myself, we created a
in reaching baby boomers, many radio stations fake computer dating service, but instead of
played music called rock ‘n’ roll with disc jockeys romance, the goal was to help college students find
that specifically called out to them. Other stations friendship. All the subjects listed their interests, and
targeted different age groups with different styles of we returned a week later to ask them to review a
music and DJs. This new sort of station that focused profile written by another person and judge whether
on particular music preferences caught on because they liked and wanted to meet them. Half of them
radio was now more portable than ever. The were told that our ultra-reliable, matchmaker
development in 1948 of the transistor, a much program determined that this new person was an
smaller replacement for the Audion vacuum tube, ideal match for them. The other half weren’t told
led to the miniaturization of radio receivers. Now anything. When people weren’t given any
radio became something that people could literally information about whether a friendship was likely,
take with them throughout the day — to the park, to they preferred people with interests just like theirs.
the beach, or wherever. All of a sudden, the medium But when they were told that a friendship was likely,
had a new life, and companies rushed to get new they preferred people who complemented them with
licenses. The number of stations jumped different interests. That is, when people were
dramatically, from about one thousand in 1946 to confident that a relationship was possible, they
nearly 3,500 in the mid-1950s. The largest wanted to spend time with people who were unique,
proportion of these played specific types of music. interesting, and who offered a chance for them to
* baby boomer: (특히 2차 세계대전 후의) 베이비 붐 세대인 사람 expand their horizons.
* fake: 가짜의
① How Could Various Age Groups Enjoy Different
Music? ① ways to broaden interpersonal relationship
② The Development of Music: Simple to Complex ② benefits of using a matchmaker program in making
③ The Widespread Popularity of Music in The 1950s friends
④ Portable Radio: A Means for the Convergence of ③ how perceived likelihood of friendship leads to
Musical Taste different results
⑤ The Good Classic Oldies of The Mid-Century: A ④ consequences of prejudice in perceiving a potential
Treat for The Ears relationship
[정답] ① ⑤ the importance of prior knowledge about a
[해설]
1950년대에 라디오가 그 어느 때보다 휴대가 더 쉬워졌기 때문에 베이비붐 세대를 포 potential partner for prolonged friendship
함한 다양한 연령층의 특정 음악 선호에 초점을 맞추는 것이 가능해졌다는 내용이다. [정답] ③
그러므로 제목으로는 ①’How Could Various Age Groups Enjoy Different Music?(어 [해설]
떻게 다양한 연령층이 다양한 음악을 즐길 수 있었을까?)‘가 가장 적절하다. 새로운 사람에 대한 친구 관계 가능 여부에 관한 정보를 사전에 받지 않았을 때 자신과
② 음악의 발전: 단순한에서 복잡한으로 관심사가 비슷한 사람을 선호하고 친구 관계가 될 가능성이 높다는 정보를 받았을 때
③ 1950년대에 널리 퍼진 음악의 인기 다른 관심사로 자신을 보완하는 사람을 선호한다고 보여주는 실험 내용이다. 그러므
④ 휴대용 라디오: 음악적 취향의 융합을 위한 수단 로 주제로 ③’how perceived likelihood of friendship influences leads to different
⑤ 금세기 중반의 좋은 옛날 음악: 귀를 쫑긋하게 하는 것 results(인지된 우정의 가능성이 어떻게 다른 결과로 이어지는지)‘가 가장 적절하다.
① 대인관계를 넓히는 방법
② 친구를 사귈 때 짝 찾아주기 프로그램을 사용하는 것의 이점
④ 잠재적인 관계를 인식하는 데 편견의 결과
⑤ 오랜 우정을 위한 잠재적인 파트너에 대한 사전 지식의 중요성
72
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 18번] fencing along roadways. Yet the fact ⑤ remains that
169 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? as long as developers continue to build in suburban
Many of our activities (arguing, solving problems, areas, humans and wildlife will come into contact.
budgeting time, etc.) are metaphorical in nature. Sadly, animal damage control programs have just
The metaphorical concepts ① that characterize one way of solving these problems — hunting.
those activities structure our present reality. New * pest: 유해 동물 ** wreak: (피해를) 가하다
*** collision: 충돌 (사고)
metaphors have the power to create a new reality.
This can begin ② to happen when we start to [정답] ③ extended를 lessened와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
comprehend our experience in terms of a metaphor,

and it becomes a deeper reality when we begin to act
in terms of it. If a new metaphor enters the
conceptual system ③ that we base our actions on, it
will alter that conceptual system and the perceptions
and actions that the system gives rise to. Much of
cultural change ④ arising from the introduction of
new metaphorical concepts and the loss of old ones.
For example, the Westernization of cultures
throughout the world is partly a matter of ⑤
introducing the time is money metaphor into those
cultures.
* metaphorical: 은유적인, 비유적인
171 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적
[정답] ④ arising을 arises로 바꿔야 적절하다.
절한 곳은?
If parents differ in the quantity of care they give to
their offspring, if the quantity of care affects the
viability of offspring, and if a genetic difference
underlies this difference in parental care, then the
gene for higher quantity care will increase in
frequency.
170 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 A gene can increase in frequency by making its
하지 않은 것은? bearers more likely than nonbearers to perform
Animal damage control advocates often some fitness-enhancing behavior. ( ① ) For
characterize game animals as pest species. Deer, for example, females of many species choose a mate
instance, do not kill farm animals but are blamed for based on the quality of male courtship displays. ( ②
① destroying gardens, bringing disease, causing car ) If the courtship displays of males differ in quality
accidents, and wreaking other forms of damage in and a genetic difference underlies the display
suburbs. So sport hunters are allowed to kill deer difference, the gene for the superior display will
with public support — after all, no one wants to be ② increase in frequency. ( ③ ) Of course, courtship
involved in a collision with a deer. Unfortunately for behaviors are not the only behaviors that affect
deer, hunting does not necessarily control their fitness. ( ④ ) So, as long as a gene makes some
populations. They can rebound soon after hunting fitness-enhancing behavior more likely, that gene
season due to ③ extended competition for will increase in frequency in a population, and as a
resources. And, of course, the animal damage result the behavior may increase in frequency as
control measures that wiped out many of their well. ( ⑤ ) For this reason, biologists frequently say
natural predators also play a role in their large that, from the standpoint of evolutionary biology,
numbers. There are ④ numerous methods to “behavioral traits are like any other class of
prevent the damage that deer can cause, such as characters.”
more responsible driving, speed limits, warning * courtship: 구애 ** viability: 생존 능력
signs, roadside reflectors, as well as the use of 글의 흐름상 ④에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.
73
172 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 173 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
A mark of postmodernity is the increasing Human impacts are the most direct in the upper
mobility, both voluntary and forced, of human 500 meters of the ocean as commercial fishing is not
populations around the world. The migration of conducted in deeper waters. Indeed, geological
whole societies, the problem of refugees, the extraction and construction of ports and windmill
incorporation of migrant workers, have created a farms are typically conducted in waters of 50 meters
global, multicultural society that challenges the depth or less. In shallow and nearshore waters
ability of any nation to define a reasonably human impacts are palpable, even in remote parts of
homogeneous cultural identity or a set of cultural the world. Animal life in Antarctic waters is
norms. The case of the failure of America’s “melting abundant and has been protected from commercial
pot” image is a telling example. Although the United use for decades, yet hunting in the early part of the
States has always been a nation of immigrants, it twentieth century changed the ecosystem to a degree
managed, at least until World War II, to maintain a that it can no longer be considered a pristine
sense of itself as a whole, a European-derived, ecosystem. This is not to say that there are not
English-speaking nation. But new migrations — pristine-like nearshore waters left on Earth. A case
Asian, African, and Latino — have challenged this may be made for the northwest Hawaii islands,
image and made it almost impossible which have never been inhabited by humans and
__________________________. Moreover, the only very rarely have experienced fishing
American experience has become the norm in other expeditions. Such locations are few — in fact,
parts of the world as well. People’s identities have probably less than 1% of the ocean surface is fully
become fractured, pluralized, and hybridized, and protected against fishing or other kinds of disturbing
populations that were silent and marginalized in the activities.
past have suddenly moved to the center of the * pristine-like: 자연[원래] 그대로와 비슷한 ** palpable: 매우
뚜렷한 *** expedition: 원정, 탐험
historical and cultural stage.
* homogeneous: 동질의 ** fracture: 조각내다
*** pluralize: 복수로 만들다 ① how humans should deal with water pollution
② why oceanic ecosystems need to be protected
① to eliminate a prevalent cultural identity ③ ways to deal with the impact of humans on the
② to define a central cultural identity for the nation ocean
③ to separate people into several distinct ethnic ④ consequences of human impact on the upper ocean
groups ⑤ the importance of keeping the ocean clean for
④ to maintain a sense of the nation’s insiders and future generations
outsiders [정답] ④
[해설]
⑤ to create a multicultural society that challenges 인간이 바다의 상층 500미터에서 가장 직접적인 영향을 미치며 상업적 어업, 지질 채
cultural homogenity 취, 항구 및 풍력 발전 단지 건설, 등 여러 활동에 의해 지구의 외딴 지역도 피해를 보고
있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로 ④consequences of human impact on the upper
[정답] ②
ocean(인간의 영향이 상층 바다에 초래한 결과)’가 가장 적절하다.
[해설]
① 인간이 수질오염에 어떻게 대처해야 하는지
포스트모더니티의 한 특징으로 세계적인 인구의 이동성 증가가 어떤 국가든 합리적으
② 해양 생태계가 보호되어야 하는 이유
로 동질적인 문화적 정체성이나 일련의 문화적 규범을 정의하지 못하게 하고 대표적
③ 인간이 바다에 미치는 영향에 대처하는 방법
인 예로서 아메리카의 ’용광로‘를 언급하는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로 ②’to define
⑤ 미래 세대를 위해 바다를 깨끗하게 유지하는 것의 중요성
a central cultural identity for the nation(그 국가의 중심적인 문화 정체성을 규정하는
것을)‘이 가장 적절하다.
① 널리 퍼져 있는 문화적 정체성을 없내는 것을
③ 사람들을 여러 구별되는 민족 집단으로 분리하는 것을
④ 국내 내부자와 외부자 의식을 유지하는 것을
⑤ 문화적 동질성에 도전하는 다문화 사회를 만드는 것을
74
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 23번] [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 24-25번]
In a simple experiment conducted by Michael 하지 않은 것은?
Ross, Cathy McFarland, and Garth Fletcher, college When it comes to the common belief fallacy in
students received a persuasive message ① arguing your own life, remember that scientists are always
the importance of frequent tooth brushing. After trying to reach better conclusions, and that is
receiving the message, they changed their attitudes something you don’t do as an individual, at least not
toward tooth brushing. Needless to say, this is not by default, and by ① extension it is something your
surprising. But here’s ② what was surprising: Later institutions are not so great at either. You don’t seek
that same day in a different situation, the students out what science calls the null hypothesis. That is,
were asked, “How many times have you brushed when you believe in something, you rarely seek out
your teeth in the past 2 weeks?” Those who received evidence to the ② contrary to see how it matches up
the message recalled ③ what they brushed their with your assumptions. That’s the source of urban
teeth far more frequently than did students in the legends, folklore, superstitions, and all the rest.
control condition. The students were not attempting Having doubts is not your strong suit. Corporations
④ to deceive the researcher; there was no reason for and other institutions ③ rarely set aside a division
them to lie. They were simply using their new tasked with paying attention to the faults of the
attitudes as a heuristic to help them remember. In a agency. Unlike in science, most human undertakings
sense, they needed to believe ⑤ that they had always leave out a special department ④ devoted to looking
behaved in a sensible and reasonable manner — even for the worst in the operation — not just a complaint
though they had just now discovered what that department, but a department that asks if the
sensible behavior might be. organization is on the right path. Every human effort
* heuristic: 휴리스틱(특정 상황에서 사람들이 신속하게 사용하는 should systematically pause and ask if it is currently
어림짐작의 기술) mistaken. To beat your brain, you need that
[정답] ③ what을 that으로 바꿔야 적절하다. department ⑤ intermittently operating in your
cranium. You would do well to borrow from the
lessons of the scientific method and apply them in
your personal life. In the background, while you sew
and golf and browse cat videos, science is fighting
against your stupidity. No other human enterprise is
fighting as hard, or at least not fighting and winning.
* fallacy: 오류 ** null hypothesis: 귀무가설(기각될 것이 예상되는
가설) *** cranium: 두개골
[정답] ⑤ intermittently를 constantly와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
75
76
We hope all is well with you and your family. At I am James Franklin, principal of Grandview High
last, spring is in the air, and that means summer School. Each year we provide engaging events to
can't be far behind. For the past several years we bring our school's community together. This year,
have taken much pleasure in sharing our cottage on we are trying to have a chess tournament. We think
Mirror Pond with you and some of our other close that it will create a healthy competitive atmosphere
friends. This year, though, I'm afraid we must do and help students make new friends. And some of
things a bit differently. The expense of maintaining the students in our school chess club are showing
the house has gone up quite a bit, and for at least the very promising results and are aiming to participate
coming summer we have decided to put the cottage in the City Chess Tournament. They are practicing
on the market as a rental property. We already have hard for the tournament. However, due to our
several leads from people who are considering school's budgetary constraints, we had to cut back
taking the cottage for most or all of the summer. We on school supplies. To offer our students the best
hope you understand. And if we end up with some education possible, we need the supplies to keep our
unbooked time in the fall, we'll let you know. chess club running. We would like to ask that you
help us continue the chess club by donating money.
① The Cause Of A Rise In The Purse If you contribute to our school, you'll be a hero to the
② The Difficulty In Getting My Own House students who are pursuing their dream of becoming
③ A Notice To Not Being Able To Rent A Cottage This chess players.
Summer * budgetary: 예산상의
④ How To Get Accommodation For Summer
Vacation ① request for donation for chess club
⑤ Increased Cost Of Maintaining Cottages Due To ② how to be a hero in the chess club
Changes In Real Estate Laws ③ the promotion of joining the chess club
[정답] ③ ④ the announcement of a lack of school budgets
[해설] ⑤ how to participate in the City Chess Tournament
유지 비용의 상승으로 인해 이번 여름에는 집을 빌려주지 못할 것 같다는 내용이다. 그
[정답] ①
러므로 빈칸으로는③ ‘A Notice To Not Being Able To Rent A Cottage This Summer
[해설]
(이번 여름에 별장을 빌려주지 못할 것에 대한 안내)’가 적절하다.
학교 내 동아리 운영을 위해 기부를 요청하는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제는 ① ‘request
① 집갑 상승의 원인
for donation for chess club(체스 동아리를 위한 기부 요청)’이 가장 적절하다.
② 내 집 마련의 어려움
② 체스 동아리에서 영웅이 되는 방법
④ 여름휴가에 숙소 구하는 방법
③ 체스 동아리 가입 홍보
⑤ 부동산 법의 변경으로 인한 별장 유지비용의 상승
④ 학교 예산 부족에 대한 안내
⑤ 시 체스대회에 참여하는 방법
I am writing to you about an issue with my recent
mobile phone order. I ordered a silver model, but I
was sent a black one. However, I decided ① to use it
anyway. Nevertheless, I could not save numbers in
it, and the battery ② would not even last a day on a
full charge. When I contacted customer service, the
representative asked me ③ return the phone and
promised to send a replacement. That was two
weeks ago, and I still have not received the new
phone. I would highly ④ appreciate it if you could
send me the replacement phone — in silver and with
a healthy battery — as soon as possible. I ⑤ look
forward to your prompt action on my request.
[정답] ③ return을 to return으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
77
4 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 6 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
않은 것은? Mr. Garcia walked to his closet and pulled a
If you ask your administrative employees, they trumpet out of its case. He blew into it, you know,
will probably agree that copier ① maintenance is like he was clearing it all out. He ran his fingers
critical to a successful office. Our research shows along the valves and played a scale. And then he said,
that the typical business will use copy equipment "Okay, Zach, ready?" And then he started playing. I
about six months before ② repairing or replacing it. mean the guy could play. He played this really soft
Historically, when you have needed service, the only and beautiful song. I never knew a trumpet could
option has been to call a repairperson at a very high whisper. I kept looking at his fingers. I wanted him
cost. Fortunately, there is now a service that can ③ to keep playing forever. It was better than any of the
shorten the life of your copier and save your poems he'd read to us in class. It was like the whole
company thousands of dollars during the next year. loud world had gone really, really quiet and there
Lake Paperworx specializes in copier maintenance, was nothing but this one song, this one sweet and
successfully serving business and legal firms gentle and brilliant song that was as soft as a breeze
throughout the United States. We can ④ blowing through the leaves of a tree.
significantly reduce your maintenance costs and ____________________. I wanted to live in that
your downtime. The enclosed brochure outlines our stillness forever. I wanted to clap. And then, I just
services. If you are ⑤ interested in using our didn't know what to do or what to say.
services, please call me directly at 920-4848-1212.
① The song was cheerful

[정답] ③ shorten을 extend와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
② The world just disappeared
③ The cool breeze made Garcia happy
④ The technique of trumpet player was very fancy
[2025수능특강(영어) 2강 1번] ⑤ Garcia is better at reading poetry than at playing
5 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은? the trumpet
[정답] ②
Olivia pulled a piece of bright yellow silk from the
[해설]
display. In her free hand she held a sample of beaded 화자는 조용한 세상에 노래 한 곡만 남은 것 같다고 말하고 있다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는
② ’The world just disappeared(세상이 그저 사라져버렸다.)‘가 가장 적절하다.
lace and tried to imagine the sound it would make
① 노래는 활기찼다
whispering around her ankles as she danced. ③ 시원하게 불어오는 산들바람이 Garcia를 행복하게 했다
④ 트럼펫 연주자의 기교는 매우 화려했다
⑤ Garcia는 트럼펫을 연주하는 것 보다 시를 읽는 것을 더 잘한다
(A) No other fabric would make her as beautiful as the
yellow silk, and no other pearls would make such
a charming whisper. With a sigh, she returned the
items to the display.
(B) Now that the war was over, there would be a lot of
dancing. Anticipation bubbled in her chest. She'd
meet a real gentleman this season, and who
knew? Maybe she would get married. "May I help
you?"
(C) A shopkeeper stood beside her. "I would like five
yards of this silk and a roll of this lace," Olivia
said. "I'm very sorry, miss. They are already
reserved." What a letdown!
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
78
[2025수능특강(영어) 2강 3번] so. She just hoped everyone else felt the same way.
7 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은? As if reading her mind, Addison leaned over to her.
A very large warrior approached and stood in front "Everything tastes so delicious," she said quietly, ④
of Benny. The warrior took him by the arm, and patting her belly and indicating her already
Benny was convinced that he was going to be half-eaten plate. "You're going to have to roll me out
punished. He shivered with fear while being of here when all ⑤ has said and done." "Eat as much
dragged. The warrior brought Benny to an open area as you like." Charlotte replied with a laugh, "There's
of the village. There sat an old man. He seemed to be no judgment, especially on Thanksgiving!"
incredibly respected by all of the warriors. He * pat: (가볍게) 두드리다, 쓰다듬다
introduced himself as Allani, meaning "Highest
[정답] ⑤ has said를 is said로 바꿔야 적절하다.
Chief," and surprisingly enough, he spoke in the
English language. He told Benny, "I have decided
that we are not going to punish you. We do not
punish good men, so you can relax." The chief
continued, "I heard what you did for us. Your
kindness makes me say welcome. Welcome to Life
Island." Tears of relief poured down Benny's face.
① You reap what you sow.

② No good deed goes unpunished.
③ The custom of Life island is absolute.
④ The good person will eventually reap the rewards.
⑤ You have to deal with it firmly to survive when you
face death.
[정답] ④
[해설]
낯선 곳에 온 Benny는 선량한 사람이기 때문에 처벌을 면하게 되었다. 그러므로 제목
으로는 ④‘The good person will eventually reap the rewards.(착한 사람은 언젠가 보 [2025수능특강(영어) 3강 1번]
상을 받는다.)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 뿌린대로 거둔다
9 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지
② 좋은 일을 한다고 해서 반드시 그에 상응하는 대가를 받는 것은 아니다 않은 것은?
③ Life island의 관습은 절대적이다. One of the biggest misconceptions about creativity
⑤ 죽음 앞에서는 의연하게 대처해야 살아남을 수 있다.
is that it takes a brilliant idea to solve a ① complex
problem. While this may be true in pure sciences, in
most commercial contexts, or even in day-to-day
living, it is never that one silver bullet that does the
magic. It is, in fact, a series of ② seemingly simple
ideas that counts. The key is to have enough ideas
that solve specific parts of the overall problem, and
"I think everyone is here now! Shall we all sit
then the thorny task looks very much tenable. Since
down?" Everyone was more than happy ① to
creativity comes from combining concepts in an ③
cooperate and soon the whole group was settled in
unusual fashion, and since it is exceedingly difficult
their chairs around the long dining room table,
to trace the origins of ideas, you are better off
passing dishes filled with Charlotte's cooking. Soon,
generating as many ideas as ④ impossible with the
everyone had a full plate and conversation ② buzzed
hope that some of them would click. That is what
around the table between bites. Charlotte took a
great scientists and artists do. As the author Walter
careful bite of her stuffing and found ③ that the
Isaacson notes, ‘The sparks come from ideas ⑤
seasonings had all blended together beautifully to
rubbing against each other rather than as bolts out of
create a flavorful experience. She relaxed a bit more
the blue.’
as she sampled the dishes on her plate and found
* thorny: 골치 아픈, 까다로운 ** tenable: 참아 낼 수 있는
that everything tasted good. Or, at least, she thought [정답] ④ impossible을 possible과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
79
Sometimes it is hard to know the right thing to do Consider people with disabilities. Often they are
for the planet. What sounds good may not judged using criteria of competence that are biased
necessarily be so. Rooftop solar panels, for example, in favor of nondisabled people. Compare, for
are one of the most expensive and least effective example, an average blind person with an average
ways to help the environment. sighted person. Who will be more competent in
(A) You may disagree with all or some of those claims, that the sighted person will be more competent
and you may be right. It depends on your because the sighted person can see where he or she is
individual circumstances. If you live in Phoenix, going, but this is using an unfair criterion. If you
Arizona, for example, solar panels could be a think about competence based on the fairer criterion
smart choice. of who can best walk with the eyes closed, then the
(B) Buying local food can actually increase water blind person will definitely be more competent. Such
pollution and waste. According to research from knowledge about people who are blind and, by
the Danish and UK governments, plastic grocery extension, other socially marginalized people, can
bags may actually be better than cotton bags for make us appreciate them and celebrate their unique
the climate and for water. abilities as they really are, rather than discriminate
against, pity, or patronize them for some
(C) Using your own cotton bags continuously and
incompetence that does not exist except as a figment
without exception for shopping for several years
of our traditional, prejudiced imaginations.
is probably better for the environment than the
alternatives. Each of these choices depends on *** figment: 꾸며낸 것
personal circumstances and behavior. The best
solutions for the environment are personal. ① A Critique of People with Disabilities Hatred
② A Special Ability of the People with Disabilities
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ③ The Human Rights of the People with Disabilities
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) ④ Efforts To Eliminate Prejudice Against The People
② (B)-(A)-(C)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다. with Disabilities
⑤ Unfair Standards Centered on People with
Non-disabilities Create Discrimination
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
비장애인에게 유리한 기준으로 장애인을 판단하는 것은 잘못되었으며 그들을 차별하
지 않고 있는 그대로 바라봐야한다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로 ⑤ ‘Unfair
Standards Centered on People with Non-disabilities Create Discrimination.( 비장애
인 위주의 불공정한 기준은 차별을 만든다)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 장애인 혐오에 대한 비판
② 장애인의 특별한 능력
③ 장애인의 인권
④ 장애인에 대한 편견을 없애기 위한 노력
80
12 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은? 13 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
When you think, you are using your imagination 지 않은 것은?
to create an image or picture in your mind of an Most people don't equate silence with ①
event rather than the real thing. If you are driving appreciation. People whose work is always good still
home from a football match, reviewing the game in need to hear it from you occasionally. Let them know
your mind, you are merely imagining what the game you've noticed they are meeting their goals.
was like. The game is no longer real; it's now only in Acknowledgement and appreciation create a ②
your mind, in your memory. It was real once, but not supportive work environment and keep motivation
any longer. Similarly, if you are thinking about how alive. Make your appreciation specific and ③
bad your marriage is, you are considering it in your positive by noting what was done well and why it
mind. It's all in your imagination. You are literally matters. This makes people feel good and it also
'making up' your relationship. The thoughts you are ensures that the behaviour you identify is repeated.
having about your relationship are just thoughts. So, don't just say, "That was great!" Say, "That was
This is why the old saying, 'Things aren't as bad as great because ..." Both teams and individuals need
they seem' is almost always true. The reason things positive, specific information about their
'seem so bad' is because your mind is able to recreate accomplishments. Use your imagination: post
past events, and preview upcoming events, almost as graphs showing what the team has achieved: mark
though they were happening right in front of you, at the ④ achievement of major milestones or goals by
that moment even though they're not. To make bringing in sandwiches for lunch for everyone to
matters worse, your mind can add additional drama share or putting up balloons; send thank you notes.
to any event, thereby making that event seem even When you ⑤ achieve success, people think it doesn't
worse than it really is, or was, or will be. matter and stop trying.
[정답] ⑤ achieve를 ignore와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.

① Imagination always leads to the worst.
② Imagination tends to be more positive than reality.
③ Imagination is just an imagination, and it is more
exaggeration than reality. [2025수능특강(영어) 4강 2번]
④ Imagination is helpful in that you can know the 14 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
future ahead of time. The quality of news is difficult to measure because
⑤ It is essential to understand the gap between reality there are no agreed-upon standards ① that satisfy
and imagination in life. everyone's definition of high quality. The term
[정답] ③ quality generally refers to any attribute, service, or
[해설]
상상은 단지 마음속에서 만들어내는 것이기 때문에 현실과 다르며, 상상 속에서는 상 performance ② that is highly valued within a group
황이 더 나빠보일 수 도 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ③ ‘Imagination is just or a community. Defining quality is thus
an imagination, and it is more exaggeration than reality.(상상은 상상일 뿐이며 현실
보다 과장된 면이 있다.)’가 가장 적절하다. context-dependent, field-specific, and subject to
① 상상은 항상 최악을 유도한다. individual preferences and tastes. It is important to
② 상상은 현실보다 긍정적인 경향이 있다.
④ 상상은 다가올 미래를 미리 확인해 볼 수 있다는 점에서 도움이 된다. note, however, that ③ comparing to other cultural
⑤ 현실과 상상과의 괴리를 파악하는 것은 인생에 도움이 된다. products such as music and paintings, journalistic
content is unique because it has a strong civic and
democratic component. The idea of the press as the
"fourth estate" stems from the expectation ④ that
high-quality journalism promotes democratic ideals
by playing the role of a watchdog, providing a public
forum, and serving as a reliable information
provider. Therefore, when discussing news quality,
normative aspects cannot ⑤ be overemphasized.
[정답] ③ comparing을 compared로 바꿔야 적절하다.
81
One thing that managers have to keep in mind is Political decisions and management decisions
that they should mend fences after any fight. about how much of any given species can be
harvested are often based on the amount of money
(A) Find points of agreement, and find ways you can there is to be made. Profit leads to economic growth,
legitimately support those who were your which is the goal of many politicians and business
opponents. The subject of the fight will eventually leaders. But the problem with seeking continuous
recede, but you still need the relationships. economic growth is that our economy is not separate
(B) You can often work with opponents and strategize from our environment. Everything in our economy
toward mutually successful outcomes, but comes from our environment. We extract resources
enemies are far more difficult and consequently from the world around us, consume them as
far more dangerous. Try to keep opponents from products we eat or use, and then dump the waste
becoming enemies, and work to turn enemies into back into the Earth. Our Earth is a finite ecosystem,
mere opponents. which means there is only so much that we can take
from the natural world to feed our economy, and
(C) Opponents are not necessarily enemies. An
only so much waste that the Earth can absorb, before
opponent disagrees with you on the issue, of
natural processes stop functioning properly. The
course, but enemies are ones with whom you also
constant effort to extract more and more resources is
have a negative relationship. That makes it
actually an ecological impossibility over the long
personal.
term. _______________________.
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ① We have to harvest well for our survival

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) ② We should pursue eco-friendly production for the
⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다. planet
③ The economy and the environment are
independent of each outher
④ Our survival depends on learning to live within the
limits of ecosystems
⑤ It is necessary to maintain survival and thrive by
maximizing the resources within the ecology
system
[정답] ④
[해설]
지구는 유한한 생태계로 끊임없이 자원을 추출하는 것은 불가능하며, 지속적인 경제
성장 추구는 사실상 불가능하다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ④ ‘Our survival
depends on learning to live within the limits of ecosystems(우리의 생존은 생태계의
한계 내에서 살아가는 법을 배우는 데 달려있다)’가 가장 적절하다
① 우리는 생존을 위해 무한하게 수확해야 한다
② 지구를 위해 친환경적인 생산을 추구해야 한다
③ 경제와 환경은서로 독립적인 관계이다.
⑤ 생태계 내의 자원을 최대한으로 활용하여 생존을 유지하고 번성시켜야 한다
82
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? The modern corporation as a child of laissez-faire
There are no black-and-white issues in life. No economics and of the market society is ① based on a
categorical answers. Everything is a subject for creed whose greatest weakness is the inability to see
endless debate and compromise. This is one of the the need for status and function of the individual in
core principles of our current society. Because that society. In the philosophy of the market society there
core principle is wrong, the society ends up causing a is no other social criterion than economic reward.
lot of problems when it comes to sustainability. Henry Maine's famous epigram ② that the course of
There are some issues that are black and white. modern history has been from status to contract
There are indeed planetary and societal boundaries neatly summarizes the belief of the nineteenth
that must not be crossed. For instance, we think our century, ③ what social status and function should
societies can be a little bit more or a little bit less be exclusively the result of economic advancement.
sustainable. But in the long run you cannot be a little This emphasis was the result of a rebellion against a
bit sustainable — either you are sustainable or you concept of society ④ which defined human position
are unsustainable. It is like walking on thin ice — exclusively in terms of politically determined status,
either it carries your weight, or it does not, Either and which thus denied equality of opportunity. But
you make it to the shore, or you fall into the deep, the rebellion went too far. In order to establish
dark, cold waters, And if that should happen to us, justice it ⑤ denied meaning and fulfillment to those
there will not be any nearby planet coming to our who cannot advance — that is, to the majority —
rescue. We are completely on our own. instead of realizing that the good society must give
both justice and status.

* laissez-faire: 자우방임의 ** creed: 신조, 신념
In life, considering issues with black-and-white *** epigram: 경구(警句)
logic is ____(A)____, but there is a categorical
[정답] ③ what을 that으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
answer when it comes to ____(B)____ in society.
(A) (B)
① oriented core principles
② oriented sustainability
③ oriented sustainability
④ avoided sustainability
⑤ avoided core principles
[정답] ④
[해설]
→ 삶에서는 흑백 논리로 문제를 바라보는 것은 지양되지만, 사회 내 지속 가능성에 한
해서는 단정적인 답이 있다.
흑백논리는 지양되어야 하는 것이 맞지만 사회의 지속가능성에 대해서는 비교적 명확
한 답이 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ④ (A)에는 ‘지양되지만’을 뜻하는 avoided가, (B)
에는 ‘지속 가능성’를 뜻하는 sustainability가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수
있다.
① 지향되지만 … 핵심 원칙
② 지향되지만 … 지속 가능성
③ 지향되지만 … 지속 가능성
⑤ 지양되지만… 핵심 원칙
83
19 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 20 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
지 않은 것은? When anticipating the effects of time, we should
The notion of a "circular economy" — in which mentally forecast what they are likely to be; we
materials ① circulate continuously, being used and should not practically stop them from happening, by
reused time and time again — is an appealing vision. demanding the immediate performance of promises
However, it is crucial to highlight just how far we are which time alone can fulfill.
from that goal at present. Although most textiles are
entirely ② recyclable, 73 percent of waste clothing
(A) So a young man may abuse his strength — It may
was incinerated or went to landfills globally in 2015.
be only for a few weeks — by trying to do at
Just 12 percent was recycled into low-value textile
nineteen what he could easily manage at thirty,
applications such as mattress stuffing and less than 1
and Time may give him the loan for which he asks;
percent was recycled back into clothing. Some would
but the interest he will have to pay comes out of
question how ③ unrealistic the idea of "closing the
the strength of his later years; indeed, it is part of
loop" can be: the complexity of the fashion system
his very life itself.
means that there are multiple opportunities for
(B) The man who makes his demand will find out that
materials to "leak" from the reuse cycle.
there is no worse or stricter usurer than Time: and
Furthermore, it must be noted that fiber recycling is
that, if you compel Time to give money in
not without its own ④ environmental footprint.
advance, you will have to pay a rate of interest
Even the reuse of secondhand clothing has ⑤
much higher than any usurer would require.
implications in terms of resource use and waste,
(C) It is possible, for instance, to make a tree burst
particularly if items are transported over long
forth into leaf, blossom, or even bear fruit within a
distances, dry cleaned, and repackaged.
* textile: 직물 ** incinerate: 소각하다
few days, by the application of unslaked lime and
artificial heat: but after that the tree will wither
[정답] ③ unrealistic을 realistic과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다. away.
*usurer: 고리대금업자 ** unslaked lime: 생석회(生石灰)
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
84
21 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), 22 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? For many years, it was indeed widely believed that
There are disturbing changes underway in today's the adult brain was essentially 'set', with all the
school systems. Funding is frequently tied to scores neurons and major connections we'd need. Sure, we
achieved on standardized tests, which primarily learn new things and update our understanding of
evaluate rote memory. Teaching "to" tests like these things all the time, meaning new connections are
inevitably focuses resources and curriculum on the regularly being formed and turned over in networks
lower-scoring students. The pressure to bring up test governing learning and memory. But in terms of
scores for these struggling students limits time for overall physical structure and major connections,
the kinds of individualized learning that challenges the stuff that makes us 'what we are', the adult brain
all students to reach their highest potential, and was long thought to be 'done'. However, in recent
teachers have less opportunity to encourage creative years there's been a steady stream of evidence
thinking and incorporate hands-on activities. When revealing that the adult brain can change and adapt,
education is not enriched by exploration, discovery, even create new neurons, and experiences can still
problem solving, and creative thinking, students are reshape the brain, even as we head into our twilight
not truly engaged in their own learning. Because years. Consider the taxi driver study, where constant
teachers are required to emphasize uninspiring driving and navigation of chaotic London streets
workbooks and drills, more and more students are leads to increased hippocampus size,
developing negative feelings about mathematics, ___________________________.
science, history, grammar, and writing. * hippocampus: (대뇌 측두엽의) 해마 ** malleable: 적응성 있는
① revealing the adult brain structure is somewhat
knowledge are being replaced by instruction that
malleable
teaches "to the tests."
② suggesting that the body could regenerate
permanently

③ reminding that dead neurons can revive to have
As the ____(A)____ support depends on the
connection again
score, the school system is changing to education for
④ reversing the previous principle of the physical
____(B)____.
structure of things
⑤ surprising the world with the remarkable
(A) (B)
possibility of short-term memory
① creative tests
[정답] ①
② creative practicality [해설]
③ economic exams 성인의 뇌가 완성된 것으로 여겨지던 기존의 믿음과 달리 새롭게 변화할 수 있다는 사
실을 설명하는 내용이다. 따라서 빈칸에는 ①‘ revealing the adult brain structure is
④ economic development somewhat malleable(성인의 뇌 구조가 어느 정도 적응성이 있다는 사실을 밝히는)’가
⑤ emotional creativity 가장 적절하다.

② 신체가 영구적으로 재생할 수 있다는 사실을 시사하는
[정답] ③
③ 죽었던 뉴런도 다시 살아나 연결될 수 있다는 사실을 상기시키는
[해설]
④ 사물의 물리적 구조에 대한 그동안의 편견을 반전시킨
→ 경제적 지원이 점수에 따라 결정됨으로써, 학교체제는 시험에 맞춰 가르치는 교육
⑤ 단기 기억력의 놀라운 가능성으로 세상을 놀래킨
으로 바뀌고 있다.
학교의 재정 지원과 결부되는 시험이 기계적 암기를 평가하게 됨으로써, 시험에 맞춰
가르치는 교육을 경계하는 내용이다. 그러므로 ③ (A)에는 ‘경제적인’을 뜻하는
economic이, (B)에는 ‘시험’를 뜻하는 exams가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할
수 있다.
① 창의적인 … 시험
② 창의적인 … 실용성
④ 경제적인 … 발전
⑤ 정서적인 … 창의력
85
Often ideological principles crystallize in laws, According to research from the University of
rules, and institutions ① that threaten to block Arizona's Bureau of Applied Research in
deals. Nationalism requires that all resources belong Anthropology, the average household ends up
to the state and that no one else may own them. wasting an average of 14 percent of its grocery
Islamic fundamentalism prohibits interest spending by throwing away unused or spoiled food.
payments on loans. Egyptian socialism demands ②
what workers participate both in the management (A) Even worse, 15 percent of that waste includes
and the profits of an enterprise. Each of these products that were never opened and were still
principles can be an obstacle to deal ③ making in within their expiration date! (This statistic really
particular cases. Yet, with some creativity, it is makes me cringe - why not just set dollar bills on
possible to structure a deal in such a way that the fire while we're at it?)
ideological principle is respected but business goes (B) Check your supplies before shopping and estimate
forward. For example, worker participation in the exact amount you'll need to buy for the next
management need not mean a seat on the company's week. This is also a good time to throw away
board of directors, but simply an advisory outdated leftovers, make sure perishable items
committee ④ that meets regularly with an officer of are in view, and use up good leftovers for that
the company. And a petroleum development day's meals.
contract could be written in such a way that the
(C) The study also found that a family of four ends up
ownership of oil ⑤ is transferred not when the oil is
throwing away an average of $590 of perishable
in the ground but at the point that it leaves the flange
groceries per year, such as meat, produce, dairy,
of the well.
and grain products. You can save an average of
[정답] ② what을 that으로 바꿔야 적절하다. $50 per month by avoiding overbuying perishable
foods.
지 않은 것은?
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
The unquestioned assumption that any and all
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
scientific knowledge — and associated technology — ① (A)-(C)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
① contributes to sustainability derives from faith in
the importance of objective knowledge for solving
global problems. Scientists ② obtain power and
become the priests of our era to the extent that they
provide a special form of knowledge that can be used
to do such wonderful things. And we often consider
that the final test of scientific knowledge: we can do
things with its results, such as ③ devoting it to
reverse the decline of an endangered species.
Regardless, we know now that the linear view of the
relation between science and social outcomes is
flawed. Science may allow us to do things, but we can
④ assess its contribution to sustainability only by
incorporating broader contextual and
socioecological questions. We typically think of ⑤
sustainability as doing something out there in the
world, when in fact we may need to first reassess the
way we are setting the problem.
[정답] ③ devoting을 applying과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
86
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Ideally, when we make art or engage in any
Throughout history, human imagination has been creative activity by ourselves, we recognize its value
a double-edged sword. On one hand, it pushes new and make time and space for it in our lives. The
discoveries, but for every newly established boom in coloring books and coloring pages in the
scientific fact, there are often multiple incorrect past few years is one such example. It takes away the
hypotheses, which must be corrected along the way challenging part of visual art-making and skills and
or risk becoming myths. Thomas Edison is credited provides us with a level of challenge that is relatively
with saying: "I have not failed, I've just found 10,000 easy and manageable. Our studies with cancer
ways that won't work," implying that error is part of patients and caregivers showed that solitary
invention. Unfortunately, if errors or partial truths activities like coloring helped in meditative and
get circulated long enough, they can lead to a false reflective ways by taking us to a space of distraction
echo chamber of repetition and suggest "truth" away from everyday concerns. Such activities do not
where none exists. For example, even though the necessarily help us resolve our problems; rather,
humors have been discredited for centuries, some they provide a time to rest and a way to focus our
still believe in the myth that blood types (blood attention elsewhere until such time as
being one of the four humors) can determine ________________________. When we make
personalities. A quick internet search finds more art by ourselves, it can help us self-regulate; feel a
than five million websites related to this topic, sense of mastery, control, and agency over our lives;
meaning this myth is slow to die. and engage in reflective, validating, contemplative,
or meditative practices.

Humans have a/an ____(A)____ carried by their
① we can address them directly
imagination in that ____(B)____ can spread
② they may be solved as time passes
repeatedly.
③ we become also interested in other activities
④ we develop creativity and artistry professionally
(A) (B)
⑤ researchers praise improvement in our mental
① risk truth
health
② risk misinformation [정답] ①
③ ambiguousness story [해설]
혼자 해낼 수 있는 창의적인 활동을 하며 시간을 보내는 것이 문제해결에 간접적인 도
④ validity discovery 움이 될 수 있다는 내용이다. 따라서 빈칸에는 ① ‘we can address them directly(우리
⑤ validity information 가 그것들을(문제들을) 직접적으로 해결할 수 있는)’가 가장 적절하다.
② 그것들이(문제들이) 시간이 흐름에 따라 해결될지도 모르는
[정답] ②
③ 우리가 다른 활동에도 관심이 생기는
[해설]
④ 우리가 전문적으로 창의력과 예술성을 발전시키는
→ 반복적으로 잘못된 정보가 확산될 수 있다는 점에서 인간은 상상력에 수반되는 위
⑤ 연구자들이 우리의 정신 건강의 개선을 칭찬하는
험을 갖는다.
인간의 상상력으로 인한 오류가 반복적으로 퍼짐으로써 근거 없는 믿음으로 이어질
수 있다는 내용이다.n그러므로 ② (A)에는 ‘위험’을 뜻하는 risk가, (B)에는 ‘잘못된 정
보’을 뜻하는 misinformation이 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 위험 … 진실
③ 애매함 … 이야기
④ 타당성 … 발견
⑤ 타당성 … 정보
87
When Galileo rolled the balls down the inclined 한 곳은?
plane, he didn't merely look and see ① that Since the 19th century, fado has been performed
happened. He very carefully measured the distance in bars and clubs in working-class districts of
traveled and the time it took to travel that distance. Lisbon.
From these measurements, he ② calculated the

speed of travel. What he came up with was a Fado means “fate” in Portuguese, but is also the
mathematical equation relating numerical name of a form of music originating in Lisbon. It is
quantities. We can imagine ③ that when he usually performed by one singer, accompanied by
observed the moons of Jupiter, he didn't merely see dual guitarras (mandolin-shaped 12-string guitars)
some spots at various different places from night to and a viola (Spanish guitar). ( ① ) Fado lyrics
night: he kept track of where the spots were, frequently focus on the hard realities of daily life, or
compared their positions from night to night, and the trials of love. ( ② ) Fado is also linked with the
perhaps did some calculations intended ④ to notion of saudade, which is a longing for something
compute what path they were traveling, to find out impossible to attain. ( ③ ) Fadistas, as fado singers
that their change in apparent position was are known, often wear a black shawl of mourning,
consistent with their being bodies moving around although songs can also be upbeat. ( ④ ) It
Jupiter. Similarly, in my hypothetical bird flourished during the Salazar years, before falling
experiment I imagined myself as a budding junior out of favour after the 1974 Revolution. ( ⑤ ) In
scientist ⑤ weighing the stuff I put into the cage and recent times, the genre has been revived and a new
calculating percentages by weight of what was eaten. generation of musicians and singers can be heard in
It's obvious: numbers are important to science. casas de fado, around Lisbon.
Scientists measure and calculate: they don't just
observe. 글의 흐름상 ④에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.
[정답] ① that을 what으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
지 않은 것은?
Gladys West is an American mathematician. She
was born in rural Virginia in 1930. She grew up on
her family’s small farm and ① dreamed of getting a
good education. She worked hard and received a
scholarship to Virginia State College (now Virginia
State University), a historically black university. In
1956 she was hired as a mathematician at the ②
naval base in Dahlgren, Virginia. She was the second
black woman to be hired at the base and was one of
only four black employees. There, West made ③
trivial contributions to the applied mathematics that
deals with the measurement of the Earth’s size,
shape, and gravitational field. West and her team
created a model that allows the GPS system to make
④ accurate calculations of any location on Earth.
West retired from the base in 1998 at the age of 68
but continued her education. She later ⑤ completed
a PhD in Public Administration at Virginia Tech by
distance-learning.
[정답] ③ trivial을 significant와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
88
The Mayan ball game was a very important part of Lysippus was the most prominent, prolific and
Mayan culture. The ball games were played either by longest-lived of the great 4th-century BC sculptors.
2 players or by 2 teams of players. The object of the He was active, reportedly making 1,500 works, all of
game was to put a ball through one of the stone rings them in bronze. Considered the most accomplished
while stopping the other team from putting the ball artist of his age, Lysippus suitably became Alexander
through the other stone ring. The ball was a little the Great’s favourite — in fact, court-sculptor. The
larger than a basketball and was made of solid world-conqueror allowed almost no one else to
rubber. For protection, players wore hard leather sculpt him. Lysippus went on to make portraits
gloves, elbow and knee pads, masks, and belts that busts of many of Alexander’s warring successors,
were made of wood or stone. Although not all such as Cassander and Seleucus I. A native of Sicyon
historians agree, some think the rules did not allow in the Peloponnese, Lysippus ran a workshop of
players to touch the ball with their hands or feet. almost industrial size that was continued after his
They used only their elbows, hips, and knees to hit death by his sons. Ancient writers such as Pliny
the ball, and had to keep the ball from touching the relate that Lysippus invented an entirely new canon,
ground. Spectators from all classes liked to watch or mathematically calculated ideal beauty, almost
and bet on the games. displacing that of Polyclitus.
* prolific: 다작의 ** bust: 흉상 *** canon: 규범
① What did Mayan want to gain through exercise?
② When was the most physically active time in Maya? ① Lysippus, The Most Famous But Short-lived
③ Mayan sports tell us the philosophy of the Mayan Sculptor
citizens ② Alexander The Great's Favorite, The most Versatile
④ The reason why historians argued about Maya's Wife
ballgame ③ Lysippus, A Sculptor Almost Like A Bronze
⑤ Let's find out the sport that was as important as Sculpture Factory
modern football in ancient Maya ④ An Artist Who Made A Living By Betraying

[정답] ⑤ Alexander The Great
[해설] ⑤ A Legend Sculptor Who Was Loved By Everyone
마야의 구기 경기의 내용 및 규칙에 대한 내용이다. 따라서 제목은 ⑤ ‘Let's find out
the sport that was as important as modern football in ancient Maya(고대 마야에서 But Rejected By Alexander
현대의 축구만큼 중요했던 운동에 대해 알아보자)’가 가장 적절하다. [정답] ③
① 마야인들이 운동을 통해 얻고자 한 것은 무엇이었는가? [해설]
② 마야에서 신체 활동이 제일 활발했던 시간은 언제였을까? 알렉산더 대왕의 총애를 받던 위대한 조각가 Lysippus의 생애에 대한 내용이다. 특히
③ 마야의 운동이 말해주는 마야 시민의 철학 그의 작업량이 대규모였음을 나타내고 있으므로, 제목은 ③ ‘Lysippus, A Sculptor
④ 역사가들이 마야의 구기 종목에 대해 논쟁한 이유 Almost Like A Bronze Sculpture Factory(거의 청동 조각 공장과 같은 조각가
Lysippus)’가 가장 적절하다.
① Lysippus, 가장 유명하지만 단명한 조각가
② 알렉산더 대왕이 가장 좋아한, 가장 다재다능했던 부인
④ 알렉산더 대왕을 배신하며 생계를 이어나간 예술가
⑤ 모두에게 사랑받았지만, 알렉산더에겐 거절당한 세기의 조각가
89
A good way to make human-machine interaction It used to be thought that Neanderthals were
more natural would be ① to develop a better dim-witted, slouching cavemen completely covered
metaphor. A computer metaphor is a familiar object with hair.
or activity that your computer imitates with its
commands, display arrangements, and behavior. (A) Sometimes they built shelters rather than settled
The two main metaphors we have today are the in caves. In 1996, scientists digging at a
desktop and the browser. In the desktop metaphor, Neanderthal site in Slovenia announced they had
the display screen mimics a typical desk; found what appeared to be a musical instrument,
information ② is kept inside folders, which can be a flute made from a bear bone.
opened, closed, and slipped into other folders. With (B) But this reputation is based on just one fossil,
Web browsing, the metaphor is downtown window which modern scholarship has proved happens to
shopping; you gaze at various "storefronts," ③ see be that of an old, diseased, and injured man. He
one you like, and (click) you enter. Inside, there are was approximately forty or forty-five years old
more options to browse, you choose another, and when he died very old for people at that time.
again you enter. Like a linguistic metaphor, the Healthy Neanderthals probably walked erect.
power of a good computer metaphor is ④ what it Objects found at Neanderthal sites show that
makes a new system you don't know behave like an Neanderthals could make complex tools.
old "system" with which you are familiar. This lets
(C) The characteristics of their skulls suggest that they
you use the new system and get useful results out of
probably could speak, although perhaps not with
it easily, since you don't have to struggle ⑤ learning
the full range of sounds that modern humans
new concepts and commands.
make. Sites also show that they did not
[정답] ④ what을 that으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
necessarily live in caves, but, if they did, they
[2025수능특강(영어) 11강 2번] likely altered the caves to make them more
34 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 livable.
지 않은 것은? * dim-witted: 우둔한 ** slouching: 구부정한 자세로 앉은[선]
Human activity on the landscape can significantly
contribute to soil erosion. In a natural state, ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
vegetation serves as ① natural protection against ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
erosion because the network of roots helps hold the ③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 적절하다.
soil in place against ② various erosive forces, such as

wind and water. Scientists estimate that, in the
United States, 30% of erosion is due to natural forces
and 70% is due to human impact. Oftentimes, when
people use the land for farming, the ③ protective
covering of natural vegetation is destroyed, and the
erosion process speeds up. In fact, studies have
shown that ④ naturally created erosion played a big
part in the downfall of many early civilizations. Poor
land management practices degraded the soil until it
was no longer productive enough to support the
population living in the area. Early civilizations that
recognized the ⑤ disastrous effects of erosion used
devices such as terracing the land to keep from
plowing, planting, and irrigating on hillside slopes
where water could wash the fertile soil away.
[정답] ④ naturally를 artificialy와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
90
Discrimination occurs on two levels: institutional One should perhaps ask why even very simple
and individual. On the institutional level, animals would prefer familiar stimuli or familiar
discriminatory practices are embedded in the social other animals. A tendency to grow fond of the
structures of a society, whereas on the individual familiar would help stamp in the preference for a
level, discrimination takes place during direct stable environment (so animals might learn to like
interactions among individuals or groups. Unlike their homes). It would certainly promote stable
individual discrimination, which tends to be overt, social bonds. Imagine, for example, that nature
intentional, and direct, institutional discrimination programmed animals in the opposite way, so that
is often covert and unintentional, and this familiarity led to contempt or some other form of
invisibility makes it much harder to detect. disliking. How would families stay together? How
Standardized testing in schools, for example, may would friendships, alliances, or other partnerships
exclude certain historically marginalized groups survive? If you always preferred a stranger to
from succeeding in academic settings. Although the someone you knew, social life would be in constant
government may not have intentionally established turmoil and turnover. In contrast, if you
testing standards that are culturally or class biased, automatically grew to like the people you saw
in practice these standards tend to have a regularly, you would soon prefer them over
disproportionate negative effect on ethnic minority strangers, and groups would form and stabilize
students. Furthermore, institutional discrimination easily. Given the advantages of stable groups (e.g.,
often has a generational or cyclical impact on certain people know each other, know how to work together,
ethnic minority groups and therefore its know how to make decisions together, know how to
consequences are as severe, if not more so, than for adjust to each other), it is not surprising that nature
those suffering individual discrimination. favored animals that grew to like (rather than
* embed: 묻다, 끼워 넣다 ** overt: 공공연한 dislike) each other on the basis of familiarity.
*** marginalize: (사회적으로) 소외시키다
* contempt:경멸 ** alliance: 동맹 *** turmoil: 혼란
 
While individual discrimination is ____(A)____ Animals that develop an affinity for
to be direct, institutional discrimination afflicts ____(A)____ are favored by nature, as it nurtures
victims in a hard way to ____(B)____. ____(B)____ and strengthens social connections
crucial for group unity and survival.
(A) (B)
(A) (B)
① inclined notice
① familiarity uncertainty
② inclined spread
② familiarity diversity
③ declined detect
③ familiarity stability
④ determined do
④ difference diversity
⑤ determined apply
⑤ difference stability
[정답] ①
[해설] [정답] ③
→ 직접적인 경향이 있는 개인적 차별과 달리, 제도적 차별은 감지하기 어렵게 피해자 [해설]
들을 괴롭힌다. → 안정성을 키우고 집단의 통합과 생존에 필수적인 사회적 연결을 강화하기 때문에,
개인적 차별과 제도적 차별을 비교하며 제도적 차별의 간접적이고 감지하기 어려운 익숙함에 애착을 갖게 되는 동물들이 자연에 의해 선호된다.
특성을 말하고 있다. 익숙함이 좋아지는 경향은 안정적인 사회적 유대를 촉진하므로, 단순한 동물들조차
그러므로 ① (A)에는 ‘경향이 있는’을 뜻하는 inclined가, (B)에는 ‘감지하다’를 뜻하는 익숙함을 선호하는 것이 자연스러운 경향이라는 내용이다. 그러므로 ③ (A)에는 ‘익숙
notice가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다. 함’를 뜻하는 familiarity가, (B)에는 ‘안정성’를 뜻하는 stability가 들어가야 글의 내용을
② 경향이 있는 … 퍼지다 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
③ 감소되는 … 감지하다 ① 익숙함 … 불확실성
④ 결심한 … 하다 ② 익숙함 … 다양성

⑤ 결심한 … 적용하다 ④ 차이 … 다양성
⑤ 차이 … 안정성
91
[2025수능특강(영어) 12강 2번] relationships we can find both greater privacy and
38 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? greater closeness and openness this considerably
Social psychologist Irving Janis recognized the reduces the common ⑤ conflict between openness
problems of groupthink, but felt that it could ① be and privacy.
avoided. It is most likely to develop when team spirit
[정답] ③ conceal을 reveal과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
becomes more important than the opinions of
individual members. It's also likely to form if the
group ② is made up of like-minded people to begin
with, and they are faced with a difficult decision. To
prevent groupthink, Janis proposed a system of
organization that encourages independent thinking.
The leader of the group should appear to be
impartial, so that members do not feel any pressure
to obey. Furthermore, he or she should get the group
③ to examine all the options, and to consult people
outside the group, too. Disagreement, Janis argued,
is actually a good thing, and he suggested ④ that
members should be asked to play "devil's advocate“
— introducing an alternative point of view in order to
provoke discussion. In addition to ensuring that the [2025수능특강(영어) 12강 4번]
group comes to more rational and fair decisions, ⑤ 40 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절
allows members to retain their individuality creates 한 곳은?
a healthier team spirit than the state of groupthink, The process of the banking model raises the power
which results from conformity and obedience. and control of the teacher while falling to recognize
* groupthink: 집단 순응 사고 ** provoke: 일으키다, 유발하다 that students are more than simply unthinking
blank slates.
[정답] ⑤ allows를 allowing으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
People often have different definitions of

education, as the nature of education is somewhat
fluid. ( ① ) Nearly 600 years ago the printing press
changed the way much of education occurred.
[2025수능특강(영어) 12강 3번]
39 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 Students began reading information, coupled with
지 않은 것은? the information a teacher would share. ( ② ) To
The alternative world provided by cyberspace is ① ensure that the student had retained the
essentially an ideal private world in which each information, a test or paper was often required to
person controls the information that is revealed. In make an assessment of that retention. ( ③ ) This
this world, the full identity of the person is not downloading of information is known as the banking
revealed, and the two people are physically ② model, and what the banking model does is it
remote from each other. Hence, it is much easier to reduces the student from being a critical and
keep private whatever areas the participants so wish. independent thinker to being a receptacle for facts. (
These circumstances do not lead the participants to ④ ) The concept, then, is placed squarely into the
remain completely mysterious — on the contrary, in minds of students, who are taught that they are
many cases it leads the participants to ③ conceal subservient and beholden to the keeper of
much more about themselves than they would information. ( ⑤ ) As a result, students have little
usually do. When we can keep private that which control over their own thinking and their own
seems to threaten us, we can be more open ④ education.
concerning other matters. The greater degree of * subservient: 부차적인 역할을 하는, 보조적인
openness generates a greater degree of emotional
closeness as well. Accordingly, in online 글의 흐름상 ④에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.
92
In his 1967 book, Coopersmith first noticed a Several different strategies will be used to get us to
positive relationship between self-esteem levels in buy. For new products, marketers want to motivate
mothers and their children. But Bednar, Wells, and us to try their product, so the job is to advertise it as
Peterson made considerable use of this factor by much as possible to get the word out. With an
pointing out that parents actually show their established product, marketers will either want us to
children the route to self-esteem by how they handle try it again (reminder advertising), or they may try
their own challenges, conflicts, and issues. The to get us to consume more of their product. A good
impact of parents' behavior upon the child's way to do this is to provide new uses. One brand of
self-esteem is undeniable: given the immaturity of baking soda is a good example. After women entered
children, however, parents' expression of their own the Job market en masse in the 1960s and there was
resolution of the self-esteem question is far more less time for baking, the company promoted using
influential than what they teach verbally. Parents the product to keep the freezer and refrigerator
who face life's challenges honestly and openly and smelling clean — and to change the box every three
who attempt to cope with difficulties instead of months. Or when women started earning significant
avoiding them thereby expose their children early to salaries and getting married later, the diamond
a pro- self-esteem problem-solving strategy. Those industry started selling diamond rings to women,
who avoid dealing with difficulties reveal a negative claiming that the left hand is for "we" and the right is
route for handling the challenges and problems of for "me".
life. Either way, it is important to remember that * en masse: 대거, 집단으로
modeling helps set the stage for healthy self-esteem 
or problems with it. Marketers employ diverse strategies to boost
 sales: ____(A)____ advertising for new products
It is found that parents' behavior significantly and promoting ____(B)____ uses for established
____(A)____ children's self-esteem, with ones
modeling ____(B)____ verbal instruction.

(A) (B)
(A) (B) ① intense additional
① influences outweighing ② intense repetitive
② influences undermining ③ subtle additional
③ maximizes outweighing ④ subtle limited
④ diminishes outweighing ⑤ minimal repetitive

[정답] ①
⑤ diminishes undermining [해설]
[정답] ① → 마케터들은 매출을 높이기 위해 새 제품에 대한 열띤 광고와 기존 제품의 추가적인
[해설] 용도 장려 등 다양한 전략을 사용한다.
→ 부모의 행동은 자녀의 자아존중감에 상당한 영향을 미치며, 모델이 되는 것이 말로 마케터는 구매를 유도하기 위해 다양한 전략을 사용하는데, 새로운 제품 구매를 유도
하는 지시보다 더 중요하다. 하기 위해서는 가능한 한 많은 광고를 하고, 기존 제품 구매를 유도하기 위해서는 새로
자존감 문제에 대해 부모 자신의 해답을 표현하고 부모 스스로가 모델이 되는 것이 아 운 용도를 제시하기도 한다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ① (A)에는 ‘열띤’을 뜻하는 intense
이들의 건강한 자존감 형성을 돕는다는 내용의 글이다. 그러므로 ① (A)에는 ‘영향을 가, (B)에는 ‘추가적인’을 뜻하는 additional이 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수
미치다’를 뜻하는 influences가, (B)에는 ‘더 중요한’을 뜻하는 outweighing이 들어가야 있다.
글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다. ② 열띤 … 반복적인
② 영향을 미치다 … 손상시키는 ③ 미묘한 … 추가적인
③ 최대화하다 … 더 중요한 ④ 미묘한 … 제한된
④ 감소시키다 … 더 중요한 ⑤ 최소의 … 반복적인
⑤ 감소시키다 … 손상시키는
93
When kids feel forced to do things — or are too As Marshall McLuhan suggested so presciently in
tightly regulated in the way they do things — they're 1964, "the medium is the message," which means
likely to become less interested in ① what they're that, beyond the content that is conveyed, the
doing and less likely to stick with something medium itself has an impact by its very nature and
challenging. In an intriguing experiment, parents ② unique characteristics.
invited to sit on the floor next to their very young
children — not even two years old who were playing (A) This observation is certainly true today: we focus
with toys. Some of the parents immediately took on what the technology provides (e.g., video, text
over the task or barked out instructions ("Put the messages, social media), but we fall to consider
block in. No, not there. There!"). Others were how the very act of using these advances shapes
content to let their kids explore, ③ providing us.
encouragement and offering help only when it was (B) If learning to communicate with others is a skill
needed. Later, the babies were given something else that develops with practice, children's constant
to play with, this time without their parents present. use of social media reduces the experiences they
It turned out ④ that, once they were on their own, have with which to learn social skills. McLuhan
those who had controlling parents were apt to give asserts that we are so focused on the content of
up more easily rather than ⑤ trying to figure out the technology that we neglect to notice the
how the new toy worked. influence of the technology itself on people.
* intriguing: 아주 흥미로운
(C) For example, the use of social media means that
[정답] ② invited를 were invited로 바꿔야 적절하다. we have less need to interact with others directly.
This distancing of communication has real
implications for children's development.
[2025수능특강(영어) 13강 4번]
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
지 않은 것은?
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
It is critical, as we recreate mutual provision in a
sustainable form, that we keep track of the line
between needs and wants. While a ① permanent
place for people on Earth requires that our needs be
met, people gathering about themselves quantities
of ② necessary goods, while others lack food and
shelter, cannot be part of a durable order. A society
that oppresses other people to bloat itself will not
stop at undermining foreign nations. The ethic will
express itself with exploitation at home. While ③
ingenuity and hard work will still lead to improved
circumstances as communities increase their
effective use of local resources, when one's achieved
wealth is at the expense of others, much goodwill,
effort and resources will be lost to resentment,
rebellion and ④ repression. A huge bonus is
available for everyone when the focus of
development is securing and improving the ⑤
quality of life for all.
*** resentment: 분노
[정답] ② necessary를 unnecessary와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
94
Cities continue to reinvent themselves. In the last Human cultures seem to be infinitely variable, but
few decades, many have worked to reduce pollution in fact that variability takes place within the
and create appealing modern spaces by restricting boundaries produced by physical and mental
polluting vehicles, encouraging energy-efficient capacities. Human languages, for example, are
buildings, and planting trees. In 2020, another tremendously diverse, differing in sound, grammar,
impetus for change came in the form of COVID-19, and semantics. But all are dependent upon what
which saw retail centres empty, businesses send appears to be a uniquely human capacity and
workers home, and some question whether crowded predisposition for learning languages. While the
cities were a safe environment. Yet cities have range of sounds used in human languages extends
responded to changing circumstances in the past. from clicks and pops to guttural stops, the
Through the first kingdoms of Mesopotamia, global distinctive speech sounds that are meaningful in all
expansion, and the Industrial Revolution, they have the languages of the world are but a fraction of the
evolved to remain at the heart of politics, economics, sounds it is possible for humans to make. Another
and culture. The history of the world is very much a way that we might observe the intricate relationship
history of great cities, and whatever future we build, between the culturally specific and the universal is in
these sites of trade, creativity, and transformation the way an American boy and his Mixtec friends
are likely to be at the heart of it. might react emotionally, even instinctively, to bee
* impetus: (일의 추진에 필요한) 원동력, 자극 larvae and onion soup: whether they feel delight or
 disgust is determined by the way they learn to
Cities have historically ____(A)____ various perceive food, but delight and disgust seem to be
challenges, remaining ____(B)____ hubs of trade, basic and universal human reactions to food.
culture, and innovation throughout time. * guttural stop: 후두 폐쇄음 ** intricate: 복잡한
*** larva: 애벌레(pl. larvae)

(A) (B)
① faced stagnant Human cultures exhibit ____(A)____ within the
② ignored isolated ____(B)____ of physical and mental capacities.
③ adapted to crucial
④ dismissed neglected (A) (B)
⑤ dealt with insignificant ① rigidity constraints

[정답] ③ ② diversity constraints
[해설] ③ uniformity constraints
→ 도시는 역사적으로 다양한 도전에 적응하여 시간이 흘러도 중요한 무역, 문화 및 혁
신의 중심지로 남아 왔다. ④ adaptability expansion
혼잡한 도시가 안전한 환경인지에 대한 의문이 제기되었으나, 도시는 지금까지 변화 ⑤ individuality expansion
하는 상황에 적절히 대응하여 발전함으로써 여전히 중심지로 남아 있게 되었다는 내
[정답] ②
용이다. 그러므로 ③ (A)에는 ‘적응하다’를 뜻하는 adapted to가, (B)에는 ‘중요한’을 뜻
[해설]
하는 crucial이 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
→ 인간 문화는 신체적 그리고 정신적 능력의 제약 아래 다양성을 보인다.
① 마주하다 … 정체된
인간의 문화는 무궁무진하게 다양한 것으로 보이지만 신체적 정신적 한계 내에서만
② 무시하다 … 소외된
다양하다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ② (A)에는 ‘다양성’을 뜻하는 diversity가, (B)에는 ‘제
④ 등한시하다 … 방치된
약’을 뜻하는 constraints가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
⑤ 대응하다 … 무의미한
① 견고함 … 제약
③ 통일성 … 제약
④ 적응성 … 확장
⑤ 개인성 … 확장
95
[2025수능특강(영어) 13강 8번] information that users are believed to want to see is
48 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? prioritized, ⑤ accelerating a representative picture
Think about what happens in a standard scientific of reality. Much as technology accelerated the speed
experiment to find out how a certain laundry of information production and dissemination in the
detergent bleaches. In normal use, there are several nineteenth and twentieth centuries, in this era,
factors that may cause the detergent ① to act in a information is being altered by the mapping of AI
certain way. These will include its active ingredients, onto dissemination processes.
the type and temperature of the water in which the * propaganda: 선전 ** deployment: 배치
ingredients are mixed, the materials ② being
cleaned and the machinery — if any — used to do the [정답] ⑤ accelerating을 distorting과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
laundry. Any experiment that could hope to discover
what caused bleaching would have to be devised in
such a way as ③ to ensure that the crucial factors
were properly isolated from the other variables. So
if, for example, the hypothesis is ④ what it is the
chlorine that does the bleaching, the experiment
needs to show that if all the other factors remain the
same, the presence or absence of the chlorine will
determine ⑤ whether the laundry detergent
bleaches.
* detergent: 세제 ** bleach: 표백하다 *** chlorine: 염소 [2025수능특강(영어) 13강 10번]
It is not a coincidence that children turn out like
their parents. From the moment you come into the
world, your mother and your father are your role
models.
(A) A parent, a coach, a teacher, or a leader all leave

their mark on the final package with your name
[2025수능특강(영어) 13강 9번] on it. When you look in the mirror, you may see
49 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 one or all of them in the reflection.
지 않은 것은?
(B) They praise them and hold them in high regard.
AI's effects on human knowledge are paradoxical.
The greatest compliment they can give their
On the one hand, AI intermediaries can ① navigate
parents as they grow is to turn out just like them.
and analyze bodies of data vaster than the unaided
If you stop to take a personal inventory, you may
human mind could have previously imagined. On
find that you are much like those that you
the other, this power — the ability to engage with
emulate.
vast bodies of data — may also ② accentuate forms
(C) As little girls grow, they try on their mother's
of manipulation and error. AI is capable of
clothes, put on her make-up, and pretend to be
exploiting human passions more effectively than
her. When little boys come of age, they play with
traditional propaganda. Having tailored itself to
their father's tools and try to build or fix
individual ③ preferences and instincts, AI draws out
something for real. The truth of the matter is that
responses its creator or user desires. Similarly, the
children look up to their parents as mentors.
deployment of AI intermediaries may also amplify
* take a personal inventory: 자신을 성찰하다
inherent blases, even if these AI intermediaries are ** emulate: (흠모하는 대상을) 모방하다
technically under human control. The dynamics of
market competition ④ prompt social media ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
platforms and search engines to present information ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
that users find most compelling. As a result, ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
96
We are all familiar with battles between reason Media executives understand that they must think
and desire. Socrates asks whether there are thirsty of their audiences as consumers who buy their
people who don't wish to drink. Indeed there are. (A products or whom they sell to advertisers. The
sign on a faucet that reads "nonpotable water, do not complaining individual might be successful in
drink" won't take away a person's thirst, but she getting the content changed or even removed if he or
won't want to drink there.) Yet there is something she convinces the media executives that they might
paradoxical about this: the word "thirsty" means otherwise lose a substantial portion of their target
"wishes to drink." So we are imagining people who market. But an individual's concern will garner little
wish to drink and do not wish to drink. How could attention if it is clear that the person does not belong
that be? "It is obvious that the same thing will not be in the target audience. The editors from
willing to do or undergo opposites in the same part Cosmopolitan magazine, which aims at
of itself, in relation to the same thing, at the same 20-something single women, for example, are not
time. So, if we ever find this happening in the soul, likely to follow the advice of an elderly-sounding
we'll know that we aren’t dealing with one thing but woman from rural Kansas who phones to protest
many." In other words, since no one thing can both what she feels are demeaning portrayals of women
wish to drink and not wish to drink (in the same way on covers of the magazine that she sees in the
at the same time), no one thing can have both of supermarket. Yet the magazine staff might well act
those two characteristics: we thus manage this by favorably if a Cosmopolitan subscriber writes with a
being more than one: one part of the soul wishes to suggestion for a new column that would attract more
drink, and another does not wish to drink. of the upscale single women they want as readers.
* faucet: 수도꼭지 ** nonpotable: 마실 수 없는 * garner: 받다, 얻다 ** demeaning: 비하하는
*** subscriber: 구독자
① Is the Thirst We Feel Truly Genuine Desire? ① the harm of target marketing resulting in exclusion
② Cultivate Thirst for Philosophical Knowledge! of specific social groups
③ It is Truly Important to Regulate Desires Through
② the financial losses resulting from strategic failures
Reason due to misidentifying the target audience
④ The Mystery of the Human Body: How Do We ③ the pitfall of indiscriminately accepting opinions
Experience Thirst?
without considering the speaker's gender and age
⑤ The Paradox of Thirst: Exploring the Conflict
④ the need for communication to address
between Reason and Desire in the Soul discrepancies between media executives and media
[정답] ⑤
[해설] consumers
이성과 욕망이 갈등하여 마시고 싶지만 마시고 싶어 하지 않는 상태가 되는 목마름의 ⑤ the media executives' strategy of selectively
역설에 대하여, 정신을 둘 이상의 부분을 가지는 하나보다 많은 존재로 설명하여 풀이
하는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ⑤ ‘The Paradox of Thirst: Exploring the Conflict
accepting opinions depending on whether the
between Reason and Desire in the Soul(목마름의 역설: 영혼 속 이성과 욕망의 갈등 speakers belong to the target audience
을 탐구하기)’이 가장 적절하다.
[정답] ⑤
① 우리가 느끼는 목마름이 정말로 진실된 욕망인가?
[해설]
② 철학적 지식에 대한 목마름을 길러라!
미디어 경영진에 대한 고객의 불만 제기는 성공할 수도 있으나, 목표 고객층에 속하지
③ 이성을 통해 욕구를 단속하는 것은 정말로 중요하다
않는 고객의 설득은 관심을 크게 받지 못할 것이라는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ⑤
④ 인체의 신비: 어떻게 우리는 목마름을 경험하는가?
‘the media executives' strategy of selectively accepting opinions depending on
whether the speakers belong to the target audience(미디어 경영진이 발화자가 대상
청중에 속하는지 여부에 따라 의견을 선택적으로 받아들이는 전략)’이 가장 적절하다.
① 특정한 사회 집단을 배제하는 결과를 낳는 표적 마케팅의 폐해
② 목표 청중을 잘못 설정할 경우의 전략적인 실패가 불러올 수 있는 금전적인 피해
③ 발화자의 성별과 나이를 고려하지 않고 무차별하게 수용하는 마케팅 전략의 오류
④ 미디어 경영진과 미디어 수용자 간의 불일치를 해소하기 위한 소통의 필요성
97
Rejecting any academic training they had Mechanisation speeded up vertical movement.
experienced, Monet and the other Impressionists Stairs and ramps were traditionally how you went up
believed ① that their art, with its objective methods and down, so few buildings in frequent use exceeded
of painting what they saw before them, was more five stories.
sincere than any academic art. They all agreed that
they aimed ② to capture their "sensations" or what (A) Escalators came later bringing greater capacity to
they could see as they painted. These sensations move more people over shorter vertical distance:
included the flickering effects of light ③ that our they made their debut, and were a sensation, at
eyes capture as we regard things. In complete the 1900 Paris Exposition.
contrast to the Academie, the Impressionists (B) With elevators and escalators, cities could now
painted ordinary, modern people in everyday and spread underground, with deep basements,
up-to-date settings, making no attempt ④ to hide subways, and tunnels, and upwards, with
their painting techniques. They avoided symbols or high-rise buildings, as well as outwards. The
any narrative content, preventing viewers from modern cityscape — of which Manhattan is still
"reading" a picture, but ⑤ made them experience the iconic exemplar — was created.
their paintings as an isolated moment in time.
(C) The Otis Company, founded in 1853 in New York,
changed all that with the invention of the safety
[정답] ⑤ made를 making으로 바꿔야 적절하다. elevator (safe because it locked the car in place
should the cables fail) that made taller buildings
possible.
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
[2025수능특강(영어) 14강 2번]

지 않은 것은?
and when it is more prudent to be ① collaborative.
To make this kind of decision, they weigh the energy
cost relative to the benefit for ② regressed growth
and persistence. For example, although a plant
would generally attempt to grow taller than a closely
situated neighbor for preferential access to sunlight,
if the neighbor is already ③ significantly taller and
the race is likely to be lost, the plant will temper its
competitive instinct. That is, plants compete only
when ④ competition is needed to improve their
ability to support their own growth and
reproduction and has some likelihood of success.
Once competition yields the needed results, they
cease competing and shift their energy to living. For
plants, competition is about survival, not the ⑤
thrill of victory.
* prudent: 현명한 ** temper: 누그러뜨리다
[정답] ② regressed를 improved와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
98
If you wanted to be entertained in a theater before Globalization has often been studied as a macro
the nineteenth century, you could not avoid the fact phenomenon. However, as the globalization process
that you were at some level participating in a dialog, obviously affects individuals' lives, a need for
a conversation, either with your fellow members of alternative concepts has emerged. Concepts such as
the audience, or with the actors. The idea of the cosmopolitanism and global citizenship have
audience sitting in the dark and watching the stage frequently been used to capture how globalization is
in silence is a new thing. Prior to the nineteenth experienced "from below," with individuals as the
century, the audience were lit and often extremely object of analysis. Here, cosmopolitanism is
vocal and active, even leaping on stage to fight with interpreted as having many similarities to global
the cast. It was the actor David Garrick in the citizenship. For instance, cultural sociologist John
eighteenth century who pioneered the idea that Tomlinson claims that being a cosmopolitan means
________________________. The passive and that one has an active experience of “belonging to
reverential silence in which today's actors can the wider world.” As such, cosmopolitanism is
indulge themselves is a new phenomenon, as, of closely connected to identity: a cosmopolitan
course, is the cinema, where our surrogates on the obtains a reflexive awareness of the features that
screen can unfold their stories unaware of our unite us as human beings. This requires the ability to
responses. question one's own assumptions and prejudices.
* reverential: 경건한 ** indulge oneself: 만끽하다 Identity is in this context ________________;
rather, it is fragmented and constructed and
① an audience should shut up and listen reconstructed across the different practices and
② an audience should critique the performance positions in which one participates.
openly * fragment: 분해하다 ** cosmopolitan: 세계주의자
*** reflexive: 성찰의
③ an audience should participate in the drama
actively
① not essentialist or stable
④ the cast should encourage the audience's
② innate and unchangeable
participation
③ predetermined by genetic factors
⑤ the cast must follow the director's instruction
④ not solely determined by cultural heritage
unconditionally
⑤ not important in determining one's behavior
[정답] ①
[정답] ①
[해설]
[해설]
과거에는 극장에서 관객이 다른 관객이나 배우와의 대화에 참여했고 오늘 날의 수동
적이고 경건한 침묵은 18세기에 David Garrick에 의해 주창된 새로운 현상이라는 내 개인을 분석 대상으로 삼은 개념인 ‘세계주의’와 ‘세계 시민권’은 개인이 참여하는 관
행과 입장에서 분해되고 재구성되는 정체성과 관련이 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈
용이다. 그러므로 빈칸에는 ① ‘an audience should shut up and listen(관객은 입을 다
칸에는 ‘not essentialist or stable(본질주의적이거나 안정되지 않다)’가 들어가는 것이
물고 경청해야한다)’가 가장 적절하다.
②관객은 공개적으로 공연을 비평해야한다 적절하다.
②내재적이고 변경할 수 없는
③관객은 연극에 적극적으로 참여해야한다
③유전적 요인에 의해 미리 결정된
④출연진은 관객의 참여를 유도해야한다
⑤출연진은 감독의 지시를 무조건적으로 따라야한다 ④오직 문화적 유산에 의해서만 결정되지 않는
⑤개인의 행동을 결정하는데 중요하지 않은
99
[2025수능특강(영어) 15강 2번] "Gettier problems" and have ④ prompted
58 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? philosophers to ask if, in addition to belief, truth,
On June 17, 1953, Mrs. Roosevelt traveled to and justification, there is a fourth criterion for
Hiroshima, ① where she visited the Atomic Bomb knowledge. Gettier had cast doubt not only on
Casualty Commission, an American research group Plato's ⑤ refinement but also on whether or not it is
that studied the effects of the nuclear attacks on possible to define completely what knowledge is.
bomb survivors. Many people ② had injured by the * criterion: 기준
fires that the bomb had caused. After her official
[정답] ⑤ refinement를 definition과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
meetings, some girls were waiting to see her. The
girls explained ③ that they did not blame her for the
atomic bomb: they only wanted to impress on her
the need to ensure that these weapons were never
used again on human beings, ④ given their effects.
Although she did not say so directly, the girls may
have been among those whose faces were
permanently disfigured by the attack. This must
have been a powerful encounter because Mrs.
Roosevelt called it a “tragic moment.” It led her to
urge Americans ⑤ to do more to help. Though she
maintained that they were not America's direct
responsibility, “as a gesture of goodwill for the
victims of this last war, such help would be
invaluable.”
* casualty 피해자, 희생자 ** disfigure: (외양을) 흉하게 만들다
[정답] ② had injured를 had been injured로 바꿔야 적절하다.

[2025수능특강(영어) 15강 4번]
60 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절
한 곳은?
When considering any course of action, ask
yourself, "Would I want everyone else, if placed in
[2025수능특강(영어) 15강 3번] my position, to do the same thing?"
지 않은 것은? On one level, it is helpful for individuals to identify
Most philosophers accepted Plato's definition of which kind of ethical system they have and which
knowledge as justified true belief until the 1960s kind they admire. ( ① ) Immanuel Kant takes it one
when Edmund Gettier showed that it didn't always step further, adding an unusual rule for a
provide a ① satisfactory explanation. He came up deontologist. ( ② ) He believed that you can and
with several instances where we instinctively realize should test your decisions for moral and ethical
that someone doesn't really know something, even soundness and outlined a thought experiment he
though that person's ② belief is both true and called the Categorical Imperative to help you do just
justified. For example, I have arranged to meet my that. ( ③ ) If the answer is yes, you're on the right
friend Sue at her house, and when I arrive I see her path. ( ④ ) If the answer is no, then don't do it
through the window sitting in the kitchen. In fact, it yourself. ( ⑤ ) For example, while you can easily
is not Sue that I see, but her identical twin sister — imagine a situation in which it might be to your
Sue is ③ actually in another room. My belief that advantage to lie, you would not want everyone to lie,
Sue is home is true, and I have a good reason to so you should not lie yourself.
believe it because I am sure I have seen her, but it is * deontologist: 의무론자 **Categorical Imperative: 정언 명령
wrong to say that I knew she was at home — I didn't (양심의 절대 무조건적 도덕률)
know. Examples such as this became known as
100
Life-forms work to evolve survival strategies but Since at least the late nineteenth century and the
without necessarily being aware of the process. rise of industrial cities, the history of urbanism and
Consciousness is not a necessary condition of life, urban planning has been a history of expertise —
though it says much about the organism that political, administrative, and technocratic. Cities
happens to possess it. Most biological species have came to be seen as solutions to demands, for wealth,
evolved techniques and mechanisms for survival health, safety, opportunity, and personal
without reflecting on the fact, and this is what has development, as society grew more economically,
happened so far with computer life-forms. We can socially, and politically complex. Cities also came to
speculate on how computers might ponder on their be seen as posing new problems, often caused by
own survival but this is essentially a matter for the their successes in meeting earlier social demands.
future. At present we see a host of rudimentary Both fueled by and fueling that problem/solution,
survival mechanisms in computers: we may expect framework, the Progressive political movement of
these to develop and new ones to emerge. It is the early twentieth century relied heavily on trained
inevitable, at the present stage of their development, and trusted experts, especially economists and other
that computer survival strategies owe virtually social scientists. Those experts were often educated
everything to human involvement in computer in newly formed occupational disciplines and
design. However, as machine autonomy develops professional schools. Degrees in hand, they were
there will be a progressive reduction in the extent of primed to lead both governments and businesses
human influence on computer evolution. Computers away from the era of laissez-faire and toward better
will come to think about their own position in the outcomes for themselves and for workers and
world and take steps to enhance their own security. citizens. That meant safer food: safer water: better
* rudimentary: 원시적인 ** ponder: 숙고하다 working conditions: safer and less expensive
① the reason why life-forms need consciousness automobiles: expanded opportunities for education,
② the possibility of achieving machine autonomy leisure, and personal fulfillment: and so on.
* technocratic: 기술 관료적 ** prime: (사용할 수 있게) 준비시키다
③ the present and future of computer survival
strategies
④ the necessity of human involvement in computer ① the history of industrialization in cities
design ② environmental challenges in modern cities
⑤ the difference between computer and biological ③ the role of expertise in urban development
species ④ urbanism and the enlightenment of citizens
[정답] ③
⑤ the impact of technological advancement on cities
[해설]
[정답] ③
현재 컴퓨터의 생존전략은 인간의 개입에 신세지고 있지만 미래에는 컴퓨터가 자신의
위치에 대해 생각하고 스스로 안전을 강화할 것이라는 내용이다. 그러므로 ③ ‘the [해설]
present and future of computer survival strategies(컴퓨터 생존 전략의 현재와 미래)’ 도시화의 역사는 사회적 요구를 해결하기 위해 전문 지식에 의존해왔고, 이로 인해 도
시 생활이 향상되었다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ③ ‘the role of expertise in urban
가 주제로 적절하다.
①생명체에게 의식이 필요한 이유 development(도시 개발에서 전문지식의 역할)’이 주제로 가장 적절하다.
②기계의 자율성이 이루어질 가능성 ①도시에서의 산업화의 역사

②현대 도시의 환경 문제
④컴퓨터 설계에서 인간 개입의 필요성
⑤컴퓨터와 생물 종의 차이점 ④도시화와 시민 계몽
⑤기술 발전이 도시에 미치는 영향
101
As soon as a reporter is assigned to a specialized 지 않은 것은?
beat, he or she should read several basic books on Cultural and behavioral diversity can result from
that subject to become familiar in a general way with humans' innate ability to flexibly respond to their
① how the beat works. If a governmental area is environments, to engage in social learning, and to
involved — for example, a state legislature or a court make culture (an ability which is itself a part of the
system — a reporter should not go on a first social suite). The ① diversity might conceal an
assignment without ② being known how that underlying universality that, paradoxically, might
particular unit operates. Libraries contain such relate more to our genes than to cultural exigencies.
books, although it is better for reporters to buy their Evolutionary psychologists John Tooby and Leda
own copies for future reference. No medical reporter Cosmides provide a ② fanciful illustration of this
can work successfully without a good medical idea. They suggest a thought experiment in which
dictionary, for example. ③ Nor should a business aliens replace humans with jukeboxes, each of which
reporter be without a basic economics text. City has a ③ repertoire of thousands of songs and the
directories and telephone books from all cities in a ability to play a particular song according to where
reporter's area of coverage are valuable tools, as are and when it is. We would then observe that
internal directories of the organizations he or she jukeboxes in different parts of the world played ④
will encounter on the beat. ④ Having such numbers indifferent songs at different times, songs that were
— which are often impossible to obtain officially — similar to those on the jukeboxes near them. But
will enable a reporter ⑤ to bypass obstacles and none of this intergroup variation and intragroup
reach potential sources quickly. commonality would have anything to do with the
* beat: (관할) 구역 ** bypass: 우회하다 workings of culture. This is a way of ⑤ illustrating
that humans might have an inborn ability to respond
[정답] ② being known을 knowing으로 바꿔야 적절하다. flexibly — but also predictably — to their
environment.
* innate: 타고난 ** exigency: 필요성, 본질적 요구
[정답] ④ indifferent를 different와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
102
When companies select leaders, two of the first Smell is not just a sense that determines taste: it is
questions they ask are, “Has he done anything like also a powerful force that stimulates desire and may
this before?" "What is his track record?” even overwhelm the other senses. In the past
decade, aromatherapy has emerged as an alternative
(A) This is difficult because people naturally want to healing practice, as well as a new product to be
repeat an approach that worked in a similar advertised to consumers. Some stores spread scents
situation. It is a challenge to consider an of freshly baked bread or apple pie to encourage
alternative to what brought you success in the shoppers to stay longer and buy more. Smells are
past or to your current position in the present. also important for distinguishing between edible
(B) The problem, however, is that because of and inedible foods. Herbal medicine stores
constantly improving technology, processes, and frequently have a wide variety of pungent odors. The
best practices in a world that is constantly preparation of herbal medicines may include
changing and where success is being continually cooking plants into liquid form or distilling essences
redefined, experience can be a handicap. Today, with alcohol, which often creates an odor. Yet
leaders must discipline themselves to look at biomedical pills and tablets are prepared in ways
problems and opportunities with a fresh eye. that deemphasize smells considered to be more
palatable. The absence of smells further distances
(C) We assume that if that person has done it before
medicine from food.
(and done it well), he can do it again. Experience
* palatable: 맛이 좋은 ** pungent: 자극적인 *** distill: 증류하다
is still important for leaders, and there are times
when it is the most effective predictor of future ① The Power of Smell: Impact on Diverse Areas
success. ② The Neglected Role of Smell in Herbal Medicine
③ The Ineffectiveness of Aromatherapy in Healing
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ How Does Human Brain Distinguish Different
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) Smell?
⑤ How Is the Sense of Smell Different From Other
Senses?
[정답] ①
[해설]
냄새는 방향 요법, 소비자의 행동 유도, 한약과 생의학 알약 제조 등 다양한 분야에서
사용된다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ① ‘The Power of Smell: Impact on Diverse Areas(후
각의 힘: 다양한 분야에 미치는 영향)’이 제목으로 가장 적절하다.
②한약에서 무시된 후각의 역할
③치유에 있어서 아로마 요법의 비효과성
④인간 뇌는 어떻게 다른 냄새를 구별하는가?
⑤후각은 다른 감각들과 어떻게 다른가?
103
67 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 68 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
The divergence between parental and peer values One important point related to the possibility of
does not necessarily lead to a hostile confrontation reproducing believable tactile sensations in virtual
between parents and teenagers. In fact, most or machine-mediated environments ① lies in the
youngsters are just as friendly with parents as with role of “pain”. Certainly, a number of real
peers. They simply engage in different types of interactions can never be entirely believable without
activities — work and task activities with parents, the presence of painful stimulation. However, one
play and recreation with peers. Concerning might wonder ② whether reproducing such kinds of
financial, educational, career, and other serious stimulation would ever be of any use within virtual
matters, such as what to spend money on and what or mediated interactions. Shouldn't a "virtual" world
occupation to choose, youths are inclined to seek be, in some sense, "better" without pain? Even if not
advice from parents. When it comes to social immediately intuitive, there are a (admittedly small)
activities, such as whom to date and what clubs to number of situations ③ in which the ability to
join, they are more likely to discuss them with peers. deliver painful stimulation comes in handy within
This reflects the great importance placed by the peer mediated environments. In fact, numerous attempts
group on other-directed behavior, looking to others have been made over the course of the last few years
for approval and support as opposed to reliance on to reproduce these aspects of our perception as well.
personal beliefs and traditional values. Peer groups, This may occur in video games ④ to increase the
in effect, ____________________________. realism of the simulation or even more importantly
* divergence: 차이 ** hostile: 적대적인 in training programs for soldiers where pain is an
occupational hazard and will need ⑤ to deal with.
① promote independence and individuality * intuitive: 직관적인 ** tactile: 촉각의 *** hazard: 위험
[정답] ⑤ to deal을 to be dealt로 바꿔야 적절하다.
② cultivate deep bonds of trust and intimacy
③ facilitate communication and cooperation among
members [2025수능특강(영어) 17강 1번]
④ encourage adolescents to explore diverse 69 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
perspectives and beliefs 지 않은 것은?
⑤ demand conformity at the expense of Consider a bar of soap, the kind you keep by the
independence and individuality bathroom sink to wash your hands and face. How
[정답] ⑤ much meaning could such an innocuous object
[해설]
십대는 부모 및 또래 집단과 서로 다른 활동을 함께하고, 또래 집단은 타인 지향형 행 contain? While it may be ① tempting to answer “not
동을 중요시한다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸에는 ⑤‘demand conformity at the much,” or even “none,” in fact, even soap can
expense of independence and individuality(독립성과 개성을 희생하면서 순응을 요
구하다)’가 들어가는 것이 가장 적절하다. embody a rich set of symbols. Think about a ②
①독립성과 개성을 촉진하다 particular brand of soap. By itself, that soap cleans
②신뢰와 친밀감을 깊게 육성하다
③구성원간의 의사소통과 협력을 용이하게 하다 like any other soap. But through some clever
④청소년들이 다양한 시각과 신념을 탐구하도록 격려하다 marketing, packaging, and advertising, the brand
immerses its soap in a complex set of messages
about the environment, personal ③ empowerment,
and progressive politics. The brand’s website even
says, “We are committed to animal protection,
environmental ④ protection and respect for human
rights.” These meanings allow the brand’s customers
to do more with the soap than just clean their faces:
By using these products, they can make a statement
about what kind of person they are and what kind of
politics they ⑤ exclude.
* innocuous: 눈에 띄지 않는, 재미없는 ** immerse: 담그다
[정답] ⑤ exclude를 embrace와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
104
Comparative psychology finds that pointing (in its We come into the world ready to start
full-blown form) is unique to our species. relationships and, as we gain control of our body,
we're keen to take part in games and tasks that
(A) While research on language in cognitive science involve working with others. In this way, we're so
has long focused on its logical structure, the news different from young chimps. Experiments have
about pointing suggests an alternative: that the shown chimps can understand collaborative tasks
essence of language is found in our capacity for perfectly well, but they only bother to take part if
the communion of minds through shared they can see how it will result in their getting a piece
intentionality. At the center of it is the deceptively of fruit or some other reward. Humans, by contrast,
simple act of pointing, an act that must be often work together just for the joy of it.
mastered before language can be learned at all. Experiments have shown that working with others
(B) Few nonhuman species seem able to comprehend affects children’s behavior. Afterward, they’re more
pointing (notably, domestic dogs can follow generous in sharing any treats the experimenters
pointing, while our closest relatives among the give them — as if working with others has put them
great apes cannot), and there is little evidence of in a better mood. It seems unlikely that children’s
pointing occurring spontaneously between greater willingness to share is simply the result of
members of any species other than our own. learning that they should pay people for working
with them, but the way we feel about everything is
(C) Apparently only humans have the social-cognitive
strongly influenced by the experiences that shaped
infrastructure needed to support the kind of
the development of our brain. Our childhood
cooperative and prosocial motivations that
observations of others don’t just help us learn how to
pointing gestures presuppose. This suggests a
behave; they help us understand how we’re
new place to look for the foundations of human
supposed to feel.
language.
* presuppose: 전제로 하다 ** communion: 교감, 공유 ① human inclination towards collaboration
② the reason why people choose to cooperate
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
③ experiments on chimps' cooperative behavior
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
④ the negative influence of cooperation on emotion
⑤ the difference between the brains of chimps and
humans
[정답] ①
[해설]
침팬지는 자신의 이익을 위해 협력하지만, 인간은 다른 사람과 함께 일하는 것에서 즐
거움을 얻고, 그 경험을 통해 더 기분 좋게 느끼고 자비로워진다는 내용이다. 그러므로
① ‘human inclination towards collaboration(인간의 협력 성향)’이 주제로 가장 적절
하다.
②사람들이 협력하길 선택하는 이유
③침팬지의 협력적 행동에 대한 실험
④감정에 미치는 협력의 부정적 영향
⑤침팬지와 인간의 뇌의 차이
105
The theory of reasoned action maintains that a We trust our common sense largely because we
person’s decision to engage in a purposeful activity are prone to naive realism: the belief ① that we see
depends on several factors, of which some are the world precisely as it is. We assume that ‘seeing is
situational and some are mediated by personal believing’ and trust our intuitive perceptions of the
dispositions or characteristics. At the core of the world and ourselves. In daily life, naive realism often
theory is the idea that when people engage in a given serves us well. If you are driving down a one-lane
behavior it is because they formed an intention to do road and see a tractor-trailer moving uncontrollably
so and have reasons for their decision to actualize towards you at 120 kilometers per hour, it is a wise
their intentions. Because of this, much of our idea ② to get out of the way. Much of the time, we
behavior can be characterized as “reasoned action.” should trust our perceptions. Yet appearances can
Fishbein and Ajzen suggested that behavioral sometimes be deceptive. The Earth seems flat. The
intentions are controlled by two factors: attitude sun seems to revolve around the Earth. Yet in both
toward an act and the normative component. cases, our intuitions are wrong. Sometimes, what
Attitude toward an act is influenced by the beliefs appears to be obvious can mislead us when it comes
that people have about the consequences of ③ to evaluate ourselves and others. Our common
performing an act. The normative component is sense tells us that our memories accurately capture
controlled by our beliefs about what valued others virtually everything we have seen, although
(i.e., people important in our lives) expect us to do. scientific research demonstrates otherwise. Our
For some behaviors we rely more on our attitude common sense also assures us ④ that people who do
toward an act, whereas for other behaviors we may not share our political views are biased, but that we
rely more on the normative component for guidance are objective. Yet psychological research
on how to behave. demonstrates that we are all susceptible to
evaluating political issues in a biased fashion. So our
① Assessing the Role of Habit in Intention Formation tendencies ⑤ to believe appearances can lead us to
② The Impact of Social Norms on Unplanned draw erroneous conclusions about human nature. In
Behavior many cases, ‘believing is seeing’ rather than the
③ The Impact of Peer Pressure on Decision-Making reverse: our beliefs shape our perceptions of the
Processes world.
④ The Influence of Emotional Responses on * prone: (~의) 경향이 있는 ** deceptive: 판단을 그르치게 하는
*** susceptible: ~하기 쉬운
Decision-Making
⑤ Theory of Reasoned Action: Factors Influencing [정답] ③ to evaluate를 to evaluatingt으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
Purposeful Behavior
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
우리의 행동은 미리 형성된 행동의 의도를 실현하려는 합리적인 결정에서 비롯되고,
미리 형성된 행동 의도는 행동의 결과에 대한 믿음과 소중한 타인의 기대에 의해 영향
을 받는다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤'Theory of Reasoned Action: Factors Influencing
Purposeful Behavior(합리적 행위 이론: 의도적인 행동에 영향을 미치는 요인)‘이 제목
으로 가장 적절하다.
① 의도 형성에 있어서 습관의 역할 평가
②사회적 규범이 계획되지 않은 행동에 미치는 영향
③동료 압력이 의사 결정 과정에 미치는 영향
④감정적 반응이 의사결정에 미치는 영향
106
[2025수능특강(영어) 18강 3-4번] [2025수능특강(영어) 18강 5-6번]
지 않은 것은? In all social systems, it is true that people’s
Some people claim that gratitude is just about behavior is influenced by social rules and they are
thinking nice thoughts and expecting good things — extraordinarily adaptable. One natural experiment
and ignores the negativity, pain, and suffering in life. involving baboons is instructive.
Well, they’re wrong. Consider our ① definition of
gratitude, as a specific way of thinking about
(A) The new males were acculturated to the group
receiving a benefit and giving credit to others
norms, and learned to behave less aggressively.
besides yourself for that benefit. In fact, gratitude
Obviously, humans are not baboons. But it seems
can be very difficult, because it requires that you
highly possible that this is basically similar to why
recognize your ② dependence on others, and that’s
different human societies can have much
not always positive. You have to humble yourself, in
different behavioral norms — consider
the sense that you have to become a good receiver of
premodern tribes who worshiped their ancestors
others’ support and generosity. That can be very
and shared food in common, medieval peasants
hard — most people are better givers than receivers.
who accepted the divine right of kings and
What’s more, feelings of gratitude can sometimes performed free labor for feudal lords, and people
stir up related feelings of indebtedness and today who believe in democracy and corporate
obligation, which doesn’t sound like ③ positive employment contracts. Human societies have
thinking at all: If I am grateful for something you much more complexity and choice than baboon
provided to me, I have to take care of that thing — I societies, but the point is that behavioral norms
might even have to reciprocate at some appropriate are to a great degree the product of culture and
time in the future. That type of indebtedness or learning, not the other way around.
obligation can be perceived very negatively — it can
(B) A study in 2004 examined how a troop of baboons
cause people real ④ comfort, as Jill Suttie explores
dominated by large and aggressive males changed
in her essay “How to Say Thanks Without Feeling
after all those dominant males caught a disease
Indebted.”
and died. With only smaller, gentler males
The data bear this out. When people are grateful, remaining, the culture of that troop underwent a
they aren’t necessarily free of negative emotions — dramatic shift, moving from a social structure
we don’t find that they necessarily have less anxiety characterized by widespread bullying and fighting
or less tension or less unhappiness. Practicing to one with much more peaceful grooming.
(C) Conflict was still there, of course, but it tended to
reduces ⑤ negative feelings. If gratitude were just
be resolved with peaceful methods, and the
fighting that did happen was more between
equally matched baboons, instead of a big one
picking on a small one. Remarkably, the culture of
in fact, people do.
that troop persisted even after all those original
[정답] ④ comfort를 discomfort와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
coming in from outside.
*** feudal: 봉건 (시대의)
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
107
Not surprisingly, usage of unsafely designed and (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
insecurely implemented software presents some Marcel Pagnol was born in Aubagne in 1895, and
risks. After distributed software reaches user sites, died in 1974. The son of a primary school teacher,
installation and administration of system and whom he described so vividly in his Souvenirs
application software, when improperly performed, d’enfance (childhood memories), this southern
may adversely affect performance and proper Frenchman began his professional life as an English
functioning of such software. Due to the complexity teacher. However, he quickly earned a reputation for
as well as due to inadequate documentation of these his plays in the 1920s: the extraordinary success of
systems, users hardly understand effects of their Topaze in 1927 and Marius in 1928 established him
attempts to “properly” use such systems. as a playwright. Marcel Pagnol had long been
Consequently, users apply “trial and error” methods interested in the cinema, but had to wait for the
in learning to work with new features, rather than development of talking picture techniques to use his
trying methodologically to understand which full vigor as a dialogue writer. His first few films
functions may have which effects, and which were adaptations of his theatrical works, for example
precautions should be taken to avoid unwished the highly acclaimed trilogy Marius, Fanny and
side-effects. This somewhat “explorative” way to use César. The public success was enormous at both
systems ______________________, e.g., by national and international levels. This persuaded
clicking on unknown attachments without due care. Marcel Pagnol to devote himself exclusively to the
cinema. For his second film he set up his own
Software manufacturers often argue that failure of
production company, La societe des films Marcel
software is mainly caused by improper actions of
Pagnol. He was certain that the dramatist of the past
users. But in many — if not most — cases, the
would be the film-maker of the future, a thesis which
human-computer interface (e.g., the display of
he controversially developed in a short-lived critical
functions and operations on the screen, or the
review entitled Les cahiers du film.
handling of input devices such as mouse and
keyboard) is inadequately designed and users are *** thesis: 논제(論題)
not properly supported by help functions (which 
when existing in many cases are so complex that Because Marcel Pagnol was convinced
users are further misled). While users are primarily ____(A)____ that the playwrights of the past would
interested in doing their work, one must admit that become the film-makers of the future, he not only
they rather often tend to forget about any precaution ____(B)____ himself as a playwright, but also
and even sometimes bypass security measures when achieved enormous public success, both nationally
thinking that their work performance is reduced. and internationally.
① helps users get used to using them (A) (B)

② often results in unexpected side-effects ① gradually denied
③ has various beneficial effects for users to take ② gradually advised
④ should analyze the behavioral pattern of users ③ afterward opposed
⑤ rather often leads to a risky attitude with ④ in advance supported
potentially harmful effects ⑤ in advance established
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
[해설]
→ Marcel pagnol은 과거의 극작가가 미래의 영화 제작자가 될 것이라고 미리 확신했
안전하지 않게 설계되고 불안정하게 구현된 소프트웨어를 사용할 경우 사용자가 잘못
기 때문에, 극작가로서 입지를 다졌을 뿐만 아니라 국내적으로나 국제적으로나 대중
사용하는 경우가 많으며, 소프트웨어 제조업체는 오작동의 원인을 주로 사용자에게
적으로 엄청난 성공을 했다.
돌리지만, 그것이 부적절하게 설계된 경우가 많고, 사용자 또한 잘못 사용하는 경향이
Marcel Pagnol의 생애와 극작가로서 입지를 다지고 성공했을 분만 아니라 영화에 전
있다는 내용의 글이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ⑤ ‘rather often leads to a risky attitude
념하여 영화 제작사를 설립했으며 Marcel Pagnol는 과거의 극작가가 미래의 영화 제
with potentially harmful effects( 잠재적으로 해로운 영향이 있는 위험한 태도를 야기
작자가 될 것이라는 확신을 했다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤ (A)에는 ‘미리’를 뜻하는 in
하는 경우가 꽤 많다)’가 가장 적절하다.
advance가, (B)에는 ‘입지를 다지다’를 뜻하는 establish가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장
① 사용자들이 그것들을 사용하는데 익숙해지도록 도와준다
잘 요약할 수 있다.
② 종종 예상되지 못한 부작용을 초래한다
① 점점 … 부인하다 ② 점점 … 조언하다
③ 사용자들이 다양한 유익한 효과를 가진다
③ 후에 … 반대하다 ④ 미리 … 지지하다
④ 사용자들의 행동 패턴을 분석해야만 한다
108
When he was a Harvard student, world-famous 한 곳은?
cellist Yo-Yo Ma played often at concerts in and On such a view, since slavery was morally
around Boston. He became very popular, and one acceptable to most Ancient Greeks but is not to most
day when one of his concerts was sold out, he gave a Europeans today, slavery was right for the Ancient
free concert for those who were unable ① to obtain Greeks but would be wrong for today’s Europeans.
tickets — he sat in the theater lobby and played Bach

cello suites. Later in his career, when he was an It is uncontroversially true that people in different
international success, he still would often give more societies have different customs and different ideas
than ② required. For example, many guest cello about right and wrong. ( ① ) There is no world
soloists play in the first half of a concert, then they consensus on which actions are right and wrong,
are finished for the night. However, Mr. Ma would even though there is a considerable overlap between
sometimes play as part of the orchestra in the second views on this. ( ② ) If we consider how much moral
half of the concert — ③ do this with the Philadelphia views have changed both from place to place and
Orchestra was especially enjoyable for him. He says, from age to age it can be tempting to think that there
“It is an honor ④ to play the back stands of the are no absolute moral facts, but rather that morality
Philadelphia Orchestra. It’s incredible the way those is always relative to the society in which you have
players listen, the knowledge they have. I admire it been brought up. ( ③ ) This view, known as moral
so much. And I feel the thrill of being part of relativism, makes morality simply a description of
something that’s greater than the sum of its parts — the values held by a particular society at a particular
⑤ being accepted as part of the team.” time. ( ④ ) This is a meta-ethical view about the
nature of moral judgements. ( ⑤ ) Moral
[정답] ③ do를 doing으로 바꿔야 적절하다. judgements can only be judged true or false relative
to a particular society. There are no absolute moral
[2025수능특강(영어) 20강 3번] judgements: they are all relative.
지 않은 것은? 글의 흐름상 ③에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.
In the summer of 1878, a thirty-year-old Dutch

botanist named Hugo de Vries traveled to England
to see Darwin. It was more of a ① spiritual journey
than a scientific visit. Darwin was ② vacationing at
his sister's estate in Dorking, but de Vries tracked
him down and traveled out to meet him. Thin,
intense, and excitable, with a beard that rivaled
Darwin's, de Vries already looked like a younger
version of his idol. He also had Darwin's ③
abandonment. The meeting must have been
exhausting, for it lasted only two hours, and Darwin
had to excuse himself to take a break. But de Vries
left England ④ transformed. With no more than a
brief conversation, Darwin had inserted a sluice into
de Vries's racing mind, completely redirecting it
forever. Back in Amsterdam, de Vries suddenly ⑤
terminated his prior work on the movement of
tendrils in plants and threw himself into solving the
mystery of heredity.
* sluice: 수문(水門) ** tendril: 덩굴손 *** heredity: 유전
[정답] ③ abandonment를 persistence와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
109
[2025수능특강(영어) 21강 2번]
[2025수능특강(영어) 21강 3번]
81 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
82 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
If the United States has one of the easiest
When Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote the words,
geographies to develop, Mexico has one of the most
"Water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink"
difficult. The entirety of Mexico is in essence the
in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in 1798, the
southern extension of the Rocky Mountains, which
dangers of drinking seawater had been known for
is a kind way of saying that America’s worst lands are
thousands of years. Seawater does indeed make men
strikingly similar to Mexico’s best lands. As one
mad. Historical evidence indicates the ancient
would expect from a territory that is
Egyptians knew seawater was not potable, but
mountain-dominated, there are no navigable rivers
______________________. In pre-Columbian
and no large cohesive pieces of fertile land like the
times, the greatest fear of venturing too far from
American Southeast or the Columbia valley, much
land on the ocean was not falling off the surface of
less the Midwest. Each mountain valley is a sort of
the Earth but lack of fresh drinking water. From a
fastness where a small handful of oligarchs control
human perspective, the oceans, which cover 70% of
local economic and political life. Mexico shouldn’t be
Earth's surface, are still the most extensive and
thought of as a unified state, but instead as a collage
unique desert wildernesses on the planet. Saltwater
of dozens of little Mexicos where local power brokers
constitutes 97% of Earth's water, and of the 3% that
constantly align with and against each other (and a
is fresh, two-thirds is frozen in glaciers and polar ice.
national government seeking — often in vain — to
Thus, a mere 1% of all the water on the planet (in
stitch together something more cohesive). In its
lakes and rivers, groundwater, and the atmosphere)
regional disconnectedness, Mexico is a textbook
is fresh and can be used by terrestrial plants and
case that countries with the greatest need for
animals.
capital-intensive infrastructure are typically the
countries with the lowest ability to generate the
capital necessary to build that infrastructure. ① they were reluctant to make this known
② there were others who offered counter-examples to
this fact
① developing Mexico as a new source of capital ③ it took a long time for it to become known in other
② the limited capital for Mexico to generate for public cultures
purpose ④ they looked for the possibility that it could be used
③ the combination of local powers in developing new for other purposes
type of capital ⑤ the earliest realization that it was unsafe to drink
④ challenges caused by Mexico's geography and has been lost to antiquity
[정답] ⑤
regional disconnectedness
[해설]
⑤ the potential for Mexico's regional characteristics 고대와 콜럼버스 이전 시대와 같은 역사적인 증거를 통해서도 알 수 있듯이 바닷물을
마시는 것이 위험하고 면적상으로도 97퍼센트를 차지하는 바다 이외의 1퍼센트의 담
to be used in the tourism industry
수만으로 육상 동식물이 살아간다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 이집트인들 이전
[정답] ④
에도 이미 바닷물의 위험성을 알고 있었다는 ⑤ ‘the earliest realization that it was
[해설]
unsafe to drink has been lost to antiquity( 그것이 마시기에 적합하지 않다는 가장 이
미국과 달리 멕시코는 개발하기 가장 어려운 지형 중 하나로, 항해할 수 있는 강이 없
른 시기의 깨달음은 까마득한 태고 시대의 일이었다.)’가 가장 적절하다.
고 넓고 응집된 비옥한 땅도 없으며, 각각의 산골짜기는 소수의 과두 정치 독재자가 지
① 그들은 이 사실이 알려지는 것을 꺼려했다
역의 경제 생활과 정치 생활을 통제하면서 지역의 실세들이 끊임없이 서로 손을 잡고,
② 이 사실에 반례를 제시했던 사람들도 있었다
서로 맞선다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ④ ‘challenges caused by Mexico's
③ 다른 문화권에서는 그것이 알려지는 데 많은 시간이 걸렸다
geography and regional disconnectedness(멕시코의 지형과 지역적 단절이 야기한
④ 그들은 그것이 다른 용도로 사용될 수 있다는 가능성을 찾았었다
어려움들)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 멕시코를 새로운 자본의 근원으로서 개발하는 것
② 멕시코가 공공의 목적을 위해서 창출하는 제한된 자본
③ 새로운 유형의 자본을 개발하는데 지역 권력들의 결합
⑤ 멕시코의 지역적 특색이 관광산업에 이용될 가능성
110
Shifting demographics, household structures, 지 않은 것은?
lifestyle preferences, and consumer values suggest a "In recent years, there has been an increasing
different ① built environment and urban fabric 30 tendency of economists, scientists, and politicians to
years ahead compared with 30 years ago. More and shift the focus from population growth to ①
more Americans, Australians, and Europeans are consumption as the more important underlying
choosing to live in settings where they are less driver of biodiversity loss. For many, the emphasis
dependent on their cars because ② reducing air on consumption avoids politically charged topics,
pollution and energy use matters to them. A 2011 such as population control, which most people ②
survey of more than two thousand adult Americans oppose on ethical or moral grounds, and because it is
found seven times more people said the associated with divisive topics such as xenophobia,
neighborhood ③ which a house is located is a bigger racism, and eugenics. Others highlight that it is not
consideration in deciding where to live than the size the number of people per se, but how natural
of the house. Walking to restaurants, businesses, resources are consumed that is the main cause of
schools, and other amenities was the most appealing environmental ③ decline. Indeed, rich people and
neighborhood feature for many respondents. To rich countries have a disproportionate impact on the
many 20- and 30-somethings, walkable natural environment because they consume a ④
communities ④ are equated with a downsized proportionately large share of the world's natural
environmental footprint and energy efficiency, with resources. To use one example, the USA
the added benefit of burning calories during accommodates only 5% of the world's human
everyday activities. If green buildings and solar population but uses 25% of the world's harvested
panels dot the landscape and rooftops, all the better. natural resources each year. In fact, decorative
Notes one economist with the Urban Land Institute, Christmas lights in the USA alone use more energy
“Energy efficiency is becoming the new granite than the annual energy usage of the ⑤ entirety of
countertops; it’s a necessary feature ⑤ to sell the Ethiopia or Tanzania. And yet, the average USA
property.” citizen uses less than half of the energy that an

