DEVELOPMENT OF HEAT RESISTANCE SEAT COVER FOR

TWO WHEELERS

19T620 INNOVATION PRACTICES

NAVANEETHAKRISH 21T211
NANPRASANNA G 21T212
PRIYANKA 21T213
RAJESH KUMAR S 21T214

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

Branch: TEXTILE

TECHNOLOGY

of Anna University

APRIL 2023

DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY

PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous Institution)

COIMBATORE – 641 004

 PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution)

COIMBATORE – 641 004

DEVELOPMENT OF HEAT RESISTANCE SEAT COVER FOR

TWO WHEELERS

Bonafide record of work done by

NAVANEETHAKRISH
NAN PRASANNA G 21T211
PRIYANKA 21T212
RAJESH KUMAR S 21T213
21T214

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
Branch: TEXTILE
TECHNOLOGY

Of Anna University

APRIL 2023

………………………… ……………………………
Mr. S. Kumaravel Dr. G. Thilagavathi
Faculty Guide Head of the Department

Certified that the candidate was examined in the viva-voce examination held
on………………

…………………… ……………………
(Internal Examiner) (external examiner)
 ACKNOWLEDGEME
NT

We wish to express our sincere thanks to the management of PSG

INSTITUTIONS for providing the necessary infrastructure facilities for
carrying out this project work.

We would like to express our gratitude to Dr. K. Prakasan, Principal

for providing us an opportunity and ample facilities for carrying out our
project.

We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. G. Thilagavathi, Head of the

Department of Textile Technology, PSG College of Technology, for her
encouragement and support throughout the work.

We express our heartfelt thanks to our faculty guide, Mr. S.

Kumaravel Assistant Professor (Sr.Gr), Department of Textile Technology,
for his constant encouragement and guidance for carrying out this project.

We express our heartfelt thanks to Dr. J.C. Sakthivel Assistant Professor,

Department of Textile Technology, for his constant encouragement and guidance
for carrying out this project.

We wish to thank all teaching and non-teaching staffs of PSG college of

Technology for their kind and patient help for the project.

I
 SYNOPSIS

Textile Industries are one of the fast-growing industries in the world. One
of the major applications of textile is in automobile industry. During
summer season, a common problem faced by those who use two-wheeler
vehicles is that the seat will heat up upon continuous exposure to the
sunlight. Due to this, it will be difficult to use the vehicle as we cannot sit
on it. This innovation covers the seat from sunlight, preventing it from
heating up. It also makes the seat comfortable to sit on. This product is
made with fibers that have the ability to withstand higher temperatures.
They also provide for the comfort property. The product is available in
portable form with detachable pouches that holds the seat cover.

II
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................... (I)
.................................
(II)
SYNOPSIS...............................................
.......................... 1

1.
INTRODUCTION.......................................
.....................

2. LITERATURE REVIEW…………………..………………………. 2

2.1. TEXTILES IN AUTOMOBILES 2

2.2. FIBERS USED IN AUTOMOBILE TEXTILES 3
2.3. NEW CHALLENGES 4
2.4. PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS 5
2.5. EXISTING PRODUCT 6
2.6. NEW PRODUCT 7
2.7. CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES 8
2.8. SELECTION OF FIBER 9
2.9. IDENTIFICATION OF FIBRES 10
2.10. PROPERTIES OF ACRYLIC 11
2.11. APPLICATIONS OF ACRYLIC 12
2.12. GROUND FABRIC 13
2.13. PILE FABRIC 14
2.14. PRODUCTION PROCESS 15
2.15. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 16
2.16. DIFFICULTIES IN THE PRODUCTION 17
2.17. YARN PARAMETERS 18
2.18. FABRIC TESTING 19
2.19. FABRIC THICKNESS 20
2.20. FABRIC TENSILE STRENGTH 20
2.21. FABRIC ABRASION RESISTANCE 21
2.22. FABRIC THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 22

