Cthe-The Effect of Varying Flow Rate

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Republic of the Philippines

EASTERN VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Revision Date:
Tacloban City
College of Engineering Page No.
Chemical Engineering Department 1 of 20
CHE 411L – CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY II
STUDENT NAME:
SHAUN PATRICK ALBAO
ELAINE CAJOLES
DEITHER EDLOY
DIVINA GRACIA MALPAS
JHILSEAN BRIX NIMROD OLMEDO
Experiment No. 1A
Title
THE EFFECT OF VARYING FLOW RATE USING A CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT
EXCHANGER (TD360a)
Objective
To show how different cold flow rates affect the performance of the heat exchanger in both
parallel flow and counter flow connection (hot flow rate and heater temperature are fixed).
Introduction
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER (TD360a)
Figure 6 The Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a)

NOTE: You need at least one of the optional heat exchangers to do experiments. TecQuipment
recommend that you buy this heat exchanger first, because it has extra temperature measurement
points.
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This heat exchanger is a simple shell and tube heat exchanger. It has two tubes, one inside the
other. The outer tube is the shell. The inner tube carries the water from the hot circuit of the
Service Module, the other tube carries the water from the cold circuit. Heat transfers between the
two tubes. You may connect the water circuits to give contra-flow (counter-flow) or parallel flow
experiments.
This heat exchanger is in two equal parts with extra thermocouples at the mid-point. This helps
students understand more clearly how the temperature changes along the heat exchanger. [1]
A diagram in the middle of the heat exchanger bedplate shows students how to connect the heat
exchanger.
Figure 7 How the Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a) Works
NOTATION, USEFUL EQUATIONS AND THEORY

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This section only gives the basic information needed to do the experiments. For full theory, refer
to the textbooks listed in Maintenance, Spare Parts md Customer Care on page 73 of the user
guide [1].
Flow Conversion
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The Service Module measures flow in liters per minute (L.min -1), but your calculations need flow
in cubic meters per second (m3.s-1)
Average Temperatures in Heat Exchangers
Figure 20 Average Temperatures in Heat Exchangers

For most heat transfer equations, and calculations of specific heat capacity and density of water,
you must find the average temperature for the hot and cold circuits in your heat exchanger. This
is the calculated value of the temperature at a mid-point between the inlet and outlet of the circuit
(see Figure 20). [2]
NOTE: The Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a) has thermocouples at its mid-point to
measure this value for you.
To find the average temperature of the cold circuit:
To find the average temperature of the hot circuit:

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Useful Equations
Heat Capacity (C)
This is a measure of the heat needed to increase the temperature of a given mass of material by 1
degree (Kelvin or Celsius). [3]
It is a product of the mass of a material (m) and its specific heat capacity (c).
Specific Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure (cp)

Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of exactly 1
kg of material by 1 degree (Celsius). It is a ratio of the change in heat energy and the change in
temperature. [3]
Pressure and temperature affects specific heat capacity, so equation 5 assumes constant pressure
over a known range of temperature. It is the 'isobaric' (equal pressure) specific heat capacity.
You may use Figure 21 to find the specific heat capacity for your mean water temperature.
Alternatively, Equation 6 (based on data from tests) will give you an accurate answer (where
your temperature T is in Celsius):
From tests, the specific heat capacity of water at 15°C is 4185.5 J.kg-1.K-1
NOTE: You must use the mean (or average) temperature of your flow circuit in this equation.
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Figure 21 Specific Heat Capacity of Water at Constant Pressure

Density (ρ)
As water temperature changes, its density changes slightly. its maximum density is at
approximately 4 degrees Celsius and decreases as its temperature increases or decreases from
this value. This affects all your calculations. You can use Figure 22 to find water density for your
water temperature, for a unit mass and a constant pressure. Alternatively, Equation 7 shows you
how to accurately calculate it (where T is your water temperature in degrees centigrade). [1]
NOTE: You must use the average temperature of your flow circuit in this equation.
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Figure 22 Water Density