* amenity: 생활 편의 시설 ** dot: (점으로) 덮다 *** granite: 화강암 average citizen of Qatar uses, Qatar being a small but
wealthy Middle Eastern country.
[정답] ③ which를 where로 바꿔야 적절하다. * xenophobia: 외국인 혐오 ** eugenics: 우생학
*** per se: 그 자체로
[정답] ④ proportionately를 disproportionately와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
111
"Movies featuring wonderful natural landscapes Many aspects of an ant’s appearance have likely
and charismatic wildlife often increase the desire of evolved to meet a specific lifestyle requirement,
moviegoers to visit natural areas where they can see although the extent to which this is true has not been
these landscapes and animals first-hand. fully explored for all aspects of its body structure.
Adaptations could be due to environment, available
(A) Perhaps, in part, due to the influence of food, or predators. Long legs and large eyes are
environmentally-orientated movies, an commonly seen in ground-foraging ants that need to
increasing number of movie stars (and other move quickly to avoid predators in open ground or
celebrities) have started using their stardom as a be the first to acquire a food resource. In contrast,
platform from where they promote biodiversity ants that forage and nest in leaf litter have shorter
conservation efforts in Africa. legs and antennae, alongside small eyes. This makes
(B) But they can also raise awareness of sense in the dark environment of leaf litter where
environmental issues in new audiences. While moving through small spaces is easier with a
many documentaries are created with this compact body plan. Based on the unique
purpose in mind, such benefits can also extend to combination of body size measurements, scientists
blockbuster movies meant for broader audiences. can predict where an ant nests and forages or even
what kind of food it eats. Predators have longer,
(C) For example, Disney’s Happy Feet (2006)
flatter mandibles, while omnivores — those eating a
highlighted the threat of overfishing and plastic
diverse range of foods — have shorter, curved
pollution to penguins; The Jungle Book (2016)
mandibles.
exposed audiences to the endangered pangolins.
* forage: 먹이를 찾다 ** leaf litter: 낙엽 *** mandible: 아래턱뼈
Such exposure can even lead to environmentally
conscious behavioural changes. For example,
① New Approaches To Study Ant’s Body Structure
moviegoers were willing to donate 50% more
② What Made Ant’s Appearance Superior to Other
money to climate mitigation after watching the
Insects?
apocalyptic movie The Day After Tomorrow
③ Does A Particular Way of Life Affect the Ant's
(2004).
Appearance?
④ Why Do Scientists Need To Predict The
** mitigation: 완화 *** apocalyptic: 종말론적인 Reproductive Cycle Of Ants?
⑤ Advantages of The Structure of The Ant's Body
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) According to Feeding
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) [정답] ③
③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다. [해설]
환경, 먹이, 포식자 등에 의한 특정한 생활 방식의 영향으로 개미의 겉모습이 진화했다
는 것이 글의 중심 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ③ ‘Does a particular way of life
affect the ant's appearance?(특정한 생활 방식이 개미의 겉모습에 영향을 주는가?)’이
① 개미의 신체 구조를 연구하는 새로운 접근법
② 무엇이 개미의 외모를 다른 곤충들보다 우월하게 만드는가?
④ 왜 과학자들은 개미의 번식 주기를 예측해야 하는가?
⑤먹이에 따른 개미의 신체 구조의 유리함
112
The largest species of octopus in the world, the However skilled you may be at bowling, there will
giant Pacific octopus, usually grows to about 3 m in always be minute changes in the angle ① which you
length and weighs up to 272kg. It lives on the rim of release the ball that will be magnified as the ball
the North Pacific Ocean, where it crawls about on travels the length of the lane. As it strikes, the first
the bottom, using its long, sucker-covered arms. It skittle falls back either slightly to the right or the left,
seeks out rocky dens on the seabed; youngsters will and the ball ② is deflected slightly in the other
often dig holes under rocks in sand. Here, the direction. From then on, within a fraction of a
octopus can take refuge from predators — seals, second, skittles start falling in different directions,
sharks, and other large fishes — too big to slip sometimes ③ hitting others as they fall. The
through the den mouth. Foraging mainly at night, differences in the final arrangement of skittles each
this giant octopus looks especially for crabs and time are difficult ④ to predict from the slight
lobsters, but also takes shrimp and shellfish, smaller variation of angle as the ball leaves the bowler’s
octopuses, and fishes. Often it will return to its den hand. Even those who can achieve strike after strike
to feed, depositing empty shells and other inedible actually ⑤ achieve a different strike every time, for
fragments of prey in piles at the entrance. Like its the skittles will never fall in exactly the same way
relatives, this octopus mostly lives alone, except for a twice.
brief period when adults come together for mating. * skittle: 볼링핀 ** deflect: 방향을 바꾸다
The female lays her eggs in a den, and will tend them
[정답] ① which를 at which나 where로 바꿔야 적절하다.
until her young emerge. She will not feed in all this
time — and will die soon after her young emerge.
* rim: 가장자리 ** den: 굴, 동굴 *** fragment: 조각
① The Habitat Of the Giant Octopus : Unique and

Even Weird [2025수능특강(영어) 24강 1번]
② What Are the Ecological Characteristics of the 89 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
지 않은 것은?
Giant Octopus?
Spectators are seen as a source of drive arousal.
③ Why Was The Giant Octopus Considered As the
This heightened state of arousal is ① presumed to
Scariest Animal?
facilitate the performance of well-learned or simple
④ How Sacrificial the Female Giant Octopus Is For
skills. However, if a skill is not well-learned or
her Young Emerge!
complex, the increase in arousal will interfere with
⑤ The Reason For Studying The Giant Octopus :
its performance. The ② underlying notion is that an
Secret to Understanding Malacology
[정답] ②
increase in drive arousal favors the emission of the
[해설] performer's dominant responses. In the case of a
대왕문어의 신체 구조와 서식지, 먹이와 습성, 번식 방법등의 특징을 열거하며 설명하
는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ② ‘What Are the Ecological Characteristics of the
skilled performer, her ③ dominant responses are
Giant Octopus? (대왕문어의 생태학적인 특성들은 무엇인가?)’이 가장 적절하다. presumed to be largely "correct" ones. Her
① 대왕문어의 서식지 : 독특하고 심지어 이상한
③ 왜 대왕문어는 가장 무서운 동물로 여겨지는가?
performance stands to be improved with an
④ 암컷 대왕 문어가 자신의 새끼를 위해서 얼마나 희생적인가! audience present. In a case where the performer is
⑤ 대왕 문어를 연구하는 이유 : 연체동물학을 이해하는 핵심
still struggling to master a skill, incorrect responses
are present in ④ abundance and are thereby
presumed to be dominant responses. As a
consequence, onlookers can only worsen the
performance of a beginner. Hence, the performer's
level of skill and the ⑤ simplicity of the skill itself
will determine whether an audience helps or hinders
a performance.
[정답] ⑤ simplicity를 complexity와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
113
Athletes do require more protein (and all Once production shifts to industrial methods, the
nutrients) than sedentary people, but there is no leisure consumer is free to seek pleasure in the older
evidence that they require a higher percentage of handcraft technology. Typically, the technology
protein compared to other macronutrients in their itself enters one or more paths to pleasure as the
diet to perform more optimally. market recognizes hobby demand: tools and
materials are designed for comfort, beauty, and
(A) If an average female athlete eats 3,000 calories, 10 satisfaction. Both needlework tools and those of
percent is 300 calories from protein — that’s a 50 hobby woodworking have undergone this transition,
percent increase in protein achieved by simply to name only two of many possible examples.
eating more of the same foods. So when you Fountain pens, considered obsolete as a production
exercise, you don’t need to change the technology for writing, are selling at four-figure
composition of the food (i.e., consuming foods prices to people who simply enjoy the process of
with higher concentrations of protein or forming words with ink on paper and are willing to
consuming protein powders). pay a premium for the pleasure. In the 1950s, the
(B) To put it another way, a diet with 10 percent late Shelby Foote reportedly wrote his three-volume
protein is sufficient for most people, athlete and 1.5-million-word history of the Civil War with a dip
nonathlete alike. If an average adult female eats pen, eschewing the then-dominant writing
2,000 calories, 10 percent is 200 calories from technologies — the manual typewriter and the
protein. fountain pen — thereby lending a new meaning to
the term “belletristic history.’’
(C) You just need to eat more of the same foods. The
increased athletic activity will work up your *** belletristic: 순수 문학적인
hunger drive. In response, you will consume more
protein as well as nutrients of all types. This works ① the difficulties when using older handcraft
well since physical activity likely requires more of technology
all nutrients, not just protein. ② the shape of the future of belletristic history
* sedentary: 몸을 많이 움직이지 않는 ③ the enjoyment attained from older handcraft
technology
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
④ the critics toward the problem of production
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
technology
⑤ the appraises toward the appearance of fountain
pens
[정답] ③
[해설]
해당 글은 생산이 산업화 방식으로 전환되고 시장이 취미 수요를 인식하게 되면서 도
구와 재료는 편안함/아름다움/만족감을 추구하게 되었고, 구식으로 여겨질 수도 있는
만년필과 잉크로 찍어 쓰는 펜이 기술발전에도 불구하고 여전히 사용되었다는 내용의
글이다. 이런 내용을 가장 잘 담고 있는 선지인 ③ ‘the enjoyment attained from older
handcraft technology(오래된 수작업 기술에서 얻는 즐거움)’이 가장 적절한 주제 선
지가 된다.
① 오래된 수작업 기술을 사용할때의 어려움
② 순수 문학적인 역사의 미래의 모습
④ 생산 기술 문제에 대한 비평
⑤ 만년필의 외관에 대한 평가
114
92 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은? 93 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
Responding to life with joy and sorrow is part of Architectural spaces become memorable through
being human. At times when pain and suffering are the architectural characteristics ① that define them.
inescapable, it is important to remember that this is Qualities of scale, appropriateness for people,
part of the process by which we acquire knowledge. aesthetics, and visual impact are among the many
This does not mean that one must be in discomfort components ② that give a place its character and
to make art, but stress can be channeled into a feel. The purpose of a space can make it a place. The
creative force if it produces a sense of inquisitiveness Oval Office in the White House is a good example of
and an incentive for change. Thinking through a place with enormous historic significance. The
making pictures can allow us to place our distress in unique oval shape of this splendid room makes it ③
context. The images we make can help us memorable and gives it a special importance without
understand its source, catalog its scope, adapt being ostentatious. Incidentally, George
ourselves to its presence, and devise ways to control Washington had two rooms at Mount Vernon
it. There are things in life, once called wisdom, which altered ④ including bowed ends so he could greet
we have to discover for ourselves by making our own guests while standing in the middle as they circled
private journeys. Stress can be directed to open up around him. Thomas Jefferson designed two oval
possibilities for intelligent and imaginative inquiries meeting rooms in the main floor of the Rotunda at
and solutions that otherwise might have been the University of Virginia. Oval rooms were seen as
ignored, overlooked, or refuted. ⑤ being democratic because no person could be
* inquisitiveness: 호기심 ** refute: 반박하다 placed at a more important position in the room
than anyone else.
① Because of several reasons, stress can hinder * splendid: 훌륭한 ** ostentatious: 대단히 호사스러운
people when building artistic thoughts.
[정답] ④ including을 to include로 바꿔야 적절하다.
② Because of several reasons, stress can cause people
to avoid building artistic thoughts.
③ Due to several reasons, stress can block people
when creating social relationships.
④ Due to several reasons, stress can help people when
creating artistic thoughts.
⑤ Due to several reasons, stress can make people
develop wrong thoughts about the theme ‘art’.
[정답] ④
[해설]
해당 글은 스트레스가 예술적 사고에 도움이 된다고 주장하고 있다. 따라서 글의 주제
로는 ④ ‘Due to several reasons, stress can help people when creating artistic
thoughts.(여러 가지 이유로 인해 스트레스는 예술적인 생각을 만들 때 사람들에게 도
움이 될 수 있다.)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 여러 가지 이유로 인해 예술적 사고를 형성할 때 스트레스는 사람들을 방해할 수 있
다.
② 여러 가지 이유로 인해 스트레스는 사람들로 하여금 예술적인 생각을 형성하는 것
을 피하게 할 수 있다.
③ 여러 가지 이유로 인해 사회적 관계를 형성할 때 스트레스가 사람들을 차단할 수 있
다.
⑤여러 가지 이유로 인해 스트레스는 사람들로 하여금 '예술'이라는 주제에 대해 잘못
된 생각을 갖게 할 수 있다.
115
Museum and gallery ① exhibitions are ‘hired’ by Some people can walk into a room full of strangers
or co-produced with other galleries; it is not and immediately figure out the relationships and
uncommon for shows to be ‘on the road’ for two feelings among them; others may never learn this
years or longer. Normally they are curated by one or skill.
more people, whose role ② excludes researching the
exhibition concept, the selection (or commissioning) A significant challenge arises when we ask
of work, planning how the work will be hung within whether there is any such thing as general aptitude. (
the exhibition space and writing a significant part of ① ) Many people are terrific at calculus but couldn’t
any ③ accompanying book or catalogue. The power write a good essay or paint a good picture if their
of the curator, operating regionally, nationally or lives depended on it. ( ② ) As Will Rogers put it,
internationally, has been questioned. Of course, “Everybody is ignorant, only on different topics.” (
curators take initiatives which contribute to the ③ ) Clearly, individuals vary in their aptitude for
exposure of work. But they may also ④ regularly learning any specific type of knowledge or skill
favour certain artists, or types of work, at the taught in a specific way. ( ④ ) A hundred students
expense of others. Furthermore, it has been attending a lecture on a topic they knew nothing
suggested that curators often act more as ‘creators’, about beforehand will all walk away with different
putting together themed exhibitions which, however amounts and kinds of learning, and aptitude for that
relevant and interesting, serve as much to advance particular content and that particular teaching
themselves as to showcase the work of artists. method is one important factor in explaining these
Indeed, all exhibitions and collections reflect the differences. ( ⑤ ) But would the students who
particular interests of their curators and archivists learned the most in this class also learn the most if
as well as the mission statement, priorities and the lecture were on a different topic or if the same
terms of ⑤ reference of particular organisations. material were presented through hands-on
* archivist: 기록 보관인 ** terms of reference: 위임 사항 experiences or in small groups?
* calculus: 미적분학
[정답] ② excludes를 includes와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
글의 흐름상 ②에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.
116
96 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 97 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
One implication of expectancy theory is that even As students move into adolescence, they are
though all students should have a chance to be developing capabilities for abstract thinking and
rewarded if they do their best, no student should understanding the perspectives of others. Even
have an easy time achieving the maximum reward. greater physical changes are taking place as the
This principle is violated by traditional grading students approach puberty. So, with developing
practices, because some students find it easy to earn minds and bodies, young adolescents must confront
A’s and B’s, whereas others believe that they have the central issue of constructing an identity that will
little chance of academic success no matter what provide a firm basis for adulthood. They have been
they do. In this circumstance, neither high achievers developing a sense of self since infancy. But
nor low achievers are likely to exert their best efforts. adolescence marks the first time that a conscious
This is one reason why __________________, effort is made to answer the now-pressing question:
for doing better than they have done in the past, or "Who am I?" The conflict defining this stage is
for making progress, rather than only for getting a identity versus role confusion. Identity refers to the
high score. For example, students can build a organization of an individual’s drives, abilities,
portfolio of compositions, projects, reports, or other beliefs, and history into a consistent image of self. It
work and can then see how their work is improving involves deliberate choices and decisions,
over time. Not all students are equally capable of particularly about work, values, ideology, and
exerting effort, exceeding their own past commitments to people and ideas. If adolescents fail
performance, or making progress, so these are often to integrate all these aspects and choices, or if they
better, more equally available criteria on which to feel unable to choose at all, role confusion threatens.
base reward. * adolescence: 청소년기 ** puberty: 사춘기
① The Impact of Peer Pressure on Adolescent
① it is creative to encourage peer evaluation Decision Making
② it is probable to create competition between ② The Influence of Cultural Background on
students and adults Adolescent Self-Perception
③ it is necessary to prize students for their money ③ The Role of Extracurricular Activities in Adolescent
they have obtained Development
④ it is important to reward students for their effort ④ The Mental Health Changes when Addressing
they have invested Adolescence to Adults
⑤ it is practical to guarantee students to get financial ⑤ Adolescence: The Crucial Period of Identity
support from the community Formation and Development
[정답] ④ [정답] ⑤
[해설] [해설]
해당 글은 학생이 최선의 노력을 다할 수 있도록 높은 점수를 받는 것에 대해서만이 아 해당 글은 정체성을 형성하는 청소년기에 대해서 설명하고 있다. 이런 내용을 가장 잘
니라 학생이 이룬 노력과 진전에 대해 보상해야한다고 주장하고 있다. 이런 내용을 담 담은 선지인 ⑤ ‘Adolescence: The Crucial Period of Identity Formation and
은 선지인 ④ ‘it is important to reward students for their effort they have invested(학 Development(청소년기:정체성 형성과 발달의 결정적 시기)’가 답이 된다.
생들이 투자한 노력에 대해 보상하는 것은 중요하다)’가 빈칸 선지로 적절하다. ① 또래 압력이 청소년의 의사결정에 미치는 영향
① 동료 평가를 장려하는 것은 창의적이다 ② 문화적 배경이 청소년의 자기인식에 미치는 영향
② 학생들과 어른들 사이에 경쟁을 일으킬 가능성이 있다 ③ 청소년 발달에 있어서 과외활동의 역할
③ 학생들이 얻은 돈을 상으로 주는 것은 필요하다 ④ 청소년기를 성인으로 바꿀 때의 정신건강 변화
⑤ 학생들이 지역사회로부터 재정적인 지원을 받을 수 있도록 보장하는 것은 실용적
이다
117
Some assumptions that notions of space (that is, a 은?
three-dimensional area ① in which events and Some performers manipulate the style of their
objects occur and have relative direction and product to shift the incentives of critics to pay
position) are universal — are being reexamined. attention.
Stephen Levinson showed that “systems of spatial

reckoning and description can in fact ② be quite (A) Individual critics can establish their own
divergent across cultures, linguistic differences reputations by studying such a writer and by
correlating with distinct cognitive tendencies.” More promoting one interpretation of that writer’s
specifically, languages vary in their use of spatial work over another. These same critics will
concepts and, in some instances, ③ determining the support the inclusion of the writer in the canon, to
cognitive categories relating to space concepts; also, promote the importance of their own criticism.
the speakers of a number of languages do not use (B) In effect, deep and ambiguous writers are offering
spatial terms ④ corresponding to the bodily critics implicit invitations to serve as coauthors of
coordinates of left-right and front-back. One a broader piece of work. Critics respond by
example comes from the Tenejapa Tzeltal of Mexico: examining these works more closely and
Their language uses no relative frame of reference spreading their fame more widely.
and therefore has no terms for spatial reference ⑤ (C) Richard Posner cites Shakespeare, Nietzsche,
that would correspond to left, right, front, and back. Wittgenstein, and Kafka as figures who owe part
Although terms exist for left hand and right hand, of their reputation to the puzzling and perhaps
they do not extend to other parts of the body or to even contradictory nature of their writings.
areas external to it. Unclear authors, at least if they have substance
* reckoning: 추정, 계산 ** divergent: 다른, 갈라지는 and depth, receive more attention from critics and
[정답] ③ determining을 determine으로 바꿔야 적절하다. require more textual interpretation.
* canon: 주요 문헌 목록 ** ambiguous: 모호한
[2025수능특강(영어) 27강 2번] ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

99 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
지 않은 것은? ④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
Languages are far more similar than had
previously been thought, and that ① universality
suggests that the human brain is designed to
understand the world in certain ways, which may
also ② correspond to the structure of reality. Thus,
all languages have nouns and verbs, modifiers
(adverbs and adjectives), and names and pronouns.
Languages may differ as to the ③ sequence of words
in a sentence (e.g., verb in the middle or at the end),
but sentences are always used. Even the sequence of
words does not vary as widely as it could: Steven
Pinker says that there are 128 ④ impossible
orderings of the main parts of a sentence, but most
languages use one of only two of those possibilities.
Crucially, most languages seem to have an almost
identical list of concepts, and as a result nearly all
words and sentences can be translated ⑤ effectively
from one language into another.
＊modifier: 수식어
[정답] ④ impossible을 possible과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
118
101 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 102 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸
The proliferation of data brings with it many (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
challenges for both reporting and consuming How much time are we spending not truly
information. Social networks themselves are biased connected to other things or people, in the analogue
by their constituents, which never exactly mirror the or real sense of the word? Not much. We have turned
population at large. Certain ethnicities are ourselves into human wearables, attached to our
overrepresented, a significant challenge to social phones nonstop, with additional sensors from our
news as an equalizer. In addition, a growing number smart watches and AI assistant devices, while we
of algorithms make automated decisions on which patiently await to upload our memories, fantasies,
content to recommend for people to read. and consciousness to the cloud. In a relatively short
Algorithms are generating top-news lists or hot time frame, we quickly transitioned from the
trends and personalizing recommendations for internet to the internet of things and now the “You of
readers. Algorithms leave the impression of being Things,” a concept that sees our bodies as part of an
neutral, yet they are not. Algorithms are human enormous sentient digital network, and our entire
creations. They ______________________. As existence downgraded to the status of our smart TVs
curatorial power is enhanced by automated systems, and refrigerator. Since our selves have been largely
we should understand the biases at play. Perhaps reduced to the digital fragments of our reputation
more important, we should work to make sure captured in the many devices that connect us to
product engineers and designers are seeking to others and the world, it is hard to disagree with
optimize the wanted outcome — an informed public Yuval Harari’s argument that “we are becoming tiny
— not just heightened traffic. chips inside a giant data-processing system that
* proliferation: 급증 ** constituent: 구성원 nobody really understands.”
*** curatorial: (데이터의) 선정, 조직 및 제시의 * analogue: 아날로그적인 ** sentient: 지각이 있는
① are entirely objective and free from any human 
influence Our increasing attachment to digital devices has
② are easily identifiable and easily corrected due to led to a sense of____(A)____ and a transition to
accuracy guaranteed by humans the concept of the "You of Things," where our
③ encode political choices of their designers and have existence is ____(B)____ to the status of our
cultural values baked in smart devices.
④ have minimal impact on information consumption
because it has little or no value (A) (B)
⑤ are influenced solely by technical considerations ① detachment elevated
and not by political or cultural ideologies. ② intimacy elevated
[정답] ③ ③ affinity reduced
[해설]
해당 글은 소셜 네트워크는 전체 인구 집단을 정확히 반영하지 못하고, 알고리즘은 설
④ intimacy reduced
계자의 정치적 선택을 부호화하고 문화적 가치가 내재화된 자료를 선정 및 제시하므 ⑤ detachment reduced[정답] ⑤
로, 설계자와 엔지니어가 대중에게 정보를 제공하려는 일을 최적화하는 노력을 보장
[해설]
하도록 노력하는 것이 중요하다는 내용이다. 따라서 빈칸에는 ③ ‘encode political
→ 디지털 기기에 대한 우리의 애착이 증가함에 따라 우리의 존재가 스마트 기기의 지
choices of their designers and have cultural values baked in(설계자의 정치적 선택을
위로 환원되는 '사물의 너'라는 개념으로의 분리와 전환이 이루어졌다.
부호화하고 문화적 가치를 내제하게 한다)’가 가장 적절하다.
해당 글은 여러 디지털 기기와 인공지능 기술로 인해 일종의 인간 웨어러블 기기로 변
① 완전히 객관적이고 인간의 영향이 없다
화되었고, 다른 사람이나 기기와 연결되어 많은 시간을 보내게 되었고, 우리의 자아는
② 인간이 보장하는 정확성 때문에 쉽게 식별할 수 있고 쉽게 수정된다
수많은 기기 속에 켑쳐된 평판의 디지털 파편으로 거의 격하되었다는 내용이다. 그러
④ 가치가 없거나 거의 없기 때문에 정보 소비에 미치는 영향은 미미하다
므로 ⑤ (A)에는 ‘분리’를 뜻하는 ‘detachment’가, (B)에는 ‘환원되다’를 뜻하는
⑤ 정치적 또는 문화적 이념이 아닌 기술적 고려에 의해서만 영향을 받는다
‘reduced’’가 들어가는 것이 가장 적절하다. 그래서 요약하게 되면, ‘디지털 기기에 대
한 우리의 애착이 증가함에 따라 우리의 존재가 스마트 기기의 지위로 환원되는 '사물
의 너'라는 개념으로의 분리와 전환이 이루어졌다..’이 완성된다.
① 분리...상승되다
② 친밀함...상승되다
③ 친밀도...환원되다
④ 친밀함...환원되다
119
Much alarm and handwringing ① have occurred 은?
over the idea that the Internet allows you to lock Expectations influence children’s behavior. After
yourself in an information bubble and see only facts observing the amount of litter in three classrooms,
that support your views. I am sure this happens, but Richard Miller and colleagues had the teacher and
it would do us good ② to remember the alternative. others repeatedly tell one class that they should be
In 1980, for instance, you got your daily dose of neat and tidy.
information from your local paper and your choice

of any of three network news shows, ③ which ran for (A) After 8 days of hearing this, and still 2 weeks later,
an hour, all covering the same basic stories. That was these children were fulfilling the expectation by
about it. We were all beholden to the views of a very putting more than 80 percent of their litter in
few people. The Internet allows every statement ④ wastebaskets. Tell children they are hardworking
to be fact-checked, every falsehood challenged. and kind (rather than lazy and mean), and they
Anything you want to know is just a few keystrokes may live up to their labels.
and a few clicks away. Well over 100,000 web (B) Tying the identity to the self is important:
searches are performed each second, and at their Children who were asked to be “a helper” were
heart, they each represent a person who wants to more likely to help in later tasks than those asked
know something they don’t currently know. It is the to “help.” When children think of themselves as
great democratization of knowledge, ⑤ that is an tidy and helpful, they become tidy and helpful.
unquestionably good thing. (C) This persuasion increased the amount of litter
* handwringing: (걱정으로 인한) 손떨림 placed in wastebaskets from 15 to 45 percent, but
[정답] ⑤ that을 which로 바꿔야 적절하다. only temporarily. Another class, which also had
been placing only 15 percent of its litter in
[2025수능특강(영어) 29강 1번]
wastebaskets, was repeatedly congratulated for
being so neat and tidy.
Unfortunately, as we age, we tend to avoid
vulnerability by ① avoiding change, so our learning ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
opportunities are reduced and new learning slows. ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
We’ve all had the experience of a ② reunion with an ④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
old friend, when listening to them saying how

they’ve been, noticing how he or she has held onto
some old beliefs that we discarded long ago.
Probably the friend has not put himself or herself
into a state of vulnerable openness for a long time.
Personal growth ③ excludes trying out new
behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs. Trying out
something makes us vulnerable to failure and
ridicule. When learning, we make mistakes, we look
foolish — even ④ absurd. Who likes that?
Willingness to take chances in life, to try new
experiences, challenges or activities — even though
the outcome is unsure — demands being vulnerable
while doing so. Open-mindedness is one of those
activities that we must do ⑤ deliberately, because
we are naturally inclined to avoid the vulnerability it
entails.
* vulnerability: 취약성 ** discard: 버리다
[정답] ③ excludes를 involves와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
120
106 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 107 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A),(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? The ancient Egyptian term for ‘colour’ was iwn — a
If maintenance of a balance in a relationship word that also meant ‘skin’, ‘nature’, ‘character’ and
requires much work, why bother aiming for the ‘being’, and was represented in part by a hieroglyph
middle ground? The wonderful thing about of human hair. The members of that civilization had
relationships is that with the proper maintenance, noticed a striking resemblance between colours and
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Ideally, humans. To them colours were just like people — full
both members get support to realize their potential of life, energy, power and personality. We now
as individuals as well as realizing the potential of the understand, as the Egyptians could only sense, how
team. If things go sour, the tremendous energy drain thoroughly the two are connected. Colour, after all,
of an irreparably damaged relationship can also is ultimately made by its perceivers. Every hue we
mean that the whole is less than the sum of its parts. see around us is actually manufactured within us —
Pooling resources — as in a joint savings account — in the same grey matter that forms language, stores
makes them optimally large. But if one person only memories, triggers emotions, shapes thoughts and
deposits and the other person only withdraws, gives rise to consciousness. Colour is a pigment of
checks are going to start bouncing. Similarly, if only our imaginations that we paint all over the world.
one person in a relationship is performing Larger than any city, more sophisticated than any
maintenance and the other is indifferent, their joint machine, more beautiful than any painting, it might
account will also wind up with insufficient funds. in fact be the greatest human creation of them all.
Overdraft protection might cover everyday * hieroglyph: 상형 문자 ** hue: 색조
necessities, but it won’t help when something big *** pigment: 빛깔, 색소, 안료
comes around.
* bounce: (수표가) 부도 처리되다 ** irreparably: 회복할 수 없을 ① Colour : The Byproduct of Technology
정도로 *** overdraft: (은행 계좌 등의) 초과 인출 ② Colour : The Cultural Perception of ancient people
 ③ Colour : The Hidden Subject for Environment
The sum of its parts is ____(A)____ than the Protection
whole when maintaining ____(B)____ ④ Colour: The Human Formation and Creation
relationships. ⑤ Colour : The Psychological Dilemma for Modern
Theorists
(A) (B) [정답] ④
[해설]
① larger proper 해당 글은 고대 이집트인이 알아차린 것처럼 색깔과 인간이 생명력, 에너지, 힘, 개성
② larger improper 이 가득한 존재라는 점에서 유사하고 서로 밀집하게 관련되어 있으며 결국 색깔을 지
각하는 인간에 의해 색깔이라는 창조물이 나왔다는 내용의 글이다. 이런 내용을 담은
③ same same 선지인 ④ ‘Colour : The Hidden Subject for Environment Protection(색깔: 인간의 형
④ smaller proper 성과 창조물)’이 가장 적절하다.
① 색깔 : 기술의 부산물
⑤ smaller improper ② 색깔: 고대인의 문화적 인식
[정답] ④ ③ 색깔: 환경보호를 위한 숨은 주체
[해설] ⑤ 색깔: 현대 이론가들의 심리적 딜레마
→ 적절한 관계를 유지할 때 그 부분의 합은 전체보다 작다.
해당 글은 관계에서 균형의 유지가 필요함을 다루고 있다. 그러므로
④ (A)에는 ‘작은’을 뜻하는 smaller이, (B)에는 ‘적절한’을 뜻하는 proper가 들어가야
글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 큰...적절한
② 큰...부적절한
③ 똑같은...똑같은
⑤ 작은...부적절한
121
Bentham, the eighteenth-century utilitarian Skilled clinicians pride themselves in their
philosopher who promoted the social benefits of knowledge of diseases and treatments. Having an
mass surveillance, designed a panopticon, a circular extensive command of anatomy and physiology,
building ① where those to be observed, whether pharmacology, and the latest evidence-based
prisoners, workers, patients, or students, were breakthroughs is critical to providing competent
placed in cells or rooms lined along an outside wall. care.
An “inspector” sat in a booth at the center of the
circle, unseen by those ② watching, but able to see (A) Working with patients’ emotions, from a place of
them. According to Bentham, even though this understanding and acceptance, allows the
inspector could not observe every resident at every clinician to skillfully address the emotions in a
moment, simply ③ knowing that they could be seen manner that best serves the patients’ needs.
would be enough to make prisoners behave and keep (B) Having a sense of the normal emotions that
workers and students on task. The panopticon’s accompany phases and stages of illness allows
physical design proved impractical, but the idea ④ clinicians to think about how to incorporate the
that behavior could be regulated by stripping away emotional domain into patient assessments and
privacy lived on. Closed-circuit television both on plans of care.
our streets and inside public and private spaces is
(C) But just as important is the knowledge of how
the modern, subtle, and more practical version 2.0
illness can impact patient emotions. And
of ⑤ that first architectural panopticon.
although there is certainly room for individual
variation, typical emotional reactions can often be
[정답] ② watching을 being watched로 바꿔야 적절하다. anticipated.
[2025수능특강(영어) 30강 3번] *** pharmacology: 약리학
하지 않은 것은? ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
The mode of consumption has been changing ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
from ownership to access during recent years ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
because of the shift in consumers’ ① perception of

value and the advancement of technology. With the
advent of online platforms that has made ② limited
number of tangible and intangible resources
accessible, ownership has lost its value in the
consumers’ mind. Consumers believe that access to
resources is associated with fewer risks than
ownership; for example, they believe that the
potential ③ financial and social loss is greater in the
purchase of a product than in the free or fee-based
access to the product. All these new changes and
beliefs have created a sharing practice named
“sharing economy” in which individuals share their
resources with others through online networks and
promote the culture of ④ collaborative
consumption. Sharing economy practices, which are
seen in different sectors, have become very popular
and started to ⑤ disrupt traditional businesses.
* advent: 등장, 출현 ** tangible: 유형의
[정답] ② limited를 unlimited와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
122
In medical sociology, a disease is considered an Worldwide increases in IQ scores of about 3 points
adverse physical state consisting of a physiological per decade over the last 100 years illustrate the
dysfunction within an individual, as compared to potential for _______________. This increase in
illness or sickness. In actual practice, the term IQ scores, known as the Flynn effect, has occurred
disease is applied rather liberally to a wide variety of far too quickly to represent genetic changes.
conditions that do not precisely fit the definition. Improvements in nutrition and other health factors
One of the more controversial areas relates to probably account for some of the change. Using
mental illness. It could be argued that many, if not information from the World Health Organization,
most, mental disorders would not be considered researchers have identified strong correlations
diseases under the definition above. The same could between a nation’s freedom from serious infectious
be said of other conditions that have been identified diseases and its citizens’ average IQ scores. As
as “diseases” at various times. Examples include nations become wealthier and more capable of
alcoholism and drug abuse. These conditions do not battling disease, their citizens’ IQ scores increase.
necessarily have the requisite clear-cut Surprisingly, the test score gains are most
symptomatology and underlying biological pronounced in supposed culture-free tests such as
pathology. They are nevertheless frequently treated the Raven’s Progressive Matrices. Participants born
as if they were diseases. One explanation for this is after 1990 scored far better on these tests than did
clear: In order for a condition to be treated by the participants born in 1940. This change might reflect
healthcare system, it must be identified as a disease. an improvement in the ability to manage dissimilar
Therefore, there is a tendency toward an overly items that accompanies living in a modern society.
broad conceptualization of disease.
① genetic evolution
② eradication of poverty
① Will Humanity Be Able To Conquer Diseases? ③ intellectual development
② Rise of New Diseases In The Modern Society ④ cultural exchange across borders
③ Misusing A Word Leads To A Controversy ⑤ technological advancement related to health
[정답] ③
④ Healthcare System For Combating Diseases
[해설]
⑤ Disease; Wider Use And Broader Meaning 지난 100년 간 세계적인 지능 지수 점수의 상승에는 영양과 건강 요인이 영향을 미쳤
[정답] ⑤ 으며, 이 현상에는 현대인들의 상이한 항목들을 관리하는 능력 향상이 반영되어 있다
[해설] 는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ③ ‘intellectual development (지적 발전)’이 가장
실제의 업무에서 ‘질환’이라는 용어가 정의보다 광범위하게 사용되어 더 넓은 개념을 적절하다.
표현한다는 내용이다. ⑤ 따라서 ‘Disease; Wider Use And Broader Meaning (질환; 보 ① 유전적 진화
다 넓은 사용과 광범위한 의미)’가 가장 적절하다. ② 빈곤 퇴치
① 인류는 질환을 정복할 수 있을 것인가? ④ 국경을 초월한 문화 교류
② 현대 사회에서의 새로운 질환의 발생 ⑤ 건강과 관련된 기술의 발전
③ 단어의 잘못된 사용이 논란으로 이어진다
④ 질환 퇴치를 위한 의료 제도
123
We are currently facing the challenge of There has been an effort by some economists to
maintaining our competitive edge in the rapidly ① commodify ecosystem services, which refer to
evolving market environment. Therefore, the benefits and resources that humans obtain from
management team and I would like you to explore natural ecosystems.
ways ② to address this challenge. Specifically, we
are looking for a 25% increase in maintenance (A) However, many ecosystem services are inherently
productivity within your work groups over the next non-excludable and non-rival and therefore
three months. To get started, we would like you to cannot and should not be commodified. They
meet with your team ③ to discuss this assignment. should also not be ignored. Public services serve
Following the discussion, you should outline your all members of the human community;
thoughts on ④ what to proceed and create a work economists recognize that these services are
plan. I would like to see your plan and review it with ill-suited to commodification and market
you in two weeks. This is a very important allocation.
undertaking for our department and for the (B) Some ecosystem services are rival, such as the
company. The management team and I look forward waste absorption capacity for greenhouse gases,
⑤ to seeing the innovative solutions you devise. so rationing is necessary. Making rationing
Your contributions are invaluable to our success. possible requires excludable property rights, for
Thank you. example, through auctionable emission permits.
[정답] ④ what을 how로 바꿔야 적절하다.

If emissions are limited to absorption capacity
and equitably distributed, commodification can
be both sustainable and just.
(C) Ecosystem services should not be defined as

nature’s benefits to people, but rather as
114 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 fund-services that benefit all members of the
하지 않은 것은? biotic community, not simply humans. Ecosystem
Kira was playing with her doll when she heard a services in general are an even worse fit for
voice singing. “Churi, churi. Little girls, come and commodification than public services.
see.” Kira ran to the window and saw a bangle seller * rationing: 배급 ** biotic: 생물의
with a basket on his head. He saw Kira and said,

“Come little girl, come and buy some churis.” She ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
wanted to buy some, but she couldn't, because her ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
mother had gone to the local market and there was
no one there to give her money. Kira’s heart sank at
the thought of not being ① unable to buy bangles.
When she told the seller about her situation, he said,
“Come and ② choose them at least. I’ll take the
money some other day.” After thinking for a while,
Kira went down. The bangle seller asked, ''Child,
which colour do you like best?” “Orange,” said Kira
and she ③ selected some bangles. By then, Kira’s
mother returned from the market and had a few
words with the seller before ④ paying for the
bangles. Kira was so glad. The sound of the bangles
hitting each other sounded like music to her. She ⑤
hummed her way back to her room.
[정답] ① unable을 able과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
124
116 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 117 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸
If we think about our feelings as being part of us (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
but not all that we are, then our feelings can feel In the lecture on memory, I ask my students to
more manageable. This idea is captured in this remember a list of words. It includes words like
metaphor: you are the blue sky; your feelings are the “dream” and “bed.” Then I ask them to write down
weather. If you are the blue sky and your feelings are the words they remember. Invariably, they
the weather, then just as the worst hurricane or (mis)remember hearing the word “sleep’' even
tornado can’t damage the blue sky, and it eventually though I never said the word “sleep.” The idea of
ends, your feelings can’t damage you, and eventually “sleep” is activated in the brain because other words
they will pass. Sometimes we just have to wait out in the same semantic network, words that have been
the storm. Does that mean it's fun to live through a associated with sleep through constant repetition,
tornado or a rainstorm? Of course not! Is it easier to have also been activated. The word “sleep” is
live your life when it’s sunny and 80 degrees retrieved as if it were really heard. When people hear
Fahrenheit compared to when it’s rainy and stormy? “bed,” they cannot help but hear “sleep.” When
Of course! But if I let the weather determine what I people hear “genes” or “intelligence” they cannot
can get done, I’ll forever be at the mercy of help but hear “race.” A reader new to this topic might
something I can’t control. Our job is to make space therefore be surprised to learn that there is zero
for our feelings, to be the blue sky, so we don’t have evidence that genetics explains racial differences in
to _____________________ and we can outcomes like education. Currently, stories about
continue to do the things that matter to us. genetically rooted racial differences in the complex
human traits relevant for social inequality in modem
industrialized economies — traits like persistence
① be worried of trivial relationships
and conscientiousness and creativity and abstract
② face the emotional crisis in the future
reasoning — are just that. They are stories.
③ put in effort to discover our true selves
④ engage in unhealthy habits to cope with our *** conscientiousness: 성실성
feelings 
⑤ watch out for the unpredictable change in our When people hear words, another word in the
emotions same semantic network is ____(A)____ even when
[정답] ④
[해설]
the association is ____(B)____.
감정은 우리의 전부가 아닌 일부이기 때문에 감정에 휘둘리지 말아야 한다는 내용이
다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ④ ’engage in unhealthy habits to cope with our feelings
(A) (B)
(감정에 대처하기 위해 건강하지 못한 습관적 행위를 하다)‘가 가장 적절하다. ① disclosed untrue
① 사소한 관계를 걱정하다
② 미래에 정서적 위기에 직면하다
② disclosed established
③ 진짜 모습을 찾기 위해 노력하다 ③ neglected unfounded
⑤ 예측할 수 없는 감정 변화를 경계하다
④ activated established
⑤ activated unfounded
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
→ 사람들이 단어를 들을 때, 연관성이 근거가 없는 경우에도 같은 의미망에 있는 다른
단어가 활성화된다.
어떠한 단어들을 들었을 때, 동일한 의미망에 있는 연관된 다른 단어 또한 들었던 것과
같이 생각하게 된다는 내용이다. 이때 ‘침대’와 ‘잠’처럼 실제로 연관이 되어 있을 수도
있고, ‘유전자’ 또는 ‘지능’과 ‘인종’처럼 연관성이 사실이 아닐 수 도 있다. 그러므로 ⑤
(A)에는 ‘활성화되다‘를 뜻하는 activated이, (B)에는 ‘근거가 없는’을 뜻하는
unfounded가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 밝혀지다 … 사실이 아닌
② 밝혀지다 … 확립된
③ 등한시되다 … 근거가 없는
④ 활성화되다 … 확립된
125
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 6번] groups, Albert would then face punishment from the
118 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? rest of the community. Collective ⑤ enforcement,
Simplifying a problem is what opens it up to then, is the essence of norms. This is what enables
mathematical analysis, so inevitably some biological the egalitarian political order so characteristic of the
details ① get lost in translation from the real world forager lifestyle.
to the equations. As a result, those who use * reciprocity: 호혜, 상호 이익 ** reprisal: 질책
mathematics are frequently criticized as being too
disinterested in those details. In his 1897 book [정답] ④ minority를 majority와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
Advice for a Young Investigator, Santiago Ramon y
Cajal (the father of modem neuroscience) wrote
about these reality-② avoided theorists in a chapter
entitled ‘Diseases of the Will’. He identified their
symptoms as ‘a facility for exposition, a creative and
restless imagination, an aversion to the laboratory,
and an indomitable dislike for concrete science and
seemingly unimportant data’. Cajal also ③ [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 8번]
complained about the theorist’s preference for 120 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
beauty over facts. Biologists study living things ④ 은?
that are abundant with specific traits and subtle Geoffrey Hinton was born in England in 1947. He
exceptions to any rule. Mathematicians — driven by chose to study psychology as an undergraduate at
simplicity, elegance and the need ⑤ to make things Cambridge because he wanted to explore his
manageable — silence that abundance when they put growing interest in neural networks.
it into equations.
* exposition: 설명 ** aversion: 혐오감 *** indomitable: 불굴의 (A) He felt certain he could better understand the
workings of the brain using tools from the
[정답] ② avoided를 avoiding으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
growing field of artificial neural networks, so he
went on to pursue a doctor’s degree in artificial
intelligence from the University of Edinburgh in
1972.
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 7번] (B) He quickly realized, however, that his professors
119 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 didn’t actually understand how neurons learned
하지 않은 것은? or computed. While the science of the day could
It’s important to distinguish what humans are explain the mechanics of electrical signals
doing, in following norms, from what other animals traveling from one neuron to another, no one
are doing in their related patterns of ① behavior. An could offer Hinton a compelling explanation for
animal that decides not to pick a fight is, in most the emergence of intelligence from these billions
cases, simply worried about the risk of getting of interactions.
injured — not about some ② abstract “norm against (C) In his subsequent research, he sought to create
violence.” Likewise, an animal that shares food with interconnected layers of information using
animals outside of its group is typically just trying to hardware and software, just as the human brain
get future reciprocity — not following some “norm of spreads information around its dense web of
food-sharing.” The incentives surrounding true connected neurons. Throughout his career,
norms are more ③ complex. When we do something Hinton has held positions at various institutions,
"wrong,", we have to worry about reprisal not just including Carnegie Mellon University and the
from the wronged party but also from third parties. University of Toronto.
Frequently, this means the entire rest of our local
group, or at least a ④ minority of it. Big strong ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
Albert could easily steal from weak Bob without ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
fearing trouble from Bob himself, but in human ② (B)-(A)-(C)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
126
From an evolutionary standpoint, ensuring the (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
continuation of our species (specifically, our genetic In most business settings it is desirable to put
descendants) is the meaning and purpose of life. But competitors out of business. Naturally, fewer
as intelligent animals, who can make decisions competitors mean more available customers.
based on morality rather than biology, we could ask However, this is not always the case in sport. In fact,
whether preserving our genome is worth any cost. sport organizations that compete in leagues actually
Individual humans can and occasionally do make rely on the health of their competitors for their own
the choice to sacrifice their own lives in order to save success. For example, fans are often more attracted
the lives of other humans, or even non-human to a game where there is a close contest, and the
animals. But let’s examine that choice, between winner is unknown in advance. Dominating a league
biology and morality, on a global scale: What if or competition can be self-defeating, because the
preserving the human species means eliminating or interest of fans can fade. When it is difficult to
abandoning all other life on Earth? What if it means predict who will win a match, sport leagues attract
humankind exists only in a state of misery and higher attendances and viewers. Ironically, in order
deprivation, in an eternally inhospitable and alien to remain successful, leagues and competitions need
environment? This is not to argue that space as many of their clubs to be competitive as possible.
settlement will definitely result in these worst-case When the outcome of a match is highly predictable,
scenarios, but rather to ask whether there is any it will not attract large crowd numbers and
imaginable case in which _________________. eventually it will reduce ticket, media and
* genome: 게놈(세포나 생명체의 유전자 총체) ** alien: 이질적인 sponsorship revenue. It is important for sport that
there is a healthy, competitive balance between
① human beings take over the universe teams. This leads to uncertainty about who will win a
② mankind is a threat to other living organisms contest, and encourages fans to watch.
③ human extinction becomes the more ethical choice * revenue: 수익
④ preservation of genes of all animals become 
possible Sports leagues should be ____(A)____ and
⑤ human sacrifice is forced, rather than being a ____(B)____ to successfully attract the audience.
matter of choice
[정답] ③ (A) (B)
[해설]
인간은 지적인 생물로 자신의 유전자를 보존할지, 도덕적 가치에 따라 결정할지 선택
① indifferent clear
할 수 있다는 내용이다. 인류의 보존이 비윤리적인 결과로 이어지는 극단적인 상황을 ② indifferent predictable
가정할 때 어떠한 결정을 내릴지 생각해봐야 한다고 말하고 있다. 그러므로 빈칸으로
는 ③ ’human extinction becomes the more ethical choice (인류의 멸종이 더 윤리적
③ competitive unforeseeable
인 선택이 된다)‘가 가장 적절하다. ④ competitive predictable
① 인간이 우주를 지배하다
② 인류는 다른 생물에게 위협이 된다
⑤ comparative unforeseeable
④ 모든 동물의 유전자를 보존할 수 있게 된다 [정답] ③
⑤ 인간의 희생이 강요되며, 선택의 문제가 되지 않는다 [해설]
→ 스포츠 리그는 관객들을 성공적으로 끌어들이기 위해 경쟁적이고 예측하기 어려워
야 한다.
대부분의 비즈니스 환경과는 달리 스포츠에서는 팬들이 승자를 예측하기 힘든 경기에
매력을 느끼기 때문에 균형있는 경쟁이 중요하다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ③ (A)에는 ‘경
쟁적인’을 뜻하는 competitive가, (B)에는 ‘예측하기 힘든’을 뜻하는 unforeseeable이
들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 그저 그런… 명확한
② 그저 그런… 예측 가능한
④ 경쟁적인 … 예측 가능한
⑤ 상대적인 … 예측하기 힘든
127
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 14번] regardless of the ④ convictions they hold or that the
123 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? group shares. It is not just a matter of being
The fact that the young brain is in a constant state connected to “bad” people; the number and pattern
of absorption should give us pause. Regulations are of social ⑤ isolation is also crucial. Aspects of the
in place ① to prevent certain types of companies social suite, such as cooperation and social
from marketing directly to children. These are good networks, work together.
measures, but they also provide a false sense of * altruistic: 이타적인 ** exploitative: 남을 이용해 먹는
*** vice versa: 그 반대도 마찬가지이다
security. Why? Just like with language learning,
young children don’t need ads explicitly ② directed [정답] ⑤ isolation을 connections와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
at them to learn about a product, or the consumer
world in general. ③ Think about ads on websites,
TV, mobile, and social media, and in video games.
Children are showered with repeated exposure to
thousands of ads for hundreds of brands, and their
spongy, malleable brains are constantly ④ taking
this information in. In a study, researchers
discovered that kids are exposed to so many ads that
they will have memorized three hundred to four [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 16번]
hundred brands before their tenth birthday. 125 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
은?
Creepily, children grow up forming relationships
Our natural survival instinct is to seek comfort in
with a select number of these brands ⑤ what last
temperatures that keep us around 68 to 72 degrees
well into the future, like friends you didn’t know they
Fahrenheit (20-22.2 °C).
had.
* malleable: 영향을 잘 받는 ** creepily: 오싹하게
(A) We lower our daily breathing rate, improve our
[정답] ⑤ what을 that으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
muscle tissue, and raise our threshold for
handling stress. Evidence shows that we are at our
best — physically harder, mentally tougher, and
spiritually sounder — after experiencing the same
discomforts our early ancestors were exposed to
every day.
(B) By getting outside of this comfort zone and
하지 않은 것은? stressing the cellular functioning of the body
People often think that personality traits such as either by using heat and cold in the same session
kindness are fixed. But our research with groups or focusing on one temperature extreme, we
suggests something quite ① different: the tendency strengthen our physiological systems.
to be altruistic or exploitative may depend heavily on (C) The lack of temperature change caused by indoor
how the social world is organized. So if we took the lifestyles and misalignment with nature has taken
same population of people and ② assigned them to us far from our ancestorial upbringing, and it
one social world, we could make them really continues to weaken the nervous system. By
generous to one another, and if we put them in intentionally placing ourselves into the heat or
another sort of world, we could make them really cold, we become our best physically, mentally,
mean or indifferent to one another. Crucially, this and even spiritually.
indicates that the tendency to cooperate is a ③ * physiological: 생리적인 ** threshold: 역(감각, 반응을 일으키는
property not only of individuals but also of groups. 들어맞지 않음)
Cooperation depends on the rules governing the
formation of friendship ties. Good people can do bad ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
things (and vice versa) simply as a result of the ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
structure of the network which they belong to, ② (B)-(A)-(C)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
128
126 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은? 127 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Suppose a child plays at make-believe. She barks, Your children establish their social comfort and
crawls on all fours, and says, “I’m a puppy!” In order skills early in their lives by observing you in your
to make the claim, her brain must construct the key own social life and through the social experiences
proposition “I’m a puppy” as well as contain the they have. These first social experiences become the
information that puppies bark and walk on all fours. defaults that will guide and shape the quality and
And yet that information exists in a larger context. quantity of their relationships throughout their
Her brain contains a vast net of information, lives. Genetics clearly has an influence on these
including “I’m not really a puppy,” “I’m making it up defaults; research has demonstrated that children
to play a game,” ‘I’m a little girl,” and so on. Some of are born with a certain temperament, including
that information is present at a cognitive and where they lie on the continuum of introversion to
linguistic level. Much of it is at a deeper, sensory or extraversion. But, as the saying goes, “genetics are
perceptual level. Her body schema is constructed not destiny”; the messages that your children get
automatically, beneath higher cognition, and it from you early in their lives about how they should
describes the physical layout of a human body, not a interact with others will influence how their genetic
puppy body. She sees her human hands in front of predispositions will be expressed. In this interaction
her, and the visual information confirms her human of genes and upbringing, your children will develop
identity. She remembers eating breakfast cereal with social defaults that trigger social ease,
a spoon, going to school, reading a book — all human connectedness, and healthy relationships, or social
activities. The claim “I’m a Puppy” is a superficial anxiety, loneliness, and dysfunctional relationships.
proposition that is inconsistent with her deepest * default: 기본 값 ** temperament: 기질 *** introversion: 내향성
internal models.
* proposition: 명제 ** cognitive: 인지의 ① Nature vs. Nurture: Nurturing Social Defaults for
Lifelong Well-being
① development of identity as a human from a puppy ② Beyond Genetics: The Power of Parenting in
② confusion of identity caused by the claim “I’m a Cultivating Positive Social Outcomes
puppy” ③ Parental Influence on Social Defaults: Molding
③ advantage of using visual input to strengthen a Healthy Relationships from the Start
child’s human identity ④ The Crucial Role of Early Social Experiences in
④ complex thinking process under a proposition of a Shaping Your Child's Future Relationships
made up identity ⑤ Unlocking the Social Blueprint: How Parents
⑤ variety of information in the shallow level when Impact Their Children's Relationship Defaults
playing at make-believe [정답] ③
[해설] 자녀의 사회적 기본설정 형성을 위한 부모의 역할을 강조하고, 어릴 때부터 건
[정답] ④
강한 관계를 형성한다는 목표를 강조하기에 ③ Parental Influence on Social Defaults:
[해설]
Molding Healthy Relationships from the Start(부모의 영향력: 처음부터 건강한 관계
가장 놀이를 하는 아이가 자신이 강아지라고 주장할 때, 아이의 두뇌에서는 자신이 실
를 형성하는 것)이 적절하다.
제로 강아지가 아니며 게임을 하려고 꾸며내고 있다는 등의 방대한 정보가 존재하며,
① 자연 vs. 양육 : 평생 행복을 위한 사회적 기본 설정 양육
이를 바탕으로 자신이 인간의 정체성을 가지고 있다는 것을 확인한다는 내용이다. 그
② 유전을 넘어서: 긍정적인 사회적 성과를 기르는 육아의 힘
러므로 주제로는 ④ complex thinking process under a proposition of a made up
④ 자녀의 미래관계 형성에 있어서 초기 사회적 경험의 중요한 역할
identity (꾸며낸 정체성에 대한 명제 아래의 복잡한 사고 과정)’이 가장 적절하다.
⑤ 사회적 청사진 해제: 부모가 자녀의 관계 기본 설정에 미치는 영향
① 강아지에서 인간으로서의 정체성 개발
② "나는 강아지"라는 주장으로 인한 정체성의 혼란
③ 아이의 인간 정체성을 강화하는 데 시각적 입력을 사용하는 이점
⑤ 가장 놀이를 할 때 얕은 수준에 놓인 다양한 정보
129
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 19번] spread the word. Other neurons are ④ inhibitory
128 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? and basically tell you to shut up. And every time the
When different cultures meet, whether at the neuron has such a conversation with its different
societal level or in the company, ideas about how neighbors or long-distance pals, it remembers the
things ① should be done often clash. To resolve it, message either to spread the word or be silent, so
we typically make the assumption that others should that when the rumor comes round again, the neuron
change to be more like us. And we can enforce this responds with more certainty. This is because the
view because we are in power — either as the boss in connections between the neurons have become ⑤
an organization or as the dominant culture in a strengthened by repeatedly firing together.
country. But assuming ② that the dominant person * tentacle 촉수 ** pal: 친구
or country has the right rules and the right way is, in
itself, anathema to innovating. Self-satisfied people [정답] ③ disconnected를 connected와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
are not good innovators. So when you ask people ③
to do something not consistent with their cultural
background, ask yourself whether you should be
rethinking your assumptions about what works best. [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 21번]
For example, free-flowing talk is usually ④ 130 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
considering the hallmark of a good meeting. 은?
Everybody just jumps in whenever they have a Conventional economics uses the phrase “factors
thought. However, in some cultures, this is of production.” Factors of production are the inputs
considered rude and pushy, so some people with into a production process necessary to create any
excellent ideas may not speak up. One solution output. For example, when you make a pizza, you
might be to strengthen their group skills but other need a cook, a kitchen with an oven, and the raw
methods are to occasionally ask everyone ⑤ to ingredients.
express an opinion in turn, ask for ideas in writing,
or table an idea on someone else’s behalf. (A) Thousands of years ago, Aristotle discussed this
* hallmark: 특징 ** anathema: 아주 싫어하는 것 important distinction and divided causation
(factors) into material cause, that which is
[정답] ④ considering을 considered로 바꿔야 적절하다.
transformed, and efficient cause, that which
causes the transformation without itself being
transformed in the process. Raw ingredients are
the material cause, and the cook and kitchen are
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 20번] the efficient cause.
129 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 (B) If you think about it carefully, however, you will
clearly see that the cook and kitchen are different
Like some strange alien creature extending in some fundamental ways from the raw
tentacles, each neuron is simultaneously connected ingredients. The cook and kitchen are
to up to thousands of other neurons. It is the ① approximately the same after making the pizza as
combined activity of information coming in that before, though just a bit more worn out.
determines whether a neuron is active or not. When
(C) The raw ingredients, however, are used up,
the sum of this activity reaches a tipping point, the
transformed first into the pizza itself, then rapidly
neuron fires, ② discharging a small chemical
thereafter into waste. The cook and kitchen are
electrical signal and setting off a chain reaction in its
not physically embodied in the pizza, but the raw
connections. In effect, each neuron is a bit like a
ingredients are.
microprocessor because it computes the combined
activity of all the other neurons it is ③ disconnected
to. It’s a bit like spreading a rumor in a ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
neighborhood. Some of your neighboring neurons ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
are excitatory and, like good friends, want to help ③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
130
A society needs to raise children to replace its Primates are capable of sophisticated forms of
members who die, or the society would disappear reasoning in naturalistic settings, especially when
over a couple of generations. One could, therefore, their food — or position in the social hierarchy — is in
think of the production of children as a positive danger. However, it is unclear ______________.
externality. Those who do not have children benefit In the 1940s, the primatologist Harry Harlow made
from the child-rearing labors of those who do; they an interesting discovery. In a series of experiments,
enjoy a society of varied ages in which to live as they monkeys learnt to choose between two visual
grow older, and a labor force of younger people is objects, one of which was rewarded and one was not.
available to support them in their retirement. Harlow noted with surprise that each time the task
Should all then share in the economic costs of raising was restarted with two entirely novel objects, the
the children? In the United States, the cost of monkeys learnt slightly faster. In fact, their
educating children is borne collectively through the performance continued to accelerate over hundreds
system of public education, but most other costs of of new object sets, until eventually the monkeys
raising children are treated as private costs of the could respond almost perfectly from the second trial
parents. In about half of the world’s states, however, onwards. Harlow argued that over the course of
the full society assumes some of the responsibility repeated pairings, the monkeys had learnt how to
for all costs of child rearing by giving direct grants to learn. It seems that the monkeys learnt something
families with children. These grants are often pegged abstract about the relations between the two stimuli
to the median income of workers in the country: the in each pairing — that if one was rewarded, the other
government might give 10 percent of the country’s was not. By generalizing this knowledge to new
median income to any family with two children, for pairings, they could learn ever faster. Human
example. children tested in a comparable fashion showed the
* positive externality: 긍정적인 외부 효과(경제적 거래의 결과로 same ability.
*** versatile: 다방면적인
① ways to reduce child-rearing costs
② the worth of a family with children
① what makes primates respond to new stimuli
③ how to raise children economically
② how easily they can learn in naturalistic settings
④ the part of the government in raising children
③ how versatile their relational reasoning might be
⑤ the association between parents and their children
④ how quickly primates adapt to new environments
[정답] ④
[해설] 정부와 사회가 아이를 키우는 데 참여하는 역할에 대해 논하며 어린이 양육의 ⑤ why primates are able to choose between two
경제적 비용이 공동으로 나눠져야 하는지에 대한 의문을 제기하기에 ④the part of
different visual
the government in raising children (육아에 있어서의 정부의 역할) 이 적절하다.
[정답] ③
①양육비를 줄이는 방법
[해설] 원숭이들이 자극물 간의 관계를 학습하고 이 지식을 일반화하여 시간이 흐름에
②자녀가 있는 가정의 가치
따라 빠르게 학습하는 능력을 강조하며, 그 결과 다양성에 관한 불분명한 측면에 주목
③아이들을 경제적으로 기르는 방법
하기에 ③ how versatile their relational reasoning might be(그들의 관계적 추론이 얼
⑤부모와 자식 사이의 관계
마나 다양할지)이 적절하다.
① 무엇이 영장류가 새로운 자극에 대응하게 하는지
② 자연적인 환경에서 그들이 얼마나 쉽게 학습하는지
④ 영장류가 얼마나 빨리 새로운 환경에 적응하는지
⑤왜 영장류가 두 가지 다른 시각적 대상 중에서 선택할 수 있는지
131
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 24-25번] [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 1번]
In the 1930s, the English psychologist Sir Frederic 하지 않은 것은?
Bartlett proposed ① that we gradually build up our Thank you for your offer of the pharmacist
knowledge of the world from events we experience, position. The position is ① attractive to me because I
and that these experiences are then clustered in have a strong passion for healthcare and a desire to
organized mental structures he called “schemata.” make a positive impact on patients’ lives. As I
In turn, these schemata (or “schemas”) are used to indicated in our last interview, however, I was ②
help us understand new experiences and form appointed to learn that your company would not be
frameworks ② which to remember them. One in a position to reimburse tuition costs for my
potential downside of this arrangement is that it is ongoing study toward a Doctor of Pharmacy degree,
relatively difficult for us ③ to understand and currently a ③ primary professional goal of mine. On
remember information and events that do not fit our March 14, I was offered another position by a
current schemata. One of Bartlett’s classic company whose benefits package includes tuition ④
demonstrations was to present an unusual North reimbursement. Because I expect these costs to be
American folktale to an English university student to substantial in the next two years, I have decided to
learn and recall. The student’s written recall differed accept this position. I sincerely appreciate the time
from the original by being shorter and omitting a you have taken and the special interest you have
number of details. This first student’s written recall shown in me during the interview. Thank you again
was then given to a second student ④ to learn and for your ⑤ consideration.
* pharmacist: 약사 * reimburse: 변제하다, 상환하다
recall with the result that more unusual details were
*** substantial: 상당한
dropped out of his reproduction, but other details
[정답] ② appointed를 disappointed와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
were added, apparently to make the story more
coherent and comprehensible to English ears. This
procedure was repeated until a series of ten students
had learned the previous reproduction and
produced their own versions. By the end of the
series, the reproductions were much shorter, the
supernatural details in the original ⑤ had been lost,
Bartlett’s findings, with a story progressively
a tape recorder!
(pl. schemata) ** coherent: 일관된 *** metaphor: 은유
[정답] ② which를 in which로 바꿔야 적절하다.
132
135 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것 136 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다.
은? 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
One day, Captain Hall, the famous Arctic explorer, Think about the changes that have taken place in
went in a small boat to visit a certain island which he our world over the past 100 years. The first to come
wanted to explore. The boat was fastened to a piece to mind are probably the spectacular scientific and
of rock on the shore. technological achievements of the past century —
motor vehicles, aircraft, the telephone, radio and TV,
(A) What was to be done? To swim towards the boat computers and genetic engineering. Each new
was out of the question in such a climate. He did development creates its own demand for legal
the only thing that seemed possible. He unwound change. Consider, for example, the vast body of law
the thongs that fastened his boots to create a line which has grown up around the motor vehicle: there
about twenty feet long. are regulations governing such matters as the
(B) He attached a heavy stone to its end and threw it construction and maintenance of motor vehicles, the
into the boat, pulling the boat to the shore. It was conduct of drivers on the road and even where
with unspeakable comfort that Captain Hall once vehicles may be parked. Indeed, almost half of the
more entered it and felt he was saved from criminal cases tried by magistrates’ courts are
inevitable starvation — saved by a shoe-string! directly related to the use of motor vehicles. The
increasing volume of traffic on the roads and the
(C) When he returned from his expedition, he
resulting inexorable rise in traffic accidents have
discovered the tide had risen and floated his boat,
also led to developments in the civil law, especially
which was quite out of reach. Captain Hall feared
in the areas of the law of tort and insurance.
the extreme danger in which he was placed. The
boat was the only connecting link between him ** inexorable: 끊임없는 **tort: 불법 행위
and the living world, and it was beyond his reach. 
It is observed that the great ____(A)____ might
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) have legal concerns whose ____(B)____ is not as
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) straightforward as expected.
(A) (B)
① inventors implementation
② engineers interpretation
③ scientists application
④ legislators adaptation
⑤ lawmakers executuion
[정답] ③
[해설]
→ 위대한 과학자들이 법적인 문제를 가지고 있을지도 모른다는 관측이 나오고 있는
데, 그들의 적용은 생각만큼 간단하지 않습니다.
변화하는 세계에서 과학적 발전과 법적 의미 사이의 복잡한 관계를 강조하면서 위대
한 과학자들이 그 적용이 예상만큼 간단하지 않은 법적 문제를 가질 수 있음을 나타내
므로 (A)scientists(과학자들) (B) application (적용)이 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요
약할 수 있다.
(A) (B)
① 발명가들 실행
② 기술자들 해석
④ 입법자들 적용
⑤ 국회의원 실행
133
137 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈 138 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? As parents, we spend countless hours debating on
Sometimes pursuing the truth about some the freedoms we ① should allow our children. Too
question would be morally worse than not pursuing much freedom may lead to mischief while not
it. This may be because, as in the case of nuclear enough may stifle their growth. How much should
weapons research, the answer itself may prove be allowed? I am always ② reminded of a circus
dangerous or harmful. But it may also be because the elephant when in a discussion on freedom. When the
manner of pursuing that truth is dangerous or elephant is a baby, it learns restriction by being
harmful, or simply morally wrong independently of tethered to a small stake with a four-foot piece of
its consequences. Consider the Nazi or Tuskegee chain. The elephant is trained to know ③ that its
experiments: it is not the information pursued that individual freedom is restricted to that small four
is morally bad here, but the manner in which that feet. As the elephant grows stronger and larger, it
information is pursued. And we need not resort to still thinks that it has no more freedom outside of
such dramatic cases. The National Institutes of those four feet. Although the power to move ④ what
Health and the National Science Foundation heavily stake and run free is immense, it will not attempt to
monitor contemporary scientific research that break the stake or the chains because of what it
involves any sort of experiment involving human perceives as being able to. Are you a victim of your
subjects. In cases where the only way in which we own restraints as well? Do you not move beyond
can obtain certain scientific information is harmful your four feet circle because you think you are not ⑤
to other people, we generally feel — rightly — that the allowed to? Be bold. Step outside your circle and see
information is not worth pursuing, all things if you can grow. Without breakthroughs, there
considered. So in deciding whether to pursue a cannot be change.
particular line of inquiry, we must first determine * mischief: 나쁜 행동[짓] ** stifle: 억누르다
whether pursuing that line might conflict with our *** tether: (동물을 밧줄로 말뚝에) 매어 놓다
other values, moral or otherwise.


In deciding to pursue a specific inquiry, it's vital to
assess if the ____(A)____ may result in harm or
ethical issues and if there's a chance ____(B)____
with our other values.
(A) (B)
① Exploration Conflicts
② Exploration Disparities
③ Attainment Discord
④ Acquisition Incompatibilities
⑤ Discovery Contradictions
[정답] ①
[해설]
→ 구체적인 탐구를 결정할 때는 탐구가 도덕적 문제나 해를 끼칠 수 있는지, 우리의
다른 가치들과 충돌할 가능성이 있는지를 평가할 필요가 있습니다.
특정 조사 방향에서 진실을 찾는 과정과 그것이 가지는 잠재적인 결과 또는 윤리적 우
려를 평가하는 것에 대한것이므로 ① (A)Exploration(탐색) (B)Conflict(충돌)이 적절하
다.
① 탐색 충돌
② 탐색 차이
③ 달성 불일치
④ 취득 비호환성
⑤ 발견 모순
134
The most effective way to defuse racial ideology is Negotiators can make options more palatable by
to bring people from different ethnic backgrounds enhancing the attractiveness of accepting them.
together under conditions that ① enable them to
deal with one another as individuals and discover (A) Promises and offers can be made more attractive
that ideologies obscure important aspects of people in several ways: maximizing the attractive
and the realities of their lives. However, this is qualities and minimizing the negative ones,
difficult when teachers, coaches and employers ② showing how the offer meets the other party’s
maintain a belief in the myth of black natural needs, reducing the disadvantages of accepting
physical talent and a lack of cognitive skills. Social the offer, making offers more credible by
scientist Ellis Cashmore illustrates this with an providing third-party references or factual
experience of receiving a telephone call from a black support, or setting deadlines on offers so they
journalist writing for a major newspaper. The expire if not accepted quickly.
journalist asked why no one actually ③ expressed (B) This is a matter of placing emphasis on the
what he believed to be an absolute truth: that black positive rather than the negative. In the language
athletes have a ‘natural edge’. The very fact that a of traditional carrot-and-stick tactics for
talented black journalist believed this ④ defective motivating workers, the approach should make
theory is evidence to its power and the difficulties in the carrot more attractive rather than enlarging
escaping expectations based on racial ideology. the stick.
When such myths maintain credibility in society,
(C) Many would argue that these are common sales
black people are regarded as ⑤ suited to, or
tricks similar to discount coupons,
unwanted for, study, work and other activities that
two-for-the-price-of-one offers, “today only”
demand mental rather than physical skills.
sales, and extra-added-attraction elements. They
are! Negotiators can and should use the same
[정답] ⑤ suited를 unsuited와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다. techniques that salespeople use to move their
products.
* palatable: 마음에 드는
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
135
141 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈 142 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? In the worldview of the Cree hunter, humans do
Benny Goodman is one of the greatest clarinetists not control the hunt. The fish and game are not there
of all time. Born in 1909 in Chicago, he began taking simply to be taken. Rather it is the animals who
lessons at the age of 10. With a natural inborn talent, control the success of the hunt by offering
he made rapid progress and was soon playing themselves willingly to people (or, conversely,
professionally. He was strongly influenced by New choosing to withhold themselves from a hunter).
Orleans jazz, and it played an important role in his The Cree credit animals with knowing the same
music throughout his life. At 16, he joined the Ben things that people know and being able to
Pollack Orchestra in Chicago, which at the time was communicate and share that knowledge with people.
one of the top bands in the United States. He was Humans and animals are in a relationship of
soon making recordings, and it wasn’t long before he reciprocity, just as humans are in relationship with
formed his own band. Although Goodman was other humans. Indeed, anthropologists argue even
relatively well known before 1935, it was the change more generally that in all cultures, including those
in his style that occurred in the Palomar Ballroom in that are modem and postmodern, there are
Los Angeles that really caused his career to take off. profound connections between the ways that people
And a few years later, he was playing in Carnegie engage with each other and with other species.
Hall in New York City. At the time, this was * Cree: 크리족(북아메리카 원주민) ** reciprocity: 호혜
something new for a jazz orchestra. The concert was ***anthropologist: 인류학자
a tremendous success. After years of appealing only

to specialized audiences, jazz had finally broken ① Control and Reciprocity: A Cree Hunter's
through and was being accepted by mainstream Worldview
audiences. ② Modern and Postmodern Perspectives on Hunting

Practices

③ The Role of Knowledge Sharing in Successful
Benny Goodman, a highly ____(A)____
Hunts: A Cree Perspective
clarinetist, marking a significant moment in jazz
④ Anthropological Insights on Human-Animal
history as it gained broader ____(B)____.
Connections in Various Cultures
⑤ The Mutual Relationship between Humans and
(A) (B)
Animals in Cree Hunting Culture
① renowned acceptance
[정답] ①
② accomplished acknowledgment [해설] 크리족 문화에서는 인간과 동물 간에 상호 호혜적인 관계가 있으며, 람들이 서
로 또는 다른 종과 상호 작용하는 방식 사이에 깊은 연결이 있다고 인류학자들이 주장
③ celebrated acceptance
하므로 ① Control and Reciprocity: A Cree Hunter's Worldview(통제와 상호 호혜: 크
④ celebrated acknowledgement 리 사냥꾼의 세계관)이 적절하다.
② 수렵관행에 관한 근대와 포스트모던의 관점
⑤ distinguished player
③ 성공적인 사냥에서 지식공유의 역할: 크리적 관점
[정답] ③ ④ 다양한 문화권에서의 인간과 동물의 관계에 대한 인류학적 통찰
[해설] ⑤ 크리 수렵문화에서 인간과 동물의 상호관계
→ 대단히 저명한 클라리넷 연주자인 베니 굿맨은 더 광범위한 인정을 얻으면서 재즈
역사에 중요한 순간을 기념했습니다.
Benny Goodman은 클라리넷 연주자로서 높은 평판과 명성을 갖고 있고 palomar
ballroom에서의 음악스타일 변화로 인해 재즈가 일반 대중들로부터 얻은 더 넓은 인
정을 나타내기에 (A)renowned(저명한)(B) acceptance(인정)이 들어가야 글의 내용을
가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
(A) (B)
② 완성된 승인
③ 기념하는 인정
④ 기념하는 승인
⑤ 훌륭한 연주자
136
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 13번] restrictions). On the other hand, among ④
143 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? corporate executives or university faculties, blacks,
Stay-at-home parents have new employment Asians, Latinos, and women all faced exclusion in
options in our internet economy. Over the last few the past and remain under-represented today;
decades many women ① have self-employed. Such therefore, in these areas all four groups ought to be
an arrangement gives them greater flexibility over ⑤ beneficiaries of affirmative action.
their hours and days of work. The rise of remote * affirmative action: (인종·남녀 차별 등으로 인한) 사회적 약자 우대
work could further increase opportunities for them.
Internet platforms such as Withinwork are [정답] ② majority를 minority와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
two-sided platforms as workers ② seeking

employment post their resumes and employers
seeking workers post their tasks. Artificial
intelligence (AI) algorithms play a key ③
matchmaking role here by gathering and presenting
the set of job opportunities a person sees. I set up my
profile on Withinwork and was impressed with the
alternative tasks ④ that I was offered by the AI. As
with any two-sided matching platform, the more job
offerings an applicant sees, the more likely that
person ⑤ will find value in the platform. In this [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 15번]
sense, as remote work grows as a socially high-status 145 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
activity, this process will gain its own momentum. 은?
* momentum: 힘, 탄력 Predictions of technological unemployment have
recurred since the onset of the Industrial
[정답] ① have를 have been으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
Revolution.
(A) Casual observers have often tended “to overstate

the extent of machine substitution for human
labor,” which was readily observable; they
“repeatedly underestimated the demand for the
work of human beings that would remain.”
하지 않은 것은? (B) That is because technology both substitutes for
Considerable debate exists as to the appropriate labor — in particular, less-skilled labor — and
beneficiaries of affirmative action. In the United complements labor, or makes it more productive,
States, supporters of affirmative action hoped that, thus generating new demand for labor.
by expanding the coverage to apply to many ① (C) But the recurring reality was one of economic
majority groups, they would broaden the political growth through creative destruction. Yes,
base favoring such programs. In practice, however, machines destroyed lots of jobs, often with
the wider coverage has diluted, in the minds of devastating effects on displaced workers for
some, the moral argument in favor of a program whom new jobs were often too late or out of reach.
intended to help the most obvious victims of Over time, however, job destruction freed up
governmental ② discrimination: African Americans labor and capital that went into new and usually
and Native Americans. Some argue that the context better jobs and higher incomes.
matters. Thus, because Asian Americans and women * recur: 되풀이되다, 반복하다 ** onset: 시작, 개시
are generally not under-represented among
university student bodies, affirmative action ③ ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
admissions for them would now be inappropriate ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
(though they should not be singled out for ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
137
The most common situation in which musical Two Northwestern University marketing
equipment becomes an instrument is in live researchers, David Gal and Derek Rucker,
performance. Playing the piano is generally conducted research using framing techniques to
associated with performance in realtime, and make people feel uncertain. For example, they told
computer-based musical instruments are one group to remember a time when they were full of
increasingly being played in real-time. For example, certainty, and the other group to remember a time
laptop computers are increasingly used in when they were full of doubt. Then they asked the
performance by live electronic musicians even in participants whether they were meat eaters,
preference to keyboard synthesizers, groove boxes, vegetarians, vegans, or otherwise, how important
and turntables. One thing that changes in computer this was to them, and how confident they were in
performances is that the gestural relationship with their opinions. People who were asked to remember
sound is sometimes less direct. In acoustic a time of uncertainty were less confident of their
instrument performance the musician’s gestures are eating choices. However, when asked to write their
translated into sound. Many instruments have a beliefs to persuade someone else to eat the way they
one-to-one gesture-to-sound relationship, including did, they would write more and stronger arguments
the press of the piano or synthesizer key, or the slide than those who were certain of their choice. Gal and
of the finger of the guitar fretboard; each translates Rucker performed the research with different topics
gesture into a direct audible result. Many electronic (for example, preferences for a Mac versus a
and computer-based instruments have a Windows computer) and found similar results.
one-to-many gesture-to-sound relationship when a When people were less certain, they would dig in and
mouse gesture or parameter movement changes the argue even harder.
complexity of a rhythmic part, or the timbre and * framing: 프레이밍(생각의 틀 짜기)
volume of an entire ensemble of musical voices.
* fretboard: (기타의) 지판 ** parameter: 파라미터, 매개 변수 ① Strong Belief Always Wins Uncertainty
*** timbre: 음색 ② Uncertainty Breeds Stronger Argument
③ How to Use Framing Techniques to Persuade People
① What Relationship Do Gestures Have to Sound in ④ Ability to Persuade Depends on Confidence and
Computer Performances? Certainty
② How Do Computer-based Musical Instruments ⑤ The More Confident People Feel, the More Likely
Make a Direct Audible Result? They Are to Make a Decision
③ How Is Sound Changed When Using Electronic and [정답] ②
Computer-based Instruments? [해설]

확신이 더 적을 때 사람들은 단호해지고 훨씬 더 강하게 주장한다는 내용이다. 그러므
④ Which Gesture-to-Sound Relationship is Preferred 로 제목으로는 ② ‘Uncertainty Breeds Stronger Argument(불확실성은 더 강한 주장
These Days, One-to-One or One-to-Many? 을 낳는다)’가 가장 적절하다.

① 강한 믿음은 불확실성을 항상 이긴다
⑤ What Distinguishes Acoustic Instruments From ③ 사람들을 설득하기 위해 프레이밍 기술을 사용하는 방법
Computer-based Ones in terms of Complexity? ④ 설득하는 능력은 자신감과 확실성에 달려있다
⑤ 사람들이 자신감을 더 가질수록 결정을 내릴 가능성이 더 높아진다
[정답] ①
[해설]
일대일의 손놀림 대 음 관계를 갖고 있는 어쿠스틱 악기와 달리 컴퓨터 기반 악기는 일
대다의 손놀림 대 음 관계를 갖는다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ① ‘What
Relationship Do Gestures Have to Sound in Computer Performances?(컴퓨터 연주
에서 손놀림은 음과 어떤 관계를 갖는가?)’가 가장 적절하다.
② 컴퓨터 기반 악기는 어떻게 곧바로 들을 수 있는 결과를 만드는가?
③ 전자 및 컴퓨터 기반 악기를 사용할 때 소리는 어떻게 바뀌는가?
④ 일대일과 일대다 중 요즘은 어떤 손놀림 대 음 관계가 선호되는가?
⑤ 복잡성의 관점에서 어쿠스틱 악기를 컴퓨터 기반 악기와 구별 짓는 것은 무엇인가?
138
148 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? 150 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적
In the same way that it is sometimes advisable ① 절한 곳은?
to take a momentary break, or “fast,” from some of However, other ethical issues involve factors that
our food, beverages, and habits, a media fast may be are unique to climbing and thus cannot be resolved
good for your system. ② Spending a set period of by invoking broader moral rules.
time unplugged can clarify for you the advantages

and disadvantages of your media practices. Life One obvious area where climbing and philosophy
without electronic devices momentarily ③ separates intersect is with regard to the normative dimension
you from constant distraction, online of climbing — the ethical or unethical behavior of
advertisements, and artificial blue light. You’ll have climbers. ( ① ) Some of the ethical issues in
more time for other things, like physical activity, climbing involve a straightforward extension of
face-to-face interaction, and even solitude. You’ll more general moral principles. ( ② ) For example, it
also have the opportunity ④ to reflect critically on is wrong to lie about your climbing accomplishments
how life in the Communication Age differs from because it is generally wrong to lie about
older modes of living and connecting and ⑤ engages accomplishments; it is wrong to needlessly endanger
with the world. others at the cliff because, more generally, it is

* solitude: 고독 always wrong to needlessly endanger others. ( ③ )
Is it wrong to place bolts on rappel? ( ④ ) Is it
[정답] ⑤ engages를 engaging으로 바꿔야 적절하다. cheating to use pre-placed gear on a traditional
pitch? ( ⑤ ) For these sorts of questions, broader
moral rules do not apply in any straightforward way,
and climbers must work out for themselves what is
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 19번] right or wrong within the context of climbing.
149 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 * invoke: (법 등을) 적용하다 ** rappel: (암벽에서) 줄을 타고
하지 않은 것은? 내려오기 *** pitch: (등반) 구간
To the extent that one can distinguish self-esteem

from public esteem, the latter seems to be more
important. The overriding motive of narcissists
seems to be to obtain social ① approval from others.
That is, they spend much of their time and energy
seeking ways to get others to admire them. In terms
of being liked by others, rather than admired, they
are somewhat ② different. That is, narcissists are no
more nor less interested than anyone else in being
liked. Being admired, however, is extremely
important to them. In general, they do not seem
overly ③ concerned with proving something to
themselves (possibly because they are already
privately persuaded of their own good qualities), but
they are quite interested in ④ demonstrating their
superiority to others. For example, if given a chance
to tackle a difficult task and find out how good they
are, narcissists put forth minimal effort if no one is
looking, which is a sign that they do not really care
about demonstrating their brilliance to themselves,
whereas if others are watching, they put forth ⑤
maximum effort in order to shine.
[정답] ② different를 indifferent와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
139
Sensation and perception almost always happen The European Union, since the late 1990s, has
together. Researchers, however, have studied each embraced gender mainstreaming as its main
process separately to determine how the two work strategy for addressing gender inequality in policy
together. Perception can occur through bottom-up making. It is defined as the integration of the gender
processing, which begins with the physical stimuli perspective into every stage of the policy process
from the environment, and proceeds through (design, implementation, monitoring, and
transduction of those stimuli into neural impulses. evaluation). Gender mainstreaming is based on the
The signals are passed along to successively more understanding that all policies have the potential to
complex brain regions, and ultimately result in the impact social and demographic groups differently,
recognition of a visual stimulus. For example, when thus creating and sustaining unequal power
you look at the face of your best friend, your eyes relations. For example, gender mainstreaming may
convert light energy into neural impulses, which explicitly consider the experiences of men, such as
travel into the brain to visual regions. This parental leave as a legal claim for men or labor
information forms the basis for sensing the visual policies for men in female-dominated occupations
stimulus and ultimately its perception. Equally (e.g., nursing). Gender mainstreaming can also
important to perception, however, is top-down apply to health care, equally promoting women’s
processing, which involves previously acquired and men’s health care needs. In many countries,
knowledge. As a result, when you look at your best coronary heart disease is defined through a
friend’s face, brain regions that store information masculine lens, influencing all areas of medical care
about what faces look like, particularly those that are from prevention to recovery. Not only does this lead
familiar to you, can help you to perceive and to overlooking women’s heart health needs, but it
recognize the specific visual stimulus. also may negatively impact men who do not seem to
* transduction: (에너지 등의) 변화 ** neutral: 신경의 fit the model of hegemonic masculinity.
*** impulse: 자극
* demographic: 인구 통계학의 ** coronary: 관상 동맥의
*** hegemonic masculinity: 헤게모니 남성성
① how sensation and perception work together
② two directions of processing that lead to perception
① definition of gender mainstreaming and its effects
③ brain's function to sense stimuli and store
② unintended consequences of gender mainstreaming
information
③ requirements for gender mainstreaming to be
④ the role of physical stimuli in the bottom-up
effective
processing of perception
④ historical background on how gender mainstreaming
⑤ differences between physical stimuli and neural
came about
impulses in top-down processing
⑤ differences between women's and men's opinions on
[정답] ②
[해설] gender mainstreaming
지각은 감각을 통한 자극이 뇌 영역으로 전달되는 상향식 처리 과정을 통해 일어나지 [정답] ①
만 뇌에 저장된 정보가 자극을 지각하고 인식하는 데 도움을 주는 하향식 처리 과정도 [해설]
중요하다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ② ‘two directions of processing that lead 모든 단계에 성 인지 관점을 통합하는 것으로 정의되는 성 주류화는 노동 정책, 건강관
to perception(지각을 일어나게 하는 처리 과정의 두 방향)’이 가장 적절하다. 리 등에 영향을 미친다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ① ‘definition of gender
① 감각과 지각은 어떻게 함께 작용하는가 mainstreaming and its effects(성 주류화의 정의와 그것의 영향)’이 가장 적절하다.
③ 자극을 감지하고 정보를 저장하는 뇌의 기능 ② 성 주류화의 의도치 않은 결과
④ 지각의 상향식 처리 과정에 있어서 물리적 자극의 역할 ③ 성 주류화가 효과적으로 적용되기 위한 필요조건
⑤ 하향식 처리 과정에서의 물리적 자극과 신경 자극의 차이 ④ 성 주류화가 시작된 역사적 배경
⑤ 성 주류화에 대한 여성과 남성의 의견 차이
140
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 23번] To conserve on such lost time due to congestion,
153 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? cities such as Stockholm, London, and Singapore
Although a traditional textbook drawing suggests have ③ adopted road pricing. Drivers in such cities
that neurons in the brain ① are happily packed next move at higher speeds and save time but must pay
to one another like jelly beans in ajar, don’t let the more money out of pocket to travel at peak use
cartoon fool you: neurons are locked in competition times. One explanation for why so few cities have
for survival. Just like neighboring nations, neurons adopted road pricing focuses on behavioral
stake out their territories and persistently ② defend economics: people are used to the roads being free.
them. They fight for territory and survival at every To an economist, this is a ④ puzzling explanation
level of the system: each neuron and each because congested roads cost us valuable time. This
connection between neurons fights for resources. As time cost means that free roads are not free to use. A
the border wars rage through the lifetime of a brain, second explanation for the ⑤ consent to road
maps are redrawn in such a way ③ that the pricing is that many poor people drive and they
experiences and goals of a person are always prefer to pay for their commute using their time
reflected in the brain’s structure. If an accountant rather than paying a road use fee.
drops her career to become a pianist, the neural * commute: 통근(하다) ** expenditure: 경비
territory ④ devoted to her fingers will expand; if she *** congestion: 정체
becomes a microscopist, her visual cortex will [정답] ⑤ consent를 opposition과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
develop higher resolution for the small details she

seeks; if she becomes a perfumer, her brain regions
assigned ⑤ smelling will enlarge.
* stake out: ~을 차지하다 ** cortex: (대뇌) 피질
[정답] ⑤ smelling을 to smell로 바꿔야 적절하다.

