PREHISTORY

STONE AGE:

■ PALEOLITHIC: IT IS DIVIDED INTO TWO, LOWER

PALEOLITHIC AND UPPER PALEOLITHIC.
■ NEOLITHIC
 Lower
Paleolithic

Neanderthal presence; nomadic customs, manufacturing of

rudimentary stone utensils and living with animals
Superior paleolithic
 Neolithic
■ 9000 to 3000 years approx. A.C.
■ Man begins to cultivate and
domesticate
■ Increase in population and colonization
of new territories
■ Adobe and mud huts
■ Food preserved in silos and vessels
The dead were buried in primitive
■ constructions: dolmens. At the end of
this period, copper began to be used to
■ make utensils.
BRONZE AGE

■ 3000 to 1000 years approx. A.C.

■ I occupy Europe: Nordic, southern Germany,
Hungary, Italy and others
■ Artistic manifestations represented reality
The Bronze Age in Europe has 4 stages:
■ I, II, III and IV. The first three cover up to 1200
BC and the last the rest
In America only the indigenous people of Peru
and Colombia obtained it
IRON AGE

■ 1000 years approx. A.C. to historical times

■ Age of civilization
■ Iron was used for weapons and cutting tools.
■ It is subdivided into two cultures: HALLSTAT and TEÑE
 PRE-COLOMBIAN CULTURES
W"
MAYANS:
■ Facades covered with ornaments inspired by
nature and geometric figures
■ Rectangular temples
■ Summit with truncated pyramids with side
and front stairs
■ Interior with rooms, and the main room the
sanctuary
■ The palaces were not inhabited, narrow, long
and dark chambers. They were deposits.
■ They did not know the vault
■ The cities had a rectangular courtyard
■ Sculptors collaborated with architects. The
first period is realistic (S. IV TO X AD.), the
second symbolic and abstract. (S
XALXVD.C..)

Chichen Itza Castle

AZTECS:
In 1300 they arrived in Mesoamerica and in
1325
MAXICO- TENOCHITITLAN is founded
Religious art
Adobe houses contrasted with the houses
of the lords
Houses with a single door, without a
window but with a central patio
They made stone sculptures, highly
realistic human figures, colored prints
and the use of ceramics, statuettes,
figures and vessels.
They work the wood
Aztec calendar- sun stone
INCAS:
■ Three focuses: Chimu, Nazca and Tiahuanaco
■ They worshiped the sun
■ Terrace construction, irrigation works
■ They domesticated the llama and the alpaca
■ Walls with large, polished stone molds.
■ Temples of rectangular shape, odd number of
doors.
■ Rich interior decoration: gold, silver and fabrics.
■ Homes grouped in hamlets or towns, houses
with a single door and sometimes a window
■ Upholstery management
■ They did not have stone sculptures
■ Hanging bridges
■ Fishing rafts; transport vessel for cargo and
passengers
 GREECE
ARCHITECTURE

■ Materials: stone, unfired brick, limestone,

marble, terracotta and bronze for decoration
and adoba for poorer constructions
■ For the year 700 and 650 BC tiles replaced
thatched roofs: temples of APOLLO and
POSEIDON.
■ Important polychromy: They painted with bright
colors such as red and blue
 PERIODS:

■ ARCAIC: COLUMNS OF SOME TEMPLES (HEREO OF OLYMPIA) SUFFERED

PETRIFICATION, REPLACING IT WITH STONE COLUMNS UNTIL THEN THE ENTIRE
TEMPLE TURNED INTO STONE. DORIAN AND IONIAN WAS USED.