Heat Transfer, Energy Balance and Efficiencies
In heat exchangers, heat transfers or ‘flows’ from the hot water circuit to the cold-water circuit.
The heat transfer rate is a function of the fluid mass flow rate, the temperature change and the
specific heat capacity of the fluid (at mean temperature). [2]
In an ideal heat exchanger, that does not lose or absorb heat from its surroundings, the cool fluid
absorbs all the heat from the hot fluid. So, the heat transfer rate is:
Rearranged for volumetric flow gives:

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Figure 23 System Boundary

To better understand the heat transfer in a heat exchanger, you must assume it is a ‘system’ with
the hot and cold-water flows as its input and outputs (see Figure 23).
As mentioned earlier, there is no heat transfer across the 'system boundary' in an ideal heat
exchanger. But in reality, the hot and cold fluids are usually at different temperatures to the
surroundings, so some heat transfers across the system boundary. For example, the heat from a
warm room would transfer to the cold fluid. Figure 24 shows the input, outputs and losses in
diagram form as relative quantities. [3]
Figure 24 Ideal and Real Heat Exchangers

The energy balance coefficient (CEs) shows the relationship between the energy absorbed and
emitted, where:
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But, as shown, because of the possible heat flow into or out of the system, the energy balance
coefficient can give answers of greater than 1 if the heat exchanger absorbs energy from its
surroundings. [1] So, it is only for guidance, because, in reality:
The mean temperature efficiency and heat transfer coefficient give more useful results for
comparison between heat exchangers.
The temperature efficiency of the hot circuit of the Heat Exchanger is the ratio of the temperature
change in the hot circuit, divided by the difference between the maximum and minimum
temperatures of the hot and cold circuits:
The temperature efficiency of the cold circuit of the Heat Exchanger is the ratio of the
temperature change in the cold circuit, divided by the difference between the maximum and
minimum temperatures of the hot and cold circuits:
he mean temperature efficiency of the two circuits is the average efficiency of them both:
Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

This is a measure of the heat driving force that creates the heat transfer. It is a logarithmic
average of the temperature difference between the hot and cold circuits at each end of the heat
exchanger. Formula 14 is for parallel flow. (To adjust to counter flow, replace T C2 by TC1, and
vice versa.) [2]
Heat Transfer Coefficient (U)

This is the overall heat transfer coefficient for the wall and boundary layers. It is a measure of
how well the heat exchanger works. A good heat exchanger will give a high coefficient;
therefore, this value is important to engineers. [1]
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NOTE: All optional heat exchangers have the same heat transfer area (A), to allow you to make
direct comparisons.
Methodology
Procedure 1-Parallel Flow
1. Connect and set up your heat exchanger as shown in To Fit a Heat Exchanger on Page 27 of
the user guide. Connect for parallel flow and a heater tank temperature of 60°C.
2. Create a blank results table, similar to Table 3. If you have VDAS, in the top left of the
layout, select the correct heat exchanger. The software will create a table for you
automatically when you start taking readings.
3. Use an accurate thermometer to check the local ambient air temperature for reference.
4. For the first test, use the hand operated flow control valves to set the hot and cold flow rates
as shown for Test 1 in Table 3. Allow at least five minutes for the heat exchanger
temperatures to stabilize.
NOTE: Your cold-water supply will probably change slightly as you do the experiment so you
may need to adjust the flow control valves slightly to keep the flow rote constant.
5. Record the hot and cold circuit temperatures.
6. Repeat the procedure for flow rates as shown in the table for tests 2, 3 and 4.
Procedure 2-Counter Flow

Reconnect your heat exchanger for counter flow and repeat procedure 1.
Results Analysis
Use the input and output temperatures (T H1,TH2. TC1, and TC2) to create simple temperature charts
for each flow, similar to Figure 30. Note that the results for parallel flow and counter flow will be
different.
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Figure 30 Simple Temperature Charts