절한 곳은?
If you have any questions regarding the
alternative pickleball courts, please contact Mark
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 24-25번]
Perkins at mperkins @ ShakopeeMN.gov.
In Singapore, due to road pricing, one can always Thank you for always supporting our park’s efforts
expect to be able to achieve a speed of 40 miles per to improve our community’s health and social
hour on the road. While the rich are more ① likely to bonds. ( ① ) As we have announced, construction at
afford this, buses can also achieve these speeds, and Lions Park will begin as soon as the spring season
with the economies of scale of a bus this lowers the allows. ( ② ) As an alternative place to play
per-person trip price for achieving this speed. The pickleball in town this summer, the lines for three
full cost of commuting includes not only the pickleball courts will be painted on the blacktop
out-of-pocket expenditure on gasoline, parking, and surface at Rose Park, located at 201 Green Valley
road use fees but the value of the lost time. If a Road. ( ③ ) The blue equipment bin with portable
commute takes thirty minutes rather than fifteen nets and extra balls from Lions Park will be relocated
minutes because of traffic congestion, then the there as well. ( ④ ) The combination to unlock the
commuter has lost fifteen minutes. Economists have bin can be obtained by calling the front desk at the
adopted the rule of thumb of ② valuing such lost community center. ( ⑤ ) We look forward to the
time by half of the person’s hourly wage. For completion of the new dedicated pickleball courts at
example, if I earn $80 an hour and I lose fifteen Lions Park this summer.
* pickleball: 피클볼(배드민턴, 테니스, 탁구의 요소가 결합한 새로운
minutes stuck in traffic, then this costs me $10 in
lost time (.25 x 80 x .5). 글의 흐름상 ⑤에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.
141
I should have guessed things were not going to go Urban agriculture is moving from just a practice
well when I stepped off the train at Weston Station for earning an income and small food-producing
and there was no sign of my father. I was only fifteen, activities to a more sustainable practice that focuses
and there was no way I could go back home if he on promoting local food production as an
didn’t show up. I wandered up and down the energy-saving resource that is central to creating
platform. The waiting felt like forever, and I began to vital urban communities. It needs to become even
anxiously wonder if something bad had happened to more central to city planning as food security and
him. After a while, one of the station employees food safety become issues that cities need to address
approached me and asked me if I was all right. I said along with the increase in population that is creating
I was fine, but inside, my concern was growing. Then a strain on a global level with regards to food
I glanced to the left and noticed my dad. At that very availability and health. In current practice, the term
moment, all ______________. ‘Dad!’ I shouted. I urban agriculture does not necessarily mean that
snatched my little bag from the floor and ran to him. food production itself is based on a sustainable
‘Sorry to keep you waiting, Son,’ he said, ruffling my methodology or procedure but when combined with
hair and pulling me close to him. ‘Let’s go home.’ He an ecological-based approach it does. With the
smiled, and I returned his smile with an even bigger recognition of natural resource decline and the
one. advance of environmental degradation in cities
* snatch: 낚아채다 ** ruffle: 헝클어 놓다 today, urban agriculture is taking on new meaning in
bringing ecological-based systems back into the city
① my hopes were gone as a vital part of the solution to creating more
② my plans went wrong sustainable cities. This does require a paradigm shift
③ my anxieties disappeared in thinking about food as an integral part of the city’s
④ my efforts ended in failure framework.
⑤ my expectations were dashed * degradation: 저하
[정답] ③
[해설]
기차역에 내렸으나 아버지가 없었고, 그를 계속 기다려도 그가 나타나지 않자 걱정스 ① Limitations and Challenges of an Ecological-based
러운 마음이었으나, 아버지를 만난 후 걱정이 사라지고 기분 좋게 미소 지을 수 있었다 Approach
는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ③ ‘my anxieties disappeared(나의 걱정이 사라졌
다)’가 가장 적절하다. ② Sustainable City: Ecological-based urban agriculture
① 나의 희망이 사라졌다 makes it happen!
② 나의 계획이 틀어졌다
④ 나의 노력이 실패로 끝났다
③ Food Security and Food Safety Issues for Cities to
⑤ 나의 기대가 물거품이 되었다 Address Urgently
④ Small-scale Food-producing Activities to Feed the
City's Ever-growing Population
⑤ Increased Awareness of Environmental Degradation
and Food Shortages Facing Cities
[정답] ②
[해설]
현대 도시가 직면한 식량 안보와 식품 안전 문제의 해결책으로 제시되는 도시 농업은
지속 가능한 도시 조성을 가능하게 하므로 생태 기반형 도시 농업을 활용할 필요가 있
다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ② ‘Sustainable City: Ecological-based urban
agriculture makes it happen!(지속 가능한 도시: 생태에 기반을 둔 도시 농업이 만든
다!)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 생태에 기반을 둔 접근법의 한계와 어려움
③ 도시가 긴급하게 해결해야 할 식량 안보와 식품 안전 문제
④ 계속해서 증가하는 도시의 인구를 부양하기 위한 소규모 식량 생산 활동
⑤ 도시가 마주한 환경 저하와 식량 부족 문제에 대한 인식 증가
142
158 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 6번]
There is a tendency in some parents to treat small 160 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
children as if they are much older. It seems as if they 은?
want to give the impression ① what their child is Modem broadcast media may have contributed to
mature beyond his age. They ask a small child to the perpetuation of the innate talent account of
make decisions about matters he is too young to musical performance ability.
decide. When a child is put in this situation,
sometimes he will do ② what the parent wants him (A) Beyond simple media sensationalism, however,
to do, and sometimes he will simply say, “No.” This the belief in talent offers other appealing effects.
is his attempt ③ to show his authority and to display Giving the musically talented person the
his power. A small child should never be asked to designation of specialness can turn the experience
make a decision he is too young to make. The parent of a concert into a fantastic, even supernatural,
should make the decision and then give instructions happening. Plus, musicians themselves can
to the child. For example, if a parent thinks that a benefit from the “gifted” label.
child should stop playing and eat, he should not ask
(B) The discovery of an exceptional child performer —
the child, “Do you want to eat now?” He should tell
“the next Mozart” is a common label — makes for
the child to put his toys away and get ready to eat. If
a much better story than reporting how advanced
he thinks ④ that the child should take a nap, he
musical learning has resulted from an unusually
should not ask the child, “Do you want to take a
plentiful combination of environmental,
nap?” He should tell the child ⑤ that it is time for his
educational, and economic factors.
nap.
(C) Feeling special — or even divinely blessed — can
contribute to musicians’ selfesteem and
[정답] ① what을 that으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
motivation; consequently, many “talented”
musicians feel an obligation to nurture their gift,
which allows them to approach their musical
activities with confidence and the expectation of
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 5번] success.
159 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 * perpetuation: 영구화 ** nurture: (재능 따위를) 기르다
I think of neuroscience and the human sciences as ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
like two very small miners ① energetically tunnelling ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
in from opposite sides of an immense Alp. Although ② (B)-(A)-(C)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
neuroscientists on their side of the Alp do not listen

much to sounds of ② digging from the humanists on
the other side, some humanists, those concerned
with the brain’s role in the arts, listen very closely to
what the neuroscientists on the other side are
saying. We draw ③ hopefully on a great many
researchers. We hope for answers from them to the
questions that bother us. The neuroscientists and we
of the human sciences, even if we are ④ united into
two groups, share the same hope. Although dwarfed
by the mountain, we hope our diggings will meet in
the middle of that huge Alp, and there we will ⑤
discover this mysterious, magical treasure, Mind.
We hope.
* dwarf: 왜소해 보이게 만들다
[정답] ④ united를 divided와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
143
Many have observed that people often use mobile (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
phones in waiting areas. It is a way to kill time but it W. E. B. DuBois (1868-1963), an African
is also a way to create a space _______________. American sociologist, graduated from Fisk
Spaces at the edge of a dead zone for making mobile University in Tennessee and became the first African
calls are also prime spots for making calls or sending American to receive a doctorate from Harvard
texts. So, when people touch down at an airport or University. Then, at Atlanta University, he founded
leave a tunnel after having been out of contact with a the nation’s second department of sociology. He
cell tower, they are more likely to make calls or send soon began a highly productive academic career that
texts. The mobile phone can be used to share a space included, among many other things, founding two
with someone at a distance, for example, people at a scholarly journals and writing numerous books and
concert who call others so they can hear part (or all) articles. He focused his research and writing on the
of the concert. At the extreme, people may be so racial problems in the United States. At the same
immersed in the interaction with others on a mobile time, however, he worked hard to apply his
phone, that they lose contact with those in the enormous knowledge to improving society. He
physical space they occupy. Sherry Turkle calls this founded the Niagara Movement, an organization of
alone together, others have used the term absent African American intellectuals fighting for racial
presence to characterize this behavior. equality. He also helped create the National
* dead zone: 휴대 전화 불통 지역 ** cell tower: 무선 셀 기지국 Association for the Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP) and edited its influential magazine, Crisis.
① in which one’s presence surpasses one’s absence Later, he even advocated the use of force to achieve
② where interaction with the outside world is shut off racial equality. Finally, seeing little improvement in
③ in which dynamic physical interaction is likely to race relations, he moved in 1961 to the African
occur nation of Ghana, where he died 2 years later.
④ within what is often a weak or poorly defined space 
⑤ where the boundary between the physical and Despite an African American sociologist’s effort to
digital world intersect end racial ____(A)____, the struggle for racial
[정답] ④
[해설]
equality ended up with ____(B)____ results.
대기 구역에서 휴대 전화를 자주 사용하여 물리적 공간 속의 다른 사람들과의 소통이
끊어지면서 생기는 공간을 다루는 내용입니다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ④ ‘within what
is often a weak or poorly defined space(공간이라고 부르기에 미약하거나 공간으로
(A) (B)
제대로 정의되지 않은 것 안에’가 가장 적절하다. ① equality remarkable
① 자기의 존재가 자기의 부재를 능가하는
② 외부와의 상호작용이 차단되는 곳에
② discrimination fruitless
③ 동적인 물리적 상호작용이 일어날 가능성이 있는 ③ inequality fruitful
⑤ 물리적 세계와 디지털 세계의 경계가 교차하는 곳에
④ segregation successful
⑤ unification meaningless
[정답] ②
[해설]
→ 인종 차별을 끝내려는 아프리카계 미국인 사회학자의 노력에도 불구하고, 인종 평
등을 위한 투쟁은 성과 없이 끝났습니다.
미국에서의 인종 문제를 해결하기 위해 인종 평등을 달성하려고 했으나 결국 인종 관
계 개선을 실패한 아프리카계 미국인 사회학자에 관한 내용이다. 그러므로 ② (A)에는
’차별‘을 뜻하는 discrimination이, (B)에는 ’성과 없는‘을 뜻하는 fruitless가 들어가야
글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 평등 ... 현저한
③ 불평등 ... 결실이 있는
④ 분리 ... 성공적인
⑤ 통일 ... 무의미한
144
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 12번] fishery or ④ improve their fishing capabilities, the
163 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? future yield to the individual fisher decreases. This
We are so easily impressed and make judgements often fosters competition to maintain or even
based on superficial evidence, but sometimes luxury increase individual catch levels even as stocks
provides a psychological boost to confidence ① that decline. In response, managers may shorten fishing
improves our well-being. Wearing designer clothes seasons; participants then increase their fishing
can make us feel better about ourselves, ② which power, and effort becomes ⑤ scattered in time,
then becomes self-reinforcing. When we put on our sometimes resulting in “races for fish” or “fishing
luxury clothes we feel special and behave derbies.”
accordingly. Luxury goods light up the pleasure * exploitation: 이기적 이용 ** derby: 시합, 경기
centres in our brain. If you think you are drinking
[정답] ⑤ scattered를 concentrated와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
expensive wine, not only ③ does it taste better but
the brain's valuation system associated with the
experience of pleasure shows greater activation, ④
compared to drinking exactly the same wine when
you believe it to be cheap. What’s important here is
the belief — not the actual luxury. Francesca Gino, a
professor at Harvard Business School, found that
people who wore ⑤ that they believed to be fake
designer brand sunglasses (but were in fact genuine)
felt like frauds and were more likely to cheat on tests. [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 14번]
You may be able to fake until you make it, but deep 165 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
down, if we do, many of us feel like imposters. 은?
* fake: 모조의; 속이다 ** fraud: 사기꾼 *** imposter: 사기꾼 Typically, homework consists of any assigned task
slated to be done outside the hours of class.
[정답] ⑤ that을 what으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
(A) And so one parent wonders why on earth anyone

would be a proponent of (mindless) homework
while the other can’t understand why a parent
wouldn’t want their child to do (relevant and
creative) work at home. Neither parent
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 13번] understands the other’s point of view because
164 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 they aren’t speaking the same language about
하지 않은 것은? homework.
Overfishing is in large part a consequence of (B) What the word homework does not describe is the
excessive effort and capacity in fisheries. Too often, quality or quantity of the task, a reality that makes
fishery managers have been ① unable to control homework discussions challenging because it
fishing effort, resulting in unsustainable levels of turns into a war of vocabulary.
catch. This has been a particular problem for
(C) For example, if two people discuss their children’s
open-access fisheries where ② management does
homework, one could be railing against mindless
not limit the number of participants or high
worksheets while the other is in favor of carefully
individual effort. In this situation, the economic
crafted activities prompting students to reflect or
incentives favor short-term exploitation over
create. But instead of naming the specific activity,
long-term sustainable use because the economic
they both refer to the tasks simply as “homework.”
benefits of sacrificing current catch to rebuild the * slated: (일정이) 계획된 ** rail: 불평하다
stock are hard to ③ perceive compared to
short-term needs (bills to be paid), and long-term ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
benefits may have to be shared with newcomers ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
when the fishery recovers. As more people enter the ③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
145
American sociologist William Julius Wilson has Because advertisers in the 1950s were interested
argued that an unintended consequence of African in reaching baby boomers, many radio stations
American suburbanization has been that inner cities played music called rock ‘n’ roll with disc jockeys
have lost valuable role models. As higher income that specifically called out to them. Other stations
minorities leave center cities, young people who targeted different age groups with different styles of
remain are less likely to see and interact with adult music and DJs. This new sort of station that focused
men who work and have achieved upward income on particular music preferences caught on because
mobility. Research in development economics has radio was now more portable than ever. The
documented, with data from the Dominican development in 1948 of the transistor, a much
Republic, that when young people are informed smaller replacement for the Audion vacuum tube,
about the wage gains that are possible by obtaining led to the miniaturization of radio receivers. Now
more education, this information increases their radio became something that people could literally
educational attainment. The explanation for this is take with them throughout the day — to the park, to
that young people are more likely to underestimate the beach, or wherever. All of a sudden, the medium
the economic benefits of education when they never had a new life, and companies rushed to get new
interact with people who look like them and have licenses. The number of stations jumped
also attained a high level of education. The dramatically, from about one thousand in 1946 to
suburbanization of upwardly mobile people thus has nearly 3,500 in the mid-1950s. The largest
social consequences for peer effects in the inner city. proportion of these played specific types of music.
* inner city: (흔히 대도시의, 사회적인 문제가 많은) 도심 지역 * baby boomer: (특히 2차 세계대전 후의) 베이비 붐 세대인 사람
① the importance of education in the local economy ① the need to meet a wide range of listeners in the
② ways to solve illiteracy among young people in radio industry
cities ② the importance of scientific advancement in
③ the mobility of educated adults to inner cities and changing society
its consequences ③ necessity of creating new technological devices for
④ the loss of exemplary people in cities due to telecommunication
suburbanization ④ difficulties in defining the best music selection for
⑤ the dynamic interaction between young people and various age groups
adults in the suburbs ⑤ how targeting different age groups with specific
[정답] ④ types of music became possible in the 1950s
[해설]
[정답] ⑤
미국에서 고소득 소수 아프리카계 미국인의 교회화로 인해 도시 중심에 남아있는 젊
[해설]
은이들이 자신과 비슷한 소득 상향 이동성을 달성한 성인 남성과의 교류 가능성이 적
1950년대에 라디오가 그 어느 때보다 휴대가 더 쉬워졌기 때문에 베이비붐 세대를 포
어지고 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ④‘the loss of exemplary people in cities
함한 다양한 연령층의 특정 음악 선호에 초점을 맞추는 것이 가능해졌다는 내용이다.
due to suburbanization (교외화로 인한 도시의 모범적인 사람들의 상실)‘이 가장 적절
그러므로 ⑤’how targeting music for different age groups became possible in the
하다.
1950s(1950년대에 특정 유형의 음악으로 다양한 연령대를 목표로 삼는 것이 어떻게
① 지역 경제에서 교육의 중요성
가능해졌는지)‘가 가장 적절하다.
② 도시의 젊은이들의 문맹을 해결하는 방법
① 라디오 업계에서 광범위한 청취자들을 만나야 할 필요성
③ 교육을 받은 성인들의 도심으로의 이동과 그 결과
② 사회를 바꾸는 것에 있어서 과학 발전의 중요성
⑤ 교외의 젊은이들과 어른들 사이의 높은 상호작용
③ 통신을 위한 새로운 기술 장치를 개발하는 것의 필요성
④ 다양한 연령층을 위한 최고의 음악 선별을 규정하기의 어려움
146
In a study by Arthur Aron and myself, we created a 절한 곳은?
fake computer dating service, but instead of And, of course, the animal damage control
romance, the goal was to help college students find measures that wiped out many of their natural
friendship. All the subjects listed their interests, and predators also play a role in their large numbers.
we returned a week later to ask them ① to review a

profile written by another person and judge whether Animal damage control advocates often
they liked and wanted to meet them. Half of them characterize game animals as pest species. Deer, for
were told ② that our ultra-reliable, matchmaker instance, do not kill farm animals but are blamed for
program determined that this new person was an destroying gardens, bringing disease, causing car
ideal match for them. The other half weren’t told accidents, and wreaking other forms of damage in
anything. When people weren’t given any suburbs. ( ① ) So sport hunters are allowed to kill
information about ③ which a friendship was likely, deer with public support — after all, no one wants to
they preferred people with interests just like theirs. be involved in a collision with a deer. ( ② )
But when they were told ④ that a friendship was Unfortunately for deer, hunting does not necessarily
likely, they preferred people who complemented control their populations. ( ③ ) They can rebound
them with different interests. That is, when people soon after hunting season due to lessened
were confident that a relationship was possible, they competition for resources. ( ④ ) There are
wanted to spend time with people who were unique, numerous methods to prevent the damage that deer
interesting, and who offered a chance for them ⑤ to can cause, such as more responsible driving, speed
expand their horizons. limits, warning signs, roadside reflectors, as well as

* fake: 가짜의 the use of fencing along roadways. ( ⑤ ) Yet the fact
remains that as long as developers continue to build
[정답] ③ which를 whether로 바꿔야 적절하다. in suburban areas, humans and wildlife will come
into contact. Sadly, animal damage control
programs have just one way of solving these
problems — hunting.
* pest: 유해 동물 ** wreak: (피해를) 가하다
Many of our activities (arguing, solving problems,
budgeting time, etc.) are metaphorical in nature. 글의 흐름상 ④에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.
The metaphorical concepts that ① characterize those

activities structure our present reality. New
metaphors have the power to create a new reality.
This can begin to happen when we start to ②
misunderstand our experience in terms of a
metaphor, and it becomes a deeper reality when we
begin to act in terms of it. If a new ③ metaphor
enters the conceptual system that we base our
actions on, it will alter that conceptual system and
the ④ perceptions and actions that the system gives
rise to. Much of cultural change arises from the
introduction of new metaphorical concepts and the
loss of old ones. For example, the Westernization of
cultures throughout the world is partly a matter of ⑤
introducing the time is money metaphor into those
cultures.
[정답] ② misunderstand를 comprehend와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
147
(A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? A mark of postmodernity is the increasing
A gene can increase in frequency by making its mobility, both voluntary and forced, of human
bearers more likely than nonbearers to perform populations around the world. The migration of
some fitness-enhancing behavior. For example, whole societies, the problem of refugees, the
females of many species choose a mate based on the incorporation of migrant workers, have created a
quality of male courtship displays. If the courtship global, multicultural society that challenges the
displays of males differ in quality and a genetic ability of any nation to define a reasonably
difference underlies the display difference, the gene homogeneous cultural identity or a set of cultural
for the superior display will increase in frequency. Of norms. The case of the failure of America’s “melting
course, courtship behaviors are not the only pot” image is a telling example. Although the United
behaviors that affect fitness. If parents differ in the States has always been a nation of immigrants, it
quantity of care they give to their offspring, if the managed, at least until World War II, to maintain a
quantity of care affects the viability of offspring, and sense of itself as a whole, a European-derived,
if a genetic difference underlies this difference in English-speaking nation. But new migrations —
parental care, then the gene for higher quantity care Asian, African, and Latino — have challenged this
will increase in frequency. So, as long as a gene image and made it almost impossible to define a
makes some fitness-enhancing behavior more likely, central cultural identity for the nation. Moreover,
that gene will increase in frequency in a population, the American experience has become the norm in
and as a result the behavior may increase in other parts of the world as well. People’s identities
frequency as well. For this reason, biologists have become fractured, pluralized, and hybridized,
frequently say that, from the standpoint of and populations that were silent and marginalized in
evolutionary biology, “behavioral traits are like any the past have suddenly moved to the center of the
other class of characters.” historical and cultural stage.
* courtship: 구애 ** viability: 생존 능력
 *** pluralize: 복수로 만들다
If a gene ____(A)____ a certain
fitness-enhancing behavior on its bearer, it will ① negative views on migration by the public
____(B)____ in frequency, and so will its display. ② challenges in finding a solution to the problem of
migration
(A) (B) ③ factors preventing fracturing of people’s identities
① prevents increase in postmodernity
② disrupts decrease ④ the importance of any nation to define a central
③ triggers increase cultural identity

④ induces drop ⑤ why nations have failed to define a homogenous
⑤ eliminates rise cultural identity
[정답] ⑤
[정답] ③
[해설]
[해설]
포스트모더니티의 한 특징으로 세계적인 인구의 이동성 증가가 어떤 국가든 합리적으
→ 유전자가 보유자에게 특정 적합성 향상 행동을 유발하면 그것은(그 유전자는)빈도
로 동질적인 문화적 정체성이나 일련의 문화적 규범을 정의하지 못하게 하고 대표적
가 증가하고 그 표현도 증가한다.
인 예로서 아메리카의 ’용광로‘를 언급하는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로 ⑤’why nations
특정 유전자가 보유자로 하여금 적합성 향상 행동을 유도할 경우 그 유전자와 관련 적
have failed to define a homogenous cultural identity(국가들이 동질적인 문화적 정
합성 향상 행동의 빈도가 개체군에서 높아지며 수컷의 구애 표현의 질과 자녀 돌봄의
체성 규범하지 못한 이유)‘가 가장 적절하다.
양을 예로 들어주는 내용이다.
① 대중의 이주에 대한 부정적인 견해
그러므로 ③ (A)에는 ’유발하다‘를 뜻하는 triggers이, (B)에는 ’증가하다‘을 뜻하는
② 이주 문제에 대한 해결책을 찾는 데 있어서의 어려움
increase가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
③ 포스트모더니티에서 사람들의 정체성이 조각나는 것을 막는 요인들
① 억제하다 ... 증가하다
④ 어떤 국가든 중심적인 문화적 정체성을 규정해야하는 중요성
② 방해하다 ... 감소하다
④ 유도하다 ... 감소하다
⑤ 제거하다 ... 증가하다
148
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 22번] new ④ attitudes as a heuristic to help them
173 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? remember. In a sense, they needed to believe that
Human impacts are the most direct in the upper they had always behaved in a ⑤ senseless and
500 meters of the ocean as commercial fishing is not reasonable manner — even though they had just now
conducted in deeper waters. Indeed, geological discovered what that sensible behavior might be.
extraction and construction of ports and windmill * heuristic: 휴리스틱(특정 상황에서 사람들이 신속하게 사용하는
어림짐작의 기술)
farms are typically ① conducted in waters of 50
meters depth or less. In shallow and nearshore [정답] ⑤ senseless를 sensible과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
waters human impacts are palpable, even in remote

[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 24-25번]
parts of the world. Animal life in Antarctic waters is 175 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
abundant and ② has protected from commercial use
When it comes to the common belief fallacy in
for decades, yet hunting in the early part of the
your own life, remember that scientists are always
twentieth century changed the ecosystem to a degree
trying to reach better conclusions, and that is
that it can no longer be considered a pristine
something you don’t do as an individual, at least not
ecosystem. This is not to say that there are not
by default, and by extension it is something your
pristine-like nearshore waters ③ left on Earth. A
institutions are not so great at either. You don’t seek
case may be made for the northwest Hawaii islands,
out what science calls the null hypothesis.
which have never ④ been inhabited by humans and
only very rarely have experienced fishing
(A) Corporations and other institutions rarely set
expeditions. Such locations are few — in fact,
aside a division tasked with paying attention to
probably less than 1% of the ocean surface is fully
the faults of the agency. Unlike in science, most
protected against ⑤ fishing or other kinds of
human undertakings leave out a special
disturbing activities.
department devoted to looking for the worst in
* pristine-like: 자연[원래] 그대로와 비슷한 ** palpable: 매우
뚜렷한 *** expedition: 원정, 탐험 the operation — not just a complaint department,
but a department that asks if the organization is
[정답] ② has protected를 has been protected로 바꿔야 적절하다.
on the right path. Every human effort should
systematically pause and ask if it is currently
mistaken.
(B) That is, when you believe in something, you rarely
seek out evidence to the contrary to see how it
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 23번] matches up with your assumptions. That’s the
174 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 source of urban legends, folklore, superstitions,
하지 않은 것은? and all the rest. Having doubts is not your strong
In a simple experiment conducted by Michael suit.
Ross, Cathy McFarland, and Garth Fletcher, college (C) To beat your brain, you need that department
students received a persuasive message arguing the constantly operating in your cranium. You would
importance of ① frequent tooth brushing. After do well to borrow from the lessons of the scientific
receiving the message, they changed their attitudes method and apply them in your personal life. In
toward tooth brushing. Needless to say, this is not the background, while you sew and golf and
surprising. But here’s what was surprising: Later browse cat videos, science is fighting against your
that same day in a ② different situation, the stupidity. No other human enterprise is fighting
students were asked, “How many times have you as hard, or at least not fighting and winning.
brushed your teeth in the past 2 weeks?” Those who * fallacy: 오류 ** null hypothesis: 귀무가설(기각될 것이 예상되는
received the message ③ recalled that they brushed 가설) *** cranium: 두개골
their teeth far more frequently than did students in

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
the control condition. The students were not
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
attempting to deceive the researcher; there was no
reason for them to lie. They were simply using their
149
150
1 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? 3 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은
We hope all is well with you and your family. At I am writing to you about an issue with my recent
last, spring is in the air, and ① that means summer mobile phone order. I ordered a silver model, but I
can't be far behind. For the past several years we was sent a black one. However,
have taken much pleasure in ② sharing our cottage ____________________. Nevertheless, I could
on Mirror Pond with you and some of our other close not save numbers in it, and the battery would not
friends. This year, though, I'm afraid we must do even last a day on a full charge. When I contacted
things a bit differently. The expense of maintaining customer service, the representative asked me to
the house has gone up quite a bit, and for at least the return the phone and promised to send a
coming summer we have decided ③ to put the replacement. That was two weeks ago, and I still
cottage on the market as a rental property. We have not received the new phone. I would highly
already have several leads from people who are appreciate it if you could send me the replacement
considering ④ taking the cottage for most or all of phone — in silver and with a healthy battery — as
the summer. We hope you understand. And if we soon as possible. I look forward to your prompt
end up with some ⑤ booking time in the fall, we'll let action on my request.
you know.
① I decided to return it
⑤ booking을 unbooked로 바꿔야 적절하다. ② I decided to change it
③ I decided to buy new one
④ I decided to use it anyway
⑤ I realized that I ordered the wrong black one
[정답] ④
[해설]
자신이 주문한 것과 색상이 다르고 배터리도 불량인 제품이 발송되어 교환을 요청했
으나, 이주가 지난 후에도 제품이 도착하지 않아 빠른 처리를 요구하는 내용이다. 그러
므로 빈칸에는 ④ ‘I decided to use it anyway(저는 어쨌든 그것을 사용하기로 마음먹
었습니다)‘가 가장 적절하다.
① 저는 환불하기로 마음먹었습니다
[2025수능특강(영어) 1강 2번] ② 저는 교환하기로 마음먹었습니다
2 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 ③ 저는 새로운 것을 구매하기로 마음먹었습니다
⑤ 저는 검은색으로 잘못 주문했다는 사실을 깨달았습니다
않은 것은?
I am James Franklin, principal of Grandview High
School. Each year we provide ① engaging events to
bring our school's community together. This year,
we are trying to have a chess ② tournament. We
think that it will create a healthy competitive
atmosphere and help students make new friends.
And some of the students in our school chess club
are showing very ③ promising results and are
aiming to participate in the City Chess Tournament.
They are practicing hard for the tournament.
However, due to our school's budgetary constraints,
we had to cut back on school supplies. To offer our
students the best education ④ impossible, we need
the supplies to keep our chess club running. We
would like to ask that you help us continue the chess
club by donating money. If you contribute to our
school, you'll be a hero to the students who are ⑤
pursuing their dream of becoming chess players.
[정답] ④ impossible을 possible과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
151
If you ask your administrative employees, they Olivia pulled a piece of bright yellow silk from the
will probably agree that copier maintenance is display. In her free hand she held a sample of beaded
critical to a successful office. lace and tried to imagine the sound it would make
whispering around her ankles as she danced. Now
(A) We can significantly reduce your maintenance that the war was over, there would be a lot of
costs and your downtime. The enclosed brochure dancing. Anticipation bubbled in her chest. She'd
outlines our services. If you are interested in using meet a real gentleman this season, and who knew?
our services, please call me directly at Maybe she would get married. "May I help you?" A
920-4848-1212. shopkeeper stood beside her. "I would like five yards
(B) Fortunately, there is now a service that can extend of this silk and a roll of this lace," Olivia said. "I'm
the life of your copier and save your company very sorry, miss. They are already reserved." What a
thousands of dollars during the next year. Lake letdown! No other fabric would make her as
Paperworx specializes in copier maintenance, beautiful as the yellow silk, and no other pearls
successfully serving business and legal firms would make such a charming whisper. With a sigh,
throughout the United States. she returned the items to the display.
(C) Our research shows that the typical business will

① The War Was Over
use copy equipment about six months before
② The Best Dress in The Dancing
repairing or replacing it. Historically, when you
③ The Ingredients Needed to Make a Dress
have needed service, the only option has been to
④ The Essentials of Beautiful Clothes: Yellow Silk and
call a repairperson at a very high cost.
Pearls
⑤ What Is Beautiful in My Eyes Is Beautiful to Others,
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
Too
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
Olivia가 예쁘다고 생각해서 사고싶었던 재료들은 이미 누군가의 선택을 받아서 결국
구매할 수 없게 되었다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ⑤ ’What Is Beautiful in My
Eyes Is Beautiful to Others, Too(내 눈에 예쁜 건 다른 사람의 눈에도 예뻐보인다)’가
① 전쟁은 끝났다
② 댄스파티의 베스트 드레스
③ 드레스 한 벌을 만드는데 필요한 재료
④ 아름다운 옷의 필수 요소: 노란 비단과 진주
152
Mr. Garcia walked to his closet and pulled a "I think everyone is here now! Shall we all sit
trumpet out of its case. He blew into it, you know, down?" Everyone was more than happy to cooperate
like he was ① cleared it all out. He ran his fingers and soon the whole group was settled in their chairs
along the valves and played a scale. And then he said, around the long dining room table, passing dishes
"Okay, Zach, ready?" And then he started playing. I filled with Charlotte's cooking.
mean the guy could play. He played this really soft
and beautiful song. I never knew a trumpet could (A) She relaxed a bit more as she sampled the dishes
whisper. I kept ② looking at his fingers. I wanted on her plate and found that everything tasted
him to keep playing forever. It was better than any of good. Or, at least, she thought so. She just hoped
the poems he'd read to us in class. It was like the everyone else felt the same way. As if reading her
whole loud world ③ had gone really, really quiet and mind, Addison leaned over to her.
there was nothing but this one song, this one sweet (B) "Everything tastes so delicious," she said quietly,
and gentle and brilliant song that was as soft as a patting her belly and indicating her already
breeze blowing through the leaves of a tree. The half-eaten plate. "You're going to have to roll me
world just ④ disappeared. I wanted to live in that out of here when all is said and done." "Eat as
stillness forever. I wanted to clap. And then, I just much as you like." Charlotte replied with a laugh,
didn't know ⑤ what to do or what to say. "There's no judgment, especially on
Thanksgiving!"
[정답] ① cleared를 clearing으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
(C) Soon, everyone had a full plate and conversation
buzzed around the table between bites. Charlotte
took a careful bite of her stuffing and found that
the seasonings had all blended together
beautifully to create a flavorful experience.
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
7 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지
않은 것은?
A very large warrior approached and stood in front
of Benny. The warrior took him by the arm, and
Benny was convinced that he was going to be
punished. He ① shivered with fear while being
dragged. The warrior brought Benny to an open area
of the village. There sat an old man. He seemed to be
② incredibly respected by all of the warriors. He
introduced himself as Allani, meaning "Highest
Chief," and ③ surprisingly enough, he spoke in the
English language. He told Benny, "I have decided
that we are not going to punish you. We do not ④
protect good men, so you can relax." The chief
kindness makes me say welcome. Welcome to Life
Island." Tears of ⑤ relief poured down Benny's face.
[정답] ④ protect를 punish와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
153
One of the biggest misconceptions about creativity Sometimes it is hard to know the right thing to do
is that it takes a brilliant idea to solve a complex for the planet. ______________________.
problem. While this may be true in pure sciences, in Rooftop solar panels, for example, are one of the
most commercial contexts, or even in day-to-day most expensive and least effective ways to help the
living, it is never that one silver bullet that does the environment. Buying local food can actually increase
magic. It is, in fact, a series of seemingly simple ideas water pollution and waste. According to research
that counts. The key is to have enough ideas that from the Danish and UK governments, plastic
solve specific parts of the overall problem, and then grocery bags may actually be better than cotton bags
the thorny task looks very much tenable. Since for the climate and for water. You may disagree with
creativity comes from combining concepts in an all or some of those claims, and you may be right. It
unusual fashion, and since it is exceedingly difficult depends on your individual circumstances. If you
to trace the origins of ideas, you are better off live in Phoenix, Arizona, for example, solar panels
generating as many ideas as possible with the hope could be a smart choice. Using your own cotton bags
that some of them would click. That is what great continuously and without exception for shopping for
scientists and artists do. As the author Walter several years is probably better for the environment
Isaacson notes, ‘The sparks come from ideas rubbing than the alternatives. Each of these choices depends
against each other rather than as bolts out of the on personal circumstances and behavior. The best
blue.’ solutions for the environment are personal.
* thorny: 골치 아픈, 까다로운 ** tenable: 참아 낼 수 있는
① What sounds good may not necessarily be so
① Creativity comes from a sudden burst of ideas. ② Work for the environment is work for the earth
② A series of ideas can rub together and solve ③ This is because there are so many things for the
complicated problems. earth
③ Creativity has the characteristics of minority and ④ Things for human are always against the
should be unique. environment
④ Tricks come to mind at unexpected moments in ⑤ This is because the work for the environment is
ordinary daily life. difficulty to do
⑤ Tracking the source of ideas is helpful to develop [정답] ①
the brain and improve creativity. [해설]

지구를 위한 일은 환경에 따라 다르기 때문에 개인적인 상황과 행동에 따라 각각 다른
[정답] ②
대안이 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸에는 ① ‘What sounds good may not
[해설]
necessarily be so(좋게 들리는 것이 반드시 그렇지는 않을 수도 있다)’가 가장 적절하
문제를 해결하는 데는 하나의 기발한 아이디어보다 단순해 보이는 일련의 아이디어들
다
이 더 도움이 된다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ② ‘A series of ideas can rub
② 환경을 위한 일이 지구를 위한 일이다
together and solve complicated problems. (일련의 아이디어가 마찰하며 복잡한 문
③ 지구를 위해 할 일이 너무 많기 때문이다
제를 해결할 수 있다.)’가 가장 적절하다.
④ 인간을 위한 일은 항상 환경에 반대된다
① 창의력은 갑자기 샘솟는 아이디어에서 비롯된다.
⑤ 환경을 위한 일은 실천하기 어렵기 때문이다
③ 창의력은 소수성의 특징을 지니며 독특해야한다.
④ 묘책은 갑자기 문뜩 떠오르곤 한다.
⑤ 아이디어의 근원을 추적하는 것은 두뇌 개발에 도움이 되어 창의력을 증진시킨다.
154
[2025수능특강(영어) 3강 3번] able to recreate past events, and preview ④
11 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? upcoming events, almost as though they were
Consider people with disabilities. Often they are happening right in front of you, at that moment even
judged using criteria of competence ① that are though they're not. To make matters ⑤ worse, your
biased in favor of nondisabled people. Compare, for mind can add additional drama to any event, thereby
example, an average blind person with an average making that event seem even worse than it really is,
sighted person. Who will be more competent in or was, or will be.
[정답] ② erasing을 considering과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
that the sighted person will be more competent
because the sighted person can see ② where he or
she is going, but this is using an unfair criterion. If
you think about competence ③ based on the fairer
criterion of who can best walk with the eyes closed,
then the blind person will definitely be more
competent. Such knowledge about people who ④
are blind and, by extension, other socially
marginalized people, can make us appreciate them
and celebrate their unique abilities as they really are,
rather than discriminate against, pity, or patronize
them for some incompetence ⑤ what does not exist
except as a figment of our traditional, prejudiced [2025수능특강(영어) 4강 1번]
imaginations. 13 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
* marginalize: 소외시키다 ** patronize: 깔보는 듯한 태도로 대하다 Most people don't equate silence with
*** figment: 꾸며낸 것
appreciation. People whose work is always good still
need to hear it from you occasionally.
(A) Make your appreciation specific and positive by

noting what was done well and why it matters.
This makes people feel good and it also ensures
that the behaviour you identify is repeated. So,
don't just say, "That was great!" Say, "That was
[2025수능특강(영어) 3강 4번] great because ..."
12 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 (B) Both teams and individuals need positive, specific
지 않은 것은?
information about their accomplishments. Use
When you think, you are using your ①
your imagination: post graphs showing what the
imagination to create an image or picture in your
team has achieved: mark the achievement of
mind of an event rather than the real thing. If you are
major milestones or goals by bringing in
driving home from a football match, reviewing the
sandwiches for lunch for everyone to share or
game in your mind, you are merely imagining what
putting up balloons; send thank you notes. When
the game was like. The game is no longer real; it's
you ignore success, people think it doesn't matter
now only in your mind, in your memory. It was real
and stop trying.
once, but not any longer. Similarly, if you are
(C) Let them know you've noticed they are meeting
thinking about how bad your marriage is, you are ②
their goals. Acknowledgement and appreciation
erasing it in your mind. It's all in your imagination.
create a supportive work environment and keep
You are literally 'making up' your relationship. The
motivation alive.
thoughts you are having about your ③ relationship
are just thoughts. This is why the old saying, 'Things
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
aren't as bad as they seem' is almost always true. The
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
reason things 'seem so bad' is because your mind is ④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
155
The quality of news is difficult to measure because (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
there are no agreed-upon standards that satisfy One thing that managers have to keep in mind is
everyone's definition of high quality. The term that they should mend fences after any fight.
quality generally refers to any attribute, service, or Opponents are not necessarily enemies. An
performance that is highly valued within a group or a opponent disagrees with you on the issue, of course,
community. Defining quality is thus but enemies are ones with whom you also have a
context-dependent, field-specific, and subject to negative relationship. That makes it personal. You
individual preferences and tastes. It is important to can often work with opponents and strategize
note, however, that compared to other cultural toward mutually successful outcomes, but enemies
products such as music and paintings, journalistic are far more difficult and consequently far more
content is unique because it has a strong civic and dangerous. Try to keep opponents from becoming
democratic component. The idea of the press as the enemies, and work to turn enemies into mere
"fourth estate" stems from the expectation that opponents. Find points of agreement, and find ways
high-quality journalism promotes democratic ideals you can legitimately support those who were your
by playing the role of a watchdog, providing a public opponents. The subject of the fight will eventually
forum, and serving as a reliable information recede, but you still need the relationships.
provider. Therefore, when discussing news quality,

normative aspects cannot be overemphasized.
People who disagrees with the issue are just
ones have a ____(A)____ strategic perspective for
① News should always be just. management, however it does not mean that they
② Defining quality is objective and absolute. are on the ____(B)____ relationship.
③ News is a tool to promote the ideals of democracy.
④ The quality of the news is judged only by normative (A) (B)
aspects. ① different same
⑤ The complexity of assessing news quality in ② similar same
Democratic Society. ③ different opposite
[정답] ⑤ ④ similar opposite
[해설]
뉴스와 같은 저널리즘 콘텐츠는 다른 문화적 산물과 비교하여 시민적이고 민주적인
⑤ different supportive
요소가 강해서 특별히 질을 정의할 수 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ⑤ ‘The [정답] ③
complexity of assessing news quality in Democratic Society.(민주 사회에서 뉴스 품 [해설]
질을 평가하는 복잡성)’이 가장 적절하다. →문제에 동의하지 않는 사람들은 경영에 대한 전략적 관점이 다를 뿐이지, 그렇다고
① 뉴스는 항상 정의로워야 한다 해서 정반대의 관계에 있는 것은 아니다.
② 질을 정의하는 것은 객관적이고 절대적이다. 경영자는 반대자와 적을 구분하여 경영을 위한 전략적 관점이 다른 사람을 적으로 만
③ 뉴스는 민주주의의 이상을 증진하는 도구이다. 들지 말라는 내용이다. 그러므로 ③ (A)에는 ‘다른’을 뜻하는 different가, (B)에는 ‘정반
④ 뉴스의 질은 규범적인 측면으로만 판단된다. 대의’를 뜻하는 opposite가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 다른 … 같은
② 비슷한 … 같은
④ 비슷한… 정반대의
⑤ 다른… 협조적인
156
Political decisions and management decisions The modern corporation as a child of laissez-faire
about ① how much of any given species can be economics and of the market society is based on a
harvested are often based on the amount of money creed whose greatest weakness is the inability to see
there is to be made. Profit leads to economic growth, the need for status and function of the individual in
② that is the goal of many politicians and business society.
leaders. But the problem with seeking continuous
economic growth is that our economy is not separate (A) This emphasis was the result of a rebellion against
from our environment. Everything in our economy a concept of society which defined human
comes from our environment. We extract resources position exclusively in terms of politically
from the world around us, ③ consume them as determined status, and which thus denied
products we eat or use, and then dump the waste equality of opportunity.
back into the Earth. Our Earth is a finite ecosystem, (B) But the rebellion went too far. In order to establish
which means there is only so much ④ that we can justice it denied meaning and fulfillment to those
take from the natural world to feed our economy, who cannot advance — that is, to the majority —
and only so much waste that the Earth can absorb, instead of realizing that the good society must
before natural processes stop functioning properly. give both justice and status.
The constant effort ⑤ to extract more and more
(C) In the philosophy of the market society there is no
resources is actually an ecological impossibility over
other social criterion than economic reward.
the long term. Our survival depends on learning to
Henry Maine's famous epigram that the course of
live within the limits of ecosystems.
modern history has been from status to contract
neatly summarizes the belief of the nineteenth
[정답] ② that을 which로 바꿔야 적절하다.
century, that social status and function should be
exclusively the result of economic advancement.
[2025수능특강(영어) 5강 1번] * laissez-faire: 자우방임의 ** creed: 신조, 신념
17 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 *** epigram: 경구(警句)
지 않은 것은?
There are no black-and-white issues in life. No ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
categorical answers. Everything is a subject for ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

endless debate and ① exclusion. This is one of the
core principles of our current society. Because that
core ② principle is wrong, the society ends up
causing a lot of problems when it comes to
sustainability. There are some issues that are black
and white. There are indeed ③ planetary and
societal boundaries that must not be crossed. For
instance, we think our societies can be a little bit
more or a little bit less ④ sustainable. But in the long
run you cannot be a little bit sustainable — either you
are sustainable or you are unsustainable. It is like
walking on thin ice — either it carries your weight, or
it does not, Either you make it to the shore, or you
fall into the deep, dark, cold waters, And if that
should happen to us, there will not be any nearby
planet coming to our rescue. We are ⑤ completely
on our own.
[정답] ① exclusion을 compromise와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
157
The notion of a "circular economy" — in which When anticipating the effects of time, we should
materials circulate continuously, being used and mentally forecast what they are likely to be; we
reused time and time again — is an appealing vision. should not practically stop them from happening, by
However, it is crucial to highlight ____________ demanding the immediate performance of promises
from that goal at present. Although most textiles are which time alone can fulfill. The man who makes his
entirely recyclable, 73 percent of waste clothing was demand will find out that there is no worse or
incinerated or went to landfills globally in 2015. Just stricter usurer than Time: and that, if you compel
12 percent was recycled into low-value textile Time to give money in advance, you will have to pay
applications such as mattress stuffing and less than 1 a rate of interest much higher than any usurer would
percent was recycled back into clothing. Some would require. It is possible, for instance, to make a tree
question how realistic the idea of "closing the loop" burst forth into leaf, blossom, or even bear fruit
can be: the complexity of the fashion system means within a few days, by the application of unslaked
that there are multiple opportunities for materials to lime and artificial heat: but after that the tree will
"leak" from the reuse cycle. Furthermore, it must be wither away. So a young man may abuse his strength
noted that fiber recycling is not without its own — It may be only for a few weeks — by trying to do at
environmental footprint. Even the reuse of nineteen what he could easily manage at thirty, and
secondhand clothing has implications in terms of Time may give him the loan for which he asks; but
resource use and waste, particularly if items are the interest he will have to pay comes out of the
transported over long distances, dry cleaned, and strength of his later years; indeed, it is part of his
repackaged. very life itself.
* textile: 직물 ** incinerate: 소각하다 *usurer: 고리대금업자 ** unslaked lime: 생석회(生石灰)
① just how far we are
② all the obtainable profits ① the way of converting time economically
③ many reasonable advantages ② the efficiency of focusing on immediate outcome
④ new ways that can be derived ③ the importance of anticipating changes over time
⑤ judgement that critics discuss ④ the correlation between time and interest and
[정답] ① interest rates
[해설] ⑤ the attitude of embracing the passage of time and
재활용을 통한 순환 경제가 현재 어느 정도 수준인지에 대해 설명하는 내용이다. 따라
서 빈칸으로는 ① ‘just how far we are(그저 우리가 얼마나 멀리 있는지)’가 가장 적절 the price of going against the flow
하다. [정답] ⑤
② 얻을 수 있는 이익들 [해설]
③ 내세울 수 있는 장점들 자연적인 시간의 영향을 거스르려는 노력의 부작용을 대금업자에 비유하는 내용이다.
④ 파생될 수 있는 새로운 방법 따라서 주제는 ⑤ ‘the attitude of embracing the passage of time and the price of
⑤ 비평가들로부터 받는 비판들 going against the flow(시간이 흘러감에 대한 순응의 자세와 비순응 시의 대가)’가 가
장 적절하다.
① 시간을 경제적으로 환산하는 방법
② 즉각적인 성과에 집중하는 것의 효율성
③ 시간이 흘러감에 따른 변화를 예측하는 것의 중요성
④ 시간과 이자, 금리의 상관관계
158
[2025수능특강(영어) 6강 1번] years. Consider the taxi driver study, where ④
21 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? constant driving and navigation of chaotic London
There are disturbing changes underway in today's streets leads to increased hippocampus size, ⑤
school systems. Funding is frequently ① tied to covering the adult brain structure is somewhat
scores achieved on standardized tests, which malleable.
primarily evaluate rote memory. Teaching "to" tests * hippocampus: (대뇌 측두엽의) 해마 ** malleable: 적응성 있는
like these inevitably focuses resources and [정답] ⑤ covering을 revealing과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
curriculum on the lower-scoring students. The

pressure ② to bring up test scores for these
struggling students limits time for the kinds of
individualized learning that challenges all students
to reach their highest potential, and teachers have
less opportunity ③ encouraging creative thinking
and incorporate hands-on activities. When
education is not enriched by exploration, discovery,
problem solving, and creative thinking, students are
not truly engaged in their own learning. Because
teachers are required ④ to emphasize uninspiring
workbooks and drills, more and more students are
developing negative feelings about mathematics,
science, history, grammar, and writing. [2025수능특강(영어) 6강 3번]

knowledge ⑤ are being replaced by instruction that Often ideological principles crystallize in laws,
teaches "to the tests." rules, and institutions that threaten to block deals.
* rote memory: 기계적 암기 ** authentically: 진정으로 Nationalism requires that all resources belong to the
state and that no one else may own them.
[정답] ③ encouraging을 to encourage로 바꿔야 적절하다.
(A) And a petroleum development contract could be

written in such a way that the ownership of oil is
transferred not when the oil is in the ground but
at the point that it leaves the flange of the well.
(B) Yet, with some creativity, it is possible to structure
[2025수능특강(영어) 6강 2번] a deal in such a way that the ideological principle
22 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 is respected but business goes forward. For
지 않은 것은? example, worker participation in management
For many years, it was indeed widely believed that need not mean a seat on the company's board of
the adult brain was essentially 'set', with all the directors, but simply an advisory committee that
neurons and major connections we'd need. Sure, we meets regularly with an officer of the company.
learn new things and update our understanding of (C) Islamic fundamentalism prohibits interest
things all the time, meaning new ① connections are payments on loans. Egyptian socialism demands
regularly being formed and turned over in networks that workers participate both in the management
governing learning and memory. But in terms of ② and the profits of an enterprise. Each of these
overall physical structure and major connections, principles can be an obstacle to deal making in
the stuff that makes us 'what we are', the adult brain particular cases.
was long thought to be 'done'. However, in recent * crystallize: 구체화되다 ** flange: (철관 끝의) 테두리
years there's been a ③ steady stream of evidence
revealing that the adult brain can change and adapt, ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
even create new neurons, and experiences can still ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
reshape the brain, even as we head into our twilight
159
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? According to research from the University of
The unquestioned assumption that any and all Arizona's Bureau of Applied Research in
scientific knowledge — and associated technology — Anthropology, the average household ends up
contributes to sustainability derives from faith in the wasting an average of 14 percent of its grocery
importance of objective knowledge for solving global spending by throwing away unused or spoiled food.
problems. Scientists obtain power and become the Even worse, 15 percent of that waste includes
priests of our era to the extent that they provide a products that were never opened and were still
special form of knowledge that can be used to do within their expiration date! (This statistic really
such wonderful things. And we often consider that makes me cringe - why not just set dollar bills on fire
the final test of scientific knowledge: we can do while we're at it?) The study also found that a family
things with its results, such as applying it to reverse of four ends up throwing away an average of $590 of
the decline of an endangered species. Regardless, we perishable groceries per year, such as meat, produce,
know now that the linear view of the relation dairy, and grain products. You can save an average of
between science and social outcomes is flawed. $50 per month by avoiding overbuying perishable
Science may allow us to do things, but we can assess foods. Check your supplies before shopping and
its contribution to sustainability only by estimate the exact amount you'll need to buy for the
incorporating broader contextual and next week. This is also a good time to throw away
socioecological questions. We typically think of outdated leftovers, make sure perishable items are
sustainability as doing something out there in the in view, and use up good leftovers for that day's
world, when in fact we may need to first reassess the meals.
way we are setting the problem. * cringe: (겁이 나서) 움찔하다 ** perishable: 상하기 쉬운

We have thought that science and technology is ④ the study on the efficient disposal of food waste
the ____(A)____ to all problems, but not all ① the analysis of wasted grocery in a typical
technological ____(B)____ lead to successful household
results. ③ the way to improve the excessive eating habits of a
household
(A) (B) ② the importance of storage methods to reduce
① solution advances wasted food
② solution importances ⑤ the statistics on the proportion of fresh food in
③ obstacle developments consumption of average household
[정답] ②
④ beginning steps [해설]
⑤ beginning profits 일반 가정이 낭비하는 식료품의 비중에 대한 연구와 식료품을 낭비하지 않는 방법에
대한 내용이다. 따라서 주제는 ② ‘the analysis of wasted grocery in a typical
[정답] ①
household(일반적인 가정에서 낭비되는 식료품에 대한 분석)’가 가장 적절하다.
[해설]
① 효율적인 음식 쓰레기 처리방법에 대한 연구
→ 우리는 과학과 기술이 모든 문제의 해결책이라고 생각해왔지만, 모든 기술 발전이
③ 가정의 과도한 식습관을 개선하기 위한 방법
성공적인 결과로 이어지지는 않는다.
④ 낭비되는 음식을 줄이기 위한 보관법의 중요성
모든 과학 기술이 지속 가능성에 기여한다는 기존의 믿음과 달리, 과학과 사회적인 결
⑤ 가정의 소비 중 신선식품이 차지하는 비중에 대한 통계
과가 곧바로 연결되지 않을 수 있다는 내용이다.
그러므로 ① (A)에는 ‘해결책’을 뜻하는 solution이, (B)에는 ‘발전’을 뜻하는 advances
가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 해결책 … 발전
② 해결책 … 중요성
③ 장애물 … 발전
④ 시작점 … 발걸음
⑤ 시작점 … 이익
160
Throughout history, human imagination ① has When Galileo rolled the balls down the inclined
been a double-edged sword. On one hand, it pushes plane, he didn't merely look and see what happened.
new discoveries, but for every newly established
scientific fact, there are often multiple incorrect (A) We can imagine that when he observed the moons
hypotheses, ② which must be corrected along the of Jupiter, he didn't merely see some spots at
way or risk becoming myths. Thomas Edison is various different places from night to night: he
credited with saying: "I have not failed, I've just kept track of where the spots were, compared
found 10,000 ways that won't work," ③ implying their positions from night to night, and perhaps
that error is part of invention. Unfortunately, if did some calculations intended to compute what
errors or partial truths get circulated long enough, path they were traveling, to find out that their
they can lead to a false echo chamber of repetition change in apparent position was consistent with
and suggest "truth" where none exists. For example, their being bodies moving around Jupiter.
even though the humors ④ have discredited for (B) Similarly, in my hypothetical bird experiment I
centuries, some still believe in the myth that blood imagined myself as a budding junior scientist
types (blood being one of the four humors) can weighing the stuff I put into the cage and
determine personalities. A quick internet search calculating percentages by weight of what was
finds more than five million websites ⑤ related to eaten. It's obvious: numbers are important to
this topic, meaning this myth is slow to die. science. Scientists measure and calculate: they
don't just observe.
(C) He very carefully measured the distance traveled
[정답] ④ have를 have been으로 바꿔야 적절하다. and the time it took to travel that distance. From
these measurements, he calculated the speed of
[2025수능특강(영어) 7강 3번] travel. What he came up with was a mathematical
27 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 equation relating numerical quantities.
지 않은 것은?
Ideally, when we make art or engage in any ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
creative ① activity by ourselves, we recognize its ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
value and make time and space for it in our lives. The ④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
boom in coloring books and coloring pages in the

past few years is one such example. It takes away the
challenging part of visual art-making and skills and
provides us with a level of challenge that is relatively
easy and ② manageable. Our studies with cancer
patients and caregivers showed that solitary
activities like coloring helped in meditative and
reflective ways by taking us to a space of ③
distraction away from everyday concerns. Such
activities do not necessarily help us resolve our
problems; rather, they provide a time to rest and a
way to focus our ④ indifference elsewhere until such
time as we can address them directly. When we
make art by ourselves, it can help us self-regulate;
feel a sense of mastery, control, and agency over our
lives; and engage in reflective, ⑤ validating,
contemplative, or meditative practices.
[정답] ④ indifference를 attention과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
161
Gladys West is an American mathematician. She Fado means “fate” in Portuguese, but is also the
was born in rural Virginia in 1930. She grew up on name of a form of music originating in Lisbon. It is
her family’s small farm and dreamed of getting a usually performed by one singer, accompanied by
good education. She worked hard and received a dual guitarras (mandolin-shaped 12-string guitars)
scholarship to Virginia State College (now Virginia and a viola (Spanish guitar). Fado lyrics frequently
State University), a historically black university. In focus on the hard realities of daily life, or the trials of
1956 she was hired as a mathematician at the naval love. Fado is also linked with the notion of saudade,
base in Dahlgren, Virginia. She was the second black which is a longing for something impossible to
woman to be hired at the base and was one of only attain. Fadistas, as fado singers are known, often
four black employees. There, West made significant wear a black shawl of mourning, although songs can
contributions to the applied mathematics that deals also be upbeat. Since the 19th century, fado has been
with the measurement of the Earth’s size, shape, and performed in bars and clubs in working-class
gravitational field. West and her team created a districts of Lisbon. It flourished during the Salazar
model that allows the GPS system to make accurate years, before _____________ after the 1974
calculations of any location on Earth. West retired Revolution. In recent times, the genre has been
from the base in 1998 at the age of 68 but revived and a new generation of musicians and
___________________. She later completed a singers can be heard in casas de fado, around
PhD in Public Administration at Virginia Tech by Lisbon.
distance-learning. * lyrics: 가사 ** mourning: 애도
① made into a picture
① ended her life soon after ② falling out of favour
② continued her education ③ analyzed by scholars
③ couldn't do anything as a black ④ making people angry
④ remained interested in math only ⑤ cleaning up the environment
⑤ got disappointed by her academic talent [정답] ②
[해설]
[정답] ②
리스본에서 유래하고 최근 다시 부활한 음악 장르 fado에 대한 내용이다. 빈칸의 내용
[해설]
이전에 번성하였고, 바로 다음 문장에서 최근 부활했다는 내용을 말하고 있으므로, 빈
Gladys West라는 미국의 수학자의 학문적 행위를 중심으로 한 생애에 대한 내용이다.
칸으로는 ② ‘falling out of favour(인기가 떨어지다)’가 가장 적절하다.
빈칸의 문장에서는 그녀가 퇴직했다는 내용을, 다음 문장에서는 학위를 마쳤다는 내
① 그림으로 만들어지다
용을 말하고 있으므로, 빈칸으로는 ② ‘continued her education(그녀의 교육을 계속
③ 학자들에게 분석되다
했다.)’가 가장 적절하다.
④ 사람들을 분노시키다
① 곧이어 생을 마감했다
⑤ 환경을 깨끗하게 하다
③ 흑인으로서 아무것도 할 수 없었다
④ 오직 수학에만 관심이 몰려있었다
⑤ 그녀의 학문적 재능에 실망했다
162
The Mayan ball game was a very important part of A good way to make human-machine interaction
Mayan culture. The ball games ① were played either more natural would be to develop a better metaphor.
by 2 players or by 2 teams of players. The object of A computer metaphor is a familiar object or activity
the game was ② to put a ball through one of the that your computer imitates with its commands,
stone rings while stopping the other team from display arrangements, and behavior.
putting the ball through the other stone ring. The
ball was a little larger than a basketball and ③ (A) With Web browsing, the metaphor is downtown
making of solid rubber. For protection, players wore window shopping; you gaze at various
hard leather gloves, elbow and knee pads, masks, "storefronts," see one you like, and (click) you
and belts that were made of wood or stone. ④ enter. Inside, there are more options to browse,
Although not all historians agree, some think the you choose another, and again you enter.
rules did not allow players to touch the ball with (B) Like a linguistic metaphor, the power of a good
their hands or feet. They used only their elbows, computer metaphor is that it makes a new system
hips, and knees to hit the ball, and had to keep the you don't know behave like an old "system" with
ball from touching the ground. Spectators from all which you are familiar. This lets you use the new
classes liked ⑤ to watch and bet on the games. system and get useful results out of it easily, since
you don't have to struggle learning new concepts
[정답] ③ making을 was made로 바꿔야 적절하다.
and commands.
(C) The two main metaphors we have today are the
desktop and the browser. In the desktop
metaphor, the display screen mimics a typical
desk; information is kept inside folders, which
can be opened, closed, and slipped into other
folders.
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
지 않은 것은? ④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
Lysippus was the most prominent, prolific and

longest-lived of the great 4th-century BC sculptors.
He was ① active, reportedly making 1,500 works, all
of them in bronze. Considered the most
accomplished artist of his age, Lysippus suitably
became Alexander the Great’s favourite — in fact,
court-sculptor. The world-conqueror allowed almost
no one else to ② sculpt him. Lysippus went on to
make portraits busts of many of Alexander’s warring
successors, such as Cassander and Seleucus I. A
native of Sicyon in the Peloponnese, Lysippus ran a
workshop of ③ almost industrial size that was
continued after his death by his sons. Ancient
writers such as Pliny ④ relate that Lysippus
invented an entirely new canon, or mathematically
calculated ideal beauty, almost ⑤ avoding that of
Polyclitus.
[정답] ⑤ avoiding을 displacing과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
163
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? It used to be thought that Neanderthals were
Human activity on the landscape can significantly dim-witted, slouching cavemen completely covered
contribute to soil erosion. In a natural state, with hair. But this reputation is based on just one
vegetation serves as natural protection against fossil, which modern scholarship has proved
erosion because the network of roots helps hold the happens to be that of an old, diseased, and injured
soil in place against various erosive forces, such as man. He was approximately forty or forty-five years
wind and water. Scientists estimate that, in the old when he died very old for people at that time.
United States, 30% of erosion is due to natural forces Healthy Neanderthals probably walked erect.
and 70% is due to human impact. Oftentimes, when Objects found at Neanderthal sites show that
people use the land for farming, the protective Neanderthals could make complex tools. The
covering of natural vegetation is destroyed, and the characteristics of their skulls suggest that they
erosion process speeds up. In fact, studies have probably could speak, although perhaps not with the
shown that artificially created erosion played a big full range of sounds that modern humans make.
part in the downfall of many early civilizations. Poor Sites also show that they did not necessarily live in
land management practices degraded the soil until it caves, but, if they did, they likely altered the caves to
was no longer productive enough to support the make them more livable. Sometimes they built
population living in the area. Early civilizations that shelters rather than settled in caves. In 1996,
recognized the disastrous effects of erosion used scientists digging at a Neanderthal site in Slovenia
devices such as terracing the land to keep from announced they had found what appeared to be a
plowing, planting, and irrigating on hillside slopes musical instrument, a flute made from a bear bone.
where water could wash the fertile soil away. * dim-witted: 우둔한 ** slouching: 구부정한 자세로 앉은[선]
 ① the insight from the life habits of primitive people
Human activities, especially like farming, destroy ② the discovery of archaeology created by a single
the natural ____(A)____ of vegetation and fossil
____(B)____ soil erosion. ③ the implication that Neanderthal fossils and ruins
suggest
(A) (B) ④ the regression of archaeology by premature
① observation accept judgment
② observation deliberate ⑤ the language of Neanderthals discovered by
③ conservation access archaeologists
④ preservation tolerate [정답] ③
[해설]
⑤ preservation accelerate 현시점에서 네안데르탈인에 대해 알 수 있는 것들에 대해 설명하는 내용이다. 따라서
[정답] ⑤ 주제는 ③ ‘the implication that Neanderthal fossils and ruins suggest(네안데르탈인
[해설] 의 화석과 유적이 시사하는 것)’가 가장 적절하다.
→ 특히 농사와 같은 인위적인 활동들은 초목의 자연적인 보존을 파괴하고 토양 침식 ① 원시인들의 생활습관로부터의 통찰
을 가속화한다. ② 단 하나의 화석이 만들어낸 고고학적 발견
인간 활동에 의해 토양 침식이 가속되고 피해로 이어질 수 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ③ 네안데르탈인의 화석과 유적이 시사하는 것
⑤ (A)에는 ‘보존’을 뜻하는 preservation이, (B)에는 ‘가속하다’를 뜻하는 accelerate가 ④ 섣부른 판단으로 인한 고고학의 퇴행
들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다. ⑤ 고고학자들이 밝혀낸 네안데르탈인의 언어
① 관찰 … 받아들이다
② 관찰 … 숙고하다
③ 보호 … 접근하다
④ 보존 … 견디다
164
[2025수능특강(영어) 11강 4번] ③ survive? If you always preferred a stranger to
36 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? someone you knew, social life would be in constant
Discrimination occurs on two levels: institutional turmoil and turnover. In contrast, if you ④
and individual. On the institutional level, automatically grew to like the people you saw
discriminatory practices ① are embedded in the regularly, you would soon prefer them over
social structures of a society, whereas on the strangers, and groups would form and stabilize
individual level, discrimination takes place during easily. Given the advantages of stable groups (e.g.,
direct interactions among individuals or groups. people know each other, know how to work together,
Unlike individual discrimination, ② which tends to know how to make decisions together, know how to
be overt, intentional, and direct, institutional adjust to each other), it is not surprising that nature
discrimination is often covert and unintentional, favored animals that grew to like (rather than
and this invisibility makes it much harder to detect. dislike) each other on the basis of ⑤ familiarity.
Standardized testing in schools, for example, may * contempt:경멸 ** alliance: 동맹 *** turmoil: 혼란
exclude certain historically marginalized groups
[정답] ② regress를 promote와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
from ③ succeeding in academic settings. Although
the government may not have intentionally
established testing standards ④ that are culturally
or class biased, in practice these standards tend to
have a disproportionate negative effect on ethnic
minority students. Furthermore, institutional [2025수능특강(영어) 12강 2번]
discrimination often has a generational or cyclical 38 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절
impact on certain ethnic minority groups and 한 곳은?
therefore its consequences are as severe, if not more Disagreement, Janis argued, is actually a good
so, than for those ⑤ suffered individual thing, and he suggested that members should be
discrimination. asked to play "devil's advocate“ — introducing an
* embed: 묻다, 끼워 넣다 ** overt: 공공연한 alternative point of view in order to provoke
*** marginalize: (사회적으로) 소외시키다 discussion.
[정답] ⑤ suffered를 suffering으로 바꿔야 적절하다.

Social psychologist Irving Janis recognized the
problems of groupthink, but felt that it could be
avoided. It is most likely to develop when team spirit
becomes more important than the opinions of
individual members. ( ① ) It's also likely to form if
the group is made up of like-minded people to begin
with, and they are faced with a difficult decision. ( ②
[2025수능특강(영어) 12강 1번] ) To prevent groupthink, Janis proposed a system of
37 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 organization that encourages independent thinking.
지 않은 것은? ( ③ ) The leader of the group should appear to be
One should perhaps ask why even very simple impartial, so that members do not feel any pressure
animals would prefer familiar stimuli or familiar to obey. ( ④ ) Furthermore, he or she should get the
other animals. A ① tendency to grow fond of the group to examine all the options, and to consult
familiar would help stamp in the preference for a people outside the group, too. ( ⑤ ) In addition to
stable environment (so animals might learn to like ensuring that the group comes to more rational and
their homes). It would certainly ② regress stable fair decisions, allowing members to retain their
social bonds. Imagine, for example, that nature individuality creates a healthier team spirit than the
programmed animals in the opposite way, so that state of groupthink, which results from conformity
familiarity led to contempt or some other form of and obedience.
disliking. How would families stay together? How * groupthink: 집단 순응 사고 ** provoke: 일으키다, 유발하다
would friendships, alliances, or other partnerships 글의 흐름상 ⑤에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.
165
The alternative world provided by cyberspace is People often have different definitions of
essentially an ideal private world in which each education, as the nature of education is somewhat
person controls the information that is revealed. In fluid. Nearly 600 years ago the printing press
this world, the full identity of the person is not changed the way much of education occurred.
revealed, and the two people are physically remote Students began reading information, coupled with
from each other. Hence, it is much easier to keep the information a teacher would share. To ensure
private whatever areas the participants so wish. that the student had retained the information, a test
These circumstances do not lead the participants to or paper was often required to make an assessment
remain completely mysterious — on the contrary, in of that retention. This downloading of information is
many cases it leads the participants to reveal much known as the banking model, and what the banking
more about themselves than they would usually do. model does is it ______________________. The
When we can keep private that which seems to process of the banking model raises the power and
threaten us, we can be more open concerning other control of the teacher while falling to recognize that
matters. The greater degree of openness generates a students are more than simply unthinking blank
greater degree of emotional closeness as well. slates. The concept, then, is placed squarely into the
Accordingly, in online relationships we can find minds of students, who are taught that they are
______________________ — this considerably subservient and beholden to the keeper of
reduces the common conflict between openness and information. As a result, students have little control
privacy. over their own thinking and their own education.
* subservient: 부차적인 역할을 하는, 보조적인
① restricted openness due to excessive privacy
② privacy infringement due to excessive openness
① respects the process of students developing their
③ irrelevance between information, privacy, and
own thoughts
openness
② aids students in memorizing and retaining new
④ both greater privacy and greater closeness and
facts for long periods
openness
③ enables students to determine and control their
⑤ the problem of neither openness nor privacy being
own educational approach
respected
④ fosters smooth communication between teachers
[정답] ④
[해설] and students, reducing conflicts
온라인 공간은 각 개인이 정보를 통제하는 이상적인 사생활 공간이므로 더 많은 개인
⑤ reduces the student from being a critical and
정보와 감정적 친밀감을 공유할 수 있고, 이로 인해 온라인 관계에서는 개방성과 프라
이버시 사이의 갈등이 줄어든다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ④ ‘both greater independent thinker to being a receptacle for facts
privacy and greater closeness and openness(더 많은 프라이버시와 더 큰 친밀감과 [정답] ⑤
개방성 둘 다)’가 가장 적절하다. [해설]
① 지나친 프라이버시로 인한 제한된 개방성 인쇄기 등장으로 나타난 교육의 변화 중 하나인 은행식 모델에 대해 설명하며, 은행식
② 지나친 개방성으로 인한 프라이버시 침해 모델이 학생이 자신의 교육에 대한 통제력을 잃게 만든다고 말하는 내용이다. 그러므
③ 정보, 프라이버시, 개방성 사이의 무관련성 로 빈칸으로는 ⑤ ‘reduces the student from being a critical and independent thinker
⑤ 개방성도 프라이버시도 존중받지 못하는 문제 to being a receptacle for facts(학생을 비판적이고 독립적으로 사고하는 사람에서 사
실을 담는 용기로 전락시킨다)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 학생이 자기자신의 생각을 발전시키는 과정을 존중한다
② 학생이 새로운 사실을 오랫동안 암기하고 보유하는 것을 돕는다
③ 학생이 자신의 교육 방식을 스스로 결정하고 통제할 수 있도록 한다
④ 교사와 학생 사이의 매끄러운 소통을 촉진하며 갈등을 감소시킨다
166
In his 1967 book, Coopersmith first noticed a When kids feel forced to do things — or are too
positive relationship between self-esteem levels in tightly regulated in the way they do things — they're
mothers and their children. But Bednar, Wells, and likely to become less interested in what they're doing
Peterson made considerable use of this factor by and less likely to stick with something challenging.
pointing out ① that parents actually show their
children the route to self-esteem by how they handle (A) Some of the parents immediately took over the
their own challenges, conflicts, and issues. The task or barked out instructions ("Put the block in.
impact of parents' behavior upon the child's No, not there. There!"). Others were content to let
self-esteem ② is undeniable: given the immaturity their kids explore, providing encouragement and
of children, however, parents' expression of their offering help only when it was needed.
own resolution of the self-esteem question is far (B) In an intriguing experiment, parents were invited
more influential than ③ that they teach verbally. to sit on the floor next to their very young children
Parents who face life's challenges honestly and — not even two years old who were playing with
openly and who attempt ④ to cope with difficulties toys.
instead of avoiding them thereby expose their
(C) Later, the babies were given something else to play
children early to a pro- self-esteem problem-solving
with, this time without their parents present. It
strategy. Those who avoid dealing with difficulties
turned out that, once they were on their own,
reveal a negative route for ⑤ handling the
those who had controlling parents were apt to
challenges and problems of life. Either way, it is
give up more easily rather than trying to figure out
important to remember that modeling helps set the
how the new toy worked.
stage for healthy self-esteem or problems with it. * intriguing: 아주 흥미로운
[정답] ③ that을 what으로 바꿔야 적절하다.

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
[2025수능특강(영어) 13강 2번]
지 않은 것은?
Several different strategies will be used to get us to
buy. For new products, marketers want to ①
motivate us to try their product, so the job is to
advertise it as much as possible to get the word out.
With an ② established product, marketers will
either want us to try it again (reminder advertising),
or they may try to get us to consume more of their
product. A good way to do this is to provide new
uses. One brand of baking soda is a good example.
After women entered the Job market en masse in the
1960s and there was less time for baking, the
company ③ promoted using the product to keep the
freezer and refrigerator smelling clean — and to
change the box every three months. Or when women
started earning ④ trifle salaries and getting married
later, the diamond industry started selling diamond
rings to women, ⑤ claiming that the left hand is for
"we" and the right is for "me".
[정답] ④ trifle을 significant와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
167
It is critical, as we recreate mutual provision in a As Marshall McLuhan suggested so presciently in
sustainable form, that we keep track of the line 1964, "the medium is the message," which means
between needs and wants. While a permanent place that, beyond the content that is conveyed, the
for people on Earth requires that our needs be met, medium itself has an impact by its very nature and
people gathering about themselves quantities of unique characteristics. For example, the use of social
unnecessary goods, while others lack food and media means that we have less need to interact with
shelter, cannot be part of a durable order. A society others directly. This distancing of communication
that oppresses other people to bloat itself will not has real implications for children's development. If
stop at undermining foreign nations. The ethic will learning to communicate with others is a skill that
express itself with exploitation at home. While develops with practice, children's constant use of
ingenuity and hard work will still lead to improved social media reduces the experiences they have with
circumstances as communities increase their which to learn social skills. McLuhan asserts that we
effective use of local resources, when one's achieved are so focused on the content of the technology that
wealth is at the expense of others, much goodwill, we neglect to notice the influence of the technology
effort and resources will be lost to resentment, itself on people. This observation is certainly true
rebellion and repression. A huge bonus is available today: we focus on what the technology provides
for everyone when the focus of development is (e.g., video, text messages, social media), but we fall
securing and improving the quality of life for all. to consider how the very act of using these advances
* bloat oneself: 자신의 배를 불리는 ** exploitation: 착취 shapes us.
① the fallacy of advocating ethical consumption

① Understanding the Content of Media
② the influence of literature addressing ethical
② Guidelines for Efficient Media Utilization
themes
③ Social Media: Advantages and Drawbacks
③ the necessity of institutional changes to minimize
④ Beware the Overwhelming Influence of Social
exploitation
Media
④ entrusting everything to the market for achieving
⑤ Beyond Content: Understanding the Influence of
an ideal society
the Medium
⑤ pursuing ethical consumption for sustainable [정답] ⑤
societal development [해설]
콘텐츠를 넘어 매체 자체가 본질과 고유한 특성으로 인해 영향력을 가지지만, 콘텐츠
[정답] ⑤
가 아닌 매체 자체가 미치는 영향에 대해서는 사람들이 주목하지 않는다는 내용이다.
[해설]
그러므로 제목으로는 ⑤ ‘Beyond Content: Understanding the Influence of the
필요와 욕구 사이의 경계를 파악할 때 영속성 있는 체제를 이룰 수 있다는 내용의 글이
Medium(콘텐츠를 넘어: 매체의 영향을 이해하기)’가 가장 적절하다.
다. 그러므로 주제로는 ⑤ ‘pursuing ethical consumption for sustainable societal
① 미디어의 콘텐츠 이해하기
development(지속 가능한 사회 발전을 위해 윤리적 소비를 추구하기)’이 가장 적절하
② 효율적인 미디어 이용을 위한 가이드라인
다.
③ 소셜 미디어: 장점과 단점
① 윤리적 소비를 주창하는 것의 오류
④ 압도적인 소셜 미디어의 영향을 경계하라
② 윤리적 주제를 언급하는 문학의 영향
③ 착취를 최소화하기 위한 제도적 변화의 필요성
④ 이상적인 사회를 이루기 위해 시장에 모든 것을 맡기기
168
Cities continue to reinvent themselves. In the last 지 않은 것은?
few decades, many have worked ① to reduce Human cultures seem to be infinitely variable, but
pollution and create appealing modern spaces by in fact that ① variability takes place within the
restricting polluting vehicles, ② encouraged boundaries produced by physical and mental
energy-efficient buildings, and planting trees. In capacities. Human languages, for example, are
2020, another impetus for change came in the form tremendously diverse, differing in sound, grammar,
of COVID-19, which saw retail centres empty, and semantics. But all are ② dependent upon what
businesses send workers home, and some question appears to be a uniquely human capacity and
③ whether crowded cities were a safe environment. predisposition for learning languages. While the
Yet cities have responded ④ to changing range of sounds used in human languages extends
circumstances in the past. Through the first from clicks and pops to guttural stops, the
kingdoms of Mesopotamia, global expansion, and distinctive speech sounds that are ③ meaningless in
the Industrial Revolution, they have evolved to all the languages of the world are but a fraction of the
remain at the heart of politics, economics, and sounds it is possible for humans to make. Another
culture. The history of the world is very much a way that we might ④ observe the intricate
history of great cities, and ⑤ whatever future we relationship between the culturally specific and the
build, these sites of trade, creativity, and universal is in the way an American boy and his
transformation are likely to be at the heart of it. Mixtec friends might react emotionally, even
* impetus: (일의 추진에 필요한) 원동력, 자극 instinctively, to bee larvae and onion soup: whether
they feel delight or ⑤ disgust is determined by the
[정답] ② encouraged를 encouraging으로 바꿔야 적절하다. way they learn to perceive food, but delight and
disgust seem to be basic and universal human
reactions to food.
* guttural stop: 후두 폐쇄음 ** intricate: 복잡한
*** larva: 애벌레(pl. larvae)
[정답] ③ meaningless를 meaningful과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
169
Think about what happens in a standard scientific AI's effects on human knowledge are paradoxical.
experiment to find out how a certain laundry On the one hand, AI intermediaries can navigate and
detergent bleaches. In normal use, there are several analyze bodies of data vaster than the unaided
factors that may cause the detergent to act in a human mind could have previously imagined. On
certain way. the other, this power — the ability to engage with
vast bodies of data — may also accentuate forms of
(A) So if, for example, the hypothesis is that it is the manipulation and error. AI is capable of exploiting
chlorine that does the bleaching, the experiment human passions more effectively than traditional
needs to show that if all the other factors remain propaganda. Having tailored itself to individual
the same, the presence or absence of the chlorine preferences and instincts, AI draws out responses its
will determine whether the laundry detergent creator or user desires. Similarly, the deployment of
bleaches. AI intermediaries may also amplify inherent blases,
(B) These will include its active ingredients, the type even if these AI intermediaries are technically under
and temperature of the water in which the human control. The dynamics of market
ingredients are mixed, the materials being competition prompt social media platforms and
cleaned and the machinery — if any — used to do search engines to present information that users
the laundry. find most compelling. As a result, information that
users are believed to want to see is prioritized,
(C) Any experiment that could hope to discover what
distorting a representative picture of reality. Much
caused bleaching would have to be devised in such
as technology accelerated the speed of information
a way as to ensure that the crucial factors were
production and dissemination in the nineteenth and
properly isolated from the other variables.
* detergent: 세제 ** bleach: 표백하다 *** chlorine: 염소
twentieth centuries, in this era, information is being
altered by the mapping of AI onto dissemination
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) processes.
* propaganda: 선전 ** deployment: 배치
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
① the benefits of utilizing AI

② the future directions of AI development
③ the paradoxical impact of AI on human knowledge
④ the guidelines for humans to intelligently utilize AI
⑤ the phenomenon of job displacement due to the
advancement of AI
[정답] ③
[해설]
AI는 방대한 데이터 탐색 및 분석을 가능케 하지만 조작과 오류를 이끌어 정보의 왜곡
을 낳을 수도 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ③ ‘the paradoxical impact of
artificial intelligence on human knowledge(AI가 인간의 지식에 미치는 역설적인 영
향)’이 가장 적절하다.
① AI를 활용하는 것의 편익
② AI 발전의 앞으로의 방향
④ 인간이 똑똑하게 AI를 활용하는 지침
⑤ AI 발달로 인해 일자리의 배치 전환이 일어나는 현상
170
[2025수능특강(영어) 13강 10번] "wishes to drink." So we are imagining people who
50 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? wish to drink and do not wish to drink. How could
It is not a coincidence that children turn out like that be? "It is obvious ③ what the same thing will
their parents. From the moment you come into the not be willing to do or undergo opposites in the same
world, your mother and your father are your role part of itself, in relation to the same thing, at the
models. As little girls grow, they try on their same time. So, if we ever find this happening in the
mother's clothes, put on her make-up, and pretend soul, we'll know ④ that we aren’t dealing with one
to be her. When little boys come of age, they play thing but many." In other words, since no one thing
with their father's tools and try to build or fix can both wish to drink and not wish to drink (in the
something for real. The truth of the matter is that same way at the same time), no one thing can have
children look up to their parents as mentors. They both of those two characteristics: we thus manage
praise them and hold them in high regard. The this by ⑤ being more than one: one part of the soul
greatest compliment they can give their parents as wishes to drink, and another does not wish to drink.
they grow is to turn out just like them. If you stop to * faucet: 수도꼭지 ** nonpotable: 마실 수 없는
take a personal inventory, you may find that you are
[정답] ③ what을 that으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
much like those that you emulate. A parent, a coach,
a teacher, or a leader all leave their mark on the final
package with your name on it. When you look in the
mirror, you may see one or all of them in the
reflection.
① Don't Settle for Just Imitating, Strive for Progress!

[2025수능특강(영어) 13강 12번]
② The Importance of Imitation in Children's Growth
Process
지 않은 것은?
③ The Person in the Mirror: The Mentors You
Media executives understand that they must think
Emulate
of their audiences as consumers who buy their
④ Learning Can Only Be Achieved Through
products or whom they sell to advertisers. The ①
Imitation!
complaining individual might be successful in
⑤ The Misconception That Children Inevitably
getting the content changed or even removed if he or
Resemble Their Parents
she convinces the media executives that they might
[정답] ③
[해설] otherwise lose a ② substantial portion of their target
자녀가 부모처럼 되는 것은 우연이 아니며, 사람들은 자신이 모방하는 사람들을 닮게 market. But an individual's concern will garner little
된다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ③ ‘The Person in the Mirror: The Mentors
You Emulate(거울 속의 그 사람: 당신이 모방하는 멘토들)’이 가장 적절하다. attention if it is clear that the person does not belong
① 모방하는 것에 안주하지 말고, 진보를 위해 노력하라! in the target ③ audience. The editors from
② 아이들의 성장 과정에서 모방의 중요성
④ 배움은 오로지 모방을 거쳐 성취될 수 있다 Cosmopolitan magazine, which aims at
⑤ 아이들이 필연적으로 부모를 닮는다는 오해 20-something single women, for example, are not
likely to follow the advice of an elderly-sounding
woman from rural Kansas who phones to protest
[2025수능특강(영어) 13강 11번] what she feels are demeaning ④ portrayals of
51 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? women on covers of the magazine that she sees in
We are all familiar with battles between reason the supermarket. Yet the magazine staff might well
and desire. Socrates asks ① whether there are thirsty act favorably if a Cosmopolitan subscriber writes
people who don't wish to drink. Indeed there are. (A with a suggestion for a new column that would ⑤
sign on a faucet ② that reads "nonpotable water, do distract more of the upscale single women they want
not drink" won't take away a person's thirst, but she as readers.
won't want to drink there.) Yet there is something * garner: 받다, 얻다 ** demeaning: 비하하는
paradoxical about this: the word "thirsty" means [정답] ⑤ distract를 attract와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
171
Rejecting any academic training they had
experienced, Monet and the other Impressionists
and when it is more prudent to be collaborative. To
believed that their art, with its objective methods of
make this kind of decision, they _____________.
painting what they saw before them, was more
For example, although a plant would generally
sincere than any academic art.
attempt to grow taller than a closely situated
neighbor for preferential access to sunlight, if the
(A) They avoided symbols or any narrative content,
neighbor is already significantly taller and the race is
preventing viewers from "reading" a picture, but
likely to be lost, the plant will temper its competitive
making them experience their paintings as an
instinct. That is, plants compete only when
isolated moment in time.
competition is needed to improve their ability to
(B) They all agreed that they aimed to capture their
support their own growth and reproduction and has
"sensations" or what they could see as they
some likelihood of success. Once competition yields
painted. These sensations included the flickering
the needed results, they cease competing and shift
effects of light that our eyes capture as we regard
their energy to living. For plants, competition is
things.
about survival, not the thrill of victory.
(C) In complete contrast to the Academie, the * prudent: 현명한 ** temper: 누그러뜨리다
Impressionists painted ordinary, modern people
in everyday and up-to-date settings, making no ① always store enough energy to ensure success in
attempt to hide their painting techniques. competition
* flickering: 깜빡거리는 ② consider only the benefits of growth, disregarding
energy costs
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ③ utilize roots and leaves to gauge the number and
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) type of competitors
④ maintain a system to alternate between
competition and collaboration
⑤ weigh the energy cost relative to the benefit for
improved growth and persistence
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
식물들은 에너지 비용과 이익을 따져 보며 경쟁을 할 것인지 가늠한다는 내용이다. 그
러므로 빈칸으로는 ⑤ ‘weigh the energy cost relative to the benefit for improved
growth and persistence(성장 및 지속성 향상에 따른 이익과 비교하여 에너지 비용을
따져 본다)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 경쟁에서의 승리를 보장하도록 언제나 충분한 에너지를 비축한다
② 에너지 비용은 고려하지 않고 성장의 효익만을 고려한다
③ 경쟁 상대의 수와 종류를 측정하고자 뿌리와 잎을 활용한다
④ 경쟁과 협력을 번갈아 하는 시스템을 유지한다
172
[2025수능특강(영어) 14강 3번] often extremely vocal and active, even ③ leaping on
55 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? stage to fight with the cast. It was the actor David
Mechanisation speeded up vertical movement. Garrick in the eighteenth century who pioneered the
Stairs and ramps were traditionally how you went up idea ④ that an audience should shut up and listen.
and down, so few buildings in frequent use exceeded The passive and reverential silence in which today's
five stories. The Otis Company, founded in 1853 in actors can indulge themselves is a new
New York, changed all that with the invention of the phenomenon, as, of course, is the cinema, ⑤ which
safety elevator (safe because it locked the car in place our surrogates on the screen can unfold their stories
should the cables fail) that made taller buildings unaware of our responses.
possible. Escalators came later bringing greater * reverential: 경건한 ** indulge oneself: 만끽하다
capacity to move more people over shorter vertical
distance: they made their debut, and were a [정답] ⑤ which를 where로 바꿔야 적절하다.
sensation, at the 1900 Paris Exposition. With
elevators and escalators, cities could now spread
underground, with deep basements, subways, and
tunnels, and upwards, with high-rise buildings, as
well as outwards. The modern cityscape — of which
Manhattan is still the iconic exemplar — was created.
① The History of Mechanisation

② What Made Manhattan the Symbol of Modern
City?
[2025수능특강(영어) 15강 1번]
③ Underground Cities Replacing High-rise Buildings
④ The Need to Increase Capacity of Public 지 않은 것은?
Transportation Globalization has often been studied as a macro
⑤ Mechanisation of Vertical Mobility: the Driving phenomenon. However, as the globalization process
Force Behind Urban Development ① obviously affects individuals' lives, a need for
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
alternative concepts has emerged. Concepts such as
엘리베이터와 에스컬레이터 같은 수직 이동의 기계화가 현대 도시의 성장과 발전을 cosmopolitanism and global citizenship have
이끌었다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목은 ⑤‘Mechanisation of Vertical Mobility: the
Driving Force Behind Urban Development(수직 이동의 기계화: 도시 발전의 원동력)
frequently been used to ② capture how globalization
‘이 가장 적절하다. is experienced "from below," with individuals as the
①기계화의 역사
②무엇이 Manhattan을 현대 도시의 상징으로 만들었는가?
object of analysis. Here, cosmopolitanism is
③고층 빌딩들을 대체하는 지하 도시 interpreted as having many similarities to global
④대중교통의 수용인원을 늘려야 할 필요성
citizenship. For instance, cultural sociologist John
Tomlinson claims that being a cosmopolitan means
that one has an ③ active experience of “belonging to
the wider world.” As such, cosmopolitanism is
closely connected to identity: a cosmopolitan
[2025수능특강(영어) 14강 4번]
obtains a reflexive ④ unawareness of the features
that unite us as human beings. This requires the
ability to question one's own assumptions and
prejudices. Identity is in this context not essentialist
① that you were at some level participating in a
or stable; rather, it is fragmented and constructed
dialog, a conversation, either with your fellow
and ⑤ reconstructed across the different practices
members of the audience, or with the actors. The
and positions in which one participates.
idea of the audience sitting in the dark and ②
* fragment: 분해하다 ** cosmopolitan: 세계주의자
watching the stage in silence is a new thing. Prior to *** reflexive: 성찰의
[정답] ④ unawareness를 awareness와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
the nineteenth century, the audience were lit and
173
58 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절 59 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
한 곳은? Most philosophers accepted Plato's definition of
Although she did not say so directly, the girls may knowledge as justified true belief until the 1960s
have been among those whose faces were when Edmund Gettier showed that it didn't always
permanently disfigured by the attack. provide a satisfactory explanation. He came up with
several instances where we instinctively realize that
On June 17, 1953, Mrs. Roosevelt traveled to someone doesn't really know something, even
Hiroshima, where she visited the Atomic Bomb though that person's belief is both true and justified.
Casualty Commission, an American research group For example, I have arranged to meet my friend Sue
that studied the effects of the nuclear attacks on at her house, and when I arrive I see her through the
bomb survivors. Many people had been injured by window sitting in the kitchen. In fact, it is not Sue
the fires that the bomb had caused. ( ① ) After her that I see, but her identical twin sister — Sue is
official meetings, some girls were waiting to see her. actually in another room. My belief that Sue is home
( ② ) The girls explained that they did not blame is true, and I have a good reason to believe it because
her for the atomic bomb: they only wanted to I am sure I have seen her, but it is wrong to say that I
impress on her the need to ensure that these knew she was at home — I didn't know. Examples
weapons were never used again on human beings, such as this became known as "Gettier problems"
given their effects. ( ③ ) This must have been a and have prompted philosophers to ask if, in
powerful encounter because Mrs. Roosevelt called it addition to belief, truth, and justification, there is a
a “tragic moment.” ( ④ ) It led her to urge fourth criterion for knowledge. Gettier had cast
Americans to do more to help. ( ⑤ ) Though she doubt not only on Plato's definition but also on
maintained that they were not America's direct whether or not it is possible to define completely
responsibility, “as a gesture of goodwill for the what knowledge is.
victims of this last war, such help would be * criterion: 기준
invaluable.”
① accumulation of knowledge by philosophers
* casualty 피해자, 희생자 ** disfigure: (외양을) 흉하게 만들다
② exploring the main themes of Plato's philosophy
글의 흐름상 ③에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다. ③ challenges on conventional definition of knowledge
④ the problem of providing justification for false
beliefs
⑤ the significance of distinguishing true knowledges
in philosophy
[정답] ③
[해설]
철학자 플라톤의 지식에 관한 정의에 Edmund Gettier가 의문을 제기했다는 내용이다.
그러므로 ③ ‘challenges on conventional definition of knowledge(전통적인 지식의
정의에 대한 도전)'이 주제로 적절하다.
①철학자들에 의한 지식의 축적
②플라톤 철학의 주요 주제들 탐구
④잘못된 믿음에 대한 정당화 제공의 문제
⑤철학에서 진실한 지식을 구별하는 것의 중요성
174
[2025수능특강(영어) 15강 4번] survival mechanisms in computers: we may expect
60 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? these to develop and new ones ④ emerging. It is
On one level, it is helpful for individuals to identify inevitable, at the present stage of their development,
which kind of ethical system they have and which that computer survival strategies owe virtually
kind they admire. Immanuel Kant takes it one step everything to human involvement in computer
further, adding an unusual rule for a deontologist. design. However, as machine autonomy develops
He believed that you can and should test your there will be a progressive reduction in the extent of
decisions for moral and ethical soundness and human influence on computer evolution. Computers
outlined a thought experiment he called the will come to think about their own position in the
Categorical Imperative to help you do just that. world and take steps ⑤ to enhance their own
When considering any course of action, ask yourself, security.
"Would I want everyone else, if placed in my * rudimentary: 원시적인 ** ponder: 숙고하다
position, to do the same thing?" If the answer is yes, [정답] ④ emerging을 to emerge로 바꿔야 적절하다.
you're on the right path. If the answer is no, then

don't do it yourself. For example, while you can
easily imagine a situation in which it might be to
your advantage to lie, __________________, so
you should not lie yourself.
* deontologist: 의무론자 **Categorical Imperative: 정언 명령
(양심의 절대 무조건적 도덕률) [2025수능특강(영어) 15강 6번]
① you would expect others to lie too 지 않은 것은?
② you would not want everyone to lie Since at least the late nineteenth century and the
③ you would know that trust would erode rise of industrial cities, the history of urbanism and
④ you would see greater disadvantage following urban planning has been a history of expertise —
⑤ you would not want your reputation to be damaged political, administrative, and technocratic. Cities
[정답] ② came to be seen as solutions to demands, for wealth,
[해설]
이마누엘 칸트는 사람들이 자신의 결정의 도덕적 윤리적 건전성을 검증하기 위해 타 health, safety, ① opportunity, and personal
인이 자신의 상황에 있을 때 그렇게 행동하기를 바라는지 자문해보아야 한다고 제안 development, as society grew more economically,
했다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ②‘you would not want everyone to lie(여러
분은 모든 사람이 거짓말하는 것을 원하지 않을 것이다)'가 가장 적절하다. socially, and politically complex. Cities also came to
①여러분은 다른 사람들도 거짓말 할 것으로 예상할 것이다 be seen as ② posing new problems, often caused by
③여러분은 신뢰가 떨어질 것임을 알 것이다
④여러분은 더 큰 불이익이 따를 것을 보게 될 것이다 their successes in meeting earlier social demands.
⑤여러분은 평판이 손상되는 것을 원하지 않을 것이다 Both fueled by and fueling that problem/solution,
framework, the Progressive political movement of
the early twentieth century ③ relied heavily on
trained and trusted experts, especially economists
[2025수능특강(영어) 15강 5번] and other social scientists. Those experts were often
61 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? educated in newly formed ④ occupational
Life-forms work to evolve survival strategies but disciplines and professional schools. Degrees in
without necessarily ① being aware of the process. hand, they were primed to lead both governments
Consciousness is not a necessary condition of life, and businesses away from the era of laissez-faire and
though it says much about the organism that toward better outcomes for themselves and for
happens to possess it. Most biological species have workers and citizens. That meant safer food: safer
evolved techniques and mechanisms for survival water: better working conditions: safer and less
without reflecting on the fact, and this is ② what has expensive automobiles: expanded opportunities for
happened so far with computer life-forms. We can education, leisure, and personal ⑤ abandonment:
speculate on ③ how computers might ponder on and so on.
their own survival but this is essentially a matter for * technocratic: 기술 관료적 ** prime: (사용할 수 있게) 준비시키다
the future. At present we see a host of rudimentary [정답] ⑤ abandonment를 fulfillment와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
175
As soon as a reporter is assigned to a specialized Cultural and behavioral diversity can result from
beat, he or she should read several basic books on humans' innate ability to flexibly respond to their
that subject to become familiar in a general way with environments, to engage in social learning, and to
how the beat works. make culture (an ability which is itself a part of the
social suite). The diversity might conceal an
(A) Libraries contain such books, although it is better underlying universality that, paradoxically, might
for reporters to buy their own copies for future relate more to our genes than to cultural exigencies.
reference. No medical reporter can work Evolutionary psychologists John Tooby and Leda
successfully without a good medical dictionary, Cosmides provide a fanciful illustration of this idea.
for example. Nor should a business reporter be They suggest a thought experiment in which aliens
without a basic economics text. replace humans with jukeboxes, each of which has a
(B) If a governmental area is involved — for example, repertoire of thousands of songs and the ability to
a state legislature or a court system — a reporter play a particular song according to where and when
should not go on a first assignment without it is. We would then observe that jukeboxes in
knowing how that particular unit operates. different parts of the world played different songs at
different times, songs that were similar to those on
(C) City directories and telephone books from all cities
the jukeboxes near them. But none of this intergroup
in a reporter's area of coverage are valuable tools,
variation and intragroup commonality would
as are internal directories of the organizations he
__________________. This is a way of
or she will encounter on the beat. Having such
illustrating that humans might have an inborn
numbers — which are often impossible to obtain
ability to respond flexibly — but also predictably — to
officially — will enable a reporter to bypass
their environment.
obstacles and reach potential sources quickly.
* beat: (관할) 구역 ** bypass: 우회하다
① persist as a permanent phenomenon

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
② reflect the innate abilities of humans
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
③ be affected by surrounding environments
④ have anything to do with the workings of culture
⑤ show that all jukeboxes operate on the same
principle
[정답] ④
[해설]
문화적 다양성은 문화적 필요성보다는 환경에 유연하게 대응하는 인간의 타고난 능력
에서 비롯된다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸에는 ④‘have anything to do with the
workings of culture(문화의 작용과 관련이 있다)’가 들어가야 적절하다.
①영구적인 현상으로 지속되다
②인간의 선천적인 능력을 반영하다
③주변 환경으로부터 영향을 받다
⑤모든 주크박스들이 같은 원칙대로 작동하는 것을 보여주다
176
[2025수능특강(영어) 16강 3번] also important for ③ distinguishing between edible
65 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? and inedible foods. Herbal medicine stores
When companies select leaders, two of the first frequently have a wide variety of pungent odors. The
questions they ask are, “Has he done anything like preparation of herbal medicines ④ may include
this before?" "What is his track record?” We assume cooking plants into liquid form or distilling essences
that if that person has done it before (and done it with alcohol, which often creates an odor. Yet
well), he can do it again. Experience is still biomedical pills and tablets are prepared in ways
important for leaders, and there are times when it is that deemphasize smells considered ⑤ being more
the most effective predictor of future success. The palatable. The absence of smells further distances
problem, however, is that because of constantly medicine from food.
improving technology, processes, and best practices * palatable: 맛이 좋은 ** pungent: 자극적인 *** distill: 증류하다
in a world that is constantly changing and where
[정답] ⑤ being을 to be로 바꿔야 적절하다.
success is being continually redefined, experience
can be a handicap. Today, leaders must discipline
themselves to look at problems and opportunities
with a fresh eye. This is difficult because people
naturally want to repeat an approach that worked in
a similar situation. It is a challenge to consider an
alternative to what brought you success in the past
or to your current position in the present.
① The Role of Technology in Leadership

② Redefining Leadership in a Changing World
③ Things Leaders Have to Consider in Decision
Making [2025수능특강(영어) 16강 5번]
④ Embracing Past Experience: A Leader's Ultimate 67 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
Asset 지 않은 것은?
⑤ Sticking to the Status Quo: The Key to Leadership The divergence between parental and peer values
Success does not necessarily lead to a hostile ①
[정답] ② confrontation between parents and teenagers. In
[해설]
fact, most youngsters are just as friendly with
끊임없이 변화하는 세상에서 리더는 과거에 성공을 가져다 준 경험이 아닌 새로운 시
각으로 문제와 기회를 바라봐야한다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로 ② ‘Redefining parents as with peers. They simply engage in ②
Leadership in a Changing World(변화하는 세상에서 리더십의 재정의)’가 가장 적절
different types of activities — work and task activities
하다.
①리더십에서 기술의 역할 with parents, play and recreation with peers.
③리더가 의사 결정을 할 때 고려해야할 사항
Concerning financial, educational, career, and other
④과거 경험의 수용: 리더의 궁극적인 자산
⑤현 상태의 유지: 리더십 성공의 열쇠 serious matters, such as what to spend money on
and what occupation to choose, youths are ③
inclined to seek advice from parents. When it comes
to social activities, such as whom to date and what
[2025수능특강(영어) 16강 4번] clubs to join, they are more likely to ④ discuss them
66 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? with peers. This reflects the great importance placed
Smell is not just a sense that determines taste: it is by the peer group on other-directed behavior,
also a powerful force ① that stimulates desire and looking to others for ⑤ refusal and support as
may even overwhelm the other senses. In the past opposed to reliance on personal beliefs and
decade, aromatherapy has emerged as an alternative traditional values. Peer groups, in effect, demand
healing practice, as well as a new product ② to be conformity at the expense of independence and
advertised to consumers. Some stores spread scents individuality.
of freshly baked bread or apple pie to encourage
shoppers to stay longer and buy more. Smells are [정답] ⑤ refusal을 approval과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
177
One important point related to the possibility of Consider a bar of soap, the kind you keep by the
reproducing believable tactile sensations in virtual bathroom sink to wash your hands and face. How
or machine-mediated environments lies in the role much meaning could such an innocuous object
of “pain”. contain? While it may be tempting to answer “not
much,” or even “none,” in fact, even soap can
(A) Shouldn't a "virtual" world be, in some sense, embody a rich set of symbols. Think about a
"better" without pain? Even if not immediately particular brand of soap. By itself, that soap cleans
intuitive, there are a (admittedly small) number like any other soap. But through some clever
of situations in which the ability to deliver painful marketing, packaging, and advertising, the brand
stimulation comes in handy within mediated immerses its soap in a complex set of messages
environments. about the environment, personal empowerment,
(B) Certainly, a number of real interactions can never and progressive politics. The brand’s website even
be entirely believable without the presence of says, “We are committed to animal protection,
painful stimulation. However, one might wonder environmental protection and respect for human
whether reproducing such kinds of stimulation rights.” These meanings allow the brand’s customers
would ever be of any use within virtual or to _do more with the soap than just clean their
mediated interactions. faces_: By using these products, they can make a
statement about what kind of person they are and
(C) In fact, numerous attempts have been made over
what kind of politics they embrace.
the course of the last few years to reproduce these
aspects of our perception as well. This may occur
in video games to increase the realism of the ① purchase the best-selling product
simulation or even more importantly in training ② find a product of the highest quality
programs for soldiers where pain is an ③ compare products for rational consumption
occupational hazard and will need to be dealt ④ do more with the soap than just clean their faces
with. ⑤ propose an idea for enhancing product
* intuitive: 직관적인 ** tactile: 촉각의 *** hazard: 위험 development
[정답] ④
[해설]
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
비누와 같은 흔한 일상 제품이 마케팅, 포장, 광고 등을 통해 다양한 상징을 담을 수 있
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) 고, 소비자는 이러한 제품을 사용함으로써 자신의 개인적, 정치적 정체성을 표현할 수
② (B)-(A)-(C)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다. 있다는 내용이다. 따라서 빈칸으로는 ④ ‘do more with the soap than just clean their
faces(비누로 자신의 얼굴을 씻는 것 이상의 일을 하다)’가 가장 적절하다.
①가장 많이 팔리는 상품을 구매하다
②가장 품질이 좋은 제품을 찾다
③합리적인 소비를 위해 제품을 비교하다
⑤제품 개발의 개선을 위한 아이디어를 제안하다
178
full-blown form) is unique to our species. Few relationships and, as we gain control of our body,
nonhuman species seem able to comprehend we're keen ① to take part in games and tasks that
pointing (notably, domestic dogs can follow involve working with others. In this way, we're so
pointing, while our closest relatives among the great different from young chimps. Experiments have
apes cannot), and there is little evidence of pointing shown chimps can understand collaborative tasks
occurring spontaneously between members of any perfectly well, but they only bother to take part if
species other than our own. Apparently only humans they can see ② what it will result in their getting a
have the social-cognitive infrastructure needed to piece of fruit or some other reward. Humans, by
support the kind of cooperative and prosocial contrast, often work together just for the joy of it.
motivations that pointing gestures presuppose. This Experiments have shown ③ that working with
suggests a new place to look for the foundations of others affects children’s behavior. Afterward, they’re
human language. While research on language in more generous in sharing any treats the
cognitive science has long focused on its logical experimenters give them — as if working with others
structure, the news about pointing suggests an has put them in a better mood. It seems unlikely that
alternative: that the essence of language is found in children’s greater willingness ④ to share is simply
our capacity for the communion of minds through the result of learning that they should pay people for
shared intentionality. At the center of it is the working with them, but the way we feel about
deceptively simple act of pointing, an act that must everything is strongly influenced by the experiences
be mastered before language can be learned at all. ⑤ that shaped the development of our brain. Our
* presuppose: 전제로 하다 ** communion: 교감, 공유 childhood observations of others don’t just help us
① The Evolutionary Origins of Human Language learn how to behave; they help us understand how
Skills we’re supposed to feel.
② The Role of Logical Structure in Language

[정답] ② what을 how로 바꿔야 적절하다.
Acquisition
③ Social-Cognitive Abilities and Language
Development
④ Animal Communication and Human Language
Development
⑤ Pointing Behavior: A Key to Understanding the
Essence of Human Language
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
가리키기는 인간에게 유일하게 나타나는 행위로 언어의 본질이 지향점 공유를 통한
마음 교감임을 드러낸다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤'Pointing Behavior: A Key to
Understanding the Essence of Human Language(가리키기 행동: 인간 언어의 본질 이
해를 위한 열쇠)‘가 제목으로 가장 적절하다.
① 인간 언어 기술의 진화적 기원
② 언어 습득에서 논리적 구조의 역할
③ 사회-인지 능력과 언어 발달
④ 동물 의사소통과 인간 언어 발달
179
지 않은 것은? We trust our common sense largely because we
The theory of reasoned action maintains that a are prone to naive realism: the belief that we see the
person’s decision to engage in a ① purposeful world precisely as it is. We assume that ‘seeing is
activity depends on several factors, of which some believing’ and trust our intuitive perceptions of the
are situational and some are mediated by personal world and ourselves. In daily life, naive realism often
dispositions or characteristics. At the core of the serves us well.
theory is the idea that when people ② engage in a
given behavior it is because they formed an intention
(A) Sometimes, what appears to be obvious can
to do so and have reasons for their decision to
mislead us when it comes to evaluating ourselves
actualize their intentions. Because of this, much of
and others. Our common sense tells us that our
our behavior can be ③ characterized as “reasoned
memories accurately capture virtually everything
action.” Fishbein and Ajzen suggested that
we have seen, although scientific research
behavioral intentions are controlled by two factors:
demonstrates otherwise. Our common sense also
attitude toward an act and the ④ normative
assures us that people who do not share our
component. Attitude toward an act is influenced by
political views are biased, but that we are
the beliefs that people have about the consequences
objective.
of performing an act. The normative component is
(B) If you are driving down a one-lane road and see a
controlled by our beliefs about what valued others
tractor-trailer moving uncontrollably towards
(i.e., people important in our lives) expect us to do.
you at 120 kilometers per hour, it is a wise idea to
For some behaviors we rely more on our ⑤ aptitude
get out of the way. Much of the time, we should
toward an act, whereas for other behaviors we may
trust our perceptions. Yet appearances can
rely more on the normative component for guidance
sometimes be deceptive. The Earth seems flat.
on how to behave.
The sun seems to revolve around the Earth. Yet in
both cases, our intuitions are wrong.
[정답] ⑤ aptitude를 attitude와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
(C) Yet psychological research demonstrates that we
are all susceptible to evaluating political issues in
a biased fashion. So our tendencies to believe
appearances can lead us to draw erroneous
conclusions about human nature. In many cases,
‘believing is seeing’ rather than the reverse: our
beliefs shape our perceptions of the world.
* prone: (~의) 경향이 있는 ** deceptive: 판단을 그르치게 하는
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
180
[2025수능특강(영어) 18강 3-4번] as a double-edged sword(양날의 검으로서의 감사의 긍정적 감정과 부정적 감정)’가
74 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은? 가장 적절하다.