3
 2.23. LIQUID ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY 23
2.24. ANTI-MICROBIEL TESTING 24
2.25. USAGE OF TEXTILE WASTE 27
2.26. TEXTILE WASTE MANAGEMENT 28
2.27. TYPES OF TEXTILE WASTE MANAGEMENT 29
2.28. TYPES OF RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES 30
2.29. ADVANTAGES OF TEXTILE RECYCLING 31
2.30. RECYCLING BARRIERS 32

3. OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………… 28

4. MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………………………….. 29

4.1. MATERIALS 29
4.2. METHODOLOGY 30
4.3. METHODS 31
4.3.1 GROUND FABRIC PREPARATION 32
4.3.2 PILE FABRIC PREPARATION 33
4.3.3 JOINING THE FABRICS 34
4.3.4 FINISHING AND TRIMMING 35
4.3.5 TESTING STANDARDS 36

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………….. 37

5.1. TESTING 37
5.2. SAMPLE DESCRIPTION 38
5.3. THICKNESS 39
5.4. TENSILE STRENGTH 40
5.5. ABRASION RESISTANCE TEST
5.6. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY TEST 42
6. CONCLUSION.......................……………………………………… 41

7. SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK………………………………………. 42

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY...………………………………………………….. 43

4
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTI
ON

This product mainly focusses on providing heat resistance to

bike seats. Already, there are products that exists in the market that
provides the same. Although, they hold certain drawbacks like
comfortability and so on. This innovation aims to provide maximum
benefits with less drawbacks. The product includes two components
namely ground fabric and the pile fabric. The ground fabric is
responsible for heat resisting property. It also holds the pile fabric.
Acrylic fiber is chosen to develop the fabric as it can withstand the
effects of longer exposure to sunlight like heat, UV rays. It also
provides for the comfortness to the product. The pile fabric resists, to
some extent, the increase in temperature due to prolonged exposure to
sunlight. It is mainly responsible to provide the comfort property.
Various tests are conducted with yarn as well as fabric to make sure
they satisfy the required properties for a seat cover. The product
comes handy in a small portable pouch which can be attached and
detached from the bikes, thus making it versatile.

01
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 TEXTILES IN AUTOMOBILE

With the increase in traffic density and the developing trade, long journeys have brought safety and
comfort to the fore in the automotive industry. For this purpose, the use of textile materials in vehicles has
increased and expectations from these materials have increased.

Automotive textiles consist of technical textiles used in the aerospace industry as well as land, sea and air
transport vehicles.

Today, it is seen that the ecological and recyclable materials to be used in an automobile are very valuable
for the environment. The lightness of the car is also an important criterion, as it will allow to consume less
fuel and conserve natural resources.

Compared to other materials, textiles are seen to have many superior features such as being relatively light
and strong, high moisture retention ability, adjustability of porosity, low cost recycling, fibrous surface and
different combinations with other materials. In addition to functions such as isolation, security, decoration
and filtering, it also provides comfort in vehicles.
 2.2 FIBERS USED IN AUTOMOBILE TEXTILES
Fibers commonly used in automobile textiles,
Polyester:Polyester is widely used in automobiles for various textile applications due to its
excellent properties such as durability, resistance to abrasion, moisture-wicking
capabilities, and ease of maintenance. In cars, polyester fabrics can be found in seat
covers, headliners, carpets, trunk linings, and door panels. They provide comfort,
aesthetics, and functionality while withstanding the rigors of everyday use and exposure to
sunlight and moisture. Additionally, polyester blends are often utilized to enhance specific
properties such as stretch or flame resistance in automotive textiles.
Nylon: Nylon is another common fiber used in automobiles due to its high strength,
durability, and resistance to abrasion and chemicals. In automotive applications, nylon
fibers are often used in upholstery fabrics, carpets, floor mats, and seat belts.
Acrylic:Acrylic fibers are utilized in automobiles primarily for their aesthetic qualities and
ability to mimic the look and feel of natural fibers like wool while offering increased
durability and colorfastness. In automotive textiles, acrylic fibers are commonly found in
upholstery fabrics, seat covers, and carpeting.
Cotton:cotton may be used in seat covers, headrests, and interior linings in some vehicles
to provide a soft and comfortable feel. Additionally, cotton blends with synthetic fibers may
be used to improve durability and performance while retaining some of cotton’s desirable
qualities
Wool:Wool fibers are used in automobiles primarily for their luxurious feel, excellent
durability, and natural insulating properties. In high-end or luxury vehicles, wool may be
used in upholstery fabrics, seat covers, and interior trim to provide a premium look and
feel. Wool offers warmth in cold weather and breathability in warmer climates, making it
comfortable for passengers year-round.