Find the change in temperature (ΔT) for each circuit and the average temperature for each circuit.
NOTE: If you use the Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a), use the mid-points T H3 and
TC3 as the average temperatures.
Convert your flow rates from L.min-1 to m3.s-1
Use the charts or the equations in the theory section to calculate the water density for the hot and
cold-water circuits (ρH and ρC) at each flow rate and the specific heat capacity for each circuit at
each flow rate.
Calculate the heat emitted, heat absorbed, mean temperature efficiencies and energy balance
coefficient of the parallel-flow and counter-flow systems for all flow rates. Create charts of
energy balance coefficient (vertical axis) against cold flow rate (horizontal axis), Find the LMTD
and use this to calculate the heat transfer coefficient (U) for each flow. From your results,
comment on how the flow rate affects the heat exchanger performance
If you have more than one heat exchanges, compare the heat transfer coefficients of your heat
exchangers for any given flow rate.
Results & Discussion
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As shown in the two figures below, the mean temperature efficiency is higher at lower flow rates
because the cold fluid is in the heat exchanger for longer, and has more time to absorb heat.
Energy Balance and Efficiency against Flow Rate

TD360a Concentric Tube - Parallel Flow
1.20 30.0
Energy Balance Coefficient
1.00 25.0
Mean Temperature
0.80 20.0
Efficiency
0.60 15.0
0.40 10.0
0.20 5.0
0.00 0.0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Cold Flow Rate (L.min-1)
Energy Balance Coefficient Mean Temperature Efficiency
Energy Balance and Efficiency against Flow Rate

TD360a Concentric Tube - Counter Flow
1.20 30.0
Energy Balance Coefficient
1.00 25.0
Mean Temperature
0.80 20.0
Efficiency
0.60 15.0
0.40 10.0
0.20 5.0
0.00 0.0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Cold Flow Rate (L.min-1)
Energy Balance Coefficient Mean Temperature Efficiency

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Flow rate affects heat transfer coefficient but flow direction does not, as shown in the table
below. This because the heat transfer coefficient partly depends on material properties (which
remain the same) and the thermal boundary layer, which changes with fluid velocity (flow rate).
These results below show no noticeable difference between parallel and counter flow as the
mean temperature of hot and cold is similar in both cases. The benefit of counter flow over
parallel flow is that counter flow allows the hot out (T H2) to be lower than the cold in (T C1). In
parallel flow, hot out is always higher than cold out. So, the mean temperature efficiency for
parallel flow is effectively limited to 50% (excluding external heat transfer), but theoretically it
can exceed 100% for the counter flow. In this concentric tube exchanger, there is not sufficient
heat transfer to see this happen.
Parallel Flow
Concentric Tube Parallel Flow

Hot = 3 L.min-1, Cold = 0.4 L.min-1
70
60
50
Temperature
40
30
20
10
0
P1 P3 P2
Position
Hot Cold
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70
60
50
Temperature
40
30
20
10
0
P1 P3 P2
Position
Hot Cold

70
60
50
Temperature
40
30
20
10
0
P1 P3 P2
Position
Hot Cold
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Hot = 3 L.min-1, Cold = 1 L.min-1
70
60
50
Temperature
40
30
20
10
0
P1 P3 P2
Position
Hot Cold
Counter Flow
Concentric Tube Counter Flow

70
60
50
Temperature
40
30
20
10
0
P1 P3 P2
Position
Hot Cold
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Tacloban City

70
60
50
Temperature
40
30
20
10
0
P1 P3 P2
Position
Hot Cold

70
60
50
Temperature
40
30
20
10
0
P1 P3 P2
Position
Hot Cold
Document No:
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Tacloban City