① 타인의 호의에 감사하는 유익
Some people claim that gratitude is just about ② 감사의 정의를 기억해야 할 필요성
③ 긍정적인 사고를 감소시키는 제한된 감사 표현
thinking nice thoughts and expecting good things — ④ 양날의 검으로서의 감사의 긍정적 감정과 부정적 감정
and ignores the negativity, pain, and suffering in life. ⑤ 감사에 대한 부정적인 감정과 긍정적인 생각의 조합
Well, they’re wrong. Consider our definition of

recognize your dependence on others, and that’s not
always positive. You have to humble yourself, in the
sense that you have to become a good receiver of
obligation, which doesn’t sound like positive
cause people real discomfort, as Jill Suttie explores
Indebted.”
in fact, people do.
① the benefit to be grateful for others’ favor

② the need to remember the definition of gratitude
③ the limited expression of gratitude that reduces
positive thinking
④ positive and negative emotions of gratitude as a
double-edged sword
⑤ the combination of negative feelings and positive
thinking for gratitude
[정답] ④
[해설] 감사는 매우 어려울 수 있어 수혜자가 되면 부채감과 의무감이라는 부정적인
감정도 경험해야 해서 감사하는 것이 완전히 긍정적인 감정만으로 이어지는 것은 아
니라는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ④ ‘positive and negative emotions of gratitude
181
[2025수능특강(영어) 18강 5-6번] ④ evolutionary trait interactive reaction
75 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), ⑤ evolutionary trait emotional perception
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [해설]
In all social systems, it is true that people’s → 개코원숭이 실험에 따르면 무리의 문화에 따라 행동방식의 변화가 발생하는데, 이
점은 역사적으로 다양한 인간 사회가 다른 행동 규범을 가졌던 이유를 설명해준다.
behavior is influenced by social rules and they are 무리의 문화에 따라 행동 방식이 바뀐 개코원숭이 실험을 사례로 들어, 사람의 행동은
extraordinarily adaptable. One natural experiment 적응력이 뛰어나기에 사회 체계에 영향을 받는다는 내용의 글이다. 역사적으로 다양
한 인간 사회가 다른 행동 규범을 가졌던 이유도 바로 행동 규범이 문화와 학습의 산물
involving baboons is instructive. A study in 2004 이기 때문이라고 말하고 있다. 그러므로 ① (A)에는 ‘행동방식의 변화’를 뜻하는
examined how a troop of baboons dominated by behavioral change이, (B)에는 ‘다른 규범’을 뜻하는 different norms가 들어가야 글의
내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
large and aggressive males changed after all those ② 행동방식의 변화 … 내적인 본성
dominant males caught a disease and died. With ③ 인지적 오류 … 사회적 기술들
④ 진화적 특성 … 상호작용적인 반응
only smaller, gentler males remaining, the culture of ⑤ 진화적 특성 … 감정적인 인지
that troop underwent a dramatic shift, moving from
[2025수능특강(영어) 18강 7-8번]
a social structure characterized by widespread
bullying and fighting to one with much more
Not surprisingly, usage of unsafely designed and
peaceful grooming. Conflict was still there, of
insecurely implemented software presents some
risks. After ① distributed software reaches user
sites, installation and administration of system and
application software, when improperly ②
performed, may adversely affect performance and
of that troop persisted even after all those original
proper functioning of such software. ③ Due to the
complexity as well as due to inadequate
documentation of these systems, users hardly
acculturated to the group norms, and learned to
understand effects of their attempts to “properly”
use such systems. Consequently, users apply “trial
and error” methods in learning to work with new
features, rather than trying methodologically to
different human societies can have much different
understand which functions may have ④ which
effects, and which precautions should be taken to
avoid unwished side-effects. This somewhat
“explorative” way to use systems rather often leads
to a risky attitude with potentially harmful effects,
e.g., by ⑤ being clicked on unknown attachments
without due care.
Human societies have much more complexity and
software is mainly caused by improper actions of
* baboon: 개코원숭이 ** groom: (서로) 털 손질을 해 주다 human-computer interface (e.g., the display of
*** feudal: 봉건 (시대의) functions and operations on the screen, or the
 handling of input devices such as mouse and
According to baboon experiments, ____(A)____ keyboard) is inadequately designed and users are
occurs depending on the culture of the herd, which not properly supported by help functions (which
explains why different human societies throughout when existing in many cases are so complex that
history have had ____(A)____ of behavior. users are further misled). While users are primarily
interested in doing their work, one must admit that
(A) (B) they rather often tend to forget about any precaution
① behavioral change different norms and even sometimes bypass security measures when
② behavioral change inherent nature thinking that their work performance is reduced.
③ perceptional error social skills [정답] ⑤ being clicked를 clicking으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
182
지 않은 것은? When he was a Harvard student, world-famous
Marcel Pagnol was born in Aubagne in 1895, and cellist Yo-Yo Ma played often at concerts in and
died in 1974. The son of a primary school teacher, around Boston.
whom he described so ① vividly in his Souvenirs
d’enfance (childhood memories), this southern
(A) For example, many guest cello soloists play in the
Frenchman began his professional life as an English
first half of a concert, then they are finished for
teacher. However, he quickly earned a reputation for
the night. However, Mr. Ma would sometimes
his plays in the 1920s: the ② extraordinary success
play as part of the orchestra in the second half of
of Topaze in 1927 and Marius in 1928 established
the concert — doing this with the Philadelphia
him as a playwright. Marcel Pagnol had long been
Orchestra was especially enjoyable for him.
interested in the cinema, but had to wait for the ③
(B) He says, “It is an honor to play the back stands of
development of talking picture techniques to use his
the Philadelphia Orchestra. It’s incredible the way
full vigor as a dialogue writer. His first few films
those players listen, the knowledge they have. I
were adaptations of his theatrical works, for example
admire it so much. And I feel the thrill of being
the highly acclaimed trilogy Marius, Fanny and
part of something that’s greater than the sum of
César. The public success was enormous at both
its parts — being accepted as part of the team.”
national and international levels. This ④ dissuaded
(C) He became very popular, and one day when one of
Marcel Pagnol to devote himself exclusively to the
his concerts was sold out, he gave a free concert
cinema. For his second film he set up his own
for those who were unable to obtain tickets — he
production company, La societe des films Marcel
sat in the theater lobby and played Bach cello
Pagnol. He was certain that the dramatist of the past
suites. Later in his career, when he was an
would be the film-maker of the future, a thesis which
international success, he still would often give
he controversially developed in a short-lived ⑤
more than required.
critical review entitled Les cahiers du film.
*** thesis: 논제(論題) ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
[정답] ④ dissuaded를 persuaded와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다. ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
183
In the summer of 1878, a thirty-year-old Dutch It is uncontroversially true that people in different
botanist named Hugo de Vries traveled to England societies have different customs and different ideas
to see Darwin. It was more of a spiritual journey than about right and wrong. There is no world consensus
a scientific visit. Darwin was vacationing at his on which actions are right and wrong, even though
sister's estate in Dorking, but de Vries tracked him there is a considerable overlap between views on
down and traveled out to meet him. Thin, intense, this. If we consider how much moral views have
and excitable, with a beard that rivaled Darwin's, de changed both from place to place and from age to age
Vries already looked like a younger version of his it can be tempting to think that there are no absolute
idol. He also had Darwin's persistence. The meeting moral facts, but rather that morality is always
must have been exhausting, for it lasted only two relative to the society in which you have been
hours, and Darwin had to excuse himself to take a brought up. On such a view, since slavery was
break. But de Vries left England transformed. With morally acceptable to most Ancient Greeks but is not
no more than a brief conversation, Darwin had to most Europeans today, slavery was right for the
inserted a sluice into de Vries's racing mind, Ancient Greeks but would be wrong for today’s
completely redirecting it forever. Back in Europeans. This view, known as moral relativism,
Amsterdam, de Vries suddenly terminated his prior makes morality simply a description of the values
work on the movement of tendrils in plants and held by a particular society at a particular time. This
threw himself into solving the mystery of heredity. is a meta-ethical view about the nature of moral
* sluice: 수문(水門) ** tendril: 덩굴손 *** heredity: 유전 judgements. Moral judgements ______________.
There are no absolute moral judgements: they are all
① Mutual Benefit Between Hugo de Vries And relative.
Darwin
② What do Hugo de Vries and Darwin have in ① already starts to change
common? ② should be defined within cultural background
③ The Reason Why Hugo de Vries Was Eager to Meet ③ helps us to adopt more reasonable way of thinking
Darwin ④ has made absolute criteria stand firm since Ancient
④ How Hugo de Vries' Meeting with Darwin Affected Greeks
Hugo de Vries? ⑤ can only be judged true or false relative to a
⑤ The Effort Hugo de Vries made proved to be in vain particular society
[정답] ⑤
[정답] ⑤ [해설]
[해설] 서로 다른 사회 사이에 어떤 행동이 옳고 그른지에 대한 견해는 상당 부분 겹치기는 하
Hugo de Vries가 Darwin을 만나러 가서 진을 빼는 만남이었음에도 불구하고 Vries가 지만, 그것에 관한 전 세계적인 합의는 없는 것처럼, 도덕성은 사람이 자라온 사회와
끈기 있게 노력을 기울인 덕분에 짧은 대화에서도 영감을 받아 암스테르담으로 돌아 관련되어 있으며, 그렇기 때문에 절대적인 도덕적 판단은 존재하지 않으며, 그것은 모
온 후 유전의 수수께끼를 푸는데 몰두하기 시작했다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로 두 상대적이라는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ⑤ ‘can only be judged true or false
는 ④ ‘How Hugo de Vries' meeting with Darwin affected Hugo de Vries?(Hugo de relative to a particular society(오로지 특정 사회와 관련하여 옳거나 그른 것으로 판단
Vries와 Darwin의 만남이 Hugo de Vries에게 어떤 영향을 끼쳤는가?)’가 가장 적절하 될 수 있다)’가 가장 적절하다.
다. ① 이미 변화하기 시작했다
① Hugo de Vries와 Darwin사이의 상호 유익 ② 문화적 배경 안에서 정의되어야만 한다
② Hugo de Vries와 Darwin사이의 공통점은 무엇인가? ③ 우리가 더 합리적인 사고 방식을 채택하도록 도와준다
③ Hugo de Vries이 Darwin을 만나고 싶어했던 이유 ④ 고대 그리스 이후로 절대적인 기준이 확고하게 자리잡도록 만들어왔다
⑤ Hugo de Vries가 기울인 노력은 헛되다는 것이 증명되었다
184
[2025수능특강(영어) 21강 2번] surface, are still the most ④ narrow and unique
81 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? desert wildernesses on the planet. Saltwater
If the United States has one of the easiest constitutes 97% of Earth's water, and of the 3% that
geographies to develop, Mexico has one of the most is fresh, two-thirds is frozen in glaciers and polar ice.
difficult. The entirety of Mexico is in essence the Thus, a mere 1% of all the water on the planet (in
southern extension of the Rocky Mountains, ① lakes and rivers, groundwater, and the ⑤
which is a kind way of saying that America’s worst atmosphere) is fresh and can be used by terrestrial
lands are strikingly similar to Mexico’s best lands. As plants and animals.
one would expect from a territory ② that is * potable: 마시기에 적합한 ** terrestrial: 육상의
mountain-dominated, there are no navigable rivers [정답] ④ narrow를 extensive와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
and no large cohesive pieces of fertile land like the
American Southeast or the Columbia valley, much
less the Midwest. Each mountain valley is a sort of
fastness ③ which a small handful of oligarchs
control local economic and political life. Mexico
shouldn’t be thought of as a unified state, but instead
as a collage of dozens of little Mexicos where local
power brokers constantly align with and against
[2025수능특강(영어) 22강 1번]
each other (and a national government ④ seeking — 83 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절
often in vain — to stitch together something more 한 곳은?
cohesive). In its regional disconnectedness, Mexico To many 20- and 30-somethings, walkable
is a textbook case that countries with the greatest communities are equated with a downsized
need for capital-intensive infrastructure are environmental footprint and energy efficiency, with
typically the countries with the lowest ability ⑤ to the added benefit of burning calories during
generate the capital necessary to build that everyday activities.
infrastructure.
* cohesive: 응집된, 결합력이 있는 ** oligarch: 과두 정치 독재자 Shifting demographics, household structures,
lifestyle preferences, and consumer values suggest a
[정답] ③ which를 where로 바꿔야 적절하다.
different built environment and urban fabric 30
years ahead compared with 30 years ago. ( ① )
More and more Americans, Australians, and
Europeans are choosing to live in settings where
they are less dependent on their cars because
[2025수능특강(영어) 21강 3번] reducing air pollution and energy use matters to
82 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 them. ( ② ) A 2011 survey of more than two
지 않은 것은?
thousand adult Americans found seven times more
When Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote the words,
people said the neighborhood where a house is
"Water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink"
located is a bigger consideration in deciding where
in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in 1798, the
to live than the size of the house. ( ③ ) Walking to
dangers of drinking seawater had been known for
restaurants, businesses, schools, and other
thousands of years. Seawater does indeed make men
amenities was the most appealing neighborhood
mad. Historical evidence ① indicates the ancient
feature for many respondents. ( ④ ) If green
Egyptians knew seawater was not potable, but the
buildings and solar panels dot the landscape and
earliest realization that it was ② unsafe to drink has
rooftops, all the better. ( ⑤ ) Notes one economist
been lost to antiquity. In pre-Columbian times, the
with the Urban Land Institute, “Energy efficiency is
greatest fear of ③ venturing too far from land on the
becoming the new granite countertops; it’s a
ocean was not falling off the surface of the Earth but
necessary feature to sell the property.”
lack of fresh drinking water. From a human * amenity: 생활 편의 시설 ** dot: (점으로) 덮다 *** granite: 화강암
perspective, the oceans, which cover 70% of Earth's 글의 흐름상 ④에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.
185
"In recent years, there has been an increasing (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
tendency of economists, scientists, and politicians to "Movies featuring wonderful natural landscapes
shift the focus from population growth to and charismatic wildlife often increase the desire of
consumption as the more important underlying moviegoers to visit natural areas where they can see
driver of biodiversity loss. For many, the emphasis these landscapes and animals first-hand. But they
on consumption avoids politically charged topics, can also raise awareness of environmental issues in
such as population control, which most people new audiences. While many documentaries are
oppose on ethical or moral grounds, and because it is created with this purpose in mind, such benefits can
associated with divisive topics such as xenophobia, also extend to blockbuster movies meant for broader
racism, and eugenics. Others highlight that it is not audiences. For example, Disney’s Happy Feet
the number of people per se, but how natural (2006) highlighted the threat of overfishing and
resources are consumed that is the main cause of plastic pollution to penguins; The Jungle Book
environmental decline. Indeed, rich people and rich (2016) exposed audiences to the endangered
countries have a disproportionate impact on the pangolins. Such exposure can even lead to
natural environment because they consume a environmentally conscious behavioural changes.
disproportionately large share of the world's natural For example, moviegoers were willing to donate 50%
resources. To use one example, the USA more money to climate mitigation after watching the
accommodates only 5% of the world's human apocalyptic movie The Day After Tomorrow (2004).
population but uses 25% of the world's harvested Perhaps, in part, due to the influence of
natural resources each year. In fact, decorative environmentally-orientated movies, an increasing
Christmas lights in the USA alone use more energy number of movie stars (and other celebrities) have
than the annual energy usage of the entirety of started using their stardom as a platform from
Ethiopia or Tanzania. And yet, the average USA where they promote biodiversity conservation
citizen uses less than half of the energy that an efforts in Africa.
average citizen of Qatar uses, Qatar being a small but
wealthy Middle Eastern country. ** mitigation: 완화 *** apocalyptic: 종말론적인
* xenophobia: 외국인 혐오 ** eugenics: 우생학 
According to the examples of moviegoers and
movie stars, their efforts ____(A)____ biodiversity
① political controversy over limited budgets for
conservation show that media such as film can help
natural resources
raise ____(B)____ of environmental issues.
② consumption of natural resources as a major cause
of environmental degradation (A) (B)
③ how to use natural resources to overcome energy ① to prohibit passion
inequality between rich and poor countries ② to prohibit difficulty
④ the introduction of legislation agreed upon among ③ to estimate opposition
countries to address environmental issue ④ to promote support
⑤ the emergence of alternatives that can prevent ⑤ to promote awareness
environmental degradation with new policy [해설]
→ 영화 관람객들과 영화배우들의 예에 따르면, 생물 다양성 보존을 홍보하기 위한 그
improvements
들의 노력은 영화와 같은 매체가 환경 문제에 대한 인식을 높여주는데 도움이 될 수 있
[정답] ② 다는 사실을 시사한다.
[해설] 다큐멘터리뿐만 아니라 블록버스터 영화들이 환경오염의 위협을 강조하여 환경을 의
환경 쇠퇴의 주요 원인이 인구 증가 때문이 아니라 부유한 사람들과 국가들이 천연자 식하는 행동 변화를 관람객들에게 유발할 수 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤(A)에는
원을 불균형적으로 소비하기 때문이라고 하는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ② ‘홍보하는’을 뜻하는 to promote가, (B)에는 ‘인식’를 뜻하는 awareness가 들어가야 글
‘consumption of natural resources as a major cause of environmental degradation 의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
(환경 쇠퇴의 주요 원인으로서 천연자원 소비)’가 가장 적절하다. ① 막으려는 … 열정
① 천연자원에 대한 제한된 예산이 야기하는 정치적 격론 ② 막으려는 … 조언
③ 부유하고 가난한 나라들 사이에 에너지 불평등을 극복하기 위해서 천연 자원을 사 ③ 평가하는 … 반대
용하는 방법 ④ 홍보하는 … 지원
④ 환경 문제를 해결하기 위한 나라들 사이에 동의되는 법안의 도입
⑤ 환경 쇠퇴를 새로운 정책 개선으로 방지할 수 있는 대안들의 출현
186
Many aspects of an ant’s appearance have likely However skilled you may be at bowling, there will
evolved to meet a specific lifestyle requirement, always be minute changes in the angle at which you
although the extent ① which this is true has not been release the ball that will be magnified as the ball
fully explored for all aspects of its body structure. travels the length of the lane.
food, or predators. Long legs and large eyes are (A) Even those who can achieve strike after strike
commonly ② seen in ground-foraging ants that actually achieve a different strike every time, for
need to move quickly to avoid predators in open the skittles will never fall in exactly the same way
ground or be the first to acquire a food resource. In twice.
contrast, ants ③ that forage and nest in leaf litter (B) As it strikes, the first skittle falls back either
have shorter legs and antennae, alongside small slightly to the right or the left, and the ball is
eyes. This makes sense in the dark environment of deflected slightly in the other direction.
leaf litter where moving through small spaces is
(C) From then on, within a fraction of a second,
easier with a compact body plan. ④ Based on the
skittles start falling in different directions,
unique combination of body size measurements,
sometimes hitting others as they fall. The
scientists can predict where an ant nests and forages
differences in the final arrangement of skittles
or even ⑤ what kind of food it eats. Predators have
each time are difficult to predict from the slight
longer, flatter mandibles, while omnivores — those
variation of angle as the ball leaves the bowler’s
eating a diverse range of foods — have shorter,
hand.
curved mandibles.
[정답] ① which를 to which로 바꿔야 적절하다.
[2025수능특강(영어) 23강 2번] ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
지 않은 것은? ③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
The largest species of octopus in the world, the

giant Pacific octopus, usually grows to about 3 m in
length and weighs up to 272kg. It lives on the rim of
the North Pacific Ocean, where it crawls about on
the bottom, using its long, sucker-covered arms. It
seeks out rocky dens on the seabed; youngsters will
often dig holes under rocks in sand. Here, the
octopus can take ① refuge from predators — seals,
sharks, and other large fishes — too big to slip
through the den mouth. Foraging ② mainly at night,
this giant octopus looks especially for crabs and
lobsters, but also takes shrimp and shellfish, smaller
octopuses, and fishes. Often it will return to its den
to feed, ③ depositing empty shells and other
inedible fragments of prey in piles at the entrance.
Like its relatives, this octopus ④ almost lives alone,
except for a brief period when adults come together
for mating. The female lays her eggs in a den, and
will tend them until her young emerge. She will not
feed in all this time — and will die soon after her
young ⑤ emerge.
[정답] ④ almost를 mostly와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
187
Spectators are seen as a source of drive arousal. (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
This heightened state of arousal is presumed to Athletes do require more protein (and all
facilitate the performance of well-learned or simple nutrients) than sedentary people, but there is no
skills. However, if a skill is not well-learned or evidence that they require a higher percentage of
complex, the increase in arousal will interfere with protein compared to other macronutrients in their
its performance. The underlying notion is that an diet to perform more optimally. To put it another
increase in drive arousal favors the emission of the way, a diet with 10 percent protein is sufficient for
performer's dominant responses. In the case of a most people, athlete and nonathlete alike. If an
skilled performer, her dominant responses are average adult female eats 2,000 calories, 10 percent
presumed to be largely "correct" ones. Her is 200 calories from protein. If an average female
performance stands to be improved with an athlete eats 3,000 calories, 10 percent is 300 calories
audience present. In a case where the performer is from protein — that’s a 50 percent increase in
still struggling to master a skill, incorrect responses protein achieved by simply eating more of the same
are present in abundance and are thereby presumed foods. So when you exercise, you don’t need to
to be dominant responses. As a consequence, change the composition of the food (i.e., consuming
onlookers can only worsen the performance of a foods with higher concentrations of protein or
beginner. Hence, the performer's level of skill and consuming protein powders). You just need to eat
the complexity of the skill itself will determine more of the same foods. The increased athletic
whether an audience helps or hinders a activity will work up your hunger drive. In response,
performance. you will consume more protein as well as nutrients

* hinder: 방해하다 of all types. This works well since physical activity
likely requires more of all nutrients, not just protein.
① What Affects the Results of the Performers? * sedentary: 몸을 많이 움직이지 않는
② What is the key to performing skills efficiently? 
③ Spectators: The Source of Performers' Awakening For most people, a diet containing 10 percent
④ Disparity in Performers' Skill Levels Due To protein is ____(A)____, so there is no need to eat
Limited Information foods with higher protein ____(A)____.
⑤ The Difference Between An Experienced Performer
and A Beginner Dealing With A Slump (A) (B)
[정답] ③ ① deficient content
[해설]
각성상태는 잘 학습되거나 간단한 기술의 수행을 용이하게 하지만, 잘 학습되지 않거
② deficient supplements
나 복잡한 기술의 수행에는 방해가 되는데, 관중은 이러한 각성의 원천으로 여겨지므 ③ burdensome substitution
로 선수의 기술 수준과 기술의 복잡성에 따라 관중의 영향이 다르게 나타난다는 내용
이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ③ ‘Spectators: The Source of Performers' Awakening(관
④ sufficient concentrations
중 : 선수가 각성하는 원천 )’이 가장 적절하다. ⑤ sufficient drink
① 무엇이 선수들의 수행 결과에 영향을 미치는가?
[해설]
② 효과적으로 기술을 수행하는 비결은 무엇인가?
→ 대부분의 사람에게 10퍼센트의 단백질이 포함된 식단이면 충분하기 때문에 단백질
④ 제한된 정보로 인한 선수의 기술 수준의 불균형
농도가 더 높은 음식을 따로 섭취할 필요가 없다.
⑤ 숙련된 선수와 초보자가 슬럼프를 대하는 차이
운동선수도 10퍼센트의 단백질을 포함한 식단이면 충분하며, 운동 활동이 늘어나면
음식을 더 많이 섭취하게 되고, 자연스럽게 다른 영양소와 함께 단백질의 섭취량도 늘
어날 것이므로, 단백질 농도가 더 높은 음식을 따로 더 섭취할 필요가 없다는 내용이
다. 그러므로 ④ (A)에는 ‘충분한’을 뜻하는 sufficient가, (B)에는 ‘농도’를 뜻하는
concentrations가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 부족한 … 함유량
② 부족한 … 보충제
③ 부담스러운 … 대체품
⑤ 충분한 … 음료
188
Once production shifts to industrial methods, the Architectural spaces become memorable through
leisure consumer is free ① to seek pleasure in the the architectural characteristics that define them.
older handcraft technology. Typically, the Qualities of scale, appropriateness for people,
technology itself enters one or more paths to aesthetics, and visual impact are among the many
pleasure as the market recognizes hobby demand: components that give a place its character and feel.
tools and materials ② are designed for comfort,
beauty, and satisfaction. Both needlework tools and (A) Incidentally, George Washington had two rooms
those of hobby woodworking have undergone this at Mount Vernon altered to include bowed ends so
transition, to name only two of many possible he could greet guests while standing in the middle
examples. Fountain pens, considered obsolete as a as they circled around him.
production technology for writing, ③ are selling at (B) The purpose of a space can make it a place. The
four-figure prices to people who simply enjoy the Oval Office in the White House is a good example
process of forming words with ink on paper and are of a place with enormous historic significance.
willing ④ to pay a premium for the pleasure. In the The unique oval shape of this splendid room
1950s, the late Shelby Foote reportedly wrote his makes it memorable and gives it a special
three-volume 1.5-million-word history of the Civil importance without being ostentatious.
War with a dip pen, eschewing the then-dominant
(C) Thomas Jefferson designed two oval meeting
writing technologies — the manual typewriter and
rooms in the main floor of the Rotunda at the
the fountain pen — thereby ⑤ to lend a new
University of Virginia. Oval rooms were seen as
meaning to the term "belletristic history."
being democratic because no person could be
*** belletristic: 순수 문학적인 placed at a more important position in the room
than anyone else.
[정답] ⑤ to lend를 lending으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
* splendid: 훌륭한 ** ostentatious: 대단히 호사스러운
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

[2025수능특강(영어) 25강 1번] ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
92 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 ② (B)-(A)-(C)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
지 않은 것은?
Responding to life with joy and sorrow is part of
being human. At times when pain and suffering are
① inescapable, it is important to remember that this
is part of the process by which we acquire
knowledge. This does not mean that one must be in
② comfort to make art, but stress can be channeled
into a creative force if it produces a sense of
inquisitiveness and an ③ incentive for change.
Thinking through making pictures can allow us to
place our distress in context. The images we make
can help us understand its source, catalog its scope,
adapt ourselves to its presence, and ④ devise ways
to control it. There are things in life, once called
wisdom, which we have to discover for ourselves by
making our own private journeys. Stress can be
directed to open up possibilities for intelligent and
imaginative inquiries and solutions that otherwise
might have been ignored, overlooked, or ⑤ refuted.
* inquisitiveness: 호기심 ** refute: 반박하다
[정답] ② comfort를 discomfort와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
189
94 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 95 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Museum and gallery exhibitions are ‘hired’ by or A significant challenge arises when we ask
co-produced with other galleries; it is not whether there is any such thing as general aptitude.
uncommon for shows to be ‘on the road’ for two Many people are terrific at calculus but couldn’t
years or longer. Normally they are curated by one or write a good essay or paint a good picture if their
more people, whose role includes researching the lives depended on it. Some people can walk into a
exhibition concept, the selection (or commissioning) room full of strangers and immediately figure out
of work, planning how the work will be hung within the relationships and feelings among them; others
the exhibition space and writing a significant part of may never learn this skill. As Will Rogers put it,
any accompanying book or catalogue. The power of “Everybody is ignorant, only on different topics.”
the curator, operating regionally, nationally or Clearly, individuals vary in their aptitude for
internationally, has been questioned. Of course, learning any specific type of knowledge or skill
curators take initiatives which contribute to the taught in a specific way. A hundred students
exposure of work. But they may also regularly favour attending a lecture on a topic they knew nothing
certain artists, or types of work, at the expense of about beforehand will all walk away with different
others. Furthermore, ____________________, amounts and kinds of learning, and aptitude for that
putting together themed exhibitions which, however particular content and that particular teaching
relevant and interesting, serve as much to advance method is one important factor in explaining these
themselves as to showcase the work of artists. differences. But would the students who learned the
Indeed, all exhibitions and collections reflect the most in this class also learn the most if the lecture
particular interests of their curators and archivists were on a different topic or if the same material were
as well as the mission statement, priorities and presented through hands-on experiences or in small
terms of reference of particular organisations. groups?
* archivist: 기록 보관인 ** terms of reference: 위임 사항 * calculus: 미적분학
① it has been quested that curators just follow the ① The familiarity of defining the general meaning of
name ‘curators’ aptitudes
② it has been suggested that curators often act more ② The difficulty of sorting the types of knowledge
as ‘creators’ gained from adolescents
③ it has been claimed that curators often show no ③ The scope of topics that are selected when
influence in exhibitions aptitudes are under consideration
④ it has been asserted that curators have little or no ④ The diversity of contents that are being provided
interference in showcases for aptitude enhancement
⑤ it has been spoken for a long time that curators are ⑤ The variety of several individuals’ aptitudes that
no more than storytellers of art cannot be defined as something general
[정답] ② [정답] ②
[해설] [해설]
해당 글은 큐레이터는 작품 전시 구상을 탐구하고, 작품을 선정하고 전시공간에 작품 → 큐레이터들의 힘은 전시, 박물관, 그리고 갤러리 전시회에서 꽤 큰 것으로 밝혀졌
계시를 기획하는 등의 역할을 하며 작품 전시에 기여하는 바가 크지만, 특정 예술가나 다.
작품 유형에 대한 큐레이터의 선호도나 관심사 반영되는 전시회를 준비하기도 한다는 해당 글은 큐레이터는 작품 전시 구상을 탐구하고, 작품을 선정하고 전시공간에 작품
내용의 글이다. 즉, 큐레이터의 다양한 역할들을 얘기하고 있으므로 빈칸에는 ② ‘it 계시를 기획하는 등의 역할을 하며 작품 전시에 기여하는 바가 크지만, 특정 예술가나
has been suggested that curators often act more as ‘creators’(큐레이터는 흔히 창작 작품 유형에 대한 큐레이터의 선호도나 관심사 반영되는 전시회를 준비하기도 한다는
자의 역할을 더 많이 수행한다)’는 선지가 가장 적절하다. 내용의 글이다. 그러므로 (A)에는 글의 소재인 curator가, (B)에는 ‘꽤 강력한’이라는
① 큐레이터들은 그저 '큐레이터'라는 이름을 따를 것이라는 의문이 제기되어 왔다 ‘quite powerful’이 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
③ 큐레이터들은 종종 전시회에서 영향력을 발휘하지 못한다고 주장되어 왔다 ① 큐레이터… 꽤 무시할 수 있는
④ 큐레이터는 쇼케이스에 거의 또는 전혀 간섭하지 않는다고 주장되어 왔다 ③ 큐레이터... 꽤 조용한
⑤ 큐레이터는 예술의 이야기꾼에 지나지 않는다고 오랫동안 말해왔다 ④ 예술가... 꽤 중요하지 않은
⑤ 예술가... 꽤 최소화된
190
One implication of expectancy theory is that even Some assumptions that notions of space (that is, a
though all students should have a chance ① to be three-dimensional area in which events and objects
rewarded if they do their best, no student should occur and have relative direction and position) are
have an easy time achieving the maximum reward. universal — are being reexamined.
This principle is violated by traditional grading
practices, ② because some students find it easy to (A) One example comes from the Tenejapa Tzeltal of
earn A’s and B’s, whereas others believe that they Mexico: Their language uses no relative frame of
have little chance of academic success no matter reference and therefore has no terms for spatial
what they do. In this circumstance, ③ neither high reference that would correspond to left, right,
achievers nor low achievers are likely to exert their front, and back. Although terms exist for left hand
best efforts. This is one reason why it is important to and right hand, they do not extend to other parts
reward students for effort, for doing better than they of the body or to areas external to it.
have done in the past, or for making progress, rather (B) More specifically, languages vary in their use of
than only for getting a high score. For example, spatial concepts and, in some instances,
students can build a portfolio of compositions, determine the cognitive categories relating to
projects, reports, or other work and can then see ④ space concepts; also, the speakers of a number of
what their work is improving over time. Not all languages do not use spatial terms corresponding
students are equally capable of exerting effort, to the bodily coordinates of left-right and
exceeding their own past performance, or making front-back.
progress, so these are often better, more equally
(C) Stephen Levinson showed that “systems of spatial
available criteria ⑤ on which to base reward.
reckoning and description can in fact be quite
[정답] ④ what을 how로 바꿔야 적절하다. divergent across cultures, linguistic differences
[2025수능특강(영어) 26강 3번] correlating with distinct cognitive tendencies.”
97 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 * reckoning: 추정, 계산 ** divergent: 다른, 갈라지는
지 않은 것은? *** coordinate: 좌표
As students move into adolescence, they are
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
developing capabilities for abstract thinking and
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
understanding the ① perspectives of others. Even ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
greater physical changes are taking place as the
students ② approach puberty. So, with developing
minds and bodies, young adolescents must confront
the central issue of constructing an identity that will
provide a firm basis for adulthood. They have been
developing a sense of self since infancy. But
adolescence marks the first time that a ③ conscious
effort is made to answer the now-pressing question:
"Who am I?" The conflict defining this stage is
identity versus role ④ confusion. Identity refers to
the organization of an individual’s drives, abilities,
beliefs, and history into a consistent image of self. It
involves deliberate choices and decisions,
particularly about work, values, ideology, and
commitments to people and ideas. If adolescents fail
to integrate all these aspects and choices, or if they
feel ⑤ able to choose at all, role confusion threatens.
* adolescence: 청소년기 ** puberty: 사춘기
[정답] ⑤ able을 unable과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
191
99 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 100 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸
Languages are far more similar than had (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
previously been thought, and that universality Some performers manipulate the style of their
suggests that the human brain is designed to product to shift the incentives of critics to pay
understand the world in certain ways, which may attention. Richard Posner cites Shakespeare,
also correspond to the structure of reality. Thus, all Nietzsche, Wittgenstein, and Kafka as figures who
languages have nouns and verbs, modifiers (adverbs owe part of their reputation to the puzzling and
and adjectives), and names and pronouns. perhaps even contradictory nature of their writings.
Languages may differ as to the sequence of words in Unclear authors, at least if they have substance and
a sentence (e.g., verb in the middle or at the end), depth, receive more attention from critics and
but sentences are always used. Even the sequence of require more textual interpretation. Individual
words does not vary as widely as it could: Steven critics can establish their own reputations by
Pinker says that there are 128 possible orderings of studying such a writer and by promoting one
the main parts of a sentence, but most languages use interpretation of that writer’s work over another.
one of only two of those possibilities. Crucially, most These same critics will support the inclusion of the
languages seem to have an almost identical list of writer in the canon, to promote the importance of
concepts, and as a result __________________. their own criticism. In effect, deep and ambiguous
＊modifier: 수식어 writers are offering critics implicit invitations to
serve as coauthors of a broader piece of work. Critics
① nearly all words and sentences can be integrated as respond by examining these works more closely and
one language spreading their fame more widely.
② nearly all words and sentences can be diverged into * canon: 주요 문헌 목록 ** ambiguous: 모호한
their one languages 
③ nearly all words and sentences can be translated Performers manipulate the style of their product
effectively from one language into another to influence critics’ ____(A)____, leading to
④ nearly all words and sentences can be deleted increased attention for deep and ambiguous
immediately through the list writers, ultimately fostering ____(B)____ among
⑤ nearly all words and sentences can be categorized critics.
as having the same meaning
[정답] ③ (A) (B)
[해설]
해당 글은 언어의 유사성과 보편성에 대해서 논하고 있으므로, 빈칸에는 거의 모든 단
① misconceptions cooperation
어와 문장이 한 언어에서 다른 언어로 잘 번역될 수 있단 내용이 들어와야 한다. 따라 ② misconceptions minimization
서 ③ ‘nearly all words and sentences can be translated effectively from one
language into another(거의 모든 단어와 문장은 한 언어에서 다른 언어로 효과적으로
③ perceptions conflict
번역될 수 있다)’가 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 적절하다. ④ perceptions collaboration
① 거의 모든 단어와 문장이 하나의 언어로 통합될 수 있다
② 거의 모든 단어와 문장은 그들의 하나의 언어로 나누어질 수 있다
⑤ conceptions maximization
④ 목록을 통해 거의 모든 단어와 문장을 즉시 삭제할 수 있다 [정답] ④
⑤ 거의 모든 단어와 문장이 같은 의미를 가진 것으로 분류될 수 있다 [해설]
→ 몇몇 명인들은 자신들의 작품 스타일을 조작하여 비평가들의 인식에 영향을 미치
며, 깊고 모호한 작가들에 대한 관심 증가로 이어져 궁극적으로 비평가들 간의 협업을
촉진한다.
해당 글은 심오하고도 모호한 작가들은 비평가들이 자신들의 작품을 해석할 동기를
부여하고, 비평가들은 이 작가의 작품에 대한 자신의 해석과 작품 두가지를 모두 지지
하게 되는 상호작용이 일어나 비평가들에 의한 더 많은 텍스트 해석과 면밀한 검토가
이루어지게 된다는 내용의 글이다. 그러므로 ④ (A)에는 ‘인지’를 뜻하는 ‘perceptions’
가, (B)에는 ‘협력’을 뜻하는 ‘collaboration’이 들어가는 것이 가장 적절하다. 그래서 요
약하게 되면, ‘몇몇 명인들은 자신들의 작품 스타일을 조작하여 비평가들의 인식에 영
향을 미치며, 깊고 모호한 작가들에 대한 관심 증가로 이어져 궁극적으로 비평가들 간
의 협업을 촉진한다.’이 완성된다.
① 오해...협력
② 오해...최소화
③ 인지...갈등
④ 인지...협력
⑤ 개념...극대화
192
[2025수능특강(영어) 28강 1번] reduced to the digital fragments of our reputation ④
101 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? captured in the many devices that connect us to
The proliferation of data brings with it many others and the world, it is hard to ⑤ agree with
challenges for both reporting and consuming Yuval Harari’s argument that “we are becoming tiny
information. Social networks themselves are biased chips inside a giant data-processing system that
by their constituents, ① which never exactly mirror nobody really understands.”
the population at large. Certain ethnicities are * analogue: 아날로그적인 ** sentient: 지각이 있는
overrepresented, a significant challenge to social
news as an equalizer. In addition, a growing number [정답] ⑤ agree를 disagree와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
of algorithms make automated decisions ② which
content to recommend for people to read.
Algorithms are generating top-news lists or hot
readers. Algorithms leave the impression of ③ being
neutral, yet they are not. Algorithms are human
creations. They encode political choices of their
designers and have cultural values ④ baked in. As
curatorial power is enhanced by automated systems,
we should understand the biases at play. Perhaps
more important, we should work ⑤ to make sure
product engineers and designers are seeking to
optimize the wanted outcome — an informed public
— not just heightened traffic.
[2025수능특강(영어) 28강 3번]
* proliferation: 급증 ** constituent: 구성원
절한 곳은?
[정답] ② which를 on which나 where로 바꿔야 적절하다. Anything you want to know is just a few
keystrokes and a few clicks away.
Much alarm and handwringing have occurred

over the idea that the Internet allows you to lock
yourself in an information bubble and see only facts
that support your views. ( ① ) I am sure this
[2025수능특강(영어) 28강 2번] happens, but it would do us good to remember the
102 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 alternative. ( ② ) In 1980, for instance, you got your
하지 않은 것은? daily dose of information from your local paper and
How much time are we spending not truly your choice of any of three network news shows,
connected to other things or people, in the analogue which ran for an hour, all covering the same basic
or real sense of the word? Not much. We have turned stories. ( ③ ) That was about it. We were all
ourselves into human wearables, attached to our beholden to the views of a very few people. The
phones nonstop, with ① additional sensors from our Internet allows every statement to be fact-checked,
smart watches and AI assistant devices, while we every falsehood challenged. ( ④ ) Well over
patiently await to upload our memories, fantasies, 100,000 web searches are performed each second,
and consciousness to the cloud. In a ② relatively and at their heart, they each represent a person who
short time frame, we quickly transitioned from the wants to know something they don’t currently know.
internet to the internet of things and now the “You of ( ⑤ ) It is the great democratization of knowledge,
Things,” a concept that sees our bodies as part of an which is an unquestionably good thing.
③ enormous sentient digital network, and our entire * handwringing: (걱정으로 인한) 손떨림
existence downgraded to the status of our smart TVs ** beholden: 갇힌, 신세를 진 *** dose: 분량
글의 흐름상 ④에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.
and refrigerator. Since our selves have been largely
193
104 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 105 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A),(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Expectations influence children’s behavior. After
Unfortunately, as we age, we tend to avoid observing the amount of litter in three classrooms,
vulnerability by avoiding change, so our learning Richard Miller and colleagues had the teacher and
opportunities are reduced and new learning slows. others repeatedly tell one class that they should be
We’ve all had the experience of a reunion with an old neat and tidy. This persuasion increased the amount
friend, when listening to them saying how they’ve of litter placed in wastebaskets from 15 to 45
been, noticing how he or she has held onto some old percent, but only temporarily. Another class, which
beliefs that we discarded long ago. Probably the also had been placing only 15 percent of its litter in
friend has not put himself or herself into a state of wastebaskets, was repeatedly congratulated for
vulnerable openness for a long time. Personal being so neat and tidy. After 8 days of hearing this,
growth involves trying out new behaviors, attitudes, and still 2 weeks later, these children were fulfilling
and beliefs. Trying out something makes us the expectation by putting more than 80 percent of
vulnerable to failure and ridicule. When learning, we their litter in wastebaskets. Tell children they are
make mistakes, we look foolish — even absurd. Who hardworking and kind (rather than lazy and mean),
likes that? Willingness to take chances in life, to try and they may live up to their labels. Tying the
new experiences, challenges or activities — even identity to the self is important: Children who were
though the outcome is unsure — demands being asked to be “a helper” were more likely to help in
vulnerable while doing so. Open-mindedness is one later tasks than those asked to “help.” When children
of those activities that we must do deliberately, think of themselves as tidy and helpful, they become
because we are naturally inclined to avoid the tidy and helpful.
vulnerability it entails. * litter: (바닥에 버린) 쓰레기

It is found that we are more likely to ① The Power of Positive Reinforcement in Child
____(A)____ the vulnerability so this impacts Development
learning opportunities and new learning ② The Role of Classroom Environment in Shaping
____(B)____. Behavior
③ Strategies for Fostering Positive Self-Identity in
(A) (B) Children
① avoid negatively ④ The Influence of Expectations on Children's
② confront negatively Behavior
③ avoid positively ⑤ The Examination of Cultural Influences on
④ confront positively Children’s Perceptions and Actions
[정답] ④
⑤ avoid neutrally [해설]
[정답] ① 해당 글은 기대가 아이들의 행동에 미치는 영향에 대해 설명하는 글이다. 이런 내용을
[해설] 가장 잘 담은 선지는 ④ ‘The Influence of Expectations on Children's Behavior(아이들
→ 취약성을 피할 가능성이 높기 때문에 이는 학습 기회와 새로운 학습에 부정적인 영 의 행동에 기대가 미치는 영향)’이 된다.
향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. ① 아동발달에 있어서 긍정적 강화의 힘
해당 글은 우리가 나이를 먹어감에 따라 변화를 피해 취약성을 피하려고 하며, 이것은 ② 강의실 환경이 행동형성에 미치는 영향
학습과 성장을 가로막는다는 내용의 글이다. 그러므로 ① (A)에는 ‘피하다’를 뜻하는 ③ 아동의 긍정적 자아정체성 함양을 위한 전략
avoid가, (B)에는 ‘부정적으로’를 뜻하는 negatively가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 ⑤ 아동의 인식과 행동에 미치는 문화적 영향에 관한 연구
② 직면하다...부정적으로
③ 피하다...긍정적으로
④ 직면하다...긍정적으로
⑤ 피하다...중립적으로
194
[2025수능특강(영어) 29강 3번] emotions, shapes thoughts and gives rise to ④
106 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? unconsciousness. Colour is a pigment of our
If maintenance of a balance in a relationship imaginations that we paint all over the world. Larger
requires much work, ① why bother aiming for the than any city, more ⑤ sophisticated than any
middle ground? The wonderful thing about machine, more beautiful than any painting, it might
relationships is that with the proper maintenance, in fact be the greatest human creation of them all.
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Ideally, * hieroglyph: 상형 문자 ** hue: 색조
both members get support ② realizing their
potential as individuals as well as realizing the [정답] ④ unconsciousness를 consciousness와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
potential of the team. If things go sour, the
tremendous energy drain of an irreparably damaged
relationship can also mean ③ that the whole is less
than the sum of its parts. Pooling resources — as in a
joint savings account — makes them optimally large.
But if one person only deposits and the other person
only withdraws, checks are going to start bouncing.
Similarly, if only one person in a relationship ④ is
performing maintenance and the other is indifferent,
their joint account will also wind up with insufficient
funds. Overdraft protection ⑤ might cover everyday
necessities, but it won’t help when something big [2025수능특강(영어) 30강 2번]
comes around. 108 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
* bounce: (수표가) 부도 처리되다 ** irreparably: 회복할 수 없을 은?
정도로 *** overdraft: (은행 계좌 등의) 초과 인출 Bentham, the eighteenth-century utilitarian
philosopher who promoted the social benefits of
[정답] ② realizing을 to realize로 바꿔야 적절하다.
mass surveillance, designed a panopticon, a circular
building where those to be observed, whether
prisoners, workers, patients, or students, were
placed in cells or rooms lined along an outside wall.
(A) Closed-circuit television both on our streets and

inside public and private spaces is the modern,
subtle, and more practical version 2.0 of that first
[2025수능특강(영어) 30강 1번] architectural panopticon.
107 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 (B) An “inspector” sat in a booth at the center of the
하지 않은 것은? circle, unseen by those being watched, but able to
The ancient Egyptian term for ‘colour’ was iwn — a see them. According to Bentham, even though
word that also meant ‘skin’, ‘nature’, ‘character’ and this inspector could not observe every resident at
‘being’, and was ① represented in part by a every moment, simply knowing that they could be
hieroglyph of human hair. The members of that seen would be enough to make prisoners behave
civilization had noticed a striking resemblance and keep workers and students on task.
between colours and humans. To them colours were
(C) The panopticon’s physical design proved
just like people — full of life, energy, power and
impractical, but the idea that behavior could be
personality. We now understand, as the Egyptians
regulated by stripping away privacy lived on.
could only sense, how ② thoroughly the two are * utilitarian: 공리주의의 ** surveillance: 감시
connected. Colour, after all, is ultimately made by its
perceivers. Every hue we see around us is actually ③ ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
manufactured within us — in the same grey matter ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
that forms language, stores memories, triggers ③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
195
The mode of consumption has been changing Skilled clinicians pride themselves in their
from ownership to access during recent years knowledge of diseases and treatments. Having an
because of the shift in consumers’ perception of extensive command of anatomy and physiology,
value and the advancement of technology. With the pharmacology, and the latest evidence-based
advent of online platforms that has made unlimited breakthroughs is critical to providing competent
number of tangible and intangible resources care. But just as important is the knowledge of how
accessible, ownership has lost its value in the illness can impact patient emotions. And although
consumers’ mind. Consumers believe that access to there is certainly room for individual variation,
resources __________________________; for typical emotional reactions can often be anticipated.
example, they believe that the potential financial Having a sense of the normal emotions that
and social loss is greater in the purchase of a product accompany phases and stages of illness allows
than in the free or fee-based access to the product. clinicians to think about how to incorporate the
All these new changes and beliefs have created a emotional domain into patient assessments and
sharing practice named “sharing economy” in which plans of care. Working with patients’ emotions, from
individuals share their resources with others a place of understanding and acceptance, allows the
through online networks and promote the culture of clinician to skillfully address the emotions in a
collaborative consumption. Sharing economy manner that best serves the patients’ needs.
practices, which are seen in different sectors, have * anatomy: 해부학 ** physiology: 생리학
become very popular and started to disrupt
traditional businesses. ① understanding the different feeling of each patient
* advent: 등장, 출현 ** tangible: 유형의 ② precautions required to prevent personal
information leakage
① will soon come to an end
③ clinician’s ignorance of the emotional factor when
② grants more freedom of purchase
treating patients
③ is associated with fewer risks than ownership
④ importance of clinicians having a vast
④ has disadvantages that the companies try to hide
understanding of theories
⑤ can be a dangerous choice to make under certain
⑤ necessity of dealing with the patient’s feelings in
conditions
[정답] ③
the treatment process
[해설] [정답] ⑤
소비자들의 인식 변화로 인해 소비 방식이 소유에서 이용으로 변화하였으며, 공유 경 [해설]
제라는 새로운 소비 문화가 만들어졌다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ③ ‘is 임상의는 질환과 치료법에 대한 폭넓은 지식을 갖는 것도 중요하지만, 환자 진단과 치
associated with fewer risks than ownership (소유보다 위험과 관련이 더 적다고 생각 료 계획에 있어 감정적인 영역도 중요하게 고려해야 한다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제
하다)’가 가장 적절하다. 로는 ⑤ ’necessity of dealing with the patient’s feelings in the treatment process (치
① 곧 끝날 것이다 료 과정에서 환자의 감정을 다루어야 하는 필요성)‘이 가장 적절하다.
② 더 많은 구매의 자유를 부여한다 ① 각 환자의 다른 감정을 이해하는 것
④ 회사가 숨기려고 하는 단점을 가진다 ② 개인정보 유출방지를 위한 주의사항
⑤ 특정 조건 하에 위험한 선택이 될 수 있다 ③ 환자 치료 시의 감정적 요소에 대한 임상의의 무지
④ 임상의가 이론에 대한 폭넓은 이해를 가지는 것의 중요성
196
[2025수능특강(영어) 31강 2번] pronounced in ④ supposed culture-free tests such
111 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? as the Raven’s Progressive Matrices. Participants
In medical sociology, a disease is considered an born after 1990 scored far better on these tests than
adverse physical state consisting of a physiological did participants born in 1940. This change might
dysfunction within an individual, as ① compared to reflect an improvement in the ability to manage ⑤
illness or sickness. In actual practice, the term similar items that accompanies living in a modern
disease is applied rather liberally to a wide variety of society.
conditions that do not precisely fit the definition.
[정답] ⑤ similar를 dissimilar와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
One of the more controversial areas ② relates to
mental illness. It could be argued that many, if not
most, mental disorders would not be considered
diseases under the definition above. The same could
be said of other conditions that ③ have identified as
“diseases” at various times. Examples include
alcoholism and drug abuse. These conditions do not
necessarily have the requisite clear-cut
symptomatology and ④ underlying biological
pathology. They are nevertheless frequently treated
as if they were diseases. One explanation for this is
clear: In order for a condition ⑤ to be treated by the
healthcare system, it must be identified as a disease.
Therefore, there is a tendency toward an overly [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 1번]
broad conceptualization of disease. 113 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
* symptomatology: 병 증상 ** pathology: 건강 이상 We are currently facing the challenge of
[정답] ③ have identified를 have been identified로 바꿔야 적절하다. maintaining our competitive edge in the rapidly
evolving market environment.
(A) To get started, we would like you to meet with your

team to discuss this assignment. Following the
discussion, you should outline your thoughts on
how to proceed and create a work plan. I would
like to see your plan and review it with you in two
[2025수능특강(영어) 31강 3번]
112 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 weeks.
하지 않은 것은? (B) Therefore, the management team and I would like
Worldwide increases in IQ scores of about 3 points you to explore ways to address this challenge.
per decade over the last 100 years ① illustrate the Specifically, we are looking for a 25% increase in
potential for intellectual development. This increase maintenance productivity within your work
in IQ scores, known as the Flynn effect, has occurred groups over the next three months.
far too quickly to represent genetic changes. (C) This is a very important undertaking for our
Improvements in ② nutrition and other health department and for the company. The
factors probably account for some of the change. management team and I look forward to seeing
Using information from the World Health the innovative solutions you devise. Your
Organization, researchers have identified strong contributions are invaluable to our success.
correlations between a nation’s freedom from ③ Thank you.
serious infectious diseases and its citizens’ average
IQ scores. As nations become wealthier and more ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
capable of battling disease, their citizens’ IQ scores ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
increase. Surprisingly, the test score gains are most ② (B)-(A)-(C)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
197
Kira was playing with her doll when she heard a There has been an effort by some economists to
voice singing. “Churi, churi. Little girls, come and commodify ecosystem services, which refer to
see.” Kira ran to the window and saw a bangle seller benefits and resources that humans obtain from
with a basket on his head. He saw Kira and said, natural ecosystems. Some ecosystem services are
“Come little girl, come and buy some churis.” She rival, such as the waste absorption capacity for
wanted to buy some, but she couldn't, because her greenhouse gases, so rationing is necessary. Making
mother had gone to the local market and there was rationing possible requires excludable property
no one there to give her money. Kira’s heart sank at rights, for example, through auctionable emission
the thought of not being able to buy bangles. When permits. If emissions are limited to absorption
she told the seller about her situation, he said, capacity and equitably distributed, commodification
“Come and choose them at least. I’ll take the money can be both sustainable and just. However, many
some other day.” After thinking for a while, Kira ecosystem services are inherently non-excludable
went down. The bangle seller asked, ''Child, which and non-rival and therefore cannot and should not
colour do you like best?” “Orange,” said Kira and she be commodified. They should also not be ignored.
selected some bangles. By then, Kira’s mother Public services serve all members of the human
returned from the market and had a few words with community; economists recognize that these
the seller before paying for the bangles. Kira was so services are ill-suited to commodification and
_________. The sound of the bangles hitting each market allocation. Ecosystem services should not be
other sounded like music to her. She hummed her defined as nature’s benefits to people, but rather as
way back to her room. fund-services that benefit all members of the biotic
* churi: 츄리(인도 팔찌) * bangle: 팔찌 community, not simply humans. Ecosystem services
in general _________________ than public
① devastated services.
② desperate * rationing: 배급 ** biotic: 생물의
③ delighted
④ reassured ① can be harder to develop
⑤ reluctant ② are easier to be distributed fairly
[정답] ③ ③ should be considered more valuable
[해설]
Kira는 어머니가 시장에 가셔서 츄리를 살 돈이 없어 실망했다가, 판매상의 제안대로 ④ are an even worse fit for commodification
팔찌를 고르는 동안 어머니가 돌아와 팔찌 값을 지불하여 기뻐하는 내용이다. 그러므 ⑤ have much more potential to benefit people
로 빈칸으로는 ③ ’delighted (매우 기쁜)’이 가장 적절하다.
[정답] ④
① 엄청난 충격을 받은
[해설]
② 절박한
생태계 서비스는 비배제성과 비경합성을 가지기 때문에 상품화할 수 없으며, 전체 생
④ 안심이 되는
물계에 도움을 주는 것으로 여겨야 한다는 내용이다. 따라서 빈칸으로는 ④ ‘are an
⑤ 주저하는
even worse fit for commodification (상품화에 훨씬 더 적합하지 않다)’가 가장 적절하
다.
① 개발이 더 어려울 수 있다
② 공정하게 분배하기가 더 쉽다
③ 더 가치있다고 여겨져야 한다
⑤ 사람들에게 혜택을 줄 가능성이 훨씬 높다
198
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 4번] stories about genetically rooted racial differences in
116 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? the complex human traits relevant for social ⑤
If we think about our feelings as ① being part of us equality in modem industrialized economies — traits
but not all that we are, then our feelings can feel like persistence and conscientiousness and
more manageable. This idea is captured in this creativity and abstract reasoning — are just that.
metaphor: you are the blue sky; your feelings are the They are stories.
weather. If you are the blue sky and your feelings are * semantic: 의미의 ** retrieve: 회상하다
*** conscientiousness: 성실성
the weather, then just as the worst hurricane or
tornado ② can’t damage the blue sky, and it [정답] ⑤ equality를 inequality와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
eventually ends, your feelings can’t damage you, and
eventually they will pass. Sometimes we just have to
wait out the storm. Does that mean it's fun ③ to live
through a tornado or a rainstorm? Of course not! Is
it easier to live your life when it’s sunny and 80
degrees Fahrenheit compared to when it’s rainy and
stormy? Of course! But if I let the weather determine
what I can ④ get done, I’ll forever be at the mercy of
something I can’t control. Our job is to make space [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 6번]
for our feelings, to be the blue sky, so we don’t have 118 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
to engage in unhealthy habits ⑤ coping with our Simplifying a problem is what opens it up to
feelings and we can continue to do the things that mathematical analysis, so inevitably some biological
matter to us.
details get lost in translation from the real world to
the equations.
[정답] ⑤ coping을 to cope로 바꿔야 적절하다.
(A) Biologists study living things that are abundant

with specific traits and subtle exceptions to any
rule. Mathematicians — driven by simplicity,
elegance and the need to make things manageable
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 5번] — silence that abundance when they put it into
117 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 equations.
지 않은 것은?
(B) As a result, those who use mathematics are
In the lecture on memory, I ask my students to
frequently criticized as being too disinterested in
remember a list of words. It ① includes words like
those details. In his 1897 book Advice for a Young
“dream” and “bed.” Then I ask them to write down
Investigator, Santiago Ramon y Cajal (the father
the words they remember. Invariably, they
of modem neuroscience) wrote about these
(mis)remember hearing the word “sleep’' even
reality-avoiding theorists in a chapter entitled
though I never said the word “sleep.” The idea of
‘Diseases of the Will’.
“sleep” is activated in the brain because other words
(C) He identified their symptoms as ‘a facility for
in the same semantic network, words that have been
exposition, a creative and restless imagination, an
associated with sleep through constant ②
aversion to the laboratory, and an indomitable
repetition, have also been activated. The word
dislike for concrete science and seemingly
“sleep” is retrieved as if it were really heard. When
unimportant data’. Cajal also complained about
people hear “bed,” they cannot help but hear “sleep.”
the theorist’s preference for beauty over facts.
When people hear “genes” or “③ intelligence” they
* exposition: 설명 ** aversion: 혐오감 *** indomitable: 불굴의
cannot help but hear “race.” A reader new to this
topic might therefore be surprised to learn that there ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
is zero ④ evidence that genetics explains racial ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
differences in outcomes like education. Currently, ③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
199
(A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Geoffrey Hinton was born in England in 1947. He
It’s important to distinguish what humans are chose to study psychology as an undergraduate at
doing, in following norms, from what other animals Cambridge because he wanted to explore his
are doing in their related patterns of behavior. An growing interest in neural networks. He quickly
animal that decides not to pick a fight is, in most realized, however, that his professors didn’t actually
cases, simply worried about the risk of getting understand how neurons learned or computed.
injured — not about some abstract “norm against While the science of the day could explain the
violence.” Likewise, an animal that shares food with mechanics of electrical signals traveling from one
animals outside of its group is typically just trying to neuron to another, no one could offer Hinton a
get future reciprocity — not following some “norm of compelling explanation for the emergence of
food-sharing.” The incentives surrounding true intelligence from these billions of interactions. He
norms are more complex. When we do something felt certain he could better understand the workings
"wrong,", we have to worry about reprisal not just of the brain using tools from the growing field of
from the wronged party but also from third parties. artificial neural networks, so he went on to pursue a
Frequently, this means the entire rest of our local doctor’s degree in artificial intelligence from the
group, or at least a majority of it. Big strong Albert University of Edinburgh in 1972. In his subsequent
could easily steal from weak Bob without fearing research, he sought to create interconnected layers
trouble from Bob himself, but in human groups, of information using hardware and software, just as
Albert would then face punishment from the rest of the human brain spreads information around its
the community. Collective enforcement, then, is the dense web of connected neurons. Throughout his
essence of norms. This is what enables the career, Hinton has held positions at various
egalitarian political order so characteristic of the institutions, including Carnegie Mellon University
forager lifestyle. and the University of Toronto.

① life of a cognitive psychologist
② research of a computer scientist.
Social pressure to consider ____(A)____ is the
③ uncomparable talent of a neuroscientist
reason why people ____(B)____ the norms.
④ schools related to the growth of a scientist
⑤ an individual’s impact on a scientific breakthrough
(A) (B)
[정답] ①
① the individual violate [해설]
② the individual value 심리학자이자 컴퓨터 과학자인 Geoffrey Hinton의 생애를 그의 학문적 발자취를 중심
으로 설명하는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ① ‘life of a cognitive psychologist (인지
③ the relationship develop 심리학자의 삶)‘이 가장 적절하다.
④ the community respect ② 컴퓨터 과학자의 연구
③ 신경과학자의 비할 데 없는 재능
⑤ the community follow ④ 과학자의 성장과 관련된 학교들
[정답] ⑤ ⑤ 과학의 발전에 대한 개인의 영향
[해설]
→ 공동체를 고려해야 한다는 사회적 부담은 사람들이 규범을 따르는 이유이다.
동물과 달리 인간은 잘못된 일을 할 때 부당한 취급을 받은 당사자뿐만 아니라 제삼자
로부터의 질책에 대해서도 걱정해야 하며, 집단적 강제가 인간 규범의 본질이라는 내
용이다. 그러므로 ⑤ (A)에는 ‘공동체’를 뜻하는 the community가, (B)에는 ‘따르다’를
뜻하는 follow가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 개인… 어기다
② 개인 … 중요시하다
③ 관계 … 발전시키다
④ 공동체… 존중하다
200
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 12번] crowd numbers and eventually it will reduce ticket,
121 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? media and sponsorship revenue. It is important for
From an evolutionary standpoint, ① ensuring the sport that there is a healthy, competitive balance
continuation of our species (specifically, our genetic between teams. This leads to ⑤ certainty about who
descendants) is the meaning and purpose of life. But will win a contest, and encourages fans to watch.
as intelligent animals, who can make decisions * revenue: 수익
based on morality rather than biology, we could ask
[정답] ⑤ certainty를 uncertainty와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
whether preserving our genome is worth any cost.
Individual humans can and occasionally ② do make
the choice to sacrifice their own lives in order to save
the lives of other humans, or even non-human
animals. But let’s examine ③ that choice, between
biology and morality, on a global scale: What if
preserving the human species means eliminating or
abandoning all other life on Earth? What if it means
humankind exists only in a state of misery and
deprivation, in an eternally inhospitable and alien
environment? This is not to argue ④ that space
settlement will definitely result in these worst-case [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 14번]
scenarios, but rather to ask whether there is any 123 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
은?
imaginable case ⑤ which allowing or causing
The fact that the young brain is in a constant state
humans to become extinct is the more ethical choice.
of absorption should give us pause. Regulations are
in place to prevent certain types of companies from
[정답] ⑤ which를 in which나 where로 바꿔야 적절하다. marketing directly to children. These are good
measures, but they also provide a false sense of
security. Why?
(A) Creepily, children grow up forming relationships

with a select number of these brands that last well
122 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 into the future, like friends you didn’t know they
하지 않은 것은? had.
In most business settings it is desirable to put (B) Just like with language learning, young children
competitors out of business. Naturally, fewer don’t need ads explicitly directed at them to learn
competitors mean more ① available customers. about a product, or the consumer world in
However, this is not always the case in sport. In fact, general. Think about ads on websites, TV, mobile,
sport organizations that compete in leagues actually and social media, and in video games.
rely on the health of their competitors for their own (C) Children are showered with repeated exposure to
success. For example, fans are often more ② thousands of ads for hundreds of brands, and
attracted to a game where there is a close contest, their spongy, malleable brains are constantly
and the winner is unknown in advance. Dominating taking this information in. In a study, researchers
a league or competition can be ③ self-defeating, discovered that kids are exposed to so many ads
because the interest of fans can fade. When it is that they will have memorized three hundred to
difficult to predict who will win a match, sport four hundred brands before their tenth birthday.
leagues attract higher attendances and viewers. * malleable: 영향을 잘 받는 ** creepily: 오싹하게
Ironically, in order to remain ④ successful, leagues
and competitions need as many of their clubs to be ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
competitive as possible. When the outcome of a ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
match is highly predictable, it will not attract large
201
124 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? 125 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸
People often think that personality traits such as (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
kindness are fixed. But our research with groups Our natural survival instinct is to seek comfort in
suggests something quite different: the tendency to temperatures that keep us around 68 to 72 degrees
be altruistic or exploitative may depend heavily on Fahrenheit (20-22.2 °C). By getting outside of this
how the social world is organized. So if we took the comfort zone and stressing the cellular functioning
same population of people and assigned them to one of the body either by using heat and cold in the same
social world, we could make them really generous to session or focusing on one temperature extreme, we
one another, and if we put them in another sort of strengthen our physiological systems. We lower our
world, we could make them really mean or daily breathing rate, improve our muscle tissue, and
indifferent to one another. Crucially, this indicates raise our threshold for handling stress. Evidence
that the tendency to cooperate is a property not only shows that we are at our best — physically harder,
of individuals but also of groups. Cooperation mentally tougher, and spiritually sounder — after
depends on the rules governing the formation of experiencing the same discomforts our early
friendship ties. Good people can do bad things (and ancestors were exposed to every day. The lack of
vice versa) simply as a result of the structure of the temperature change caused by indoor lifestyles and
network which they belong to, regardless of the misalignment with nature has taken us far from our
convictions they hold or that the group shares. It is ancestorial upbringing, and it continues to weaken
not just a matter of being connected to “bad” people; the nervous system. By intentionally placing
the number and pattern of social connections is also ourselves into the heat or cold, we become our best
crucial. Aspects of the social suite, such as physically, mentally, and even spiritually.
* physiological: 생리적인 ** threshold: 역(감각, 반응을 일으키는
cooperation and social networks, work together.
* altruistic: 이타적인 ** exploitative: 남을 이용해 먹는 들어맞지 않음)

Human beings are able to ____(A)____ the
① What Makes People Good Or Bad?
biological body system and be at the best condition
② Your Convictions Reflects Your True Self
by ____(B)____ the discomfort of temperature.
③ Different Society Makes Different People
④ Mystery Of Personalities Are Now Solved!
(A) (B)
⑤ Structure Of The Society; The Key For Cooperation
[정답] ③ ① improve avoiding
[해설] ② improve enduring
사람들의 성격이 사회 세계의 구성 방식에 따라 달라질 수 있다는 내용의 글이다. 그러
므로 제목으로는 ③ ‘Different Society Makes Different People (다른 사회가 다른 사 ③ weaken confronting
람을 만든다)’가 가장 적절하다. ④ maintain supporting
① 사람들을 좋게 만드는 것과 나쁘게 만드는 것은 무엇인가?
② 당신의 신념은 당신의 진정한 자아를 반영한다
⑤ maintain facing
④ 성격의 수수께끼가 이제 풀렸다! [정답] ②
⑤ 사회의 구조; 협력의 비결 [해설]
→ 인간은 온도의 불편함을 견뎌내면서 생체 시스템을 발달시키고 최상의 상태에 이
를 수 있다.
우리의 생존 본능이 추구하는 온도의 편안함에서 벗어나 뜨거움과 차가움을 주면 우
리 몸에 긴장과 불편함을 주면 육체적, 정신적, 영적으로 최상의 상태가 된다는 내용이
다. 그러므로 ② (A)에는 ‘발달시키다’를 뜻하는 improve가, (B)에는 ‘견뎌내다’를 뜻하
는 enduring이 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 발달시키다 … 회피하다
③ 약화시키다 … 맞서다
④ 유지하다 … 지지하다
⑤ 유지하다 … 마주하다
202
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 17번] from you early in their lives about how they should
126 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? interact with others will ④ influence how their
Suppose a child plays at make-believe. She barks, genetic predispositions will be expressed. In this
crawls on all fours, and says, “I’m a puppy!” In order interaction of genes and upbringing, your children
to make the claim, her brain must construct the key will ⑤ withdraw social defaults that trigger social
proposition “I’m a puppy” as well as contain the ease, connectedness, and healthy relationships, or
information ① that puppies bark and walk on all social anxiety, loneliness, and dysfunctional
fours. And yet that information exists in a larger relationships.
context. Her brain ② contains a vast net of * default: 기본 값 ** temperament: 기질 *** introversion: 내향성
information, including “I’m not really a puppy,” “I’m
[정답] ⑤ withdraw를 develop과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
making it up to play a game,” ‘I’m a little girl,” and so
on. Some of that information is present at a cognitive
and linguistic level. Much of it is at a deeper, sensory
or perceptual level. Her body schema ③ is
constructed automatically, beneath higher
cognition, and it describes the physical layout of a
human body, not a puppy body. She sees her human
hands in front of her, and the visual information
confirms her human identity. She remembers ④ to
eat breakfast cereal with a spoon, going to school, [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 19번]
reading a book — all human activities. The claim “I’m 128 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적
a Puppy” is a superficial proposition ⑤ that is 절한 곳은?
inconsistent with her deepest internal models. So when you ask people to do something not
* proposition: 명제 ** cognitive: 인지의 consistent with their cultural background, ask
yourself whether you should be rethinking your
[정답] ④ to eat을 eating으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
assumptions about what works best.
When different cultures meet, whether at the

societal level or in the company, ideas about how
things should be done often clash. To resolve it, we
typically make the assumption that others should
change to be more like us. And we can enforce this
view because we are in power — either as the boss in
an organization or as the dominant culture in a
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 18번] country. But assuming that the dominant person or
127 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 country has the right rules and the right way is, in
하지 않은 것은? itself, anathema to innovating. ( ① ) Self-satisfied
Your children establish their social comfort and people are not good innovators. ( ② ) For example,
skills early in their lives by ① observing you in your free-flowing talk is usually considered the hallmark
own social life and through the social experiences of a good meeting. ( ③ ) Everybody just jumps in
they have. These first social experiences become the whenever they have a thought. ( ④ ) However, in
defaults that will guide and shape the quality and ② some cultures, this is considered rude and pushy, so
quantity of their relationships throughout their lives. some people with excellent ideas may not speak up. (
Genetics clearly has an influence on these defaults; ⑤ ) One solution might be to strengthen their group
research has demonstrated that children are born skills but other methods are to occasionally ask
with a certain temperament, including where they everyone to express an opinion in turn, ask for ideas
lie on the continuum of introversion to ③ in writing, or table an idea on someone else’s behalf.
extraversion. But, as the saying goes, “genetics are * hallmark: 특징 ** anathema: 아주 싫어하는 것
not destiny”; the messages that your children get
203
129 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 130 다음글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Like some strange alien creature extending Conventional economics uses the phrase “factors
tentacles, each neuron is simultaneously connected of production.” Factors of production are the inputs
to up to thousands of other neurons. It is the into a production process necessary to create any
combined activity of information coming in that output. For example, when you make a pizza, you
determines whether a neuron is active or not. When need a cook, a kitchen with an oven, and the raw
the sum of this activity reaches a tipping point, the ingredients. If you think about it carefully, however,
neuron fires, discharging a small chemical electrical you will clearly see that the cook and kitchen are
signal and setting off a chain reaction in its different in some fundamental ways from the raw
connections. In effect, each neuron is a bit like a ingredients. The cook and kitchen are approximately
microprocessor because it computes the combined the same after making the pizza as before, though
activity of all the other neurons it is connected to. It’s just a bit more worn out. The raw ingredients,
a bit like spreading a rumor in a neighborhood. however, are used up, transformed first into the
Some of your neighboring neurons are excitatory pizza itself, then rapidly thereafter into waste. The
and, like good friends, want to help spread the word. cook and kitchen are not physically embodied in the
Other neurons are inhibitory and basically tell you to pizza, but the raw ingredients are. Thousands of
shut up. And every time the neuron has such a years ago, Aristotle discussed this important
conversation with its different neighbors or distinction and divided causation (factors) into
long-distance pals, ___________________, so material cause, that which is transformed, and
that when the rumor comes round again, the neuron efficient cause, that which causes the transformation
responds with more certainty. This is because the without itself being transformed in the process. Raw
connections between the neurons have become ingredients are the material cause, and the cook and
strengthened by repeatedly firing together. kitchen are the efficient cause.
* tentacle 촉수 ** pal: 친구 * embody: 담다, 구현하다
① The Efficiency of Cooks and Kitchens in Pizza

① it amplifies the messages to a higher intensity
Making
② it erases the previous messages and starts anew
② The Process of Transforming Raw Ingredients into
③ it ignores the messages and reacts unpredictably Waste
④ it hesitates before deciding to spread the word or
③ Aristotle's Contribution to the Understanding of
stay silent Causation
⑤ it remembers the message either to spread the ④ The Fundamental Differences Between Cooks and
word or be silent
Raw Ingredients
[정답] ⑤
[해설] 뉴런의 적응적이고 기억과 관련된 측면을 강조하며, 과거 경험이 미래의 신호 ⑤ Factors of Production and Their Distinction into
에 대한 반응에 어떻게 미치는지를 강조하기에 ⑤it remembers the message either Material and Efficient Causes
to spread the word or be silent (메시지를 기억하고 말을 퍼뜨릴지 조용히 있을지를
[정답] ⑤
결정한다) 가 적절하다.
[해설] 이 단락의 주요 내용은 "생산요소"의 경제 개념과 피자 만들기의 예를 통한 물
① 메시지를 높은 강도로 증폭시킨다
질적 원인 (원료)과 효과적 원인 (요리사와 주방) 간의 구분이기에 ⑤ Factors of
② 이전 메시지를 지우고 처음부터 다시 시작한다
Production and Their Distinction into Material and Efficient Causes(생산요소 및 물
③ 메시지를 무시하고 예측할 수 없이 반응한다
질적 및 효과적 원인의 구별)이 적절하다.
④ 말을 퍼뜨릴지 아니면 조용히 있을지를 결정하기 전에 망설인다
① 요리사와 주방의 효율성
② 원료를 폐기물로 변환하는 과정
③ 아리스토텔레스의 인과 관계에 대한 기여
④ 요리사와 원료 간의 근본적인 차이
204
A society needs to raise children to replace its 하지 않은 것은?
members who die, or the society ① would disappear Primates are capable of sophisticated forms of
over a couple of generations. One could, therefore, reasoning in naturalistic settings, especially when
think of the production of children as a positive their food — or position in the social hierarchy — is in
externality. Those who do not have children benefit danger. However, it is unclear how versatile their
from the child-rearing labors of ② that who do; they relational ① reasoning might be. In the 1940s, the
enjoy a society of varied ages in which to live as they primatologist Harry Harlow made an interesting
grow older, and a labor force of younger people is discovery. In a series of experiments, monkeys
available ③ to support them in their retirement. learnt to ② choose between two visual objects, one
Should all then share in the economic costs of raising of which was rewarded and one was not. Harlow
the children? In the United States, the cost of noted with surprise that each time the task was
educating children is borne collectively through the restarted with two entirely novel objects, the
system of public education, but most other costs of monkeys learnt slightly faster. In fact, their
④ raising children are treated as private costs of the performance continued to ③ weaken over hundreds
parents. In about half of the world’s states, however, of new object sets, until eventually the monkeys
the full society assumes some of the responsibility could respond almost perfectly from the second trial
for all costs of child ⑤ rearing by giving direct grants onwards. Harlow argued that over the course of ④
to families with children. These grants are often repeated pairings, the monkeys had learnt how to
pegged to the median income of workers in the learn. It seems that the monkeys learnt something
country: the government might give 10 percent of abstract about the relations between the two stimuli
the country’s median income to any family with two in each pairing — that if one was rewarded, the other
children, for example. was not. By generalizing this knowledge to new

* positive externality: 긍정적인 외부 효과(경제적 거래의 결과로 pairings, they could learn ever faster. Human
제삼자가 누리는 이익) **peg: (가격이나 임금 등의 수준을) 정하다 children tested in a ⑤ comparable fashion showed
[정답] ② that을 those로 바꿔야 적절하다. the same ability.
[정답] ③ weaken을 accelerate와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
205
133 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것 134 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
은? Thank you for your offer of the pharmacist
In the 1930s, the English psychologist Sir Frederic position. The position is attractive to me because I
Bartlett proposed that we gradually build up our have a strong passion for healthcare and a desire to
knowledge of the world from events we experience, make a positive impact on patients’ lives. As I
and that these experiences are then clustered in indicated in our last interview, however, I was
organized mental structures he called “schemata.” disappointed to learn that your company would not
In turn, these schemata (or “schemas”) are used to be in a position to reimburse tuition costs for my
help us understand new experiences and form ongoing study toward a Doctor of Pharmacy degree,
frameworks in which to remember them. currently a primary professional goal of mine. On
March 14, I was offered another position by a
(A) This first student’s written recall was then given to company whose benefits package includes tuition
a second student to learn and recall with the result reimbursement. Because I expect these costs to be
that more unusual details were dropped out of his substantial in the next two years, I have decided to
reproduction, but other details were added, accept this position. I sincerely appreciate the time
apparently to make the story more coherent and you have taken and the special interest you have
comprehensible to English ears. This procedure shown in me during the interview. Thank you again
was repeated until a series of ten students had for your consideration.
learned the previous reproduction and produced * pharmacist: 약사 * reimburse: 변제하다, 상환하다
their own versions. By the end of the series, the *** substantial: 상당한
reproductions were much shorter, the ① Gratitude for a Job offer

supernatural details in the original had been lost, ② Comparing Job Offers and Benefits
and the whole tale was closer to the experience of ③ The Importance of Healthcare Passion
English university students in the 1930s. ④ Career Goals and Tuition Reimbursement
(B) One potential downside of this arrangement is ⑤ Expressing Disappointment and Declining a Job
that it is relatively difficult for us to understand Offer
and remember information and events that do not [정답] ②
[해설] 이 편지는 구인 제안에 대한 감사를 표시하며, 등록금 환급이 없다는 이유로 제
fit our current schemata. One of Bartlett’s classic 안을 거절하고 혜택이 더 유리한 다른 포지션을 수락했다는 결정을 설명하고 있기에
demonstrations was to present an unusual North ②Comparing Job Offers and Benefits (취직 제안 및 혜택 비교) 이 적절하다.
① 채용 제안에 대한 감사
American folktale to an English university ③ 의료 열정의 중요성
student to learn and recall. The student’s written ④ 직업 목표와 등록금 환급
⑤ 실망 표현 및 채용 제안 거절
recall differed from the original by being shorter
and omitting a number of details.
(C) This demonstration thus illustrates the
constructive nature of remembering, and the
effects of beliefs and attitudes on recollection and
understanding. Gossip serves as a commonplace
example that is similar to Bartlett’s findings, with
a story progressively changing as it travels across
tellings. To return to metaphors for a moment,
human memory is not like a tape recorder!
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
206
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 2번] conduct of drivers on the road and even ④ which
135 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은? vehicles may be parked. Indeed, almost half of the
One day, Captain Hall, the famous Arctic explorer,
directly related to the use of motor vehicles. The
went in a small boat to visit a certain island which he
increasing volume of traffic on the roads and the
wanted to explore. The boat was fastened to a piece
resulting inexorable rise in traffic accidents ⑤ have
of rock on the shore. When he returned from his
expedition, he discovered the tide had risen and
floated his boat, which was quite out of reach.
Captain Hall feared the extreme danger in which he
was placed. The boat was the only connecting link
between him and the living world, and it was beyond [정답] ④ which를 where로 바꿔야 적절하다.
his reach. What was to be done? To swim towards

the boat was out of the question in such a climate. He
did the only thing that seemed possible. He
unwound the thongs that fastened his boots to create
a line about twenty feet long. He attached a heavy
stone to its end and threw it into the boat, pulling the
boat to the shore. It was with unspeakable comfort
that Captain Hall once more entered it and felt he
was saved from inevitable starvation — saved by a
shoe-string!
① Captain Hall's Boat Rescue 137 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절
② Captain Hall's Arctic Exploration 하지 않은 것은?
③ Captain Hall's Fear of Starvation Sometimes pursuing the truth about some
④ The Dangers of Small Boat Expeditions question would be morally worse than not pursuing
⑤ Unconventional Solution to Boat Retrieval it. This may be because, as in the case of nuclear
[정답] ① weapons research, the answer itself may prove ①
[해설] 북극 탐험가인 캡틴 홀이 섬을 탐험한 후 보트가 떠 있는 상황에서, 부츠 끈을
dangerous or harmful. But it may also be because the
활용하여 보트를 회수한 독특한 해결책을 다루고 있기에 ⑤ Unconventional Solution
to Boat Retrieval(보트 회수에 대한 독특한 해결책)이 적절하다. manner of pursuing that truth is dangerous or
① 캡틴 홀의 보트 구조
harmful, or simply morally wrong ② dependently of
② 캡틴 홀의 북극 탐험
③ 캡틴 홀의 굶주림 공포 its consequences. Consider the Nazi or Tuskegee
④ 작은 보트 탐험의 위험성
experiments: it is not the information pursued that
is morally bad here, but the manner in which that
information is ③ pursued. And we need not resort to
such dramatic cases. The National Institutes of
Health and the National Science Foundation heavily
Think about the changes ① that have taken place
monitor ④ contemporary scientific research that
in our world over the past 100 years. The first to
involves any sort of experiment involving human
come to mind are probably the spectacular scientific
subjects. In cases where the only way in which we
and technological achievements of the past century
can obtain certain scientific information is harmful
— motor vehicles, aircraft, the telephone, radio and
to other people, we generally feel — rightly — that the
TV, computers and genetic engineering. Each new
information is not worth pursuing, all things
development creates ② its own demand for legal
considered. So in ⑤ deciding whether to pursue a
change. Consider, for example, the vast body of law
particular line of inquiry, we must first determine
which has grown up around the motor vehicle: there
whether pursuing that line might conflict with our
are regulations ③ governing such matters as the
other values, moral or otherwise.
construction and maintenance of motor vehicles, the
[정답] ② dependently를 independetly와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
207
138 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것 139 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
은? The most effective way to defuse racial ideology is
As parents, we spend countless hours debating on to bring people from different ethnic backgrounds
the freedoms we should allow our children. Too together under conditions that enable them to deal
much freedom may lead to mischief while not with one another as individuals and discover that
enough may stifle their growth. ideologies obscure important aspects of people and
the realities of their lives. However, this is difficult
(A) Are you a victim of your own restraints as well? Do when teachers, coaches and employers maintain a
you not move beyond your four feet circle because belief in the myth of black natural physical talent
you think you are not allowed to? Be bold. Step and a lack of cognitive skills. Social scientist Ellis
outside your circle and see if you can grow. Cashmore illustrates this with an experience of
Without breakthroughs, there cannot be change. receiving a telephone call from a black journalist
(B) How much should be allowed? I am always writing for a major newspaper. The journalist asked
reminded of a circus elephant when in a why no one actually expressed what he believed to be
discussion on freedom. When the elephant is a an absolute truth: that black athletes have a ‘natural
baby, it learns restriction by being tethered to a edge’. The very fact that a talented black journalist
small stake with a four-foot piece of chain. believed this defective theory is evidence to its power
(C) The elephant is trained to know that its individual and the difficulties in escaping expectations based
freedom is restricted to that small four feet. As the on racial ideology. When such myths maintain
elephant grows stronger and larger, it still thinks credibility in society, black people are regarded as
that it has no more freedom outside of those four unsuited to, or unwanted for, study, work and other
feet. Although the power to move that stake and activities that demand mental rather than physical
run free is immense, it will not attempt to break skills.
the stake or the chains because of what it * defuse: 완화하다 ** obscure: 보기 어렵게 하다
perceives as being able to.

① The Impact of Myths on Black Individuals in
* mischief: 나쁜 행동[짓] ** stifle: 억누르다
*** tether: (동물을 밧줄로 말뚝에) 매어 놓다 Society
② The Influence of Cognitive Bias on Views of Black
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) Athletes
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) ③ Breaking Down Racial Ideologies: Challenges and
Solutions
④ Challenges in Dismantling Racial Stereotypes and
Expectations
⑤ Overcoming Stereotypes: The Role of Education
and Employment
[정답] ④
[해설] 특히 흑인의 타고난 신체적 재능에 대한 신화의 사례에 초점을 맞추어 신화를
해체하는 것이 어렵다는 것을 강조하기에 ④Challenges in Dismantling Racial
Stereotypes and Expectations (인종적 고정관념과 기대의 해체에 관한 과제)가 적절
하다.
①신화가 사회의 흑인들에게 미치는 영향
②인지적 편견이 흑인 운동선수의 시각에 미치는 영향
③인종 이념의 타파: 도전과 해결
⑤고정관념의 극복: 교육과 고용의 역할
208
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 7번] Pollack Orchestra in Chicago, ② which at the time
140 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은? was one of the top bands in the United States. He
Negotiators can make options more palatable by was soon making recordings, and it wasn’t long
enhancing the attractiveness of accepting them. This before he formed his own band. Although Goodman
is a matter of placing emphasis on the positive rather was relatively well known before 1935, it was the
than the negative. In the language of traditional change in his style that ③ was occurred in the
carrot-and-stick tactics for motivating workers, the Palomar Ballroom in Los Angeles that really caused
approach should make the carrot more attractive his career to take off. And a few years later, he was
rather than enlarging the stick. Promises and offers playing in Carnegie Hall in New York City. At the
can be made more attractive in several ways: time, ④ this was something new for a jazz orchestra.
maximizing the attractive qualities and minimizing The concert was a tremendous success. After years of
the negative ones, showing how the offer meets the appealing only to specialized audiences, jazz had
other party’s needs, reducing the disadvantages of finally broken through and was ⑤ being accepted by
accepting the offer, making offers more credible by mainstream audiences.
providing third-party references or factual support,
or setting deadlines on offers so they expire if not [정답] ③ was occurred를 occurred로 바꿔야 적절하다.
accepted quickly. Many would argue that these are

common sales tricks similar to discount coupons,
two-for-the-price-of-one offers, “today only” sales,
and extra-added-attraction elements. They are!
Negotiators can and should use the same techniques
that salespeople use to move their products.
* palatable: 마음에 드는
① Making Offers More Attractive

② Sales Techniques in Negotiation
③ The Role of Deadlines in Negotiation
④ Common Tricks in Sales and Negotiation
⑤ Motivating Workers with Carrot-and-Stick Tactics [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 12번]
[정답] ① 142 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절
[해설] 협상자가 옵션의 매력을 향상시키는 방법에 중점을 두어 설명하고 있으며, 이
는 판매에서 흔히 사용되는 속임수와 유사하게 다양한 전략을 제시하고 있기에 ①
Making Offers More Attractive(매력적인 제안 만들기)가 적절하다. In the worldview of the Cree hunter, humans do
② 협상에서의 판매 기술
not control the hunt. The fish and game are not there
③ 협상에서 마감일의 역할
④ 판매와 협상에서의 흔한 속임수 ① simply to be taken. Rather it is the animals who
⑤ 당근과 채찍 전술로 노동자 동기부여
control the success of the hunt by offering
themselves ② unwillingly to people (or, conversely,
choosing to withhold themselves from a hunter).
The Cree credit animals with knowing the same
things that people know and being able to
communicate and ③ share that knowledge with
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 8번] people. Humans and animals are in a relationship of
141 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? reciprocity, just as humans are in relationship with
Benny Goodman is one of the greatest clarinetists other humans. Indeed, anthropologists argue even
of all time. Born in 1909 in Chicago, he began taking more generally that in all cultures, ④ including
lessons at the age of 10. With a natural inborn talent, those that are modem and postmodern, there are
he made rapid progress and was soon playing profound connections between the ways that people
professionally. He was strongly influenced by New ⑤ engage with each other and with other species.
Orleans jazz, and it ① played an important role in his * Cree: 크리족(북아메리카 원주민) ** reciprocity: 호혜
music throughout his life. At 16, he joined the Ben ***anthropologist: 인류학자
[정답] ② unwillingly를 willingly와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
209
143 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것 144 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
은? Considerable debate exists as to the appropriate
Stay-at-home parents have new employment beneficiaries of affirmative action. In the United
options in our internet economy. Over the last few States, supporters of affirmative action hoped that,
decades many women have been self-employed. by expanding the coverage to apply to many
Such an arrangement gives them greater flexibility minority groups, they would broaden the political
over their hours and days of work. base favoring such programs. In practice, however,
the wider coverage has diluted, in the minds of
(A) Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms play a key some, the moral argument in favor of a program
matchmaking role here by gathering and intended to help the most obvious victims of
presenting the set of job opportunities a person governmental discrimination: African Americans
sees. I set up my profile on Withinwork and was and Native Americans. Some argue that the context
impressed with the alternative tasks that I was matters. Thus, because Asian Americans and women
offered by the AI. are generally not under-represented among
(B) As with any two-sided matching platform, the university student bodies, affirmative action
more job offerings an applicant sees, the more admissions for them would now be inappropriate
likely that person will find value in the platform. (though they should not be singled out for
In this sense, as remote work grows as a socially restrictions). On the other hand, among corporate
high-status activity, this process will gain its own executives or university faculties, blacks, Asians,
momentum. Latinos, and women all faced exclusion in the past
(C) The rise of remote work could further increase and remain under-represented today; therefore, in
opportunities for them. Internet platforms such these areas all four groups ought to be beneficiaries
as Withinwork are two-sided platforms as of affirmative action.
workers seeking employment post their resumes * affirmative action: (인종·남녀 차별 등으로 인한) 사회적 약자 우대
and employers seeking workers post their tasks.
* momentum: 힘, 탄력 ① The Evolution of Affirmative Action Programs Over
Time
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ② The Implementation of Affirmative Action in the
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) United States
③ The Debate on the Appropriate Beneficiaries of
Affirmative Action
④ The Moral Argument in Favor of Governmental
Discrimination Programs
⑤ The Under-representation of Minorities in
Corporate and Academic Sectors
[정답] ③
[해설] 역사적 배제와 다양한 부문의 현재 대표성과 같은 요소를 고려하여 누가 긍정
적인 행동의 수혜자가 되어야 하는지에 대한 현재 진행 중인 논쟁에 대해 논의하고 있
기에 ③The Debate on the Appropriate Beneficiaries of Affirmative Action
(긍정행위의 적정수혜자에 관한 논의)가 적절하다.
①시간의 흐름에 따른 긍정적 행동 프로그램의 발전
②미국에서의 긍정적 행동의 실행
③긍정행위의 적정수혜자에 관한 논의
④정부의 차별정책을 지지하는 도덕적 주장
⑤기업 및 학계 분야에서 소수 민족의 미대표성
210
Predictions of technological unemployment have The most common situation ① in which musical
recurred since the onset of the Industrial equipment becomes an instrument is in live
Revolution. But the recurring reality was one of performance. Playing the piano is generally
economic growth through creative destruction. Yes, associated with performance in realtime, and
machines destroyed lots of jobs, often with computer-based musical instruments are
devastating effects on displaced workers for whom increasingly ② being played in real-time. For
new jobs were often too late or out of reach. Over example, laptop computers are increasingly used in
time, however, job destruction freed up labor and performance by live electronic musicians even in
capital that went into new and usually better jobs preference to keyboard synthesizers, groove boxes,
and higher incomes. That is because technology both and turntables. One thing ③ that changes in
substitutes for labor — in particular, less-skilled computer performances is that the gestural
labor — and complements labor, or makes it more relationship with sound is sometimes less direct. In
productive, thus generating new demand for labor. acoustic instrument performance the musician’s
Casual observers have often tended “to overstate the gestures are translated into sound. Many
extent of machine substitution for human labor,” instruments have a one-to-one gesture-to-sound
which was readily observable; they “repeatedly relationship, ④ include the press of the piano or
underestimated the demand for the work of human synthesizer key, or the slide of the finger of the guitar
beings that would remain.” fretboard; each translates gesture into a direct
* recur: 되풀이되다, 반복하다 ** onset: 시작, 개시 audible result. Many electronic and computer-based
instruments ⑤ have a one-to-many
gesture-to-sound relationship when a mouse gesture
① What Can be a Substitute and Complement to
or parameter movement changes the complexity of a
Technology?
rhythmic part, or the timbre and volume of an entire
② Why Technology and Humans Can't Coexist in the
ensemble of musical voices.
Labor Market
* fretboard: (기타의) 지판 ** parameter: 파라미터, 매개 변수
③ Does Technology Do More Harm Than Good to *** timbre: 음색
Human Workers?
④ Differences Between Jobs Destroyed by Technology [정답] ④ include를 including으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
and Ones Created by Technology

⑤ The Unemployed, Don’t Underestimate the
Destructive Power of Technology!
[정답] ③
[해설]
기술 혁신이 실업을 초래하긴 했으나 시간이 지나면서 기술이 노동을 더 생산적으로
만들고 새로운 수요를 만들어 내기 때문에 더 나은 일자리와 더 높은 소득으로 들어간
노동력과 자본을 풀어 놓았다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ③ ‘Does Technology
Do More Harm Than Good to Human Workers?(기술은 인간 노동자에게 백해무익할
까?)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 무엇이 기술의 대체재와 보완재가 될 수 있을까?
② 기술과 인간이 노동 시장에서 공존할 수 없는 이유
④ 기술로 인해 파괴된 일자리와 생겨난 일자리의 차이
⑤ 실직자들이여, 기술의 파괴력을 과소평가하지마라!
211
Two Northwestern University marketing In the same way that it is sometimes advisable to
researchers, David Gal and Derek Rucker, ① take a momentary break, or “fast,” from some of our
conducted research using framing techniques to food, beverages, and habits, a media fast may be
make people feel uncertain. For example, they told good for your system.
one group to remember a time when they were full of
certainty, and the other group to ② remember a (A) You’ll also have the opportunity to reflect critically
time when they were full of doubt. Then they asked on how life in the Communication Age differs
the participants whether they were meat eaters, from older modes of living and connecting and
vegetarians, vegans, or otherwise, how important engaging with the world.
this was to them, and how confident they were in (B) Life without electronic devices momentarily
their opinions. People who were asked to remember separates you from constant distraction, online
a time of uncertainty were less ③ confident of their advertisements, and artificial blue light. You’ll
eating choices. However, when asked to write their have more time for other things, like physical
beliefs to persuade someone else to eat the way they activity, face-to-face interaction, and even
did, they would write more and stronger ④ solitude.
arguments than those who were certain of their
(C) Spending a set period of time unplugged can
choice. Gal and Rucker performed the research with
clarify for you the advantages and disadvantages
different topics (for example, preferences for a Mac
of your media practices.
versus a Windows computer) and found ⑤ * solitude: 고독
dissimilar results. When people were less certain,
they would dig in and argue even harder. ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
* framing: 프레이밍(생각의 틀 짜기) ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
[정답] ⑤ dissimilar를 similar와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
212
To the extent that one can distinguish self-esteem One obvious area where climbing and philosophy
from public esteem, the latter seems to be more intersect is with regard to the normative dimension
important. The overriding motive of narcissists of climbing — the ethical or unethical behavior of
seems to be to obtain social approval from others. climbers. Some of the ethical issues in climbing
That is, they spend much of their time and energy involve a straightforward extension of more general
seeking ways to get others to admire them. In terms moral principles. For example, it is wrong to lie
of being liked by others, rather than admired, they about your climbing accomplishments because it is
are somewhat indifferent. That is, narcissists are no generally wrong to lie about accomplishments; it is
more nor less interested than anyone else in being wrong to needlessly endanger others at the cliff
liked. Being admired, however, is extremely because, more generally, it is always wrong to
important to them. In general, they do not seem needlessly endanger others. However, other ethical
overly concerned with proving something to issues involve factors that are unique to climbing
themselves (possibly because they are already and thus cannot be resolved by invoking broader
privately persuaded of their own good qualities), but moral rules. Is it wrong to place bolts on rappel? Is it
they are quite interested in demonstrating their cheating to use pre-placed gear on a traditional
superiority to others. For example, if given a chance pitch? For these sorts of questions, broader moral
to tackle a difficult task and find out how good they rules do not apply in any straightforward way, and
are, narcissists put forth minimal effort if no one is climbers must work out for themselves ________
looking, which is a sign that they do not really care ________ within the context of climbing.
about demonstrating their brilliance to themselves, * invoke: (법 등을) 적용하다 ** rappel: (암벽에서) 줄을 타고
whereas if others are watching, they put forth
maximum effort in order to shine.
① what is right or wrong
② whether climbing is safe
① Why Do Narcissists Long for Others’ Admiration? ③ what challenges lie ahead
② What Do Narcissists Spend a lot of Time, Energy and ④ what rules can be broken
Effort on? ⑤ how their behavior changed

[정답] ①
③ Both Self-esteem and Public Esteem Matter to [해설]
Narcissists! 등반의 윤리적 문제에는 일반적인 도덕 원칙의 직접적인 연장이 수반되기도 하지만
광범위한 도덕 규칙을 적용하여 해결될 수 없는 경우도 있기 때문에 등반가들이 스스
④ How Do Narcissists Behave When Faced with a 로 옳고 그름을 알아내야 한다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ① ‘what is right or
Difficult Task? wrong(무엇이 옳고 그른지)’가 가장 적절하다.
② 등반이 안전한지
⑤ Narcissists : Those Who Want to be Liked by and ③ 어떤 어려움이 기다리고 있는지
Superior to Others ④ 어떤 규칙을 어겨도 되는지
⑤ 그들의 행동이 어떻게 바뀌었는지
[정답] ②
[해설]
나르시시스트들은 다른 사람의 인정과 존경을 받는 데 많은 시간과 에너지를 소모하
고 다른 사람이 보고 있을 때 자신의 탁월함을 입증하기 위해 최대한의 노력을 기울인
다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ② ‘What Do Narcissists Spend a lot of Time,
Energy and Effort on?(나르시시스트들은 무엇에 많은 시간, 에너지, 노력을 쏟는가?)’
가 가장 적절하다.
① 나르시시스트들은 왜 다른 사람들의 존경을 갈망하는가?
③ 자존감과 대중의 존경 모두 나르시시스트들에게는 중요하다!
④ 나르시시스트들은 어려운 과제를 직면할 때 어떻게 행동하는가?
⑤ 나르시시스트들 : 다른 사람들의 호감을 받고 다른 사람들보다 우월해지고 싶은 사
람들
213
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 21번] claim for men or labor policies for men in ④
151 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? female-dominated occupations (e.g., nursing).
Sensation and perception almost always ① Gender mainstreaming can also apply to health care,
happen together. Researchers, however, have equally promoting women’s and men’s health care
studied each process separately to determine how needs. In many countries, coronary heart disease is
the two work together. Perception can occur through defined through a masculine lens, influencing all
bottom-up processing, ② which begins with the areas of medical care from ⑤ prevention to recovery.
physical stimuli from the environment, and Not only does this lead to overlooking women’s
proceeds through transduction of those stimuli into heart health needs, but it also may negatively impact
neural impulses. The signals are passed along to men who do not seem to fit the model of hegemonic
successively more complex brain regions, and masculinity.
ultimately ③ result in the recognition of a visual * demographic: 인구 통계학의 ** coronary: 관상 동맥의
stimulus. For example, when you look at the face of
your best friend, your eyes convert light energy into [정답] ③ equal을 unequal과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
neural impulses, which travel into the brain to visual
regions. This information forms the basis for ④
sensing the visual stimulus and ultimately its
perception. Equally important to perception,
however, is top-down processing, which involves
previously acquired knowledge. As a result, when [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 23번]
you look at your best friend’s face, brain regions ⑤

은?
what store information about what faces look like,
Although a traditional textbook drawing suggests
particularly those that are familiar to you, can help
that neurons in the brain are happily packed next to
you to perceive and recognize the specific visual
one another like jelly beans in ajar, don’t let the
stimulus.
cartoon fool you: neurons are locked in competition
*** impulse: 자극 for survival.

(A) As the border wars rage through the lifetime of a
brain, maps are redrawn in such a way that the
experiences and goals of a person are always
reflected in the brain’s structure.
(B) If an accountant drops her career to become a
pianist, the neural territory devoted to her fingers
152 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 will expand; if she becomes a microscopist, her
하지 않은 것은? visual cortex will develop higher resolution for the
The European Union, since the late 1990s, has small details she seeks; if she becomes a
embraced gender mainstreaming as its main perfumer, her brain regions assigned to smell will
strategy for addressing gender ① inequality in policy enlarge.
making. It is defined as the integration of the gender (C) Just like neighboring nations, neurons stake out
perspective into every stage of the policy process their territories and persistently defend them.
(design, implementation, monitoring, and They fight for territory and survival at every level
evaluation). Gender ② mainstreaming is based on of the system: each neuron and each connection
the understanding that all policies have the potential between neurons fights for resources.
to impact social and demographic groups * stake out: ~을 차지하다 ** cortex: (대뇌) 피질
differently, thus creating and sustaining ③ equal
power relations. For example, gender ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
mainstreaming may explicitly consider the ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
experiences of men, such as parental leave as a legal
214
In Singapore, due to road pricing, one can always Thank you for always supporting our park’s efforts
expect to be able to achieve a speed of 40 miles per to improve our community’s health and social
hour on the road. While the rich are more likely to bonds. As we have announced, construction at Lions
afford this, buses can also achieve these speeds, and Park will begin as soon as the spring season allows.
with the economies of scale of a bus this lowers the As an alternative place to play pickleball in town this
per-person trip price for achieving this speed. The summer, the lines for three pickleball courts will be
full cost of commuting includes not only the painted on the blacktop surface at Rose Park, located
out-of-pocket expenditure on gasoline, parking, and at 201 Green Valley Road. The blue equipment bin
road use fees but the value of the lost time. If a with portable nets and extra balls from Lions Park
commute takes thirty minutes rather than fifteen will be relocated there as well. The combination to
minutes because of traffic congestion, then the unlock the bin can be obtained by calling the front
commuter has lost fifteen minutes. Economists have desk at the community center. If you have any
adopted the rule of thumb of valuing such lost time questions regarding the alternative pickleball
by half of the person’s hourly wage. For example, if I courts, please contact Mark Perkins at mperkins @
earn $80 an hour and I lose fifteen minutes stuck in ShakopeeMN.gov. We look forward to the
traffic, then this costs me $10 in lost time (.25 x 80 x completion of the new dedicated pickleball courts at
.5). Lions Park this summer.
To conserve on such lost time due to congestion, * pickleball: 피클볼(배드민턴, 테니스, 탁구의 요소가 결합한 새로운
cities such as Stockholm, London, and Singapore
have adopted road pricing. Drivers in such cities ① apology for construction delays at Lions Park
move at higher speeds and save time but must pay ② notification of plans to set up temporary pickleball
more money out of pocket to travel at peak use courts
times. One explanation for why so few cities have ③ request for donations to build the new dedicated
adopted road pricing focuses on behavioral pickleball courts
economics: people are used to the roads being free. ④ reminder about the equipment replacement schedule
To an economist, this is a puzzling explanation for an existing pickleball court
because congested roads cost us valuable time. This ⑤ gratitude for the people who volunteered to build
time cost means that free roads are not free to use. A the new dedicated pickleball courts
second explanation for the opposition to road [정답] ②
pricing is that many poor people drive and they [해설]

Lions Park의 공사 관계로 Rose Park에 임시로 피클볼 경기장을 마련할 것임을 회원들
prefer to pay for their commute using their time 에게 알리는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ② ‘notification of plans to set up
rather than paying a road use fee. temporary pickleball courts(임시 피클볼 코트 마련 계획에 대한 알림)’이 가장 적절하
다.
* commute: 통근(하다) ** expenditure: 경비 ① Lions Park의 공사 지연에 대한 사과문
*** congestion: 정체 ③ 새로운 피클볼 전용 코트 건설을 위한 기부 요청
④ 기존 피클볼 코트의 장비 교체 일정에 대한 알림
⑤ 새로운 피클볼 전용 코트 건설을 위해 봉사한 사람들에 대한 감사
① expected benefits and side effects of introducing road
pricing
② ways to reduce road congestion in cities, including
road pricing
↖
③ the problem of lost time due to congestion and a [정답] ④
[해설]
few solutions
교통 정체로 인한 통근자의 시간 손실을 줄이기 위해 세계 몇몇 도시에서 채택한 도로
④ the purpose of road pricing and the debate over 혼잡 통행료 징수제의 취지와 돈을 내고 속도를 더 내는 것에 대한 논쟁점에 관한 내용
이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ④ ‘the purpose of road pricing and the debate over paying
paying to drive faster
to drive faster(도로 혼잡 통행료 징수제의 취지와 돈을 내고 속도를 더 내는 것에 대한
⑤ theoretical background and behavioral economic 논쟁점)’이 가장 적절하다.
① 도로 혼잡 통행료 징수제를 도입함으로써 기대되는 효과와 부작용
analysis of road pricing
② 도로 혼잡 통행료 징수제를 포함한 도시의 도로 혼잡을 줄이는 방법들
③ 교통 정체로 인한 시간 손실의 문제와 몇 가지 해결책
⑤ 도로 혼잡 통행료 징수제의 이론적 배경과 행동 경제학적 분석
215
I ① should have guessed things were not going to 은?
go well when I stepped off the train at Weston There is a tendency in some parents to treat small
Station and there was no sign of my father. I was children as if they are much older. It seems as if they
only fifteen, and there was no way I could go back want to give the impression that their child is mature
home if he didn’t show up. I wandered up and down beyond his age.
the platform. The waiting felt like forever, and I

began to anxiously wonder if something bad ② had (A) They ask a small child to make decisions about
happened to him. After a while, one of the station matters he is too young to decide. When a child is
employees approached me and asked me ③ if I was put in this situation, sometimes he will do what
all right. I said I was fine, but inside, my concern was the parent wants him to do, and sometimes he will
growing. Then I glanced to the left and noticed my simply say, “No.” This is his attempt to show his
dad. At that very moment, all my anxieties ④ were authority and to display his power.
disappeared. ‘Dad!’ I shouted. I snatched my little (B) He should tell the child to put his toys away and
bag from the floor and ran to him. ‘Sorry to keep you get ready to eat. If he thinks that the child should
waiting, Son,’ he said, ruffling my hair and ⑤ pulling take a nap, he should not ask the child, “Do you
me close to him. ‘Let’s go home.’ He smiled, and I want to take a nap?” He should tell the child that it
returned his smile with an even bigger one. is time for his nap.
* snatch: 낚아채다 ** ruffle: 헝클어 놓다 (C) A small child should never be asked to make a
[정답] ④ were disappeared를 disappeared로 바꿔야 적절하다.
decision he is too young to make. The parent
should make the decision and then give
instructions to the child. For example, if a parent
thinks that a child should stop playing and eat, he
Urban agriculture is moving from just a practice should not ask the child, “Do you want to eat
for earning an income and small food-producing now?”
activities to a more ① sustainable practice that

focuses on promoting local food production as an ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
energy-saving resource that is central to creating ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

vital urban communities. It needs to become even
more central to city planning as food ② security and
food safety become issues that cities need to address
along with the increase in population that is creating
a strain on a global level with regards to food ③
availability and health. In current practice, the term
urban agriculture does not necessarily mean that
food production itself is based on a sustainable
methodology or procedure but when combined with
an ecological-based approach it does. With the
recognition of natural resource ④ extension and the
advance of environmental degradation in cities
today, urban agriculture is taking on new meaning in
bringing ecological-based systems back into the city
as a vital part of the solution to creating more
sustainable cities. This does require a ⑤ paradigm
shift in thinking about food as an integral part of the
city’s framework.
* degradation: 저하
[정답] ④ extension을 decline과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
216
I think of neuroscience and the human sciences as Modem broadcast media may have contributed to
like two very small miners energetically tunnelling the perpetuation of the innate talent account of
in from opposite sides of an immense Alp. Although musical performance ability. The discovery of an
neuroscientists on their side of the Alp do not listen exceptional child performer — “the next Mozart” is a
much to sounds of digging from the humanists on common label — makes for a much better story than
the other side, some humanists, those concerned reporting how advanced musical learning has
with the brain’s role in the arts, listen very closely to resulted from an unusually plentiful combination of
what the neuroscientists on the other side are environmental, educational, and economic factors.
saying. We draw hopefully on a great many Beyond simple media sensationalism, however, the
researchers. We hope for answers from them to the belief in talent offers other _____________.
questions that bother us. The neuroscientists and we Giving the musically talented person the designation
of the human sciences, even if we are divided into of specialness can turn the experience of a concert
two groups, share the same hope. Although dwarfed into a fantastic, even supernatural, happening. Plus,
by the mountain, we hope our diggings will meet in musicians themselves can benefit from the “gifted”
the middle of that huge Alp, and there we will label. Feeling special — or even divinely blessed —
discover this mysterious, magical treasure, Mind. can contribute to musicians’ self-esteem and
We hope. motivation; consequently, many “talented”
* dwarf: 왜소해 보이게 만들다 musicians feel an obligation to nurture their gift,
which allows them to approach their musical
① What We Want From our Researchers: Digging activities with confidence and the expectation of
Hard in Their Fields success.
② Immense, Invisible Barrier Between Neuroscience * perpetuation: 영구화 ** nurture: (재능 따위를) 기르다
and the Human Sciences
③ Neuroscientists and Humanists, on Opposite Sides ① neutral results
of the Alp, Share Nothing! ② appealing effects
④ May Neuroscience and the Human Sciences Come ③ unwanted benefits
Together to Understand the Mind! ④ negative meanings
⑤ Similarities and Differences Between Research in ⑤ expected outcomes
Neuroscience and the Human Sciences [정답] ②
[해설]
[정답] ④
미디어에 의한, 타고난 음악적 재능에 대한 믿음은 콘서트 경험을 환상적인 사건으로
[해설]
바꿀 수 있고, 음악가의 자존감과 동기부여에 기여하고, 재능 계발에 대한 의무를 느끼
신경 과학과 인문 과학은 거대한 Alp의 양쪽 반대편으로 나누어져 있기는 하지만 각
게 해서 그가 자신감과 성공에 대한 기대를 가지고 음악 활동을 하게 해 준다는 내용이
학문이 그 산의 한가운데서 만나 두 학문이 연구하는 마음에 대한 이해가 한데 모이기
다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ② ‘appealing effects(흥미로운 효과)’가 가장 적절하다.
를 바란다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ④ ‘May Neuroscience and the Human
① 중립적인 결과
Sciences Come Together to Understand the Mind!(신경 과학과 인문 과학이 연구하
③ 원치 않는 이점
는 마음에 대한 이해가 한데 모이기를!)’이 가장 적절하다.
④ 부정적인 의미
① 우리가 연구자들에게 원하는 것: 각자의 분야의 땅을 열심히 파는 것
⑤ 예상된 결과
② 신경 과학과 인문 과학 사이에 있는 보이지 않는 거대한 장벽
③ 알프스의 반대편에 있는 신경 과학자들과 인문학자들은 아무것도 공유하지 않는
다!
⑤ 신경 과학과 인문 과학의 연구의 공통점과 차이점
217
Many have observed that people often use mobile 은?
phones in waiting areas. It is a way to kill time but it We are so easily impressed and make judgements
is also a way ① to create a space within what is often based on superficial evidence, but sometimes luxury
a weak or poorly defined space. Spaces at the edge of provides a psychological boost to confidence that
a dead zone for making mobile calls are also prime improves our well-being.
spots for making calls or sending texts. So, when

people touch down at an airport or leave a tunnel (A) If you think you are drinking expensive wine, not
after ② having been out of contact with a cell tower, only does it taste better but the brain's valuation
they are more likely to make calls or send texts. The system associated with the experience of pleasure
mobile phone can be used ③ to sharing a space with shows greater activation, compared to drinking
someone at a distance, for example, people at a exactly the same wine when you believe it to be
concert who call others so they can hear part (or all) cheap. What’s important here is the belief — not
of the concert. At the extreme, people may be so ④ the actual luxury.
immersed in the interaction with others on a mobile (B) Wearing designer clothes can make us feel better
phone, that they lose contact with those in the about ourselves, which then becomes
physical space they occupy. Sherry Turkle calls this self-reinforcing. When we put on our luxury
alone together, others have used the term absent clothes we feel special and behave accordingly.
presence ⑤ to characterize this behavior. Luxury goods light up the pleasure centres in our
* dead zone: 휴대 전화 불통 지역 ** cell tower: 무선 셀 기지국 brain.
[정답] ③ to sharing을 to share로 바꿔야 적절하다.
(C) Francesca Gino, a professor at Harvard Business
School, found that people who wore what they
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 8번] believed to be fake designer brand sunglasses (but
162 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 were in fact genuine) felt like frauds and were
하지 않은 것은? more likely to cheat on tests. You may be able to
W. E. B. DuBois (1868-1963), an African fake until you make it, but deep down, if we do,
American sociologist, graduated from Fisk many of us feel like imposters.
University in Tennessee and became the first African * fake: 모조의; 속이다 ** fraud: 사기꾼 *** imposter: 사기꾼
American to receive a ① doctorate from Harvard
University. Then, at Atlanta University, he founded ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
the nation’s second department of sociology. He ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

soon began a ② highly productive academic career
that included, among many other things, founding
two scholarly journals and writing ③ numerous
books and articles. He focused his research and
writing on the racial problems in the United States.
At the same time, however, he worked hard to apply
his ④ trivial knowledge to improving society. He
founded the Niagara Movement, an organization of
African American intellectuals fighting for racial
equality. He also helped create the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP) and edited its influential magazine, Crisis.
Later, he even advocated the use of force to achieve
racial equality. Finally, seeing little ⑤ improvement
in race relations, he moved in 1961 to the African
nation of Ghana, where he died 2 years later.
[정답] ④ trivial을 enormous와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
218
Overfishing is in large part a consequence of Typically, homework consists of any assigned task
excessive effort and capacity in fisheries. Too often, slated to be done outside the hours of class. What the
fishery managers have been unable to control fishing word homework does not describe is the quality or
effort, resulting in unsustainable levels of catch. This quantity of the task, a reality that makes homework
has been a particular problem for open-access discussions challenging because it turns into a war of
fisheries where management does not limit the vocabulary. For example, if two people discuss their
number of participants or high individual effort. In children’s homework, one could be railing against
this situation, the economic incentives favor mindless worksheets while the other is in favor of
short-term exploitation over long-term sustainable carefully crafted activities prompting students to
use because the economic benefits of sacrificing reflect or create. But instead of naming the specific
current catch to rebuild the stock are hard to activity, they both refer to the tasks simply as
perceive compared to short-term needs (bills to be “homework.” And so one parent wonders why on
paid), and long-term benefits may have to be shared earth anyone would be a proponent of (mindless)
with newcomers when the fishery recovers. As more homework while the other can’t understand why a
people enter the fishery or improve their fishing parent wouldn’t want their child to do (relevant and
capabilities, the future yield to the individual fisher creative) work at home. Neither parent understands
decreases. This often fosters competition to the other’s point of view because they aren’t
maintain or even increase individual catch levels speaking the same language about homework.
even as stocks decline. In response, managers may * slated: (일정이) 계획된 ** rail: 불평하다
shorten fishing seasons; participants then increase
their fishing power, and effort becomes ① the need for a balance between study and play
concentrated in time, sometimes resulting in “races ② universal principle on how to define the perfect
for fish” or “fishing derbies.” homework