■ CLASSIC: BEFORE THIS PERIOD THE ARCHITECT WAS SEEN AS A CRAFTSMAN,

FROM THIS PERIOD HE BEGAN TO HAVE RECOGNITION. Heyday of Dorian and Ionian

■ HELLENISTIC PERIOD: GREAT EXPANSION OF URBAN PROJECTS LIKE THE

HIPPODAMO OF MILETO, WITH GRID ORGANIZATIONS. THE DORIC IS ABANDONED
 DORIAN, IONIC AND CORINTHIAN ORDER

■ DORIC: IT WAS THE MOST SEVERE USED IN

OUTDOORS AND IN TEMPLES OF MEN GODS,
CAPITAL OF SIMPLICITY, SLANT COLUMNS AND
WITHOUT BASE. FORMAL AND AUSTERO STYLE

■ IONIAN: IN INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR TEMPLES OF

FEMALE DIVINITIES, THE CAPITAL HAS TWO
VOLUTES OR SPIRALS FRAMING THE EQUINE, THE
ARCHITRAB HAS THREE HORIZONTAL STRIPES,
THE COLUMNS ARE SLIM AND OFTEN REPLACED
BY STATUES OF GIRLS CALLED CARIATIDS

■ CORINTHIUM: IN INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR

TEMPLES OF FEMALE DIVINITIES, IT IS THE MOST
CHARACTERIZED, CAPITAL IN THE SHAPE OF AN
INVERTED BELL FROM WHICH SOME LEAVES
COME OUT
Order Order Order
Doric phonic
TEMPLES: Best-known form of Greek architecture, Corinthian
open-air altar in front of the Temple. The temple was used as a treasure trove for
 devotees. They were built with limestone or calcareous tuff and marble, being
expensive, was used for sculptures. Later columns were added.
The buildings were rectangular or circular in plan. They roofed with wooden beams
covered with tiles and occasionally marble. They had neither vaults nor domes

PARTHENON
■ SCULPTURE:
4TH CENTURY BC: statues of rigid bodies, without movement with their arms stuck together.
 5TH CENTURY: Myron and Polykleitos work with bronze.
In the middle of the 5th CENTURY: Phidias, with monumental statues of gold and ivory as the
goddess
Athens

■ PAINT:
Glasses were painted, the colors and figures varied according to the times.

■LITERATURE:
Lyrical poetry that expresses feelings in ceremonies of Dionysus
Performing plays, actors with high shoes and masks. Greek tragedy: Equilus,
Sophocles and Euripides
Homer emerges with his epic poetry: The Iliad and The Odyssey
 ROME
■ Rome was born in the region of Lazio, and from there it submitted to the other
Italic tribes, the Etruscans, Greeks and Carthaginians, achieving political unity,
founded in the 8th century BC. by two brothers Romulus and Remus.
■ The history of Rome includes three periods:
the monarchy (753 to 509 BC) Rome was governed by kings, these were seven
The republic: lasted around 5 centuries. When Tarquin fell to end the one-
person and lifelong power of the kings, the government was granted to two
magistrates called consuls who only lasted one year in office.
Empire: from the year 31 BC at 395. It begins with Augustus and ends with the
death of Theodosius and the division into the eastern and western empires,
the first under the command of Arcadius and the second under the command
of Honorius, son of Theodosius, who proclaimed Christianity as the sole and
official religion of the Roman Empire.
■ LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE:

They take their language from the area where the city was founded: Lazio. Latin and then
Greek.
The first centuries lack literary importance, some documents
legislative and then expanded upon coming into contact with Greek civilization
 ■ ART: imitation and continuation of Greek.

■ SCULPTURE: reliefs and busts. The first decorate tombs and sarcophagi and the
busts were portraits.

■ PAINTING: Pompeii and its art

■ ARCHITECTURE

I take elements from the Greek.