2.3 NEW CHALLENGES

Historically, the development and success of the nonwovens industry were largely based on
disposable products. When nonwovens appeared on the markets, they were mostly produced to be
disposable. Still today, nonwovens for medical and hygiene products are mainly produced to be
disposable. However, in the last few years, environmental responsibility, sustainability and reduced
raw material consumption have become key concepts in cutting-edge nonwovens production. And one
issue might be the major challenge of tomorrow: flushability. This past September, the 48th Dornbirn
Man-made Fibers Congress took place in Dornbirn, Austria. More and more, nonwovens are playing
an important role at this congress, too. This is not a surprise, as nonwovens are produced mainly using
man-made fibers. The man-made fibers industry has learned its lesson.

3
 Speakers at Dornbirn were known for years to wholly neglect any environmental impact, and not only
from the fiber industry.

2.4 PROPERTY REQUIREMENT

■ Heat resistance

■ Insulation

■ UV resistance

■ Breathability

■ Durable construction

■ Waterproofing

■ Non-slip properties

2.5 EXISTING PRODUCT

The best solution for heat resistant seat covers is mainly helpful in summer days . Still, it
has many drawbacks.

DRAWBACKS:

● Reduced comfort

● Durability

● Reduced grip

● Difficult to clean

The alternate solution to this is by using soft cloth as outer layer. On surface and on
insulating material can be kept beneath it to account for heat resistant.

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 2.6 NEW PRODUCT
KoolRide Gel-Infused Seat Cover

Additionally, the heat-resistant material ensures a cool and pleasant ride even in scorching weather.

2.7 CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRE

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 2.8 IDENTIFICATION OF ACRYLIC FIBRE
(i) Microscopic test:

(a) (b)

a) Cross sectional appearance:

Almost perfectly round to dog-bone-shaped.

b) Longitudinal appearance:
uniform diameter, a rod like appearance and some irregularly spaced striations or parallel
lines.

(ii) Burning test of acrylic:

acrylic will shrink away from the flame and burn rapidly with a whitish-orange flame. It will
sputter, flare up, and drip as it melts. The smell of burning acrylic is not a nice one – often reminiscent of
charred meat or fish.
(iii) Solubility test of acrylic:
Completely dissolved in polar aprotic solvents such as N,N- dimethyl formamide.

(iv) Feeling test:

Smooth, slightly slippery or synthetic feel.

XIII
 2.9 SELECTION OF FIBERS
● The main reason behind the selection of acrylic fiber is,

1. No damage due to sunlight.

2. No microbial attack.
3. Comfort like wool.
4. High resistance to stretching and damage from wear and tear.

2.10 PROPERTIES OF ACRYLIC

■ UV Resistance: Acrylic can be formulated with UV stabilizers to improve its resistance to

ultraviolet (UV) radiation, making it suitable for outdoor applications.

■ Chemical Resistance: It is resistant to many chemicals, acids, and alkalis, although it can be

affected by some organic solvents.

■ Weather Resistance: Acrylic resists yellowing and degradation from sunlight and weather

exposure better than many other plastics.

