Summation

Notation
n

a
k 1
k  a1  a2  a3  ...  an
Terminology
n

a
k 1
k  a1  a2  a3  ...  an
k –index of summation
1- lower limit
n-upper limit
Examples
3
a ) Evaluate  2k
k 1
3

 2k  2(1)  22  2(3)

k 1

 11
7
b) Evaluate  k 2
k 4
7

 k
k 4
2
 4 2
 5 2
 6 2
 7 2

 16  25  36  49
 126
Properties for Summation
n n
1.  ca
k 1
k  c  ak
k 1

n n n
2.  (a
k 1
k  bk )   ak   bk
k 1 k 1

n n n
3.  (a
k 1
k  bk )   ak   bk
k 1 k 1
Properties (continued)

n
4.  c  cn
k 1

n
5.  k 
n ( n  1) can be used
k 1 2 only when your
lower index is 1
n
n(n  1)  2n  1

k 1
k 
2

6
6.
More Properties

n m n
7.
a  a  a
i 1
i
i 1
i
i  m 1
i (1  m  n)

n nc

8. a  a
i 1
i
j 1 c
j c (c is a constant )
Given:
X1 = 5, X2 = 8, X3 = -4, X4 = 1
Y1 = 3, Y2 = -2, Y 3 = -3, Y 4 = -1

Solve for:
3 2
σ
1. 𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖
3 3 2
2. 3 𝑖=2 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 (4 points)
σ
4 2 4
3. σ𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 + σ𝑖=2 5𝑦𝑖