* exploitation: 이기적 이용 ** derby: 시합, 경기 ③ opposing views among educators on academic
methodology
① main causes of overfishing in fisheries ④ the importance of assigned home tasks for a child’s
② ideal ways to outcompete anyone in a fishery development
③ reasons why short-term exploitation pays off in the ⑤ ambiguity in how and how much homework should
end be performed
④ why intense competition is important in the fishing [정답] ⑤
[해설]
industry ‘숙제’라는 단어가 과제의 질이나 양을 설명하지 못해 숙제에 대한 정의와 관점이 사람
⑤ the importance of not limiting individual effort to 마다 다르기 때문에 숙제에 대한 토론을 어렵게 하고 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제
로 ⑤‘ambiguity in how and how much homework should be performed(숙제를 어
lower overfishing 떻게, 얼마나 해야 하는지에 대한 모호함)’이 가장 적절하다.
[정답] ① ① 공부와 놀이 사이의 균형의 필요성
[해설] ② 완벽한 숙제를 정의하는 방법과 관련된 보편적 원칙
어장에서 단기적인 이기적 이용을 선호했을 때 어장 관리자가 참여자의 수나 고도의 ③ 학문 방법론에 대한 교육자들 사이의 반대 의견
개별적 노력을 제한하지 못해 생길 수 있는 어류 남획 문제를 다루는 내용이다. 그러므 ④ 아이의 발달을 위해 지정된 집에서는 하는 과제의 중요성
로 주제로는 ①’main causes of overfishing in fisherie(‘어장에서의 어류 남획의 주요
원인들)’이 가장 적절하다.
② 수산업에서 누구보다 앞서는 이상적인 방법들
③ 단기적인 개발이 성과를 내는 이유
④ 치열한 경쟁이 어업에 중요한 이유
⑤ 남획을 줄이기 위한 개인의 노력을 제한하지 않는 것의 중요성
219
American sociologist William Julius Wilson has 절한 곳은?
argued ① that an unintended consequence of But when they were told that a friendship was
African American suburbanization has been that likely, they preferred people who complemented
inner cities have lost valuable role models. As higher them with different interests.
income minorities leave center cities, young people

who remain are less likely ② to see and interact with In a study by Arthur Aron and myself, we created a
adult men who work and have achieved upward fake computer dating service, but instead of
income mobility. Research in development romance, the goal was to help college students find
economics has documented, with data from the friendship. ( ① ) All the subjects listed their
Dominican Republic, ③ what when young people interests, and we returned a week later to ask them
are informed about the wage gains that are possible to review a profile written by another person and
by obtaining more education, this information judge whether they liked and wanted to meet them. (
increases their educational attainment. The ② ) Half of them were told that our ultra-reliable,
explanation for this is that young people are more matchmaker program determined that this new
likely ④ to underestimate the economic benefits of person was an ideal match for them. ( ③ ) The other
education when they never interact with people who half weren’t told anything. ( ④ ) When people
look like them and have also attained a high level of weren’t given any information about whether a
education. The suburbanization of upwardly mobile friendship was likely, they preferred people with
people thus ⑤ has social consequences for peer interests just like theirs. ( ⑤ ) That is, when people
effects in the inner city. were confident that a relationship was possible, they
* inner city: (흔히 대도시의, 사회적인 문제가 많은) 도심 지역 wanted to spend time with people who were unique,
interesting, and who offered a chance for them to
[정답] ③ what을 that으로 바꿔야 적절하다. expand their horizons.
* fake: 가짜의
167 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 글의 흐름상 ⑤에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.
Because advertisers in the 1950s were interested
in reaching baby boomers, many radio stations
played music called rock ‘n’ roll with disc jockeys
that ① specifically called out to them. Other stations
targeted different age groups with different styles of
music and DJs. This new sort of station that ②
deviated on particular music preferences caught on
because radio was now more portable than ever. The
development in 1948 of the transistor, a much
smaller ③ replacement for the Audion vacuum tube,
led to the miniaturization of radio receivers. Now
radio became something that people could literally
take with them throughout the day — to the park, to
the beach, or wherever. All of a sudden, the medium
had a new life, and companies rushed to get new
licenses. The number of stations jumped ④
dramatically, from about one thousand in 1946 to
nearly 3,500 in the mid-1950s. The ⑤ largest
proportion of these played specific types of music.
* baby boomer: (특히 2차 세계대전 후의) 베이비 붐 세대인 사람
[정답] ② deviated를 focused와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
220
Many of our activities (arguing, solving problems, Animal damage control advocates often
budgeting time, etc.) are metaphorical in nature. characterize game animals as pest species. Deer, for
The metaphorical concepts that characterize those instance, do not kill farm animals but are blamed for
activities structure our present reality. New destroying gardens, bringing disease, causing car
metaphors have the power to create a new reality. accidents, and wreaking other forms of damage in
This can begin to happen when we start to suburbs. So sport hunters are allowed to kill deer
comprehend our experience in terms of a metaphor, with public support — after all, no one wants to be
and it becomes a deeper reality when we begin involved in a collision with a deer. Unfortunately for
____________. If a new metaphor enters the deer, hunting ________________________.
conceptual system that we base our actions on, it will They can rebound soon after hunting season due to
alter that conceptual system and the perceptions and lessened competition for resources. And, of course,
actions that the system gives rise to. Much of the animal damage control measures that wiped out
cultural change arises from the introduction of new many of their natural predators also play a role in
metaphorical concepts and the loss of old ones. For their large numbers. There are numerous methods
example, the Westernization of cultures throughout to prevent the damage that deer can cause, such as
the world is partly a matter of introducing the time is more responsible driving, speed limits, warning
money metaphor into those cultures. signs, roadside reflectors, as well as the use of
* metaphorical: 은유적인, 비유적인 fencing along roadways. Yet the fact remains that as
long as developers continue to build in suburban
① to act in terms of it areas, humans and wildlife will come into contact.
② to stick to our old ties Sadly, animal damage control programs have just
③ to alter its conceptual system one way of solving these problems — hunting.
④ to consider it in a different light * pest: 유해 동물 ** wreak: (피해를) 가하다
⑤ to replace it with a new metaphor *** collision: 충돌 (사고)
[정답] ①
[해설] ① may put them in danger of extinction
인간의 많은 활동을 특징짓는 것은 은유적 개념이며 우리의 현재 현실을 조직하는데
새로운 은유가 개념에 도입되면 그 개념 체계와 그 체계가 만들어 내는 인식과 행동을 ② does not necessarily control their populations
바꾼다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로 ① ’to act in terms of it(그것(은유)의 측면에서 ③ increases competition for resources in the wild
행동하기‘가 가장 적절하다.
② 우리의 옛 전통을 고수하기 ④ is one of the ways to prevent their contact with
③ 그것의 개념 체계를 바꾸기 humans
④ 그것을 다른 관점에서 생각하기
⑤ 그것을 새로운 비유로 대체하기 ⑤ may be considered unethical by certain animal
right activists
[정답] ②
[해설]
유해동물종이라고 종종 묘사되는 사냥감 동물로 사슴은 교외에서 피해를 가하고 있어
이를 예방하기 위한 유일한 방법으로 사냥이 허용되고 있으나 사냥철 이후에 자원 경
쟁이 줄어들고 사슴의 자연 포식자의 상당수가 말살되면서 사슴 개체 수가 다시 원래
대로 되돌아간다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로 ②’does not necessarily control
their populations(사슴의 개체 수를 반드시 통제하는 것은 아니다)‘가 가장 적절하다.
① 그들을 멸종위기에 빠뜨릴지도 모른다
③ 야생에서 자원 경쟁을 높인다
④ 인간과 그들의 접촉을 막는 방법 중 하나이다
⑤ 특정 동물 권리 운동가들에 의해 비윤리적인 것으로 여겨질 수 있다
221
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 20번] image and made it almost ④ possible to define a
171 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? central cultural identity for the nation. Moreover,
A gene can increase in frequency by making its the American experience has become the norm in
bearers more likely than nonbearers ① to perform other parts of the world as well. People’s identities
some fitness-enhancing behavior. For example, have become fractured, pluralized, and hybridized,
females of many species choose a mate based on the and populations that were silent and ⑤
quality of male courtship displays. If the courtship marginalized in the past have suddenly moved to the
displays of males ② differ in quality and a genetic center of the historical and cultural stage.
difference underlies the display difference, the gene * homogeneous: 동질의 ** fracture: 조각내다
*** pluralize: 복수로 만들다
for the superior display will increase in frequency. Of
course, courtship behaviors are not the only [정답] ④ possible을 impossible과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
behaviors ③ that affect fitness. If parents differ in
the quantity of care they give to their offspring, if the
quantity of care affects the viability of offspring, and
if a genetic difference underlies this difference in
parental care, then the gene for higher quantity care
④ will increase in frequency. So, as long as a gene
makes some fitness-enhancing behavior more likely, [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 22번]
that gene will increase in frequency in a population, 173 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
and as a result the behavior may increase in Human impacts are the most direct in the upper
frequency as well. For this reason, biologists 500 meters of the ocean as commercial fishing is not
frequently say ⑤ what, from the standpoint of conducted in deeper waters.
evolutionary biology, “behavioral traits are like any
other class of characters.” (A) Indeed, geological extraction and construction of
* courtship: 구애 ** viability: 생존 능력 ports and windmill farms are typically conducted
in waters of 50 meters depth or less. In shallow
and nearshore waters human impacts are
palpable, even in remote parts of the world.
(B) A case may be made for the northwest Hawaii
islands, which have never been inhabited by
humans and only very rarely have experienced
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 21번] fishing expeditions. Such locations are few — in
172 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 fact, probably less than 1% of the ocean surface is
fully protected against fishing or other kinds of
A mark of postmodernity is the increasing
disturbing activities.
mobility, both ① voluntary and forced, of human
(C) Animal life in Antarctic waters is abundant and
populations around the world. The migration of
has been protected from commercial use for
whole societies, the problem of refugees, the ②
decades, yet hunting in the early part of the
incorporation of migrant workers, have created a
twentieth century changed the ecosystem to a
global, multicultural society that challenges the
degree that it can no longer be considered a
ability of any nation to define a reasonably
pristine ecosystem. This is not to say that there
homogeneous cultural identity or a set of cultural
are not pristine-like nearshore waters left on
norms. The case of the failure of America’s “melting
Earth.
pot” image is a telling example. Although the United
* pristine-like: 자연[원래] 그대로와 비슷한 ** palpable: 매우
States has always been a nation of immigrants, it 뚜렷한 *** expedition: 원정, 탐험
managed, at least until World War II, to ③ maintain
a sense of itself as a whole, a European-derived, ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
English-speaking nation. But new migrations — ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
Asian, African, and Latino — have challenged this ① (A)-(C)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
222
In a simple experiment conducted by Michael When it comes to the common belief fallacy in
Ross, Cathy McFarland, and Garth Fletcher, college your own life, remember that scientists are always
students received a persuasive message arguing the trying to reach better conclusions, and that is
importance of frequent tooth brushing. After something you don’t do as an individual, at least not
receiving the message, they changed their attitudes by default, and by extension it is something your
toward tooth brushing. Needless to say, this is not institutions are not so great at either. You don’t seek
surprising. But here’s what was surprising: Later out what science calls the null hypothesis. That is,
that same day in a different situation, the students when you believe in something, you rarely
were asked, “How many times have you brushed ______________ to see how it matches up with
your teeth in the past 2 weeks?” Those who received your assumptions. That’s the source of urban
the message recalled that they brushed their teeth legends, folklore, superstitions, and all the rest.
far more frequently than did students in the control Having doubts is not your strong suit. Corporations
condition. The students were not attempting to and other institutions rarely set aside a division
deceive the researcher; there was no reason for them tasked with paying attention to the faults of the
to lie. They were simply using their new attitudes as agency. Unlike in science, most human undertakings
a heuristic to help them remember. In a sense, they leave out a special department devoted to looking for
needed to believe that they had always behaved the worst in the operation — not just a complaint
__________________ — even though they had department, but a department that asks if the
just now discovered what that sensible behavior organization is on the right path. Every human effort
might be. should systematically pause and ask if it is currently
* heuristic: 휴리스틱(특정 상황에서 사람들이 신속하게 사용하는 mistaken. To beat your brain, you need that
department constantly operating in your cranium.
You would do well to borrow from the lessons of the
① sticking to their old habits
scientific method and apply them in your personal
② in an inconsistent way
life. In the background, while you sew and golf and
③ with deception and pretense
browse cat videos, science is fighting against your
④ in a sensible and reasonable manner
stupidity. No other human enterprise is fighting as
⑤ like the students in the control condition
[정답] ④
hard, or at least not fighting and winning.
[해설] * fallacy: 오류 ** null hypothesis: 귀무가설(기각될 것이 예상되는
양치질의 중요성을 설득하는 메시지를 받은 학생들이 양치질에 대한 태도를 바꾸고 가설) *** cranium: 두개골
그 이후에 자신이 최근 2주간 대조군의 학생보다 훨씬 더 자주 이를 닦아왔다고 기억
하며 자신이 늘 분별 있고 합리적인 방식으로 행동해온 사람이라고 믿을 필요성을 느
꼈다는 실험을 다루는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로 ④‘in a sensible and reasonable ① accept it to be true
manner(항상 분별 있고 합리적인 방식으로)’가 가장 적절하다. ② suspect that it is right
① 그들의 옛적 습관을 고수하며
② 일관성이 없는 방법으로
③ refute a scientist’s evidence
③ 속임수와 가식으로 ④ avoid doubt as your strong suit
⑤ 대조군 학생들처럼
⑤ seek out evidence to the contrary
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
무언가를 믿을 때 그것이 자신의 가정에 어떻게 필적하는지 확인하기 위해 반대되는
증거를 찾는 과학자와는 달리 개인과 그들이 속해 있는 기관은 의심하는 마음을 갖지
않고 있지만 모든 인간의 노력은 과학적 방법의 교훈을 빌려 체계적으로 잠시 멈추어
그것이 틀렸는지 의심할 필요가 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로 ⑤‘seek out
evidence to the contrary(반대되는 증거를 찾다)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 그것을 사실로 받아들이다
② 그것이 맞다고 생각한다
③ 과학자의 증거를 반박하다
④ 장점으로 의심을 피한다
223
변형문제 875제
4회
224
1 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 3 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지
않은 것은? 않은 것은?
We hope all is well with you and your family. At I am writing to you about an ① issue with my
last, spring is in the air, and that means summer recent mobile phone order. I ordered a silver model,
can't be far behind. For the past several years we but I was sent a black one. However, I decided to use
have taken much pleasure in ① sharing our cottage it anyway. Nevertheless, I could not save numbers in
on Mirror Pond with you and some of our other close it, and the battery would not even last a day on a ②
friends. This year, though, I'm afraid we must do full charge. When I contacted customer service, the
things a bit ② differently. The expense of representative asked me to return the phone and
maintaining the house has gone up quite a bit, and promised to send a ③ replacement. That was two
for at least the coming summer we have decided to weeks ago, and I still have not received the new
put the cottage on the market as a rental ③ property. phone. I would ④ high appreciate it if you could
We already have several leads from people who are send me the replacement phone — in silver and with
④ considering taking the cottage for most or all of a healthy battery — as soon as possible. I look
the summer. We hope you understand. And if we forward to your ⑤ prompt action on my request.
end up with some ⑤ booked time in the fall, we'll let
you know. [정답] ④ high를 highly와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
[정답] ⑤ booked를 unbooked와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
I am James Franklin, principal of Grandview High
School. Each year we provide engaging events to
bring our school's community together.
(A) However, due to our school's budgetary

constraints, we had to cut back on school supplies.
To offer our students the best education possible,
we need the supplies to keep our chess club
running.
(B) This year, we are trying to have a chess
tournament. We think that it will create a healthy
competitive atmosphere and help students make
new friends. And some of the students in our
school chess club are showing very promising
results and are aiming to participate in the City
Chess Tournament. They are practicing hard for
the tournament.
(C) We would like to ask that you help us continue the
chess club by donating money. If you contribute
to our school, you'll be a hero to the students who
are pursuing their dream of becoming chess
players.
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
225
If you ask your administrative employees, they Olivia pulled a piece of bright yellow silk from the
will probably agree that copier maintenance is display. In her free hand she held a sample of beaded
critical to a successful office. Our research shows lace and tried to imagine the sound it would make
that the typical business will use copy equipment whispering around her ankles as she danced. Now
about six months before repairing or replacing it. that the war was over, there would be a lot of
Historically, when you have needed service, the only dancing. Anticipation bubbled in her chest. She'd
option has been to call a repairperson at a very high meet a real gentleman this season, and who knew?
cost. Fortunately, there is now a service that can Maybe she would get married. "May I help you?" A
extend the life of your copier and save your company shopkeeper stood beside her. "I would like five yards
thousands of dollars during the next year. Lake of this silk and a roll of this lace," Olivia said.
Paperworx specializes in copier maintenance, "___________________________." What a
successfully serving business and legal firms letdown! No other fabric would make her as
throughout the United States. We can significantly beautiful as the yellow silk, and no other pearls
reduce your maintenance costs and your downtime. would make such a charming whisper. With a sigh,
The enclosed brochure outlines our services. If you she returned the items to the display.
are interested in using our services, please call me
directly at 920-4848-1212. ① Here you are
② Those are very expensive
① ways for work efficiency ③ That’s the last one we have
② efforts to reduce work costs ④ It’s gonna be a very suitable outfit for you
③ promoting the services of the copier maintenance ⑤ I'm very sorry, miss. They are already reserved
company [정답] ⑤
[해설]
④ the most popular copier maintenance company in Olivia가 예쁘다고 생각해서 사고싶었던 재료들은 이미 누군가의 선택을 받아서 결국
the states 구매할 수 없게 되었다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸에는 ⑤ ’I'm very sorry, miss. They
are already reserved(정말 죄송합니다, 손님. 그것들은 이미 예약되어 있습니다)‘가 가
⑤ maximizing Efficiency through regular 장 적절하다.
examination of copier every six months ① 여기 있습니다
② 이건 매우 비쌉니다
[정답] ③
③ 저희가 갖고 있는 마지막 제품입니다
[해설]
④ 당신에게 가장 잘 어울리는 옷이 될 것입니다
조사에 따르면 일반 기업은 복사기를 6개월 정도 문제 없이 사용할 수 있는데, 이후 문
제가 생겼을 시 복사기 회사의 서비스를 이용하여 저렴한 가격에 빨리 수리를 할 수 있
다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ③ ’promoting the services of the copier
maintenance company(복사기 정비 회사의 서비스 홍보)‘가 가장 적절하다.
① 업무 효율을 위한 방법
② 업무 비용 절감을 위한 노력
④ 미국에서 가장 인기있는 복사기 전문 업체
⑤ 6개월 마다 복사기 정기 검진을 통한 효율성 증대
226
6 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 8 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
않은 것은? "I think everyone is here now! Shall we all sit
Mr. Garcia walked to his closet and pulled a down?" Everyone was more than happy to cooperate
trumpet out of its case. He blew into it, you know, and soon the whole group was settled in their chairs
like he was ① clearing it all out. He ran his fingers around the long dining room table, passing dishes
along the valves and played a scale. And then he said, filled with Charlotte's cooking. Soon, everyone had a
"Okay, Zach, ready?" And then he started playing. I full plate and conversation buzzed around the table
mean the guy could play. He played this really ② between bites. Charlotte took a careful bite of her
soft and beautiful song. I never knew a trumpet stuffing and found that the seasonings had all
could ③ whisper. I kept looking at his fingers. I blended together beautifully to create a flavorful
wanted him to keep playing forever. It was better experience. She relaxed a bit more as she sampled
than any of the poems he'd read to us in class. It was the dishes on her plate and found that everything
like the whole loud world had gone really, really tasted good. Or, at least, she thought so. She just
quiet and there was nothing but this one song, this hoped everyone else felt the same way. As if reading
one sweet and gentle and ④ brilliant song that was her mind, Addison leaned over to her. "Everything
as soft as a breeze blowing through the leaves of a tastes so delicious," she said quietly, patting her
tree. The world just ⑤ appeared. I wanted to live in belly and indicating her already half-eaten plate.
that stillness forever. I wanted to clap. And then, I "You're going to have to roll me out of here when all
just didn't know what to do or what to say. is said and done." "Eat as much as you like."
Charlotte replied with a laugh, "There's no
[정답] ⑤ appeared를 disappeared와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
judgment, especially on Thanksgiving!"
① A Special Menu on Thanksgiving

② The Joy of Cooking for The Family
③ The Importance of Seasoning in Food
④ Table Manners at A Family Meal
⑤ A Harmonious Family Feast on Thanksgiving
[정답] ⑤
[2025수능특강(영어) 2강 3번] [해설] Charlotte가 추수감사절에 만든 음식을 손님들이 맛있게 먹고 있는 상황이다.
7 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? 그러므로 제목으로는 ⑤ ‘A harmonious family feaast on Thanksgiving.(추수감사절의
화목한 가족 식사)’가 가장 적절하다.
A very large warrior approached and stood in front ① 추수감사절의 특별한 메뉴
of Benny. The warrior took him by the arm, and ② 가족을 위해 요리하는 것의 기쁨
③ 음식에서 양념의 중요성
Benny was convinced ① of that he was going to be ④ 가족 식사에서의 식사 예절
punished. He shivered with fear while being
dragged. The warrior brought Benny to an open area
of the village. There sat an old man. He seemed ② to
be incredibly respected by all of the warriors. He
introduced himself as Allani, ③ meaning "Highest
Chief," and surprisingly enough, he spoke in the
English language. He told Benny, "I have decided ④
that we are not going to punish you. We do not
punish good men, so you can relax." The chief
kindness makes me ⑤ say welcome. Welcome to
Life Island." Tears of relief poured down Benny's
face.
[정답] ① of that을 that으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
227
9 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? 10 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
One of the biggest misconceptions about creativity Sometimes it is hard to know the right thing to do
is that it takes a brilliant idea ① to solve a complex for the planet. What sounds good may not
problem. While this may be true in pure sciences, in necessarily be so. Rooftop solar panels, for example,
most commercial contexts, or even in day-to-day are one of the most expensive and least effective
living, it is never that one silver bullet ② what does ways to help the environment. Buying local food can
the magic. It is, in fact, a series of seemingly simple actually increase water pollution and waste.
ideas that counts. The key is ③ to have enough ideas According to research from the Danish and UK
that solve specific parts of the overall problem, and governments, plastic grocery bags may actually be
then the thorny task looks very much tenable. Since better than cotton bags for the climate and for water.
creativity comes from ④ combining concepts in an You may disagree with all or some of those claims,
unusual fashion, and since it is exceedingly difficult and you may be right. It depends on your individual
to trace the origins of ideas, you are better off circumstances. If you live in Phoenix, Arizona, for
generating as many ideas as possible with the hope example, solar panels could be a smart choice. Using
that some of them would click. That is ⑤ what great your own cotton bags continuously and without
scientists and artists do. As the author Walter exception for shopping for several years is probably
Isaacson notes, ‘The sparks come from ideas rubbing better for the environment than the alternatives.
against each other rather than as bolts out of the Each of these choices depends on personal
blue.’ circumstances and behavior. The best solutions for
* thorny: 골치 아픈, 까다로운 ** tenable: 참아 낼 수 있는 the environment are personal.
[정답] ② what을 that으로 바꿔야 적절하다.

① There are various eco-friendly policies around the
world.
② Solar panels are the most effeicient solution for the
environment.
③ Protecting the environment does not apply equally
to everyone.
④ The whole world must join a campaign in order to
protect the environment.
⑤ Using cotton bags can reduce the use of plastic
bags, decreasing the generation of carbon energy.
[정답] ③
[해설]
지구를 위한 일은 환경에 따라 다르기 때문에 개인적인 상황과 행동에 따라 각각 다른
대안이 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ③ ‘Protecting the environment does
not apply equally to everyone.(환경을 지키는 일은 모두에게 똑같이 적용되지 않는
다.)가 가장 적절하다.
① 전세계별로 다양한 친환경 정책이 있다.
② 태양 전지판은 환경을 위한 가장 효율적인 해결책이다.
④ 환경을 지키기 위해서는 전 세계가 하나의 캠페인에 동참해야 한다.
⑤ 에코백을 사용하는 것은 비닐봉지 사용을 줄여 탄소에너지 발생을 줄일 수 있다.
228
11 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 12 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
지 않은 것은? When you think, you are using your imagination
Consider people with ① disabilities. Often they are ① to create an image or picture in your mind of an
judged using criteria of competence that are biased event rather than the real thing. If you are driving
in favor of nondisabled people. Compare, for home from a football match, ② reviewing the game
example, an average blind person with an average ② in your mind, you are merely imagining what the
sighted person. Who will be more competent in game was like. The game is no longer real; it's now
walking from one place to another? You might think only in your mind, in your memory. It was real once,
that the sighted person will be more competent but not any longer. Similarly, if you are thinking
because the sighted person can see where he or she is about ③ how bad your marriage is, you are
going, but this is using an ③ unfair criterion. If you considering it in your mind. It's all in your
think about competence based on the fairer criterion imagination. You are literally 'making up' your
of who can best walk with the eyes closed, then the relationship. The thoughts you are having about
blind person will definitely be more competent. Such your relationship are just thoughts. This is ④
knowledge about people who are blind and, by ④ because the old saying, 'Things aren't as bad as they
extension, other socially marginalized people, can seem' is almost always true. The reason things 'seem
make us appreciate them and celebrate their unique so bad' is because your mind is able to recreate past
abilities as they really are, rather than discriminate events, and preview upcoming events, almost as
against, pity, or patronize them for some ⑤ though they were happening right in front of you, at
competence that does not exist except as a figment of that moment even though they're not. To make
our traditional, prejudiced imaginations. matters worse, your mind can add additional drama
to any event, thereby ⑤ making that event seem
*** figment: 꾸며낸 것
even worse than it really is, or was, or will be.
[정답] ⑤ competence를 incompetence와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
[정답] ④ because를 why로 바꿔야 적절하다.
229
13 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), 14 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 지 않은 것은?
Most people don't equate silence with The quality of news is difficult to measure because
appreciation. People whose work is always good still there are no agreed-upon standards that satisfy
need to hear it from you occasionally. Let them know everyone's ① definition of high quality. The term
you've noticed they are meeting their goals. quality generally refers to any attribute, service, or
Acknowledgement and appreciation create a performance that is highly valued within a group or a
supportive work environment and keep motivation community. Defining ② quality is thus
alive. Make your appreciation specific and positive context-dependent, field-specific, and subject to
by noting what was done well and why it matters. individual preferences and tastes. It is important to
This makes people feel good and it also ensures that note, however, that compared to other cultural
the behaviour you identify is repeated. So, don't just products such as music and paintings, journalistic
say, "That was great!" Say, "That was great because content is ③ unique because it has a strong civic and
..." Both teams and individuals need positive, democratic component. The idea of the press as the
specific information about their accomplishments. "fourth estate" stems from the ④ expectation that
Use your imagination: post graphs showing what the high-quality journalism promotes democratic ideals
team has achieved: mark the achievement of major by playing the role of a watchdog, providing a public
milestones or goals by bringing in sandwiches for forum, and serving as a reliable information
lunch for everyone to share or putting up balloons; provider. Therefore, when discussing news quality,
send thank you notes. When you ignore success, normative aspects cannot be ⑤ underemphasized.
people think it doesn't matter and stop trying. * normative: 규범적인

[정답] ⑤ underemphasized를 overempahsized와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
____(A)____ people’s success through positive
and ____(B)____ information is the power to keep
the effort going.
(A) (B)
① Recognizing negative
② Criticizing negative
③ Criticizing complicated
④ Criticizing concrete
⑤ Recognizing concrete
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
→긍정적이고 구체적인 정보를 통해 사람들의 성공을 인정하는 것은 노력을 계속하게
하는 힘이 된다.
긍정적이고 구체적인 칭찬은 아무리해도 모자르지 않으며 업무를 계속하는 힘이 된다
는 내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤ (A)에는 ‘인정하는 것’을 뜻하는 Recognizing이, (B)에는 ‘구
체적인’을 뜻하는 concrete가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 인정하는 것 … 부정적인
② 비판하는 것 … 부정적인
③ 비판하는 것 … 복잡한
④ 비판하는 것… 구체적인
230
[2025수능특강(영어) 4강 3번] that we can take from the natural world to feed our
15 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? economy, and only so much waste that the Earth can
One thing that managers have to keep in mind is absorb, before natural ④ processes stop functioning
that they should mend fences after any fight. properly. The constant effort to extract more and
Opponents are not necessarily enemies. An more resources is actually an ecological ⑤
opponent disagrees with you on the issue, of course, possibility over the long term. Our survival depends
but enemies are ones with whom you also have a on learning to live within the limits of ecosystems.
negative relationship. That makes it personal. You
can often work with opponents and strategize [정답] ⑤ possibility를 impossibility와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
toward mutually successful outcomes, but enemies

are far more difficult and consequently far more
dangerous. Try to keep opponents from becoming
enemies, and work to turn enemies into mere
opponents. Find points of agreement, and find ways
you can legitimately support those who were your
opponents. The subject of the fight will eventually
recede, but you still need the relationships.
① Enemy-Free Management
② The Enemy Is An Opponent [2025수능특강(영어) 5강 1번]
③ Definition of Positive Relationships 17 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
④ Conflict Resolution Method in Management There are no black-and-white issues in life. No
⑤ The Distinction Between Enemies and Opponents categorical answers. Everything is a subject for
[정답] ⑤
endless debate and compromise.
[해설]
경영자는 반대자와 적을 구분하여 경영을 위한 전략적 관점이 다른 사람을 적으로 만
들지 말라는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ⑤ ‘The Distinction Between Enemies
and Opponents(적과 반대자 구별하기)’가 가장 적절하다.
(A) It is like walking on thin ice — either it carries
① 적이 없는 경영 your weight, or it does not, Either you make it to
② 적은 반대자이다.
③ 긍정적 관계의 정의
the shore, or you fall into the deep, dark, cold
④ 경영에서 갈등 해결 방법 waters, And if that should happen to us, there will
not be any nearby planet coming to our rescue.
We are completely on our own.
(B) This is one of the core principles of our current
[2025수능특강(영어) 4강 4번] society. Because that core principle is wrong, the
16 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 society ends up causing a lot of problems when it
지 않은 것은? comes to sustainability. There are some issues
Political decisions and management decisions that are black and white. There are indeed
about how much of any given species can be planetary and societal boundaries that must not
harvested are often based on the amount of money be crossed.
there is to be made. Profit leads to ① economic (C) For instance, we think our societies can be a little
growth, which is the goal of many politicians and bit more or a little bit less sustainable. But in the
business leaders. But the problem with seeking ② long run you cannot be a little bit sustainable —
continuous economic growth is that our economy is either you are sustainable or you are
not separate from our environment. Everything in unsustainable.
our economy comes from our environment. We * categorical: 단정적인
extract resources from the world around us,
consume them as products we eat or use, and then ③ ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
dump the waste back into the Earth. Our Earth is a ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
finite ecosystem, which means there is only so much ③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
231
The modern corporation as a child of laissez-faire The notion of a "circular economy" — in which
economics and of the market society is based on a materials circulate continuously, being used and
creed whose greatest weakness is the inability to see reused time and time again — is an appealing vision.
the need for status and function of the individual in However, it is crucial to highlight just how far we are
society. In the philosophy of the market society there from that goal at present. Although most textiles are
is no other social criterion than economic reward. entirely recyclable, 73 percent of waste clothing was
Henry Maine's famous epigram that the course of incinerated or went to landfills globally in 2015. Just
modern history has been from status to contract 12 percent was recycled into low-value textile
neatly summarizes the belief of the nineteenth applications such as mattress stuffing and less than 1
century, that social status and function should be percent was recycled back into clothing. Some would
exclusively the result of economic advancement. question how realistic the idea of "closing the loop"
This emphasis was the result of a rebellion against a can be: the complexity of the fashion system means
concept of society which defined human position that there are multiple opportunities for materials to
exclusively in terms of politically determined status, "leak" from the reuse cycle. Furthermore, it must be
and which thus denied equality of opportunity. But noted that fiber recycling is not without its own
the rebellion went too far. In order to establish environmental footprint. Even the reuse of
justice it denied meaning and fulfillment to those secondhand clothing has implications in terms of
who cannot advance — that is, to the majority — resource use and waste, particularly if items are
instead of realizing that the good society must give transported over long distances, dry cleaned, and
both justice and status. repackaged.
* laissez-faire: 자우방임의 ** creed: 신조, 신념 * textile: 직물 ** incinerate: 소각하다
*** epigram: 경구(警句)
① the structure of circulation of recycling
① Rebellion is inevitable for modern society. ② the dirtiness of circular use of clothing textile
② There are more negative aspects of the laissez-faire ③ the inefficiency of long-distance transportation
economy. ④ the impracticality of the concept of complete re-use
③ A balance is needed between economic success and ⑤ the reason why it is important to understand the
social justice and status. current position of the circular economy
④ Modern corporations are obsessed with the social [정답] ⑤
status of individuals. [해설]

재활용을 통한 순환 경제가 현재 어느 정도 수준인지에 대해 설명하는 내용이다. 따라
⑤ People who are not economically successful are not 서 주제는 ⑤ ‘the reason why it is important to understand the current position of
easy to survive in the modern society. the circular economy(순환경제의 현재 위치를 아는 것이 중요한 이유)’가 가장 적절하
다.
[정답] ③
① 재활용 순환의 구조
[해설] 현대 기업이 사회적 지위와 기능보다 경제적 보상에 중점을 두고 있는 것을 비
② 순환적인 옷 소재 사용의 반전적인 비위생성
판하고 있으며, 경제적 성공과 사회적 정의와 지위 사이의 균형이 필요하다는 내용이
③장거리 운송의 비효율성
다. 그러므로 주제로는 ③ ‘A balance is needed between economic success and
④ 완전한 재사용이라는 개념의 비현실성
social justice and status.(제적 성공과 사회적 정의와 지위 사이의 균형이 필요하다.)’
가 가장 적절하다.
① 현대 사회를 위해 반란은 불가피하다.
② 자유방임경제의 부적정 측면이 더 많다.
④ 현대 기업은 개인의 사회적 지위에 매몰되어있다.
⑤ 경제적으로 성공하지 못한 사람들은 현대 사회에서 살아남기 쉽지 않다.
232
[2025수능특강(영어) 5강 4번] solving, and creative thinking, students are not truly
20 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? ④ engaged in their own learning. Because teachers
When anticipating the effects of time, we should are required to emphasize uninspiring workbooks
mentally forecast what they are likely ① to be; we and drills, more and more students are developing
should not practically stop them from happening, by negative feelings about mathematics, science,
demanding the immediate performance of promises history, grammar, and writing. Opportunities to
which time alone can fulfill. The man who makes his authentically learn and retain knowledge are being
demand will find out ② that there is no worse or ⑤ replaced by instruction that teaches "to the tests."
stricter usurer than Time: and that, if you compel * rote memory: 기계적 암기 ** authentically: 진정으로
Time to give money in advance, you will have to pay
[정답] ③ discourage를 encourage와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
a rate of interest much higher than any usurer ③
would require. It is possible, for instance, to make a
tree burst forth into leaf, blossom, or even bear fruit
within a few days, by the application of unslaked
lime and artificial heat: but after that the tree will
wither away. So a young man may abuse his strength
— It may be only for a few weeks — by ④ trying to do
at nineteen what he could easily manage at thirty,
and Time may give him the loan ⑤ which he asks;
but the interest he will have to pay comes out of the
strength of his later years; indeed, it is part of his
very life itself. [2025수능특강(영어) 6강 2번]
*usurer: 고리대금업자 ** unslaked lime: 생석회(生石灰) 22 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
For many years, it was indeed widely believed that
[정답] ⑤ which를 for which나 where로 바꿔야 적절하다.
the adult brain was essentially 'set', with all the
neurons and major connections we'd need.
(A) However, in recent years there's been a steady

stream of evidence revealing that the adult brain
can change and adapt, even create new neurons,
and experiences can still reshape the brain, even
as we head into our twilight years.
[2025수능특강(영어) 6강 1번] (B) Consider the taxi driver study, where constant
21 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 driving and navigation of chaotic London streets
지 않은 것은? leads to increased hippocampus size, revealing
There are disturbing changes underway in today's the adult brain structure is somewhat malleable.
school systems. Funding is ① frequently tied to
(C) Sure, we learn new things and update our
scores achieved on standardized tests, which
understanding of things all the time, meaning
primarily evaluate rote memory. Teaching "to" tests
new connections are regularly being formed and
like these ② inevitably focuses resources and
turned over in networks governing learning and
curriculum on the lower-scoring students. The
memory. But in terms of overall physical
pressure to bring up test scores for these struggling
structure and major connections, the stuff that
students limits time for the kinds of individualized
makes us 'what we are', the adult brain was long
learning that challenges all students to reach their
thought to be 'done'.
highest potential, and teachers have less * hippocampus: (대뇌 측두엽의) 해마 ** malleable: 적응성 있는
opportunity to ③ discourage creative thinking and
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
incorporate hands-on activities. When education is
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
not enriched by exploration, discovery, problem
233
Often ideological principles crystallize in laws, The unquestioned assumption that any and all
rules, and institutions that threaten to block deals. scientific knowledge — and associated technology —
Nationalism requires that all resources belong to the contributes to sustainability derives from faith in the
state and that no one else may own them. Islamic importance of objective knowledge for solving global
fundamentalism prohibits interest payments on problems. Scientists obtain power and become the
loans. Egyptian socialism demands that workers priests of our era to the extent that they provide a
participate both in the management and the profits special form of knowledge that can be used to do
of an enterprise. Each of these principles can be an such wonderful things. And we often consider that
obstacle to deal making in particular cases. Yet, with the final test of scientific knowledge: we can do
some creativity, it is possible to structure a deal in things with its results, such as applying it to reverse
such a way that ________________________. the decline of an endangered species. Regardless, we
For example, worker participation in management know now that the linear view of the relation
need not mean a seat on the company's board of between science and social outcomes is flawed.
directors, but simply an advisory committee that Science may allow us to do things, but we can assess
meets regularly with an officer of the company. And its contribution to sustainability only by
a petroleum development contract could be written incorporating broader contextual and
in such a way that the ownership of oil is transferred socioecological questions. We typically think of
not when the oil is in the ground but at the point that sustainability as doing something out there in the
it leaves the flange of the well. world, when in fact we may need to first reassess the
* crystallize: 구체화되다 ** flange: (철관 끝의) 테두리 way we are setting the problem.
① people prioritize principles ① The Science Gained Power to Become a Modern

② the state restricts the rights of workers Religion
③ the company focuses on resources and takes oil ② What Is Needed to Make The Right Linear
④ ideology is minimized and profits are maximized Relationship?
⑤ the ideological principle is respected but business ③ Advances in Science Do Not Immediately Solve
goes forward Social Problems
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
④ Revaluation of The Problem-Setting Method: Key
이념적 원칙이 거래 성사에 걸림돌이 될 때, 창의력을 발휘하여 두 가지 모두 놓치지 to Science Development
않을 수 있다는 내용을 설명하고 있다. 따라서 빈칸으로는 ⑤ ‘the ideological
principle is respected but business goes forward(이념적 원칙을 존중하면서도 사업
⑤ Solutions to Reduction of Endangered Species:
이 진행되다)’가 가장 적절하다. Emphasis on Sustainability
① 사람들이 원칙과 이념을 우선시하다
[정답] ③
② 국가가 노동자의 권리를 제한하다
[해설]
③ 회사가 자원 개발에 전념하고 석유를 취하다
모든 과학 기술이 지속 가능성에 기여한다는 기존의 믿음과 달리, 과학과 사회적인 결
④ 이념이 최소화되고 이윤이 극대화되다
과가 곧바로 연결되지 않을 수 있다는 내용이다. 따라서 제목은 ③ ‘Advances in
Science Do Not Immediately Solve Social Problems(과학의 발전이 곧바로 사회 문제
를 해결해주지는 않는다)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 권력을 얻은 과학이 현대의 종교로 자리잡다
② 올바른 선형관계 설정을 위해선 무엇이 필요한가?
④ 문제 설정 방식의 재평가: 과학 발전의 핵심
⑤ 멸종 위기종의 감소를 위한 해결책: 지속가능성 강조
234
According to research from the University of Ideally, when we make art or engage in any
Arizona's Bureau of Applied Research in creative activity by ourselves, we recognize its value
Anthropology, the average household ends up ① and make time and space for it in our lives.
wasting an average of 14 percent of its grocery
spending by throwing away unused or spoiled food. (A) When we make art by ourselves, it can help us
Even worse, 15 percent of ② that waste includes self-regulate; feel a sense of mastery, control, and
products that were never opened and were still agency over our lives; and engage in reflective,
within their expiration date! (This statistic really validating, contemplative, or meditative
makes me cringe - ③ why not just set dollar bills on practices.
fire while we're at it?) The study also found that a (B) The boom in coloring books and coloring pages in
family of four ends up throwing away an average of the past few years is one such example. It takes
$590 of perishable groceries per year, such as meat, away the challenging part of visual art-making
produce, dairy, and grain products. You can save an and skills and provides us with a level of challenge
average of $50 per month by avoiding ④ overbuying that is relatively easy and manageable.
perishable foods. Check your supplies before
(C) Our studies with cancer patients and caregivers
shopping and estimate the exact amount you'll need
showed that solitary activities like coloring helped
to buy for the next week. This is also a good time to
in meditative and reflective ways by taking us to a
throw away outdated leftovers, ⑤ making sure
space of distraction away from everyday concerns.
perishable items are in view, and use up good
Such activities do not necessarily help us resolve
leftovers for that day's meals.
our problems; rather, they provide a time to rest
and a way to focus our attention elsewhere until
[정답] ⑤ making을 make로 바꿔야 적절하다. such time as we can address them directly.
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
지 않은 것은?
Throughout history, human imagination has been
a double-edged sword. On one hand, it pushes new
discoveries, but for every newly established
scientific fact, there are often multiple ① correct
hypotheses, which must be corrected along the way
or risk becoming myths. Thomas Edison is credited
with saying: "I have not failed, I've just found 10,000
ways that won't work," ② implying that error is part
of invention. Unfortunately, if errors or partial
truths get circulated long enough, they can lead to a
false echo chamber of ③ repetition and suggest
"truth" where none exists. For example, even though
the humors have been discredited for centuries,
some still believe in the myth that blood types (blood
being one of the four humors) can ④ determine
personalities. A quick internet search finds more
than five million websites ⑤ related to this topic,
meaning this myth is slow to die.
[정답] ① correct를 incorrest와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
235
When Galileo rolled the balls down the inclined Gladys West is an American mathematician. She
plane, he didn't merely look and see what happened. was born in rural Virginia in 1930. She grew up on
He very carefully measured the distance traveled her family’s small farm and dreamed of getting a
and the time it took to travel that distance. From good education. She worked hard and received a
these measurements, he calculated the speed of scholarship to Virginia State College (now Virginia
travel. What he came up with was a mathematical State University), a historically black university. In
equation relating numerical quantities. We can 1956 she was hired as a mathematician at the naval
imagine that when he observed the moons of base in Dahlgren, Virginia. She was the second black
Jupiter, he ___________ some spots at various woman to be hired at the base and was one of only
different places from night to night: he kept track of four black employees. There, West made significant
where the spots were, compared their positions from contributions to the applied mathematics that deals
night to night, and perhaps did some calculations with the measurement of the Earth’s size, shape, and
intended to compute what path they were traveling, gravitational field. West and her team created a
to find out that their change in apparent position model that allows the GPS system to make accurate
was consistent with their being bodies moving calculations of any location on Earth. West retired
around Jupiter. Similarly, in my hypothetical bird from the base in 1998 at the age of 68 but continued
experiment I imagined myself as a budding junior her education. She later completed a PhD in Public
scientist weighing the stuff I put into the cage and Administration at Virginia Tech by
calculating percentages by weight of what was eaten. distance-learning.
It's obvious: numbers are important to science. * gravitational field: (지구의) 중력장
Scientists measure and calculate: they don't just
observe. ① the life of a female administrator as an educator
② the praise to the four great black mathematicians
① didn't merely see ③ the prevalence of unfair educational opportunities
② searched hard for ④ the criticism on the achievements of the black
③ didn’t even loot at woman
④ enjoyed traveling to ⑤ the process of academic performance of the
⑤ instinctively predicted American mathematician

[정답] ⑤
[정답] ①
[해설]
[해설]
Gladys West라는 미국의 수학자의 학문적 행위를 중심으로 한 생애에 대한 내용이다.
과학에서 단순 관찰 외에도 수학적인 측정과 계산이 중요하다는 내용이다. 따라서 빈
따라서 주제는 ⑤ ‘the process of academic performance of the American
칸으로는 ① ‘didn't merely see(보기만 한 것이 아니었다)’가 가장 적절하다.
mathematician(미국의 수학자의 직업적, 학문적 수행 과정)’가 가장 적절하다.
② 열심히 찾아다녔다
① 여성 행정학자의 교육자로서의 생애
③ 거들떠도 보지 않았다
② 네 명의 위대한 흑인 수학자들에 대한 칭송
④ 신나게 여행했다
③ 불공평한 교육 기회의 만연
⑤ 직감적으로 예측했다
④ 흑인 여성의 업적에 대한 비평
236
Fado means “fate” in Portuguese, but is also the Lysippus was the most prominent, prolific and
name of a form of music originating in Lisbon. It is longest-lived of the great 4th-century BC sculptors.
usually ① performed by one singer, accompanied by He was active, reportedly making 1,500 works, all of
dual guitarras (mandolin-shaped 12-string guitars) them in bronze.
and a viola (Spanish guitar). Fado lyrics frequently
focus on the hard realities of daily life, or the trials of (A) Lysippus went on to make portraits busts of many
love. Fado is also linked with the notion of saudade, of Alexander’s warring successors, such as
② which is a longing for something impossible to Cassander and Seleucus I. A native of Sicyon in
attain. Fadistas, as fado singers are known, often the Peloponnese, Lysippus ran a workshop of
wear a black shawl of mourning, although songs can almost industrial size that was continued after his
also be upbeat. Since the 19th century, fado ③ has death by his sons.
been performed in bars and clubs in working-class (B) Considered the most accomplished artist of his
districts of Lisbon. It flourished during the Salazar age, Lysippus suitably became Alexander the
years, before ④ falling out of favour after the 1974 Great’s favourite — in fact, court-sculptor. The
Revolution. In recent times, the genre has been world-conqueror allowed almost no one else to
revived and a new generation of musicians and sculpt him.
singers can ⑤ hear in casas de fado, around Lisbon.
(C) Ancient writers such as Pliny relate that Lysippus
invented an entirely new canon, or
[정답] ⑤ hear를 be heard로 바꿔야 적절하다. mathematically calculated ideal beauty, almost
displacing that of Polyclitus.
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
지 않은 것은?
The Mayan ball game was a very ① important part
of Mayan culture. The ball games were played either
by 2 players or by 2 teams of players. The object of
the game was to put a ball through one of the stone
rings while ② promoting the other team from
putting the ball through the other stone ring. The
ball was a little larger than a basketball and was
made of solid rubber. For ③ protection, players
wore hard leather gloves, elbow and knee pads,
masks, and belts that were made of wood or stone.
Although not all historians agree, some think the
rules did not allow players to ④ touch the ball with
their hands or feet. They used only their elbows,
hips, and knees to hit the ball, and had to keep the
ball from touching the ground. Spectators from all
classes liked to ⑤ watch and bet on the games.
[정답] ② promoting을 stopping와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
237
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Human activity on the landscape can significantly
A good way to make human-machine interaction contribute to soil erosion. In a natural state,
more natural would be to develop a better metaphor. vegetation serves as natural protection against
A computer metaphor is a familiar object or activity erosion because the network of roots helps hold the
that your computer imitates with its commands, soil in place against various erosive forces, such as
display arrangements, and behavior. The two main wind and water. Scientists estimate that, in the
metaphors we have today are the desktop and the United States, 30% of erosion is due to natural forces
browser. In the desktop metaphor, the display and 70% is due to human impact. Oftentimes, when
screen mimics a typical desk; information is kept people use the land for farming, the protective
inside folders, which can be opened, closed, and covering of natural vegetation is destroyed, and the
slipped into other folders. With Web browsing, the erosion process speeds up. In fact, studies have
metaphor is downtown window shopping; you gaze shown that artificially created erosion played a big
at various "storefronts," see one you like, and (click) part in the downfall of many early civilizations. Poor
you enter. Inside, there are more options to browse, land management practices degraded the soil until it
you choose another, and again you enter. Like a was no longer productive enough to support the
linguistic metaphor, the power of a good computer population living in the area. Early civilizations that
metaphor is that it makes a new system you don't recognized the disastrous effects of erosion used
know behave like an old "system" with which you are devices such as terracing the land to keep from
familiar. This lets you use the new system and get plowing, planting, and irrigating on hillside slopes
useful results out of it easily, since you don't have to where water could wash the fertile soil away.
struggle learning new concepts and commands. * erosion: 침식 ** plow: 쟁기질하다 *** irrigate: 관개 작업을 하다

As if you can comfortably understand window ① Don't destroy vegetation to cause flooding
shopping ____(A)____ to a real store, better ② The risk of land pollution due to bad practices
metaphors can make it easier for humans to ③ What is the reason for the low productivity of land?
____(B)____ machines. ④ Land erosion is not the only thing that ruined early
civilization.
(A) (B) ⑤ A disaster that humans accelerate and suffer from:
① superior master Soil erosion
[정답] ⑤
② superior interpret [해설]
③ inferior acquaint 인간 활동에 의해 토양 침식이 가속되고 피해로 이어질 수 있다는 내용이다. 따라서 제
목은 ⑤ ‘A disaster that humans accelerate and suffer from: soil erosion(인간이 가속
④ comparing break 시키고 피해받는 재앙: 토지침식)’가 가장 적절하다.
⑤ comparing handle ① 홍수의 원인이 되는 초목 파괴를 하지 마세요
② 잘못된 관행으로 인한 토지 오염의 위험성
[정답] ⑤
③ 토지의 생산성이 낮은 이유가 무엇일까?
[해설]
④ 초기 문명을 몰락시킨 것은 토지 침식 뿐이 아니다
→ 마치 현실의 상점에 비유하면 수월하게 윈도쇼핑을 이해할 수 있듯, 더 나은 은유를
통해 인간이 기계를 쉽게 다룰 수 있게 할 수 있다.
기계를 친숙한 것에 은유함으로써 인간이 더 자연스러운 상호 작용을 가능케 한다는
내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤ (A)에는 ‘비유하는’을 뜻하는 comparing이, (B)에는 ‘다루다’를
뜻하는 handle이 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 우월한 … 숙달하다
② 우월한 … 이해하다
③ 열등한 … 익히다
④ 비유하는 … 고장내다
238
[2025수능특강(영어) 11강 3번] testing standards that are culturally or class biased,
35 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? in practice these standards tend to have a ④
It used to be thought that Neanderthals were proportionate negative effect on ethnic minority
dim-witted, slouching cavemen completely ① students. Furthermore, institutional discrimination
covered with hair. But this reputation is based on often has a generational or cyclical impact on certain
just one fossil, which modern scholarship has ethnic minority groups and therefore its
proved happens to be ② that of an old, diseased, and consequences are as severe, if not more so, than for
injured man. He was approximately forty or those ⑤ suffering individual discrimination.
forty-five years old when he died very old for people * embed: 묻다, 끼워 넣다 ** overt: 공공연한
*** marginalize: (사회적으로) 소외시키다
at that time. Healthy Neanderthals probably walked
erect. Objects found at Neanderthal sites show ③ [정답] ④ proportionate를 disproportionate와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
that Neanderthals could make complex tools. The
characteristics of their skulls suggest that they
probably could speak, although perhaps not with the
full range of sounds ④ what modern humans make.
Sites also show that they did not necessarily live in
caves, but, if they did, they likely altered the caves to [2025수능특강(영어) 12강 1번]
make them more livable. Sometimes they built

shelters rather than settled in caves. In 1996, One should perhaps ask why even very simple
scientists digging at a Neanderthal site in Slovenia animals would prefer familiar stimuli or familiar
announced they had found what appeared ⑤ to be a other animals. A tendency to grow fond of the
musical instrument, a flute made from a bear bone. familiar would help stamp in the preference for a
* dim-witted: 우둔한 ** slouching: 구부정한 자세로 앉은[선] stable environment (so animals might learn to like
their homes).
(A) If you always preferred a stranger to someone you

knew, social life would be in constant turmoil and
turnover. In contrast, if you automatically grew to
like the people you saw regularly, you would soon
prefer them over strangers, and groups would
form and stabilize easily.
(B) Given the advantages of stable groups (e.g., people
[2025수능특강(영어) 11강 4번] know each other, know how to work together,
36 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 know how to make decisions together, know how
지 않은 것은?
to adjust to each other), it is not surprising that
Discrimination occurs on two levels: institutional nature favored animals that grew to like (rather
and individual. On the institutional level, ① than dislike) each other on the basis of familiarity.
discriminatory practices are embedded in the social
(C) It would certainly promote stable social bonds.
structures of a society, whereas on the individual
Imagine, for example, that nature programmed
level, discrimination takes place during direct
animals in the opposite way, so that familiarity
interactions among individuals or groups. Unlike
led to contempt or some other form of disliking.
individual discrimination, which tends to be overt,
How would families stay together? How would
② intentional, and direct, institutional
friendships, alliances, or other partnerships
discrimination is often covert and unintentional,
survive?
and this invisibility makes it much harder to detect.
Standardized testing in schools, for example, may
exclude certain historically ③ marginalized groups ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
from succeeding in academic settings. Although the ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
government may not have intentionally established ④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
239
Social psychologist Irving Janis recognized the The alternative world provided by cyberspace is
problems of groupthink, but felt that it could be essentially an ideal private world in which each
avoided. It is most likely to develop when team spirit person controls the information that is revealed. In
becomes more important than the opinions of this world, the full identity of the person is not
individual members. It's also likely to form if the revealed, and the two people are physically remote
group is made up of like-minded people to begin from each other. Hence, it is much easier to keep
with, and they are faced with a difficult decision. To private whatever areas the participants so wish.
prevent groupthink, Janis proposed a system of These circumstances do not lead the participants to
organization that encourages independent thinking. remain completely mysterious — on the contrary, in
The leader of the group should appear to be many cases it leads the participants to reveal much
impartial, so that members do not feel any pressure more about themselves than they would usually do.
to obey. Furthermore, he or she should get the group When we can keep private that which seems to
to examine all the options, and to consult people threaten us, we can be more open concerning other
outside the group, too. Disagreement, Janis argued, matters. The greater degree of openness generates a
is actually a good thing, and he suggested that greater degree of emotional closeness as well.
members should be asked to play "devil's advocate“ Accordingly, in online relationships we can find both
— introducing an alternative point of view in order to greater privacy and greater closeness and openness
provoke discussion. In addition to ensuring that the — this considerably reduces the common conflict
group comes to more rational and fair decisions, between openness and privacy.
allowing members to retain their individuality
creates a healthier team spirit than the state of ① Focus on the Real World Rather Than Cyberspace
groupthink, which results from conformity and ② Are Online Relationships Really Harmful to
obedience. Adolescents?
* groupthink: 집단 순응 사고 ** provoke: 일으키다, 유발하다 ③ Generational Conflicts Arising from Online
Relationships
① the definition and examples of groupthink ④ The Importance of Distinguishing Between Virtual
② the organizational system that can prevent the and Real Worlds
pitfalls of groupthink ⑤ Online Relationships: Resolving the Conflict
③ the advantages and disadvantages of collaboration Between Openness and Privacy
within an organization [정답] ⑤
④ the guidelines for organization experiencing the [해설]

온라인 공간은 각 개인이 정보를 통제하는 이상적인 사생활 공간이므로 더 많은 개인
problems of groupthink 정보와 감정적 친밀감을 공유할 수 있고, 이로 인해 온라인 관계에서는 개방성과 프라
⑤ the communication methods to enhance the 이버시 사이의 갈등이 줄어든다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ⑤ ‘Online
Relationships: Resolving the Conflict Between Openness and Privacy(온라인 관계:
effectiveness of collaboration 개방성과 프라이버시 사이의 갈등 해결)’이 가장 적절하다.
[정답] ② ① 사이버 공간보다는 현실 세계에 집중하라
[해설] ② 온라인 관계가 정말로 청소년들에게 유해한가?
집단 순응 사고의 방지를 위해 제안된 독립적인 사고를 장려하는 조직 체계에 관한 내 ③ 온라인 관계가 초래하는 세대 갈등
용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ② ‘the organizational system that can prevent the ④ 가상과 현실 세계를 구분하는 것의 중요성
pitfalls of groupthink(집단 순응 사고의 함정을 방지할 수 있는 조직 구조)’가 가장 적
절하다.
① 집단 순응 사고의 정의와 예시
③ 조직 내 협업의 장단점
④ 집단 순응 사고 문제를 경험하는 조직을 위한 지침
⑤ 협업 효율성을 높이는 의사소통 방법
240
[2025수능특강(영어) 12강 4번] cope with difficulties instead of avoiding them
40 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? thereby expose their children early to a pro-
People often have different definitions of self-esteem problem-solving strategy. Those who
education, as the nature of education is somewhat avoid ④ dealing with difficulties reveal a negative
fluid. Nearly 600 years ago the printing press route for handling the challenges and problems of
changed the way much of education ① occurred. life. Either way, it is important to remember that
Students began reading information, coupled with modeling helps set the stage for ⑤ healthy
the information a teacher would share. To ensure ② self-esteem or problems with it.
that the student had retained the information, a test
[정답] ① trivial을 considerable과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
or paper was often required to make an assessment
of that retention. This downloading of information is
known as the banking model, and ③ that the
banking model does is it reduces the student from
being a critical and independent thinker to being a
receptacle for facts. The process of the banking
model raises the power and control of the teacher
while ④ falling to recognize that students are more
than simply unthinking blank slates. The concept,
then, is placed squarely into the minds of students,
who are taught ⑤ that they are subservient and
beholden to the keeper of information. As a result,
students have little control over their own thinking
and their own education. [2025수능특강(영어) 13강 2번]
* subservient: 부차적인 역할을 하는, 보조적인 42 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
Several different strategies will be used to get us to
[정답] ③ that을 what으로 바꿔야 적절하다. buy. For new products, marketers want to motivate
us to try their product, so the job is to advertise it as
much as possible to get the word out.
(A) Or when women started earning significant

salaries and getting married later, the diamond
industry started selling diamond rings to women,
claiming that the left hand is for "we" and the
[2025수능특강(영어) 13강 1번] right is for "me".
41 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 (B) With an established product, marketers will either
지 않은 것은?
want us to try it again (reminder advertising), or
In his 1967 book, Coopersmith first noticed a they may try to get us to consume more of their
positive relationship between self-esteem levels in product. A good way to do this is to provide new
mothers and their children. But Bednar, Wells, and uses. One brand of baking soda is a good example.
Peterson made ① trivial use of this factor by pointing
(C) After women entered the Job market en masse in
out that parents actually show their children the
the 1960s and there was less time for baking, the
route to self-esteem by how they handle their own
company promoted using the product to keep the
challenges, conflicts, and issues. The impact of
freezer and refrigerator smelling clean — and to
parents' ② behavior upon the child's self-esteem is
change the box every three months.
undeniable: given the immaturity of children,
however, parents' expression of their own resolution
of the self-esteem question is far more ③ influential ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
than what they teach verbally. Parents who face life's ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
challenges honestly and openly and who attempt to ③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
241
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? It is critical, as we recreate mutual provision in a
When kids feel forced to do things — or are too sustainable form, that we keep track of the line
tightly regulated in the way they do things — they're between needs and wants. While a permanent place
likely to become less interested in what they're doing for people on Earth requires that our needs be met,
and less likely to stick with something challenging. people gathering about themselves quantities of
In an intriguing experiment, parents were invited to unnecessary goods, while others lack food and
sit on the floor next to their very young children — shelter, cannot be part of a durable order. A society
not even two years old who were playing with toys. that oppresses other people to bloat itself will not
Some of the parents immediately took over the task stop at undermining foreign nations. The ethic will
or barked out instructions ("Put the block in. No, not express itself with exploitation at home. While
there. There!"). Others were content to let their kids ingenuity and hard work will still lead to improved
explore, providing encouragement and offering help circumstances as communities increase their
only when it was needed. Later, the babies were effective use of local resources, when one's achieved
given something else to play with, this time without wealth is at the expense of others, much goodwill,
their parents present. It turned out that, once they effort and resources will be lost to resentment,
were on their own, those who had controlling rebellion and repression. A huge bonus is available
parents were apt to give up more easily rather than for everyone when the focus of development is
trying to figure out how the new toy worked. securing and improving the quality of life for all.
 *** resentment: 분노
If parents are too ____(A)____ with their
children, the kids are likely to ____(B)____ ① Leave Everything to Market!
challenging tasks. ② Needs and Wants: There Is No Difference
③ Pursue Your Desires to Your Heart’s Content
(A) (B) ④ Balancing Needs and Wants: Building a
① controlling avoid Sustainable Society
② permissive avoid ⑤ Everyone Can Create an Ideal Society by

③ forceful accept Minimizing Desires
[정답] ④
④ controlling overcome [해설]
⑤ forceful overcome 필요와 욕구 사이의 경계를 파악할 때 영속성 있는 체제를 이룰 수 있다는 내용의 글이
다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ④ ‘Balancing Needs and Wants: Building a Sustainable
[정답] ①
Society(필요와 욕구를 균형 잡기: 지속 가능한 사회를 만드는 것)’이 가장 적절하다.
[해설]
① 모든 것을 시장에 맡겨라!
→ 부모들이 자신의 아이들을 너무 통제한다면, 아이들이 도전적인 일을 회피하게 될
② 필요와 욕구: 차이는 없다
가능성이 있다.
③ 마음껏 당신의 욕구를 추구하라
강요당하거나 엄격히 통제받을 경우 아이들이 자신의 일에 흥미를 덜 느끼고 도전적
⑤ 모든 사람들이 욕구를 최소화함으로써 이상 사회를 만들 수 있다
인 일을 하지 않게 된다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ① (A)에는 ‘통제하는’를 뜻하는
controlling이, (B)에는 ‘피하다’를 뜻하는 avoid가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약
할 수 있다.
② 허가하는 … 회피하다
③ 강압적인 … 받아들이다
④ 통제하는 … 극복하다
⑤ 강압적인 … 극복하다
242
As Marshall McLuhan suggested so presciently in Human cultures seem to be infinitely variable, but
1964, "the medium is the message," which means in fact that variability takes place within the
that, beyond the content ① that is conveyed, the boundaries produced by physical and mental
medium itself has an impact by its very nature and capacities.
unique characteristics. For example, the use of social
media means ② that we have less need to interact (A) While the range of sounds used in human
with others directly. This distancing of languages extends from clicks and pops to
communication has real implications for children's guttural stops, the distinctive speech sounds that
development. If learning ③ to communicate with are meaningful in all the languages of the world
others is a skill that develops with practice, are but a fraction of the sounds it is possible for
children's constant use of social media reduces the humans to make.
experiences they have ④ which to learn social skills. (B) Another way that we might observe the intricate
McLuhan asserts that we are so focused on the relationship between the culturally specific and
content of the technology that we neglect to notice the universal is in the way an American boy and
the influence of the technology itself on people. This his Mixtec friends might react emotionally, even
observation is certainly true today: we focus ⑤ on instinctively, to bee larvae and onion soup:
what the technology provides (e.g., video, text whether they feel delight or disgust is determined
messages, social media), but we fall to consider how by the way they learn to perceive food, but delight
the very act of using these advances shapes us. and disgust seem to be basic and universal human
reactions to food.
[정답] ④ which를 with which나 where로 바꿔야 적절하다. (C) Human languages, for example, are tremendously
diverse, differing in sound, grammar, and
semantics. But all are dependent upon what
appears to be a uniquely human capacity and
predisposition for learning languages.
[2025수능특강(영어) 13강 6번] * guttural stop: 후두 폐쇄음 ** intricate: 복잡한
46 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 *** larva: 애벌레(pl. larvae)
지 않은 것은?
Cities continue to reinvent themselves. In the last ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
few decades, many have worked to reduce pollution ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
and create ① appealing modern spaces by restricting
polluting vehicles, ② encouraging energy-efficient
buildings, and planting trees. In 2020, another
impetus for change came in the form of COVID-19,
which saw retail centres empty, businesses send
workers home, and some question whether crowded
cities were a safe ③ environment. Yet cities have
responded to changing circumstances in the past.
Through the first kingdoms of Mesopotamia, global
④ reduction, and the Industrial Revolution, they
have evolved to remain at the heart of politics,
economics, and culture. The history of the world is
very much a history of great cities, and whatever
future we build, these sites of trade, creativity, and
⑤ transformation are likely to be at the heart of it.
* impetus: (일의 추진에 필요한) 원동력, 자극
[정답] ④ reduction을 expansion과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
243
Think about what happens in a standard scientific (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
experiment to find out how a certain laundry AI's effects on human knowledge are paradoxical.
detergent bleaches. In normal use, there are several On the one hand, AI intermediaries can navigate and
factors that may cause the detergent to act in a analyze bodies of data vaster than the unaided
certain way. These will include its active ingredients, human mind could have previously imagined. On
the type and temperature of the water in which the the other, this power — the ability to engage with
ingredients are mixed, the materials being cleaned vast bodies of data — may also accentuate forms of
and the machinery — if any — used to do the laundry. manipulation and error. AI is capable of exploiting
Any experiment that could hope to discover what human passions more effectively than traditional
caused bleaching would have to be devised in such a propaganda. Having tailored itself to individual
way as to ensure that the crucial factors were preferences and instincts, AI draws out responses its
properly isolated from the other variables. So if, for creator or user desires. Similarly, the deployment of
example, the hypothesis is that it is the chlorine that AI intermediaries may also amplify inherent blases,
does the bleaching, the experiment needs to show even if these AI intermediaries are technically under
that if all the other factors remain the same, the human control. The dynamics of market
presence or absence of the chlorine will determine competition prompt social media platforms and
whether the laundry detergent bleaches. search engines to present information that users
* detergent: 세제 ** bleach: 표백하다 *** chlorine: 염소 find most compelling. As a result, information that
users are believed to want to see is prioritized,
① Exploring Scientific Principles in Everyday Life distorting a representative picture of reality. Much
② Why Do Scientific Experiments Fail to Consider All as technology accelerated the speed of information
Factors? production and dissemination in the nineteenth and
③ Designing an Experiment: Isolating Crucial Factors twentieth centuries, in this era, information is being
for Accurate Result altered by the mapping of AI onto dissemination
④ Bleaching Mechanism of Laundry Detergent: processes.
Chlorine is the Key * propaganda: 선전 ** deployment: 배치
⑤ The Sociocultural Impact of the Development of

Laundry Detergents
[정답] ③ AI ____(A)____ navigation and analysis of vast
[해설] data, but it also ____(B)____ manipulation and
세탁 세제와 관련한 실험을 예로 들며, 실험에서 중요한 요인이 다른 변수와 분리되는
것이 중요하다는 점을 말하는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ③ ‘Designing an errors.
Experiment: Isolating Crucial Factors for Accurate Result(실험 설계하기: 정확한 결과
를 이해 중요한 요인을 분리하는 것)’이 가장 적절하다. (A) (B)
① 일상생활에서 과학 원리 탐구하기 ① enables reduces
② 왜 과학 실험은 모든 요인을 고려하는 데 실패하는가?
④ 세탁 세제의 표백 방식: 염소가 바로 열쇠다 ② enables exacerbates
⑤ 세탁 세제의 발달로 인한 사회문화적 영향 ③ hinders inhibits
④ hinders exacerbates
⑤ activates inhibits
[정답] ②
[해설]
→ AI는 광범위한 데이터의 탐색 및 분석을 가능하게 하지만, 그것은 또한 조작과 오류
를 악화시킨다.
AI는 방대한 데이터 탐색 및 분석을 가능케 하지만 조작과 오류를 이끌어 정보의 왜곡
을 낳을 수도 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ② (A)에는 ‘가능하게 하다’를 뜻하는 enables
가, (B)에는 ‘악화시키다’를 뜻하는 exacerbates가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약
할 수 있다.
① 가능하게 하다 … 감소시키다
③ 방해하다 … 억제하다
④ 방해하다 … 악화시키다
⑤ 활성화하다 … 억제하다
244
It is not a coincidence ① that children turn out like Media executives understand that they must think
their parents. From the moment you come into the of their audiences as consumers who buy their
world, your mother and your father are your role products or whom they sell to advertisers.
models. As little girls grow, they try on their
mother's clothes, put on her make-up, and ② (A) The complaining individual might be successful in
pretending to be her. When little boys come of age, getting the content changed or even removed if he
they play with their father's tools and try ③ to build or she convinces the media executives that they
or fix something for real. The truth of the matter is might otherwise lose a substantial portion of their
that children look up to their parents as mentors. target market. But an individual's concern will
They praise them and hold them in high regard. The garner little attention if it is clear that the person
greatest compliment they can give their parents as does not belong in the target audience.
they grow is ④ to turn out just like them. If you stop (B) Yet the magazine staff might well act favorably if a
to take a personal inventory, you may find that you Cosmopolitan subscriber writes with a suggestion
are much like those that you emulate. A parent, a for a new column that would attract more of the
coach, a teacher, or a leader all leave their mark on upscale single women they want as readers.
the final package with your name on it. When you
(C) The editors from Cosmopolitan magazine, which
look in the mirror, you ⑤ may see one or all of them
aims at 20-something single women, for example,
in the reflection.
are not likely to follow the advice of an
** emulate: (흠모하는 대상을) 모방하다 elderly-sounding woman from rural Kansas who
phones to protest what she feels are demeaning
[정답] ② pretending을 pretend로 바꿔야 적절하다. portrayals of women on covers of the magazine
that she sees in the supermarket.
[2025수능특강(영어) 13강 11번] * garner: 받다, 얻다 ** demeaning: 비하하는
51 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 *** subscriber: 구독자
지 않은 것은?
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
We are all familiar with battles between reason
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
and desire. Socrates asks whether there are thirsty
people who don't wish to drink. Indeed there are. (A
sign on a faucet that reads "nonpotable water, do not
drink" won't take away a person's thirst, but she
won't want to drink there.) Yet there is something ①
paradoxical about this: the word "thirsty" means
"wishes to drink." So we are ② imagining people
who wish to drink and do not wish to drink. How
could that be? "It is ③ vague that the same thing will
not be willing to do or undergo opposites in the same
part of itself, in relation to the same thing, at the
same time. So, if we ever find this happening in the
soul, we'll know that we aren’t ④ dealing with one
thing but many." In other words, since no one thing
can both wish to drink and not wish to drink (in the
same way at the same time), no one thing can have
both of those two characteristics: we thus ⑤ manage
this by being more than one: one part of the soul
wishes to drink, and another does not wish to drink.
* faucet: 수도꼭지 ** nonpotable: 마실 수 없는
[정답] ③ vague를 obvious와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
245
Rejecting any academic training they had (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
experienced, Monet and the other Impressionists Plants assess when they need to be competitive
believed that their art, with its objective methods of and when it is more prudent to be collaborative. To
painting what they saw before them, was more make this kind of decision, they weigh the energy
sincere than any academic art. They all agreed that cost relative to the benefit for improved growth and
they aimed to capture their "sensations" or what persistence. For example, although a plant would
they could see as they painted. These sensations generally attempt to grow taller than a closely
included the flickering effects of light that our eyes situated neighbor for preferential access to sunlight,
capture as we regard things. In complete contrast to if the neighbor is already significantly taller and the
the Academie, the Impressionists painted ordinary, race is likely to be lost, the plant will temper its
modern people in everyday and up-to-date settings, competitive instinct. That is, plants compete only
making no attempt to hide their painting when competition is needed to improve their ability
techniques. They avoided symbols or any narrative to support their own growth and reproduction and
content, preventing viewers from "reading" a has some likelihood of success. Once competition
picture, but making them experience their paintings yields the needed results, they cease competing and
as an isolated moment in time. shift their energy to living. For plants, competition is
* flickering: 깜빡거리는 about survival, not the thrill of victory.
* prudent: 현명한 ** temper: 누그러뜨리다
① the influence left by the Impressionists on art 
history For plants, competition is about ____(A)____,
② the contemporary art pieces that utilize techniques and when success is unlikely, they ____(B)____
used by Impressionists competition.
③ the Impressionists who rejected academic training
and established their own art (A) (B)
④ the similarities between the artistic works of the ① victory attempt
Impressionists and academic art ② victory abandon
⑤ the training methods of academic art that the ③ survival attempt
Impressionists inevitably had to reject ④ survival abandon
[정답] ③ ⑤ survival continue
[해설]
[정답] ④
모네를 비롯한 인상파 화가들이 아카데미의 훈련을 거부하고 자신만의 예술을 확립하
[해설]
려 하기 위해 시도한 것에 관한 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ③ ‘the Impressionists
→ 식물에게 경쟁은 생존에 관한 것이며, 성공 가능성이 낮은 경우 식물은 경쟁을 포기
who rejected academic training and established their own art(아카데미 훈련을 거부
한다.
하고 자신만의 예술을 확립한 인상파 화가들)’이 가장 적절하다.
식물들은 에너지 비용과 이익을 따져 보며 경쟁을 할 것인지 가늠한다는 내용이다. 그
① 인상파 화가들이 예술사에 남긴 영향
러므로 ④ (A)에는 ‘생존’을 뜻하는 survival이, (B)에는 ‘포기하다’를 뜻하는 abandon이
② 인상파 화가들에 의해 사용된 기법을 활용한 현대 예술 작품들
들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
④ 인상파 화가들의 예술 작품과 아카데미 예술의 유사점
① 승리 … 시도하다
⑤ 인상파 화가들이 필연적으로 거부해야 했던 아카테미 예술의 훈련 방식
② 승리 … 포기하다
③ 생존 … 시도하다
⑤ 생존 … 지속하다
246
Mechanisation speeded up vertical movement. 한 곳은?
Stairs and ramps were traditionally how you went up As such, cosmopolitanism is closely connected to
and down, so few buildings in frequent use ① identity: a cosmopolitan obtains a reflexive
exceeded five stories. The Otis Company, founded in awareness of the features that unite us as human
1853 in New York, changed all ② that with the beings.
invention of the safety elevator (safe because it

locked the car in place should the cables fail) that Globalization has often been studied as a macro
made taller buildings possible. Escalators came later phenomenon. However, as the globalization process
bringing greater capacity ③ to move more people obviously affects individuals' lives, a need for
over shorter vertical distance: they made their alternative concepts has emerged. ( ① ) Concepts
debut, and were a sensation, at the 1900 Paris such as cosmopolitanism and global citizenship have
Exposition. With elevators and escalators, cities ④ frequently been used to capture how globalization is
could now spread underground, with deep experienced "from below," with individuals as the
basements, subways, and tunnels, and upwards, object of analysis. ( ② ) Here, cosmopolitanism is
with high-rise buildings, as well as outwards. The interpreted as having many similarities to global
modern cityscape — ⑤ which Manhattan is still the citizenship. ( ③ ) For instance, cultural sociologist
iconic exemplar — was created. John Tomlinson claims that being a cosmopolitan
* ramp: 램프(높이가 다른 두 도로나 건물 등의 사이를 연결하는 means that one has an active experience of
경사로) ** cityscape: 도시 경관 *** exemplar: 전형, 모범 “belonging to the wider world.” ( ④ ) This requires
[정답] ⑤ which를 of which나 where로 바꿔야 적절하다.
the ability to question one's own assumptions and
prejudices. ( ⑤ ) Identity is in this context not
essentialist or stable; rather, it is fragmented and
constructed and reconstructed across the different
practices and positions in which one participates.
[2025수능특강(영어) 14강 4번] *** reflexive: 성찰의
지 않은 것은? 글의 흐름상 ④에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.

that you were at some level ① participating in a
dialog, a conversation, either with your fellow
members of the audience, or with the actors. The
idea of the audience sitting in the dark and watching
the stage in silence is a new thing. Prior to the
nineteenth century, the audience were lit and often
② extremely vocal and active, even leaping on stage
to fight with the cast. It was the actor David Garrick
in the eighteenth century who ③ pioneered the idea
that an audience should shut up and listen. The
passive and reverential silence in which today's
actors can indulge themselves is a new ④
phenomenon, as, of course, is the cinema, where our
surrogates on the screen can unfold their stories ⑤
aware of our responses.
[정답] ⑤ aware를 unaware와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
247
On June 17, 1953, Mrs. Roosevelt traveled to (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Hiroshima, where she visited the Atomic Bomb Most philosophers accepted Plato's definition of
Casualty Commission, an American research group knowledge as justified true belief until the 1960s
that studied the effects of the nuclear attacks on when Edmund Gettier showed that it didn't always
bomb survivors. Many people had been injured by provide a satisfactory explanation. He came up with
the fires that the bomb had caused. After her official several instances where we instinctively realize that
meetings, some girls were waiting to see her. The someone doesn't really know something, even
girls explained that they did not blame her for the though that person's belief is both true and justified.
atomic bomb: they only wanted to impress on her For example, I have arranged to meet my friend Sue
the need to ensure that these weapons were never at her house, and when I arrive I see her through the
used again on human beings, given their effects. window sitting in the kitchen. In fact, it is not Sue
Although she did not say so directly, the girls may that I see, but her identical twin sister — Sue is
have been among those whose faces were actually in another room. My belief that Sue is home
permanently disfigured by the attack. This must is true, and I have a good reason to believe it because
have been a powerful encounter because Mrs. I am sure I have seen her, but it is wrong to say that I
Roosevelt called it a “tragic moment.” It led her to knew she was at home — I didn't know. Examples
urge Americans to do more to help. Though she such as this became known as "Gettier problems"
maintained that they were not America's direct and have prompted philosophers to ask if, in
responsibility, “as a gesture of goodwill for the addition to belief, truth, and justification, there is a
victims of this last war, such help would be fourth criterion for knowledge. Gettier had cast
invaluable.” doubt not only on Plato's definition but also on

* casualty 피해자, 희생자 ** disfigure: (외양을) 흉하게 만들다 whether or not it is possible to define completely
what knowledge is.
① Who Is Responsible For the Nuclear Attacks?
* criterion: 기준
② How to Help Survivors Recover From Injuries

③ Tragic Events That Should Never Be Forgotten
Gettier ___(A)___Plato's definition of knowledge
④ Permanent Damages: Danger of Atomic Bombs
as justified true belief, suggesting the need for
⑤ A Powerful Encounter With Atomic Bomb
additional ____(B)____ to fully understand
Survivors
knowledge.
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
(A) (B)
원폭 피해자들과의 만남이 Roosevelt 여사에게 강렬한 인상을 주었고 그로인해
Roosevelt 여사가 미국인들에게 피해자들을 위한 도움을 촉구하게 되었다는 내용이 ① admits information
다. 그러므로 제목으로 ⑤ ‘A Powerful Encounter With Atomic Bomb Survivors(원폭
② admits explanations
생존자들과의 강렬한 만남)'이 적절하다.
①핵 공격은 누구의 책임인가? ③ approves criteria
②생존자들이 부상에서 회복하도록 돕는 방법
④ challenges criteria
③절대 잊혀선 안 되는 비극적인 사건들
④영구적인 피해: 원자 폭탄의 위험성 ⑤ challenges suggestions
[정답] ④
[해설]
→ Gettier는 참이고 정당화된 믿음이라는 플라톤의 지식에 관한 정의에 의문을 제기
하며, 지식을 완전히 이해하기 위해 추가적인 기준이 필요하다고 제안한다.
참이고 정당화된 믿음이라는 플라톤의 지식에 관한 정의와 달리 Gettier는 어떤 사람
의 믿음이 참으로 여겨지고 그 믿음에 정당한 이유가 있어도 그 사람이 무언가를 정말
로 알지 못할 수 있다고 의문을 제기했다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ④ (A)에는 ‘이의를 제
기하다’를 뜻하는 challenges이, (B)에는 ‘기준’을 뜻하는 criteria가 들어가야 글의 내용
을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 인정하다 … 정보
② 인정하다 … 설명
③ 승인하다 … 기준
⑤ 이의를 제기하다 … 제안
248
On one level, it is helpful for individuals to identify 한 곳은?
① which kind of ethical system they have and which Those experts were often educated in newly
kind they admire. Immanuel Kant takes it one step formed occupational disciplines and professional
further, adding an unusual rule for a deontologist. schools.
He believed ② that you can and should test your

decisions for moral and ethical soundness and Since at least the late nineteenth century and the
outlined a thought experiment he called the rise of industrial cities, the history of urbanism and
Categorical Imperative ③ to help you do just that. urban planning has been a history of expertise —
When considering any course of action, ask yourself, political, administrative, and technocratic. ( ① )
"Would I want everyone else, if placed in my Cities came to be seen as solutions to demands, for
position, ④ to do the same thing?" If the answer is wealth, health, safety, opportunity, and personal
yes, you're on the right path. If the answer is no, then development, as society grew more economically,
don't do it yourself. For example, while you can socially, and politically complex. ( ② ) Cities also
easily imagine a situation ⑤ which it might be to came to be seen as posing new problems, often
your advantage to lie, you would not want everyone caused by their successes in meeting earlier social
to lie, so you should not lie yourself. demands. ( ③ ) Both fueled by and fueling that
* deontologist: 의무론자 **Categorical Imperative: 정언 명령 problem/solution, framework, the Progressive
(양심의 절대 무조건적 도덕률) political movement of the early twentieth century
[정답] ⑤ which를 in which나 where로 바꿔야 적절하다. relied heavily on trained and trusted experts,
especially economists and other social scientists. (
[2025수능특강(영어) 15강 5번] ④ ) Degrees in hand, they were primed to lead both
61 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 governments and businesses away from the era of
지 않은 것은? laissez-faire and toward better outcomes for
Life-forms work to evolve survival strategies but themselves and for workers and citizens. ( ⑤ ) That
without necessarily being aware of the process. meant safer food: safer water: better working
Consciousness is not a ① necessary condition of life, conditions: safer and less expensive automobiles:
though it says much about the organism that expanded opportunities for education, leisure, and
happens to possess it. Most biological species have personal fulfillment: and so on.
evolved techniques and mechanisms for survival * technocratic: 기술 관료적 ** prime: (사용할 수 있게) 준비시키다
without ② denying on the fact, and this is what has
happened so far with computer life-forms. We can 글의 흐름상 ④에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.
speculate on how computers might ponder on their
own survival but this is ③ essentially a matter for the
future. At present we see a host of rudimentary
survival mechanisms in computers: we may expect
these to develop and new ones to emerge. It is
inevitable, at the present stage of their development,
that computer survival strategies owe ④ virtually
everything to human involvement in computer
design. However, as machine autonomy develops
there will be a progressive reduction in the extent of
human influence on computer evolution. Computers
will come to think about their own position in the
world and take steps to ⑤ enhance their own
security.
* rudimentary: 원시적인 ** ponder: 숙고하다
[정답] ② denying을 reflecting과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.

249
As soon as a reporter is assigned to a specialized Cultural and behavioral diversity can result from
beat, he or she should read several basic books on humans' innate ability to flexibly respond to their
that subject to become familiar in a general way with environments, to engage in social learning, and to
how the beat works. If a governmental area is make culture (an ability which is itself a part of the
involved — for example, a state legislature or a court social suite). The diversity might conceal an
system — a reporter should not go on a first underlying universality that, paradoxically, might
assignment without knowing how that particular relate more to our genes than to cultural exigencies.
unit operates. Libraries contain such books, Evolutionary psychologists John Tooby and Leda
although it is better for reporters to buy their own Cosmides provide a fanciful illustration of this idea.
copies for future reference. No medical reporter can They suggest a thought experiment in which aliens
work successfully without a good medical dictionary, replace humans with jukeboxes, each of which has a
for example. Nor should a business reporter be repertoire of thousands of songs and the ability to
without a basic economics text. City directories and play a particular song according to where and when
telephone books from all cities in a reporter's area of it is. We would then observe that jukeboxes in
coverage are valuable tools, as are internal different parts of the world played different songs at
directories of the organizations he or she will different times, songs that were similar to those on
encounter on the beat. Having such numbers — the jukeboxes near them. But none of this intergroup
which are often impossible to obtain officially — will variation and intragroup commonality would have
enable a reporter to bypass obstacles and reach anything to do with the workings of culture. This is a
potential sources quickly. way of illustrating that humans might have an
* beat: (관할) 구역 ** bypass: 우회하다 inborn ability to respond flexibly — but also
predictably — to their environment.
① Resources for Journalism Found in Libraries * innate: 타고난 ** exigency: 필요성, 본질적 요구
② Reporters Should Uphold Journalistic Ethics
① ways to preserve cultural diversity
③ Are the References in Journals Trustworthy?
② importance of intercultural communication
④ Books and Tools Necessary for Medical Reporting
③ the impact of environment on human nature
⑤ Collecting Information for Specialized Beat
④ the role of genes in producing superior culture
Reporting
[정답] ⑤
⑤ innate human ability shaping cultural diversity
[해설] [정답] ⑤
전문적인 구역에 배정을 받은 기자는 그 구역의 작동 방식에 관한 정보를 구해야한다 [해설]
는 내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤ ‘Collecting Information for Specialized Beat Reporting(전 문화적 다양성은 문화적 필요성보다는 환경에 유연하게 대응하는 인간의 타고난 능력
문 구역 취재를 위한 정보 수집)’이 제목으로 가장 적절하다. 에서 비롯된다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤ ‘innate human ability shaping cultural
①도서관에서 발견되는 취재를 위한 자료들 diversity(문화적 다양성을 만드는 인간의 타고난 능력)’이 주제로 가장 적절하다.
②기자는 저널리즘 윤리를 준수해야한다 ① 문화적 다양성을 보존하는 방법
③기사에 있는 참고자료들은 신뢰할 만한가? ② 다른 문화 간 소통의 중요성
④의료 취재에 필요한 도서와 도구들 ③ 환경이 인간 본성에 미치는 영향
④ 우월한 문화를 만들어내는데 있어서 유전자의 역할
250
[2025수능특강(영어) 16강 3번]
When companies select leaders, two of the first [2025수능특강(영어) 16강 5번]
questions they ask are, “Has he done anything like 67 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
this before?" "What is his track record?” We assume The divergence between parental and peer values
① that if that person has done it before (and done it does not necessarily lead to a hostile confrontation
well), he can do it again. Experience is still between parents and teenagers.
important for leaders, and there are times when it is
the most effective predictor of future success. The (A) Concerning financial, educational, career, and
problem, however, is ② what because of constantly other serious matters, such as what to spend
improving technology, processes, and best practices money on and what occupation to choose, youths
in a world that is constantly changing and ③ where are inclined to seek advice from parents. When it
success is being continually redefined, experience comes to social activities, such as whom to date
can be a handicap. Today, leaders must discipline and what clubs to join, they are more likely to
themselves ④ to look at problems and opportunities discuss them with peers.
with a fresh eye. This is difficult because people (B) In fact, most youngsters are just as friendly with
naturally want to repeat an approach that worked in parents as with peers. They simply engage in
a similar situation. It is a challenge to consider an different types of activities — work and task
alternative to ⑤ what brought you success in the activities with parents, play and recreation with
past or to your current position in the present. peers.
[정답] ② what을 that으로 바꿔야 적절하다. (C) This reflects the great importance placed by the
peer group on other-directed behavior, looking to
others for approval and support as opposed to
reliance on personal beliefs and traditional
values. Peer groups, in effect, demand conformity
at the expense of independence and individuality.
[2025수능특강(영어) 16강 4번]
지 않은 것은? ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
Smell is not just a sense that determines taste: it is ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
also a powerful force that stimulates desire and may ② (B)-(A)-(C)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
even ① overwhelm the other senses. In the past

decade, aromatherapy has emerged as an alternative
healing practice, as well as a new product to be ②
advertised to consumers. Some stores spread scents
of freshly baked bread or apple pie to encourage
shoppers to stay longer and buy more. Smells are
also important for ③ distinguishing between edible
and inedible foods. Herbal medicine stores
frequently have a wide variety of pungent odors. The
preparation of herbal medicines may ④ exclude
cooking plants into liquid form or distilling essences
with alcohol, which often creates an odor. Yet
biomedical pills and tablets are prepared in ways
that ⑤ deemphasize smells considered to be more
palatable. The absence of smells further distances
medicine from food.
* palatable: 맛이 좋은 ** pungent: 자극적인 *** distill: 증류하다
[정답] ④ exclude를 include와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
251
One important point related to the possibility of Consider a bar of soap, the kind you keep by the
reproducing believable tactile sensations in virtual bathroom sink to wash your hands and face. How
or machine-mediated environments lies in the role much meaning could such an innocuous object
of “pain”. Certainly, a number of real interactions contain? While it may be tempting to answer “not
can never be entirely believable without the much,” or even “none,” in fact, even soap can
presence of painful stimulation. However, one might embody a rich set of symbols. Think about a
wonder whether reproducing such kinds of particular brand of soap. By itself, that soap cleans
stimulation would ever be of any use within virtual like any other soap. But through some clever
or mediated interactions. Shouldn't a "virtual" world marketing, packaging, and advertising, the brand
be, in some sense, "better" without pain? Even if not immerses its soap in a complex set of messages
immediately intuitive, there are a (admittedly small) about the environment, personal empowerment,
number of situations in which ______________ and progressive politics. The brand’s website even
within mediated environments. In fact, numerous says, “We are committed to animal protection,
attempts have been made over the course of the last environmental protection and respect for human
few years to reproduce these aspects of our rights.” These meanings allow the brand’s customers
perception as well. This may occur in video games to to do more with the soap than just clean their faces:
increase the realism of the simulation or even more By using these products, they can make a statement
importantly in training programs for soldiers where about what kind of person they are and what kind of
pain is an occupational hazard and will need to be politics they embrace.
dealt with. * innocuous: 눈에 띄지 않는, 재미없는 ** immerse: 담그다
① Factors to Consider for Rational Consumption
① memory is emphasized over sensation ② Political Expression through Boycott Movement
② the avoidance of painful experiences is important ③ Examining the Environmental Impact of Products
③the ability to deliver painful stimulation comes in ④ Enhancing Brand Image Through High Quality
handy Products
④ the integration of pleasurable sensations is ⑤ Symbolic Meaning of Everyday Products: Means of
preferred Personal Expression
⑤ the priority is placed on amplifying sensations of [정답] ⑤
[해설]
relaxation 비누와 같은 흔한 일상 제품이 마케팅, 포장, 광고 등을 통해 다양한 상징을 담을 수 있
[정답] ③ 고, 소비자는 이러한 제품을 사용함으로써 자신의 개인적, 정치적 정체성을 표현할 수
[해설] 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤‘Symbolic Meaning of Everyday Products: Means of
비디오 게임이나 군인 훈련 프로그램과 같이 가상이나 기계로 매개되는 환경에서 고 Personal Expression(일상 제품의 상징적인 의미: 개인적 표현의 수단)’이 제목으로 가
통의 재현이 필요한 경우가 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ③ ‘the ability to 장 적절하다.
deliver painful stimulation comes in handy(고통스러운 자극을 전달하는 능력이 유용 ①합리적 소비를 위해 고려해야할 요소
하다)’가 가장 적절하다. ②불매운동을 통한 정치적 표현
① 기억이 감각보다 강조되다 ③제품의 환경적 영향 조사
② 고통스러운 경험을 피하는 것이 중요하다 ④고품질 제품을 통한 브랜드 이미지 개선
④ 쾌락적인 감각의 통합이 선호되다
⑤ 편안함의 감각을 강화하는 것이 가장 중요시되다
252
[2025수능특강(영어) 17강 2번] greater ④ unwillingness to share is simply the result
70 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? of learning that they should pay people for working
Comparative psychology finds that pointing (in its with them, but the way we feel about everything is
full-blown form) is unique to our species. Few strongly influenced by the experiences that shaped
nonhuman species seem able ① to comprehend the development of our brain. Our childhood ⑤
pointing (notably, domestic dogs can follow observations of others don’t just help us learn how to
pointing, while our closest relatives among the great behave; they help us understand how we’re
apes cannot), and there is little evidence of pointing supposed to feel.
occurring spontaneously between members of any
species other than our own. Apparently only humans [정답] ④ unwillingness를 willingness와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
have the social-cognitive infrastructure ② needed to

support the kind of cooperative and prosocial
motivations that pointing gestures presuppose. This
suggests a new place ③ to look for the foundations
of human language. While research on language in
cognitive science has long focused on its logical
structure, the news about pointing suggests an
alternative: ④ what the essence of language is found
[2025수능특강(영어) 17강 4번]
in our capacity for the communion of minds through 72 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
shared intentionality. At the center of it is the
The theory of reasoned action maintains that a
deceptively simple act of pointing, an act ⑤ that
person’s decision to engage in a purposeful activity
must be mastered before language can be learned at
depends on several factors, of which some are
all.
situational and some are mediated by personal
* presuppose: 전제로 하다 ** communion: 교감, 공유
dispositions or characteristics.
(A) The normative component is controlled by our

beliefs about what valued others (i.e., people
important in our lives) expect us to do. For some
behaviors we rely more on our attitude toward an
act, whereas for other behaviors we may rely more
on the normative component for guidance on how
[2025수능특강(영어) 17강 3번]
to behave.
(B) Because of this, much of our behavior can be
지 않은 것은?
characterized as “reasoned action.” Fishbein and
We come into the world ready to start
Ajzen suggested that behavioral intentions are
relationships and, as we gain control of our body,
controlled by two factors: attitude toward an act
we're keen to take part in games and tasks that ①
and the normative component. Attitude toward
involve working with others. In this way, we're so
an act is influenced by the beliefs that people have
different from young chimps. Experiments have
about the consequences of performing an act.
shown chimps can understand collaborative tasks
perfectly well, but they only ② bother to take part if (C) At the core of the theory is the idea that when
they can see how it will result in their getting a piece people engage in a given behavior it is because
of fruit or some other reward. Humans, by contrast, they formed an intention to do so and have
often work together just for the joy of it. reasons for their decision to actualize their
Experiments have shown that working with others intentions.
affects children’s behavior. Afterward, they’re more
③ generous in sharing any treats the experimenters ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
give them — as if working with others has put them ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
in a better mood. It seems unlikely that children’s
253
[2025수능특강(영어) 18강 1-2번]
We trust our common sense largely because we
are prone to naive realism: the belief that we see the
world precisely as it is. We assume that ‘seeing is
believing’ and trust our intuitive perceptions of the
world and ourselves. In daily life, naive realism often
serves us well. If you are driving down a one-lane
road and see a tractor-trailer moving uncontrollably
towards you at 120 kilometers per hour, it is a wise
idea to get out of the way. Much of the time, we
should trust our perceptions. Yet appearances can
sometimes be deceptive. The Earth seems flat. The
sun seems to revolve around the Earth. Yet in both
cases, our intuitions are wrong. Sometimes, what
appears to be obvious can mislead us when it comes
to evaluating ourselves and others. Our common
sense tells us that our memories accurately capture
virtually everything we have seen, although
scientific research demonstrates otherwise. Our
common sense also assures us that people who do
not share our political views are biased, but that we
are objective. Yet psychological research
evaluating political issues in a biased fashion. So our
tendencies to believe appearances
_______________________. In many cases,
‘believing is seeing’ rather than the reverse: our
beliefs shape our perceptions of the world.
① can blindly support naive realism

② allows us to trust our perceptions
③ helps to decrease the intuition on our basic desire
④ has another side effect to prohibit us from being
perceived
⑤ can lead us to draw erroneous conclusions about
human nature
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
우리는 소박실재론에 따라 세상에 대한 우리의 직관적인 인식을 신뢰하지만, 때로는
겉모습이 판단을 그르치게 할 수 있어서 우리의 직관이 틀릴 수 있고, 명백해 보이는
것이 우리를 실수하게 만들 수도 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ⑤ ‘can lead
us to draw erroneous conclusions about human nature(우리는 인간의 본성에 대해
잘못된 결론을 내리게 될 수 있다)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 맹목적으로 소박실재론을 지지할 수 있다
② 우리가 우리의 지각을 신뢰하도록 허락한다
③ 우리의 기본적인 욕구들에 대한 직관을 감소시키는 데 도움이 된다
④ 누리가 인지되는 것을 막는 또다른 부작용을 가진다
254
[2025수능특강(영어) 18강 3-4번] [해설]
74 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), → 수혜자가 되려면 의무감과 같은 부정적인 감정을 경험해야 하므로, 감사하는 것이
반드시 완전히 긍정적인 감정으로 이어지는 것은 아니다.
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 감사는 매우 어려울 수 있어 수혜자가 되면 부채감과 의무감이라는 부정적인 감정도
Some people claim that gratitude is just about 경험해야 해서 감사하는 것이 완전히 긍정적인 감정만으로 이어지는 것은 아니라는
내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤ (A)에는 ‘의무’를 뜻하는 obligation이, (B)에는 ‘반드시’를 뜻하
thinking nice thoughts and expecting good things — 는 necessarily가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
and ignores the negativity, pain, and suffering in life. ① 방치 … 일반적으로
② 방치 … 예상치 못하게
Well, they’re wrong. Consider our definition of ③ 꾸물거림 … 드물게
gratitude, as a specific way of thinking about ④ 의무 … 걷잡을 수 없게

[2025수능특강(영어) 18강 5-6번]
recognize your dependence on others, and that’s not
In all social systems, it is true ① that people’s
always positive. You have to humble yourself, in the
behavior is influenced by social rules and they are
sense that you have to become a good receiver of
extraordinarily adaptable. One natural experiment
involving baboons is instructive. A study in 2004
examined ② how a troop of baboons dominated by
large and aggressive males changed after all those
dominant males caught a disease and died. With
only smaller, gentler males remaining, the culture of
course, but it tended ③ to resolve with peaceful
cause people real discomfort, as Jill Suttie explores
Indebted.”
males ④ had died off and were replaced by others
acculturated to the group norms, and learned ⑤ to
in fact, people do.