2.11 APPLICATIONS OF ACRYLIC

● Aquariums and Fish Tanks: Acrylic's high transparency and excellent water resistance make it a
popular choice for manufacturing aquariums and fish tanks. It offers better clarity and is lighter than
glass.
● Automotive: Acrylic is used in automotive applications such as headlights, taillights, instrument
clusters, and windows due to its impact resistance, clarity, and lightweight nature.
● Protective Shields and Guards: Acrylic sheets are used to manufacture protective shields, guards, and
barriers in various industries including manufacturing, retail, and healthcare, providing a physical
barrier while maintaining visibility.
2.12 GROUND FABRIC
● Acrylic fabrics can be used as Ground fabric.
● Acrylic yarns are used to produce a woven fabric.
● For cushion like feel, Terry machine can be used with same acrylic yarn for both ground
and pile.
● The sample can be made as compact one.
● A cover can be attached in bikes to hold the seat cover.
● The cover can be spread whenever necessary.

2.13 PILE FABRIC

■ The pile fabric is produced.

■ It creates cushion like feel on the fabric, therefore making it comfortable to sit on.

■ Pile fabric is produced in Terry loom.

■ Acrylic yarn can also be used for pile formation.

XIV
 ■ Some researches shows results that acrylic cut pile fabric produced from pile yarn with
16.48,10.99,7.69 denier fibre exhibits highest energy of compression, decompression energy ,
relative compressibility, resilience of carpet/fabric compression.

■ The fabrics are tested by ANOVA and Duncan test methods.

2.14 PRODUCTION PROCESS

■ The ground fabric is made of cotton as warp yarn and acrylic as weft yarn . Dobby machine can
be used.

■ The ground fabric provides the necessary property.(heat resistant property)

■ Pile fabric layer is added at the top of the other.

■ It provides comfort feel and also aids to heat absorption.

■ Both layers will be stitched together. It will be made as compact covers and kept in pouch so
that whenever it is necessary. It can be taken out and used.

2.15 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES:
■ Comfort: They provide a barrier between the rider and the hot surface of the bike seat,
ensuring a more comfortable riding experience, especially during hot weather.
■ Protection: Heat resistant covers can protect the original bike seat from damage caused by
prolonged exposure to sunlight and heat, extending its lifespan.
■ Durability: High-quality heat resistant materials are often more durable and resistant to wear
and tear, increasing the longevity of the bike seat cover itself.

DISADVANTAGES:
■ Cost: High-quality heat resistant materials may come at a higher price compared to standard
bike seat covers, which could be a deterrent for some cyclists.
■ Breathability: Some heat resistant materials may not be as breathable as other fabrics, leading to
increased sweat and discomfort during longer rides, especially in warmer weather conditions.
■ Fit: Depending on the design and construction of the heat resistant cover, it may not fit all bike
seat shapes and sizes perfectly, resulting in a less secure or snug fit.

2.16 DIFFICULTIES IN THE PRODUCTION

■ Finding a material that can withstand high temperature while maintaining comfort and
durability can be difficult . Many heat resistant materials may not be suitable for prolonged
contact with the skin or it may lack flexibility.
■ Balancing heat resistance with comfort and performance is crucial. The cover needs to provide
adequate ventilation and support for the rider while being resistant to heat.

XIV
 ■ Assessing the market demand for heat-resistant bike seat covers is important. If the demand is
low or niche, it may not justify the investment in research and development or production.
■ Producing bike seat covers with heat-resistant properties may require specialized manufacturing
processes or equipment, adding complexity and cost to production.
■ High-performance heat-resistant materials often come at a premium, which can increase the
production cost of the bike seat cover.

2.17 YARN PARAMETERS

● Specifications of yarn used,

Warp: viscose yarn.

● Count- 30 Ne
● Ends- 4120.
● EPI- 64

Weft: acrylic yarn.

● PPI-62.
● Count- 50 Ne

2.18 FABRIC TESTING

■ The confirmation test for the acrylic yarn has been carried out.

■ Acrylic yarn is soluble in polar aprotic solvents such as N,N- dimethyl formamide.

■ The yarn exhibits good heat and electrical insulation properties.