Materials: marble, bricks and concrete covered with stucco
Columns: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan (simplified version of the Ionic) and
composite (similar to the Corinthian but with a more elaborate capital)

MAIN BUILDINGS
■ COLISEUM: shows such as animal fights, gladiator combat and simulated naval
battles were given.
■ Thermal baths: cold, warm and hot bath facilities, with conversation, sports and
game rooms
■ Temples: They innovated with the dome.
■ Basilicas: they functioned as courts
■ Bridges and aqueducts: transport water from springs to cities, with
constant inclination placed underground or above. Pont du gard in Nîmes and
 Aqueduct of Segovia.
■ Triumphal arches: intended to commemorate victories of the rulers.
 PALEOCHRISTIAN ART
■ Late I to 313 AD
■ Hidden art. Born in the catacombs

■ There is no architecture, and the only sculpture

is that carved into coffins
■ Difficult painting, low light places.
■ Sketches of faces, animals, martyrdom and gold
as a principle of holiness
■ Symbolic painting: water represented baptism.
■ The figure of the praying man emerges, biblical
scenes and the crucified Jesus does not appear
■ The monogram of Christ is made up of two
letters of the Greek alphabet: X (ji) and R (ro)
superimposed. Placed on a tomb, it indicated
that the deceased was a Christian.
■ Letters of the Greek alphabet alpha and omega:
means beginning and end.
 BYZANTINE ART
■ Derived from Byzantium, ancient Greek city
■ Born in 395, it included the Danube basin, southern Italy, the Volcanic Peninsula, the
eastern Mediterranean, Egypt and Western Asia. Subsequently reduced by the
conquest of Turks, Persians, etc.
■ Construction and decoration of Churches. Builders of great Christian temples.

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ARCHITECTURE:

■ Church floors in the shape of a Greek cross (4

equal arms)
■ Columns crowned with a semicircular arch
Vaults and domes for roofs
■ Central dome supported by lateral semidomes
■ Application of pendentives
Materials: brick in Greece, Italy and Egypt;
■ stone in France, Armenia, Georgia, Syria and
Greek islands Aíralas half point
■

Decorated capitals
 ROMANESQ
UE
Born in France in the 10th century. Fruit of ancient civilization and the contribution of
Christian states
It spread throughout eastern kingdoms through two means: pilgrimage routes to the holy
sepulchers (the Way of St. James, Rome and Israel) and the Cluniac monks.
It is a religious art with great monastic development.

artHistory

Rurallberica.com
The Cathedral of Santiago of
Compostela
ARCHITECTURE
■ Materials: ashlar stone and ashlars
■ Floor plans: basilica with three or five naves of
Roman or Latin cross influence.
■ Transept is usually enhanced with a dome
■ The central nave usually ends forming an apse
■ semicircular arch
■ Vaults: barrel; edge or quarter-sphere vault
■ Robust and thick and reinforced walls
■ Lack of openings and these flared
■ Rosette
■ Flared porticos decorated with reliefs.
■ decorated tympanum (stone book)
■ Mandorla (almond shape that houses an image of
Jesus)
■ Pantocrator (representation of Christ as supreme
judge)
■ Tetramorphs (on the sides of the pantocrator, the
symbols of the four evangelists are represented) Rosette
Matthew an angel; Marcos a lion; Lucas a bull; and Juan an eagle
It is integrated with the architecture, to
which it is subordinated.
It has a triple purpose, decorative,
religious and didactic. Motives:
religious, fights between men and
animals; bestiary, vegetal and
geometric motifs.

Subordinated to architecture Double

function: interior decoration and
teaching
The painting is generally mural,
done on walls, in fresco or tempera.
The coloring of the figures is flat,
lacking perspective
 GOTHIC ART
• It takes place in the last centuries of the Middle Ages
• It arises in northern France and spreads throughout the West.
• Gothic: its term derives from Giorgio Vasari, I use it to define the
darkness of the art of the Middle Ages compared to the classics of Greek
antiquity.
• Its birth coincides with the time of medieval plenitude and crisis: the
bourgeoisie appears, universities, the flowering of religious orders,
popular revolts, heresies, the Black Death and the Hundred Years' War.
ARCHITECTURE:

■ Born in 1140 in France: Royal Abbey Saint Denis

or Saint Dionysius
■ Cathedrals full of light: general and diffuse, not
concentrated in points. Colored light through the
use of stained glass and rose windows. Light
understood as sublimation of divinity.
■ painting and sculpture subordinated to
architectural support
■ Religious inspiration in art
■ Plan of cathedrals, with Latin cross with head in
apse
■ Use of pointed arch: ogival; vaults, flying
buttresses and openings on the walls
• SCULPTURE: stone carvings are used for decoration and to fulfill the evangelizing function.
The sculptures were born on the walls of the churches in the mid-12th century. Carving
techniques become more sophisticated
• PAINTING: a more sombre, dark and emotional style than in the previous period, realism and
naturalism are increased, wanting to imitate nature. Religious figures were represented on a
more human than divine level demonstrating emotions (sadness, anguish, etc.).
Four techniques were used: frescoes, stained glass, on boards and miniatures.

MUSIC: they ordered the singing by oral transmission and notation system.
Notations through Neumas. Use of secular singing
by Provençal troubadours and German
minnensingers.
Stream of monotone singing, with one or several
voices, following a fixed melody allowing an organ
In the 14th century, Polyphony emerged, that is, a
mixture of different melodies.

Madonna with angels and Saint Francis

RENAISSANCE ART
It occurs in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries, it is the result of the spread of Humanism. HE
 I use the name renaissance because the elements of culture were taken up again.
classic. Historically there are overseas conquests, Portuguese voyages,
discovery of America by the Spanish, dismemberment of the
Christianity, the printing press arose and great European economic development with the
first glimpses of mercantile capitalism.
In Florence, the first renaissance or quatrocento occurred in the 15th century, which
sought the canons of beauty of antiquity.

The second phase of the Renaissance or Cinquecento was characterized by artistic

hegemony in Rome where the development of the arts was supported by the Popes.
ART
■ Ancient architectural forms resurface
■ Chiaroscuro techniques, representing perspective and the
natural world, with interest in human anatomy.
■ Main artists: Michelangelo, Botticelli, Bramante.

ARCHITECTURE
■ Two types of buildings: religious and civil
■ Structural elements: semicircular arch; columns,
hemispherical domes; barrel vault; flat roof with coffers
■ Decorative elements: pediments, porticos, heraldic motifs,
volutes, garlands and medallions
■ In the 1st Renaissance, fine decoration was used, elongation of
the dome, rough stone facades, and raised ashlars. In the 2nd
it was decorated with valuable bas-reliefs and free-standing
sculptures.
MUSIC
■ Union between secular and religious music
■ More balance between voices
■ Greater imitative sense in counterpoint

Temple of San Pietro in Montorio

 ■ Replacing voices with instruments
■ The field of musical interpretation is expanded (temples, universities, etc.)
■ The musician acquires greater social importance

The Vitruvian Man by Leonardo Da Vinci

BAROQUE ART
Cultural movement that spread in literature, sculpture, painting, architecture, dance and music
from approximately 1600 to 1750.
 Baroque means overloaded, excessive and irrational, it refers to the excess of emphasis and
abundance of ornamentation. The word baroque derives from a Portuguese word baroque,
which means irregularly shaped pearl.

LITERATURE: I express new values, using metaphor and allegory. Fantasy and imagination were
evoked in the viewer, the reader and the listener. Everything was focused around the individual
man, as a direct relationship between artist and his client. AUTHORS: LUIS DE GONDORA,
FRANCISCO QUEVEDO.
ARCHITECTURE
■ It develops from the beginning of the 17th century to
the third of the 18th century. In the last stage it is
called Rococo.
■ The interest is in marketing and urbanization, this
can be seen in the main square of Madrid. Follow a
harmony and monumentality
■ Breaking with pediments, Solomonic columns,
games of perspective and light
■ plant decoration
■ Constructive elements: follows the orders of the
Renaissance, but elements are in contrast.
Grandiosity is used, arches are used in a variety of
ways and domes.
■ Materials: carra glass, Persian rugs, ceramics, etc.
■ The Spanish baroque tends towards the exterior and
the European towards the interior.
SCULPTURE
■ Statues and ornamentation in squares and gardens.
■ In Spain religious images carved in wood
■ They express appearance more than reality
■ He is a naturist
■ It fits with the moment of Christianity. Ecstasy. Closed eyes
and open mouth
■ Effective sculpture: tries to surprise those who contemplate it