Being a beneficiary also requires you to experience
negative emotions such as a sense of ____(A)____,
so being grateful doesn't ____(B)____ lead to
entirely positive emotions.
(A) (B)
① neglect generally
② neglect unexpectedly
③ procrastination uncommonly *** feudal: 봉건 (시대의)
④ obligation uncontrollably
[정답] ③ to resolve를 to be resolved로 바꿔야 적절하다.
⑤ obligation necessarily
255
지 않은 것은? Marcel Pagnol was born in Aubagne in 1895, and
Not surprisingly, usage of unsafely designed and died in 1974. The son of a primary school teacher,
insecurely implemented software presents some whom he described so vividly in his Souvenirs
risks. After distributed software reaches user sites, d’enfance (childhood memories), this southern
installation and administration of system and Frenchman began his professional life as an English
application software, when ① improperly teacher.
performed, may adversely affect performance and
proper functioning of such software. Due to the
(A) This persuaded Marcel Pagnol to devote himself
complexity as well as due to inadequate ②
exclusively to the cinema. For his second film he
documentation of these systems, users hardly
set up his own production company, La societe
understand effects of their attempts to “properly”
des films Marcel Pagnol. He was certain that the
use such systems. Consequently, users apply “trial
dramatist of the past would be the film-maker of
and error” methods in learning to work with new
the future, a thesis which he controversially
features, rather than trying methodologically to
developed in a short-lived critical review entitled
understand which functions may have which effects,
Les cahiers du film.
and which precautions should be taken to avoid ③
(B) His first few films were adaptations of his
unwished side-effects. This somewhat “explorative”
theatrical works, for example the highly
way to use systems rather often leads to a risky
acclaimed trilogy Marius, Fanny and César. The
attitude with potentially harmful effects, e.g., by
public success was enormous at both national and
clicking on unknown attachments without due care.
international levels.
(C) However, he quickly earned a reputation for his
software is mainly caused by ④ proper actions of
plays in the 1920s: the extraordinary success of
Topaze in 1927 and Marius in 1928 established
human-computer interface (e.g., the display of
him as a playwright. Marcel Pagnol had long been
functions and operations on the screen, or the
interested in the cinema, but had to wait for the
development of talking picture techniques to use
keyboard) is inadequately designed and users are
his full vigor as a dialogue writer.
not properly supported by help functions (which
when ⑤ existing in many cases are so complex that *** thesis: 논제(論題)
users are further misled). While users are primarily
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
they rather often tend to forget about any precaution
and even sometimes bypass security measures when
thinking that their work performance is reduced.
[정답] ④ proper를 improper와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
256
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? In the summer of 1878, a thirty-year-old Dutch
When he was a Harvard student, world-famous botanist named Hugo de Vries traveled to England
cellist Yo-Yo Ma played often at concerts in and to see Darwin. It was more of a spiritual journey than
around Boston. He became very popular, and one a scientific visit. Darwin was vacationing at his
day when one of his concerts was sold out, he gave a sister's estate in Dorking, but de Vries tracked him
free concert for those who were unable to obtain down and traveled out to meet him. Thin, intense,
tickets — he sat in the theater lobby and played Bach and excitable, with a beard that rivaled Darwin's, de
cello suites. Later in his career, when he was an Vries already looked like a younger version of his
international success, he still would often give more idol. He also had Darwin's persistence. The meeting
than required. For example, many guest cello must have been exhausting, for it lasted only two
soloists play in the first half of a concert, then they hours, and Darwin had to excuse himself to take a
are finished for the night. However, Mr. Ma would break. But de Vries left England transformed. With
sometimes play as part of the orchestra in the second no more than a brief conversation, Darwin had
half of the concert — doing this with the Philadelphia inserted a sluice into de Vries's racing mind,
Orchestra was especially enjoyable for him. He says, _____________________. Back in Amsterdam,
“It is an honor to play the back stands of the de Vries suddenly terminated his prior work on the
Philadelphia Orchestra. It’s incredible the way those movement of tendrils in plants and threw himself
players listen, the knowledge they have. I admire it into solving the mystery of heredity.
so much. And I feel the thrill of being part of * sluice: 수문(水門) ** tendril: 덩굴손 *** heredity: 유전
something that’s greater than the sum of its parts —
being accepted as part of the team.” ① regretting making efforts
 ② seldom changing his attitude
Although Cellist Yo-Yo Ma would deserve to be ③ completely redirecting it forever
____(A)____ in doing things such as holding a free ④ getting rid of the faults from his study
concert for those who couldn't get tickets, he was ⑤ putting full confidence of his inspiration
____(B)____ enough to say it's an honor for him to
[정답] ③
play as part of the orchestra in the back. [해설]
Hugo de Vries가 Darwin을 만나러 가서 진을 빼는 만남이었음에도 불구하고 Vries가
끈기 있게 노력을 기울인 덕분에 짧은 대화에서도 영감을 받아 암스테르담으로 돌아
(A) (B) 온 후 유전의 수수께끼를 푸는데 몰두하기 시작했다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로
① respected humble 는 ③ ‘completely redirecting it forever( 영원히 새로운 방향으로 완전히 돌려놓으면
서)’가 가장 적절하다.
② respected passionate ① 노력을 기울였던 것을 후회하면서
③ respective stubborn ② 그의 태도를 거의 바꾸지 않으면서
④ 그의 연구에서 결점들을 제거함으로
④ reevaluated supportive ⑤ 자신의 영감에 대한 완전한 확신을 둠으로
⑤ reevaluated favorable
[해설]
→ 훌륭한 음악가들에게 지지가 생각했던 만큼 크지 않은 부모가 있을 수 있다.
첼리스트 Yo-Yo Ma는 연주회가 매진되면 표를 구하지 못한 사람들을 위해 무료 연주
회를 열었고, 객원 첼로 독주자로 활동할 때는 하지 않아도 되는 후반부를 연주하는
등, 해야 하는 일 이상을 하곤 했다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ④ (A)에는 ‘존경받는’을 뜻하
는 respected가, (B)에는 ‘겸손한’을 뜻하는 humble이 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘
② 존경받는 … 열정적인
③ 각각의 … 고집 센
④ 재평가되는 … 지원하는
⑤ 재평가되는 … 호의적인
257
[2025수능특강(영어) 21강 1번] shouldn’t be thought of as a unified state, but instead
80 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? as a collage of dozens of little Mexicos where local
It is uncontroversially true that people in different power brokers constantly align with and against
societies have different customs and different ideas each other (and a national government seeking —
about right and wrong. There is no world consensus often in vain — to stitch together something more
① on which actions are right and wrong, even cohesive). In its regional ④ connectedness, Mexico
though there is a considerable overlap between is a textbook case that countries with the greatest
views on this. If we consider how much moral views need for capital-intensive infrastructure are
have changed both from place to place and from age typically the countries with the lowest ability to
to age it can be tempting ② to think that there are generate the capital ⑤ necessary to build that
no absolute moral facts, but rather that morality is infrastructure.
always relative to the society ③ which you have been * cohesive: 응집된, 결합력이 있는 ** oligarch: 과두 정치 독재자
brought up. On such a view, since slavery was
morally acceptable to most Ancient Greeks but is not [정답] ④ connectedness를 disconnectedness와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
to most Europeans today, slavery was right for the

Ancient Greeks but would be wrong for today’s
Europeans. This view, ④ known as moral relativism,
makes morality simply a description of the values
held by a particular society at a particular time. This [2025수능특강(영어) 21강 3번]
is a meta-ethical view about the nature of moral 82 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
judgements. Moral judgements can only ⑤ be When Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote the words,
judged true or false relative to a particular society. "Water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink"
There are no absolute moral judgements: they are all in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in 1798, the
relative. dangers of drinking seawater had been known for
thousands of years.
[정답] ③ which를 in which나 where로 바꿔야 적절하다.
(A) Saltwater constitutes 97% of Earth's water, and of

the 3% that is fresh, two-thirds is frozen in
glaciers and polar ice. Thus, a mere 1% of all the
water on the planet (in lakes and rivers,
groundwater, and the atmosphere) is fresh and
can be used by terrestrial plants and animals.
(B) Seawater does indeed make men mad. Historical
[2025수능특강(영어) 21강 2번]
evidence indicates the ancient Egyptians knew
81 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 seawater was not potable, but the earliest
지 않은 것은?
realization that it was unsafe to drink has been
If the United States has one of the easiest
lost to antiquity.
geographies to develop, Mexico has one of the most
difficult. The entirety of Mexico is in essence the (C) In pre-Columbian times, the greatest fear of
southern ① extension of the Rocky Mountains, venturing too far from land on the ocean was not
which is a kind way of saying that America’s worst falling off the surface of the Earth but lack of fresh
lands are strikingly similar to Mexico’s best lands. As drinking water. From a human perspective, the
one would expect from a territory that is oceans, which cover 70% of Earth's surface, are
mountain-dominated, there are no ② navigable still the most extensive and unique desert
rivers and no large cohesive pieces of fertile land like wildernesses on the planet.
the American Southeast or the Columbia valley,
much less the Midwest. Each mountain valley is a ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
sort of fastness where a small ③ handful of oligarchs ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
control local economic and political life. Mexico ③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
258
Shifting demographics, household structures, "In recent years, there has been an increasing
lifestyle preferences, and consumer values suggest a tendency of economists, scientists, and politicians
different built environment and urban fabric 30 _________________________ as the more
years ahead compared with 30 years ago. More and important underlying driver of biodiversity loss. For
more Americans, Australians, and Europeans are many, the emphasis on consumption avoids
choosing to live in settings where they are less politically charged topics, such as population
dependent on their cars because reducing air control, which most people oppose on ethical or
pollution and energy use matters to them. A 2011 moral grounds, and because it is associated with
survey of more than two thousand adult Americans divisive topics such as xenophobia, racism, and
found seven times more people said the eugenics. Others highlight that it is not the number
neighborhood where a house is located is a bigger of people per se, but how natural resources are
consideration in deciding where to live than the size consumed that is the main cause of environmental
of the house. Walking to restaurants, businesses, decline. Indeed, rich people and rich countries have
schools, and other amenities was the most appealing a disproportionate impact on the natural
neighborhood feature for many respondents. To environment because they consume a
many 20- and 30-somethings, walkable disproportionately large share of the world's natural
communities are equated with a downsized resources. To use one example, the USA
environmental footprint and energy efficiency, with accommodates only 5% of the world's human
the added benefit of burning calories during population but uses 25% of the world's harvested
everyday activities. If green buildings and solar natural resources each year. In fact, decorative
panels dot the landscape and rooftops, all the better. Christmas lights in the USA alone use more energy
Notes one economist with the Urban Land Institute, than the annual energy usage of the entirety of
“Energy efficiency is becoming the new granite Ethiopia or Tanzania. And yet, the average USA
countertops; it’s a necessary feature to sell the citizen uses less than half of the energy that an
property.” average citizen of Qatar uses, Qatar being a small but
* amenity: 생활 편의 시설 ** dot: (점으로) 덮다 *** granite: 화강암 wealthy Middle Eastern country.
* xenophobia: 외국인 혐오 ** eugenics: 우생학
① New Way To Mange Our Residence Efficiently *** per se: 그 자체로
② What Is the Secret to Making Our Residence
Eco-friendly? ① to change the current way of distributing energy
③ The Recommendation For Finding Appealing ② to increase the annual energy usage in some
Neighborhood feature countries
④ The Reason Why Young People Nowadays Don't ③ to shift the focus from population growth to
Decide Where To Live consumption
⑤ Is the Preference for Residence the Same in The ④ to view the population problem as things needed to
Past As It Is in The Present? be analyzed further

[정답] ⑤ ⑤ to attribute policy deficiencies to imbalances in
[해설] natural resource distribution
30년 전과 비교해서 사람들이 자동차에 덜 의존하는 환경에서 살기를 선택하면서 거
[정답] ③
주지를 결정할 때 생활 편의 시설까지 걸어 다닐 수 있는 것을 가장 매력적인 동네의
[해설]
특징으로 본다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ⑤ ‘Is the Preference for Residence
환경 쇠퇴의 주요 원인이 인구 증가 때문이 아니라 부유한 사람들과 국가들이 천연자
the Same in The Past As It Is in The Present?(거주지를 선호하는 경향은 과거와 현재
원을 불균형적으로 소비하기 때문이라고 하는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ③ ‘to
가 동일한가?)’가 가장 적절하다.
shift the focus from population growth to consumption( 인구 증가에서 소비로 초점
① 우리의 거주지를 효율적으로 관리하는 새로운 방법
을 옮기는)’이 가장 적절하다.
② 우리의 거주지를 친환경적으로 만드는 비결은 무엇인가?
① 에너지를 분배하는 현재의 방식을 바꾸는
③ 매력적인 동네의 특징을 찾기 위한 권고
② 몇몇 나라들에서 매년 에너지 사용을 증가시키는
④ 요즘 젊은 사람들이 어디에서 살지를 결정하지 못하는 이유
④ 인구문제를 더 많이 분석되어야 할 필요가 있는 것으로 보는
⑤ 정책적 결함을 천연 자원 분배의 불균형 탓으로 돌리는
259
[2025수능특강(영어) 22강 3번] compact body plan. Based on the unique ④
85 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? combination of body size measurements, scientists
"Movies featuring wonderful natural landscapes can predict where an ant nests and forages or even
and charismatic wildlife often increase the desire of what kind of food it eats. Predators have longer,
moviegoers ① to visit natural areas where they can flatter mandibles, while omnivores — those eating a
see these landscapes and animals first-hand. But ⑤ unique range of foods — have shorter, curved
they can also raise awareness of environmental mandibles.
issues in new audiences. While many documentaries * forage: 먹이를 찾다 ** leaf litter: 낙엽 *** mandible: 아래턱뼈
are created with this purpose in mind, such benefits
[정답] ⑤ unique를 diverse와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
can also extend to blockbuster movies ② meant for
broader audiences. For example, Disney’s Happy
Feet (2006) highlighted the threat of overfishing
and plastic pollution to penguins; The Jungle Book
(2016) ③ exposing audiences to the endangered
pangolins. Such exposure can even lead to
environmentally conscious behavioural changes.
For example, moviegoers were willing ④ to donate
50% more money to climate mitigation after
[2025수능특강(영어) 23강 2번]
watching the apocalyptic movie The Day After
Tomorrow (2004). Perhaps, in part, due to the
influence of environmentally-orientated movies, an The largest species of octopus in the world, the
increasing number of movie stars (and other giant Pacific octopus, usually grows to about 3 m in
celebrities) have started using their stardom as a length and weighs up to 272kg.
platform from ⑤ where they promote biodiversity

conservation efforts in Africa. (A) Foraging mainly at night, this giant octopus looks
* pangolin: 천산갑(몸의 위쪽이 딱딱한 비늘로 덮여있고 긴 혀로 especially for crabs and lobsters, but also takes
곤충을 핥아먹는 작은 동물) shrimp and shellfish, smaller octopuses, and
fishes. Often it will return to its den to feed,
[정답] ③ exposing을 exposed로 바꿔야 적절하다. depositing empty shells and other inedible
fragments of prey in piles at the entrance.
(B) Like its relatives, this octopus mostly lives alone,
except for a brief period when adults come
together for mating. The female lays her eggs in a
[2025수능특강(영어) 23강 1번] den, and will tend them until her young emerge.
86 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 She will not feed in all this time — and will die
지 않은 것은?
soon after her young emerge.
Many aspects of an ant’s appearance have likely
(C) It lives on the rim of the North Pacific Ocean,
evolved to meet a specific lifestyle requirement,
where it crawls about on the bottom, using its
although the extent to which this is true has not been
long, sucker-covered arms. It seeks out rocky dens
fully ① explored for all aspects of its body structure.
on the seabed; youngsters will often dig holes
under rocks in sand. Here, the octopus can take
food, or predators. Long legs and large eyes are ②
refuge from predators — seals, sharks, and other
commonly seen in ground-foraging ants that need to
large fishes — too big to slip through the den
move quickly to avoid predators in open ground or
mouth.
be the first to acquire a food resource. In contrast,
ants that forage and nest in leaf litter have shorter
legs and ③ antennae, alongside small eyes. This ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
makes sense in the dark environment of leaf litter ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
where moving through small spaces is easier with a ④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
260
However skilled you may be at bowling, there will Spectators are seen as a source of drive arousal.
always be minute changes in the angle at which you This heightened state of arousal is presumed to
release the ball that will be magnified as the ball facilitate the performance of well-learned or simple
travels the length of the lane. As it strikes, the first skills. However, if a skill is not well-learned or
skittle falls back either slightly to the right or the left, complex, the increase in arousal will interfere with
and the ball is deflected slightly in the other its performance. The underlying notion is that an
direction. From then on, within a fraction of a increase in drive arousal favors the emission of the
second, skittles start falling in different directions, performer's dominant responses. In the case of a
sometimes hitting others as they fall. The differences skilled performer, her dominant responses are
in the final arrangement of skittles each time are presumed to be largely "correct" ones. Her
difficult to predict from the slight variation of angle performance stands to be improved with an
as the ball leaves the bowler’s hand. Even those who audience present. In a case where the performer is
can achieve strike after strike actually achieve a still struggling to master a skill,
different strike every time, for the skittles will never _________________________ and are thereby
fall in exactly the same way twice. presumed to be dominant responses. As a
* skittle: 볼링핀 ** deflect: 방향을 바꾸다 consequence, onlookers can only worsen the
performance of a beginner. Hence, the performer's
① the way to get good at bowling level of skill and the complexity of the skill itself will
② the effect of changing the angle of a bowling ball determine whether an audience helps or hinders a
③ the thing that sets bowling apart from other sports performance.
④ the Consequences of Limited Knowledge of * hinder: 방해하다
Bowling
⑤ the changes in bowling posture depending on the ① she will be compared to a skilled player
type of bowling ball ② incorrect responses are present in abundance
[정답] ② ③ she starts to feel the need to stick to the basics
[해설]
볼링 실력이 아무리 뛰어나더라도 볼링공을 손에서 놓는 각도에 항상 미세한 변화가 ④ spectators show more interest and encouragement
있으며 볼링 핀이 넘어지면서 다른 볼링 핀과 부딪치기도 해서 연달아 스트라이크를 ⑤ there will be ups and downs in the performer's
성공하더라도 실제로는 매번 다른 스트라이크를 성공하는 것이라는 것이 글의 중심
내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ② ‘the effect of changing the angle of a bowling ball performance
(볼링공의 각도 변화가 미치는 영향)’이 가장 적절하다. [정답] ②
① 볼링을 잘 치기 위한 방법 [해설]
③ 볼링이 다른 스포츠와 차별화된 점 각성상태는 잘 학습되거나 간단한 기술의 수행을 용이하게 하지만, 잘 학습되지 않거
④ 볼링에 대한 제한적인 지식이 초래한 결과 나 복잡한 기술의 수행에는 방해가 되는데, 관중은 이러한 각성의 원천으로 여겨지므
⑤ 볼링공의 종류에 따른 볼링 자세의 변화 로 선수의 기술 수준과 기술의 복잡성에 따라 관중의 영향이 다르게 나타난다는 내용
이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ② ‘incorrect responses are present in abundance(적절하
지 않은 반응이 다수 나타나서)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 숙련된 선수와 비교되게 되서
③ 기본기에 고착할 필요성을 느끼기 시작해서
④ 관중은 더 많은 관심과 격려를 보여줘서
⑤ 선수가 수행하는 데 기복이 발생하게 되서
261
[2025수능특강(영어) 24강 2번] three-volume 1.5-million-word history of the Civil
90 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? War with a dip pen, eschewing the then-dominant
Athletes do require more protein (and all writing technologies — the ⑤ manual typewriter and
nutrients) than sedentary people, but there is no the fountain pen — thereby lending a new meaning
evidence ① what they require a higher percentage of to the term "belletristic history."
protein compared to other macronutrients in their * obsolete: 구식의, 한물간 ** eschew: 멀리하다
*** belletristic: 순수 문학적인
diet to perform more optimally. ② To put it another
way, a diet with 10 percent protein is sufficient for [정답] ④ unwilling을 willing과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
most people, athlete and nonathlete alike. If an

average adult female eats 2,000 calories, 10 percent
is 200 calories from protein. If an average female
athlete eats 3,000 calories, 10 percent is 300 calories
from protein — that’s a 50 percent increase in
protein ③ achieved by simply eating more of the
same foods. So when you exercise, you don’t need to
change the composition of the food (i.e., consuming
foods with higher concentrations of protein or
consuming protein powders). You just need ④ to
eat more of the same foods. The increased athletic
activity will work up your hunger drive. In response,
you will consume more protein as well as nutrients
of all types. This works well since physical activity [2025수능특강(영어) 25강 1번]
likely ⑤ requires more of all nutrients, not just 92 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
protein. Responding to life with joy and sorrow is part of
* sedentary: 몸을 많이 움직이지 않는 being human. At times when pain and suffering are
inescapable, it is important to remember that this is
part of the process by which we acquire knowledge.
(A) There are things in life, once called wisdom, which

we have to discover for ourselves by making our
own private journeys. Stress can be directed to
[2025수능특강(영어) 24강 3번] open up possibilities for intelligent and
91 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 imaginative inquiries and solutions that
지 않은 것은?
otherwise might have been ignored, overlooked,
Once production shifts to industrial methods, the
or refuted.
leisure consumer is free to seek pleasure in the older
(B) This does not mean that one must be in discomfort
handcraft technology. Typically, the technology
to make art, but stress can be channeled into a
itself enters one or more paths to pleasure as the
creative force if it produces a sense of
market ① recognizes hobby demand: tools and
inquisitiveness and an incentive for change.
materials are designed for comfort, beauty, and
(C) Thinking through making pictures can allow us to
satisfaction. Both needlework tools and those of
place our distress in context. The images we make
hobby woodworking have ② undergone this
can help us understand its source, catalog its
transition, to name only two of many possible
scope, adapt ourselves to its presence, and devise
examples. Fountain pens, ③ considered obsolete as
ways to control it.
a production technology for writing, are selling at
* inquisitiveness: 호기심 ** refute: 반박하다
four-figure prices to people who simply enjoy the
process of forming words with ink on paper and are ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
④ unwilling to pay a premium for the pleasure. In ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
the 1950s, the late Shelby Foote reportedly wrote his ③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
262
Architectural spaces become memorable through (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
_____________________________. Qualities Museum and gallery exhibitions are ‘hired’ by or
of scale, appropriateness for people, aesthetics, and co-produced with other galleries; it is not
visual impact are among the many components that uncommon for shows to be ‘on the road’ for two
give a place its character and feel. The purpose of a years or longer. Normally they are curated by one or
space can make it a place. The Oval Office in the more people, whose role includes researching the
White House is a good example of a place with exhibition concept, the selection (or commissioning)
enormous historic significance. The unique oval of work, planning how the work will be hung within
shape of this splendid room makes it memorable and the exhibition space and writing a significant part of
gives it a special importance without being any accompanying book or catalogue. The power of
ostentatious. Incidentally, George Washington had the curator, operating regionally, nationally or
two rooms at Mount Vernon altered to include internationally, has been questioned. Of course,
bowed ends so he could greet guests while standing curators take initiatives which contribute to the
in the middle as they circled around him. Thomas exposure of work. But they may also regularly favour
Jefferson designed two oval meeting rooms in the certain artists, or types of work, at the expense of
main floor of the Rotunda at the University of others. Furthermore, it has been suggested that
Virginia. Oval rooms were seen as being democratic curators often act more as ‘creators’, putting
because no person could be placed at a more together themed exhibitions which, however
important position in the room than anyone else. relevant and interesting, serve as much to advance
* splendid: 훌륭한 ** ostentatious: 대단히 호사스러운 themselves as to showcase the work of artists.
Indeed, all exhibitions and collections reflect the
① the architectural criticisms that attack those spaces particular interests of their curators and archivists
② the architectural characteristics that define those as well as the mission statement, priorities and
spaces terms of reference of particular organisations.
③ the architectural evaluations that surround those * archivist: 기록 보관인 ** terms of reference: 위임 사항
spaces 
④ the architectural collaborations that can mingle It is found that the power of ___(A)____ is
with those spaces ___(B)____ in exhibitions, museums, and art
⑤ the architectural peculiarities that differentiate galleries.
them with the standard of being modern
[정답] ② (A) (B)
[해설]
해당 글은 건축적 특성에 따라 건축 공간에 개성과 느낌이 부여되고, 공간이 기억에 남
① curators quite neglected
는 장소가 될 수 있다는 내용의 글이다. 이런 내용을 담은 ② ‘the architectural ② curators quite powerful
characteristics that define those spaces(그 공간들을 정의하는 건축적 특징들)’이 가
장 적절한 빈칸 선지가 된다.
③ curators quite quiet
① 그 공간들을 공격하는 건축 비평들 ④ artists quite insignificant
③ 그 공간들을 둘러싸고 있는 건축적 평가들
④ 그 공간들과 어울릴 수 있는 건축적 협업들
⑤ artists quite minimal
⑤ 그것들을 현대적이라는 기준으로 차별화하는 건축적인 특징들 [정답] ②
[해설]
→ 큐레이터들의 힘은 전시, 박물관, 그리고 갤러리 전시회에서 꽤 큰 것으로 밝혀졌
다.
해당 글은 큐레이터는 작품 전시 구상을 탐구하고, 작품을 선정하고 전시공간에 작품
계시를 기획하는 등의 역할을 하며 작품 전시에 기여하는 바가 크지만, 특정 예술가나
작품 유형에 대한 큐레이터의 선호도나 관심사 반영되는 전시회를 준비하기도 한다는
내용의 글이다. 그러므로 (A)에는 글의 소재인 curator가, (B)에는 ‘꽤 강력한’이라는
‘quite powerful’이 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 큐레이터… 꽤 무시할 수 있는
③ 큐레이터... 꽤 조용한
④ 예술가... 꽤 중요하지 않은
⑤ 예술가... 꽤 최소화된
263
[2025수능특강(영어) 26강 1번] students can build a portfolio of compositions,
95 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? projects, reports, or other work and can then see
A significant challenge arises when we ask ① how their work is ④ improving over time. Not all
whether there is any such thing as general aptitude. students are equally capable of exerting effort,
Many people are terrific at calculus but couldn’t exceeding their own past performance, or making
write a good essay or paint a good picture if their progress, so these are often better, more equally ⑤
lives ② depending on it. Some people can walk into a available criteria on which to base reward.
room full of strangers and immediately figure out * exert: 다하다, 발휘하다 ** criterion: 기준 (pl. criteria)
the relationships and feelings among them; others
[정답] ③ unlikely를 likely와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
may never learn this skill. As Will Rogers put it,
“Everybody is ignorant, only on different topics.”
Clearly, individuals ③ vary in their aptitude for
learning any specific type of knowledge or skill
taught in a specific way. A hundred students
attending a lecture on a topic they knew nothing
about beforehand will all walk away with different
amounts and kinds of learning, and aptitude for that
particular content and ④ that particular teaching
method is one important factor in explaining these
differences. But would the students who learned the
most in this class also learn the most if the lecture
were on a different topic or if the same material ⑤
[2025수능특강(영어) 26강 3번]
were presented through hands-on experiences or in
small groups?
한 곳은?
* calculus: 미적분학
The conflict defining this stage is identity versus
[정답] ② depending을 depended로 바꿔야 적절하다. role confusion. Identity refers to the organization of
an individual’s drives, abilities, beliefs, and history
into a consistent image of self.
As students move into adolescence, they are

developing capabilities for abstract thinking and
understanding the perspectives of others. Even
[2025수능특강(영어) 26강 2번]
greater physical changes are taking place as the
96 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 students approach puberty. ( ① ) So, with
지 않은 것은?
developing minds and bodies, young adolescents
One implication of expectancy theory is that even
must confront the central issue of constructing an
though all students should have a chance to be ①
identity that will provide a firm basis for adulthood.
rewarded if they do their best, no student should
( ② ) They have been developing a sense of self
have an easy time achieving the maximum reward.
since infancy. ( ③ ) But adolescence marks the first
This principle is violated by traditional ② grading
time that a conscious effort is made to answer the
practices, because some students find it easy to earn
now-pressing question: "Who am I?" ( ④ ) It
A’s and B’s, whereas others believe that they have
involves deliberate choices and decisions,
little chance of academic success no matter what
particularly about work, values, ideology, and
they do. In this circumstance, neither high achievers
commitments to people and ideas. ( ⑤ ) If
nor low achievers are ③ unlikely to exert their best
adolescents fail to integrate all these aspects and
efforts. This is one reason why it is important to
choices, or if they feel unable to choose at all, role
reward students for effort, for doing better than they
confusion threatens.
have done in the past, or for making progress, rather
* adolescence: 청소년기 ** puberty: 사춘기
than only for getting a high score. For example, 글의 흐름상 ④에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.
264
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Languages are far more similar than had
Some assumptions that notions of space (that is, a previously been thought, and that universality
three-dimensional area in which events and objects suggests that the human brain is designed to
occur and have relative direction and position) are understand the world in certain ways, which may
universal — are being reexamined. Stephen also correspond to the structure of reality. Thus, all
Levinson showed that “systems of spatial reckoning languages have nouns and verbs, modifiers (adverbs
and description can in fact be quite divergent across and adjectives), and names and pronouns.
cultures, linguistic differences correlating with Languages may differ as to the sequence of words in
distinct cognitive tendencies.” More specifically, a sentence (e.g., verb in the middle or at the end),
languages vary in their use of spatial concepts and, but sentences are always used. Even the sequence of
in some instances, determine the cognitive words does not vary as widely as it could: Steven
categories relating to space concepts; also, the Pinker says that there are 128 possible orderings of
speakers of a number of languages do not use spatial the main parts of a sentence, but most languages use
terms corresponding to the bodily coordinates of one of only two of those possibilities. Crucially, most
left-right and front-back. One example comes from languages seem to have an almost identical list of
the Tenejapa Tzeltal of Mexico: Their language uses concepts, and as a result nearly all words and
no relative frame of reference and therefore has no sentences can be translated effectively from one
terms for spatial reference that would correspond to language into another.
left, right, front, and back. Although terms exist for ＊modifier: 수식어
left hand and right hand, they do not extend to other
parts of the body or to areas external to it. ① The Unique Features of Linguistic Diversity
* reckoning: 추정, 계산 ** divergent: 다른, 갈라지는 ② The Varied Cognitive Approaches in Language
Processing

③ The Far Deeper and Dense Universality of
It is found that the concept of space is not
Language
____(A)____but rather ____(B)____.
④ The Linguistic Relativism and Cultural Specificity
⑤ The Limitations in Cross-Linguistic Translation
(A) (B)
Efforts
① general uniform [정답] ③
② various divergent [해설]
해당 글은 언어의 유사성과 보편성에 대해서 논하고 있다. 이런 내용을 가장 잘 담은
③ general diverse 선지인 ③ ‘The Far Deeper and Dense Universality of Language(훨씬 더 깊고 밀도 높
④ various uniform 은 언어의 보편성)’이 가장 적절한 주제 선지가 된다.
① 언어적 다양성의 독특한 특징들
⑤ general divergent ② 언어처리의 다양한 인지적 접근방식들
[정답] ⑤ ④ 언어상대주의와 문화적 특수성
[해설] ⑤ 다국어 번역 노력의 한계
→ 공간의 개념이 일반적인 것이 아니라 오히려 발산적이라는 것(다양하다는 것)을 알
수 있다.
해당 글은 공간 개념이 보편적이지 않고, 언어가 공간 개념과 관련된 인지 범주를 결정
할 정도로 여러 언어에 걸친 공간 개념의 인식이 다리다는 내용의 글이다. 그러므로 ⑤
(A)에는 ‘일반적인’이라는 뜻의 general과, (B)에는 ‘다양한, 발산적인’이라는 뜻의
divergent가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
265
[2025수능특강(영어) 27강 3번] designers and have cultural values baked in. As
100 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? curatorial power is ⑤ restricted by automated
Some performers manipulate the style of their systems, we should understand the biases at play.
product to shift the incentives of critics ① to pay Perhaps more important, we should work to make
attention. Richard Posner cites Shakespeare, sure product engineers and designers are seeking to
Nietzsche, Wittgenstein, and Kafka as figures who optimize the wanted outcome — an informed public
owe part of their reputation to the puzzling and — not just heightened traffic.
perhaps even contradictory nature of their writings. * proliferation: 급증 ** constituent: 구성원
Unclear authors, at least if they have substance and
depth, ② receive more attention from critics and [정답] ⑤ restricted를 enhanced와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
require more textual interpretation. Individual

critics can establish their own reputations by
studying such a writer and by promoting one
interpretation of ③ that writer’s work over another.
These same critics will support the inclusion of the
writer in the canon, ④ to promote the importance of
their own criticism. In effect, deep and ambiguous [2025수능특강(영어) 28강 2번]
writers are offering critics implicit invitations ⑤ 102 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
serving as coauthors of a broader piece of work. 은?
Critics respond by examining these works more How much time are we spending not truly
closely and spreading their fame more widely. connected to other things or people, in the analogue
* canon: 주요 문헌 목록 ** ambiguous: 모호한 or real sense of the word? Not much.
[정답] ⑤ serving을 to serve로 바꿔야 적절하다.
(A) In a relatively short time frame, we quickly

transitioned from the internet to the internet of
things and now the “You of Things,” a concept
that sees our bodies as part of an enormous
sentient digital network, and our entire existence
downgraded to the status of our smart TVs and
refrigerator.
(B) Since our selves have been largely reduced to the
digital fragments of our reputation captured in
[2025수능특강(영어) 28강 1번] the many devices that connect us to others and
101 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 the world, it is hard to disagree with Yuval
Harari’s argument that “we are becoming tiny
The proliferation of data brings with it many
chips inside a giant data-processing system that
challenges for both reporting and consuming
nobody really understands.”
information. Social networks themselves are biased
(C) We have turned ourselves into human wearables,
by their constituents, which never ① exactly mirror
attached to our phones nonstop, with additional
the population at large. Certain ethnicities are
sensors from our smart watches and AI assistant
overrepresented, a ② significant challenge to social
devices, while we patiently await to upload our
news as an equalizer. In addition, a growing number
memories, fantasies, and consciousness to the
of algorithms make ③ automated decisions on
cloud.
which content to recommend for people to read.
Algorithms are generating top-news lists or hot *** fragment: 파편
readers. Algorithms leave the ④ impression of being ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
neutral, yet they are not. Algorithms are human ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
creations. They encode political choices of their ④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
266
Much alarm and handwringing have occurred Unfortunately, as we age, we tend to avoid
over the idea that the Internet allows you to lock vulnerability by avoiding change, so our learning
yourself in an information bubble and see only facts opportunities are reduced and new learning slows.
that support your views. I am sure this happens, but We’ve all had the experience of a reunion with an old
it would do us good to remember the alternative. In friend, when listening to them saying how they’ve
1980, for instance, you got your daily dose of been, noticing how he or she has held onto some old
information from your local paper and your choice beliefs that we discarded long ago. Probably the
of any of three network news shows, which ran for an friend has not put himself or herself into a state of
hour, all covering the same basic stories. That was vulnerable openness for a long time. Personal
about it. We were all beholden to the views of a very growth involves trying out new behaviors, attitudes,
few people. The Internet allows every statement to and beliefs. Trying out something makes us
be fact-checked, every falsehood challenged. vulnerable to failure and ridicule. When learning, we
Anything you want to know is just a few keystrokes make mistakes, we look foolish — even absurd. Who
and a few clicks away. Well over 100,000 web likes that? Willingness to take chances in life, to try
searches are performed each second, and at their new experiences, challenges or activities — even
heart, they each represent a person who wants to though the outcome is unsure — demands being
know something they don’t currently know. It is the vulnerable while doing so. Open-mindedness is one
great democratization of knowledge, which is an of those activities that we must do deliberately,
unquestionably good thing. because we are naturally inclined to avoid the
* handwringing: (걱정으로 인한) 손떨림 vulnerability it entails.
* vulnerability: 취약성 ** discard: 버리다
① The Dark Side of Digital Progress: Exacerbating ① The necessity of vulnerability when it comes to
Information Bubbles becoming mature
② The Decline of Critical Thinking in the Age of ② The comfortable routines when it comes to
Online Information becoming young
③ The Erosion of Trust and Belief in Traditional ③ The resistance to change when it comes to
Media Sources becoming mature
④ The Fragmentation of Knowledge and intelligence ④ The reliance on past experiences when it comes to
in the Digital Era becoming mature
⑤ The Mitigation of Information Bias through the ⑤ The avoidance of challenges when it comes to
Advancement of the Internet becoming young
[정답] ⑤
[정답] ①
[해설]
[해설]
해당 글은 인터넷의 발전으로 인해 정보 편식이 해소된다는 내용이다. 이런 내용을 가
해당 글은 우리가 나이를 먹어감에 따라 변화를 피해 취약성을 피하려고 하며, 이것은
장 잘 담은 선지인 ⑤ ‘The Mitigation of Information Bias through the Advancement
학습과 성장을 가로막는다는 내용의 글이다. 이런 내용을 가장 잘 담은 선지인 ① ‘The
of the Internet(인터넷 발전을 통한 정보편향의 완화)’가 제목 선지로 가장 적절하다.
necessity of vulnerability when it comes to becoming mature(성숙해질 때 취약성의
① 디지털 진보의 어두운 측면: 악화되는 정보 버블
필요성)’이 답이 된다.
② 온라인 정보화 시대의 비판적 사고의 쇠퇴
② 젊어질 때의 편안한 일상
③ 전통매체에 대한 신뢰와 믿음의 침식
③ 성숙해질 때 변화에 대한 저항
④ 디지털 시대의 지식과 지능의 분절화
④ 성숙해질 때 과거의 경험에 의존하는 것
⑤ 젊어지는 것에 대한 도전을 피하는 것
267
[2025수능특강(영어) 29강 2번] performing maintenance and the other is ④
105 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? indifferent, their joint account will also wind up with
Expectations influence children’s behavior. After ⑤ sufficient funds. Overdraft protection might
observing the amount of litter in three classrooms, cover everyday necessities, but it won’t help when
Richard Miller and colleagues had the teacher and something big comes around.
others repeatedly tell one class ① that they should be * bounce: (수표가) 부도 처리되다 ** irreparably: 회복할 수 없을
neat and tidy. This persuasion increased the amount
of litter placed in wastebaskets from 15 to 45 [정답] ⑤ sufficient를 insufficient와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
percent, but only temporarily. Another class, ②
which also had been placing only 15 percent of its
litter in wastebaskets, was repeatedly congratulated
for being so neat and tidy. After 8 days of hearing
this, and still 2 weeks later, these children were ③
fulfilling the expectation by putting more than 80
percent of their litter in wastebaskets. Tell children
they are hardworking and kind (rather than lazy and
mean), and they may live up to their labels. ④ Tying
the identity to the self is important: Children who
were asked to be “a helper” were more likely to help
[2025수능특강(영어) 30강 1번]
in later tasks than those asked to “help.” When
children think of ⑤ them as tidy and helpful, they
은?
become tidy and helpful.
The ancient Egyptian term for ‘colour’ was iwn — a
word that also meant ‘skin’, ‘nature’, ‘character’ and
[정답] ⑤ them을 themselves로 바꿔야 적절하다. ‘being’, and was represented in part by a hieroglyph
of human hair.
(A) The members of that civilization had noticed a

striking resemblance between colours and
humans. To them colours were just like people —
full of life, energy, power and personality. We now
understand, as the Egyptians could only sense,
[2025수능특강(영어) 29강 3번]
how thoroughly the two are connected.
하지 않은 것은? (B) Colour is a pigment of our imaginations that we
If maintenance of a balance in a relationship paint all over the world. Larger than any city,
requires much work, why bother aiming for the more sophisticated than any machine, more
middle ground? The wonderful thing about beautiful than any painting, it might in fact be the
relationships is that with the proper ① maintenance, greatest human creation of them all.
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Ideally, (C) Colour, after all, is ultimately made by its
both members get support to realize their potential perceivers. Every hue we see around us is actually
as individuals as well as realizing the ② potential of manufactured within us — in the same grey
the team. If things go sour, the tremendous energy matter that forms language, stores memories,
drain of an irreparably damaged relationship can triggers emotions, shapes thoughts and gives rise
also mean that the whole is less than the sum of its to consciousness.
parts. Pooling resources — as in a joint savings * hieroglyph: 상형 문자 ** hue: 색조
account — makes them ③ optimally large. But if one
person only deposits and the other person only ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
withdraws, checks are going to start bouncing. ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
Similarly, if only one person in a relationship is ① (A)-(C)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
268
Bentham, the eighteenth-century utilitarian (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
philosopher who promoted the social benefits of The mode of consumption has been changing
mass surveillance, designed a panopticon, a circular from ownership to access during recent years
building where those to be observed, whether because of the shift in consumers’ perception of
prisoners, workers, patients, or students, were value and the advancement of technology. With the
placed in cells or rooms lined along an outside wall. advent of online platforms that has made unlimited
An “inspector” sat in a booth at the center of the number of tangible and intangible resources
circle, unseen by those being watched, but able to see accessible, ownership has lost its value in the
them. According to Bentham, even though this consumers’ mind. Consumers believe that access to
inspector could not observe every resident at every resources is associated with fewer risks than
moment, simply knowing that they could be seen ownership; for example, they believe that the
would be enough to make prisoners behave and keep potential financial and social loss is greater in the
workers and students on task. The panopticon’s purchase of a product than in the free or fee-based
physical design proved impractical, but the idea that access to the product. All these new changes and
behavior could be regulated by stripping away beliefs have created a sharing practice named
privacy lived on. Closed-circuit television both on “sharing economy” in which individuals share their
our streets and inside public and private spaces is resources with others through online networks and
the modern, subtle, and more practical version 2.0 promote the culture of collaborative consumption.
of that first architectural panopticon. Sharing economy practices, which are seen in
* utilitarian: 공리주의의 ** surveillance: 감시 different sectors, have become very popular and
started to disrupt traditional businesses.
① The Benefits of Mass Surveillance in Modern and * advent: 등장, 출현 ** tangible: 유형의
future society 
② Challenges of Implementing Bentham's Consumers ____(A)____ access over ownership
Panopticon in Contemporary Settings led to the rise of the sharing economy and a threat
③ The Role of Privacy in Shaping Surveillance against ____(B)____ companies.
Practice
④ The Evolution of Surveillance: From Bentham's (A) (B)
Panopticon to public and private spaces ① rejecting online
⑤ Ethical Considerations Surrounding Mass ② rejecting conventional
Surveillance Technologies ③ favoring online
[정답] ④ ④ preferring conventional
[해설]
해당 글은 벤담이 주장한 대중 감시 건물 펜옵티콘에 대한 글이다.현대적 펜옵티콘의
⑤ preferring newly established
사례로 길거리와 공공의 공간 및 사적공간에 설치된 폐쇄 회로 TV까지 예로 제시하고 [정답] ④
있다. 이런 내용을 가장 잘 담은 선지인 ④ ‘The Evolution of Surveillance: From [해설]
Bentham's Panopticon to public and private spaces(감시의 진화: 벤담의 펜옵티콘에 → 소비자들이 소유보다 이용을 선호하는 현상은 공유 경제의 출현과 전통적인 기업
서 공공 및 사적공간으로까지)’가 가장 적절하다. 들에 대한 위협으로 이어졌다.
①현대사회와 미래사회에서의 대량감시의 이점 소비자들의 인식 변화로 인해 소비 방식이 소유에서 이용으로 변화하였으며, 공유 경
②현대 환경에서의 벤담의 파놉티콘 구현의 과제 제라는 새로운 소비 문화가 만들어졌다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ④ (A)에는 ‘선호하다‘를
③보안 감시 업무를 형성하는 데 있어 개인 정보 보호의 역할 뜻하는 preferring이, (B)에는 ’전통적인‘을 뜻하는 conventional가 들어가야 글의 내용
⑤대량감시기술을 둘러싼 윤리적 고찰 을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 거부하다 … 온라인
② 거부하다 … 전통적인
③ 선호하다 … 온라인
⑤ 선호하다 … 새로 설립된
269
Skilled clinicians pride themselves in their 지 않은 것은?
knowledge of diseases and treatments. ① Having an In medical sociology, a disease is considered an
extensive command of anatomy and physiology, adverse physical state ① consisting of a physiological
pharmacology, and the latest evidence-based dysfunction within an individual, as compared to
breakthroughs is critical to providing competent illness or sickness. In actual practice, the term
care. But just as important is the knowledge of ② disease is applied rather liberally to a wide variety of
how illness can impact patient emotions. And conditions that do not precisely fit the ② definition.
although there is certainly room for individual One of the more controversial areas relates to
variation, typical emotional reactions can often ③ mental illness. It could be argued that many, if not
be anticipated. Having a sense of the normal most, mental disorders would not be considered ③
emotions that accompany phases and stages of diseases under the definition above. The same could
illness allows clinicians to think about ④ how to be said of other conditions that have been identified
incorporate the emotional domain into patient as “diseases” at various times. Examples include
assessments and plans of care. Working with alcoholism and drug abuse. These conditions do not
patients’ emotions, from a place of understanding necessarily have the ④ subordinate clear-cut
and acceptance, ⑤ allowing the clinician to skillfully symptomatology and underlying biological
address the emotions in a manner that best serves pathology. They are nevertheless frequently treated
the patients’ needs. as if they were diseases. One explanation for this is
* anatomy: 해부학 ** physiology: 생리학 clear: In order for a condition to be treated by the
*** pharmacology: 약리학 healthcare system, it must be ⑤ identified as a
[정답] ⑤ allowing을 allows로 바꿔야 적절하다. disease. Therefore, there is a tendency toward an
overly broad conceptualization of disease.
[정답] ④ subordinate를 requisite와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
270
[2025수능특강(영어) 31강 3번]
113 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
절한 곳은?
We are currently facing the challenge of
As nations become wealthier and more capable of maintaining our competitive edge in the rapidly
battling disease, their citizens’ IQ scores increase. evolving market environment. Therefore, the
management team and I would like you to explore
Worldwide increases in IQ scores of about 3 points ways to address this challenge. Specifically, we are
per decade over the last 100 years illustrate the looking for a 25% increase in maintenance
potential for intellectual development. This increase productivity within your work groups over the next
in IQ scores, known as the Flynn effect, has occurred three months. To get started, we would like you to
far too quickly to represent genetic changes. ( ① ) meet with your team to discuss this assignment.
Improvements in nutrition and other health factors Following the discussion, you should outline your
probably account for some of the change. ( ② ) thoughts on how to proceed and create a work plan. I
Using information from the World Health would like to see your plan and review it with you in
Organization, researchers have identified strong two weeks. This is a very important undertaking for
correlations between a nation’s freedom from our department and for the company. The
serious infectious diseases and its citizens’ average management team and I look forward to seeing the
IQ scores. ( ③ ) Surprisingly, the test score gains innovative solutions you devise. Your contributions
are most pronounced in supposed culture-free tests are invaluable to our success. Thank you.
such as the Raven’s Progressive Matrices. ( ④ )

Participants born after 1990 scored far better on ① urgent need for a new plan
these tests than did participants born in 1940. ( ⑤ ) ② limitation of the current business strategy
This change might reflect an improvement in the ③ tasks and plans to achieve the company’s goal
ability to manage dissimilar items that accompanies ④ gratitude towards the worker’s contribution
living in a modern society. ⑤ importance of teamwork in tackling the company’s

challenge
글의 흐름상 ③에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다. [정답] ③
[해설]
회사의 목표 달성을 위해 업무를 전달하는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ③ ‘tasks and
plans to achieve the company’s goal (회사의 목표를 달성하기 위한 과제와 계획)‘이
① 새로운 계획의 시급한 필요성
② 현재 사업 전략의 한계
④ 직원의 공헌에 대한 감사
⑤ 회사의 도전 과제를 해결하는 데 있어서 협동의 중요성

271
Kira was playing with her doll when she heard a There has been an effort by some economists to
voice singing. “Churi, churi. Little girls, come and commodify ecosystem services, which refer to
see.” Kira ran to the window and saw a bangle seller benefits and resources ① that humans obtain from
with a basket on his head. He saw Kira and said, natural ecosystems. Some ecosystem services are
“Come little girl, come and buy some churis.” She rival, such as the waste absorption capacity for
wanted to buy some, but she couldn't, because her greenhouse gases, so rationing is necessary. ②
mother had gone to the local market and there was Making rationing possible requires excludable
no one there to give her money. Kira’s heart sank at property rights, for example, through auctionable
the thought of not being able to buy bangles. When emission permits. If emissions ③ are limited to
she told the seller about her situation, he said, absorption capacity and equitably distributed,
“Come and choose them at least. I’ll take the money commodification can be both sustainable and just.
some other day.” After thinking for a while, Kira However, many ecosystem services are inherently
went down. The bangle seller asked, ''Child, which non-excludable and non-rival and therefore cannot
colour do you like best?” “Orange,” said Kira and she and should not be commodified. They should also
selected some bangles. By then, Kira’s mother not ④ be ignored. Public services serve all members
returned from the market and had a few words with of the human community; economists recognize that
the seller before paying for the bangles. Kira was so these services are ill-suited to commodification and
glad. The sound of the bangles hitting each other market allocation. Ecosystem services should not be
sounded like music to her. She hummed her way defined as nature’s benefits to people, but rather as
back to her room. fund-services ⑤ what benefit all members of the
* churi: 츄리(인도 팔찌) * bangle: 팔찌 biotic community, not simply humans. Ecosystem
services in general are an even worse fit for
① Never Leave A Child Alone!
commodification than public services.
② Let The Children Choose Their Own Stuff!
* rationing: 배급 ** biotic: 생물의
③ Unexpected Fortune In Return For The Kindness
④ Kira’s Clever Trick To Get The Bangle Without [정답] ⑤ what을 that으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
Paying
⑤ Lucky Day Of Kira; Swifting From Disappointment
To Satisfaction
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
Kira는 어머니가 시장에 가셔서 츄리를 살 돈이 없어 실망했다가, 판매상의 제안대로
팔찌를 고르는 동안 어머니가 돌아와 팔찌 값을 지불하여 기뻐하는 내용이다. 그러므
로 제목으로는 ⑤ ‘Lucky Day Of Kira; Swifting From Disappointment To Satisfaction
(키라의 행운의 날; 실망에서 만족으로의 변화)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 절대 아이를 혼자 두지 마시오!
② 아이들이 스스로 물건을 선택하게 해라!
③ 친절에 대한 보답으로 얻은 예상치 못한 행운
④ 돈을 지불하지 않고 뱅글을 얻기 위한 키라의 영리한 속임수
272
116 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 117 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
하지 않은 것은? In the lecture on memory, I ask my students to
If we think about our feelings as being part of us remember a list of words. It includes words like
but not all that we are, then our feelings can feel “dream” and “bed.” Then I ask them to write down
more manageable. This idea is ① captured in this the words they remember.
metaphor: you are the blue sky; your feelings are the
weather. If you are the blue sky and your feelings are
(A) When people hear “bed,” they cannot help but
the weather, then just as the worst hurricane or
hear “sleep.” When people hear “genes” or
tornado can’t ② damage the blue sky, and it
“intelligence” they cannot help but hear “race.” A
eventually ends, your feelings can’t damage you, and
reader new to this topic might therefore be
eventually they will pass. Sometimes we just have to
surprised to learn that there is zero evidence that
wait out the storm. Does that mean it's fun to live
genetics explains racial differences in outcomes
through a tornado or a rainstorm? Of course not! Is
like education.
it ③ easier to live your life when it’s sunny and 80
(B) Currently, stories about genetically rooted racial
degrees Fahrenheit compared to when it’s rainy and
differences in the complex human traits relevant
stormy? Of course! But if I let the weather ④
for social inequality in modem industrialized
determine what I can get done, I’ll forever be at the
economies — traits like persistence and
mercy of something I can’t control. Our job is to
conscientiousness and creativity and abstract
make space for our feelings, to be the blue sky, so we
reasoning — are just that. They are stories.
don’t have to engage in ⑤ healthy habits to cope
(C) Invariably, they (mis)remember hearing the word
with our feelings and we can continue to do the
“sleep’' even though I never said the word “sleep.”
things that matter to us.
The idea of “sleep” is activated in the brain
[정답] ⑤ healthy를 unhealthy와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다. because other words in the same semantic
network, words that have been associated with
sleep through constant repetition, have also been
activated. The word “sleep” is retrieved as if it
were really heard.
*** conscientiousness: 성실성
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
273
118 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 119 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? It’s important to distinguish what humans are
Simplifying a problem is what opens it up to doing, in following norms, from what other animals
mathematical analysis, so inevitably some biological are doing in their related patterns of behavior. An
details get lost in translation from the real world to animal that decides not to pick a fight is, in most
the equations. As a result, those who use cases, simply worried about the risk of getting
mathematics are frequently criticized as being too injured — not about some abstract “norm against
disinterested in those details. In his 1897 book violence.” Likewise, an animal that shares food with
Advice for a Young Investigator, Santiago Ramon y animals outside of its group is typically just trying to
Cajal (the father of modem neuroscience) wrote get future reciprocity — not following some “norm of
about these reality-avoiding theorists in a chapter food-sharing.” The incentives surrounding true
entitled ‘Diseases of the Will’. He identified their norms are more complex. When we do something
symptoms as ‘a facility for exposition, a creative and "wrong,", we have to worry about reprisal not just
restless imagination, an aversion to the laboratory, from the wronged party but also from third parties.
and an indomitable dislike for concrete science and Frequently, this means the entire rest of our local
seemingly unimportant data’. Cajal also complained group, or at least a majority of it. Big strong Albert
about the theorist’s preference for beauty over facts. could easily steal from weak Bob without fearing
Biologists study living things that are abundant with trouble from Bob himself, but in human groups,
specific traits and subtle exceptions to any rule. Albert would then face punishment from the rest of
Mathematicians — driven by simplicity, elegance the community. Collective enforcement, then,
and the need to make things manageable — silence _________________. This is what enables the
that abundance when they put it into equations. egalitarian political order so characteristic of the
* exposition: 설명 ** aversion: 혐오감 *** indomitable: 불굴의
forager lifestyle.

Mathematicians should be ____(A)____ for *** egalitarian: 평동주의의
____(B)____ the richness of biology.
① is the essence of norms
② changes the established norms
(A) (B)
③ is the driving force of the animals’ actions
① praised valuing
④ can only be seen among human beings
② praised considering
⑤ is what distinguishes people from animals
③ criticized simplifying [정답] ①
④ criticized supporting [해설]
동물과 달리 인간은 잘못된 일을 할 때 부당한 취급을 받은 당사자뿐만 아니라 제삼자
⑤ looked down on simplifying
로부터의 질책에 대해서도 걱정해야 하며, 집단적 강제가 인간 규범의 본질이라는 내
[정답] ③ 용이다. 그러므로 빈칸에는 ① ‘is the essence of norms(규범의 본질이다)’가 가장 적
[해설] 절하다.
→ 수학자들은 생물학의 풍부함을 단순화한 것에 대해 비판받아야 한다. ② 확립된 규범을 변경한다
수학적 모델은 단순성, 우아함, 사물을 처리하기 쉽게 만드는 것을 추구하며, 수학자들 ③ 동물들의 행동의 원동력이다
은 이러한 욕구에 의해 움직이므로, 수학적 모델로의 변환은 생물학적인 풍부함을 잃 ④ 사람들 사이에서만 볼 수 있다
는 결과로 이어질 수 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ③ (A)에는 ’비판받다’를 뜻하는 ⑤ 사람과 동물을 구별하게 하는 것이다
criticized가, (B)에는 ‘단순화하다’를 뜻하는 simplifying가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장
잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 칭찬받다… 가치 있게 여기다
② 칭찬받다… 고려하다
④ 비판받다 … 지지하다
⑤ 무시당하다… 단순화하다
274
Geoffrey Hinton was born in England in 1947. He 하지 않은 것은?
chose to study psychology as an undergraduate at From an evolutionary standpoint, ensuring the
Cambridge because he wanted to explore his continuation of our species (specifically, our genetic
growing interest in neural networks. He quickly descendants) is the meaning and ① purpose of life.
realized, however, ① that his professors didn’t But as intelligent animals, who can make decisions
actually understand how neurons learned or based on morality rather than biology, we could ask
computed. While the science of the day could explain whether preserving our genome is worth any cost.
the mechanics of electrical signals ② traveling from Individual humans can and ② occasionally do make
one neuron to another, no one could offer Hinton a the choice to sacrifice their own lives in order to save
compelling explanation for the emergence of the lives of other humans, or even non-human
intelligence from these billions of interactions. He animals. But let’s examine that choice, between
felt certain he could better understand the workings biology and morality, on a global scale: What if ③
of the brain ③ to use tools from the growing field of preserving the human species means eliminating or
artificial neural networks, so he went on to pursue a abandoning all other life on Earth? What if it means
doctor’s degree in artificial intelligence from the humankind exists only in a state of misery and
University of Edinburgh in 1972. In his subsequent deprivation, in an eternally ④ hospitable and alien
research, he sought ④ to create interconnected environment? This is not to argue that space
layers of information using hardware and software, settlement will definitely result in these worst-case
just as the human brain spreads information around scenarios, but rather to ask whether there is any
its dense web of connected neurons. Throughout his imaginable case in which allowing or causing
career, Hinton has held positions at various humans to become ⑤ extinct is the more ethical
institutions, ⑤ including Carnegie Mellon choice.

University and the University of Toronto.
[정답] ④ hospitable을 inhopitable과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
[정답] ③ to use를 using으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
275
은? The fact that the young brain is in a constant state
In most business settings it is desirable to put of absorption should give us pause. Regulations are
competitors out of business. Naturally, fewer in place to prevent certain types of companies from
competitors mean more available customers. marketing directly to children. These are good
However, this is not always the case in sport. measures, but they also provide a false sense of
(A) Dominating a league or competition can be young children don’t need ads explicitly directed at
self-defeating, because the interest of fans can them to learn about a product, or the consumer
fade. When it is difficult to predict who will win a world in general. Think about ads on websites, TV,
match, sport leagues attract higher attendances mobile, and social media, and in video games.
and viewers. Ironically, in order to remain Children are showered with repeated exposure to
successful, leagues and competitions need as thousands of ads for hundreds of brands, and their
many of their clubs to be competitive as possible. spongy, malleable brains are constantly taking this
(B) When the outcome of a match is highly information in. In a study, researchers discovered
predictable, it will not attract large crowd that kids are exposed to so many ads that they will
numbers and eventually it will reduce ticket, have memorized three hundred to four hundred
media and sponsorship revenue. It is important brands before their tenth birthday. Creepily,
for sport that there is a healthy, competitive children grow up forming relationships with a select
balance between teams. This leads to uncertainty number of these brands that last well into the future,
about who will win a contest, and encourages fans like friends you didn’t know they had.
to watch. * malleable: 영향을 잘 받는 ** creepily: 오싹하게
(C) In fact, sport organizations that compete in

① Protect The Children From Thousands Of Ads!
leagues actually rely on the health of their
② The Future Of Advertisement Depends On
competitors for their own success. For example,
Children
fans are often more attracted to a game where
③ Advertisement Aimed At Children Are Greatly
there is a close contest, and the winner is
Increasing
unknown in advance.
④ Would You Leave Your Children Exposed To All
* revenue: 수익
The Ads In The World?
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ⑤ The Government Should Take New Approaches For
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) Child Protection
④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다. [정답] ①
[해설]
어린 아이들은 광고에 영향을 잘 받는 두뇌를 가지고 있기 때문에 어린이에게 직접 광
고하는 것을 금지하는 규정이 충분하지 않다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ①
‘Protect The Children From Thousands Of Ads! (수천 개의 광고로부터 아이들을 보호
하라!)’ 가 가장 적절하다.
② 광고의 미래는 아이들에게 달려 있다
③ 어린이를 겨냥한 광고가 크게 늘고 있다
④ 당신의 아이들이 세상의 모든 광고에 노출되도록 내버려 두시겠습니까?
⑤ 정부는 아동 보호를 위한 새로운 접근 방식을 취해야 한다
276
People often think that personality traits such as Our natural survival instinct is to seek comfort in
kindness are fixed. But our research with groups temperatures ① that keep us around 68 to 72
suggests something quite different: the tendency to degrees Fahrenheit (20-22.2 °C). By getting outside
be altruistic or exploitative may depend heavily on of this comfort zone and stressing the cellular
how the social world is organized. So if we took the functioning of the body either by ② using heat and
same population of people and assigned them to one cold in the same session or focusing on one
social world, we could make them really generous to temperature extreme, we strengthen our
one another, and if we put them in another sort of physiological systems. We lower our daily breathing
world, we could make them really mean or rate, improve our muscle tissue, and raise our
indifferent to one another. Crucially, this indicates threshold for handling stress. Evidence shows ③
that the tendency to cooperate is a property not only that we are at our best — physically harder, mentally
of individuals but also of groups. Cooperation tougher, and spiritually sounder — after
depends on the rules governing the formation of experiencing the same discomforts our early
friendship ties. Good people can do bad things (and ancestors ④ exposed to every day. The lack of
vice versa) simply as a result of the structure of the temperature change caused by indoor lifestyles and
network which they belong to, regardless of the misalignment with nature has taken us far from our
convictions they hold or that the group shares. It is ancestorial upbringing, and it continues to weaken
not just a matter of being connected to “bad” people; the nervous system. By intentionally ⑤ placing
the number and pattern of social connections is also ourselves into the heat or cold, we become our best
crucial. Aspects of the social suite, such as physically, mentally, and even spiritually.
cooperation and social networks, work together. * physiological: 생리적인 ** threshold: 역(감각, 반응을 일으키는
[정답] ④ exposed를 were exposed로 바꿔야 적절하다.

① difficulty of cooperating with others
② misconceptions of positive personal traits
③ people’s reaction towards the society around them
④ connection between personality and social
structure
⑤ importance of developing altruism regardless of
the surrounding network
[정답] ④
[해설]
사람들의 성격이 사회 세계의 구성 방식에 따라 달라질 수 있다는 내용의 글이다. 그러
므로 주제로는 ④ ‘connection between personality and social structure (성격과 사회
구조 사이의 연관성)’이 가장 적절하다.
① 타인과의 협력의 어려움
② 긍정적인 개인적 특성에 대한 오해
③ 주변 사회에 대한 사람들의 반응
⑤ 주변 관계망에 상관 없이 이타심을 개발하는 것의 중요성
277
Suppose a child plays at make-believe. She barks, Your children establish their social comfort and
crawls on all fours, and says, “I’m a puppy!” In order skills early in their lives by observing you in your
to make the claim, her brain must ① construct the own social life and through the social experiences
key proposition “I’m a puppy” as well as contain the they have.
information that puppies bark and walk on all fours.
And yet that information ② exists in a larger (A) But, as the saying goes, “genetics are not destiny”;
context. Her brain contains a vast net of the messages that your children get from you
information, including “I’m not really a puppy,” “I’m early in their lives about how they should interact
making it up to play a game,” ‘I’m a little girl,” and so with others will influence how their genetic
on. Some of that information is ③ present at a predispositions will be expressed.
cognitive and linguistic level. Much of it is at a (B) In this interaction of genes and upbringing, your
deeper, sensory or perceptual level. Her body children will develop social defaults that trigger
schema is constructed automatically, beneath higher social ease, connectedness, and healthy
cognition, and it ④ describes the physical layout of a relationships, or social anxiety, loneliness, and
human body, not a puppy body. She sees her human dysfunctional relationships.
hands in front of her, and the visual information
(C) These first social experiences become the defaults
confirms her human identity. She remembers eating
that will guide and shape the quality and quantity
breakfast cereal with a spoon, going to school,
of their relationships throughout their lives.
reading a book — all human activities. The claim “I’m
Genetics clearly has an influence on these
a Puppy” is a ⑤ definite proposition that is
defaults; research has demonstrated that children
inconsistent with her deepest internal models.
are born with a certain temperament, including
where they lie on the continuum of introversion to
[정답] ⑤ definite를 superficial과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다. extraversion.
* default: 기본 값 ** temperament: 기질 *** introversion: 내향성
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
278
128 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? 129 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다.
When different cultures meet, whether at the 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
societal level or in the company, ideas about how Like some strange alien creature extending
things should be done often clash. To resolve it, we tentacles, each neuron is simultaneously connected
typically make the assumption that others should to up to thousands of other neurons. It is the
change to be more like us. And we can enforce this combined activity of information coming in that
view because we are in power — either as the boss in determines whether a neuron is active or not. When
an organization or as the dominant culture in a the sum of this activity reaches a tipping point, the
country. But assuming that the dominant person or neuron fires, discharging a small chemical electrical
country has the right rules and the right way is, in signal and setting off a chain reaction in its
itself, anathema to innovating. Self-satisfied people connections. In effect, each neuron is a bit like a
are not good innovators. So when you ask people to microprocessor because it computes the combined
do something not consistent with their cultural activity of all the other neurons it is connected to. It’s
background, ask yourself whether you should be a bit like spreading a rumor in a neighborhood.
rethinking your assumptions about what works best. Some of your neighboring neurons are excitatory
For example, free-flowing talk is usually considered and, like good friends, want to help spread the word.
the hallmark of a good meeting. Everybody just Other neurons are inhibitory and basically tell you to
jumps in whenever they have a thought. However, in shut up. And every time the neuron has such a
some cultures, this is considered rude and pushy, so conversation with its different neighbors or
some people with excellent ideas may not speak up. long-distance pals, it remembers the message either
One solution might be to strengthen their group to spread the word or be silent, so that when the
skills but other methods are to occasionally ask rumor comes round again, the neuron responds with
everyone to express an opinion in turn, ask for ideas more certainty. This is because the connections
in writing, or table an idea on someone else’s behalf. between the neurons have become strengthened by
* hallmark: 특징 ** anathema: 아주 싫어하는 것 repeatedly firing together.
* tentacle 촉수 ** pal: 친구
① Enforcing Dominant Views: A Barrier to Innovative

Thinking!
In the neuron analogy, signals ___(A)___, firing,
② Cultural Encounters: Unveiling Power Dynamics in
like a spreading rumor. Excitatory neurons support,
Shaping Norms
inhibitory neurons suggest silence, ___(B)___
③ Navigating Cultural Clashes: Rethinking
connections through repetition.
Assumptions for Innovation?
④ Resolving Cultural Differences: Strategies for
(A) (B)
Effective Collaboration
① influenced strengthened
⑤ Innovation and Cultural Sensitivity: Reevaluating
② altered strengthened
Assumptions for Success!
[정답] ③ ③ altered enhanced
[해설] 이 단락은 문화적 의견 충돌과 효과적인 혁신을 위한 가정 재고의 필요성을 다 ④ shaped enhanced
루고 있다 그러므로 ③Navigating Cultural Clashes: Rethinking Assumptions for
Innovation? (문화적 충돌 탐색: 혁신의 위한 가정 재고)가 적절하다. ⑤ influenced weakened
① 우세한 견해 강요: 혁신적 사고의 장벽! [정답] ①
② 문화적 만남: 규범 형성에서의 권력 드러냄 [해설]
④ 문화적 차이 해결: 효과적 협업을 위한 전략 → 뉴런의 비유에서 신호는 소문을 퍼뜨리는 것처럼 발사에 영향을 미친다. 흥분성 뉴
⑤ 혁신과 문화적 감수성: 성공을 위한 가정 재평가! 런은 침묵을 암시하고 억제성 뉴런은 반복을 통해 연결을 강화한다.
뉴런은 다른 뉴런들의 조합된 활동에 영향을 받아 발화하고, 반복된 발화로 인해 뉴런
간의 연결이 강회되기에 ① (A)influenced(영향을 주는) (B)strengthening (강화되는)
이 적절하다.
② 변형된 강화된
③ 변형된 향상된
④ 다듬어진 향상된
⑤ 영향을 받은 약해진
279
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 21번] society assumes some of the ④ responsibility for all
130 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? costs of child rearing by giving direct grants to
Conventional economics uses the phrase “factors families with children. These grants are often pegged
of production.” Factors of production are the inputs to the ⑤ median income of workers in the country:
into a production process necessary ① to create any the government might give 10 percent of the
output. For example, when you make a pizza, you country’s median income to any family with two
need a cook, a kitchen with an oven, and the raw children, for example.
ingredients. If you think about it carefully, however, * positive externality: 긍정적인 외부 효과(경제적 거래의 결과로
you will clearly see ② that the cook and kitchen are
different in some fundamental ways from the raw [정답] ① negative를 positive와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
ingredients. The cook and kitchen are approximately

the same after making the pizza as before, though
just a bit more worn out. The raw ingredients,
however, are used up, ③ transformed first into the
pizza itself, then rapidly thereafter into waste. The 132 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
cook and kitchen are not physically embodied in the 은?
pizza, but the raw ingredients are. Thousands of Primates are capable of sophisticated forms of
years ago, Aristotle discussed this important reasoning in naturalistic settings, especially when
distinction and divided causation (factors) into their food — or position in the social hierarchy — is in
material cause, ④ that which is transformed, and danger.
efficient cause, that which causes the transformation
without itself ⑤ transforming in the process. Raw (A) In fact, their performance continued to accelerate
ingredients are the material cause, and the cook and over hundreds of new object sets, until eventually
kitchen are the efficient cause. the monkeys could respond almost perfectly from
the second trial onwards. Harlow argued that over
[정답] ⑤ transforming을 being transformed로 바꿔야 적절하다.

the course of repeated pairings, the monkeys had
learnt how to learn.
(B) It seems that the monkeys learnt something
abstract about the relations between the two
stimuli in each pairing — that if one was
rewarded, the other was not. By generalizing this
knowledge to new pairings, they could learn ever
131 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 faster. Human children tested in a comparable
지 않은 것은?
fashion showed the same ability.
A society needs to raise children to replace its
members who die, or the society would disappear (C) However, it is unclear how versatile their
over a couple of generations. One could, therefore, relational reasoning might be. In the 1940s, the
think of the production of children as a ① negative primatologist Harry Harlow made an interesting
externality. Those who do not have children benefit discovery. In a series of experiments, monkeys
from the child-rearing labors of those who do; they learnt to choose between two visual objects, one of
enjoy a society of varied ages in which to live as they which was rewarded and one was not. Harlow
grow older, and a labor force of younger people is ② noted with surprise that each time the task was
available to support them in their retirement. Should restarted with two entirely novel objects, the
all then share in the economic costs of raising the monkeys learnt slightly faster.
children? In the United States, the cost of educating
children is borne ③ collectively through the system
of public education, but most other costs of raising ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
children are treated as private costs of the parents. ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
In about half of the world’s states, however, the full ④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
280
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 24-25번] schemata
133 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [정답] ①
In the 1930s, the English psychologist Sir Frederic [해설] Sir Frederic Bartlett의 실험을 통해 미국 토착민 이야기를 학습한 영국 대학생
들이 전해 들은 내용을 재현할 때 이상한 세부사항을 생략하며 이야기가 더 간결해지
Bartlett proposed that we gradually build up our 고 경험과 일치하도록 변하는 창조적인 기억의 성격을 보여주기에 ① Omitting a
knowledge of the world from events we experience, number of details (많은 세부사항 생략) 이 적절하다.
② 한 번에 한 가지에 집중하기
and that these experiences are then clustered in ③ 새로운 정보를 기억하기 위한 프레임워크 형성
organized mental structures he called “schemata.” ④ 원본을 보다 일관성 있고 이해하기 쉽게 만들기
⑤ 현재 도식에 맞지 않는 정보를 불러오기
In turn, these schemata (or “schemas”) are used to
help us understand new experiences and form
frameworks in which to remember them. One
potential downside of this arrangement is that it is
relatively difficult for us to understand and
remember information and events that do not fit our
current schemata. One of Bartlett’s classic
demonstrations was to present an unusual North [정답] ⑤
[해설] 후보자의 진로 결정을 형성하고 다른 입장을 수용하는 데 있어 등록금 환급의
American folktale to an English university student to 중요성을 강조하기에
learn and recall. The student’s written recall differed ⑤ Tuition Reimbursement Influence: Choosing Between Job Offers in Pharmacy(등
록금 환급 영향: 약사 채용오퍼 사이의 선택)이 적절하다.
from the original by being shorter and ① 왜 우리는 약사가 되고 싶나?
__________. This first student’s written recall ② 기업의 혜택 패키지
③ 의료계에서 좋은 경력을 쌓는 방법
was then given to a second student to learn and ④ 어려운 진로 결정: 감사 편지와 취업 합격
recall with the result that more unusual details were [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 1번]
dropped out of his reproduction, but other details 134 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
were added, apparently to make the story more Thank you for your offer of the pharmacist
coherent and comprehensible to English ears. This position. The position is attractive to me because I
procedure was repeated until a series of ten students have a strong passion for healthcare and a desire to
had learned the previous reproduction and make a positive impact on patients’ lives. As I
produced their own versions. By the end of the indicated in our last interview, however, I was
series, the reproductions were much shorter, the disappointed to learn that your company would not
supernatural details in the original had been lost, be in a position to reimburse tuition costs for my
and the whole tale was closer to the experience of ongoing study toward a Doctor of Pharmacy degree,
English university students in the 1930s. This currently a primary professional goal of mine. On
demonstration thus illustrates the constructive March 14, I was offered another position by a
nature of remembering, and the effects of beliefs and company whose benefits package includes tuition
attitudes on recollection and understanding. Gossip reimbursement. Because I expect these costs to be
serves as a commonplace example that is similar to substantial in the next two years, I have decided to
Bartlett’s findings, with a story progressively accept this position. I sincerely appreciate the time
changing as it travels across tellings. To return to you have taken and the special interest you have
metaphors for a moment, human memory is not like shown in me during the interview. Thank you again
a tape recorder! for your consideration.
* schema: 스키마(정보를 통합하고 조직화하는 인지적 개념 또는 틀) * pharmacist: 약사 * reimburse: 변제하다, 상환하다
(pl. schemata) ** coherent: 일관된 *** metaphor: 은유 *** substantial: 상당한
① Omitting a number of details ① Why Do We Want to Be a Pharmacist?

② focusing on one thing at a time ② The Benefits Package of a Company
③ forming a framework for remembering new ③ How to Make a Good Career in Healthcare
information ④ Making Tough Career Decisions: A Thank-You
④ making the original more coherent and Letter and Job Acceptance
comprehensible ⑤ Tuition Reimbursement Influence: Choosing
⑤ recalling information that does not fit our current Between Job Offers in Pharmacy
281
One day, Captain Hall, the famous Arctic explorer, Sometimes pursuing the truth about some
went in a small boat ① to visit a certain island which question would be morally worse than not pursuing
he wanted to explore. The boat was fastened to a it.
piece of rock on the shore. When he returned from
his expedition, he discovered the tide had risen and (A) In cases where the only way in which we can
floated his boat, ② which was quite out of reach. obtain certain scientific information is harmful to
Captain Hall feared the extreme danger in which he other people, we generally feel — rightly — that
was placed. The boat was the only connecting link the information is not worth pursuing, all things
between him and the living world, and it was beyond considered. So in deciding whether to pursue a
his reach. What was to be done? To swim towards particular line of inquiry, we must first determine
the boat was out of the question in such a climate. He whether pursuing that line might conflict with our
did the only thing ③ that seemed possible. He other values, moral or otherwise.
unwound the thongs that fastened his boots to create (B) Consider the Nazi or Tuskegee experiments: it is
a line about twenty feet long. He attached a heavy not the information pursued that is morally bad
stone to its end and threw it into the boat, ④ to pull here, but the manner in which that information is
the boat to the shore. It was with unspeakable pursued. And we need not resort to such dramatic
comfort that Captain Hall once more entered it and cases. The National Institutes of Health and the
felt he ⑤ was saved from inevitable starvation — National Science Foundation heavily monitor
saved by a shoe-string! contemporary scientific research that involves
any sort of experiment involving human subjects.
[정답] ④ to pull을 pulling으로 바꿔야 적절하다. (C) This may be because, as in the case of nuclear

weapons research, the answer itself may prove
136 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 dangerous or harmful. But it may also be because
하지 않은 것은? the manner of pursuing that truth is dangerous or
Think about the changes that have taken place in harmful, or simply morally wrong independently
our world over the past 100 years. The first to come of its consequences.
to mind are probably the ① spectacular scientific
and technological achievements of the past century ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
— motor vehicles, aircraft, the telephone, radio and ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
TV, computers and genetic engineering. Each new ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
development creates its own ② demand for legal

change. Consider, for example, the vast body of law
which has grown up around the motor vehicle: there
are regulations governing such matters as the
construction and ③ maintenance of motor vehicles,
the conduct of drivers on the road and even where
vehicles may be parked. Indeed, ④ almost half of the
directly related to the use of motor vehicles. The ⑤
decreasing volume of traffic on the roads and the
resulting inexorable rise in traffic accidents have
[정답] ⑤ decreasing을 increasing과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
282
As parents, we spend countless hours debating on The most effective way to defuse racial ideology is
the freedoms we should allow our children. Too to bring people from different ethnic backgrounds
much freedom may lead to mischief while not together under conditions that enable them to deal
enough may stifle their growth. How much should with one another as individuals and discover that
be allowed? I am always reminded of a circus ideologies obscure important aspects of people and
elephant when in a discussion on freedom. When the the realities of their lives. However, this is difficult
elephant is a baby, it learns restriction by being when teachers, coaches and employers maintain a
tethered to a small stake with a four-foot piece of belief in the myth of black natural physical talent
chain. The elephant is trained to know that its and a lack of cognitive skills. Social scientist Ellis
individual freedom is restricted to that small four Cashmore illustrates this with an experience of
feet. As the elephant grows stronger and larger, it receiving a telephone call from a black journalist
still thinks that it has no more freedom outside of writing for a major newspaper. The journalist asked
those four feet. Although the power to move that why no one actually expressed what he believed to be
stake and run free is immense, it will not attempt to an absolute truth: that black athletes have a ‘natural
break the stake or the chains because of what it edge’. The very fact that a talented black journalist
perceives as being able to. Are you a victim of your believed this defective theory is evidence to its power
own restraints as well? Do you not move beyond and the difficulties in ____________ based on
your four feet circle because you think you are not racial ideology. When such myths maintain
allowed to? Be bold. Step outside your circle and see credibility in society, black people are regarded as
if you can grow. Without breakthroughs, there unsuited to, or unwanted for, study, work and other
cannot be change. activities that demand mental rather than physical
* mischief: 나쁜 행동[짓] ** stifle: 억누르다 skills.
*** tether: (동물을 밧줄로 말뚝에) 매어 놓다
① The Training of Circus Elephants

① promoting diversity
② The Need for Breakthroughs and Change
② escaping expectations
③ The Impact of Restraints on Personal Growth
③ enhancing streotypes
④ Balancing Freedom and Growth for Children
④ enhancing their social status
⑤ Parental Debates on Children's Freedoms
[정답] ③ ⑤ improving their physical abilities
[해설] 자녀에게 허용해야 할 자유에 대한 부모들의 논쟁에 관해 다루고 있다. 너무 많 [정답] ②
은 자유는 나쁜 짓으로 이어질 수 있으며, 너무 제한된 자유는 성장을 억누를 수 있다 [해설] 인종 이념에 기반한 편견이나 고정된 기대치를 극복하는 의미를 전달하므로 ②
고 하여 ③ The Impact of Restraints on Personal Growth(제약이 개인의 성장에 미치 escaping expectations(예상 벗어나기)가 적절하다.
는 영향) 이 적절하다. ① 다양성 증진
① 서커스 코끼리 훈련 ③ 고정관념 향상
② 돌파구와 변화의 필요성 ④ 사회적 지위 향상
④ 아이들의 자유와 성장의 균형 ⑤ 신체능력 향상
⑤ 아동의 자유에 대한 부모의 논쟁
283
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 7번] to take off. And a few years later, he was playing in
140 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? Carnegie Hall in New York City. At the time, this was
Negotiators can make options more palatable by something new for a jazz orchestra. The concert was
enhancing the attractiveness of accepting them. This a ④ tremendous success. After years of appealing
is a matter of ① placing emphasis on the positive only to specialized audiences, jazz had finally broken
rather than the negative. In the language of through and was being ⑤ discarded by mainstream
traditional carrot-and-stick tactics for motivating audiences.
workers, the approach should make the carrot more
attractive rather than ② enlarging the stick. [정답] ⑤ discarded를 accepted와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
Promises and offers can be made more attractive in

several ways: maximizing the attractive qualities
and minimizing the negative ones, showing how the
offer meets the other party’s needs, reducing the
disadvantages of accepting the offer, ③ make offers
more credible by providing third-party references or
factual support, or setting deadlines on offers so they
expire if not accepted quickly. Many would argue ④
that these are common sales tricks similar to
discount coupons, two-for-the-price-of-one offers,
“today only” sales, and extra-added-attraction
elements. They are! Negotiators can and ⑤ should
use the same techniques that salespeople use to
move their products. 142 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
* palatable: 마음에 드는 은?
In the worldview of the Cree hunter, humans do
[정답] ③ make를 making으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
not control the hunt. The fish and game are not there
simply to be taken.
(A) Rather it is the animals who control the success of

the hunt by offering themselves willingly to
people (or, conversely, choosing to withhold
themselves from a hunter).
(B) Indeed, anthropologists argue even more
generally that in all cultures, including those that
Benny Goodman is one of the greatest clarinetists are modem and postmodern, there are profound
of all time. Born in 1909 in Chicago, he began taking connections between the ways that people engage
lessons at the age of 10. With a natural inborn talent, with each other and with other species.
he made rapid progress and was soon playing ① (C) The Cree credit animals with knowing the same
professionally. He was strongly influenced by New things that people know and being able to
Orleans jazz, and it played an ② important role in communicate and share that knowledge with
his music throughout his life. At 16, he joined the people. Humans and animals are in a relationship
Ben Pollack Orchestra in Chicago, which at the time of reciprocity, just as humans are in relationship
was one of the top bands in the United States. He with other humans.
was soon making recordings, and it wasn’t long * Cree: 크리족(북아메리카 원주민) ** reciprocity: 호혜
***anthropologist: 인류학자
before he formed his own band. Although Goodman
was ③ relatively well known before 1935, it was the ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
change in his style that occurred in the Palomar ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
Ballroom in Los Angeles that really caused his career ① (A)-(C)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
284
Stay-at-home parents have new employment Considerable debate exists as to the appropriate
options in our internet economy. Over the last few beneficiaries of affirmative action. In the United
decades many women have been self-employed. States, supporters of affirmative action hoped that,
Such an arrangement gives them greater flexibility by expanding the coverage to apply to many
over their hours and days of work. The rise of remote minority groups, they would broaden the political
work could further increase opportunities for them. base favoring such programs. In practice, however,
Internet platforms such as Withinwork are the wider coverage has diluted, in the minds of
two-sided platforms as workers seeking some, the moral argument in favor of a program
employment post their resumes and employers intended to help the most obvious victims of
seeking workers post their tasks. Artificial governmental discrimination: African Americans
intelligence (AI) algorithms play a key matchmaking and Native Americans. Some argue that the context
role here by gathering and presenting the set of job matters. Thus, because Asian Americans and women
opportunities a person sees. I set up my profile on are generally not under-represented among
Withinwork and was impressed with the alternative university student bodies, affirmative action
tasks that I was offered by the AI. As with any admissions for them would now be inappropriate
two-sided matching platform, the more job offerings (though they should not be singled out for
an applicant sees, the more likely that person restrictions). On the other hand, among corporate
______________. In this sense, as remote work executives or university faculties, blacks, Asians,
grows as a socially high-status activity, this process Latinos, and women all faced exclusion in the past
will gain its own momentum. and remain under-represented today; therefore, in
* momentum: 힘, 탄력 these areas all four groups ought to be beneficiaries
of affirmative action.
① will find value in the platform * affirmative action: (인종·남녀 차별 등으로 인한) 사회적 약자 우대
② will be an artificially intelligent process 정책 ** dilute: 약화하다 *** discrimination: 차별
③ will become a socially high-status activity

① Context Matters: Assessing Affirmative Action
④ will have a negative impact on the job market
Eligibility
⑤ will increase the number of self-employed people
[정답] ④
② Affirmative Action: An Ongoing Debate on
[해설] 원거리 근무의 증가와 Withinwork와 같은 인터넷 플랫폼이 직원을 일자리 기회 Appropriate Beneficiaries
에 연결하는 역할에 대해 논하고 있습니다. 공백 이후의 문장은 구직자에게 일자리 제
안의 중요성에 대해 언급하고 있기에 ① will find value in the platform(플랫폼에서 가
③ Diluted Moral Argument: The Complexity of
치를 찾을 것입니다)가 적절하다. Affirmative Action Beneficiaries
② 인공 지능 프로세스가 될 것입니다
③ 사회적으로 높은 지위에 있는 활동이 될 것입니다
④ Controversies in Affirmative Action: Examining
④ 고용 시장에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 것입니다 Coverage and Context
⑤ 자영업자의 수가 증가할 것입니다
⑤ Affirmative Action : Addressing
Under-representation in Corporate and Academic
Sectors
[정답] ①
[해설] 사회적 약자 우대의 적절한 수혜자에 대한 논쟁을 강조하며 자격을 결정하는데
맥락적인 고려사항을 강조하므로 ① Context Matters: Assessing Affirmative Action
Eligibility(맥락 중요: 사회적 약자 우대 적격성 평가)이 적절하다.
① 맥락 중요: 사회적 약자 우대 적격성 평가
② 사회적 약자 우대 : 적절한 수혜자에 대한 지속적인 논의
③ 희석된 도덕적 논증: 사회적 약자 우대 수혜자의 복잡성
④ 긍정적 행동의 논쟁: 범위와 맥락의 고찰
⑤ 사회적 약자 우대 : 기업 및 학계의 과소대표 문제 해결
285
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 15번] of the finger of the guitar fretboard; each ④
145 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? translates gesture into a direct audible result. Many
Predictions of technological unemployment ① electronic and computer-based instruments have a
have recurred since the onset of the Industrial one-to-many gesture-to-sound relationship when a
Revolution. But the recurring reality was one of mouse gesture or parameter movement changes the
economic growth through creative destruction. Yes, complexity of a rhythmic part, or the timbre and
machines ② destroyed lots of jobs, often with volume of an entire ⑤ ensemble of musical voices.
devastating effects on displaced workers for whom * fretboard: (기타의) 지판 ** parameter: 파라미터, 매개 변수
*** timbre: 음색
new jobs were often too late or out of reach. Over
time, however, job destruction freed up labor and [정답] ② decreasingly를 increasingly와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
capital ③ that went into new and usually better jobs
and higher incomes. That is because technology both
substitutes for labor — in particular, less-skilled
labor — and complements labor, or ④ making it
more productive, thus generating new demand for
labor. Casual observers have often tended “to
overstate the extent of machine substitution for [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 17번]
human labor,” which was readily observable; they 147 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
“repeatedly underestimated the demand for the 은?
work of human beings ⑤ that would remain.” Two Northwestern University marketing
* recur: 되풀이되다, 반복하다 ** onset: 시작, 개시 researchers, David Gal and Derek Rucker,
*** devastating: 치명적인 conducted research using framing techniques to
make people feel uncertain.
[정답] ④ making을 makes로 바꿔야 적절하다.
(A) People who were asked to remember a time of

uncertainty were less confident of their eating
choices. However, when asked to write their
beliefs to persuade someone else to eat the way
they did, they would write more and stronger
arguments than those who were certain of their
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 16번] choice.
146 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 (B) For example, they told one group to remember a
하지 않은 것은? time when they were full of certainty, and the
The most common situation in which musical other group to remember a time when they were
equipment becomes an ① instrument is in live full of doubt. Then they asked the participants
performance. Playing the piano is generally whether they were meat eaters, vegetarians,
associated with performance in realtime, and vegans, or otherwise, how important this was to
computer-based musical instruments are ② them, and how confident they were in their
decreasingly being played in real-time. For example, opinions.
laptop computers are increasingly used in (C) Gal and Rucker performed the research with
performance by live electronic musicians even in different topics (for example, preferences for a
preference to keyboard synthesizers, groove boxes, Mac versus a Windows computer) and found
and turntables. One thing that changes in computer similar results. When people were less certain,
performances is that the gestural relationship with they would dig in and argue even harder.
sound is sometimes less ③ direct. In acoustic * framing: 프레이밍(생각의 틀 짜기)
instrument performance the musician’s gestures are
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
translated into sound. Many instruments have a
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
one-to-one gesture-to-sound relationship, including
the press of the piano or synthesizer key, or the slide
286
In the same way that it is sometimes advisable to (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
take a momentary break, or “fast,” from some of our To the extent that one can distinguish self-esteem
food, beverages, and habits, a media fast may be from public esteem, the latter seems to be more
good for your system. Spending a set period of time important. The overriding motive of narcissists
unplugged can clarify for you the advantages and seems to be to obtain social approval from others.
disadvantages of your media practices. Life without That is, they spend much of their time and energy
electronic devices ________________ constant seeking ways to get others to admire them. In terms
distraction, online advertisements, and artificial of being liked by others, rather than admired, they
blue light. You’ll have more time for other things, are somewhat indifferent. That is, narcissists are no
like physical activity, face-to-face interaction, and more nor less interested than anyone else in being
even solitude. You’ll also have the opportunity to liked. Being admired, however, is extremely
reflect critically on how life in the Communication important to them. In general, they do not seem
Age differs from older modes of living and overly concerned with proving something to
connecting and engaging with the world. themselves (possibly because they are already
* solitude: 고독 privately persuaded of their own good qualities), but
they are quite interested in demonstrating their
① ends up exposing you to superiority to others. For example, if given a chance
② doesn’t completely eliminate to tackle a difficult task and find out how good they
③ is believed to partially involve are, narcissists put forth minimal effort if no one is
④ makes you more concentrate on looking, which is a sign that they do not really care
⑤ momentarily separates you from about demonstrating their brilliance to themselves,
[정답] ⑤ whereas if others are watching, they put forth
[해설]
일시적으로 미디어의 사용을 중단하는 것은 신체에 좋을 뿐 아니라 자신의 미디어 관 maximum effort in order to shine.
행을 점검하고 다른 것들을 위한 시간을 확보할 수 있게 하는 등의 이점이 있기 때문에 * overriding: 최우선시 되는
미디어 단식은 필요하다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ⑤ ‘momentarily

separates you from(~에서 여러분이 잠시 벗어나게 해 준다)’가 가장 적절하다.
① ~으로 결국 여러분을 노출시킨다 Narcissists strive to make others ____(A)____
② ~를 완전히 제거하진 못한다
③ ~를 부분적으로 포함한다고 여겨진다
them. They also tend to put ____(B)____ effort
④ ~에 여러분이 더 집중하게 만든다 into demonstrating their superiority when they’re
with others than when they’re alone.
(A) (B)
① like less
② like more
③ admire less
④ admire more
⑤ approve of less
[정답] ④
[해설]
→ 나르시시스트들은 다른 사람들이 자신을 존경하게 만들기 위해 노력한다. 그들은
또한 혼자 있을 때보다 다른 사람들과 함께 있을 때 자신의 탁월함을 보여주기 위해 더
노력하는 경향이 있다.
나르시시스트들은 다른 사람의 인정과 존경을 받는 데 많은 시간과 에너지를 소모하
고 다른 사람이 보고 있을 때 자신의 탁월함을 입증하기 위해 최대한의 노력을 기울인
다는 내용이다. 그러므로 (A)에는 admire, approve of, (B)에는 more가 들어가야 글의
① 좋아하게 ... 덜
② 좋아하게 ... 더
③ 존경하게 ... 덜
④ 존경하게 ... 더
⑤ 인정하게 ... 덜
287
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 20번] knowledge. As a result, when you look at your best
150 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? friend’s face, brain regions that store information
One obvious area ① where climbing and about what faces look like, particularly those that are
philosophy intersect is with regard to the normative familiar to you, can help you to perceive and
dimension of climbing — the ethical or unethical recognize the specific ⑤ visual stimulus.
behavior of climbers. Some of the ethical issues in * transduction: (에너지 등의) 변화 ** neutral: 신경의
*** impulse: 자극
climbing involve a straightforward extension of
more general moral principles. For example, it is [정답] ④ neglection을 perception과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
wrong ② to lie about your climbing

accomplishments because it is generally wrong to lie
about accomplishments; it is wrong to needlessly
endanger others at the cliff because, more generally,
it is always wrong to needlessly endanger others.
However, other ethical issues involve factors ③ that
are unique to climbing and thus cannot be resolved 은?
by invoking broader moral rules. Is it wrong to place The European Union, since the late 1990s, has
bolts on rappel? Is it cheating ④ to use pre-placed embraced gender mainstreaming as its main
gear on a traditional pitch? For these sorts of strategy for addressing gender inequality in policy
questions, broader moral rules do not apply in any making.
straightforward way, and climbers must work out for
themselves ⑤ that is right or wrong within the (A) For example, gender mainstreaming may
context of climbing. explicitly consider the experiences of men, such as
* invoke: (법 등을) 적용하다 ** rappel: (암벽에서) 줄을 타고
parental leave as a legal claim for men or labor
policies for men in female-dominated
[정답] ⑤ that을 what으로 바꿔야 적절하다. occupations (e.g., nursing). Gender
mainstreaming can also apply to health care,
equally promoting women’s and men’s health
care needs.
(B) It is defined as the integration of the gender
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 2 21번] perspective into every stage of the policy process
151 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 (design, implementation, monitoring, and
지 않은 것은?
evaluation). Gender mainstreaming is based on
Sensation and perception almost always happen
the understanding that all policies have the
together. Researchers, however, have studied each
potential to impact social and demographic
process separately to determine how the two work
groups differently, thus creating and sustaining
together. Perception can occur through bottom-up
unequal power relations.
processing, which begins with the physical stimuli
(C) In many countries, coronary heart disease is
from the environment, and ① proceeds through
defined through a masculine lens, influencing all
transduction of those stimuli into neural impulses.
areas of medical care from prevention to recovery.
The signals are passed along to ② successively more
Not only does this lead to overlooking women’s
complex brain regions, and ultimately result in the
heart health needs, but it also may negatively
recognition of a visual stimulus. For example, when
impact men who do not seem to fit the model of
you look at the face of your best friend, your eyes
hegemonic masculinity.
convert light energy into ③ neural impulses, which
travel into the brain to visual regions. This *** hegemonic masculinity: 헤게모니 남성성
information forms the basis for sensing the visual
stimulus and ultimately its ④ neglection. Equally ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
important to perception, however, is top-down ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
processing, which involves previously acquired ② (B)-(A)-(C)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
288
Although a traditional textbook drawing suggests In Singapore, due to road pricing, one can always
that neurons in the brain are happily packed next to expect to be able to achieve a speed of 40 miles per
one another like jelly beans in ajar, don’t let the hour on the road. While the rich are more likely to
cartoon fool you: neurons are locked in competition afford this, buses can also achieve these speeds, and
for survival. Just like neighboring nations, neurons with the economies of scale of a bus this lowers the
stake out their territories and persistently defend per-person trip price for achieving this speed. The
them. They fight for territory and survival at every full cost of commuting includes not only the
level of the system: each neuron and each out-of-pocket expenditure on gasoline, parking, and
connection between neurons fights for resources. As road use fees but the value of the lost time. If a
the border wars rage through the lifetime of a brain, commute takes thirty minutes rather than fifteen
maps are redrawn in such a way that the experiences minutes because of traffic congestion, then the
and goals of a person are always reflected in the commuter has lost fifteen minutes. Economists have
brain’s structure. If an accountant drops her career adopted the rule of thumb of valuing such lost time
to become a pianist, the neural territory devoted to by half of the person’s hourly wage. For example, if I
her fingers will expand; if she becomes a earn $80 an hour and I lose fifteen minutes stuck in
microscopist, her visual cortex will develop higher traffic, then this costs me $10 in lost time (.25 x 80 x
resolution for the small details she seeks; if she .5).
becomes a perfumer, her brain regions assigned to To conserve on such lost time due to congestion,
smell will enlarge. cities such as Stockholm, London, and Singapore
* stake out: ~을 차지하다 ** cortex: (대뇌) 피질 have adopted road pricing. Drivers in such cities
move at higher speeds and save time but must pay
① the effect of career changes on brain regions
more money out of pocket to travel at peak use
② the universal process by which the brain is
times. One explanation for why so few cities have
restructured
③ unchanging overall brain structure that reflects a
economics: people are used to the roads being free.
person’s life
To an economist, this is a puzzling explanation
④ what makes neurons fight and what makes them
because congested roads ________________.
stop fighting
This time cost means that free roads are not free to
⑤ the relationship between neuronal competition and
use. A second explanation for the opposition to road
brain’s structure
pricing is that many poor people drive and they
[정답] ⑤
[해설] prefer to pay for their commute using their time
뉴런은 인접한 국가와 마찬가지로 자신의 영역을 차지하고 방어하려 하며, 영역과 생
rather than paying a road use fee.
존을 위해 경쟁하므로, 한 사람의 경험과 목표의 변화에 따라 뇌의 재구조화가 계속 이
루어진다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ⑤ ‘the relationship between neuronal * commute: 통근(하다) ** expenditure: 경비
competition and brain’s structure(뉴런의 경쟁과 뇌 구조의 관계)’가 가장 적절하다. *** congestion: 정체
① 직업의 변화가 뇌 영역에 미치는 영향
② 뇌가 재구조화되는 보편적인 과정 ① cost us valuable time
③ 한 사람의 인생을 반영하는 변하지 않는 전반적인 뇌 구조 ② make us take our time
④ 뉴런들이 싸우는 이유와 싸움을 멈추게 하는 이유
③ call for us to leave earlier
④ are unlikely to be resolved
⑤ are more than a city’s symbol
[정답] ①
[해설]
교통 정체로 인한 통근자의 시간 손실을 줄이기 위해 세계 몇몇 도시에서 채택한 도로
혼잡 통행료 징수제의 취지와 돈을 내고 속도를 더 내는 것에 대한 논쟁점에 관한 내용
이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ① ‘cost us valuable time(우리는 귀중한 시간을 잃는다)
‘가 가장 적절하다.
② 우리가 마음의 여유를 갖게 한다
③ 더 일찍 출발해야 한다
④ 해결될 것 같지 않다
⑤ 도시의 상징 그 이상이다
289
Thank you for always ① supporting our park’s Urban agriculture is moving from just a practice
efforts to improve our community’s health and for earning an income and small food-producing
social bonds. As we have announced, construction at activities to a more sustainable practice that focuses
Lions Park will begin as soon as the spring season ② on promoting local food production as an
allows. As an alternative place to play pickleball in energy-saving resource that is central to creating
town this summer, the lines for three pickleball vital urban communities.
courts will ③ paint on the blacktop surface at Rose
Park, located at 201 Green Valley Road. The blue (A) With the recognition of natural resource decline
equipment bin with portable nets and extra balls and the advance of environmental degradation in
from Lions Park will be relocated there as well. The cities today, urban agriculture is taking on new
combination ④ to unlock the bin can be obtained by meaning in bringing ecological-based systems
calling the front desk at the community center. If back into the city as a vital part of the solution to
you have any questions ⑤ regarding the alternative creating more sustainable cities. This does require
pickleball courts, please contact Mark Perkins at a paradigm shift in thinking about food as an
mperkins @ ShakopeeMN.gov. We look forward to integral part of the city’s framework.
the completion of the new dedicated pickleball (B) In current practice, the term urban agriculture
courts at Lions Park this summer. does not necessarily mean that food production
* pickleball: 피클볼(배드민턴, 테니스, 탁구의 요소가 결합한 새로운
itself is based on a sustainable methodology or
procedure but when combined with an
[정답] ③ paint를 be painted로 바꿔야 적절하다.
ecological-based approach it does.
(C) It needs to become even more central to city
planning as food security and food safety become
issues that cities need to address along with the
increase in population that is creating a strain on
a global level with regards to food availability and
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 2번] health.
156 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 * degradation: 저하
I should have guessed things were not going to go ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
well when I stepped off the train at Weston Station ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
and there was no sign of my father. I was only fifteen,
and there was no way I could go back home if he
didn’t show up. I ① wandered up and down the
platform. The waiting felt like forever, and I began to
② anxiously wonder if something bad had happened
to him. After a while, one of the station employees ③
approached me and asked me if I was all right. I said
I was fine, but inside, my concern was growing. Then
I glanced to the left and noticed my dad. At that very
moment, all my anxieties ④ appeared. ‘Dad!’ I
shouted. I snatched my little bag from the floor and
ran to him. ‘Sorry to keep you waiting, Son,’ he said,
ruffling my hair and ⑤ pulling me close to him.
‘Let’s go home.’ He smiled, and I returned his smile
with an even bigger one.
* snatch: 낚아채다 ** ruffle: 헝클어 놓다
[정답] ④ appeared를 disappeared와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
290
There is a tendency in some parents to treat small I think of neuroscience and the human sciences as
children as if they are much older. It seems as if they like two very small miners energetically tunnelling
want to give the impression that their child is mature in from opposite sides of an immense Alp. Although
beyond his age. They ask a small child to make neuroscientists on their side of the Alp do not listen
decisions about matters he is too young to decide. much to sounds of digging from the humanists on
When a child is put in this situation, sometimes he the other side, some humanists, those concerned
will do what the parent wants him to do, and with the brain’s role in the arts, listen very closely to
sometimes he will simply say, “No.” This is his what the neuroscientists on the other side are
attempt to show his authority and to display his saying. We _____________ a great many
power. A small child should never be asked to make researchers. We hope for answers from them to the
a decision he is too young to make. The parent questions that bother us. The neuroscientists and we
should make the decision and then give instructions of the human sciences, even if we are divided into
to the child. For example, if a parent thinks that a two groups, share the same hope. Although dwarfed
child should stop playing and eat, he should not ask by the mountain, we hope our diggings will meet in
the child, “Do you want to eat now?” He should tell the middle of that huge Alp, and there we will
the child to put his toys away and get ready to eat. If discover this mysterious, magical treasure, Mind.
he thinks that the child should take a nap, he should We hope.
not ask the child, “Do you want to take a nap?” He * dwarf: 왜소해 보이게 만들다
should tell the child that it is time for his nap.
① look critically at
① Start Your Instructions to Children with a Question ② draw hopefully on
Mark! ③ don’t really care about
② Appropriate Direction: A Supporter for Children as ④ don’t expect much from
They Make Decisions ⑤ tend to be indifferent to

[정답] ②
③ What Parents Should Do About Decisions Young [해설]
Children Can't Make 신경 과학과 인문 과학은 거대한 Alp의 양쪽 반대편으로 나누어져 있기는 하지만 각
학문이 그 산의 한가운데서 만나 두 학문이 연구하는 마음에 대한 이해가 한데 모이기
④ Let Children Make Decisions Based on Their 를 바란다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ② ‘draw hopefully on(희망을 안고 의존
Developmental Stage! 한다)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 비판적으로 바라본다
⑤ Give Children Opportunities to Make Tough ③ 크게 관심이 없다
Decisions for Themselves! ④ 큰 기대를 하지 않는다
⑤ 무관심한 경향이 있다
[정답] ③
[해설]
일부 부모에게는 아이가 너무 어려 결정할 수 없는 문제에 관해 결정을 내리도록 요구
하는 경향이 있는데, 그런 결정은 부모가 내린 다음 아이에게 지시해야 한다는 내용이
다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ③ ‘What Parents Should Do About Decisions Young
Children Can't Make(어린 아이들이 내릴 수 없는 결정에 관해 부모들이 해야 할 일)’
이 가장 적절하다.
① 아이들에게 내리는 지시는 물음표로 시작해라.
② 적절한 지시: 아이들이 결정을 내릴 때의 그들의 지지자
④ 아이들의 발전 단계에 맞게 결정하게 해라!
⑤ 어려운 결정들을 아이들이 스스로 해결할 수 있는 기회를 주어라!
291
Modem broadcast media may ① have contributed 은?
to the perpetuation of the innate talent account of W. E. B. DuBois (1868-1963), an African
musical performance ability. The discovery of an American sociologist, graduated from Fisk
exceptional child performer — “the next Mozart” is a University in Tennessee and became the first African
common label — makes for a much better story than American to receive a doctorate from Harvard
reporting ② how advanced musical learning has University.
resulted from an unusually plentiful combination of

environmental, educational, and economic factors. (A) He also helped create the National Association for
Beyond simple media sensationalism, however, the the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and
belief in talent offers other ③ appealed effects. edited its influential magazine, Crisis. Later, he
Giving the musically talented person the designation even advocated the use of force to achieve racial
of specialness can turn the experience of a concert equality. Finally, seeing little improvement in
into a fantastic, even supernatural, happening. Plus, race relations, he moved in 1961 to the African
musicians ④ themselves can benefit from the nation of Ghana, where he died 2 years later.
“gifted” label. Feeling special — or even divinely (B) At the same time, however, he worked hard to
blessed — can contribute to musicians’ selfesteem apply his enormous knowledge to improving
and motivation; consequently, many “talented” society. He founded the Niagara Movement, an
musicians feel an obligation ⑤ to nurture their gift, organization of African American intellectuals
which allows them to approach their musical fighting for racial equality.
activities with confidence and the expectation of (C) Then, at Atlanta University, he founded the
success. nation’s second department of sociology. He soon
* perpetuation: 영구화 ** nurture: (재능 따위를) 기르다 began a highly productive academic career that
included, among many other things, founding two
[정답] ③ appealed를 appealing으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
scholarly journals and writing numerous books
and articles. He focused his research and writing
on the racial problems in the United States.
Many have observed that people often use mobile ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
phones in waiting areas. It is a way to kill time but it ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

is also a way to create a space within what is often a
weak or poorly ① refined space. Spaces at the edge of
a dead zone for making mobile calls are also prime
spots for making calls or sending texts. So, when
people touch down at an airport or leave a tunnel
after having been out of ② contact with a cell tower,
they are more likely to make calls or send texts. The
mobile phone can be used to ③ share a space with
someone at a distance, for example, people at a
concert who call others so they can hear part (or all)
of the concert. At the ④ extreme, people may be so
immersed in the interaction with others on a mobile
phone, that they lose contact with those in the
physical space they occupy. Sherry Turkle calls this
alone together, others have used the term ⑤ absent
presence to characterize this behavior.
* dead zone: 휴대 전화 불통 지역 ** cell tower: 무선 셀 기지국
[정답] ① refined를 defined와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
292
We are so easily impressed and make judgements Overfishing is in large part a consequence of
based on superficial evidence, but sometimes luxury excessive effort and capacity in fisheries. Too often,
____________________ that improves our fishery managers have been unable to control fishing
well-being. Wearing designer clothes can make us effort, resulting in unsustainable levels of catch. This
feel better about ourselves, which then becomes has been a particular problem for open-access
self-reinforcing. When we put on our luxury clothes fisheries where management does not limit the
we feel special and behave accordingly. Luxury number of participants or high individual effort. In
goods light up the pleasure centres in our brain. If this situation, the economic incentives favor
you think you are drinking expensive wine, not only short-term exploitation over long-term sustainable
does it taste better but the brain's valuation system use because the economic benefits of sacrificing
associated with the experience of pleasure shows current catch to rebuild the stock are hard to
greater activation, compared to drinking exactly the perceive compared to short-term needs (bills to be
same wine when you believe it to be cheap. What’s paid), and long-term benefits may have to be shared
important here is the belief — not the actual luxury. with newcomers when the fishery recovers. As more
Francesca Gino, a professor at Harvard Business people enter the fishery or improve their fishing
School, found that people who wore what they capabilities, __________________________.
believed to be fake designer brand sunglasses (but This often fosters competition to maintain or even
were in fact genuine) felt like frauds and were more increase individual catch levels even as stocks
likely to cheat on tests. You may be able to fake until decline. In response, managers may shorten fishing
you make it, but deep down, if we do, many of us feel seasons; participants then increase their fishing
like imposters. power, and effort becomes concentrated in time,
* fake: 모조의; 속이다 ** fraud: 사기꾼 *** imposter: 사기꾼 sometimes resulting in “races for fish” or “fishing
derbies.”
① gives us a sense of inferiority * exploitation: 이기적 이용 ** derby: 시합, 경기
② shuts off a certain part of our brain
③ provides a psychological boost to confidence ① the odds end up being in everyone’s favor
④ is associated with the consumed product itself ② fishing time is lengthened to meet individual needs
⑤ casts doubt on the genuine value of the product ③ rebuilding the stock of fish becomes unnecessary
[정답] ③ ④ the future yield to the individual fisher decreases
[해설]
고급스럽다고 믿는 제품을 소비했을 때 뇌의 쾌락 중추가 활성화돼 소지자의 기분을 ⑤ long-term benefits are favored over short-term
좋게 한다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로 ③‘provides a psychological boost to needs
confidence(자신감의 심리적 증진을 제공한다)’가 가장 적절하다.
[정답] ④
① 우리에게 열등감을 준다
[해설]
② 우리 뇌의 특정한 부분을 차단한다
어장에서 단기적인 이기적 이용을 선호했을 때 어장 관리자가 참여자의 수나 고도의
④ 소비된 제품 자체와 관련이 있다
개별적 노력을 제한하지 못해 생길 수 있는 어류 남획 문제를 다루는 내용이다. 그러므
⑤ 상품의 진가에 의문을 품다
로 빈칸으로 ④ ’the future yield to the individual fisher decreases(개별 어부의 미래
어획량은 감소한다)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 승산은 경국 모두의 편이다
② 낚시 시간은 개인의 필요를 충족시키기 위해 연장된다
③ 어류 자원을 복원하는 것은 불필요한 일이 된다
⑤ 단기적인 필요보다 장기적인 이익이 선호된다
293
Typically, homework consists of any assigned task 은?
slated to be done outside the hours of class. What the Because advertisers in the 1950s were interested
word homework does not describe is the quality or in reaching baby boomers, many radio stations
quantity of the task, a reality ① what makes played music called rock ‘n’ roll with disc jockeys
homework discussions challenging because it turns that specifically called out to them.
into a war of vocabulary. For example, if two people

discuss their children’s homework, one ② could be (A) The development in 1948 of the transistor, a much
railing against mindless worksheets while the other smaller replacement for the Audion vacuum tube,
is in favor of carefully crafted activities prompting led to the miniaturization of radio receivers. Now
students to reflect or create. But instead of ③ radio became something that people could
naming the specific activity, they both refer to the literally take with them throughout the day — to
tasks simply as “homework.” And so one parent the park, to the beach, or wherever.
wonders why on earth anyone would be a proponent (B) Other stations targeted different age groups with
of (mindless) homework while the other can’t different styles of music and DJs. This new sort of
understand why a parent wouldn’t want their child station that focused on particular music
④ to do (relevant and creative) work at home. ⑤ preferences caught on because radio was now
Neither parent understands the other’s point of view more portable than ever.
because they aren’t speaking the same language (C) All of a sudden, the medium had a new life, and
about homework. companies rushed to get new licenses. The
* slated: (일정이) 계획된 ** rail: 불평하다 number of stations jumped dramatically, from
about one thousand in 1946 to nearly 3,500 in the
mid-1950s. The largest proportion of these played
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 15번] specific types of music.
166 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 * baby boomer: (특히 2차 세계대전 후의) 베이비 붐 세대인 사람
American sociologist William Julius Wilson has ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
argued that an ① intended consequence of African ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
American suburbanization has been that inner cities ② (B)-(A)-(C)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
have lost valuable role models. As higher income

minorities leave center cities, young people who
remain are less likely to see and ② interact with
adult men who work and have achieved upward
income mobility. Research in ③ development
economics has documented, with data from the
Dominican Republic, that when young people are
informed about the wage gains that are possible by
obtaining more education, this information ④
increases their educational attainment. The
explanation for this is that young people are more
likely to underestimate the economic benefits of
education when they never interact with people who
look like them and have also attained a high level of
education. The ⑤ suburbanization of upwardly
mobile people thus has social consequences for peer
effects in the inner city.
* inner city: (흔히 대도시의, 사회적인 문제가 많은) 도심 지역
[정답] ① intended를 unintended와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
294
(A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Many of our activities (arguing, solving problems,
In a study by Arthur Aron and myself, we created a budgeting time, etc.) are metaphorical in nature.
fake computer dating service, but instead of The metaphorical concepts that characterize those
romance, the goal was to help college students find activities structure our present reality. New
friendship. All the subjects listed their interests, and metaphors have the power to create a new reality.
we returned a week later to ask them to review a This can begin to happen when we start to
profile written by another person and judge whether comprehend our experience in terms of a metaphor,
they liked and wanted to meet them. Half of them and it becomes a deeper reality when we begin to act
were told that our ultra-reliable, matchmaker in terms of it. If a new metaphor enters the
program determined that this new person was an conceptual system that we base our actions on, it will
ideal match for them. The other half weren’t told alter that conceptual system and the perceptions and
anything. When people weren’t given any actions that the system gives rise to. Much of
information about whether a friendship was likely, cultural change arises from the introduction of new
they preferred people with interests just like theirs. metaphorical concepts and the loss of old ones. For
But when they were told that a friendship was likely, example, the Westernization of cultures throughout
they preferred people who complemented them with the world is partly a matter of introducing the time is
different interests. That is, when people were money metaphor into those cultures.
confident that a relationship was possible, they * metaphorical: 은유적인, 비유적인
wanted to spend time with people who were unique,
interesting, and who offered a chance for them to ① Why Are Actions and Perceptions Intertwined?
expand their horizons. ② Metaphors Shaping All Human Activities
* fake: 가짜의 ③ Concepts: The Mirrors to our Past
 ④ Can We Live in a World without Metaphors?
With respect to interests, judgment about a ⑤ Metaphors: Creators of New Realities
potential friend may ____(A)____ among [정답] ⑤
[해설]
individuals, depending on the ____(B)____ of 인간의 많은 활동을 특징짓는 것은 은유적 개념이며 우리의 현재 현실을 조직하는데
making a new friendship. 새로운 은유가 개념에 도입되면 그 개념 체계와 그 체계가 만들어 내는 인식과 행동을
바꾼다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로
⑤’Metaphors: Creators of New Realities(은유: 새로운 현실의 창조자)‘가 가장 적절하
(A) (B) 다.
① 행동과 인식이 얽혀있는 이유는 무엇일까?
① correlate confidence ② 인간의 모든 활동을 결정하는 은유
② differ likelihood ③ 개념: 우리의 과거를 반영하는 거울
④ 우리는 비유 없는 세상에서 살 수 있을까?
③ overlap probability
④ vanish realization
⑤ vary preference
[정답] ②
[해설]
→ 관심사와 관련하여, 잠재적인 친구에 대한 판단은 새로운 친구를 만들 가능성에 따
라 개인마다 다를 수 있다.
새로운 사람에 대한 친구 관계 가능 여부에 관한 정보를 사전에 받지 않았을 때 자신과
관심사가 비슷한 사람을 선호하고 친구 관계가 될 가능성이 높다는 정보를 받았을 때
다른 관심사로 자신을 보완하는 사람을 선호한다고 보여주는 실험 내용이다. 그러므
로 ② (A)에는 ’다르다‘를 뜻하는 differ이, (B)에는 ’가능성‘을 뜻하는 likelihood가 들어
가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 상호관계가 있다 ... 확신
③ 겹치다 ... 확률
④ 사라지다 ... 깨달음
⑤ 다르다 ... 선호도
295
Animal damage control advocates often 지 않은 것은?
characterize game animals as pest species. Deer, for A gene can increase in frequency by making its
instance, do not kill farm animals but are blamed for bearers more likely than nonbearers to perform
① destroying gardens, bringing disease, causing car some fitness-enhancing behavior. For example,
accidents, and wreaking other forms of damage in females of many species choose a mate based on the
suburbs. So sport hunters are allowed to kill deer quality of male courtship displays. If the courtship
with public support — after all, no one wants ② to displays of males differ in quality and a genetic ①
involve in a collision with a deer. Unfortunately for indifference underlies the display difference, the
deer, hunting does not necessarily control their gene for the superior display will increase in
populations. They can rebound soon after hunting frequency. Of course, courtship behaviors are not
season due to lessened competition for resources. the only behaviors that ② affect fitness. If parents
And, of course, the animal damage control measures differ in the quantity of care they give to their
that wiped out many of their natural predators also offspring, if the quantity of care affects the viability
play a role in their large numbers. There are of offspring, and if a genetic difference ③ underlies
numerous methods ③ to prevent the damage that this difference in parental care, then the gene for
deer can cause, such as more responsible driving, higher quantity care will increase in frequency. So,
speed limits, warning signs, roadside reflectors, as as long as a gene makes some fitness-enhancing
well as the use of fencing along roadways. Yet the behavior more likely, that gene will increase in ④
fact remains ④ that as long as developers continue frequency in a population, and as a result the
to build in suburban areas, humans and wildlife will behavior may increase in frequency as well. For this
come into contact. Sadly, animal damage control reason, biologists frequently say that, from the
programs have just one way of ⑤ solving these standpoint of ⑤ evolutionary biology, “behavioral
problems — hunting. traits are like any other class of characters.”