Hot = 3 L.min-1, Cold = 1 L.min-1
70
60
50
Temperature
40
30
20
10
0
P1 P3 P2
Position
Hot Cold
With respect to other heat exchangers used which were discussed in separate documents, results
for shell and tube are very similar to concentric tube. This is as expected as they are similar. The
benefit of the shell and tube is its compactness for the same heat exchange area. The plate heat
exchanger is comparably less effective than tubular types. But it is more. compact and rugged
than the other designs.
Conclusion
The flow rate (of the cold fluid) affects heat transfer coefficient (which measures the
performance of the heat exchanger) but flow direction (which can be parallel flow or counter
flow) does not. This because the heat transfer coefficient partly depends on material properties
(which remain the same) and the thermal boundary layer, which changes with fluid velocity
(flow rate).
References
References
[1] TecQuipment Ltd, "TD360 Bench-Top Heat Exchangers User Guide," TecQuipment,
Nottingham.
[2] C. J. Geankoplis, D. H. Lepek and A. Hersel, Principles of Transport Processes and
Seperation Processes, 5th ed., New York City: Pearson, 2018.
[3] W. L. McCabe, J. C. Smith and P. Harriot, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 5th
ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993.
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Experiment No. 1
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APPENDIX
DATA SHEET
Time Calculated Parameters Cold Hot
Average TCold [T3]

Average THot [T3]
Power Absorbed
Energy Balance
Power Emitted
Temperature 1
Temperature 2
Temperature 3
Temperature 4
Temperature 1
Temperature 2
Temperature 3
Temperature 4
Specific Heat
Specific Heat
Capacity Cold
Capacity Hot
Coefficient
Density Cold
Density Hot
Δ TCold
Δ THot
Time
Flow
Flow
(s) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (J.kg-1.K-1) (J.kg-1.K-1) (kg.m-3) (kg.m-3) (W) (W) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (L.min-1) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (L.min-1)
Parallel
0 2.0 14.8 61.0 38.2 4184.56 4178.10 982.67 992.89 412.57 409.31 0.99 29.0 43.8 38.2 37.1 0.40 61.5 59.5 61.0 40.7 3.01
43.9 2.4 13.5 61.3 36.8 4184.70 4178.00 982.52 993.40 501.61 560.31 1.12 28.8 42.3 36.8 36.8 0.60 62.0 59.6 61.3 40.8 3.05
107.6 2.7 11.2 61.0 35.5 4184.56 4177.94 982.67 993.86 562.53 620.07 1.10 28.7 39.9 35.5 37.3 0.80 61.9 59.2 61.0 41.0 3.04
158.7 3.0 10.0 60.8 34.6 4184.47 4177.93 982.78 994.17 620.97 699.18 1.13 28.7 38.7 34.6 37.2 1.01 61.8 58.8 60.8 41.1 3.02
Counter flow
0 2.0 14.2 61.0 37.6 4184.56 4178.05 982.67 993.11 412.57 392.80 0.95 28.9 43.1 37.6 36.5 0.40 61.2 59.2 61.0 41.3 3.01
28 2.3 13.0 61.1 36.4 4184.60 4177.97 982.62 993.54 477.59 539.63 1.13 28.9 41.9 36.4 36.6 0.60 61.5 59.2 61.1 41.4 3.03
61.2 2.7 11.1 61.0 35.2 4184.56 4177.93 982.67 993.96 556.98 614.60 1.10 28.8 39.9 35.2 36.7 0.80 61.6 58.9 61.0 41.4 3.01
80.3 3.0 10.2 60.9 34.5 4184.51 4177.93 982.73 994.20 623.00 713.19 1.14 28.8 39.0 34.5 36.8 1.01 61.7 58.7 60.9 41.4 3.03
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ANSWER SHEET
Heat Exchanger: Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a)
Connection: Parallel flow
Ambient Temperature: 30.5 °C
Heater Tank Temperature: 60 °C
Average TH*
Average TC*
Cold Flow
Hot Flow
(L/min)
(L/min)
LMTD
Test
TH1 TH2 ΔTH TH3* TC1 TC2 ΔTC TC3* ηH ηC ρH ρC cpH cpC Q̇ e Q̇ a CEB η ̅ U
1 3.01 0.40 61.5 59.5 2 61 61 29 43.8 14.8 38.2 38.2 6.15 45.5 982.7 992.9 4184.6 4178.1 413 409 0.99 25.8 23.1 893
2 3.05 0.60 62 59.6 2.4 61.3 61.3 28.8 42.3 13.5 36.8 36.8 7.23 40.7 982.5 993.4 4184.7 4178.0 502 560 1.12 23.9 24.4 1028
3 3.04 0.80 61.9 59.2 2.7 61 61 28.7 39.9 11.2 35.5 35.5 8.13 33.7 982.7 993.9 4184.6 4177.9 563 620 1.10 20.9 25.6 1098
4 3.02 1.01 61.8 58.8 3 60.8 60.8 28.7 38.7 10 34.6 34.6 9.06 30.2 982.8 994.2 4184.5 4177.9 621 699 1.13 19.6 26.1 1191
Heat Exchanger: Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a)