MUSIC
■ It covers the birth of opera in the 17th century until the
middle of the 18th century.
Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
ART.
■ Paintings equipped with light, color and movement
■ It plays with perspective
■ It is naturist and realistic, it tries to paint reality.
The main themes can range from religious themes,
■
saints, mythologies, portraits, to a new theme, still
life.
tenebrism: clash between light and shadows
■ Eclecticism: tries to save the classic taste within
■
the new aesthetics
Painters: Rembrandt, Caravaggio, Rubens.
 FRANCISCO DE GOYA
Born on March 30, 1746, he was a court painter making official portraits and history paintings. In
his early days, he painted in an elegant style. His most famous paintings: The Naked Maja and the
Clothed Maja.
In 1792 he contracted an illness that left him deaf. He began to become obsessed with painting the
evils and follies of humanity. The horrors of war leave a deep mark
In Goya, his paintings therefore reflect the horror and drama of the brutal
massacres that were experienced in the streets of Madrid.
The famous black paintings are named for their gruesome content, highlighting Saturn devouring
her son; Coven the great coal. Black, brown and gray tones predominate, demonstrating a more
sombre tone.

ROMANTICISM
Artistic and intellectual movement that extends from 1800 to 1850. This art expresses moods,
intense or mystical feelings. In choosing themes, artists choose nature, especially for its wild
and mysterious aspect, as well as exotic, melancholic or melodramatic subjects.

■ FRANCE: during the Napoleonic Wars. Masterpieces: Gericault's Medusa Raft portraying
 the suffering of humanity; Delacroix in his Quiox massacre.
■ GERMANY: painting, poetry and philosophy were inspired by the conception of nature.
Main painter Caspar David Friederich, his paintings are between mystical and delicate
feelings, to melancholy, loneliness and separation
■ ENGLAND: Constable was the first artist to work outdoors and bring light and dense brush
strokes to the canvas
■ SPAIN: it manifested itself above all in painting, represented by Federico Madrazo with his
portraits, Jenaro Pérez Villamil with his landscapes, etc.
Gericault's jellyfish raft
Walker Before a Sea of Fog by
Caspar David Friedrich

N%

The Ruin of Eldena by

Caspar David Friederich
 REALISM
Movement that emerged in the mid-19th century as a
reaction to romanticism. Several phenomena
contribute to the change:

■ The consequences of the industrial revolution:

labor of children and women; Excessive hours;
Dire living conditions;
Unsanitary housing.
■ All traces of idealism are abolished.
■ Social themes abound.
■ There is a tendency to represent man in his daily
chores.
■ The issue of fatigue becomes the main issue Woman in the waves Gustave
Courbet
Courbet bird; Jean
 IMPRESSIONISM
It occurs at the end of the 19th century, it arose from disagreement with classical themes. The
Impressionists chose plein air painting and themes from everyday life.
They were concerned with capturing the incidence of light on the object, they used primary colors -
cyan, magenta and yellow - and complementary orange, green and violet - performed
short and juxtaposed brushstrokes of color that mixed with the observer's retina already
An optimal distance increased the luminosity.
Some artists: Manet; Pissarro.
The Impressionists evolved into distinct individual styles and exerted a strong influence for
decades.
 POSTIMPRESSIONISM
■ A term that encompasses the different
pictorial styles that succeeded
Impressionism in France between 1880 and
1905. Paúl Cezanne, Paúl Gauguin and
Vincet Van Gogh are included in this
■ current.
Structural, spatial and chromatic search
■ Use of contrasting colors to relax and define
planes and shapes Imaginative creations
■
based on brush strokes
■ Interest in the exotic and the underworld
Simplified and static compositions Interest
■
in the construction of form; drawing and Van Gogh's Starry Night

■
expressiveness of objects and human
figures