* courtship: 구애 ** viability: 생존 능력
[정답] ① indifference를 difference와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
[정답] ② to involve를 to be involved로 바꿔야 적절하다.
296
은? Human impacts are the most direct in the upper
A mark of postmodernity is the increasing 500 meters of the ocean as commercial fishing is not
mobility, both voluntary and forced, of human conducted in deeper waters. Indeed, geological
populations around the world. extraction and construction of ports and windmill
farms are typically conducted in waters of 50 meters
(A) Moreover, the American experience has become depth or less. In shallow and nearshore waters
the norm in other parts of the world as well. human impacts are palpable, even in remote parts of
People’s identities have become fractured, the world. Animal life in Antarctic waters is
pluralized, and hybridized, and populations that abundant and has been protected from commercial
were silent and marginalized in the past have use for decades, yet hunting in the early part of the
suddenly moved to the center of the historical and twentieth century changed the ecosystem to a degree
cultural stage. that it can no longer be considered a pristine
(B) Although the United States has always been a ecosystem. This is not to say that there are not
nation of immigrants, it managed, at least until pristine-like nearshore waters left on Earth. A case
World War II, to maintain a sense of itself as a may be made for the northwest Hawaii islands,
whole, a European-derived, English-speaking which have never been inhabited by humans and
nation. But new migrations — Asian, African, and only very rarely have experienced fishing
Latino — have challenged this image and made it expeditions. Such locations are few — in fact,
almost impossible to define a central cultural probably less than 1% of the ocean surface is fully
identity for the nation. protected against fishing or other kinds of disturbing
(C) The migration of whole societies, the problem of activities.
refugees, the incorporation of migrant workers, * pristine-like: 자연[원래] 그대로와 비슷한 ** palpable: 매우
have created a global, multicultural society that
challenges the ability of any nation to define a ① Never Ending Ocean
reasonably homogeneous cultural identity or a set ② Can We Save Our Planet?
of cultural norms. The case of the failure of ③ Human Effort Brings Results
America’s “melting pot” image is a telling ④ Bringing Life to Our Waters
example. ⑤ Humans: The Reason Our Ocean Hurts
* homogeneous: 동질의 ** fracture: 조각내다 [정답] ⑤
*** pluralize: 복수로 만들다 [해설]
인간이 바다의 상층 500미터에서 가장 직접적인 영향을 미치며 상업적 어업, 지질 채
취, 항구 및 풍력 발전 단지 건설, 등 여러 활동에 의해 지구의 외딴 지역도 피해를 보고
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ⑤Humans: The Reason Our Ocean Hurts(우리
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) 의 바다가 아픈 이유: 인간)’이 가장 적절하다.
⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다. ① 끝이 없는 바다
② 우리는 지구를 구할 수 있을까?
③ 인간의 노력이 성과를 거두다
④ 우리 바다에 생명을 불어넣기
297
In a simple experiment conducted by Michael When it comes to the common belief fallacy in
Ross, Cathy McFarland, and Garth Fletcher, college your own life, remember that scientists are always
students received a persuasive message arguing the trying ① to reach better conclusions, and that is
importance of frequent tooth brushing. After something you don’t do as an individual, at least not
receiving the message, they changed their attitudes by default, and by extension it is something your
toward tooth brushing. Needless to say, this is not institutions are not so great at either. You don’t seek
surprising. But here’s what was surprising: Later out ② what science calls the null hypothesis. That is,
that same day in a different situation, the students when you believe in something, you rarely seek out
were asked, “How many times have you brushed evidence to the contrary to see how it matches up
your teeth in the past 2 weeks?” Those who received with your assumptions. That’s the source of urban
the message recalled that they brushed their teeth legends, folklore, superstitions, and all the rest.
far more frequently than did students in the control Having doubts is not your strong suit. Corporations
condition. The students were not attempting to and other institutions rarely set aside a division
deceive the researcher; there was no reason for them tasked with paying attention to the faults of the
to lie. They were simply using their new attitudes as agency. Unlike in science, most human undertakings
a heuristic to help them remember. In a sense, they leave out a special department ③ devoting to
needed to believe that they had always behaved in a looking for the worst in the operation — not just a
sensible and reasonable manner — even though they complaint department, but a department that asks if
had just now discovered what that sensible behavior the organization is on the right path. Every human
might be. effort should systematically pause and ask if it is
* heuristic: 휴리스틱(특정 상황에서 사람들이 신속하게 사용하는 currently mistaken. ④ To beat your brain, you need
that department constantly operating in your
cranium. You would do well to borrow from the
① Are We Really Sensible Beings?
lessons of the scientific method and ⑤ apply them in
② The Quest for Reason and Logic
your personal life. In the background, while you sew
③ How Can We Become More Reasonable?
and golf and browse cat videos, science is fighting
④ Sensibility: Human Nature
against your stupidity. No other human enterprise is
⑤ New Attitudes: New Memories
[정답] ⑤
fighting as hard, or at least not fighting and winning.
[해설] * fallacy: 오류 ** null hypothesis: 귀무가설(기각될 것이 예상되는
양치질의 중요성을 설득하는 메시지를 받은 학생들이 양치질에 대한 태도를 바꾸고 가설) *** cranium: 두개골
그 이후에 자신이 최근 2주간 대조군의 학생보다 훨씬 더 자주 이를 닦아왔다고 기억
하며 자신이 늘 분별 있고 합리적인 방식으로 행동해온 사람이라고 믿을 필요성을 느
[정답] ③ devoting을 devoted로 바꿔야 적절하다.
꼈다는 실험을 다루는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로 ⑤‘New Attitudes: New
Memories(새로운 태도: 새로운 기억)’이 가장 적절하다.
① 우리는 정말 분별 있는 존재일까?
② 이성과 논리를 향한 탐구
③ 어떻게 하면 더 합리적이 될 수 있을까?
④ 합리성: 인간의 본성
298
299
1 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 3 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
곳은? I am writing to you about an issue with my recent
This year, though, I'm afraid we must do things a mobile phone order. I ordered a silver model, but I
bit differently. was sent a black one.
We hope all is well with you and your family. At (A) When I contacted customer service, the
last, spring is in the air, and that means summer representative asked me to return the phone and
can't be far behind. ( ① ) For the past several years promised to send a replacement. That was two
we have taken much pleasure in sharing our cottage weeks ago, and I still have not received the new
on Mirror Pond with you and some of our other close phone.
friends. ( ② ) The expense of maintaining the house
(B) I would highly appreciate it if you could send me
has gone up quite a bit, and for at least the coming
the replacement phone — in silver and with a
summer we have decided to put the cottage on the
healthy battery — as soon as possible. I look
market as a rental property. ( ③ ) We already have
forward to your prompt action on my request.
several leads from people who are considering
(C) However, I decided to use it anyway. Nevertheless,
taking the cottage for most or all of the summer. ( ④
I could not save numbers in it, and the battery
) We hope you understand. ( ⑤ ) And if we end up
would not even last a day on a full charge.
with some unbooked time in the fall, we'll let you
know.
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
I am James Franklin, principal of Grandview High [2025수능특강(영어) 1강 4번]
School. Each year we provide ① engaging events to

bring our school's community together. This year, If you ask your administrative employees, they
we are trying to have a chess tournament. We think will probably agree ① that copier maintenance is
② that it will create a healthy competitive critical to a successful office. Our research shows
atmosphere and help students make new friends. that the typical business will use copy equipment
And some of the students in our school chess club about six months before repairing or replacing it.
are showing very promising results and are aiming Historically, when you have needed service, the only
③ to participate in the City Chess Tournament. option ② has been to call a repairperson at a very
They are practicing hard for the tournament. high cost. Fortunately, there is now a service that can
However, due to our school's budgetary constraints, extend the life of your copier and save your company
we had to cut back on school supplies. ④ Offer our thousands of dollars ③ during the next year. Lake
students the best education possible, we need the Paperworx specializes in copier maintenance,
supplies to keep our chess club running. We would successfully ④ serves business and legal firms
like to ask that you help us continue the chess club by throughout the United States. We can significantly
donating money. If you contribute to our school, reduce your maintenance costs and your downtime.
you'll be a hero to the students who are pursuing The enclosed brochure outlines our services. If you
their dream of ⑤ becoming chess players. are interested in ⑤ using our services, please call me
* budgetary: 예산상의 directly at 920-4848-1212.
[정답] ④ Offer를 To offer로 바꿔야 적절하다. [정답] ④ serves를 serving으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
300
5 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 7 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
않은 것은? A very large warrior approached and stood in front
Olivia pulled a piece of bright yellow silk from the of Benny. The warrior took him by the arm, and
display. In her free hand she held a sample of beaded Benny was convinced that he was going to be
lace and tried to imagine the sound it would make ① punished. He shivered with fear while being
whispering around her ankles as she danced. Now dragged. The warrior brought Benny to an open area
that the war was over, there would be a lot of of the village. There sat an old man. He seemed to be
dancing. Anticipation ② bubbled in her chest. She'd incredibly respected by all of the warriors. He
meet a real gentleman this season, and who knew? introduced himself as Allani, meaning "Highest
Maybe she would get married. "May I help you?" A Chief," and surprisingly enough, he spoke in the
shopkeeper stood beside her. "I would like five yards English language. He told Benny, "I have decided
of this silk and a roll of this lace," Olivia said. "I'm that we are not going to punish you. We do not
very sorry, miss. They are already ③ reserved." punish good men, so you can relax." The chief
What a letdown! No other fabric would make her as continued, "I heard what you did for us. Your
beautiful as the yellow silk, and no other pearls kindness makes me say welcome. Welcome to Life
would make such a ④ tense whisper. With a sigh, Island." Tears of relief poured down Benny's face.
she returned the items to the ⑤ display. *shiver: (몸을) 떨다
[정답] ③ tense를 charming과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다. ① Loves Are Fools

② Custom rules the law
③ Hope is the Poor Man’s Bread
④ The Good Man Makes Others Good
⑤ Difficult Times Are Followed by Good Times
[2025수능특강(영어) 2강 2번] [정답] ④
6 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은? [해설]

낯선 곳에 온 Benny는 선량한 사람이기 때문에 처벌을 면하게 되었다. 그러므로 제목
Mr. Garcia walked to his closet and pulled a 으로는 ④ ‘The Good Man Makes Others Good(착한 사람은 다른 사람을 선하게 한
다)’이 가장 적절하다.
trumpet out of its case. He blew into it, you know,
① 사랑하면 바보가 된다
like he was clearing it all out. He ran his fingers ② 관습은 법률을 다스린다
③ 희망은 가난한 사람의 빵이다
along the valves and played a scale. And then he said,
⑤ 어려운 시절 뒤에 좋은 시절이 온다
"Okay, Zach, ready?" And then he started playing.
(A) It was like the whole loud world had gone really,
really quiet and there was nothing but this one
song, this one sweet and gentle and brilliant song
that was as soft as a breeze blowing through the
leaves of a tree.
(B) I mean the guy could play. He played this really
soft and beautiful song. I never knew a trumpet
could whisper. I kept looking at his fingers. I
wanted him to keep playing forever. It was better
than any of the poems he'd read to us in class.
(C) The world just disappeared. I wanted to live in that
stillness forever. I wanted to clap. And then, I just
didn't know what to do or what to say.
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
301
8 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 9 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한
않은 것은? 곳은?
"I think everyone is here now! Shall we all sit The key is to have enough ideas that solve specific
down?" Everyone was more than happy to cooperate parts of the overall problem, and then the thorny
and soon the whole group was ① settled in their task looks very much tenable.
chairs around the long dining room table, passing
dishes filled with Charlotte's cooking. Soon, One of the biggest misconceptions about creativity
everyone had a full plate and conversation ② buzzed is that it takes a brilliant idea to solve a complex
around the table between bites. Charlotte took a problem. ( ① ) While this may be true in pure
careful bite of her stuffing and found that the sciences, in most commercial contexts, or even in
seasonings had all blended together beautifully to day-to-day living, it is never that one silver bullet
create a ③ monotonous experience. She relaxed a bit that does the magic. ( ② ) It is, in fact, a series of
more as she sampled the dishes on her plate and seemingly simple ideas that counts. ( ③ ) Since
found that everything tasted good. Or, at least, she creativity comes from combining concepts in an
thought so. She just hoped everyone else felt the unusual fashion, and since it is exceedingly difficult
same way. As if reading her mind, Addison leaned to trace the origins of ideas, you are better off
over to her. "Everything tastes so ④ delicious," she generating as many ideas as possible with the hope
said quietly, patting her belly and indicating her that some of them would click. ( ④ ) That is what
already half-eaten plate. "You're going to have to roll great scientists and artists do. ( ⑤ ) As the author
me out of here when all is said and done." "Eat as Walter Isaacson notes, ‘The sparks come from ideas
much as you like." Charlotte ⑤ replied with a laugh, rubbing against each other rather than as bolts out
"There's no judgment, especially on Thanksgiving!" of the blue.’
* pat: (가볍게) 두드리다, 쓰다듬다 * thorny: 골치 아픈, 까다로운 ** tenable: 참아 낼 수 있는
[정답] ③ mototonous를 flavorful과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다. 글의 흐름상 ③에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.
Sometimes it is hard to know the right thing to do
for the planet. ① What sounds good may not
necessarily be so. Rooftop solar panels, for example,
are one of the most expensive and least effective
ways ② helping the environment. Buying local food
can actually increase water pollution and waste.
According to research from the Danish and UK
governments, plastic grocery bags may actually ③
be better than cotton bags for the climate and for
water. You may disagree with all or some of those
claims, and you may be right. It depends on your
individual circumstances. If you live in Phoenix,
Arizona, for example, solar panels could be a smart
choice. ④ Using your own cotton bags continuously
and without exception for shopping for several years
is probably better for the environment than the
alternatives. Each of these choices ⑤ depends on
personal circumstances and behavior. The best
solutions for the environment are personal.
[정답] ② helping을 to help로 바꿔야 적절하다.
302
Consider people with disabilities. Often they are When you think, you are using your imagination
judged using criteria of competence that are biased to create an image or picture in your mind of an
in favor of nondisabled people. event rather than the real thing. If you are driving
home from a football match, reviewing the game in
(A) Such knowledge about people who are blind and, your mind, you are merely imagining what the game
by extension, other socially marginalized people, was like. The game is no longer real; it's now only in
can make us appreciate them and celebrate their your mind, in your memory. It was real once, but not
unique abilities as they really are, rather than any longer. Similarly, if you are thinking about how
discriminate against, pity, or patronize them for bad your marriage is, you are considering it in your
some incompetence that does not exist except as a mind. ___________________. You are literally
figment of our traditional, prejudiced 'making up' your relationship. The thoughts you are
imaginations. having about your relationship are just thoughts.
(B) If you think about competence based on the fairer This is why the old saying, 'Things aren't as bad as
criterion of who can best walk with the eyes they seem' is almost always true. The reason things
closed, then the blind person will definitely be 'seem so bad' is because your mind is able to recreate
more competent. past events, and preview upcoming events, almost as

though they were happening right in front of you, at
(C) Compare, for example, an average blind person
that moment even though they're not. To make
with an average sighted person. Who will be more
matters worse, your mind can add additional drama
competent in walking from one place to another?
to any event, thereby making that event seem even
You might think that the sighted person will be
worse than it really is, or was, or will be.
more competent because the sighted person can
see where he or she is going, but this is using an
① It's all in your imagination
unfair criterion.
② Imagination becomes real
*** figment: 꾸며낸 것 ③ Imagination is always positive
④ Delusion has nothing to do with imagination
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ⑤ There is no gap between thinking in your mind and
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) reality
⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다. [정답] ①
[해설]
상상은 단지 마음속에서 만들어내는 것이기 때문에 현실과 다르며, 상상 속에서는 상
황이 더 나빠보일 수 도 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸에는 ① ‘It's all in your
imagination(그 모든 것은 상상 속에 있는 것이다)’가 가장 적절하다
② 상상은 실제가 된다
③ 상상은 항상 긍정적이다
④ 망상은 상상과 관계없다
⑤ 마음속으로 생각하는 것은 현실과 괴리가 없다
303
13 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? 14 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
Most people don't equate silence with The quality of news is difficult to measure because
appreciation. People whose work is always good still there are no agreed-upon standards that satisfy
need to hear it from you occasionally. Let them know everyone's definition of high quality.
you've noticed they are meeting their goals.
Acknowledgement and appreciation create a (A) It is important to note, however, that compared to
supportive work environment and keep motivation other cultural products such as music and
alive. Make your appreciation specific and positive paintings, journalistic content is unique because
by noting what was done well and why it matters. it has a strong civic and democratic component.
This makes people feel good and it also ensures that (B) The term quality generally refers to any attribute,
the behaviour you identify is repeated. So, don't just service, or performance that is highly valued
say, "That was great!" Say, "That was great because within a group or a community. Defining quality
..." Both teams and individuals need positive, is thus context-dependent, field-specific, and
specific information about their accomplishments. subject to individual preferences and tastes.
Use your imagination: post graphs showing what the
(C) The idea of the press as the "fourth estate" stems
team has achieved: mark the achievement of major
from the expectation that high-quality journalism
milestones or goals by bringing in sandwiches for
promotes democratic ideals by playing the role of
lunch for everyone to share or putting up balloons;
a watchdog, providing a public forum, and serving
send thank you notes. When you ignore success,
as a reliable information provider. Therefore,
people think it doesn't matter and stop trying.
when discussing news quality, normative aspects
cannot be overemphasized.
① TheTrue Meaning of Silence * normative: 규범적인
② The Positive Effect of Silence
③ Silence Means Appreciation ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
④ Concrete Feedback Can Give Stress To Others ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
⑤ Specific and Positive Appreciation Keeps the Effort ② (B)-(A)-(C)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
Going
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
긍정적이고 구체적인 칭찬은 아무리해도 모자르지 않으며 업무를 계속하는 힘이 된다
는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ⑤ ‘Specific and Positive Appreciation Keeps the
Effort Going(구체적이고 긍정적인 인정은 노력을 계속하게 한다.)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 침묵의 진짜 의미
② 침묵의 긍정적 효과
③ 침묵은 곧 인정이다
④ 구체적인 피드백은 다른사람에게 스트레스를 줄 수 있다
304
15 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? 16 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A),
One thing that managers have to keep in mind is (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
① what they should mend fences after any fight. Political decisions and management decisions
Opponents are not necessarily enemies. An about how much of any given species can be
opponent disagrees with you on the issue, of course, harvested are often based on the amount of money
but enemies are ② ones with whom you also have a there is to be made. Profit leads to economic growth,
negative relationship. That makes it personal. You which is the goal of many politicians and business
can often work with opponents and strategize leaders. But the problem with seeking continuous
toward mutually successful outcomes, but enemies economic growth is that our economy is not separate
are ③ far more difficult and consequently far more from our environment. Everything in our economy
dangerous. Try to keep opponents from ④ becoming comes from our environment. We extract resources
enemies, and work to turn enemies into mere from the world around us, consume them as
opponents. Find points of agreement, and find ways products we eat or use, and then dump the waste
you can legitimately support those ⑤ who were your back into the Earth. Our Earth is a finite ecosystem,
opponents. The subject of the fight will eventually which means there is only so much that we can take
recede, but you still need the relationships. from the natural world to feed our economy, and
* legitimately 정당하게 ** recede (기억이) 희미해지다 only so much waste that the Earth can absorb, before
natural processes stop functioning properly. The
[정답] ① what을 that으로 바꿔야 적절하다. constant effort to extract more and more resources is
actually an ecological impossibility over the long
term. Our survival depends on learning to live within
the limits of ecosystems.

Decisions driven by economy often disregard the
____(A)____ nature of our environment and
makes it difficult to live within ____(B)____ of
ecosystems.
(A) (B)
① infinite limits
② infinite un-limits
③ limited un-limits
④ finite limits
⑤ finite un-limits
[정답] ④
[해설]
→ 경제에 의한 결정은 종종 우리 환경의 한계를 간과하며, 생태계의 한계 내에서 살기
어렵게 만든다.
지구는 유한한 생태계로 끊임없이 자원을 추출하는 것은 불가능하며, 지속적인 경제
성장 추구는 사실상 불가능하다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ④ (A)에는 ‘유한한’을 뜻하는
finite가, (B)에는 ‘한계’를 뜻하는 limits가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있
다.
① 무한한 … 한계
② 무한한 … 무한
③ 제한적인 … 무한
⑤ 유한한 … 무한
305
[2025수능특강(영어) 5강 1번] fulfillment to those who cannot advance — that is, to
17 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? the ⑤ minority — instead of realizing that the good
There are no black-and-white issues in life. No society must give both justice and status.
categorical answers. Everything is a subject for * laissez-faire: 자우방임의 ** creed: 신조, 신념
*** epigram: 경구(警句)
endless debate and compromise. This is one of the
core principles of our current society. Because ① [정답] ⑤ minority를 majority와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
that core principle is wrong, the society ends up
causing a lot of problems when it comes to
sustainability. There are some issues ② that are
black and white. There are indeed planetary and
societal boundaries that must not be crossed. For
instance, we think our societies can be a little bit
more or a little bit less sustainable. But in the long
run you cannot be a little bit sustainable — ③ either
you are sustainable or you are unsustainable. It is
like walking on thin ice — either it carries your
weight, or it ④ is not, Either you make it to the
shore, or you fall into the deep, dark, cold waters,
And if that should happen to us, there will not be any
nearby planet ⑤ coming to our rescue. We are
completely on our own.
[정답] ④ is를 does로 바꿔야 적절하다.

한 곳은?
Just 12 percent was recycled into low-value textile
applications such as mattress stuffing and less than 1
percent was recycled back into clothing.
[2025수능특강(영어) 5강 2번] The notion of a "circular economy" — in which

18 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 materials circulate continuously, being used and
지 않은 것은? reused time and time again — is an appealing vision.
The modern corporation as a child of laissez-faire ( ① ) However, it is crucial to highlight just how far
economics and of the market society is based on a we are from that goal at present. ( ② ) Although
creed whose greatest weakness is the ① inability to most textiles are entirely recyclable, 73 percent of
see the need for status and function of the individual waste clothing was incinerated or went to landfills
in society. In the philosophy of the market society globally in 2015. ( ③ ) Some would question how
there is no other social ② criterion than economic realistic the idea of "closing the loop" can be: the
reward. Henry Maine's famous epigram that the complexity of the fashion system means that there
course of modern history has been from status to are multiple opportunities for materials to "leak"
contract neatly ③ summarizes the belief of the from the reuse cycle. ( ④ ) Furthermore, it must be
nineteenth century, that social status and function noted that fiber recycling is not without its own
should be exclusively the result of economic environmental footprint. ( ⑤ ) Even the reuse of
advancement. This emphasis was the result of a secondhand clothing has implications in terms of
rebellion against a concept of society which defined resource use and waste, particularly if items are
human position ④ exclusively in terms of politically transported over long distances, dry cleaned, and
determined status, and which thus denied equality repackaged.
of opportunity. But the rebellion went too far. In * textile: 직물 ** incinerate: 소각하다
order to establish justice it denied meaning and
306
When anticipating the effects of time, we should There are disturbing changes underway in today's
mentally forecast what they are likely to be; we school systems. Funding is frequently tied to scores
should not practically stop them from happening, by achieved on standardized tests, which primarily
demanding the immediate performance of promises evaluate rote memory. Teaching "to" tests like these
which time alone can fulfill. The man who makes his inevitably focuses resources and curriculum on the
demand will find out that there is no worse or lower-scoring students. The pressure to bring up test
stricter usurer than Time: and that, if you compel scores for these struggling students limits time for
Time to give money in advance, you will have to pay the kinds of individualized learning that challenges
a rate of interest much higher than any usurer would all students to reach their highest potential, and
require. It is possible, for instance, to make a tree teachers have less opportunity to encourage creative
burst forth into leaf, blossom, or even bear fruit thinking and incorporate hands-on activities. When
within a few days, by the application of unslaked education is not enriched by exploration, discovery,
lime and artificial heat: but after that the tree will problem solving, and creative thinking, students are
wither away. So a young man may abuse his strength not truly engaged in their own learning. Because
— It may be only for a few weeks — by trying to do at teachers are required to emphasize uninspiring
nineteen what he could easily manage at thirty, and workbooks and drills, more and more students are
Time may give him the loan for which he asks; but developing negative feelings about mathematics,
the interest he will have to pay comes out of the science, history, grammar, and writing.
strength of his later years; indeed, it is part of his Opportunities to authentically learn and retain
very life itself. knowledge are being replaced by instruction that
*usurer: 고리대금업자 ** unslaked lime: 생석회(生石灰) teaches "to the tests."
① how to live longer by resisting time ① What Is the Impact of Mechanical Memorization
② Experts save time and blossom their lives on Society?
③ Young man, don't waste your time mindlessly ② What About a New Attempt to Link Creative
④ The harshest and most reasonable usurer named Activities to Exams?
Time ③ It Is Important to Understand the Changes in The
⑤ Investors make profits from just a few weeks of Safety of The School System
lending ④ Awareness of The Educational Environment That
[정답] ④
[해설]
Causes Students to Learn Passively
자연적인 시간의 영향을 거스르려는 노력의 부작용을 대금업자에 비유하는 내용이다. ⑤ Unfairness to Poor Students Who Have
따라서 제목은 ④ ‘The harshest and most reasonable usurer named Time(시간이라
는 이름의 제일 가혹하고 합리적인 고리대금업자)’이 적절하다.
Disadvantages to Prepare for Exams
① 시간에 저항함으로써 더 오래 사는 방법 [정답] ④
② 시간을 아끼며 삶의 꽃을 피우는 대가들 [해설]
③ 젊은이여 시간을 함부로 쓰지 말아라 학교의 재정 지원과 결부되는 시험이 기계적 암기를 평가하게 됨으로써, 시험에 맞춰
⑤ 단 몇 주간의 대금업으로 이윤을 크게 내는 사람들 가르치는 교육을 경계하는 내용이다. 따라서 제목은 ④ ‘Awareness of The
Educational Environment That Causes Students to Learn Passively(학생들을 수동적
으로 학습하게 만드는 교육환경에 대한 경각심)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 기계적 암기가 사회에 미치는 것은 무엇인가?
② 창의적인 활동과 시험을 연계하는 새로운 시도는 어떨까?
③ 학교체제의 안전성 변화에 대한 이해가 중요하다.
⑤ 시험을 힘겨워하는 가난한 학생들에 대한 불공정성
307
For many years, it was indeed widely believed ① The unquestioned assumption that any and all
that the adult brain was essentially 'set', with all the scientific knowledge — and associated technology —
neurons and major connections we'd need. Sure, we contributes to sustainability derives from faith in the
learn new things and update our understanding of importance of objective knowledge for solving global
things all the time, ② meaning new connections are problems.
regularly being formed and turned over in networks
governing learning and memory. But in terms of (A) Science may allow us to do things, but we can
overall physical structure and major connections, assess its contribution to sustainability only by
the stuff ③ that makes us 'what we are', the adult incorporating broader contextual and
brain was long thought to be 'done'. However, in socioecological questions. We typically think of
recent years there's been a steady stream of evidence sustainability as doing something out there in the
revealing that the adult brain can change and adapt, world, when in fact we may need to first reassess
even ④ create new neurons, and experiences can the way we are setting the problem.
still reshape the brain, even as we head into our (B) And we often consider that the final test of
twilight years. Consider the taxi driver study, where scientific knowledge: we can do things with its
constant driving and navigation of chaotic London results, such as applying it to reverse the decline
streets leads to increased hippocampus size, ⑤ of an endangered species. Regardless, we know
reveals the adult brain structure is somewhat now that the linear view of the relation between
malleable. science and social outcomes is flawed.
* hippocampus: (대뇌 측두엽의) 해마 ** malleable: 적응성 있는
(C) Scientists obtain power and become the priests of
[정답] ⑤ reveals를 revealing으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
our era to the extent that they provide a special
form of knowledge that can be used to do such
[2025수능특강(영어) 6강 3번] wonderful things.
지 않은 것은?
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
Often ideological principles crystallize in laws,
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
rules, and institutions that ① threaten to block deals. ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
Nationalism requires that all resources belong to the
state and that no one else may own them. Islamic
fundamentalism ② promotes interest payments on
loans. Egyptian socialism demands that workers
participate both in the management and the profits
of an enterprise. Each of these principles can be an
③ obstacle to deal making in particular cases. Yet,
with some creativity, it is possible to structure a deal
in such a way that the ideological principle is
respected but business goes forward. For example,
worker ④ participation in management need not
mean a seat on the company's board of directors, but
simply an advisory committee that meets regularly
with an officer of the company. And a petroleum
development contract could be written in such a way
that the ownership of oil is ⑤ transferred not when
the oil is in the ground but at the point that it leaves
the flange of the well.
[정답] ② promotes를 prohibits와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
308
According to research from the University of Throughout history, human imagination has been
Arizona's Bureau of Applied Research in a double-edged sword. On one hand, it pushes new
Anthropology, the average household ends up discoveries, but for every newly established
wasting an average of 14 percent of its grocery scientific fact, there are often multiple incorrect
spending by throwing away unused or spoiled food. hypotheses, which must be corrected along the way
Even worse, 15 percent of that waste includes or risk becoming myths. Thomas Edison is credited
products that were never opened and were still with saying: "I have not failed, I've just found 10,000
within their expiration date! (This statistic really ways that won't work," implying that error is part of
makes me cringe - why not just set dollar bills on fire invention. Unfortunately, if errors or partial truths
while we're at it?) The study also found that a family get circulated long enough, they can lead to a false
of four _______________ an average of $590 of echo chamber of repetition and suggest "truth"
perishable groceries per year, such as meat, produce, where none exists. For example, even though the
dairy, and grain products. You can save an average of humors have been discredited for centuries, some
$50 per month by avoiding overbuying perishable still believe in the myth that blood types (blood
foods. Check your supplies before shopping and being one of the four humors) can determine
estimate the exact amount you'll need to buy for the personalities. A quick internet search finds more
next week. This is also a good time to throw away than five million websites related to this topic,
outdated leftovers, make sure perishable items are meaning this myth is slow to die.
in view, and use up good leftovers for that day's * echo chamber: 메아리 방
meals.
① the problem of the spread of misinformation
① safely keeps ② the attitude of challenging despite repeated failure
② always demands ③ the consideration of the negative aspects of human
③ gradually increases imagination
④ ends up throwing away ④ the character of human exploring the truth hidden
⑤ spends too much eating in prejudice

[정답] ④ ⑤ the process by which human imagination has
[해설] historically driven development
일반 가정이 낭비하는 식료품의 비중에 대한 연구와 식료품을 낭비하지 않는 방법에
[정답] ③
대한 내용이다. 따라서 빈칸에는 ④ ‘ends up throwing away(결국 버리다)’가 가장 적
[해설]
절하다.
인간의 상상력으로 인한 오류가 반복적으로 퍼짐으로써 근거 없는 믿음으로 이어질
① 안전하게 보관하다
수 있다는 내용이다. 따라서 주제는 ③ ‘the consideration of the negative aspects of
② 항상 필요로 하다
human imagination(인간의 상상력의 부정적인 이면에 대한 고찰)’가 가장 적절하다
③ 점진적으로 증가시키다
① 잘못된 정보가 확산되는 현상의 문제점
⑤ 과하게 먹어 소비하다
② 실패에도 불구하고 반복적으로 도전하는 자세
④ 편견 속에 가려지는 진실을 탐구하는 사람의 성질
⑤ 역사적으로 인간의 상상력이 발전을 이끌어온 과정
309
[2025수능특강(영어) 7강 3번] were traveling, to find out that their change in
27 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? apparent position was ④ intermittent with their
Ideally, when we make art or engage in any being bodies moving around Jupiter. Similarly, in
creative activity by ourselves, we recognize its value my hypothetical bird experiment I imagined myself
and make time and space for it in our lives. The as a budding junior scientist weighing the stuff I put
boom in coloring books and coloring pages in the into the cage and ⑤ calculating percentages by
past few years ① is one such example. It takes away weight of what was eaten. It's obvious: numbers are
the challenging part of visual art-making and skills important to science. Scientists measure and
and provides us with a level of challenge ② that is calculate: they don't just observe.
relatively easy and manageable. Our studies with
cancer patients and caregivers showed ③ that [정답] ④ intermittent를 consistent와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
solitary activities like coloring helped in meditative

and reflective ways by taking us to a space of
distraction away from everyday concerns. Such
activities do not necessarily help us ④ resolve our
problems; rather, they provide a time to rest and a
way to focus our attention elsewhere until such time
as we can address them directly. When we make art
by ourselves, it can help us self-regulate; feel a sense
of mastery, control, and agency over our lives; and ⑤ [2025수능특강(영어) 9강 1번]
engaging in reflective, validating, contemplative, or 29 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
meditative practices. Gladys West is an American mathematician. She
* meditative: 명상의 ** contemplative: 사색하는 was born in rural Virginia in 1930. She grew up on
her family’s small farm and dreamed of getting a
[정답] ⑤ engaging을 engage로 바꿔야 적절하다.
good education.
(A) West and her team created a model that allows the
GPS system to make accurate calculations of any
location on Earth. West retired from the base in
1998 at the age of 68 but continued her education.
She later completed a PhD in Public
Administration at Virginia Tech by
distance-learning.
[2025수능특강(영어) 7강 4번] (B) She worked hard and received a scholarship to
28 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 Virginia State College (now Virginia State
지 않은 것은?
University), a historically black university. In
When Galileo rolled the balls down the inclined
1956 she was hired as a mathematician at the
plane, he didn't merely look and see what happened.
naval base in Dahlgren, Virginia.
He very carefully measured the ① distance traveled
(C) She was the second black woman to be hired at the
and the time it took to travel that distance. From
base and was one of only four black employees.
these measurements, he calculated the speed of
There, West made significant contributions to the
travel. What he came up with was a ② mathematical
applied mathematics that deals with the
equation relating numerical quantities. We can
measurement of the Earth’s size, shape, and
imagine that when he observed the moons of
gravitational field.
Jupiter, he didn't merely see some spots at ③
various different places from night to night: he kept
track of where the spots were, compared their ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
positions from night to night, and perhaps did some ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
calculations intended to compute what path they ③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
310
Fado means “fate” in Portuguese, but is also the The Mayan ball game was a very important part of
name of a form of music originating in Lisbon. It is Mayan culture. The ball games were played either by
usually performed by one singer, accompanied by 2 players or by 2 teams of players. The object of the
dual guitarras (mandolin-shaped 12-string guitars) game was to put a ball through one of the stone rings
and a viola (Spanish guitar). Fado lyrics frequently while stopping the other team from putting the ball
focus on the hard realities of daily life, or the trials of through the other stone ring. The ball was a little
love. Fado is also linked with the notion of saudade, larger than a basketball and was made of solid
which is a longing for something impossible to rubber. For protection, players wore hard leather
attain. Fadistas, as fado singers are known, often gloves, elbow and knee pads, masks, and belts that
wear a black shawl of mourning, although songs can were made of wood or stone. Although not all
also be upbeat. Since the 19th century, fado has been historians agree, some think the rules did not allow
performed in bars and clubs in working-class players to touch the ball with their hands or feet.
districts of Lisbon. It flourished during the Salazar They used only their elbows, hips, and knees to hit
years, before falling out of favour after the 1974 the ball, and had to keep the ball from touching the
Revolution. In recent times, the genre has been ground. Spectators from all classes liked to watch
revived and a new generation of musicians and and bet on the games.
singers can be heard in casas de fado, around
Lisbon. ① the search for popular sports in Maya
* lyrics: 가사 ** mourning: 애도 ② the qualities of ancient Mayan athletes
③ the features of Mayan citizens’ favorite activities
① the history of Portuguese traditional music ④ the history of ball game and the development of the
② the combination of Spanish and Portuguese music rules
③ the genre of Portuguese music that recently revived ⑤ the debate among historians over Mayan Ball
④ the trend in emotions and fashion that singers Games
prefer [정답] ①
⑤ the instrument which is popular for musicians in [해설]

마야의 구기 경기의 내용 및 규칙에 대한 내용이다. 따라서 주제는 ① ‘the search for
Lisbon popular sports in Maya(마야에서 인기있던 스포츠에 대한 탐구)’가 가장 적절하다.
[정답] ③ ② 고대 마야의 운동선수들의 자질
[해설] ③ 마야 시민들이 좋아한 운동들의 특징
리스본에서 유래하고 최근 다시 부활한 음악 장르 fado에 대한 내용이다. 따라서 주제 ④ 구기 종목의 역사와 규칙의 발전
는 ③ ‘the genre of Portuguese music that recently revived(최근 부활한 포르투갈의 ⑤ 마야의 구기 종목에 대한 역사가들의 논쟁
한 음악 장르)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 포르투갈 전통음악의 역사
② 스페인과 포르투갈 음악의 조합
④ 가수들이 선호하는 감성과 패션의 유행
⑤ 리스본에서 활동하는 음악가들에게 인기 있는 악기
311
Lysippus was the most prominent, prolific and 한 곳은?
longest-lived of the great 4th-century BC sculptors. In fact, studies have shown that artificially created
He was active, reportedly ① making 1,500 works, all erosion played a big part in the downfall of many
of them in bronze. Considered the most early civilizations.
accomplished artist of his age, Lysippus suitably

became Alexander the Great’s favourite — in fact, Human activity on the landscape can significantly
court-sculptor. The world-conqueror ② allowed contribute to soil erosion. ( ① ) In a natural state,
almost no one else to sculpt him. Lysippus went on vegetation serves as natural protection against
③ to make portraits busts of many of Alexander’s erosion because the network of roots helps hold the
warring successors, such as Cassander and Seleucus soil in place against various erosive forces, such as
I. A native of Sicyon in the Peloponnese, Lysippus wind and water. ( ② ) Scientists estimate that, in
ran a workshop of almost industrial size ④ what was the United States, 30% of erosion is due to natural
continued after his death by his sons. Ancient forces and 70% is due to human impact. ( ③ )
writers such as Pliny relate that Lysippus invented Oftentimes, when people use the land for farming,
an entirely new canon, or mathematically calculated the protective covering of natural vegetation is
ideal beauty, almost ⑤ displacing that of Polyclitus. destroyed, and the erosion process speeds up. ( ④ )
* prolific: 다작의 ** bust: 흉상 *** canon: 규범 Poor land management practices degraded the soil
until it was no longer productive enough to support
[정답] ④ what을 that으로 바꿔야 적절하다. the population living in the area. ( ⑤ ) Early
civilizations that recognized the disastrous effects of
erosion used devices such as terracing the land to
keep from plowing, planting, and irrigating on
hillside slopes where water could wash the fertile soil
[2025수능특강(영어) 11강 1번]
away.
33 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 * erosion: 침식 ** plow: 쟁기질하다 *** irrigate: 관개 작업을 하다
지 않은 것은?
A good way to make human-machine interaction 글의 흐름상 ④에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.
more natural would be to develop a better metaphor.
A computer metaphor is a ① familiar object or
activity that your computer imitates with its
commands, display arrangements, and behavior.
The two main metaphors we have today are the
desktop and the browser. In the desktop metaphor,
the display screen ② rejects a typical desk;
information is kept inside folders, which can be
opened, closed, and slipped into other folders. With
Web browsing, the metaphor is downtown window
shopping; you gaze at ③ various "storefronts," see
one you like, and (click) you enter. Inside, there are
more options to browse, you choose another, and
again you enter. Like a ④ linguistic metaphor, the
power of a good computer metaphor is that it makes
a new system you don't know behave like an old
"system" with which you are familiar. This lets you
use the new system and get useful results out of it
easily, since you don't have to ⑤ struggle learning
new concepts and commands.
[정답] ② rejects를 mimics와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
312
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Discrimination occurs on two levels: institutional
It used to be thought that Neanderthals were and individual. On the institutional level,
dim-witted, slouching cavemen completely covered discriminatory practices are embedded in the social
with hair. But this reputation is based on just one structures of a society, whereas on the individual
fossil, which modern scholarship has proved level, discrimination takes place during direct
happens to be that of an old, diseased, and injured interactions among individuals or groups. Unlike
man. He was approximately forty or forty-five years individual discrimination, which tends to be overt,
old when he died very old for people at that time. intentional, and direct, institutional discrimination
Healthy Neanderthals probably walked erect. is often covert and unintentional, and this
Objects found at Neanderthal sites show that invisibility makes it much harder to detect.
Neanderthals could make complex tools. The Standardized testing in schools, for example, may
characteristics of their skulls suggest that they exclude certain historically marginalized groups
probably could speak, although perhaps not with the from succeeding in academic settings. Although the
full range of sounds that modern humans make. government may not have intentionally established
Sites also show that they did not necessarily live in testing standards that are culturally or class biased,
caves, but, if they did, they likely altered the caves to in practice these standards tend to have a
make them more livable. Sometimes they built disproportionate negative effect on ethnic minority
shelters rather than settled in caves. In 1996, students. Furthermore, institutional discrimination
scientists digging at a Neanderthal site in Slovenia often has a generational or cyclical impact on certain
announced they had found what appeared to be a ethnic minority groups and therefore its
musical instrument, a flute made from a bear bone. consequences are as severe, if not more so, than for
* dim-witted: 우둔한 ** slouching: 구부정한 자세로 앉은[선]
those suffering individual discrimination.

* embed: 묻다, 끼워 넣다 ** overt: 공공연한
Modern studies can ____(A)____ intelligence, *** marginalize: (사회적으로) 소외시키다
lifestyle and customs of Neanderthals through the
clues such as fossils and artifacts thought to ① Institutional Discrimination: Covert And Harsh
____(B)____ to them. Suffering

② The Required Efforts To Prevent Institutional
(A) (B) Discrimination
① infer belong ③ Which One Is More Discriminated Against, The
② infer dedicate individual or the institution?
③ prefer dictate ④ The System Is Openly And Deliberately
④ confer relate Discriminating Against Many People

⑤ confer connect ⑤ Maintain The Institutional Discrimination Which
[정답] ① Is Effective As Opposed To Individual
[해설]
Discrimination
→ 화석, 유물과 같은 네안데르탈인의 것으로 생각되는 단서들을 통해 현대 학문은 그
[정답] ①
들의 지능 정도, 가능한 활동 범위, 생활 습관 등을 유추할 수 있다.
[해설]
현시점에서 네안데르탈인에 대해 알 수 있는 것들에 대해 설명하는 내용이다. 그러므
개인적 차별과 제도적 차별을 비교하며 제도적 차별의 간접적이고 감지하기 어려운
로 ① (A)에는 ‘유추하다’를 뜻하는 infer이, (B)에는 ‘속하다’를 뜻하는 belong이 들어가
특성을 말하고 있다. 따라서 제목은 ① ‘제도적 차별: 은밀하고도 혹독하게 닥쳐오는
야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
괴로움(Institutional Discrimination: Covert And Harsh Suffering)’가 가장 적절하다.
② 유추하다 … 바치다
② 제도적 차별을 막기 위해서 필요한 노력들
③ 선호하다 … 지시하다
③ 개인과 제도 중 더 차별받는 것은 어느것인가?
④ 수여하다 … 관련시키다
④ 제도는 많은 이들을 공공연하고 의도적으로 차별하고 있다
⑤ 수여하다 … 연결하다
⑤ 개인적 차별과 달리 실효성이 있는 제도적 차별을 유지하자
313
[2025수능특강(영어) 12강 1번] impartial, so that members do not feel any ③
37 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? pressure to obey. Furthermore, he or she should get
One should perhaps ask why even very simple the group to examine all the options, and to consult
animals would prefer familiar stimuli or familiar people outside the group, too. Disagreement, Janis
other animals. A tendency ① to grow fond of the argued, is actually a good thing, and he suggested
familiar would help stamp in the preference for a that members should be asked to play "devil's
stable environment (so animals might learn to like advocate“ — introducing an ④ alternative point of
their homes). It would certainly promote stable view in order to provoke discussion. In addition to
social bonds. Imagine, for example, ② that nature ensuring that the group comes to more rational and
programmed animals in the opposite way, so that fair decisions, allowing members to retain their
familiarity led to contempt or some other form of individuality creates a healthier team spirit than the
disliking. How would families stay together? How state of groupthink, which results from ⑤
would friendships, alliances, or other partnerships conformity and obedience.
survive? If you always ③ preferred a stranger to * groupthink: 집단 순응 사고 ** provoke: 일으키다, 유발하다
someone you knew, social life would be in constant [정답] ⑤ unconformity를 conformity와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
turmoil and turnover. In contrast, if you
automatically grew to like the people you saw
regularly, you would soon prefer them over
strangers, and groups would form and stabilize
easily. ④ Giving the advantages of stable groups
(e.g., people know each other, know how to work
[2025수능특강(영어) 12강 3번]
together, know how to make decisions together, 39 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
know how to adjust to each other), it is not
The alternative world provided by cyberspace is
surprising that nature favored animals ⑤ that grew
essentially an ideal private world in which each
to like (rather than dislike) each other on the basis of
person controls the information that is revealed.
familiarity.
(A) These circumstances do not lead the participants
[정답] ④ Giving을 Given으로 바꿔야 적절하다. to remain completely mysterious — on the
contrary, in many cases it leads the participants to
reveal much more about themselves than they
would usually do. When we can keep private that
which seems to threaten us, we can be more open
concerning other matters.
(B) In this world, the full identity of the person is not
revealed, and the two people are physically
[2025수능특강(영어) 12강 2번]
remote from each other. Hence, it is much easier
38 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 to keep private whatever areas the participants so
지 않은 것은?
wish.
Social psychologist Irving Janis recognized the
problems of groupthink, but felt that it could be (C) The greater degree of openness generates a greater
avoided. It is most likely to develop when team spirit degree of emotional closeness as well.
becomes more important than the opinions of ① Accordingly, in online relationships we can find
individual members. It's also likely to form if the both greater privacy and greater closeness and
group is made up of like-minded people to begin openness this considerably reduces the common
with, and they are faced with a difficult decision. To conflict between openness and privacy.
prevent groupthink, Janis ② proposed a system of

organization that encourages independent thinking. ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
The leader of the group should appear to be ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
314
People often have different definitions of In his 1967 book, Coopersmith first noticed a
education, as the nature of education is somewhat positive relationship between self-esteem levels in
fluid. Nearly 600 years ago the printing press mothers and their children. But Bednar, Wells, and
changed the way much of education occurred. Peterson made considerable use of this factor by
Students began reading information, coupled with pointing out that parents actually show their
the information a teacher would share. To ensure children the route to self-esteem by how they handle
that the student had retained the information, a test their own challenges, conflicts, and issues. The
or paper was often required to make an assessment impact of parents' behavior upon the child's
of that retention. This downloading of information is self-esteem is undeniable: given the immaturity of
known as the banking model, and what the banking children, however, parents' expression of their own
model does is it reduces the student from being a resolution of the self-esteem question is far more
critical and independent thinker to being a influential than what they teach verbally. Parents
receptacle for facts. The process of the banking who face life's challenges honestly and openly and
model raises the power and control of the teacher who attempt to cope with difficulties instead of
while falling to recognize that students are more avoiding them thereby expose their children early to
than simply unthinking blank slates. The concept, a pro- self-esteem problem-solving strategy. Those
then, is placed squarely into the minds of students, who avoid dealing with difficulties reveal a negative
who are taught that they are subservient and route for handling the challenges and problems of
beholden to the keeper of information. As a result, life. Either way, it is important to remember that
students have little control over their own thinking modeling helps set the stage for healthy self-esteem
and their own education. or problems with it.
* subservient: 부차적인 역할을 하는, 보조적인
① the analysis of verbal influences on children's
self-esteem
① Why Is the Banking Model Still Used in Schools?
② the importance of parental modeling for children's
② Effectively Utilizing the Banking Model as an
self-esteem
Educator
③ the effective teaching method for developing
③ The Banking Model: Reducing Critical and
teenagers' self-esteem
Independent Thinking
④ the historical evolution of self-esteem research in
④ Educational Methods That Facilitate Students'
parent-child relationships
Self-Directed Learning
⑤ the strategies for enhancing communication with
⑤ Numerous Definitions of Education: What Is the
children about self-esteem
Solution for Consensus?
[정답] ②
[정답] ③
[해설]
[해설]
자존감 문제에 대해 부모 자신의 해답을 표현하고 부모 스스로가 모델이 되는 것이 아
인쇄기 등장으로 나타난 교육의 변화 중 하나인 은행식 모델에 대해 설명하며, 은행식
이들의 건강한 자존감 형성을 돕는다는 내용의 글이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ② ‘the
모델이 학생이 자신의 교육에 대한 통제력을 잃게 만든다고 말하는 내용이다. 그러므
importance of parental modeling for children's self-esteem(자녀의 자존감을 위해
로 제목으로는 ③ ‘The Banking Model: Reducing Critical and Independent Thinking
부모가 모델이 되는 것의 중요성)’이 가장 적절하다.
(은행식 모델: 비판적이고 독립적인 사고를 줄이는 것)’이 가장 적절하다.
① 아이들의 자존감에 미치는 언어적 영향의 분석
① 왜 은행식 모델이 아직도 학교에서 사용되는가?
③ 십대들의 자존감 발달을 위한 효과적인 교육 방법
② 교육자로서 은행식 모델을 효율적으로 활용하는 방법
④ 부모-자녀 관계에서 자존감 연구의 역사적 진화
④ 학생들의 자기 주도적 학습을 촉진하는 교육 방식
⑤ 아이들과의 자존감에 관한 의사소통 강화 전략
⑤ 교육의 수많은 정의: 합의를 위한 해결책은 무엇인가?
315
Several different strategies will be used to get us to It is critical, as we recreate mutual provision in a
buy. For new products, marketers want to motivate sustainable form, that we keep track of the line
us to try their product, so the job is to advertise it as between needs and wants.
much as possible ① to get the word out. With an
established product, marketers will either want us to (A) A huge bonus is available for everyone when the
try it again (reminder advertising), or they may try focus of development is securing and improving
to get us to consume more of their product. A good the quality of life for all.
way to do this is ② to provide new uses. One brand (B) While a permanent place for people on Earth
of baking soda is a good example. After women requires that our needs be met, people gathering
entered the Job market en masse in the 1960s and about themselves quantities of unnecessary
there was less time for baking, the company ③ goods, while others lack food and shelter, cannot
promoted using the product to keep the freezer and be part of a durable order. A society that
refrigerator smelling clean — and ④ to change the oppresses other people to bloat itself will not stop
box every three months. Or when women started at undermining foreign nations. The ethic will
earning significant salaries and getting married express itself with exploitation at home.
later, the diamond industry started selling diamond
(C) While ingenuity and hard work will still lead to
rings to women, ⑤ claimed that the left hand is for
improved circumstances as communities increase
"we" and the right is for "me".
their effective use of local resources, when one's
achieved wealth is at the expense of others, much
[정답] ⑤ claimed를 claiming으로 바꿔야 적절하다. goodwill, effort and resources will be lost to
resentment, rebellion and repression.
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

[2025수능특강(영어) 13강 3번]
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
43 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 ③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
지 않은 것은?
When kids feel forced to do things — or are too
tightly ① regulated in the way they do things —
they're likely to become less interested in what
they're doing and less likely to stick with something
challenging. In an ② intriguing experiment, parents
were invited to sit on the floor next to their very
young children — not even two years old who were
playing with toys. Some of the parents ③
immediately took over the task or barked out
instructions ("Put the block in. No, not there.
There!"). Others were content to let their kids
explore, providing ④ discouragement and offering
help only when it was needed. Later, the babies were
given something else to play with, this time without
their parents present. It turned out that, once they
were on their own, those who had ⑤ controlling
parents were apt to give up more easily rather than
trying to figure out how the new toy worked.
[정답] ④ discouragement를 encouragement와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
316
As Marshall McLuhan suggested so presciently in Cities continue to reinvent themselves. In the last
1964, "the medium is the message," which means few decades, many have worked to reduce pollution
that, beyond the content that is conveyed, the and create appealing modern spaces by restricting
medium itself has an impact by its very nature and polluting vehicles, encouraging energy-efficient
unique characteristics. For example, the use of social buildings, and planting trees. In 2020, another
media means that we have less need to interact with impetus for change came in the form of COVID-19,
others directly. This distancing of communication which saw retail centres empty, businesses send
has real implications for children's development. If workers home, and some question whether crowded
learning to communicate with others is a skill that cities were a safe environment. Yet cities have
develops with practice, children's constant use of responded to changing circumstances in the past.
social media reduces the experiences they have with Through the first kingdoms of Mesopotamia, global
which to learn social skills. McLuhan asserts that we expansion, and the Industrial Revolution, they have
are so focused on the content of the technology that evolved to remain at the heart of politics, economics,
we neglect to notice the influence of the technology and culture. The history of the world is very much a
itself on people. This observation is certainly true history of great cities, and whatever future we build,
today: we focus on what the technology provides these sites of trade, creativity, and transformation
(e.g., video, text messages, social media), but we fall are likely to be at the heart of it.
to consider how the very act of using these advances * impetus: (일의 추진에 필요한) 원동력, 자극
shapes us.
* presciently: 예지력 있게 ① cities facing safety concerns due to overcrowding
② cities that fail to adapt to changing circumstances
① the significance of attention to media content and decline
② the importance of reducing social media usage ③ cities deemed unsuitable for residence due to noise
③ the reasons to be cautious of excessive media and pollution
consumption ④ cities maintaining their status as hubs through
④ the necessity of attention to the medium's change and adaptation
technology itself ⑤ cities becoming increasingly congested due to
⑤ the impact of technological advancements on the population concentration
emergence of new media [정답] ④
[해설]
[정답] ④
혼잡한 도시가 안전한 환경인지에 대한 의문이 제기되었으나, 도시는 지금까지 변화
[해설]
하는 상황에 적절히 대응하여 발전함으로써 여전히 중심지로 남아 있게 되었다는 내
콘텐츠를 넘어 매체 자체가 본질과 고유한 특성으로 인해 영향력을 가지지만, 콘텐츠
용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ④ ‘cities maintaining their status as hubs through
가 아닌 매체 자체가 미치는 영향에 대해서는 사람들이 주목하지 않는다는 내용이다.
change and adaptation(변화와 적응을 거쳐 중심지로서 지위를 유지하는 도시)’가 가
그러므로 주제로는 ④ ‘the necessity of attention to the medium's technology itself
장 적절하다.
(미디어의 기술 자체에 대한 주목의 필요성)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 혼잡함으로 인해 안전성에 대한 우려를 마주하는 도시
① 미디어 콘텐츠에 대한 주목의 의의
② 변화하는 상황에 적응하지 못하고 도태되는 도시
② 소셜 미디어 사용을 줄이는 것의 중요성
③ 소음과 공해로 인해 주거에 부적합하다고 여겨지는 도시
③ 지나친 미디어 소비를 주의해야 하는 이유
⑤ 인구의 집중으로 인해 갈수록 밀집해지는 도시
⑤ 기술의 발전이 새로운 미디어의 등장에 미친 영향
317
Human cultures seem to be infinitely variable, but AI's effects on human knowledge are paradoxical.
in fact that variability takes place within the On the one hand, AI intermediaries can navigate and
boundaries ① produced by physical and mental analyze bodies of data vaster than the unaided
capacities. Human languages, for example, are human mind could have previously imagined.
tremendously diverse, differing in sound, grammar,
and semantics. But all are dependent upon ② that (A) Similarly, the deployment of AI intermediaries
appears to be a uniquely human capacity and may also amplify inherent blases, even if these AI
predisposition for learning languages. While the intermediaries are technically under human
range of sounds used in human languages ③ control. The dynamics of market competition
extends from clicks and pops to guttural stops, the prompt social media platforms and search
distinctive speech sounds that are meaningful in all engines to present information that users find
the languages of the world are but a fraction of the most compelling.
sounds it is possible for humans to make. Another (B) As a result, information that users are believed to
way ④ that we might observe the intricate want to see is prioritized, distorting a
relationship between the culturally specific and the representative picture of reality. Much as
universal is in the way an American boy and his technology accelerated the speed of information
Mixtec friends might react emotionally, even production and dissemination in the nineteenth
instinctively, to bee larvae and onion soup: whether and twentieth centuries, in this era, information is
they feel delight or disgust is determined by the way being altered by the mapping of AI onto
they learn to perceive food, but delight and disgust dissemination processes.
seem ⑤ to be basic and universal human reactions
(C) On the other, this power — the ability to engage
to food.
with vast bodies of data — may also accentuate
* guttural stop: 후두 폐쇄음 ** intricate: 복잡한
*** larva: 애벌레(pl. larvae) forms of manipulation and error. AI is capable of
[정답] ② that을 what으로 바꿔야 적절하다. exploiting human passions more effectively than
traditional propaganda. Having tailored itself to
[2025수능특강(영어) 13강 8번] individual preferences and instincts, AI draws out
48 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 responses its creator or user desires.
지 않은 것은? * propaganda: 선전 ** deployment: 배치
Think about what happens in a standard scientific *** dissemination: 전파, 보급
experiment to find out how a certain laundry ①

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
detergent bleaches. In normal use, there are several
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
factors that may cause the detergent to act in a
certain way. These will include its active ingredients,
the type and ② temperature of the water in which
the ingredients are mixed, the materials being
cleaned and the machinery — if any — used to do the
laundry. Any experiment that could hope to discover
what caused bleaching would have to be ③ excluded
in such a way as to ensure that the crucial factors
were properly isolated from the other variables. So
if, for example, the ④ hypothesis is that it is the
chlorine that does the bleaching, the experiment
needs to show that if all the other factors remain the
same, the presence or ⑤ absence of the chlorine will
determine whether the laundry detergent bleaches.
* detergent: 세제 ** bleach: 표백하다 *** chlorine: 염소
[정답] ③ excluded를 devised와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
318
It is not a coincidence that children turn out like We are all familiar with battles between reason
their parents. From the moment you come into the and desire. Socrates asks whether there are thirsty
world, your mother and your father are your role people who don't wish to drink. Indeed there are. (A
models. As little girls grow, they try on their sign on a faucet that reads "nonpotable water, do not
mother's clothes, put on her make-up, and pretend drink" won't take away a person's thirst, but she
to be her. When little boys come of age, they play won't want to drink there.) Yet there is something
with their father's tools and try to build or fix paradoxical about this: the word "thirsty" means
something for real. The truth of the matter is that "wishes to drink." So we are imagining people who
children look up to their parents as mentors. They wish to drink and do not wish to drink. How could
praise them and hold them in high regard. The that be? "It is obvious that the same thing will not be
greatest compliment they can give their parents as willing to do or undergo opposites in the same part
they grow is to turn out just like them. If you stop to of itself, in relation to the same thing, at the same
take a personal inventory, you may find that you are time. So, if we ever find this happening in the soul,
much like those that you emulate. A parent, a coach, we'll know that we aren’t dealing with one thing but
a teacher, or a leader all leave their mark on the final many." In other words, since no one thing can both
package with your name on it. When you look in the wish to drink and not wish to drink (in the same way
mirror, you may see one or all of them in the at the same time), no one thing can have both of
reflection. those two characteristics: we thus manage this by
* take a personal inventory: 자신을 성찰하다 being more than one: one part of the soul wishes to
drink, and another does not wish to drink.

* faucet: 수도꼭지 ** nonpotable: 마실 수 없는
People emulate and eventually ____(A)____ 
those they ____(B)____. The paradox of thirst illustrates that a person can
____(A)____ desire and reject drinking, suggesting
(A) (B) the soul is not a ____(B)____ entity.
① reject admire
② reject disregard (A) (B)
③ ignore admire ① intentionally singular
④ resemble disregard ② unconsciously multiple
⑤ resemble admire ③ unconsciously singular
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
④ simultaneously multiple
→ 사람들은 자신이 존경하는 사람들을 모방하여 결국에는 닮게 된다. ⑤ simultaneously singular
자녀가 부모처럼 되는 것은 우연이 아니며, 사람들은 자신이 모방하는 사람들을 닮게
[정답] ⑤
된다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤ (A)에는 ‘닮다’를 뜻하는 resemble이, (B)에는 ‘존경하다’
[해설]
를 뜻하는 admire가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
→ 목마름의 역설은 한 사람이 동시에 마시기를 욕망하면서 거부할 수 있다고 설명하
① 거절하다 … 존경하다
며, 영혼이 단일한 존재가 아님을 제안한다.
② 거절하다 … 무시하다
이성과 욕망이 갈등하여 마시고 싶지만 마시고 싶어 하지 않는 상태가 되는 목마름의
③ 무시하다 … 존경하다
역설에 대하여, 정신을 둘 이상의 부분을 가지는 하나보다 많은 존재로 설명하여 풀이
④ 닮다 … 무시하다
하는 내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤ (A)에는 ‘동시에’를 뜻하는 simultaneously가, (B)에는 ‘단
일한’을 뜻하는 singular가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 의도적으로 … 단일한
② 무의식적으로 … 복수의
③ 무의식적으로 … 단일한
④ 동시에 … 복수의
319
Media executives understand that they must think Plants assess when they need to be competitive
of their audiences as consumers who buy their and when it is more prudent to be collaborative. To
products or whom they sell to advertisers. The make this kind of decision, they weigh the energy
complaining individual might be successful in cost relative to the benefit for improved growth and
getting the content changed or even removed if he or persistence.
she convinces the media executives ① that they
might otherwise lose a substantial portion of their (A) That is, plants compete only when competition is
target market. But an individual's concern will needed to improve their ability to support their
garner little attention if it is clear ② that the person own growth and reproduction and has some
does not belong in the target audience. The editors likelihood of success.
from Cosmopolitan magazine, which aims at (B) Once competition yields the needed results, they
20-something single women, for example, are not cease competing and shift their energy to living.
likely ③ to follow the advice of an elderly-sounding For plants, competition is about survival, not the
woman from rural Kansas who phones to protest thrill of victory.
what she feels are demeaning portrayals of women
(C) For example, although a plant would generally
on covers of the magazine that she sees in the
attempt to grow taller than a closely situated
supermarket. Yet the magazine staff ④ might well
neighbor for preferential access to sunlight, if the
act favorably if a Cosmopolitan subscriber writes
neighbor is already significantly taller and the
with a suggestion for a new column ⑤ what would
race is likely to be lost, the plant will temper its
attract more of the upscale single women they want
competitive instinct.
as readers. * prudent: 현명한 ** temper: 누그러뜨리다
* garner: 받다, 얻다 ** demeaning: 비하하는
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
[정답] ⑤ what을 that으로 바꿔야 적절하다. ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
[2025수능특강(영어) 14강 1번]

지 않은 것은?
Rejecting any academic training they had
experienced, Monet and the other Impressionists
believed that their art, with its ① objective methods
of painting what they saw before them, was more
sincere than any academic art. They all agreed that
they aimed to ② ignore their "sensations" or what
they could see as they painted. These sensations
included the flickering effects of light that our eyes
capture as we regard things. In complete ③ contrast
to the Academie, the Impressionists painted
ordinary, modern people in everyday and up-to-date
settings, making no attempt to hide their painting
techniques. They avoided symbols or any ④
narrative content, preventing viewers from
"reading" a picture, but making them experience
their paintings as an ⑤ isolated moment in time.
[정답] ② ignore를 capture와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
320
Mechanisation speeded up vertical movement. (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Stairs and ramps were traditionally how you went up If you wanted to be entertained in a theater before
and down, so few buildings in frequent use exceeded the nineteenth century, you could not avoid the fact
five stories. The Otis Company, founded in 1853 in that you were at some level participating in a dialog,
New York, changed all that with the invention of the a conversation, either with your fellow members of
safety elevator (safe because it locked the car in place the audience, or with the actors. The idea of the
should the cables fail) that made taller buildings audience sitting in the dark and watching the stage
possible. Escalators came later bringing greater in silence is a new thing. Prior to the nineteenth
capacity to move more people over shorter vertical century, the audience were lit and often extremely
distance: they made their debut, and were a vocal and active, even leaping on stage to fight with
sensation, at the 1900 Paris Exposition. With the cast. It was the actor David Garrick in the
elevators and escalators, cities could now spread eighteenth century who pioneered the idea that an
underground, with deep basements, subways, and audience should shut up and listen. The passive and
tunnels, and upwards, with high-rise buildings, as reverential silence in which today's actors can
well as outwards. The modern cityscape — of which indulge themselves is a new phenomenon, as, of
Manhattan is still the iconic exemplar — was created. course, is the cinema, where our surrogates on the
* ramp: 램프(높이가 다른 두 도로나 건물 등의 사이를 연결하는 screen can unfold their stories unaware of our
경사로) ** cityscape: 도시 경관 *** exemplar: 전형, 모범 responses.
① benefits of underground cities *** surrogate: 대리인
② adverse effects of excessive mechanisation 
③ problems of vertical transportation systems Before the nineteenth century, theater was
④ ways to ensure safety of elevators and escalators characterized by active audience ____(A)____ ,in
⑤ the impact of elevators and escalators on urban contrast to the passive ____(B)____ typical of
development modern theaters.
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
엘리베이터와 에스컬레이터 같은 기계화가 현대 도시의 성장과 발전에 어떤 영향을 (A) (B)
미쳤는지를 다루고 있으므로 ⑤ 'the impact of elevators and escalators on urban
development(엘리베이터와 에스컬레이터가 도시 발전에 미친 영향)‘가 적절하다.
① critiques support
①지하 도시의 장점 ② critiques interaction
②과도한 기계화의 부작용
③수직 운송 체계의 문제점
③ intervention response
④엘리베이터와 에스컬레이터의 안전을 보장하는 방법 ④ participation silence
⑤ participation support
[정답] ④
[해설]
→ 19세기 이전에는 극장이 적극적인 관객 참여로 특징지어졌으며, 이는 현대 극장의
소극적인 침묵과 대조적이다.
19세기 이전의 극장에서는 관객이 다른 관객이나 배우와의 대화에 참여했으며 오늘
날의 수동적이고 경건한 침묵은 새로운 현상이라는 내용이다. 그러므로 ④ (A)에는 ‘참
여’를 뜻하는 participation이, (B)에는 ‘침묵’을 뜻하는 silence가 들어가야 글의 내용을
가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 비평 … 지지
② 비평 … 상호작용
③ 개입 … 반응
⑤ 참여 … 지지
321
[2025수능특강(영어) 15강 1번] permanently ③ disfigured by the attack. This must
57 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? have been a powerful ④ encounter because Mrs.
Globalization has often been studied as a macro Roosevelt called it a “tragic moment.” It led her to
phenomenon. However, as the globalization process urge Americans to do more to help. Though she
obviously affects individuals' lives, a need for maintained that they were not America's ⑤ indirect
alternative concepts ① has been emerged. Concepts responsibility, “as a gesture of goodwill for the
such as cosmopolitanism and global citizenship have victims of this last war, such help would be
frequently been used to capture how globalization ② invaluable.”
is experienced "from below," with individuals as the * casualty 피해자, 희생자 ** disfigure: (외양을) 흉하게 만들다
object of analysis. Here, cosmopolitanism is
[정답] ⑤ indirect를 direct와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
interpreted as having many similarities to global
citizenship. For instance, cultural sociologist John
Tomlinson claims ③ that being a cosmopolitan
means that one has an active experience of
“belonging to the wider world.” As such,
cosmopolitanism is closely ④ connected to identity:
a cosmopolitan obtains a reflexive awareness of the
features that unite us as human beings. This requires
the ability to question one's own assumptions and
prejudices. Identity is in this context not essentialist
[2025수능특강(영어) 15강 3번]
or stable; rather, it is fragmented and constructed
and reconstructed across the different practices and
한 곳은?
positions ⑤ in which one participates.
In fact, it is not Sue that I see, but her identical
*** reflexive: 성찰의 twin sister — Sue is actually in another room.
[정답] ① has been emerged를 has emerged로 바꿔야 적절하다. Most philosophers accepted Plato's definition of
knowledge as justified true belief until the 1960s
when Edmund Gettier showed that it didn't always
provide a satisfactory explanation. ( ① ) He came
up with several instances where we instinctively
realize that someone doesn't really know something,
even though that person's belief is both true and
justified. ( ② ) For example, I have arranged to
[2025수능특강(영어) 15강 2번] meet my friend Sue at her house, and when I arrive I
58 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 see her through the window sitting in the kitchen. (
지 않은 것은?
③ ) My belief that Sue is home is true, and I have a
On June 17, 1953, Mrs. Roosevelt traveled to
good reason to believe it because I am sure I have
Hiroshima, where she visited the Atomic Bomb
seen her, but it is wrong to say that I knew she was at
Casualty Commission, an American research group
home — I didn't know. ( ④ ) Examples such as this
that studied the effects of the ① nuclear attacks on
became known as "Gettier problems" and have
bomb survivors. Many people had been injured by
prompted philosophers to ask if, in addition to
the fires that the bomb had caused. After her official
belief, truth, and justification, there is a fourth
meetings, some girls were waiting to see her. The
criterion for knowledge. ( ⑤ ) Gettier had cast
girls ② explained that they did not blame her for the
doubt not only on Plato's definition but also on
atomic bomb: they only wanted to impress on her
whether or not it is possible to define completely
the need to ensure that these weapons were never
what knowledge is.
used again on human beings, given their effects.
* criterion: 기준
Although she did not say so directly, the girls may
have been among those whose faces were
322
On one level, it is helpful for individuals to identify (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
which kind of ethical system they have and which Life-forms work to evolve survival strategies but
kind they admire. Immanuel Kant takes it one step without necessarily being aware of the process.
further, adding an unusual rule for a deontologist. Consciousness is not a necessary condition of life,
He believed that you can and should test your though it says much about the organism that
decisions for moral and ethical soundness and happens to possess it. Most biological species have
outlined a thought experiment he called the evolved techniques and mechanisms for survival
Categorical Imperative to help you do just that. without reflecting on the fact, and this is what has
When considering any course of action, ask yourself, happened so far with computer life-forms. We can
"Would I want everyone else, if placed in my speculate on how computers might ponder on their
position, to do the same thing?" If the answer is yes, own survival but this is essentially a matter for the
you're on the right path. If the answer is no, then future. At present we see a host of rudimentary
don't do it yourself. For example, while you can survival mechanisms in computers: we may expect
easily imagine a situation in which it might be to these to develop and new ones to emerge. It is
your advantage to lie, you would not want everyone inevitable, at the present stage of their development,
to lie, so you should not lie yourself. that computer survival strategies owe virtually
* deontologist: 의무론자 **Categorical Imperative: 정언 명령 everything to human involvement in computer
(양심의 절대 무조건적 도덕률) design. However, as machine autonomy develops
there will be a progressive reduction in the extent of
① advantages of following ethical rules human influence on computer evolution. Computers
② a principle for testing moral decisions will come to think about their own position in the
③ impact of ethical systems on individual's life world and take steps to enhance their own security.
④ the reason why we should make moral decisions * rudimentary: 원시적인 ** ponder: 숙고하다
⑤ situations in which lying can be morally justified 
[정답] ②
Computers evolve survival strategies without
[해설]
이마누엘 칸트는 사람들이 자신의 결정의 도덕적 윤리적 건전성을 검증하기 위해 정 ____(A)____, but as autonomy grows, they may
언명령을 따를 것을 제안했다는 내용이다. 따라서 ② ‘a principle for testing moral
develop self-awareness and improve ____(B)____
decisions(도덕적 결정을 검증하기 위한 원칙)’이 주제로 적절하다.
① 윤리적 규칙을 따르는 것의 이점 by themselves.
③ 윤리 체계가 개인의 삶에 미치는 영향
④ 우리가 도덕적 결정을 내려야하는 이유
⑤ 거짓말이 도덕적으로 정당화 될 수 있는 상황들 (A) (B)
① obstacles mobility
② evaluation accuracy
③ cooperation efficiency
④ interruption integrity
⑤ consciousness security
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
→ 컴퓨터는 의식 없이 생존 전략을 발전시키지만, 자율성이 증가함에 따라 그들은 자
체적으로 자아인식을 발전시키고 보안을 향상시킬 수도 있다.
현재 컴퓨터의 생존전략은 인간의 개입에 신세지고 있지만 미래에는 컴퓨터가 자신의
위치에 대해 생각하고 스스로 안전을 강화할 것이라는 내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤ (A)에는
‘의식’을 뜻하는 consciousness가, (B)에는 ‘보안’을 뜻하는 security가 들어가야 글의
① 장애물 … 이동성
② 평가 … 정확성
③ 협력 … 효율성
④ 방해 … 무결성
323
[2025수능특강(영어) 15강 6번] dictionary, for example. Nor should a business
62 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? reporter be without a basic economics text. City
Since at least the late nineteenth century and the directories and telephone books from all cities in a
rise of industrial cities, the history of urbanism and reporter's area of coverage are ④ valueless tools, as
urban planning ① has been a history of expertise — are internal directories of the organizations he or she
political, administrative, and technocratic. Cities will encounter on the beat. Having such numbers —
came to be seen as solutions to demands, for wealth, which are often impossible to obtain ⑤ officially —
health, safety, opportunity, and personal will enable a reporter to bypass obstacles and reach
development, as society grew more economically, potential sources quickly.
socially, and politically complex. Cities also came ② * beat: (관할) 구역 ** bypass: 우회하다
to see as posing new problems, often caused by their
[정답] ④ valueless를 valuable과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
successes in meeting earlier social demands. Both
fueled by and fueling that problem/solution,
framework, the Progressive political movement of
the early twentieth century ③ relied heavily on
trained and trusted experts, especially economists
[2025수능특강(영어) 16강 2번]
and other social scientists. Those experts were often 64 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것은?
educated in newly formed occupational disciplines
Cultural and behavioral diversity can result from
and professional schools. Degrees in hand, they were
humans' innate ability to flexibly respond to their
primed to lead both governments and businesses
environments, to engage in social learning, and to
away from the era of laissez-faire and toward better
make culture (an ability which is itself a part of the
outcomes for ④ themselves and for workers and
social suite).
citizens. That meant safer food: safer water: better
working conditions: safer and less expensive
(A) They suggest a thought experiment in which aliens
automobiles: ⑤ expanded opportunities for
replace humans with jukeboxes, each of which has
education, leisure, and personal fulfillment: and so
a repertoire of thousands of songs and the ability
on.
to play a particular song according to where and
* technocratic: 기술 관료적 ** prime: (사용할 수 있게) 준비시키다
*** laissez-faire: 자유방임주의 when it is. We would then observe that jukeboxes
in different parts of the world played different
[정답] ② to see를 to be seen으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
songs at different times, songs that were similar to
those on the jukeboxes near them.
(B) But none of this intergroup variation and
intragroup commonality would have anything to
do with the workings of culture. This is a way of
[2025수능특강(영어) 16강 1번]
illustrating that humans might have an inborn
63 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 ability to respond flexibly — but also predictably
지 않은 것은?
— to their environment.
As soon as a reporter is assigned to a specialized
beat, he or she should read several basic books on (C) The diversity might conceal an underlying
universality that, paradoxically, might relate
that subject to become ① familiar in a general way
with how the beat works. If a governmental area is more to our genes than to cultural exigencies.
involved — for example, a state ② legislature or a Evolutionary psychologists John Tooby and Leda
court system — a reporter should not go on a first Cosmides provide a fanciful illustration of this
assignment without knowing how that particular idea.

unit operates. Libraries contain such books,
although it is better for reporters to buy their own
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
copies for future ③ reference. No medical reporter
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
can work successfully without a good medical ④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
324
When companies select leaders, two of the first Smell is not just a sense that determines taste: it is
questions they ask are, “Has he done anything like also a powerful force that stimulates desire and may
this before?" "What is his track record?” We assume even overwhelm the other senses. In the past
that if that person has done it before (and done it decade, aromatherapy has emerged as an alternative
well), he can do it again. Experience is still healing practice, as well as a new product to be
important for leaders, and there are times when it is advertised to consumers. Some stores spread scents
the most effective predictor of future success. The of freshly baked bread or apple pie to encourage
problem, however, is that because of constantly shoppers to stay longer and buy more. Smells are
improving technology, processes, and best practices also important for distinguishing between edible
in a world that is constantly changing and where and inedible foods. Herbal medicine stores
success is being continually redefined, experience frequently have a wide variety of pungent odors. The
can be a handicap. Today, leaders must discipline preparation of herbal medicines may include
themselves to ______________________. This cooking plants into liquid form or distilling essences
is difficult because people naturally want to repeat with alcohol, which often creates an odor. Yet
an approach that worked in a similar situation. It is a biomedical pills and tablets are prepared in ways
challenge to consider an alternative to what brought that deemphasize smells considered to be more
you success in the past or to your current position in palatable. The absence of smells _____________.
the present. * palatable: 맛이 좋은 ** pungent: 자극적인 *** distill: 증류하다
① further distances medicine from food

① take advantage of developing technologies ② makes the pills and tablets more appealing
② learn from successful experiences of the past ③ demonstrates the effectiveness of the medication
③ collaborate with colleagues with an open mind ④ indicates poor quality in biomedical pills and
④ weigh the pros and cons of their decisions carefully tablets
⑤ look at problems and opportunities with a fresh eye ⑤ helps to ensure the safety of biomedical pills and
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
tablets
끊임없이 변화하는 세상에서 리더는 과거에 성공을 가져다 준 경험이 아닌 새로운 대 [정답] ①
안을 고려해야한다는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ⑤ ‘look at problems and [해설]
opportunities with a fresh eye(새로운 시각으로 문제와 기회를 바라보다)’가 가장 적 냄새는 방향 요법, 소비자의 행동 유도, 한약과 생의학 알약 제조 등 다양한 분야에서
절하다. 사용된다는 내용이다. 또한 냄새는 먹을 수 있는 음식과 먹기에 적합하지 않은 음식을
①발전하는 기술을 활용하다 구분하는데 중요한 역할을 함을 언급하며 냄새를 강조하지 않는 생의학 알약 및 정제
②과거의 성공적인 경험으로부터 배우다 와 자극적인 냄새를 풍기는 한약의 제조를 비교하고 있다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ①
③개방적인 마음으로 동료들과 협력하다 ‘further distances medicine from food(약과 음식의 거리가 더 멀어진다)’가 가장 적절
④결정의 장단점을 신중하게 따져보다 하다.
②알약과 정제를 더 매력적으로 만든다
③약의 효능을 입증한다
④생의학적 알약과 정제의 낮은 질을 나타낸다
⑤생의학적 알약과 정제의 안전성을 보장하도록 돕는다
325
The divergence between parental and peer values Consider a bar of soap, the kind you keep by the
does not necessarily lead to a hostile confrontation bathroom sink to wash your hands and face.
between parents and teenagers. In fact, most
youngsters are just as friendly with parents as with (A) These meanings allow the brand’s customers to do
peers. They simply engage in different types of more with the soap than just clean their faces: By
activities — work and task activities with parents, using these products, they can make a statement
play and recreation with peers. ① Concerning about what kind of person they are and what kind
financial, educational, career, and other serious of politics they embrace.
matters, such as what to spend money on and what (B) How much meaning could such an innocuous
occupation to choose, youths are inclined ② to seek object contain? While it may be tempting to
advice from parents. When it comes to social answer “not much,” or even “none,” in fact, even
activities, such as whom to date and ③ what clubs to soap can embody a rich set of symbols. Think
join, they are more likely to discuss them with peers. about a particular brand of soap. By itself, that
This reflects the great importance placed by the peer soap cleans like any other soap.
group on other-directed behavior, ④ looks to others
(C) But through some clever marketing, packaging,
for approval and support as opposed to reliance on
and advertising, the brand immerses its soap in a
personal beliefs and traditional values. Peer groups,
complex set of messages about the environment,
in effect, ⑤ demand conformity at the expense of
personal empowerment, and progressive politics.
independence and individuality.
The brand’s website even says, “We are
*** confrontation: 대립, 대면 committed to animal protection, environmental
protection and respect for human rights.”
[정답] ④ looks를 lookin으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
[2025수능특강(영어) 16강 6번]
68 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
지 않은 것은? ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
One important point related to the possibility of ③ (B)-(C)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
reproducing ① believable tactile sensations in

virtual or machine-mediated environments lies in
the role of “pain”. Certainly, a number of real
interactions can never be entirely believable without
the presence of painful ② stimulation. However, one
might wonder whether reproducing such kinds of
stimulation would ever be of any use within virtual
or ③ meditated interactions. Shouldn't a "virtual"
world be, in some sense, "better" without pain? Even
if not immediately intuitive, there are a (admittedly
small) number of situations in which the ability to
deliver painful stimulation comes in handy within
mediated environments. In fact, numerous attempts
have been made over the course of the last few years
to reproduce these aspects of our ④ perception as
well. This may occur in video games to increase the
realism of the simulation or even more importantly
in training programs for soldiers where pain is an ⑤
occupational hazard and will need to be dealt with.
[정답] ③ meditated를 mediated와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
326
full-blown form) is unique to our species. Few relationships and, as we gain control of our body,
nonhuman species seem able to comprehend we're keen to take part in games and tasks that
pointing (notably, domestic dogs can follow involve working with others. In this way, we're so
pointing, while our closest relatives among the great different from young chimps. Experiments have
apes cannot), and there is little evidence of pointing shown chimps can understand collaborative tasks
occurring spontaneously between members of any perfectly well, but they only bother to take part if
species other than our own. Apparently only humans they can see how it will result in their getting a piece
have the social-cognitive infrastructure needed to of fruit or some other reward. Humans, by contrast,
support the kind of cooperative and prosocial often work together just for the joy of it.
motivations that pointing gestures presuppose. This Experiments have shown that working with others
suggests a new place to look for the foundations of affects children’s behavior. Afterward, they’re more
human language. While research on language in generous in sharing any treats the experimenters
cognitive science has long focused on its logical give them — as if working with others has put them
structure, the news about pointing suggests an in a better mood. It seems unlikely that children’s
alternative: that the essence of language is found in greater willingness to share is simply the result of
our capacity for the communion of minds through learning that they should pay people for working
shared intentionality. At the center of it is the with them, but the way we feel about everything is
deceptively simple act of pointing, an act that must strongly influenced by the experiences that shaped
be mastered before language can be learned at all. the development of our brain. Our childhood
* presuppose: 전제로 하다 ** communion: 교감, 공유 observations of others don’t just help us learn how to
① effective ways of learning a new language behave; they help us understand how we’re
② logical structure in human language development supposed to feel.
③ the essence of language implied in the behavior of

① The Role of Emotion in Cooperation
pointing
② How Does Cooperation Change Relationship?
④importance of nonverbal expression in
③ We Should Teach Children the Value of Sharing
communication
④ Which Part of the Brain is Involved in
⑤ the reason why human language is different from
Cooperation?
that of other species
⑤ Attitude Towards Cooperation: Difference Between
[정답] ③
[해설] Chimps and Humans
가리키기는 인간에게 유일하게 나타나는 행위로 언어의 본질이 지향점 공유를 통한 [정답] ⑤
마음 교감임을 드러낸다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ③ ‘the essence of language implied [해설]
in the behavior of pointing(가리키는 행동에 함축된 언어의 본질)’이 주제로 가장 적 침팬지는 자신의 이익을 위해 협력하지만, 인간은 다른 사람과 함께 일하는 것에서 즐
절하다. 거움을 얻고, 그 경험을 통해 더 기분 좋게 느끼고 자비로워진다는 내용이다. 그러므로
① 새로운 언어를 배우는 효과적인 방법 ⑤ 'Attitude Towards Cooperation: Difference Between Chimps and Humans(협력에
② 인간 언어 발달에서의 논리적 구조 대한 태도: 침팬지와 인간의 차이)‘가 제목으로 가장 적절하다.
④ 의사소통에서 비언어적 표현의 중요성 ①협력에 있어서 감정의 역할
⑤인간 언어가 다른 종의 언어와 다른 이유 ②협력이 어떻게 관계를 변화시키는가?
③우리는 아이들에게 나눔의 가치를 가르쳐야 한다
④뇌의 어떤 부분이 협력에 관여하는가?
327
The theory of reasoned action maintains that a 지 않은 것은?
person’s decision to engage in a purposeful activity We trust our common sense largely because we
depends on several factors, ① which some are are prone to naive realism: the belief that we see the
situational and some are mediated by personal world ① precisely as it is. We assume that ‘seeing is
dispositions or characteristics. At the core of the believing’ and trust our intuitive perceptions of the
theory is the idea ② that when people engage in a world and ourselves. In daily life, naive realism often
given behavior it is because they formed an intention serves us well. If you are driving down a one-lane
to do so and have reasons for their decision to road and see a tractor-trailer moving ② controllably
actualize their intentions. Because of this, much of towards you at 120 kilometers per hour, it is a wise
our behavior can be characterized as “reasoned idea to get out of the way. Much of the time, we
action.” Fishbein and Ajzen suggested that should trust our perceptions. Yet appearances can
behavioral intentions ③ are controlled by two sometimes be ③ deceptive. The Earth seems flat.
factors: attitude toward an act and the normative The sun seems to revolve around the Earth. Yet in
component. Attitude toward an act is influenced by both cases, our intuitions are wrong. Sometimes,
the beliefs that people have about the consequences what appears to be obvious can mislead us when it
of performing an act. The normative component is comes to evaluating ourselves and others. Our
controlled by our beliefs about ④ what valued common sense tells us that our memories accurately
others (i.e., people important in our lives) expect us capture virtually everything we have seen, although
to do. For some behaviors we rely more on our scientific research demonstrates otherwise. Our
attitude toward an act, ⑤ whereas for other common sense also assures us that people who do
behaviors we may rely more on the normative not share our political views are biased, but that we
component for guidance on how to behave. are ④ objective. Yet psychological research
[정답] ① which를 of which나 where로 바꿔야 적절하다. evaluating political issues in a biased fashion. So our
tendencies to believe appearances can lead us to
draw ⑤ erroneous conclusions about human nature.
In many cases, ‘believing is seeing’ rather than the
reverse: our beliefs shape our perceptions of the
world.
[정답] ② controllably를 uncontrollably와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
328
[2025수능특강(영어) 18강 3-4번]
Some people claim that gratitude is just about
thinking nice thoughts and expecting good things —
and ignores the negativity, pain, and suffering in life.
Well, they’re wrong. Consider our definition of
besides yourself for that benefit.
(A) The data bear this out. When people are grateful,
they aren’t necessarily free of negative emotions
— we don’t find that they necessarily have less
anxiety or less tension or less unhappiness.
Practicing gratitude magnifies positive feelings
more than it reduces negative feelings. If
gratitude were just positive thinking, or a form of
denial, you’d experience no negative thoughts or
feelings when you’re keeping a gratitude journal,
for instance. But, in fact, people do.
(B) What’s more, feelings of gratitude can sometimes
provided to me, I have to take care of that thing —
I might even have to reciprocate at some
appropriate time in the future. That type of
indebtedness or obligation can be perceived very
negatively — it can cause people real discomfort,
as Jill Suttie explores in her essay “How to Say
Thanks Without Feeling Indebted.”
(C) In fact, gratitude can be very difficult, because it
requires that you recognize your dependence on
others, and that’s not always positive. You have to
humble yourself, in the sense that you have to
become a good receiver of others’ support and
generosity. That can be very hard — most people
are better givers than receivers.
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
329
[2025수능특강(영어) 18강 5-6번] acculturated to the group norms, and learned to behave less aggressively( 그 집단
75 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 규범에 동화되었고, 덜 공격적으로 행동하는 법을 배웠다)’가 가장 적절하다.
① 변경된 그룹에 적응하지 못했다
In all social systems, it is true that people’s ② 이미 그룹 멤버들에 의해 받아들여졌다
③ 생존을 위해 또 다른 몇 가지 기술을 더 습득해야 했다
behavior is influenced by social rules and they are ⑤ 환경에 역동적인 변화가 있을 때만 합리적인 결정을 내렸다
extraordinarily adaptable. One natural experiment
involving baboons is instructive. A study in 2004
examined how a troop of baboons dominated by
large and aggressive males changed after all those
dominant males caught a disease and died. With
only smaller, gentler males remaining, the culture of
coming in from outside. The new males
___________________________.
*** feudal: 봉건 (시대의)
① failed to adjust to the changed group

② were already accepted by the group members
③ had to acquire another couple of skills to survive
④ were acculturated to the group norms, and learned
to behave less aggressively
⑤ made reasonable decisions only when there is
dynamic changes in their environment
[정답] ④
[해설]
무리의 문화에 따라 행동 방식이 바뀐 개코원숭이 실험을 사례로 들어, 사람의 행동은
적응력이 뛰어나기에 사회 체계에 영향을 받는다는 내용의 글이다. 빈칸 내용 앞에서
개코원숭이의 사회구조가 바뀐 후 생긴 무리의 문화가 세대를 거듭해도 공격적인 행
동이 줄어드는 방법을 배운다는 내용이 와야한다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ④ ‘were
330
Not surprisingly, usage of unsafely designed and Marcel Pagnol was born in Aubagne in 1895, and
insecurely implemented software presents some died in 1974. The son of a primary school teacher, ①
risks. After distributed software reaches user sites, whom he described so vividly in his Souvenirs
installation and administration of system and d’enfance (childhood memories), this southern
application software, when improperly performed, Frenchman began his professional life as an English
may adversely affect performance and proper teacher. However, he quickly earned a reputation for
functioning of such software. Due to the complexity his plays in the 1920s: the extraordinary success of
as well as due to inadequate documentation of these Topaze in 1927 and Marius in 1928 ② established
systems, users hardly understand effects of their him as a playwright. Marcel Pagnol had long been
attempts to “properly” use such systems. interested in the cinema, but had to wait for the
Consequently, users apply “trial and error” methods development of talking picture techniques ③ using
in learning to work with new features, rather than his full vigor as a dialogue writer. His first few films
trying methodologically to understand which were adaptations of his theatrical works, for example
functions may have which effects, and which the highly acclaimed trilogy Marius, Fanny and
precautions should be taken to avoid unwished César. The public success was enormous at both
side-effects. This somewhat “explorative” way to use national and international levels. This persuaded
systems rather often leads to a risky attitude with Marcel Pagnol ④ to devote himself exclusively to
potentially harmful effects, e.g., by clicking on the cinema. For his second film he set up his own
unknown attachments without due care. production company, La societe des films Marcel
Software manufacturers often argue that failure of Pagnol. He was certain that the dramatist of the past
software is mainly caused by improper actions of would be the film-maker of the future, a thesis ⑤
users. But in many — if not most — cases, the which he controversially developed in a short-lived
human-computer interface (e.g., the display of critical review entitled Les cahiers du film.
functions and operations on the screen, or the * acclaimed: 극찬[호평]을 받은 ** trilogy: 3부작
*** thesis: 논제(論題)
[정답] ③ using을 to use로 바꿔야 적절하다.
keyboard) is inadequately designed and users are
not properly supported by help functions (which
when existing in many cases are so complex that
users are further misled). While users are primarily
they rather often tend to forget about any precaution
and even sometimes bypass security measures when
thinking that their work performance is reduced.
① New software development can improve current ↖

[정답] ④
problems
[해설]
② Successfully developing software depends on users 안전하지 않게 설계되고 불안정하게 구현된 소프트웨어를 사용할 경우 사용자가 잘못
사용하는 경우가 많으며, 소프트웨어 제조업체는 오작동의 원인을 주로 사용자에게
feedback
돌리지만, 그것이 부적절하게 설계된 경우가 많고, 사용자 또한 잘못 사용하는 경향이
③ Users need to be aware that software development 있다는 내용의 글이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ④ Both software manufacturers and users
can cause social problems are responsible for the cause of software malfunctions(소프트웨어 제조업자들과 사
용자들이 소프트웨어 오작동에 책임이 있다)’가 가장 적절하다.
④ Both software manufacturers and users are ① 새로운 소프트웨어 개발은 현재 문제들을 개선할 수 있다
responsible for the cause of software malfunctions ② 성공적으로 소프트웨어를 개발하는 것은 사용자들의 피드백에 달려있다
③ 사용자들은 소프트웨어 개발이 사회적 문제들을 유발할 수 있다는 사실을 인지할
⑤ Software manufacturers have failed to improve 필요가 있다
cyber security for many years, making many ⑤ 소프트웨어 제조업자들은 온라인상에서 많은 희생자를 양산해내면서 수년 동안 사
이버 보안을 개선하는데 실패했다
victims online
331
지 않은 것은? In the summer of 1878, a thirty-year-old Dutch
When he was a Harvard student, world-famous botanist named Hugo de Vries traveled to England
cellist Yo-Yo Ma played often at concerts in and to see Darwin. It was more of a spiritual journey than
around Boston. He became very popular, and one a scientific visit.
day when one of his concerts was sold out, he gave a
free concert for those who were ① able to obtain
(A) The meeting must have been exhausting, for it
tickets — he sat in the theater lobby and played Bach
lasted only two hours, and Darwin had to excuse
cello suites. Later in his career, when he was an ②
himself to take a break. But de Vries left England
international success, he still would often give more
transformed. With no more than a brief
than required. For example, many guest cello
conversation, Darwin had inserted a sluice into de
soloists play in the first half of a concert, then they
Vries's racing mind, completely redirecting it
are finished for the night. However, Mr. Ma would
forever.
sometimes play as part of the orchestra in the second
(B) Back in Amsterdam, de Vries suddenly terminated
half of the concert — doing this with the Philadelphia
his prior work on the movement of tendrils in
Orchestra was especially ③ enjoyable for him. He
plants and threw himself into solving the mystery
says, “It is an honor to play the back stands of the
of heredity.
Philadelphia Orchestra. It’s ④ incredible the way
(C) Darwin was vacationing at his sister's estate in
those players listen, the knowledge they have. I
Dorking, but de Vries tracked him down and
admire it so much. And I feel the thrill of being part
traveled out to meet him. Thin, intense, and
of something that’s greater than the sum of its parts
excitable, with a beard that rivaled Darwin's, de
— being ⑤ accepted as part of the team.”
Vries already looked like a younger version of his
[정답] ① able을 unable과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다. idol. He also had Darwin's persistence.
* sluice: 수문(水門) ** tendril: 덩굴손 *** heredity: 유전
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
332
It is uncontroversially true that people in different (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
societies have different customs and different ideas If the United States has one of the easiest
about right and wrong. There is no world consensus geographies to develop, Mexico has one of the most
on which actions are right and wrong, even though difficult. The entirety of Mexico is in essence the
there is a considerable overlap between views on southern extension of the Rocky Mountains, which
this. If we consider how much moral views have is a kind way of saying that America’s worst lands are
changed both from place to place and from age to age strikingly similar to Mexico’s best lands. As one
it can be tempting to think that there are no absolute would expect from a territory that is
moral facts, but rather that morality is always mountain-dominated, there are no navigable rivers
relative to the society in which you have been and no large cohesive pieces of fertile land like the
brought up. On such a view, since slavery was American Southeast or the Columbia valley, much
morally acceptable to most Ancient Greeks but is not less the Midwest. Each mountain valley is a sort of
to most Europeans today, slavery was right for the fastness where a small handful of oligarchs control
Ancient Greeks but would be wrong for today’s local economic and political life. Mexico shouldn’t be
Europeans. This view, known as moral relativism, thought of as a unified state, but instead as a collage
makes morality simply a description of the values of dozens of little Mexicos where local power brokers
held by a particular society at a particular time. This constantly align with and against each other (and a
is a meta-ethical view about the nature of moral national government seeking — often in vain — to
judgements. Moral judgements can only be judged stitch together something more cohesive). In its
true or false relative to a particular society. There are regional disconnectedness, Mexico is a textbook
no absolute moral judgements: they are all relative. case that countries with the greatest need for
capital-intensive infrastructure are typically the
① New Approaches To Moral Judgments countries with the lowest ability to generate the
② The Importance Of Accepting Any Kind Of Moral capital necessary to build that infrastructure.
Judgments
③ Why Are Relative Moral Judgments Considered As 
Self-Improvement ?
Unlike the United States, Mexico is not only
④ Absolute Moral Judgments vs. Relative Moral
____(A)____ difficult to develop, but also difficult
Judgments, Which one is accepted?
to generate capital due to regional ____(B)____.
⑤ What Made Absolute Moral Judgments different
(A) (B)
from Relative Moral judgments?
[정답] ④
① geologically convention
[해설] ② geologically connectedness
서로 다른 사회 사이에 어떤 행동이 옳고 그른지에 대한 견해는 상당 부분 겹치기는 하
지만, 그것에 관한 전 세계적인 합의는 없는 것처럼, 도덕성은 사람이 자라온 사회와
③ geometrically union
관련되어 있으며, 그렇기 때문에 절대적인 도덕적 판단은 존재하지 않으며, 그것은 모 ④ geographically disconnection
두 상대적이라는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ④ ‘Absolute Moral Judgments vs.
Relative Moral Judgments, Which one is accepted?(절대적인 도덕적 판단 대 상대적
⑤ geographically stereotype
도덕적 판단, 어떤 것이 받아들여지는가?)’가 가장 적절하다. [해설]
① 도덕적 판단에 대한 새로운 접근법들 → 미국과 달리 멕시코는 지형적으로 개발하기 어려울 뿐만 아니라 지역적 단절로 인
② 모든 종류의 도덕적 판단을 받아들이는 것의 중요성 해서 자본을 창출하는 데 어려움을 겪는다.
③ 왜 상대적인 도덕적 판단이 자기 향상의 수단으로서 여겨지는가? 미국과 달리 멕시코는 개발하기 가장 어려운 지형 중 하나로, 항해할 수 있는 강이 없
⑤ 무엇이 절대적인 도덕적 판단을 상대적인 도덕적 판단과 다르게 만드는가? 고 넓고 응집된 비옥한 땅도 없으며, 각각의 산골짜기는 소수의 과두 정치 독재자가 지
역의 경제생활과 정치 생활을 통제하면서 지역의 실세들이 끊임없이 서로 손을 잡고,
서로 맞선다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ④ (A)에는 ‘지형적으로’를 뜻하는 geographically
가, (B)에는 ‘단절’을 뜻하는 disconnection이 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수
있다.
① 지질학적으로 … 관습
② 지질학적으로 … 연결
③ 기하학적으로 … 연합
⑤ 지형적으로 … 고정관념
333
[2025수능특강(영어) 21강 3번] walkable communities are ④ equated with a
82 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? downsized environmental footprint and energy
When Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote the words, efficiency, with the added benefit of burning calories
"Water, water everywhere, but not a drop ① to during everyday activities. If green buildings and
drink" in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in 1798, solar panels dot the landscape and rooftops, all the
the dangers of drinking seawater ② had known for better. Notes one economist with the Urban Land
thousands of years. Seawater does indeed make men Institute, “Energy efficiency is becoming the new
mad. Historical evidence indicates the ancient granite countertops; it’s a ⑤ necessary feature to sell
Egyptians knew seawater was not potable, but the the property.”
earliest realization ③ that it was unsafe to drink has * amenity: 생활 편의 시설 ** dot: (점으로) 덮다 *** granite: 화강암
been lost to antiquity. In pre-Columbian times, the
[정답] ③ reluctant를 appealing과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
greatest fear of venturing too far from land on the
ocean was not falling off the surface of the Earth but
lack of fresh drinking water. From a human
perspective, the oceans, ④ which cover 70% of
Earth's surface, are still the most extensive and
unique desert wildernesses on the planet. Saltwater [2025수능특강(영어) 22강 2번]
constitutes 97% of Earth's water, and of the 3% that 84 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절
한 곳은?
is fresh, two-thirds is frozen in glaciers and polar ice.
Others highlight that it is not the number of
Thus, a mere 1% of all the water on the planet (in
people per se, but how natural resources are
lakes and rivers, groundwater, and the atmosphere)
consumed that is the main cause of environmental
⑤ is fresh and can be used by terrestrial plants and
decline.
animals.
"In recent years, there has been an increasing
[정답] ② had known을 had been known으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
tendency of economists, scientists, and politicians to
shift the focus from population growth to
consumption as the more important underlying
driver of biodiversity loss. ( ① ) For many, the
emphasis on consumption avoids politically charged
[2025수능특강(영어) 22강 1번] topics, such as population control, which most
83 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 people oppose on ethical or moral grounds, and
지 않은 것은? because it is associated with divisive topics such as
Shifting demographics, household structures, xenophobia, racism, and eugenics. ( ② ) Indeed,
lifestyle preferences, and consumer values suggest a rich people and rich countries have a
different built environment and urban fabric 30 disproportionate impact on the natural environment
years ahead compared with 30 years ago. More and because they consume a disproportionately large
more Americans, Australians, and Europeans are share of the world's natural resources. ( ③ ) To use
choosing to live in settings where they are less one example, the USA accommodates only 5% of the
dependent on their cars because ① reducing air world's human population but uses 25% of the
pollution and energy use matters to them. A 2011 world's harvested natural resources each year. ( ④ )
survey of more than two thousand adult Americans In fact, decorative Christmas lights in the USA alone
found seven times more people said the use more energy than the annual energy usage of the
neighborhood where a house is located is a bigger ② entirety of Ethiopia or Tanzania. ( ⑤ ) And yet, the
consideration in deciding where to live than the size average USA citizen uses less than half of the energy
of the house. Walking to restaurants, businesses, that an average citizen of Qatar uses, Qatar being a
schools, and other amenities was the most ③ small but wealthy Middle Eastern country.
reluctant neighborhood feature for many * xenophobia: 외국인 혐오 ** eugenics: 우생학
respondents. To many 20- and 30-somethings, 글의 흐름상 ②에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.
334
"Movies featuring wonderful natural landscapes (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
and charismatic wildlife often increase the desire of Many aspects of an ant’s appearance have likely
moviegoers to visit natural areas where they can see evolved to meet a specific lifestyle requirement,
these landscapes and animals first-hand. But they although the extent to which this is true has not been
can also raise awareness of environmental issues in fully explored for all aspects of its body structure.
new audiences. While many documentaries are Adaptations could be due to environment, available
created with this purpose in mind, such benefits can food, or predators. Long legs and large eyes are
also extend to blockbuster movies meant for broader commonly seen in ground-foraging ants that need to
audiences. For example, Disney’s Happy Feet move quickly to avoid predators in open ground or
(2006) highlighted the threat of overfishing and be the first to acquire a food resource. In contrast,
plastic pollution to penguins; The Jungle Book ants that forage and nest in leaf litter have shorter
(2016) exposed audiences to the endangered legs and antennae, alongside small eyes. This makes
pangolins. Such exposure can even lead to sense in the dark environment of leaf litter where
environmentally conscious behavioural changes. moving through small spaces is easier with a
For example, moviegoers were willing to donate 50% compact body plan. Based on the unique
more money to climate mitigation after watching the combination of body size measurements, scientists
apocalyptic movie The Day After Tomorrow (2004). can predict where an ant nests and forages or even
Perhaps, in part, due to the influence of what kind of food it eats. Predators have longer,
environmentally-orientated movies, an increasing flatter mandibles, while omnivores — those eating a
number of movie stars (and other celebrities) have diverse range of foods — have shorter, curved
started using their stardom as a platform from mandibles.

where they promote biodiversity conservation

efforts in Africa.
* pangolin: 천산갑(몸의 위쪽이 딱딱한 비늘로 덮여있고 긴 혀로 The influence of a certain ____(A)____ caused
곤충을 핥아먹는 작은 동물) by the environment, food, and predators resulted in
the ____(B)____ of the appearance of ants.
① the role of film in raising awareness of

(A) (B)
environmental issues
① lifestyle adoption
② the reason films are progressively focusing on the
② lifestyle evolution
environment
③ trait transformation
③ the effect that movie stars' new interests affect the
④ strategy structure
environment
⑤ strategy difference
④ the combination of moviegoers and movie stars for
[정답] ②
public purpose [해설]
→ 환경, 먹이, 포식자에 의한 특정한 생활방식의 영향이 개미 외모의 진화를 초래했을
⑤ the relationship between stunning natural scenery
수 있다.
and emotional health 환경, 먹이, 포식자 등에 의한 특정한 생활 방식의 영향으로 개미의 겉모습이 진화했다
[정답] ① 는 것이 글의 중심 내용이다. 그러므로 ② (A)에는 ‘생활방식’을 뜻하는 lifestyle이, (B)
[해설] 에는 ‘진화’를 뜻하는 evolution이 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
다큐멘터리뿐만 아니라 블록버스터 영화들이 환경오염의 위협을 강조하여 환경을 의 ① 생활방식 … 채택
식하는 행동 변화를 관람객들에게 유발할 수 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ① ③ 특성 … 변형
‘the role of film in raising awareness of environmental issues(환경 문제에 대한 ④ 전략 … 구조
인식을 높이는데 영화의 역할)’가 가장 적절하다. ⑤ 전략 … 차이
② 영화들이 점진적으로 환경을 주제로 하는 이유
③ 영화배우들의 새로운 관심사가 환경에 미치는 영향
④ 공적인 목적을 위한 영화 관람객과 영화배우의 조합
⑤ 멋진 자연경관과 정서적 건강 사이의 관계
335
The largest species of octopus in the world, the Spectators are seen as a source of drive arousal.
giant Pacific octopus, usually grows to about 3 m in This heightened state of arousal is presumed to
length and weighs up to 272kg. It lives on the rim of facilitate the performance of well-learned or simple
the North Pacific Ocean, ① which it crawls about on skills.
the bottom, using its long, sucker-covered arms. It
seeks out rocky dens on the seabed; youngsters will (A) Her performance stands to be improved with an
often dig holes under rocks in sand. Here, the audience present. In a case where the performer is
octopus can take refuge from predators — seals, still struggling to master a skill, incorrect
sharks, and other large fishes — too big ② to slip responses are present in abundance and are
through the den mouth. Foraging mainly at night, thereby presumed to be dominant responses.
this giant octopus looks especially for crabs and (B) As a consequence, onlookers can only worsen the
lobsters, but also takes shrimp and shellfish, smaller performance of a beginner. Hence, the
octopuses, and fishes. Often it will return to its den performer's level of skill and the complexity of the
to feed, ③ depositing empty shells and other skill itself will determine whether an audience
inedible fragments of prey in piles at the entrance. helps or hinders a performance.
Like its relatives, this octopus mostly lives alone,
(C) However, if a skill is not well-learned or complex,
except for a brief period when adults come together
the increase in arousal will interfere with its
for mating. The female lays her eggs in a den, and ④
performance. The underlying notion is that an
will tend them until her young emerge. She will not
increase in drive arousal favors the emission of
feed in all this time — and will die soon after her
the performer's dominant responses. In the case
young ⑤ emerge.
of a skilled performer, her dominant responses
are presumed to be largely "correct" ones.
[정답] ① which를 where로 바꿔야 적절하다.
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
[2025수능특강(영어) 23강 3번]

지 않은 것은?
However skilled you may be at bowling, there will
always be ① minute changes in the angle at which
you release the ball that will be ② magnified as the
ball travels the length of the lane. As it strikes, the
first skittle falls back either slightly to the right or the
left, and the ball is deflected ③ enormously in the
other direction. From then on, within a fraction of a
second, skittles start falling in different directions,
sometimes hitting others as they fall. The differences
in the final ④ arrangement of skittles each time are
difficult to predict from the slight variation of angle
as the ball leaves the bowler’s hand. Even those who
can achieve strike after strike actually achieve a ⑤
different strike every time, for the skittles will never
fall in exactly the same way twice.
[정답] ③ enormously를 sllightly와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
336
Athletes do require more protein (and all Once production shifts to industrial methods, the
nutrients) than sedentary people, but there is no leisure consumer is free to seek pleasure in the older
evidence that they require a higher percentage of handcraft technology. Typically, the technology
protein compared to other macronutrients in their itself enters one or more paths to pleasure as the
diet to perform more optimally. To put it another market recognizes hobby demand: tools and
way, a diet with 10 percent protein is sufficient for materials are designed for comfort, beauty, and
most people, athlete and nonathlete alike. If an satisfaction. Both needlework tools and those of
average adult female eats 2,000 calories, 10 percent hobby woodworking have undergone this transition,
is 200 calories from protein. If an average female to name only two of many possible examples.
athlete eats 3,000 calories, 10 percent is 300 calories Fountain pens, considered obsolete as a production
from protein — that’s a 50 percent increase in technology for writing, are selling at four-figure
protein achieved by simply eating more of the same prices to people who simply enjoy the process of
foods. So when you exercise, you don’t need to forming words with ink on paper and are willing to
change the composition of the food (i.e., consuming pay a premium for the pleasure. In the 1950s, the
foods with higher concentrations of protein or late Shelby Foote reportedly wrote his three-volume
consuming protein powders). You just need to eat 1.5-million-word history of the Civil War with a dip
more of the same foods. The increased athletic pen, eschewing the then-dominant writing
activity will work up your hunger drive. In response, technologies — the manual typewriter and the
you will consume more protein as well as nutrients fountain pen — thereby lending a new meaning to
of all types. This works well since physical activity the term “belletristic history.’’
likely requires more of all nutrients, not just protein. * obsolete: 구식의, 한물간 ** eschew: 멀리하다
*** belletristic: 순수 문학적인
* sedentary: 몸을 많이 움직이지 않는
① Protein: A Key Nutrient For Muscle Building ① The tendency of using obsolete technology for the
② How Much Protein Do We Need When Exercising? sake of belletristic history
③ New Approaches To Train Athletes Without ② The tendency of using industrial methods under
Dietary Adjustment the trend of pursing vintage items
④ What Makes It Difficult To Maintain 10 Percent ③ The tendency of using older handcraft technology
Protein In Your Diet? under the trend of industrial production
⑤ Why Do Athletes Need To Eat More Protein Than ④ The tendency of using several pens under the trend
The Average Person? of industrial technology

[정답] ② ⑤ The tendency of using typewriters under the trend
[해설] of pure literature
운동선수도 10퍼센트의 단백질을 포함한 식단이면 충분하며, 운동 활동이 늘어나면
[정답] ③
음식을 더 많이 섭취하게 되고, 자연스럽게 다른 영양소와 함께 단백질의 섭취량도 늘
[해설]
어날 것이므로, 단백질 농도가 더 높은 음식을 따로 더 섭취할 필요가 없다는 내용이
해당 글은 생산이 산업화 방식으로 전환되고 시장이 취미 수요를 인식하게 되면서 도
다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ② ‘How Much Protein Do We Need When Exercising? (운
구와 재료는 편안함/아름다움/만족감을 추구하게 되었고, 구식으로 여겨질 수도 있는
동할 때 얼마나 많은 단백질을 필요로 하는가?)’이 가장 적절하다.
만년필과 잉크로 찍어 쓰는 펜이 기술발전에도 불구하고 여전히 사용되었다는 내용의
① 단백질 : 근육 형성의 핵심 영양소
글이다. 이런 내용을 가장 잘 담고 있는 선지인 ③ ‘The tendency of using older
③ 식단조절 없이 운동선수들을 훈련시키는 새로운 접근법
handcraft technology under the trend of industrial production(산업생산의 추세에
④ 무엇이 식단에서 10퍼센트의 단백질을 유지하는 것을 어렵게 만드는가?
따라 오래된 수작업 기술을 사용하는 경향)’이 가장 적절한 제목 선지가 된다.
⑤ 왜 운동선수들은 보통 사람들보다 더 많은 단백질을 섭취해야 하는가?
① 순수 문학적인 역사를 위해 구식 기술을 사용하는 경향
② 빈티지한 아이템을 추구하는 트렌드에 따라 산업적인 방법을 사용하는 경향
④ 산업기술의 추세에 따라 여러 개의 펜을 사용하는 경향
⑤ 순수문학의 흐름에 따라 타자기를 사용하는 경향
337
Responding to life with joy and sorrow is part of 한 곳은?
being human. At times when pain and suffering are Of course, curators take initiatives which
inescapable, it is important to remember ① that this contribute to the exposure of work.
is part of the process by which we acquire

knowledge. This does not mean that one must be in Museum and gallery exhibitions are ‘hired’ by or
discomfort to make art, but stress can ② be co-produced with other galleries; it is not
channeled into a creative force if it produces a sense uncommon for shows to be ‘on the road’ for two
of inquisitiveness and an incentive for change. ③ years or longer. ( ① ) Normally they are curated by
Thinking through making pictures can allow us to one or more people, whose role includes researching
place our distress in context. The images we make the exhibition concept, the selection (or
can help us understand its source, catalog its scope, commissioning) of work, planning how the work will
adapt ourselves to its presence, and devise ways ④ be hung within the exhibition space and writing a
to control it. There are things in life, once called significant part of any accompanying book or
wisdom, which we have to discover for ourselves by catalogue. ( ② ) The power of the curator, operating
making our own private journeys. Stress can be regionally, nationally or internationally, has been
directed to open up possibilities for intelligent and questioned. ( ③ ) But they may also regularly
imaginative inquiries and solutions that otherwise favour certain artists, or types of work, at the
⑤ might be ignored, overlooked, or refuted. expense of others. ( ④ ) Furthermore, it has been

* inquisitiveness: 호기심 ** refute: 반박하다 suggested that curators often act more as ‘creators’,
putting together themed exhibitions which, however
[정답] ⑤ might be를 might have been으로 바꿔야 적절하다. relevant and interesting, serve as much to advance
themselves as to showcase the work of artists. ( ⑤ )
Indeed, all exhibitions and collections reflect the
[2025수능특강(영어) 25강 2번]
particular interests of their curators and archivists
93 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 as well as the mission statement, priorities and
지 않은 것은?
terms of reference of particular organisations.
Architectural spaces become memorable through
* archivist: 기록 보관인 ** terms of reference: 위임 사항
the architectural characteristics that define them.
Qualities of scale, ① appropriateness for people, 글의 흐름상 ③에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.
aesthetics, and visual impact are among the many
components that give a place its character and feel.
The purpose of a space can make it a place. The Oval
Office in the White House is a good example of a
place with ② enormous historic significance. The
unique oval shape of this splendid room makes it ③
memorable and gives it a special importance without
being ostentatious. Incidentally, George
Washington had two rooms at Mount Vernon
altered to include bowed ends so he could greet
guests while standing in the middle as they circled
around him. Thomas Jefferson ④ designed two oval
meeting rooms in the main floor of the Rotunda at
the University of Virginia. Oval rooms were seen as
being ⑤ dictatorial because no person could be
placed at a more important position in the room
than anyone else.
* splendid: 훌륭한 ** ostentatious: 대단히 호사스러운
[정답] ⑤ dictatorial을 democratic과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
338
(B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? One implication of expectancy theory is that even
A significant challenge arises when we ask though all students should have a chance to be
whether there is any such thing as general aptitude. rewarded if they do their best, no student should
Many people are terrific at calculus but couldn’t have an easy time achieving the maximum reward.
write a good essay or paint a good picture if their This principle is violated by traditional grading
lives depended on it. Some people can walk into a practices, because some students find it easy to earn
room full of strangers and immediately figure out A’s and B’s, whereas others believe that they have
the relationships and feelings among them; others little chance of academic success no matter what
may never learn this skill. As Will Rogers put it, they do. In this circumstance, neither high achievers
“Everybody is ignorant, only on different topics.” nor low achievers are likely to exert their best efforts.
Clearly, individuals vary in their aptitude for This is one reason why it is important to reward
learning any specific type of knowledge or skill students for effort, for doing better than they have
taught in a specific way. A hundred students done in the past, or for making progress, rather than
attending a lecture on a topic they knew nothing only for getting a high score. For example, students
about beforehand will all walk away with different can build a portfolio of compositions, projects,
amounts and kinds of learning, and aptitude for that reports, or other work and can then see how their
particular content and that particular teaching work is improving over time. Not all students are
method is one important factor in explaining these equally capable of exerting effort, exceeding their
differences. But would the students who learned the own past performance, or making progress, so these
most in this class also learn the most if the lecture are often better, more equally available criteria on
were on a different topic or if the same material were which to base reward.
presented through hands-on experiences or in small * exert: 다하다, 발휘하다 ** criterion: 기준 (pl. criteria)
groups?
* calculus: 미적분학 ① Relying Solely on Examinations for Evaluation
 ② Overemphasizing Intelligence as the Sole Criterion
We need to realize that individuals have for Recognition
____(A)____ aptitudes because no such thing as ③ Neglecting Individual Learning Styles and
____(B)____ can be perfectly defined. Preferences in Assessment
④ Recognizing and Rewarding Students'
(A) (B) Development Efforts
① simple general ⑤ Maximizing the gap of Teacher-Student
② mere peculiar Relationships in Motivation
③ complex unique [정답] ④
[해설]
④ diverse peculiar 해당 글은 학생이 최선의 노력을 다할 수 있도록 높은 점수를 받는 것에 대해서만이 아
⑤ various general 니라 학생이 이룬 노력과 진전에 대해 보상해야한다고 주장하고 있다. 이런 내용을 담
은 가장 적절한 제목 선지는 ④ ‘Recognizing and Rewarding Students' Development
[정답] ⑤
Efforts(학생의 발전 노력에 대한 보상)’이 된다.
[해설]
① 평가를 위한 시험에만 의존하는 것
→ 일반적인 것은 완벽하게 정의될 수 없기 때문에 우리는 개인이 다양한 적성을 가지
② 유일한 인식 기준으로 지능을 지나치게 강조하는 것
고 있다는 것을 깨달아야 한다.
③ 평가에서 개인의 학습 스타일과 선호도를 무시하는 것
해당 글은 특정한 방식으로 가르쳐지는 특정 유형의 지식이나 기술을 배우는데 적성
⑤ 동기부여에 있어서 교사-학생 관계의 격차를 극대화하는 것
이 개인마다 다르다는 내용의 글이다. 다양한 적성이 존재하기에 일반 적성은 규정내
릴 수 없다는 글의 내용을 가장 잘 담아야한다. 그러므로 ⑤ (A)에는 ‘다양한’을 뜻하
는 various가, (B)에는 ‘일반적인’을 뜻하는 general이 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요
약할 수 있다.
① 단순한...일반적인
② 단순한...특이한
③ 복잡한...독특한
④ 다양한...독특한
339
[2025수능특강(영어) 26강 3번] no relative frame of ④ reference and therefore has
97 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? no terms for spatial reference that would correspond
As students move into adolescence, they are to left, right, front, and back. Although terms exist
developing capabilities for abstract thinking and for left hand and right hand, they do not extend to
understanding the perspectives of others. Even other parts of the body or to areas ⑤ internal to it.
greater physical changes ① are taking place as the * reckoning: 추정, 계산 ** divergent: 다른, 갈라지는
students approach puberty. So, with developing
minds and bodies, young adolescents must confront [정답] ⑤ internal을 external과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
the central issue of constructing an identity ② what

will provide a firm basis for adulthood. They have
been developing a sense of self since infancy. But
adolescence marks the first time that a conscious
effort is made ③ to answer the now-pressing
question: "Who am I?" The conflict defining this
stage is identity versus role confusion. Identity
refers to the organization of an individual’s drives,
abilities, beliefs, and history into a consistent image
of self. It ④ involves deliberate choices and
decisions, particularly about work, values, ideology,
and commitments to people and ideas. If
adolescents fail to integrate all these aspects and
[2025수능특강(영어) 27강 2번]
choices, or if they feel unable ⑤ to choose at all, role
confusion threatens.
* adolescence: 청소년기 ** puberty: 사춘기 Languages are far more similar than had
previously been thought, and that universality
[정답] ② what을 that으로 바꿔야 적절하다. suggests that the human brain is designed to
understand the world in certain ways, which may
also correspond to the structure of reality.
(A) Thus, all languages have nouns and verbs,

modifiers (adverbs and adjectives), and names
and pronouns. Languages may differ as to the
[2025수능특강(영어) 27강 1번]
sequence of words in a sentence (e.g., verb in the
지 않은 것은? middle or at the end), but sentences are always
Some assumptions that notions of space (that is, a used.
three-dimensional area in which events and objects (B) Crucially, most languages seem to have an almost
occur and have relative direction and position) are identical list of concepts, and as a result nearly all
universal — are being ① reexamined. Stephen words and sentences can be translated effectively
Levinson showed that “systems of spatial reckoning from one language into another.
and description can in fact be quite divergent across (C) Even the sequence of words does not vary as
cultures, linguistic differences correlating with widely as it could: Steven Pinker says that there
distinct ② cognitive tendencies.” More specifically, are 128 possible orderings of the main parts of a
languages vary in their use of spatial concepts and, sentence, but most languages use one of only two
in some instances, determine the cognitive of those possibilities.
categories ③ relating to space concepts; also, the ＊modifier: 수식어
speakers of a number of languages do not use spatial
terms corresponding to the bodily coordinates of ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
left-right and front-back. One example comes from ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
the Tenejapa Tzeltal of Mexico: Their language uses
340
Some performers manipulate the style of their (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
product to shift the incentives of critics to pay The proliferation of data brings with it many
attention. Richard Posner cites Shakespeare, challenges for both reporting and consuming
Nietzsche, Wittgenstein, and Kafka as figures who information. Social networks themselves are biased
owe part of their reputation to the puzzling and by their constituents, which never exactly mirror the
perhaps even contradictory nature of their writings. population at large. Certain ethnicities are
Unclear authors, at least if they have substance and overrepresented, a significant challenge to social
depth, receive more attention from critics and news as an equalizer. In addition, a growing number
require more textual interpretation. Individual of algorithms make automated decisions on which
critics can establish their own reputations by content to recommend for people to read.
studying such a writer and by promoting one Algorithms are generating top-news lists or hot
interpretation of that writer’s work over another. trends and personalizing recommendations for
These same critics will support the inclusion of the readers. Algorithms leave the impression of being
writer in the canon, to promote the importance of neutral, yet they are not. Algorithms are human
their own criticism. In effect, deep and ambiguous creations. They encode political choices of their
writers are offering critics implicit invitations to designers and have cultural values baked in. As
serve as coauthors of a broader piece of work. Critics curatorial power is enhanced by automated systems,
respond by examining these works more closely and we should understand the biases at play. Perhaps
spreading their fame more widely. more important, we should work to make sure
* canon: 주요 문헌 목록 ** ambiguous: 모호한 product engineers and designers are seeking to
optimize the wanted outcome — an informed public
① The evolution of literary criticism in response to — not just heightened traffic.
complex writing styles * proliferation: 급증 ** constituent: 구성원
② The impact of famous authors on the formation of

future literature
The proliferation of data brings challenges for
③ The tendency of writers’ simple writing styles made
both reporting and consuming information, as
by society’s regulations
social networks and algorithms introduce
④ The role of critics in shaping the interpretation and
____(A)____ biases, shaping ____(B)____ of
significance of ambiguous nature
content.
⑤ The correlation between the complexity of the
author’s work and their reputation in globalization (A) (B)
[정답] ④
① inherent misinterpretation
[해설]
해당 글은 심오하고도 모호한 작가들은 비평가들이 자신들의 작품을 해석할 동기를 ② acquired misinterpretation
부여하고, 비평가들은 이 작가의 작품에 대한 자신의 해석과 작품 두가지를 모두 지지
③ inherent perception
하게 되는 상호작용이 일어나 비평가들에 의한 더 많은 텍스트 해석과 면밀한 검토가
이루어지게 된다는 내용의 글이다. 따라서 ④ ‘The role of critics in shaping the ④ acquired perception
interpretation and significance of ambiguous nature(모호한 성격의 해석과 의의를
⑤ inherent translation
형성하는 비평가의 역할)’이 제목으로 가장 적절하다.
① 복잡한 문체에 따른 문학비평의 진화 [정답] ③
② 저명한 작가들이 미래 문학의 형성에 미친 영향 [해설]
③ 사회의 규제에 의해 만들어진 작가들의 단순한 문체의 경향 → 소셜 네트워크와 알고리즘이 내재된 편향을 도입하여 콘텐츠에 대한 인식을 형성
⑤ 작가의 작품의 복잡성과 세계화에서의 명성 사이의 상관관계 함에 따라 데이터의 확산은 정보의 보고와 소비 모두에 어려움을 초래한다.
해당 글은 소셜 네트워크는 전체 인구 집단을 정확히 반영하지 못하고, 알고리즘은 설
계자의 정치적 선택을 부호화하고 문화적 가치가 내재화된 자료를 선정 및 제시하므
로, 설계자와 엔지니어가 대중에게 정보를 제공하려는 일을 최적화하는 노력을 보장
하도록 노력하는 것이 중요하다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ③ (A)에는 ‘내재적인’을 뜻하는
‘inherent’가, (B)에는 ‘인지’를 뜻하는 ‘perception’’이 들어가는 것이 가장 적절하다. 그
래서 요약하게 되면, ‘소셜 네트워크와 알고리즘이 내재된 편향을 도입하여 콘텐츠에
대한 인식을 형성함에 따라 데이터의 확산은 정보의 보고와 소비 모두에 어려움을 초
래한다.’이 완성된다.
341
[2025수능특강(영어) 28강 2번] know something they don’t currently know. It is the
102 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? great democratization of knowledge, which is an ⑤
How much time are we spending not truly unquestionably good thing.
connected to other things or people, in the analogue * handwringing: (걱정으로 인한) 손떨림
or real sense of the word? Not much. We have turned
ourselves into human wearables, ① attached to our [정답] ③ excluding을 covering과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
phones nonstop, with additional sensors from our
smart watches and AI assistant devices, ② while we
patiently await to upload our memories, fantasies,
and consciousness to the cloud. In a relatively short
time frame, we quickly transitioned from the
internet to the internet of things and now the “You of
Things,” a concept ③ that sees our bodies as part of
an enormous sentient digital network, and our
entire existence downgraded to the status of our
smart TVs and refrigerator. Since our selves ④ have
largely reduced to the digital fragments of our
reputation captured in the many devices that
connect us to others and the world, it is hard to
disagree with Yuval Harari’s argument ⑤ that “we [2025수능특강(영어) 29강 1번]
are becoming tiny chips inside a giant 104 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
은?
data-processing system that nobody really
Unfortunately, as we age, we tend to avoid
understands.”
vulnerability by avoiding change, so our learning
*** fragment: 파편 opportunities are reduced and new learning slows.
[정답] ④ have를 have been으로 바꿔야 적절하다.