Connection: Counter flow
Ambient Temperature: 30.5 °C
Heater Tank Temperature: 60 °C
Average TH*
Average TC*
Cold Flow
Hot Flow
(L/min)
(L/min)
LMTD
Test
TH1 TH2 ΔTH TH3* TC1 TC2 ΔTC TC3* ηH ηC ρH ρC cpH cpC Q̇ e Q̇ a CEB η ̅ U
1 3.01 0.40 61.2 59.2 2 61 61 28.9 43.1 14.2 37.6 37.6 6.19 44.0 983 993 4184.6 4178.1 412.6 392.8 0.95 25.1 23.7 871
2 2.98 0.60 61.5 59.2 2.3 61.1 61.1 28.9 41.9 13 36.4 36.4 7.06 39.9 983 994 4184.6 4178.0 477.6 539.6 1.13 23.5 24.6 972
3 3.02 0.81 61.6 58.9 2.7 61 61 28.8 39.9 11.1 35.2 35.2 8.23 33.8 983 994 4184.6 4177.9 557.0 614.6 1.10 21.0 25.7 1085
4 3.00 1.02 61.7 58.7 3 60.9 60.9 28.8 39 10.2 34.5 34.5 9.12 31.0 983 994 4184.5 4177.9 623.0 713.2 1.14 20.1 26.1 1192

Cthe-The Effect of Varying Flow Rate

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Republic of the Philippines

Figure 6 The Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a)

Figure 7 How the Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a) Works

NOTATION, USEFUL EQUATIONS AND THEORY

Average Temperatures in Heat Exchangers

Figure 20 Average Temperatures in Heat Exchangers

To find the average temperature of the hot circuit:

Specific Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure (cp)

Figure 21 Specific Heat Capacity of Water at Constant Pressure

Figure 22 Water Density

Rearranged for volumetric flow gives:

Figure 23 System Boundary

Figure 24 Ideal and Real Heat Exchangers

Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

Heat Transfer Coefficient (U)

Procedure 2-Counter Flow

Figure 30 Simple Temperature Charts

Energy Balance and Efficiency against Flow Rate

Energy Balance Coefficient Mean Temperature Efficiency

Energy Balance and Efficiency against Flow Rate

Energy Balance Coefficient Mean Temperature Efficiency

Concentric Tube Parallel Flow

Concentric Tube Parallel Flow

Concentric Tube Parallel Flow

Concentric Tube Parallel Flow

Concentric Tube Counter Flow

Concentric Tube Counter Flow

Concentric Tube Counter Flow

Concentric Tube Counter Flow

Time Calculated Parameters Cold Hot

Average TCold [T3]

Heat Exchanger: Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (TD360a)

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