■ A single layer of acrylic fabric with warp as viscose has approximately 109 GSM.

■ More the GSM, insulation will be more.

■ Therefore three layers of acrylic fabric is used with a pile fabric layer.

■ The process of measuring the properties and performance in fabric is known as fabric testing.

■ Types,
1) Physical method.
2) Mechanical method.
3) Chemical method
■ Physical method of tests focus more on weather and appearance.

■ Mechanical method of tests check for tension and stress.

■ Chemical method of tests check for harmful chemical traces and flammable expectations.

XIV
 2.19 FABRIC THICKNESS

● Determination of thickness of fabric samples in laboratory is usually carried out with the
help of a precision thickness gauge.
● In this equipment, the fabric whose thickness is to be determined is kept on a flat anvil and
a circular pressure foot is pressed on to it from the top under a standard fixed load.
● For our acrylic fabric thickness is around 0.35,0.42,0.55,0.48mm.

2.20 FABRIC TENSILE STRENGTH

● Tensile testing is the most commonly applied test method for analyzing the mechanical
properties of fabric materials.
● Although the direction of applied force is always in tension, there are a variety of tensile
test methods available for capturing the most relevant data for final product usage.
● The method used in laboratory to check the tensile strength of acrylic fabric is ravelled
strip test method (BS 2576).

2.21 FABRIC ABRASION RESISTANCE

■ Abrasion resistance is the ability of a fabric to resist surface wear caused by flat rubbing contact
with another material.

■ There are two different test methods commonly used by the textile industry to assess abrasion
resistance: Wyzenbeek and Martindale.

■ In laboratory we used Martindale method to find out the abrasion resistance value for our
acrylic fabric.

■ Weight of the sample before abrasion = 1.030g.

■ Weight of the sample after abrasion = 0.990g.

■ For 300 revolutions.

2.22 FABRIC THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

● It is determined by the rate of thermal transport between a heating element and a fabric specimen.
● Thermal conductivity determines how fast or how much heat can be transferred through a material
for a given temperature difference.

CHAPTER 3 OBJECTIVES

The aim of the project is to develop a heat resistant two wheeler seat cover using suitable
fibers. It should also be comfortable for usage and durable.

■ To produce heat resistant seat cover.

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 ■ To produce a durable seat cover.

■ To ensure the fabric's thermal conductivity to provide for comfortness.

The produced product should withstand the effects of longer exposure to sunlight. The
product should not be affected by UV rays and be durable.

XIV
 CHAPTER 4
MATERIALS AND
METHOD
4.1 MATERIAL
Fibres used as raw material for the project are
COTTON : It was chosen mainly because of its better moisture absorption properties and it is
also a natural fibre.

FIGURE 4.1 COTTON FIBR

OAK RESIN : It is chosen mainly because of it is bio based resin and naturally have antimicrobial
property.

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 4.1 OAK RESIN

XX
 4.2 METHODOLOGY
• Cotton fibre is opened and remove the trash.
• Using Shirley trash analyser.
Raw material

• 15 grams of fibre is taken for web

formation.
Web formation
• Using demo-card in our laboratory.

• Naturally resin is non soluble in water due

to biger particles.
Resin preparation
• Converted in to powder and heat it. Then
prepare solution.

• Resin solution is diluted in water to avoid

stickiness.
Web bonding • Using manual sprayer resin is sprayed on
wed evenly.

• Sprayed sample is placed between two

polyethylene sheet.
Pressing • Press it for few minutes. Then remove the
sheets.