(A) Personal growth involves trying out new
behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs. Trying out
something makes us vulnerable to failure and
ridicule. When learning, we make mistakes, we
look foolish — even absurd. Who likes that?
[2025수능특강(영어) 28강 3번]
103 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 (B) We’ve all had the experience of a reunion with an
하지 않은 것은? old friend, when listening to them saying how
Much alarm and handwringing have ① occurred they’ve been, noticing how he or she has held onto
over the idea that the Internet allows you to lock some old beliefs that we discarded long ago.
yourself in an information bubble and see only facts Probably the friend has not put himself or herself
that support your views. I am sure this happens, but into a state of vulnerable openness for a long time.
it would do us good to remember the ② alternative. (C) Willingness to take chances in life, to try new
In 1980, for instance, you got your daily dose of experiences, challenges or activities — even
information from your local paper and your choice though the outcome is unsure — demands being
of any of three network news shows, which ran for an vulnerable while doing so. Open-mindedness is
hour, all ③ excluding the same basic stories. That one of those activities that we must do
was about it. We were all beholden to the views of a deliberately, because we are naturally inclined to
very few people. The Internet allows every statement avoid the vulnerability it entails.
to be fact-checked, every falsehood ④ challenged. * vulnerability: 취약성 ** discard: 버리다
Anything you want to know is just a few keystrokes
and a few clicks away. Well over 100,000 web ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
searches are performed each second, and at their ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

heart, they each represent a person who wants to
342
Expectations influence children’s behavior. After If maintenance of a balance in a relationship
observing the amount of litter in three classrooms, requires much work, why bother aiming for the
Richard Miller and colleagues had the teacher and middle ground? The wonderful thing about
others repeatedly tell one class that they should be relationships is that with the proper maintenance,
neat and tidy. This persuasion increased the amount the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Ideally,
of litter placed in wastebaskets from 15 to 45 both members get support to realize their potential
percent, but only temporarily. Another class, which as individuals as well as realizing the potential of the
also had been placing only 15 percent of its litter in team. If things go sour, the tremendous energy drain
wastebaskets, was repeatedly congratulated for of an irreparably damaged relationship can also
being so neat and tidy. After 8 days of hearing this, mean that the whole is less than the sum of its parts.
and still 2 weeks later, these children were fulfilling Pooling resources — as in a joint savings account —
the expectation by putting more than 80 percent of makes them optimally large. But if one person only
their litter in wastebaskets. Tell children they are deposits and the other person only withdraws,
hardworking and kind (rather than lazy and mean), checks are going to start bouncing. Similarly, if only
and they may live up to their labels. Tying the one person in a relationship is performing
identity to the self is important: Children who were maintenance and the other is indifferent, their joint
asked to be “a helper” were more likely to help in account will also wind up with insufficient funds.
later tasks than those asked to “help.” When children Overdraft protection might cover everyday
think of themselves as tidy and helpful, they become necessities, but it won’t help when something big
tidy and helpful. comes around.
* litter: (바닥에 버린) 쓰레기 * bounce: (수표가) 부도 처리되다 ** irreparably: 회복할 수 없을
① The Impact of Parental Feedback on Children's

Behavior ① The Role of Trust in Relationship Building
② The Effect of Self-Identity on Child Development ② Strategies for Effective Communication in
③ The Effect of Environmental Cues on Children's Relationships
Actions ③ Exploring the Impact of Technology on Modern
④ The impact of expectations to children’s behavior Relationships
⑤ The connection Between Children's Behavior and ④ The Importance of Relationship Management
Cultural Norms ⑤ Examining the Role of Conflict Resolution in

[정답] ④ Relationship Maintenance
[해설] [정답] ④
해당 글은 기대가 아이들의 행동에 미치는 영향에 대해 설명하는 글이다. 따라서 글의 [해설]
주제로는 ④ ‘The impact of expectations to children’s behavior(기대가 아동의 행동 해당 글은 관계에서 균형의 유지가 필요함을 다루고 있다. 이런 내용을 가장 잘 담고
에 미치는 영향)’이 가장 적절하다. 있는 ④ ‘The Importance of Relationship Management(관계 관리의 중요성)’이 가장
① 부모의 피드백이 자녀의 행동에 미치는 영향 적절한 주제 선지가 된다.
② 자아정체성이 아동발달에 미치는 영향 ① 관계구축에 있어서 신뢰의 역할
② 관계에서의 효과적인 의사소통을 위한 전략
③ 환경신호가 아동의 행동에 미치는 영향
③ 기술이 현대 관계에 미치는 영향 탐색
⑤ 아동의 행동과 문화적 규범의 연관성
⑤ 관계유지에 있어서 갈등해결의 역할에 관한 고찰
343
The ancient Egyptian term for ‘colour’ was iwn — a 은?
word ① that also meant ‘skin’, ‘nature’, ‘character’ The mode of consumption has been changing
and ‘being’, and was represented in part by a from ownership to access during recent years
hieroglyph of human hair. The members of that because of the shift in consumers’ perception of
civilization ② had noticed a striking resemblance value and the advancement of technology.
between colours and humans. To them colours were

just like people — full of life, energy, power and (A) All these new changes and beliefs have created a
personality. We now understand, as the Egyptians sharing practice named “sharing economy” in
could only sense, ③ how thoroughly the two are which individuals share their resources with
connected. Colour, after all, is ultimately made by its others through online networks and promote the
perceivers. Every hue we see around us is actually culture of collaborative consumption. Sharing
manufactured within us — in the same grey matter economy practices, which are seen in different
④ that forms language, stores memories, triggers sectors, have become very popular and started to
emotions, shapes thoughts and gives rise to disrupt traditional businesses.
consciousness. Colour is a pigment of our (B) With the advent of online platforms that has made
imaginations ⑤ what we paint all over the world. unlimited number of tangible and intangible
Larger than any city, more sophisticated than any resources accessible, ownership has lost its value
machine, more beautiful than any painting, it might in the consumers’ mind.
in fact be the greatest human creation of them all. (C) Consumers believe that access to resources is
* hieroglyph: 상형 문자 ** hue: 색조 associated with fewer risks than ownership; for
example, they believe that the potential financial
[정답] ⑤ what을 that으로 바꿔야 적절하다. and social loss is greater in the purchase of a
[2025수능특강(영어) 30강 2번] product than in the free or fee-based access to the
108 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 product.
하지 않은 것은? * advent: 등장, 출현 ** tangible: 유형의
Bentham, the eighteenth-century utilitarian

philosopher who promoted the social benefits of ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
mass surveillance, designed a ① panopticon, a
circular building where those to be observed,
whether prisoners, workers, patients, or students,
were placed in cells or rooms lined along an outside
wall. An “inspector” sat in a booth at the center of the
circle, ② unseen by those being watched, but able to
see them. According to Bentham, even though this
inspector could not ③ observe every resident at
every moment, simply knowing that they could be
seen would be enough to make prisoners behave and
keep workers and students on task. The
panopticon’s physical design proved ④ practical,
but the idea that behavior could be regulated by
stripping away privacy lived on. Closed-circuit
television both on our streets and inside public and
⑤ private spaces is the modern, subtle, and more
practical version 2.0 of that first architectural
panopticon.
[정답] ④ practical을 impractical과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
344
(A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? In medical sociology, a disease is considered an
Skilled clinicians pride themselves in their adverse physical state consisting of a physiological
knowledge of diseases and treatments. Having an dysfunction within an individual, as compared to
extensive command of anatomy and physiology, illness or sickness. In actual practice, the term
pharmacology, and the latest evidence-based disease is applied rather liberally to a wide variety of
breakthroughs is critical to providing competent conditions that do not precisely fit the definition.
care. But just as important is the knowledge of how One of the more controversial areas relates to
illness can impact patient emotions. And although mental illness. It could be argued that many, if not
there is certainly room for individual variation, most, mental disorders would not be considered
typical emotional reactions can often be anticipated. diseases under the definition above. The same could
Having a sense of the normal emotions that be said of other conditions that have been identified
accompany phases and stages of illness allows as “diseases” at various times. Examples include
clinicians to think about how to incorporate the alcoholism and drug abuse. These conditions do not
emotional domain into patient assessments and necessarily have the requisite clear-cut
plans of care. Working with patients’ emotions, from symptomatology and underlying biological
a place of understanding and acceptance, allows the pathology. They are nevertheless frequently treated
clinician to skillfully address the emotions in a as if they were diseases. One explanation for this is
manner that best serves the patients’ needs. clear: In order for a condition to be treated by the
healthcare system, it must be identified as a disease.
Therefore, there is a tendency toward an overly

broad conceptualization of disease.
Clinicians must take into account not only the
____(A)____ but also the ____(B)____ when
treating a patient. ① reason why the term “disease” is falsely used
② conditions required to be classified as a disease
(A) (B) ③ importance of using the term “disease” correctly
① theories emotions ④ problem of distinguishing a disease from an illness
② theories ideal ⑤ phenomenon of using the word “disease” in a wider
③ emotions theories sense
④ emotions reality [정답] ⑤
[해설]
⑤ reality ideal ‘질환’이라는 용어가 정의보다 광범위하게 사용되어 더 넓은 개념을 표현한다는 내용
[정답] ① 이다. 따라서 주제로는 ⑤ ‘phenomenon of using the word “disease” in a wider sense
[해설] (’질환‘이라는 단어를 보다 광범위하게 사용하는 현상)’이 가장 적절하다.
→ 임상의는 환자를 치료할 때 이론뿐만 아니라 감정도 고려해야 한다. ① ‘질환’이라는 용어가 잘못 사용되는 이유
임상의는 질환과 치료법에 대한 폭넓은 지식을 갖는 것도 중요하지만, 환자 진단과 치 ② 질환으로 분류되기 위해 필요한 조건들
료 계획에 있어 감정적인 영역도 중요하게 고려해야 한다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ① (A) ③ ‘질환’ 이라는 용어를 올바르게 사용하는 것의 중요성
에는 ‘이론’을 뜻하는 theories가, (B)에는 ‘감정’을 뜻하는 emotions가 들어가야 글의 ④ 질환과 질병을 구분하는 것의 문제
② 이론 … 이상
③ 감정 … 이론
④ 감정 … 현실
⑤ 현실 … 이상
345
[2025수능특강(영어) 31강 3번] [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 2번]
Worldwide increases in IQ scores of about 3 points Kira was playing with her doll when she heard a
per decade over the last 100 years illustrate the voice singing. “Churi, churi. Little girls, come and
potential for intellectual development. This increase see.” Kira ran to the window and saw a bangle seller
in IQ scores, ① known as the Flynn effect, has with a basket on his head.
occurred far too quickly to represent genetic
changes. Improvements in nutrition and other (A) When she told the seller about her situation, he
health factors probably account for some of the said, “Come and choose them at least. I’ll take the
change. ② Using information from the World money some other day.” After thinking for a
Health Organization, researchers have identified while, Kira went down. The bangle seller asked,
strong correlations between a nation’s freedom from ''Child, which colour do you like best?” “Orange,”
serious infectious diseases and ③ its citizens’ said Kira and she selected some bangles.
average IQ scores. As nations become wealthier and (B) By then, Kira’s mother returned from the market
more capable of battling disease, their citizens’ IQ and had a few words with the seller before paying
scores increase. Surprisingly, the test score gains are for the bangles. Kira was so glad. The sound of the
most pronounced in ④ supposing culture-free tests bangles hitting each other sounded like music to
such as the Raven’s Progressive Matrices. her. She hummed her way back to her room.
Participants born after 1990 scored far better on
(C) He saw Kira and said, “Come little girl, come and
these tests than did participants born in 1940. This
buy some churis.” She wanted to buy some, but
change might reflect an improvement in the ability
she couldn't, because her mother had gone to the
to manage dissimilar items ⑤ that accompanies
local market and there was no one there to give
living in a modern society.
her money. Kira’s heart sank at the thought of not
[정답] ④ supposing을 supposed로 바꿔야 적절하다. being able to buy bangles.
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 1번] ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
113 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하 ④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
지 않은 것은?
We are currently facing the challenge of
maintaining our ① competitive edge in the rapidly
evolving market environment. Therefore, the
management team and I would like you to explore
ways to address this challenge. Specifically, we are
looking for a 25% ② decrease in maintenance
productivity within your work groups over the next
three months. To get started, we would like you to
meet with your team to discuss this ③ assignment.
Following the discussion, you should outline your
thoughts on how to proceed and create a work plan. I
would like to see your plan and review it with you in
two weeks. This is a very ④ important undertaking
for our department and for the company. The
management team and I look forward to seeing the
⑤ innovative solutions you devise. Your
contributions are invaluable to our success. Thank
you.
[정답] ② decrease를 increase와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
346
(A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? If we think about our feelings as being part of us
There has been an effort by some economists to but not all that we are, then our feelings can feel
commodify ecosystem services, which refer to more manageable. This idea is captured in this
benefits and resources that humans obtain from metaphor: you are the blue sky; your feelings are the
natural ecosystems. Some ecosystem services are weather. If you are the blue sky and your feelings are
rival, such as the waste absorption capacity for the weather, then just as the worst hurricane or
greenhouse gases, so rationing is necessary. Making tornado can’t damage the blue sky, and it eventually
rationing possible requires excludable property ends, your feelings can’t damage you, and eventually
rights, for example, through auctionable emission they will pass. Sometimes we just have to wait out
permits. If emissions are limited to absorption the storm. Does that mean it's fun to live through a
capacity and equitably distributed, commodification tornado or a rainstorm? Of course not! Is it easier to
can be both sustainable and just. However, many live your life when it’s sunny and 80 degrees
ecosystem services are inherently non-excludable Fahrenheit compared to when it’s rainy and stormy?
and non-rival and therefore cannot and should not Of course! But if I let the weather determine what I
be commodified. They should also not be ignored. can get done, I’ll forever be at the mercy of
Public services serve all members of the human something I can’t control. Our job is to make space
community; economists recognize that these for our feelings, to be the blue sky, so we don’t have
services are ill-suited to commodification and to engage in unhealthy habits to cope with our
market allocation. Ecosystem services should not be feelings and we can continue to do the things that
defined as nature’s benefits to people, but rather as matter to us.
fund-services that benefit all members of the biotic
community, not simply humans. Ecosystem services
① Sunny Weather Leads To A Brighter Day
in general are an even worse fit for commodification
② Don’t Let The Weather Inside You Ruin Your Day!
than public services.
③ Stay Alert For The Upcoming Emotional Tornado!
* rationing: 배급 ** biotic: 생물의
④ How Should We Deal With An Unwanted

Rainstorm?
____(A)____ must not be commodified as they
⑤ Control Your Weather To Find The Rainbow Of
benefit ____(B)____.
Your Life
[정답] ②
(A) (B) [해설]
감정은 우리의 전부가 아닌 일부이기 때문에 감정에 휘둘리지 말아야 한다는 내용이
① Public services human beings
다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ② ‘Don’t Let The Weather Inside You Ruin Your Day! (당신
② Public services all living organisms 안의 날씨가 당신의 하루를 망치게 두지 마라!)’이 가장 적절하다.
① 화창한 날씨는 더 밝은 하루로 이어진다
③ Ecosystem services economists
③ 다가오는 감정의 토네이도에 주의하라!
④ Ecosystem services human beings ④ 원치 않는 폭풍우에 어떻게 대처해야 하는가?
⑤ 당신 인생의 무지개를 찾기 위해 당신의 날씨를 통제하라!
⑤ Ecosystem services all living organisms
[정답] ⑤
[해설]
→ 생태계 서비스는 모든 생물에게 혜택을 주기 때문에 상품화해서는 안 된다.
생태계 서비스는 비배제성과 비경합성을 가지기 때문에 상품화할 수 없으며, 전체 생
물계에 도움을 주는 것으로 여겨야 한다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ⑤ (A)에는 ’생태계 서
비스‘를 뜻하는 Ecosystem services가, (B)에는 ’모든 생물‘을 뜻하는 all living
organisms가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 공공 서비스 … 인간들
② 공공 서비스 … 모든 생물
③ 생태계 서비스 … 경제학자들
④ 생태계 서비스 … 인간들
347
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 5번] and an indomitable dislike for concrete science and
117 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? seemingly ④ important data’. Cajal also complained
In the lecture on memory, I ask my students to about the theorist’s preference for beauty over facts.
remember a list of words. It includes words like Biologists study living things that are abundant with
“dream” and “bed.” Then I ask them to write down specific traits and subtle exceptions to any rule.
the words they remember. Invariably, they Mathematicians — driven by simplicity, elegance
(mis)remember ① hearing the word “sleep’' even and the need to make things ⑤ manageable —
though I never said the word “sleep.” The idea of silence that abundance when they put it into
“sleep” is activated in the brain because other words equations.
in the same semantic network, words that ② have * exposition: 설명 ** aversion: 혐오감 *** indomitable: 불굴의
been associated with sleep through constant
[정답] ④ important를 unimportant와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
repetition, have also been activated. The word
“sleep” is retrieved as if it were really heard. When
people hear “bed,” they cannot help ③ but hear
“sleep.” When people hear “genes” or “intelligence”
they cannot help but hear “race.” A reader new to
this topic might therefore be surprised to learn ④
that there is zero evidence that genetics explains
racial differences in outcomes like education. It’s important to distinguish what humans are
doing, in following norms, from what other animals
Currently, stories about genetically rooted racial
are doing in their related patterns of behavior.
differences in the complex human traits relevant for
social inequality in modem industrialized economies
— traits like persistence and conscientiousness and (A) The incentives surrounding true norms are more
creativity and abstract reasoning — ⑤ are just that. complex. When we do something "wrong,", we
They are stories. have to worry about reprisal not just from the
* semantic: 의미의 ** retrieve: 회상하다 wronged party but also from third parties.
*** conscientiousness: 성실성 Frequently, this means the entire rest of our local
group, or at least a majority of it.
[정답] ⑤ is를 are로 바꿔야 적절하다.
(B) An animal that decides not to pick a fight is, in
most cases, simply worried about the risk of
getting injured — not about some abstract “norm
against violence.” Likewise, an animal that shares
food with animals outside of its group is typically
just trying to get future reciprocity — not
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 6번] following some “norm of food-sharing.”
118 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 (C) Big strong Albert could easily steal from weak Bob
without fearing trouble from Bob himself, but in
Simplifying a problem is what opens it up to
human groups, Albert would then face
mathematical analysis, so inevitably some biological
punishment from the rest of the community.
details get lost in ① translation from the real world
Collective enforcement, then, is the essence of
to the equations. As a result, those who use
norms. This is what enables the egalitarian
mathematics are frequently criticized as being too ②
political order so characteristic of the forager
disinterested in those details. In his 1897 book
lifestyle.
Advice for a Young Investigator, Santiago Ramon y * reciprocity: 호혜, 상호 이익 ** reprisal: 질책
Cajal (the father of modem neuroscience) wrote *** egalitarian: 평동주의의
about these reality-avoiding theorists in a chapter
entitled ‘Diseases of the Will’. He ③ identified their ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
symptoms as ‘a facility for exposition, a creative and ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
restless imagination, an aversion to the laboratory,
348
Geoffrey Hinton was born in England in 1947. He (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
chose to study psychology as an undergraduate at From an evolutionary standpoint, ensuring the
Cambridge because he wanted to explore his continuation of our species (specifically, our genetic
growing interest in neural networks. He quickly descendants) is the meaning and purpose of life. But
realized, however, that his professors didn’t actually as intelligent animals, who can make decisions
understand how neurons learned or computed. based on morality rather than biology, we could ask
While the science of the day could explain the whether preserving our genome is worth any cost.
mechanics of electrical signals traveling from one Individual humans can and occasionally do make
neuron to another, no one could offer Hinton a the choice to sacrifice their own lives in order to save
compelling explanation for the emergence of the lives of other humans, or even non-human
intelligence from these billions of interactions. He animals. But let’s examine that choice, between
felt certain he could better understand the workings biology and morality, on a global scale: What if
of the brain using tools from the growing field of preserving the human species means eliminating or
artificial neural networks, so he went on to pursue a abandoning all other life on Earth? What if it means
doctor’s degree in artificial intelligence from the humankind exists only in a state of misery and
University of Edinburgh in 1972. In his subsequent deprivation, in an eternally inhospitable and alien
research, he sought to create interconnected layers environment? This is not to argue that space
of information using hardware and software, just as settlement will definitely result in these worst-case
the human brain spreads information around its scenarios, but rather to ask whether there is any
dense web of connected neurons. Throughout his imaginable case in which allowing or causing
career, Hinton has held positions at various humans to become extinct is the more ethical choice.
institutions, including Carnegie Mellon University

and the University of Toronto.
People should address the controversy of whether
to ____(A)____ the genes of mankind or
① Advantage Of Attending Various Schools
____(B)____ moral values in extreme cases.
② Think Outside The Box To Be A Great Scientist!
③ Connection Between The Brain and Artifical
(A) (B)
Intelligence
① value ignore
④ Following The Footsteps Of Geoffrey Hinton And
② prevent protect
His Studies
③ preserve uphold
⑤ Mix Of Different Academic Fields: Key For
④ sacrifice uphold
Scientific Innovation
[정답] ④ ⑤ abandon protect
[해설] [정답] ③
심리학자이자 컴퓨터 과학자인 Geoffrey Hinton의 생애를 그의 학문적 발자취를 중심 [해설]
으로 설명하는 내용이다. 그러므로 ④ ‘Following The Footsteps Of Geoffrey Hinton → 사람들은 극단적인 경우에 인류의 유전자를 보존할 것인지 도덕적 가치를 지킬 것
And His Studies (Geoffrey Hinton과 그의 연구의 발자취를 따라가다)가 가장 적절하 인지에 대한 논란을 다뤄야 한다.
다. 인간은 지적인 생물로 자신의 유전자를 보존할지, 도덕적 가치에 따라 결정할지 선택
① 다양한 학교를 다닐 때의 장점 할 수 있다는 내용이다. 인류의 보존이 비윤리적인 결과로 이어지는 극단적인 상황을
② 위대한 과학자가 되기 위해 고정관념을 타파하라! 가정할 때 어떠한 결정을 내릴지 생각해봐야 한다고 말하고 있다. 그러므로 ③ (A)에는
③ 뇌와 인공지능 사이의 연관성 ’보존하다‘를 뜻하는 preserve가, (B)에는 ‘지키다’를 뜻하는 uphold가 들어가야 글의
⑤ 다른 학문 분야들의 혼합: 과학 혁신의 비결 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 중요시하다 … 무시하다
② 방지하다 … 보호하다
④ 희생하다 … 지키다
⑤ 버리다 … 보호하다
349
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 13번] hundred brands before their tenth birthday.
122 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? Creepily, children grow up ⑤ forming relationships
In most business settings it is desirable to put with a select number of these brands that last well
competitors out of business. Naturally, fewer into the future, like friends you didn’t know they
competitors mean more available customers. had.
However, this is not always the case in sport. In fact, * malleable: 영향을 잘 받는 ** creepily: 오싹하게
sport organizations ① that compete in leagues
[정답] ③ absorption을 exposure와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
actually rely on the health of their competitors for
their own success. For example, fans are often more
attracted to a game ② which there is a close contest,
and the winner is unknown in advance. Dominating
a league or competition can be self-defeating,
because the interest of fans can fade. When it is
difficult to predict who will win a match, sport
leagues attract higher attendances and viewers.
Ironically, in order to remain successful, leagues and [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 15번]
competitions ③ need as many of their clubs to be 124 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
competitive as possible. When the outcome of a 은?
match is highly predictable, it will not attract large People often think that personality traits such as
crowd numbers and eventually it will reduce ticket, kindness are fixed. But our research with groups
media and sponsorship revenue. It is important for suggests something quite different: the tendency to
sport ④ that there is a healthy, competitive balance be altruistic or exploitative may depend heavily on
between teams. This leads to uncertainty about who how the social world is organized.
will win a contest, and encourages fans ⑤ to watch.
* revenue: 수익 (A) Cooperation depends on the rules governing the
formation of friendship ties. Good people can do
[정답] ② which를 where로 바꿔야 적절하다.
bad things (and vice versa) simply as a result of
the structure of the network which they belong to,
regardless of the convictions they hold or that the
group shares.
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 14번] (B) It is not just a matter of being connected to “bad”
123 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 people; the number and pattern of social
connections is also crucial. Aspects of the social
The fact that the young brain is in a constant state suite, such as cooperation and social networks,
of absorption should give us pause. Regulations are work together.
in place to ① prevent certain types of companies
(C) So if we took the same population of people and
from marketing directly to children. These are good
assigned them to one social world, we could make
measures, but they also provide a false sense of
them really generous to one another, and if we put
them in another sort of world, we could make
young children don’t need ads ② explicitly directed
them really mean or indifferent to one another.
at them to learn about a product, or the consumer
Crucially, this indicates that the tendency to
world in general. Think about ads on websites, TV,
cooperate is a property not only of individuals but
mobile, and social media, and in video games.
also of groups.
Children are showered with repeated ③ absorption
to thousands of ads for hundreds of brands, and *** vice versa: 그 반대도 마찬가지이다
their spongy, malleable brains are constantly taking
this information in. In a study, researchers ④ ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
discovered that kids are exposed to so many ads that ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
they will have memorized three hundred to four
350
Our natural survival instinct is to seek comfort in Suppose a child plays at make-believe. She barks,
temperatures that keep us around 68 to 72 degrees crawls on all fours, and says, “I’m a puppy!” In order
Fahrenheit (20-22.2 °C). By getting outside of this to make the claim, her brain must construct the key
comfort zone and stressing the cellular functioning proposition “I’m a puppy” as well as contain the
of the body either by using heat and cold in the same information that puppies bark and walk on all fours.
session or focusing on one temperature extreme, we And yet that information exists in a larger context.
strengthen our physiological systems. We lower our Her brain contains a vast net of information,
daily breathing rate, improve our muscle tissue, and including “I’m not really a puppy,” “I’m making it up
raise our threshold for handling stress. Evidence to play a game,” ‘I’m a little girl,” and so on. Some of
shows that we are at our best — physically harder, that information is present at a cognitive and
mentally tougher, and spiritually sounder — after linguistic level. Much of it is at a deeper, sensory or
experiencing the same discomforts our early perceptual level. Her body schema is constructed
ancestors were exposed to every day. The lack of automatically, beneath higher cognition, and it
temperature change caused by indoor lifestyles and describes the physical layout of a human body, not a
misalignment with nature has taken us far from our puppy body. She sees her human hands in front of
ancestorial upbringing, and it continues to weaken her, and the visual information confirms her human
the nervous system. By intentionally placing identity. She remembers eating breakfast cereal with
ourselves into the heat or cold, we become our best a spoon, going to school, reading a book — all human
physically, mentally, and even spiritually. activities. The claim “I’m a Puppy” is a superficial
* physiological: 생리적인 ** threshold: 역(감각, 반응을 일으키는 proposition that is inconsistent with her deepest
internal models.
① difference in lifestyle between us and our ancestors
② process of stress due to temperature creating a ① I’m a puppy, but I know I’m not!
weaker body ② Make-believe For Today, Confusion For Tomorrow
③ biological development led by the distress of ③ Why Do Children Pretend To Be Something They
temperature Are Not?
④ history of human physiological improvement ④ Beware Of The Complicated Thought Process In A
related to the heat and cold Child’s Brain!
⑤ human survival instinct of seeking the most ⑤ Developing Children’s Human Identity; The Most
comfortable temperature Important Task
[정답] ③ [정답] ①
[해설] [해설]
우리의 생존 본능이 추구하는 온도의 편안함에서 벗어나 뜨거움과 차가움을 주면 우 가장 놀이를 하는 아이가 자신이 강아지라고 주장할 때, 아이의 두뇌에서는 자신이 실
리 몸에 긴장과 불편함을 주면 육체적, 정신적, 영적으로 최상의 상태가 된다는 내용이 제로 강아지가 아니며 게임을 하려고 꾸며내고 있다는 등의 방대한 정보가 존재하며,
다. 그러므로 주제로는 ③ ‘biological development led by the distress of 이를 바탕으로 자신이 인간의 정체성을 가지고 있다는 것을 확인한다는 내용이다. 그
temperature (온도의 불편함으로 인한 생물학적인 발달)‘이 가장 적절하다. 러므로 제목으로 ① ‘I’m a puppy, but I know I’m not! (나는 강아지이지만 강아지가
① 우리와 조상들 사이의 생활 방식의 차이 아니라는 것을 알아!)’가 가장 적절하다.
② 온도로 인한 스트레스가 더 약한 신체를 만드는 과정 ② 오늘의 가장 놀이, 내일의 혼란
④ 더위와 추위와 관련된 인간의 생리적 발달의 역사 ③ 왜 아이들은 다른 존재인 척을 할까?
⑤ 가장 쾌적한 온도를 추구하는 인간의 생존 본능 ④ 어린이 뇌의 복잡한 사고 과정을 조심하라!
⑤ 아이들의 인간 정체성 개발; 가장 중요한 과제
351
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 18번] thought. However, in some cultures, this is
127 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? considered rude and pushy, so some people with
Your children establish their social comfort and excellent ideas may not speak up. One solution
skills early in their lives by ① observing you in your might be to ⑤ weaken their group skills but other
own social life and through the social experiences methods are to occasionally ask everyone to express
they have. These first social experiences become the an opinion in turn, ask for ideas in writing, or table
defaults ② that will guide and shape the quality and an idea on someone else’s behalf.
quantity of their relationships throughout their * hallmark: 특징 ** anathema: 아주 싫어하는 것
lives. Genetics clearly has an influence on these [정답] ⑤ weaken을 strengthen과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
defaults; research has demonstrated ③ that
children are born with a certain temperament,
including where they lie on the continuum of
introversion to extraversion. But, as the saying goes,
“genetics are not destiny”; the messages ④ that your
children get from you early in their lives about how
they should interact with others will influence how
their genetic predispositions will be expressed. In
this interaction of genes and upbringing, your
children will develop social defaults ⑤ what trigger
social ease, connectedness, and healthy 129 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적
relationships, or social anxiety, loneliness, and 절한 곳은?
dysfunctional relationships. Some of your neighboring neurons are excitatory
* default: 기본 값 ** temperament: 기질 *** introversion: 내향성 and, like good friends, want to help spread the word.

Like some strange alien creature extending
tentacles, each neuron is simultaneously connected
to up to thousands of other neurons. It is the
combined activity of information coming in that
determines whether a neuron is active or not. When
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 1 19번] the sum of this activity reaches a tipping point, the
128 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 neuron fires, discharging a small chemical electrical
하지 않은 것은? signal and setting off a chain reaction in its
When different cultures meet, whether at the connections. ( ① ) In effect, each neuron is a bit like
societal level or in the company, ideas about how a microprocessor because it computes the combined
things should be done often clash. To resolve it, we activity of all the other neurons it is connected to. (
typically make the ① assumption that others should ② ) It’s a bit like spreading a rumor in a
change to be more like us. And we can enforce this neighborhood. ( ③ ) Other neurons are inhibitory
view because we are in power — either as the boss in and basically tell you to shut up. ( ④ ) And every
an organization or as the dominant culture in a time the neuron has such a conversation with its
country. But assuming that the ② dominant person different neighbors or long-distance pals, it
or country has the right rules and the right way is, in remembers the message either to spread the word or
itself, anathema to innovating. Self-satisfied people be silent, so that when the rumor comes round
are not good innovators. So when you ask people to again, the neuron responds with more certainty. ( ⑤
do something not ③ consistent with their cultural ) This is because the connections between the
background, ask yourself whether you should be neurons have become strengthened by repeatedly
rethinking your assumptions about what works best. firing together.
For example, free-flowing talk is usually ④ * tentacle 촉수 ** pal: 친구
considered the hallmark of a good meeting. *** tipping point: 급변점(극적인 변화의 시작점)
Everybody just jumps in whenever they have a
352
130 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 131 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? A society needs to raise children to replace its
Conventional economics uses the phrase “factors members who die, or the society would disappear
of production.” Factors of production are the inputs over a couple of generations. One could, therefore,
into a production process necessary to create any think of the production of children as a positive
output. For example, when you make a pizza, you externality. Those who do not have children benefit
need a cook, a kitchen with an oven, and the raw from the child-rearing labors of those who do; they
ingredients. If you think about it carefully, however, enjoy a society of varied ages in which to live as they
you will clearly see that the cook and kitchen are grow older, and a labor force of younger people is
different in some fundamental ways from the raw available to support them in their retirement.
ingredients. The cook and kitchen are approximately Should all then share in the economic costs of raising
the same after making the pizza as before, though the children? In the United States, the cost of
just a bit more worn out. The raw ingredients, educating children is borne collectively through the
however, are used up, transformed first into the system of public education, but most other costs of
pizza itself, then rapidly thereafter into waste. The raising children are treated as private costs of the
cook and kitchen are not physically embodied in the parents. In about half of the world’s states, however,
pizza, but the raw ingredients are. Thousands of the full society assumes some of the responsibility
years ago, Aristotle discussed this important for all costs of child rearing by giving direct grants to
distinction and divided causation (factors) into families with children. These grants are often pegged
material cause, that which is transformed, and to the median income of workers in the country: the
efficient cause, that which causes the transformation government might give 10 percent of the country’s
without itself being transformed in the process. Raw median income to any family with two children, for
ingredients are the material cause, and the cook and example.
kitchen are the efficient cause. * positive externality: 긍정적인 외부 효과(경제적 거래의 결과로
* embody: 담다, 구현하다 제삼자가 누리는 이익) **peg: (가격이나 임금 등의 수준을) 정하다

① Societal Approaches to Child Rearing: A Global
According to Aristotle, raw ingredients serve as
Perspective
the ____(A)____, undergoing transformation,
② Public VS. Private: Sharing the Economic Burden
while the efficient cause, ____(B)____ the
of Child Rearing
transformation without undergoing changes.
③ Global Strategies for Child Rearing Costs: A
(A) (B) Comparative Analysis
① malleable elements initiating ④ Direct Grants and Child Rearing: A Look at Societal
② unaltered components instigating Responsibilities
③ inert substances resisting ⑤ The Positive Externality of Children: Balancing
④ material cause facilitating Economic Responsibilities
⑤ unaffected constituents governing [정답] ⑤
[해설] 어린이를 양육하는 것이 사회적으로 긍정적인 외부성으로 볼 수 있다는 개념을
[정답] ④
강조하며 아동 양육과 관련된 경제적 책임 및 비용 분배에 대한 의문을 제기하므로 ⑤
[해설]
The Positive Externality of Children: Balancing Economic Responsibilities (아동의 긍
→ 아리스토텔레스에 따르면, 원재료는 재료의 원인의 역할을 하며 변형되는 반면, 효
정적 외부효과: 경제적 책임의 균형)이 적절하다.
율적인 원인, 촉진, 변화를 겪지 않고 변형됩니다.
① 아동양육에 대한 사회적 접근: 국제적 관점
생산 과정에서 Aristotle이 분류한 요소 중에서 원료는 생산 과정에서 변화를 겪는 재
② 공공 vs 개인: 육아의 경제적 부담 분담
료 원인 역할을 한다. 반면에 요리사와 부엌은 효율적 원인으로 작용하여 스스로 변화
③ 양육비용의 글로벌 전략: 비교분석
하지 않으면서 변화를 촉진한다. 그러므로 (A)material cause (재료의 원인) (B)
④ 직접보조금과 아동양육: 사회적 책임에 관한 고찰
facilitating (촉친)이 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
(A) (B)
① 가공 가능한 요소 시작
② 변경되지 않은 구성 요소 유발
③ 불활성 물질 저항
⑤ 영향을 받지 않은 성분 지배
353
Primates are capable of sophisticated forms of ① 하지 않은 것은?
reasoning in naturalistic settings, especially when In the 1930s, the English psychologist Sir Frederic
their food — or position in the social hierarchy — is in Bartlett proposed that we gradually build up our
danger. However, it is unclear how versatile their knowledge of the world from events we experience,
relational reasoning might be. In the 1940s, the and that these experiences are then clustered in
primatologist Harry Harlow made an interesting organized mental structures he called “schemata.”
discovery. In a series of experiments, monkeys In turn, these schemata (or “schemas”) are used to
learnt to choose between two visual objects, one of help us understand new experiences and form
② which was rewarded and one was not. Harlow frameworks in which to remember them. One
noted with surprise that each time the task was potential downside of this ① arrangement is that it is
restarted with two entirely novel objects, the relatively difficult for us to understand and
monkeys learnt slightly faster. In fact, their remember information and events that do not fit our
performance continued to accelerate over hundreds current schemata. One of Bartlett’s classic
of new object sets, until eventually the monkeys demonstrations was to present an unusual North
could respond almost perfectly from the second trial American folktale to an English university student to
onwards. Harlow argued ③ that over the course of learn and recall. The student’s written recall ②
repeated pairings, the monkeys had learnt how to differed from the original by being shorter and
learn. It seems that the monkeys learnt something omitting a number of details. This first student’s
abstract about the relations between the two stimuli written recall was then given to a second student to
in each pairing — that if one ④ rewarded, the other learn and recall with the result that more ③ usual
was not. By generalizing this knowledge to new details were dropped out of his reproduction, but
pairings, they could learn ever faster. Human other details were added, apparently to make the
children tested in a comparable fashion ⑤ showed story more coherent and comprehensible to English
the same ability. ears. This procedure was repeated until a series of
* primate: 영장류 ** hierarchy: 위계, 계층 ten students had learned the previous reproduction
*** versatile: 다방면적인 and produced their own versions. By the end of the
series, the reproductions were much shorter, the ④
[정답] ④ rewarded를 was rewarded으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
supernatural details in the original had been lost,
Bartlett’s findings, with a story ⑤ progressively
a tape recorder!
[정답] ③ usual을 unusual과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
354
은? One day, Captain Hall, the famous Arctic explorer,
Thank you for your offer of the pharmacist went in a small boat to visit a certain island which he
position. The position is attractive to me because I wanted to explore. The boat was fastened to a piece
have a strong passion for healthcare and a desire to of rock on the shore. When he returned from his
make a positive impact on patients’ lives. expedition, he discovered the tide had risen and
floated his boat, which was quite out of reach.
(A) On March 14, I was offered another position by a Captain Hall feared the extreme danger in which he
company whose benefits package includes tuition was placed. The boat was the only connecting link
reimbursement. Because I expect these costs to be between him and the living world, and it was beyond
substantial in the next two years, I have decided to his reach. What was to be done? To swim towards
accept this position. the boat was out of the question in such a climate. He
(B) I sincerely appreciate the time you have taken and did the only thing that seemed possible. He
the special interest you have shown in me during unwound the thongs that fastened his boots to create
the interview. Thank you again for your a line about twenty feet long. He attached a heavy
consideration. stone to its end and threw it into the boat, pulling the
(C) As I indicated in our last interview, however, I was boat to the shore. It was with unspeakable comfort
disappointed to learn that your company would that Captain Hall once more entered it and felt he
not be in a position to reimburse tuition costs for was saved from inevitable starvation — saved by a
my ongoing study toward a Doctor of Pharmacy shoe-string!
degree, currently a primary professional goal of * Arctic: 북극의 ** expedition: 탐험 *** thong: 가죽끈
mine.
① Arctic Rescue: Captain Hall's Ingenious Solution
* pharmacist: 약사 * reimburse: 변제하다, 상환하다
*** substantial: 상당한 ② The Boat Dilemma: Captain Hall's Arctic
Adventure
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A) ③ Shoe-String Savior: Captain Hall's Clever Escape
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A) ④ Captain Hall's Perilous Arctic Expedition
④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다. ⑤ Survival in the Arctic: Captain Hall's
Resourcefulness
[정답] ③
[해설] 북극 탐험 중 위험한 상황에서 자신을 구하기 위해 부츠 끈을 사용하는 Captain
Hall의 지략을 강조하기에 ③ Shoe-String Savior: Captain Hall's Clever Escape (신발
끈 구원자: 캡틴 홀의 똑똑한 탈출) 이 적절하다.
① 북극 구조: 캡틴 홀의 독창적인 해결책
② 보트 딜레마: 캡틴 홀의 북극 모험
④ 캡틴 홀의 위험한 북극 원정
⑤ 북극에서의 생존: 캡틴 홀의 지혜
355
136 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? 137 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
Think about the changes that have taken place in Sometimes pursuing the truth about some
our world over the past 100 years. The first to come question would be morally worse than not ①
to mind are probably the spectacular scientific and pursuing it. This may be because, as in the case of
technological achievements of the past century — nuclear weapons research, the answer itself may
motor vehicles, aircraft, the telephone, radio and TV, prove dangerous or harmful. But it may also be
computers and genetic engineering. Each new because the manner of pursuing ② that truth is
development ___________________. Consider, dangerous or harmful, or simply morally wrong
for example, the vast body of law which has grown independently of its consequences. Consider the
up around the motor vehicle: there are regulations Nazi or Tuskegee experiments: it is not the
governing such matters as the construction and information pursued ③ that is morally bad here, but
maintenance of motor vehicles, the conduct of the manner in which that information is pursued.
drivers on the road and even where vehicles may be And we need not resort to such dramatic cases. The
parked. Indeed, almost half of the criminal cases National Institutes of Health and the National
tried by magistrates’ courts are directly related to the Science Foundation heavily monitor contemporary
use of motor vehicles. The increasing volume of scientific research that involves any sort of
traffic on the roads and the resulting inexorable rise experiment involving human subjects. In cases ④
in traffic accidents have also led to developments in which the only way in which we can obtain certain
the civil law, especially in the areas of the law of tort scientific information is harmful to other people, we
and insurance. generally feel — rightly — that the information is not
* magistrates’ court: 치안 판사 재판서 worth pursuing, all things considered. So in deciding
⑤ whether to pursue a particular line of inquiry, we
must first determine whether pursuing that line
① creates its own demand for legal change
might conflict with our other values, moral or
② helps us understand the world in a new way
otherwise.
③ leads us to believe that we can make a difference
④ makes it difficult to find a way to solve the problem [정답] ④ which를 where로 바꿔야 적절하다.
⑤ is based on scientific and technological

achievements
[정답] ①
[해설] 기술 발전은 법적인 변화와 규제 수요를 만들어낸다. 자동차를 예로 들면, 법체
계가 건설, 유지보수, 운전 행동, 주차 등을 규정하며, 교통량 증가로 민법 조정이 필요
하고 하여 ① creates its own demand for legal change(법적 변화에 대한 수요를 스스
로 제작)이 적절하다.
② 세상을 새로운 시각에서 이해하도록 도움
③ 우리가 변화를 이끌 수 있다고 믿게 만든다
④ 문제를 해결하는 방법을 찾기 어렵게 만든다
⑤ 과학적 및 기술적 성취에 기반한다
356
As parents, we spend countless hours debating on The most effective way to defuse racial ideology is
the freedoms we should allow our children. Too to bring people from different ethnic backgrounds
much freedom may lead to ① mischief while not together under conditions that enable them to deal
enough may stifle their growth. How much should with one another as individuals and discover that
be allowed? I am always reminded of a circus ideologies obscure important aspects of people and
elephant when in a ② discussion on freedom. When the realities of their lives.
the elephant is a baby, it learns restriction by being
tethered to a small stake with a four-foot piece of (A) The very fact that a talented black journalist
chain. The elephant is trained to know that its believed this defective theory is evidence to its
individual freedom is ③ promoted to that small four power and the difficulties in escaping
feet. As the elephant grows stronger and larger, it expectations based on racial ideology. When such
still thinks that it has no more freedom outside of myths maintain credibility in society, black
those four feet. Although the power to move that people are regarded as unsuited to, or unwanted
stake and run free is ④ immense, it will not attempt for, study, work and other activities that demand
to break the stake or the chains because of what it mental rather than physical skills.
perceives as being able to. Are you a victim of your (B) Social scientist Ellis Cashmore illustrates this with
own restraints as well? Do you not move beyond an experience of receiving a telephone call from a
your four feet circle because you think you are not black journalist writing for a major newspaper.
allowed to? Be bold. Step outside your circle and see The journalist asked why no one actually
if you can grow. Without ⑤ breakthroughs, there expressed what he believed to be an absolute
cannot be change. truth: that black athletes have a ‘natural edge’.
* mischief: 나쁜 행동[짓] ** stifle: 억누르다
*** tether: (동물을 밧줄로 말뚝에) 매어 놓다 (C) However, this is difficult when teachers, coaches
and employers maintain a belief in the myth of
[정답] ③ promoted를 restricted와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다. black natural physical talent and a lack of
cognitive skills.
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
357
Negotiators can make options more palatable by Benny Goodman is one of the greatest clarinetists
________________ them. This is a matter of of all time. Born in 1909 in Chicago, he began taking
placing emphasis on the positive rather than the lessons at the age of 10. With a natural inborn talent,
negative. In the language of traditional he made rapid progress and was soon playing
carrot-and-stick tactics for motivating workers, the professionally. He was strongly influenced by New
approach should make the carrot more attractive Orleans jazz, and it played an important role in his
rather than enlarging the stick. Promises and offers music throughout his life. At 16, he joined the Ben
can be made more attractive in several ways: Pollack Orchestra in Chicago, which at the time was
maximizing the attractive qualities and minimizing one of the top bands in the United States. He was
the negative ones, showing how the offer meets the soon making recordings, and it wasn’t long before he
other party’s needs, reducing the disadvantages of formed his own band. Although Goodman was
accepting the offer, making offers more credible by relatively well known before 1935, it was the change
providing third-party references or factual support, in his style that occurred in the Palomar Ballroom in
or setting deadlines on offers so they expire if not Los Angeles that really caused his career to take off.
accepted quickly. Many would argue that these are And a few years later, he was playing in Carnegie
common sales tricks similar to discount coupons, Hall in New York City. At the time, this was
two-for-the-price-of-one offers, “today only” sales, something new for a jazz orchestra. The concert was
and extra-added-attraction elements. They are! a tremendous success. After years of appealing only
Negotiators can and should use the same techniques to specialized audiences, jazz had finally broken
that salespeople use to move their products. through and was being accepted by mainstream
* palatable: 마음에 드는 audiences.
① enlarging the stick ① Swinging to Success: Benny Goodman's Impact on

② making them more credible Mainstream Jazz
③ putting emphasis on the positive ② The Evolution of Benny Goodman’s Clarniet
④ enhancing the attractiveness of accepting Mastery and Jazz Legacy
⑤ reducing the disadvantages of accepting them ③ The Palomar Ballroom Breakthrough: Benny
[정답] ④
Goodman's Jazz Revolution
[해설] 협상가가 옵션을 더 받아들이기 쉽게 만들 수 있는 방법에 이는 긍정적인 측면
을 강조하여 약속과 제안을 더 매력적으로 만드는 것을 의미하기에 ④enhancing the ④ From Chicago to Carnegie: Benny Goodman's
attractiveness of accepting(수용의 매력을 높이기)가 적절하다.
Pivotal Moments in Jazz History
①스틱(벌칙) 확대하기
②그들을 더 신뢰하게 만들기 ⑤ Benny Goodman: Pioneering Mainstream Jazz
③긍정적인 점에 중점을 두기
with the Palomar Breakthrough
⑤그들을 받아들이는 데 있어서의 불이익을 줄이기
[정답] ⑤
[해설] 베니굿맨이 팔로마 볼룸에서의 돌풍과 이것의 재즈에서의 영향을 나타내기에
⑤ Benny Goodman: Pioneering Mainstream Jazz with the Palomar Breakthrough(베
니 굿맨: 팔로마 돌풍으로 이끄는 주류 재즈 개척)가 적절하다.
① 스윙 투 성공: 베니 굿맨이 재즈의 주류에 미친 영향
② 베니 굿맨의 클라니트 마스터리와 재즈 유산의 진화
③ 팔로마 볼룸 돌풍: 베니 굿맨의 재즈 혁명
④ 시카고에서 카네기까지: 베니 굿맨의 재즈 역사상 중요한 순간
358
In the worldview of the Cree hunter, humans do 은?
not control the hunt. The fish and game are not there Considerable debate exists as to the appropriate
simply ① to be taken. Rather it is the animals who beneficiaries of affirmative action. In the United
control the success of the hunt by offering States, supporters of affirmative action hoped that,
themselves willingly to people (or, conversely, by expanding the coverage to apply to many
choosing ② to withhold themselves from a hunter). minority groups, they would broaden the political
The Cree credit animals with knowing the same base favoring such programs.
things that people know and ③ are able to

communicate and share that knowledge with people. (A) In practice, however, the wider coverage has
Humans and animals are in a relationship of diluted, in the minds of some, the moral argument
reciprocity, just as humans are in relationship with in favor of a program intended to help the most
other humans. Indeed, anthropologists argue even obvious victims of governmental discrimination:
more generally that in all cultures, ④ including African Americans and Native Americans. Some
those that are modem and postmodern, there are argue that the context matters.
profound connections between the ways ⑤ that (B) On the other hand, among corporate executives or
people engage with each other and with other university faculties, blacks, Asians, Latinos, and
species. women all faced exclusion in the past and remain
* Cree: 크리족(북아메리카 원주민) ** reciprocity: 호혜 under-represented today; therefore, in these
***anthropologist: 인류학자
areas all four groups ought to be beneficiaries of
[정답] ③ are를 being으로 바꿔야 적절하다.

affirmative action.
(C) Thus, because Asian Americans and women are
generally not under-represented among
university student bodies, affirmative action
admissions for them would now be inappropriate
(though they should not be singled out for
restrictions).
Stay-at-home parents have new employment
* affirmative action: (인종·남녀 차별 등으로 인한) 사회적 약자 우대
options in our internet economy. Over the last few 정책 ** dilute: 약화하다 *** discrimination: 차별
decades many women have been self-employed.
Such an arrangement gives them greater ① ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
flexibility over their hours and days of work. The rise ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
of remote work could further increase opportunities ① (A)-(C)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
for them. Internet platforms such as Withinwork are

② two-sided platforms as workers seeking
employment post their resumes and employers
seeking workers post their tasks. Artificial
intelligence (AI) algorithms play a key ③
matchmaking role here by gathering and presenting
the set of job opportunities a person sees. I set up my
profile on Withinwork and was ④ depressed with
the alternative tasks that I was offered by the AI. As
with any two-sided matching platform, the more job
offerings an applicant sees, the more likely that
person will find value in the platform. In this sense,
as ⑤ remote work grows as a socially high-status
activity, this process will gain its own momentum.
* momentum: 힘, 탄력
[정답] ④ depressed를 impressed와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
359
(A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? The most common situation in which musical
Predictions of technological unemployment have equipment becomes an instrument is in live
recurred since the onset of the Industrial performance. Playing the piano is generally
Revolution. But the recurring reality was one of associated with performance in realtime, and
economic growth through creative destruction. Yes, computer-based musical instruments are
machines destroyed lots of jobs, often with increasingly being played in real-time. For example,
devastating effects on displaced workers for whom laptop computers are increasingly used in
new jobs were often too late or out of reach. Over performance by live electronic musicians even in
time, however, job destruction freed up labor and preference to keyboard synthesizers, groove boxes,
capital that went into new and usually better jobs and turntables. One thing that changes in computer
and higher incomes. That is because technology both performances is that the gestural relationship with
substitutes for labor — in particular, less-skilled sound is sometimes less direct. In acoustic
labor — and complements labor, or makes it more instrument performance the musician’s gestures are
productive, thus generating new demand for labor. translated into sound. Many instruments have a
Casual observers have often tended “to overstate the one-to-one gesture-to-sound relationship, including
extent of machine substitution for human labor,” the press of the piano or synthesizer key, or the slide
which was readily observable; they “repeatedly of the finger of the guitar fretboard; each translates
underestimated the demand for the work of human gesture into a direct audible result. Many electronic
beings that would remain.” and computer-based instruments have a
* recur: 되풀이되다, 반복하다 ** onset: 시작, 개시
one-to-many gesture-to-sound relationship when a

mouse gesture or parameter movement changes the
complexity of a rhythmic part, or the timbre and
Technology has had a negative impact on workers
volume of an entire ensemble of musical voices.
by ____(A)____ many jobs, but it led to better
* fretboard: (기타의) 지판 ** parameter: 파라미터, 매개 변수
jobs as well as new demand by ____(B)____ the *** timbre: 음색
productivity of labor.
① how electronic instruments are played in real-time
(A) (B) ② reasons why the gestural relationship with sound
① creating lowering should be more direct
② inventing increasing ③ the relationship between gestures and sound in
③ destroying maintaining computer performances
④ eliminating enhancing ④ the commonality between acoustic instruments and
⑤ transforming diminishing computer-based instruments
[정답] ④ ⑤ the impact of the gestural relationship with sound
[해설]
→ 기술은 많은 직업을 없애옴으로써 노동자들에게 부정적인 영향을 미쳐왔지만 노동 on the quality of live performance
의 생산성을 높임으로써 새로운 수요뿐만 아니라 더 나은 직업으로 이어졌다. [정답] ③
기술 혁신이 실업을 초래하긴 했으나 시간이 지나면서 기술이 노동을 더 생산적으로 [해설]
만들고 새로운 수요를 만들어 내기 때문에 더 나은 일자리와 더 높은 소득으로 들어간 일대일의 손놀림 대 음 관계를 갖고 있는 어쿠스틱 악기와 달리 컴퓨터 기반 악기는 일
노동력과 자본을 풀어 놓았다는 내용이다. 그러므로 (A)에는 destroying, eliminating, 대다의 손놀림 대 음 관계를 갖는다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ③ ‘the
(B)에는 increasing, enhancing이 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다. relationship between gestures and sound in computer performances(컴퓨터 연주에
① 만들어 ... 낮춤 서 손놀림과 음 사이의 관계)’가 가장 적절하다.
② 만들어 ... 높임 ① 전자 악기가 실시간으로 연주되는 방식
③ 없애 ... 유지함 ② 손놀림과 음의 관계가 더 직접적이어야 하는 이유
④ 없애 ... 높임 ④ 어쿠스틱 악기와 컴퓨터 기반의 악기의 공통점
⑤ 바꾸어 ... 낮춤 ⑤ 손놀림과 음의 관계가 라이브 공연의 질에 미치는 영향
360
Two Northwestern University marketing 절한 곳은?
researchers, David Gal and Derek Rucker, That is, they spend much of their time and energy
conducted research ① using framing techniques to seeking ways to get others to admire them. In terms
make people feel uncertain. For example, they told of being liked by others, rather than admired, they
one group to remember a time when they were full of are somewhat indifferent.
certainty, and the other group ② to remember a

time when they were full of doubt. Then they asked To the extent that one can distinguish self-esteem
the participants whether they were meat eaters, from public esteem, the latter seems to be more
vegetarians, vegans, or otherwise, ③ how important important. ( ① ) The overriding motive of
this was to them, and how confident they were in narcissists seems to be to obtain social approval
their opinions. People who were asked to remember from others. ( ② ) That is, narcissists are no more
a time of uncertainty were less confident of their nor less interested than anyone else in being liked. (
eating choices. However, when ④ asking to write ③ ) Being admired, however, is extremely
their beliefs to persuade someone else to eat the way important to them. ( ④ ) In general, they do not
they did, they would write more and stronger seem overly concerned with proving something to
arguments than those who were certain of their themselves (possibly because they are already
choice. Gal and Rucker performed the research with privately persuaded of their own good qualities), but
different topics (for example, preferences for a Mac they are quite interested in demonstrating their
versus a Windows computer) and ⑤ found similar superiority to others. ( ⑤ ) For example, if given a
results. When people were less certain, they would chance to tackle a difficult task and find out how
dig in and argue even harder. good they are, narcissists put forth minimal effort if
* framing: 프레이밍(생각의 틀 짜기) no one is looking, which is a sign that they do not
really care about demonstrating their brilliance to
[정답] ④ asking을 asked로 바꿔야 적절하다.
themselves, whereas if others are watching, they put
forth maximum effort in order to shine.

In the same way that it is sometimes ① advisable
to take a momentary break, or “fast,” from some of
our food, beverages, and habits, a media fast may be
good for your system. Spending a set period of time
② plugged can clarify for you the advantages and
disadvantages of your media practices. Life without
electronic devices ③ momentarily separates you
from constant distraction, online advertisements,
and artificial blue light. You’ll have more time for
other things, like ④ physical activity, face-to-face
interaction, and even solitude. You’ll also have the
opportunity to reflect critically on how life in the
Communication Age differs from older modes of
living and ⑤ connecting and engaging with the
world.
* solitude: 고독
[정답] ② plugged를 unplugged와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
361
(A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Sensation and perception almost always happen
One obvious area where climbing and philosophy together. Researchers, however, have studied each
intersect is with regard to the normative dimension process separately to determine how the two work
of climbing — the ethical or unethical behavior of together. Perception can occur through bottom-up
climbers. Some of the ethical issues in climbing processing, which begins with the physical stimuli
involve a straightforward extension of more general from the environment, and proceeds through
moral principles. For example, it is wrong to lie transduction of those stimuli into neural impulses.
about your climbing accomplishments because it is The signals are passed along to successively more
generally wrong to lie about accomplishments; it is complex brain regions, and ultimately result in the
wrong to needlessly endanger others at the cliff recognition of a visual stimulus. For example, when
because, more generally, it is always wrong to you look at the face of your best friend, your eyes
needlessly endanger others. However, other ethical convert light energy into neural impulses, which
issues involve factors that are unique to climbing travel into the brain to visual regions. This
and thus cannot be resolved by invoking broader information forms the basis for sensing the visual
moral rules. Is it wrong to place bolts on rappel? Is it stimulus and ultimately its perception. Equally
cheating to use pre-placed gear on a traditional important to perception, however, is top-down
pitch? For these sorts of questions, broader moral processing, which involves previously acquired
rules do not apply in any straightforward way, and knowledge. As a result, when you look at your best
climbers must work out for themselves what is right friend’s face, brain regions that store information
or wrong within the context of climbing. about what faces look like, particularly those that are
* invoke: (법 등을) 적용하다 ** rappel: (암벽에서) 줄을 타고
familiar to you, can help you to perceive and

recognize the specific visual stimulus.
While some ethical issues in climbing are directly *** impulse: 자극
related to more general moral rules, other issues
cannot be resolved by ____(A)____ them. That is ① Bottom-up or Top-down, Which Matters More?
why it is ____(B)____ that distinguish between ② Sensation and Perception : Different in What They
right and wrong. Do

③ Is Perception Possible with Bottom-up Processing
(A) (B) alone?
① invoking principles ④ Top-down Processing Can Replace Bottom-up
② violating principles Processing!
③ applying climbers ⑤ Perception : Transformation of Physical Stimuli into
④ excluding climbers Nerve Impulses
⑤ enforcing contexts [정답] ③
[정답] ③ [해설]
[해설] 지각은 감각을 통한 자극이 뇌 영역으로 전달되는 상향식 처리 과정을 통해 일어나지
→ 등반의 일부 윤리적 문제들은 더 일반적인 도덕 규칙과 직접적으로 관련되어 있지 만 뇌에 저장된 정보가 자극을 지각하고 인식하는 데 도움을 주는 하향식 처리 과정도
만 다른 문제들은 더 일반적인 도덕 규칙을 적용하여 해결될 수 없다. 이것이 옳고 그 중요하다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목으로는 ③ ‘Is Perception Possible with
름을 구분하는 것이 바로 등반가인 이유이다. Bottom-up Processing alone?(지각은 상향식 처리 과정만으로도 가능할까?)’가 가장
등반의 윤리적 문제에는 일반적인 도덕 규칙의 직접적인 연장이 수반되기도 하지만 적절하다.
광범위한 도덕 규칙을 적용하여 해결될 수 없는 경우도 있기 때문에 등반가들이 스스 ① 상향식과 하향식, 어떤 것이 더 중요할까?
로 옳고 그름을 알아내야 한다는 내용이다. 그러므로 (A)에는 invoking, applying, ② 감각과 지각 : 하는 일이 다르다
enforcing, (B)에는 climbers가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다. ④ 하향식 처리 과정은 상향식 처리 과정을 대체할 수 있다!
① 적용하여 ... 원칙 ⑤ 지각: 물리적 자극의 신경 자극으로의 변화
② 어겨 ... 원칙
③ 적용하여 ... 등반가
④ 배제하여 ... 등반가
⑤ 적용하여 ... 상황
362
The European Union, since the late 1990s, ① has 하지 않은 것은?
embraced gender mainstreaming as its main Although a traditional textbook drawing suggests
strategy for addressing gender inequality in policy that neurons in the brain are happily packed next to
making. It ② is defined as the integration of the one another like jelly beans in ajar, don’t let the
gender perspective into every stage of the policy cartoon fool you: neurons are locked in ①
process (design, implementation, monitoring, and competition for survival. Just like neighboring
evaluation). Gender mainstreaming is based on the nations, neurons stake out their territories and
understanding ③ that all policies have the potential persistently defend them. They fight for territory
to impact social and demographic groups and survival at every level of the system: each
differently, thus creating and sustaining unequal neuron and each ② connection between neurons
power relations. For example, gender fights for resources. As the border wars rage through
mainstreaming may explicitly consider the the lifetime of a brain, maps are redrawn in such a
experiences of men, such as parental leave as a legal way that the experiences and goals of a person are
claim for men or labor policies for men in always ③ reflected in the brain’s structure. If an
female-dominated occupations (e.g., nursing). accountant drops her career to become a pianist, the
Gender mainstreaming can also apply to health care, neural territory ④ devoted to her fingers will
equally ④ to promote women’s and men’s health expand; if she becomes a microscopist, her visual
care needs. In many countries, coronary heart cortex will develop higher resolution for the small
disease is defined through a masculine lens, details she seeks; if she becomes a perfumer, her
influencing all areas of medical care from prevention brain regions ⑤ excluded to smell will enlarge.
* stake out: ~을 차지하다 ** cortex: (대뇌) 피질
to recovery. Not only ⑤ does this lead to overlooking
women’s heart health needs, but it also may [정답] ⑤ excluded를 assigned와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
negatively impact men who do not seem to fit the
model of hegemonic masculinity.
[정답] ④ to promote를 promoting으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
363
154 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것 155 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
은? Thank you for always supporting our park’s efforts
In Singapore, due to road pricing, one can always to improve our community’s health and social
expect to be able to achieve a speed of 40 miles per bonds. As we have announced, construction at Lions
hour on the road. While the rich are more likely to Park will begin as soon as the spring season allows.
afford this, buses can also achieve these speeds, and As an alternative place to play pickleball in town this
with the economies of scale of a bus this lowers the summer, the lines for three pickleball courts will be
per-person trip price for achieving this speed. painted on the blacktop surface at Rose Park, located
at 201 Green Valley Road. The blue equipment bin
(A) Economists have adopted the rule of thumb of with portable nets and extra balls from Lions Park
valuing such lost time by half of the person’s will ______________ as well. The combination to
hourly wage. For example, if I earn $80 an hour unlock the bin can be obtained by calling the front
and I lose fifteen minutes stuck in traffic, then this desk at the community center. If you have any
costs me $10 in lost time (.25 x 80 x .5).To questions regarding the alternative pickleball
conserve on such lost time due to congestion, courts, please contact Mark Perkins at mperkins @
cities such as Stockholm, London, and Singapore ShakopeeMN.gov. We look forward to the
have adopted road pricing. Drivers in such cities completion of the new dedicated pickleball courts at
move at higher speeds and save time but must pay Lions Park this summer.
more money out of pocket to travel at peak use * pickleball: 피클볼(배드민턴, 테니스, 탁구의 요소가 결합한 새로운
times. 패들 스포츠) ** blacktop: 아스팔트로 포장된
(B) One explanation for why so few cities have

① no longer be used
② be relocated there
economics: people are used to the roads being
③ provide convenience
free. To an economist, this is a puzzling
④ be colored differently
explanation because congested roads cost us
⑤ be replaced with new one
valuable time. This time cost means that free [정답] ②
roads are not free to use. A second explanation for [해설]
Lions Park의 공사 관계로 Rose Park에 임시로 피클볼 경기장을 마련할 것임을 회원들
the opposition to road pricing is that many poor 에게 알리는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로는 ② ‘be relocated there(거기로 이전될)’이
people drive and they prefer to pay for their 가장 적절하다.
① 더 이상 사용되지 않을
commute using their time rather than paying a ③ 편의를 제공할
road use fee. ④ 색깔이 달라질
⑤ 새 보관함으로 교체될
(C) The full cost of commuting includes not only the
out-of-pocket expenditure on gasoline, parking,
and road use fees but the value of the lost time. If a
commute takes thirty minutes rather than fifteen
minutes because of traffic congestion, then the
commuter has lost fifteen minutes.
* commute: 통근(하다) ** expenditure: 경비
*** congestion: 정체
① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
364
156 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 157 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
(A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? Urban agriculture is moving from just a practice
I should have guessed things were not going to go for earning an income and small food-producing
well when I stepped off the train at Weston Station activities to a more sustainable practice ① that
and there was no sign of my father. I was only fifteen, focuses on promoting local food production as an
and there was no way I could go back home if he energy-saving resource that is central ② to creating
didn’t show up. I wandered up and down the vital urban communities. It needs to become even
platform. The waiting felt like forever, and I began to more central to city planning as food security and
anxiously wonder if something bad had happened to food safety become issues ③ that cities need to
him. After a while, one of the station employees address along with the increase in population that is
approached me and asked me if I was all right. I said creating a strain on a global level with regards to
I was fine, but inside, my concern was growing. Then food availability and health. In current practice, the
I glanced to the left and noticed my dad. At that very term urban agriculture does not necessarily mean
moment, all my anxieties disappeared. ‘Dad!’ I that food production ④ it is based on a sustainable
shouted. I snatched my little bag from the floor and methodology or procedure but when combined with
ran to him. ‘Sorry to keep you waiting, Son,’ he said, an ecological-based approach it does. With the
ruffling my hair and pulling me close to him. ‘Let’s recognition of natural resource decline and the
go home.’ He smiled, and I returned his smile with advance of environmental degradation in cities
an even bigger one. today, urban agriculture is ⑤ taking on new
* snatch: 낚아채다 ** ruffle: 헝클어 놓다
meaning in bringing ecological-based systems back

into the city as a vital part of the solution to creating
When I got off at the train station, my father was
more sustainable cities. This does require a
not there. I was ____(A)____ when I kept waiting
paradigm shift in thinking about food as an integral
for him, but he did not appear. However, after seeing
part of the city’s framework.
my father, my worries ____(B)____ and I was able * degradation: 저하
to smile happily.
[정답] ④ it을 itself로 바꿔야 적절하다.
(A) (B)
① worried arose
② relieved appeared
③ anxious vanished
④ reassured disappeared
⑤ concerned continued
[정답] ③
[해설]
→ 내가 기차역에 내렸을 때, 아버지가 없었다. 나는 그를 계속 기다리며 걱정했지만
그는 나타나지 않았다. 하지만 아버지를 본 후 걱정은 사라지고 기분 좋게 미소 지을
수 있었다.
기차역에 내렸으나 아버지가 없었고, 그를 계속 기다려도 그가 나타나지 않자 걱정스
러운 마음이었으나, 아버지를 만난 후 걱정이 사라지고 기분 좋게 미소 지을 수 있었다
는 내용이다. 그러므로 (A)에는 worried, anxious, concerned, (B)에는 vanished,
disappeared가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 걱정했지만 ... 생겼다
② 안심했지만 ... 생겼다
③ 걱정했지만 ... 사라졌다
④ 안심했지만 ... 사라졌다
⑤ 걱정했지만 ... 계속되었다
365
There is a tendency in some parents to treat small I think of neuroscience and the human sciences as
children as if they are much older. It seems as if they like two very small miners energetically tunnelling
want to give the impression that their child is ① in from opposite sides of an immense Alp.
immature beyond his age. They ask a small child to
make ② decisions about matters he is too young to (A) We hope for answers from them to the questions
decide. When a child is put in this situation, that bother us. The neuroscientists and we of the
sometimes he will do what the parent wants him to human sciences, even if we are divided into two
do, and sometimes he will simply say, “No.” This is groups, share the same hope.
his attempt to show his authority and to ③ display (B) Although dwarfed by the mountain, we hope our
his power. A small child should never be asked to diggings will meet in the middle of that huge Alp,
make a decision he is too young to make. The parent and there we will discover this mysterious,
should make the decision and then give ④ magical treasure, Mind. We hope.
instructions to the child. For example, if a parent
(C) Although neuroscientists on their side of the Alp
thinks that a child should stop playing and eat, he
do not listen much to sounds of digging from the
should not ask the child, “Do you want to eat now?”
humanists on the other side, some humanists,
He should tell the child to put his toys away and get
those concerned with the brain’s role in the arts,
⑤ ready to eat. If he thinks that the child should take
listen very closely to what the neuroscientists on
a nap, he should not ask the child, “Do you want to
the other side are saying. We draw hopefully on a
take a nap?” He should tell the child that it is time for
great many researchers.
his nap. * dwarf: 왜소해 보이게 만들다
[정답] ① immature를 mature와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
366
(A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
Modem broadcast media may have contributed to Many have observed that people often use mobile
the perpetuation of the innate talent account of phones in waiting areas. It is a way to kill time but it
musical performance ability. The discovery of an is also a way to create a space within what is often a
exceptional child performer — “the next Mozart” is a weak or poorly defined space. Spaces at the edge of a
common label — makes for a much better story than dead zone for making mobile calls are also prime
reporting how advanced musical learning has spots for making calls or sending texts. So, when
resulted from an unusually plentiful combination of people touch down at an airport or leave a tunnel
environmental, educational, and economic factors. after having been out of contact with a cell tower,
Beyond simple media sensationalism, however, the they are more likely to make calls or send texts. The
belief in talent offers other appealing effects. Giving mobile phone can be used to share a space with
the musically talented person the designation of someone at a distance, for example, people at a
specialness can turn the experience of a concert into concert who call others so they can hear part (or all)
a fantastic, even supernatural, happening. Plus, of the concert. At the extreme, people may be so
musicians themselves can benefit from the “gifted” immersed in the interaction with others on a mobile
label. Feeling special — or even divinely blessed — phone, that they lose contact with those in the
can contribute to musicians’ self-esteem and physical space they occupy. Sherry Turkle calls this
motivation; consequently, many “talented” alone together, others have used the term absent
musicians feel an obligation to nurture their gift, presence to characterize this behavior.
which allows them to approach their musical * dead zone: 휴대 전화 불통 지역 ** cell tower: 무선 셀 기지국
activities with confidence and the expectation of 
success. Dead space in waiting areas may ____(A)____
* perpetuation: 영구화 ** nurture: (재능 따위를) 기르다 physical interplay among people owing to their
 ____(B)____ with others on their cell phones.
The faith in innate musical talent, ____(A)____
by the media, can turn a concert experience into a (A) (B)
fantastic event, contribute to a musician's self-esteem ① induce conflict
and motivation, and make him feel ____(B)____ to ② trigger cooperation
develop his talent, so that he approaches his musical ③ prevent interaction
activities with confidence and expectation of success. ④ discourage unfamiliarity
⑤ restrict acquaintance
(A) (B) [정답] ③
[해설]
① reinforced obliged → 대기 장소의 데드 스페이스는 휴대 전화의 다른 사람들과의 상호 작용으로 인해 사
② weakened compelled 람들 사이의 물리적 상호 작용을 방지할 수 있습니다.
대기 구역에서 휴대 전화를 자주 사용하여 물리적 공간 속의 다른 사람들과의 소통이
③ diminished required 끊어지면서 생기는 공간을 다루는 내용이다. 그러므로 ③ (A)에는 ’막다‘를 뜻하는
④ undermined reluctant prevent이, (B)에는 ’교류‘를 뜻하는 interaction가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약
할 수 있다.
⑤ strengthened hesitant ① 유도하다 ... 갈등
[정답] ① ② 촉발하다 ... 협력
[해설] ④ 막다 ... 낯섬
→ 미디어에 의해 강화된 타고난 음악적 재능에 대한 믿음은 콘서트 경험을 환상적인 ⑤ 제한하다 ... 친숙함
사건으로 바꾸고, 음악가의 자존감과 동기부여에 기여하고, 재능 계발에 대한 의무를
느끼게 해서 그가 자신감과 성공에 대한 기대를 가지고 음악 활동을 하게 해 준다.
미디어에 의한, 타고난 음악적 재능에 대한 믿음은 콘서트 경험을 환상적인 사건으로
바꿀 수 있고, 음악가의 자존감과 동기부여에 기여하고, 재능 계발에 대한 의무를 느끼
게 해서 그가 자신감과 성공에 대한 기대를 가지고 음악 활동을 하게 해 준다는 내용이
다. 그러므로 (A)에는 reinforced, strengthened, (B)에는 obliged, compelled, required
가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 강화된 ... 의무를
② 약화된 ... 의무를
③ 약화된 ... 의무를
④ 약화된 ... 꺼림을
⑤ 강화된 ... 주저함을
367
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 8번] designer brand sunglasses (but were in fact genuine)
162 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? felt like ⑤ frauds and were more likely to cheat on
W. E. B. DuBois (1868-1963), an African tests. You may be able to fake until you make it, but
American sociologist, graduated from Fisk deep down, if we do, many of us feel like imposters.
University in Tennessee and became the first African * fake: 모조의; 속이다 ** fraud: 사기꾼 *** imposter: 사기꾼
American ① receiving a doctorate from Harvard
[정답] ① concrete를 superficial과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
University. Then, at Atlanta University, he founded
the nation’s second department of sociology. He
soon began a highly productive academic career ②
that included, among many other things, founding
two scholarly journals and writing numerous books
and articles. He focused his research and ③ writing
on the racial problems in the United States. At the
same time, however, he worked hard to apply his
enormous knowledge ④ to improving society. He
founded the Niagara Movement, an organization of [2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 13번]
African American intellectuals fighting for racial 164 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것
equality. He also helped create the National 은?
Association for the Advancement of Colored People Overfishing is in large part a consequence of
(NAACP) and edited its influential magazine, Crisis. excessive effort and capacity in fisheries. Too often,
Later, he even advocated the use of force to achieve fishery managers have been unable to control fishing
racial equality. Finally, ⑤ seeing little improvement effort, resulting in unsustainable levels of catch. This
in race relations, he moved in 1961 to the African has been a particular problem for open-access
nation of Ghana, where he died 2 years later. fisheries where management does not limit the
number of participants or high individual effort.
[정답] ① receiving을 to receive로 바꿔야 적절하다.
(A) As more people enter the fishery or improve their

fishing capabilities, the future yield to the
individual fisher decreases. This often fosters
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 12번] competition to maintain or even increase
163 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 individual catch levels even as stocks decline.
하지 않은 것은? (B) In response, managers may shorten fishing
We are so easily impressed and make judgements seasons; participants then increase their fishing
based on ① conctrete evidence, but sometimes power, and effort becomes concentrated in time,
luxury provides a psychological boost to confidence sometimes resulting in “races for fish” or “fishing
that improves our well-being. Wearing designer derbies.”
clothes can make us feel better about ourselves, (C) In this situation, the economic incentives favor
which then becomes ② self-reinforcing. When we short-term exploitation over long-term
put on our luxury clothes we feel special and behave sustainable use because the economic benefits of
accordingly. Luxury goods light up the pleasure sacrificing current catch to rebuild the stock are
centres in our brain. If you think you are drinking hard to perceive compared to short-term needs
expensive wine, not only does it taste better but the (bills to be paid), and long-term benefits may
brain's ③ valuation system associated with the have to be shared with newcomers when the
experience of pleasure shows greater activation, fishery recovers.
compared to drinking exactly the same wine when * exploitation: 이기적 이용 ** derby: 시합, 경기
you believe it to be ④ cheap. What’s important here
is the belief — not the actual luxury. Francesca Gino, ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
a professor at Harvard Business School, found that ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
people who wore what they believed to be fake ④ (C)-(A)-(B)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
368
Typically, homework consists of any assigned task (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
slated to be done outside the hours of class. What the American sociologist William Julius Wilson has
word homework does not describe is the quality or argued that an unintended consequence of African
quantity of the task, a reality that makes homework American suburbanization has been that inner cities
discussions challenging because it turns into a war of have lost valuable role models. As higher income
vocabulary. For example, if two people discuss their minorities leave center cities, young people who
children’s homework, one could be railing against remain are less likely to see and interact with adult
mindless worksheets while the other is in favor of men who work and have achieved upward income
carefully crafted activities prompting students to mobility. Research in development economics has
reflect or create. But instead of naming the specific documented, with data from the Dominican
activity, they both refer to the tasks simply as Republic, that when young people are informed
“homework.” And so one parent wonders why on about the wage gains that are possible by obtaining
earth anyone would be a proponent of (mindless) more education, this information increases their
homework while the other can’t understand why a educational attainment. The explanation for this is
parent wouldn’t want their child to do (relevant and that young people are more likely to underestimate
creative) work at home. Neither parent understands the economic benefits of education when they never
the other’s point of view because they aren’t interact with people who look like them and have
speaking the same language about homework. also attained a high level of education. The
* slated: (일정이) 계획된 ** rail: 불평하다 suburbanization of upwardly mobile people thus has
social consequences for peer effects in the inner city.
① The Ideal Way To Do Homework * inner city: (흔히 대도시의, 사회적인 문제가 많은) 도심 지역
② Efforts Needed in a Well-Performed Homework 
③ Debate on Homework among Parents And African American suburbanization has, arguably,
Children led to ____(A)____ interaction between young
④ Ambiguity in How and How Much of Homework Is people and valuable role models, which may have
Ideal ____(B)____ social implications.
⑤ Homework: Tasks Assigned To Be Performed at
Home (A) (B)
[정답] ④ ① reduced negative
[해설]
‘숙제’라는 단어가 과제의 질이나 양을 설명하지 못해 숙제에 대한 정의와 관점이 사람
② constant negative
마다 다르기 때문에 숙제에 대한 토론을 어렵게 하고 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 제목 ③ increased positive
으로는 ④‘Ambiguity In How and How Much of Homework Is Ideal어떻게 그리고 얼
마나 많은 숙제를 하는 것이 이상적인지에 대한 모호성)’이 가장 적절하다.
④ continuous tremendous
① 숙제를 하는 이상적인 방법 ⑤ intermittent unknown
② 잘 수행된 숙제에 요구되는 노력
[정답] ①
③ 숙제에 대한 부모와 아이들의 토론
[해설]
⑤ 숙제: 가정에서 수행해야 할 과제
→ 아프리카계 미국인들의 교외화는 거의 틀림없이 젊은이들 사이의 상호작용과 가치
있는 역할 모델의 감소로 이어졌으며, 이는 부정적인 사회적 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다.
미국에서 고소득 소수 아프리카계 미국인의 교회화로 인해 도시 중심에 남아있는 젊
은이들이 자신과 비슷한 소득 상향 이동성을 달성한 성인 남성과의 교류 가능성이 적
어지고 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ① (A)에는 ’감소된‘을 뜻하는 reduced이, (B)에는 ’
부정적인‘을 뜻하는 negative가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
① 감소된 ... 부정적인
② 일정한 ... 부정적인
③ 증가된 ... 긍정적인
④ 엄청난 ... 지속적인
⑤ 간헐적으로 ... 알려지지 않은
369
Because advertisers in the 1950s were interested 은?
in ① reaching baby boomers, many radio stations Many of our activities (arguing, solving problems,
played music called rock ‘n’ roll with disc jockeys ② budgeting time, etc.) are metaphorical in nature.
that specifically called out to them. Other stations The metaphorical concepts that characterize those
targeted different age groups with different styles of activities structure our present reality.
music and DJs. This new sort of station ③ that

focused on particular music preferences caught on (A) If a new metaphor enters the conceptual system
because radio was now more portable than ever. The that we base our actions on, it will alter that
development in 1948 of the transistor, a much conceptual system and the perceptions and
smaller replacement for the Audion vacuum tube, ④ actions that the system gives rise to.
led to the miniaturization of radio receivers. Now (B) New metaphors have the power to create a new
radio became something that people could literally reality. This can begin to happen when we start to
take with them throughout the day — to the park, to comprehend our experience in terms of a
the beach, or wherever. All of a sudden, the medium metaphor, and it becomes a deeper reality when
had a new life, and companies rushed ⑤ getting new we begin to act in terms of it.
licenses. The number of stations jumped (C) Much of cultural change arises from the
dramatically, from about one thousand in 1946 to introduction of new metaphorical concepts and
nearly 3,500 in the mid-1950s. The largest the loss of old ones. For example, the
proportion of these played specific types of music. Westernization of cultures throughout the world
* baby boomer: (특히 2차 세계대전 후의) 베이비 붐 세대인 사람 is partly a matter of introducing the time is money
metaphor into those cultures.
[정답] ⑤ getting을 to get으로 바꿔야 적절하다.
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 17번] ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

168 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절 ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
하지 않은 것은? ② (B)-(A)-(C)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
In a study by Arthur Aron and myself, we created a
fake computer dating service, but instead of
romance, the goal was to help college students find
friendship. All the subjects listed their interests, and
we returned a week later to ask them to ① review a
profile written by another person and judge whether
they liked and wanted to meet them. Half of them
were told that our ② ultra-reliable, matchmaker
program determined that this new person was an
ideal match for them. The other half weren’t told
anything. When people weren’t given any
information about whether a friendship was likely,
they ③ preferred people with interests just like
theirs. But when they were told that a friendship was
likely, they preferred people who complemented
them with ④ different interests. That is, when
people were confident that a relationship was
possible, they wanted to spend time with people who
were unique, interesting, and who offered a chance
for them to ⑤ narrow their horizons.
* fake: 가짜의
[정답] ⑤ narrow를 expand와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
370
Animal damage control advocates often A gene can increase in frequency by making its
characterize game animals as pest species. Deer, for bearers more likely than nonbearers to perform
instance, do not kill farm animals but are blamed for some fitness-enhancing behavior. For example,
destroying gardens, bringing disease, causing car females of many species choose a mate based on the
accidents, and wreaking other forms of damage in quality of male courtship displays. If the courtship
suburbs. So sport hunters are allowed to kill deer displays of males differ in quality and a genetic
with public support — after all, no one wants to be difference underlies the display difference,
involved in a collision with a deer. Unfortunately for _________________________. Of course,
deer, hunting does not necessarily control their courtship behaviors are not the only behaviors that
populations. They can rebound soon after hunting affect fitness. If parents differ in the quantity of care
season due to lessened competition for resources. they give to their offspring, if the quantity of care
And, of course, the animal damage control measures affects the viability of offspring, and if a genetic
that wiped out many of their natural predators also difference underlies this difference in parental care,
play a role in their large numbers. There are then the gene for higher quantity care will increase
numerous methods to prevent the damage that deer in frequency. So, as long as a gene makes some
can cause, such as more responsible driving, speed fitness-enhancing behavior more likely, that gene
limits, warning signs, roadside reflectors, as well as will increase in frequency in a population, and as a
the use of fencing along roadways. Yet the fact result the behavior may increase in frequency as
remains that as long as developers continue to build well. For this reason, biologists frequently say that,
in suburban areas, humans and wildlife will come from the standpoint of evolutionary biology,
into contact. Sadly, animal damage control “behavioral traits are like any other class of
programs have just one way of solving these characters.”
problems — hunting. * courtship: 구애 ** viability: 생존 능력
*** collision: 충돌 (사고) ① evolution favors those with genes for the inferior
display
① the reason why deer hunting is allowed in suburbs ② the gene for the superior display will increase in
② the importance of keeping deer population high in frequency
suburbs ③ the fate of the species will be determined by a
③ factors contributing to the declining deer genetic mutation
population ④ the genes in all males will align together to reduce
④ the reason why animal hunting has been legalized the genetic difference
in urban areas ⑤ frequency of fitness-enhancing behavior drops
⑤ alternative ways to prevent damage by pest species significantly in the given population
while keeping their numbers high [정답] ②
[정답] ① [해설]
[해설] 특정 유전자가 보유자로 하여금 적합성 향상 행동을 유도할 경우 그 유전자와 관련 적
유해동물종이라고 종종 묘사되는 사냥감 동물로 사슴은 교외에서 피해를 가하고 있어 합성 향상 행동의 빈도가 개체군에서 높아지며 수컷의 구애 표현의 질과 자녀 돌봄의
이를 예방하기 위한 유일한 방법으로 사냥이 허용되고 있으나 사냥철 이후에 자원 경 양을 예로 들어주는 내용이다. 그러므로 빈칸으로 ②’the gene for the superior
쟁이 줄어들고 사슴의 자연 포식자의 상당수가 말살되면서 사슴 개체 수가 다시 원래 display will increase in frequency(그 우월한 표현을 위한 유전자는 빈도가 증가할 것
대로 되돌아간다는 내용이다. 그러므로 주제로는 ①’the reason why deer hunting is 이다)‘가 가장 적절하다.
allowed in suburbs(교외에서 사슴사냥이 허용되는 이유)‘가 가장 적절하다. ① 진화는 열등한 표현데 대한 유전자를 가진 수컷을 선호한다
② 교외에 사슴 개체수를 높게 유지하는 것의 중요성 ③ 그 종의 운명은 유전자 돌연변이에 의해 결정될 것이다
③ 사슴 개체수 감소의 원인이 되는 요인들 ④ 모든 수컷의 유전자는 유전적 차이를 줄이기 위해 조절될 것이다
④ 동물 사냥이 도시 지역에서 합법화 된 이유 ⑤ 적합성 향상 행동의 빈도는 해당 개체수에서 크게 감소한다
⑤ 유해 동물종의 개체수를 높게 유지하면서 유해 동물종에 의한 피해를 예방하는 대
안적인 방법
371
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 21번] degree that it can no longer be considered a pristine
172 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? ecosystem. This is not to say that there are not
A mark of postmodernity is the increasing pristine-like nearshore waters left on Earth. A case
mobility, both voluntary and forced, of human may be made for the northwest Hawaii islands,
populations around the world. The migration of which have never been inhabited by humans and
whole societies, the problem of refugees, the only very ④ rarely have experienced fishing
incorporation of migrant workers, ① creating a expeditions. Such locations are few — in fact,
global, multicultural society that challenges the probably less than 1% of the ocean surface is fully
ability of any nation to define a reasonably protected against fishing or other kinds of ⑤
homogeneous cultural identity or a set of cultural integrating activities.
norms. The case of the failure of America’s “melting * pristine-like: 자연[원래] 그대로와 비슷한 ** palpable: 매우
pot” image is a telling example. Although the United
States has always been a nation of immigrants, it ② [정답] ⑤ integrating을 disturbing과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.
managed, at least until World War II, to maintain a
sense of itself as a whole, a European-derived,
English-speaking nation. But new migrations —
Asian, African, and Latino — have challenged this
image and made it almost impossible ③ to define a
central cultural identity for the nation. Moreover,
the American experience ④ has become the norm in
은?
other parts of the world as well. People’s identities
In a simple experiment conducted by Michael
have become fractured, pluralized, and hybridized,
Ross, Cathy McFarland, and Garth Fletcher, college
and populations ⑤ that were silent and
students received a persuasive message arguing the
marginalized in the past have suddenly moved to the
importance of frequent tooth brushing.
center of the historical and cultural stage.
*** pluralize: 복수로 만들다 (A) They were simply using their new attitudes as a
heuristic to help them remember. In a sense, they
[정답] ① creating을 have created로 바꿔야 적절하다.
needed to believe that they had always behaved in
a sensible and reasonable manner — even though
they had just now discovered what that sensible
behavior might be.
(B) Those who received the message recalled that they
brushed their teeth far more frequently than did
students in the control condition. The students
were not attempting to deceive the researcher;
there was no reason for them to lie.
하지 않은 것은? (C) After receiving the message, they changed their
Human impacts are the most direct in the upper attitudes toward tooth brushing. Needless to say,
500 meters of the ocean as commercial fishing is not this is not surprising. But here’s what was
conducted in deeper waters. Indeed, geological ① surprising: Later that same day in a different
extraction and construction of ports and windmill situation, the students were asked, “How many
farms are typically conducted in waters of 50 meters times have you brushed your teeth in the past 2
depth or less. In shallow and nearshore waters weeks?”
human impacts are palpable, even in ② remote * heuristic: 휴리스틱(특정 상황에서 사람들이 신속하게 사용하는
parts of the world. Animal life in Antarctic waters is
abundant and has been protected from commercial ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)
use for decades, yet ③ hunting in the early part of ④ (C)-(A)-(B) ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)
the twentieth century changed the ecosystem to a ⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)로 이어지는 것이 자연스럽다.
372
[2025수능특강(영어) TEST 3 24-25번]
175 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸
(A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [정답] ④
When it comes to the common belief fallacy in [해설]

→자신의 가정과 대조되는 증거를 찾는 과학자들과 달리, 개인과 개인이 속한 기관은
your own life, remember that scientists are always 자신들의 행위의 타당성을 거의 의심하지 않는다.
trying to reach better conclusions, and that is 무언가를 믿을 때 그것이 자신의 가정에 어떻게 필적하는지 확인하기 위해 반대되는
증거를 찾는 과학자와는 달리 개인과 그들이 속해 있는 기관은 의심하는 마음을 갖지
something you don’t do as an individual, at least not 않고 있지만 모든 인간의 노력은 과학적 방법의 교훈을 빌려 체계적으로 잠시 멈추어
by default, and by extension it is something your 그것이 틀렸는지 의심할 필요가 있다는 내용이다. 그러므로 ④ (A)에는 ’대조되는‘를
뜻하는 contrasting이, (B)에는 ’의심하다‘을 뜻하는 doubt가 들어가야 글의 내용을 가
institutions are not so great at either. You don’t seek 장 잘 요약할 수 있다.
out what science calls the null hypothesis. That is, ① 약화시키는 ... 수용하다
② 일치한 ... 노출하다
when you believe in something, you rarely seek out ③ 반대된 ... 신뢰하다
evidence to the contrary to see how it matches up ⑤ 지지하는 ... 거부하다
with your assumptions. That’s the source of urban

legends, folklore, superstitions, and all the rest.
Having doubts is not your strong suit. Corporations
and other institutions rarely set aside a division
tasked with paying attention to the faults of the
agency. Unlike in science, most human undertakings
leave out a special department devoted to looking for
the worst in the operation — not just a complaint
department, but a department that asks if the
organization is on the right path. Every human effort
should systematically pause and ask if it is currently
mistaken. To beat your brain, you need that
department constantly operating in your cranium.
You would do well to borrow from the lessons of the
scientific method and apply them in your personal
life. In the background, while you sew and golf and
browse cat videos, science is fighting against your
stupidity. No other human enterprise is fighting as
hard, or at least not fighting and winning.
* fallacy: 오류 ** null hypothesis: 귀무가설(기각될 것이 예상되는
가설) *** cranium: 두개골

Unlike scientists who seek out evidence
____(A)____ their assumptions, individuals and
their institutions rarely ____(B)____ the validity
of their operations.
(A) (B)
① undermining accept
② fitting expose
③ opposing trust
④ contrasting doubt
⑤ supporting reject
373

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EBS 수능특강 영어

25년도 대비 ebs수능특강 영어지문을 기반으로 한

④ Urgent Request Concerning Mobile Phone directly at 920-4848-1212.

① the difficulty of playing the trumpet

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

is that _____________________________. Sometimes it is hard to know the right thing to do

④ a series of ideas are created through interaction

① Criticism of Balck-and-White Logic

there is to be made. Profit leads to economic growth, ⑤지구를 위한 다양한 지속 가능한 발전

which is the goal of many politicians and business

[정답] ① prolonged를 immediate와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.

글의 흐름상 ⑤에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.

[정답] ② to hire를 to be hired로 바꿔야 적절하다. ① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

(A) Standardized testing in schools, for example, may

① Familiarity Breeds Contempt ① reliant

revealed, and the two people are physically remote

(A) The impact of parents' behavior upon the child's

[2025수능특강(영어) 13강 5번]

basic and universal human reactions to food. experiments

physical and mental capacities [해설]

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

[2025수능특강(영어) 14강 3번]

provide a satisfactory explanation. He came up with human influence on computer evolution.

several instances ② which we instinctively realize

problems" and have prompted philosophers ⑤ to of rudimentary survival mechanisms in computers:

what knowledge is. computer design. ( ⑤ ) Computers will come to

글의 흐름상 ⑤에 들어가는 것이 자연스럽다.

65 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하

much,” or even “none,” in fact, even soap can

nonhuman species seem able to comprehend

on how to behave. are objective. Yet psychological research

Feeling Indebted.” highly possible that this is basically similar to why ④

[정답] ④ indifferent를 different와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.

[정답] ③ must be를 must have been으로 바꿔야 적절하다.

① What Made Yo-Yo Ma Successful?

[정답] ③ unacceptable을 acceptable과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.

[정답] ⑤ constrict를 promote와 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.

(A) In the 1950s, the late Shelby Foote reportedly

② forming capabilities for re-creating their infant linguistic variations

identities ② be quite minimal on cognitive development due to

③ designing new ideologies in order to understand its ambiguous stance

the new society’s stream ③ be quite universally understood due to its

groups of friends ④ be quite various within domestic cultures because

understanding the perspectives of others ⑤ be quite divergent across cultures, linguistic

[정답] ⑤ translate를 be translated로 바꿔야 적절하다.

owe part of their reputation to the puzzling and

[정답] ④ exlcusion을 inclusion과 같은 단어로 바꿔야 한다.

vulnerability by avoiding change, so our learning If maintenance of a balance in a relationship

friend, when listening to them ① saying how they’ve

be neat and tidy. This persuasion increased the

knowledge of diseases and treatments. Having an ①

(A) But if I let the weather determine what I can get

food with animals outside of its group is typically

felt certain he could better understand the workings environment?

generous to one another, and if we put them in

[정답] ⑤ connecting을 being connected로 바꿔야 적절하다.

repeatedly firing together. kitchen are the ⑤ efficient cause.

[정답] ④ their를 its로 바꿔야 적절하다.

learn and recall. The student’s written recall differed

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C) ③ (B)-(C)-(A)

① harmful ① The Parental Dilemma: Balancing Freedom and

(A) At the time, this was something new for a jazz

[정답] ② intending을 intended로 바꿔야 적절하다.

(A) children's self-esteem, with ones

modeling (B) verbal instruction.

② ignored isolated (B) of physical and mental capacities.