• Dry the material in atmospheric condition

Drying

FIGURE 4.2 METHODOLOGY

XXI
 4.3 COTTON FIBRE PARAMETERS
Cotton fibre parameters are checked by using HVI (Premier) in our Laboratory.: Cotton
variety: MCU5
TABLE 4.3 COTTON FIBRE PARAMETERS

50 U Mic St E S
Sl 2.5% M
No SL % . (µg/in r l R F
R c) (g/te g I
S ( x) ( (
L % % %
) ) )
1 30.57 19. 64.4 4.20 10. 4. 0.7 <3
69 0 4 4 .5
2 29.67 17. 59.3 4.14 10. 6. 0.7 <3
58 0 4 4 .5
3 27.70 17. 62.5 4.12 10. 5. 0.7 <3
30 0 2 4 .5
4 29.62 18. 62.2 4.26 10. 4. 0.7 <3
43 0 0 4 .5
5 30.66 18. 59.4 3.47 10. 5. 0.7 <3
22 0 2 2 .5
Av 29.64 18. 61.6 4.04 10. 5. 0.7 <3
g 24 0 0 4 .5
SD 1.19 0.93 2.2 0.32 0. 0. - -
0 9
CV 4.0 5.1 3.6 8.0 0. 18. - -
% 0 4

4.4 TRASH ANALYSING

Cotton fibre have more amount of trash in it nature, like seeds, leaves, sand particles,
Foreign maters. It is removed in opening and cleaning process.
Total Amount of fibres we are taken is 490 grams. Trash weight is 35 grams. Lint weight is 450
grams. Trash % is calculated by below

Before weight ˗ After weight

Trash % = X 100
Before weight

490 ˗ 450

XXI
 Trash % = X 100
490

Trash inside of the cotton is 8.16%, Invisible loss is 5 grams ( 1%)

XXI
 4.5 RESIN PROPERTIES
Oak rein properties are analysed by FTIR ( Fourier Transform Infrared
test in PSGTECHS COE INDUTECH Laboratory. Test reports are below.

FIGURE 4.5 RESIN PROPERTIES

4.6 WEB FORMATION

The web is formed by using sample carding machine. First clean the machine. Then 15 gram
of cotton fibre is taken and it is evenly lay on a conveyor belt. Start the machine and remove the
condenser. Wound the fibre in web form on delivery roller. After that cut the wed and do for next
sampling.

FIGURE 4.6 WEB FORMATION

XXI
 4.7 FABRIC TESTING METHODS

4.8 FABRIC THICKNESS

The distance between the face and back of a nonwoven measured as the distance between a
reference plate on which the nonwoven rest and a parallel presser-foot that is applying a pressure to the
nonwoven.

FIGURE 4.8 FABRIC THICKNESS METER

4.9 MASS PER UNIT AREA:

Under the standard of ISO 9073, Measurement of the area and mass of a test piece and
calculation of its mass per unit area in grams per square metre. Which cuts a test piece of an area of
at least 50000mm2, for example 250 mm x 200 mm.

4.10 POROSITY OF THE FABRIC:

A theoretical, calculated value for porosity can be determined, and has been defined as the
ratio of air space to the total volume of the fabric, expressed as a percentage. The terms used in this
calculation are the specific gravity of the component fibers and the weight and thickness of the
specimen, as indicated in the formula
P = 100 - Pa/Pb
where Pa is the fabric density and Pb is the fiber density. Fabric density, Pa, expressed in grams per
cubic centimeter (g/cc), is calculated by dividing the fabric weight (g/cm2) by the fabric thickness
(cm): Pa = (g/cm2)/cm.

4.11 LIQUID ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY:

Mass of liquid that is absorbed by unit mass of the test absorbent expressed as a percentage of
the mass of the test absorbent, under specified conditions and after a

XXI
 specified time. The absorptive capacity method provides a measure of the amount of liquid held
within a test piece after specified times of immersion and drainage.
This method measures the liquid stored within the test piece itself after drainage has occurred
vertically. For practical reasons, the drainage time is quite short. This is especially important if very
volatile liquids are used, in which case an assessment of evaporation loss may be necessary.
Cut five test pieces of (100 ± 1) mm x (100 ± 1) mm. If an individual test piece weighs less
than 1 g, lay test pieces on top of each other to give each of the piles a total stacked mass of at least 1
g.
The liquid absorptive capacity (LAC), in percent, of each test piece or each pile from the following:

mn ˗ mk
LAC = X 100
mk
Where,
mk is the mass, in grams, of the dry test piece.
mn is the mass, in grams, of the test piece and
absorbed liquid at the end of the test.
The average liquid absorptive capacity of the five test pieces and the standard deviation.

FIGURE 4.11 LIQUID ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY

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 Procedure:

● Place the test piece (or pile) on the stainless steel gauze, fastening it (them) at the edges with

the clips.

● Place the gauze with the attached test piece(s) approximately 20 mm below the liquid surface

in the dish and start the stopwatch. Introduce the gauze obliquely in order to avoid trapping
air bubbles.

● After (60 ± 1) s remove the gauze test piece support and test piece. Remove all clips except

one at one corner.

Hang freely and vertically to drain for (120 ± 3) s. Take the test piece (or pile) off the gauze without
squeezing the liquid from it, place the test piece in the weighing glass with cover and weigh.

4.12 TESTING STANDARDS

● Mass per unit area - ISO 9073-1:1989(E)

● Thickness testing - ISO 9073-4:1989(E)

● Liquid absorptive capacity - ISO 9073-6:2000(E)

XX
 CHAPTER 5
RESULT AND
DISCUSSION

5.1 FABRIC THICKNESS MEASUREMENT

Dial-gauge to indicate the distance between the reference plate and the
presser-foot corresponding to the thickness of the piece at the pressure applied.

TABLE 5.1 FABRIC THICKNESS

TEST NO THICKNESS
( mm )
1 1.18

2 1.15

3 1.11

4 0.99

5 1.10

6 1.09

7 0.99

8 1.15

9 1.12

10 0.97

AVERAGE 1.08

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 5.2 MASS PER UNIT AREA

Five samples are cut in the area of 50000 mm2 ( 250mm x 200 mm ). Then weigh it.

TABLE 5.2 MASS PER UNIT AREA

SAMPLE WEIGHT
NO ( gram )
1 5.5

2 5.3

3 5.8

4 5.9

5 6.2

AVERAGE 5.74

5.3 POROSITY MEASUREMENT

⮚ *P = 100 - Pa/Pb*

⮚ Fabric density (Pa) = 11.5 g/cm3 ( Fabric density 1.15 g/cm2 and thickness 0.1 cm)

⮚ Fiber density (Pb) = 1.55 g/cm3

⮚ Porosity = 100 – 11.5 / 1.55

⮚ Porosity = 57

5.4 LIQUID ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY

Sample size we taken 5 cm x 5 cm

TABLE 5.4 LIQUID ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY

SAMPLE DRY WEIGHT WET WEIGHT LAC VALUE

(g) (g) (%)
1 0.4 2.5 525

2 0.45 2.7 500

3 0.42 2.5 495

4 0.5 3 500

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 5 0.44 2.6 490

AVERAGE 0.44 2.66 502

XX
 CHAPTER
6
CONCLUSI
ON

The heating up of two-wheeler seats when exposed to the

sun is a never-ending problem. In fact, due to global warming,
the atmospheric temperature is increasing rapidly which is
like pouring petrol on the fire. The solution to this problem is
provided by the seat covers. This innovation provides an
excellent thermal insulation, good comfort by heat conducting
property. The acrylic fabric used provides for the comfort and
thermal insulation property. The pile fabric also prevents
heating up of the seat to some extent and increases the
comfortability. It is durable and is portable which makes this
product a unique one.

XXI
 CHAPTER 7
SCOPE OF FUTURE
WORK

The project work is focused on fabricating a heat resistant seat

cover. This project work has paved way for further research on the
following aspect:

● Other fibers which perform more in comfortability and

heat resistance properties than acrylic.
● Can any natural fibers compete with synthetic ones due
to environmental reasons?
● Fibers that can be used which can be exposed to sun as
well as rain.
● Can the pile fabric be removed to ensure easy
cleanability?

XX
 C
HAPTER 8
BIBLIOGRAP
HY

XX