j}1flgs ;dfhjfbL /fHoJoj:yfsf nflu cfTdlge{/ x'g' h¿/L

sf7df8f}F . g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf sd{df nfUg cg'/f]w ub}{ /f]kfO{d

+ f bnsf]
dxf;lrj ljKnj ;Ln] j} 1 flgs bfo/faf6 dfyL p7]/ v'nf dg;lxt
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cfTdlge{/ x'g' h¿/L ePsf] atfPsf lbP .
5g\ . ;f] kf6L{ l gs6 hg>d s[ l if
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df8L–$, v}/xgLl:yt pTkfbg OsfO{åf/f
zlgaf/ cfof]lht wfg lbj; tyf /f]kfO{+
dxf]T;jsf] pb\3f6g ub}{ dxf;lrj
ljKnj ;Ln] ;f] s'/f atfPsf x'g\ .
dxf;lrj ljKnj ;Ln] g] k fn
sDo' l gi6 kf6Ln] cfTdlge{ / kf6L{ ,
cfTdlge{/ g]tf sfo{stf{ / cfTdlge{/
b]z agfpg] p2]Zosf ;fy ;fd'lxs pQm wfg /f] k fO{ + sfo{ q mddf
hLjgz}nL ckgfpFb} b]z}e/ ;fd"lxs g]skfsf kf]ln6 Ao'/f] ;b:o ;Gb]z
jif{ !&, c+s #$, @)*! ;fn c;f/ !^ ut] cfOtaf/ (June 30, 2024) d"No ?= !).– pTkfbg s]Gb|x¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] ;L / cGo s]Gb|Lo g]tfx¿ Pj+ df8Lsf
atfP . pgn] wfg /f]k]/ ;a}nfO{ s[lif -af“ s L clGtd k] h df_

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sf7df8f}+ . g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf
k|jQmf k|sf08 ;Ln] b]zdf ;fd|fHojfbsf]
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g]skfsf g]tf sfo{stf{x¿n] ljz]if e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug{k' g]{ atfPsf 5g\ . g]skf afudtL
k|bz
] :t/Lo hgjuL{o ;+u7g / hftLo
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km/flsnf] agfpg'kg]{df hf]8 lbP .
pgn] b]zdf 8/nfUbf] knfogtf /
;fd|fHojfbsf] gfËf] x:tIf]k a9]sf] x'Fbf
g]skfsf g]tf sfo{stf{x¿n] ljz]if
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ atfpFb} b]z /
pNn]v ub}{ bnfn ;+;bLo Joj:yf
kl/jt{gsf nflu g]skfn] h:tf];s
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p7fpg tof/ x'g] atfP . pgn] eg]–
æ>dhLjL hgtfsf] d'lQm, xslxt /
hgtfsf] ljhoLsf nflu g]skf h'g;'s}
sbd p7fpg tof/ 5 . dfS;{jfb slxn]
k"h
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sDo'lgi6x¿n] cfk"mdflysf] cGofo
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;Rrf sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf/Lx¿nfO{
;dfhjfbL Joj:yfdf k'Ug Ps x'g clkn
u/] . pgn] g] k fndf gSsnL
sDo'lgi6x¿sf] ;+Vof a9]s] v'nf;f u/] .
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bnfnx¿sf] cGTo g] s kfaf6 dfq
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kl/jt{gsf lj?4 nfu]sf] atfP . pgn]
g] k fndf g] s kfn] qmflGtsf] g] t [ T j
ul//x]sf] pNn]v ub}{ eg]– æ?;df
:6flng / rLgdf dfcf]sf] lgwg nuQ}
k|ltqmflGt eof] . t/ g]kfndf g]t[Tj
5Fb} k|ltqmflGt eof] . k|ltqmflGt;Fu}
g]skfn] qmflGtsf] g]t[Tj klg u¥of] .
of] uf}/asf] ljifo xf] .Æ
k|jQmf k|sf08 ;Ln] qmflGtnfO{
slxNo} xfg]{ 5'6 gePsf] eGb} dfcf]n]
hl6n ;dodf klg cfTd;dk{0f gu/]sf]
atfP . pgn] g] k fndf
qmflGtsf/Lx¿nfO{ lbNnL ;Demf}tfaf6
cfTd;dk{0f ug{ nufPsf] / k6s–k6s
sDo'lgi6x¿n] k|ltufdLx¿sf ;fd'
-af“ s L clGtd k] h df_

g]skfsf k|jQmf k|sf08 ;L / g]skf -P;_ sf cWoIf g]kfnaLr e]6jftf{

sf7df8f}F . g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf k|jQmf k|sf08 ;L
/ g]skf -PsLs[t ;dfhjfbL_ sf cWoIf dfwj g]kfnaLr
e]6jftf{ ePsf] 5 . g]skf -PsLs[t ;dfhjfbL_ sf cWoIf
dfwj g]kfnsf] lgjf; sf]6Z] jf]/df lalxaf/ ePsf] pQm
e]6jftf{df b]zsf] /fli6«o /fhgLltdf cfPsf] hl6ntf /
To;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu b'O{ kf6L{ / g]tfx¿aLr uDeL/
5nkmn ePsf] atfOPsf] 5 .
;d]t 5nkmn ePsf] atfOPsf] 5 .
o;}u/L, pQm e]6jftf{df g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf k|jQmf k|sf08
;Ln] g]skf -PsLs[t ;dfhjfbL_sf] cf;Gg dxflwj]zgsf] k"0f{
;kmntfsf] z'esfdgf lbPsf lyP . pgn] g]skf -PsLs[t
;dfhjfbL_sf] cf;Gg dxflwj]zgn] ;dfhjfbL sfo{lbzf, ;j{;Ddt
g]tT[ j rog xf];\ obL ;j{;Ddt g]tT[ j rog x'g g;s] cfGtl/s
hgjfbdfkm{t g]tT[ j rog ub}{ kf6L{ Pstfa4 eP/ cfufl8 a9f];

df]rf{sf] ;+oQ' m sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{
pgn] ;f] s'/f atfPsf x'g\ .
k|jQmf k|sf08 ;Ln] b]zdf Joj:yf
kl/jt{g / /fli6«otfsf lglDt cem
prfOaf6 ;xsfo{ / ;+3if{ ug{ cfjZos
/x] s f] pNn] v ub} { sDo' l g:6,
u0ftGqjfbL, Odfgbf/, b] z eQm /
hgtfsf] :jfwLgtf tyf d' l Qm
cfGbf]ngsf ;fy} cu|ufdL kl/jt{gsf]
nfuL kmf}hL cg'zf;gdf /x]/ hgtfsf]
;]jf ug{ lgb]{zg;d]t lbP .
o;} u /L, k| j Qmf k| s f08 ;Ln]
>dhLjL hgtf clxn] klg bnfn
;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] pTkL8gdf k/]sf]
xfb} { g / clxn] ; Dd xf/] s f] 5} g .
dfS;{jfb hlxn] klg ultzLntfdf
cufl8 al9/xG5 . g]kfndf (* k|ltzt
>dhLjL hgtfn] kl/jt{g rfx]sf 5g\ .
(* k|ltzt >lds hgtfsf] Joj:yf
Nofpg] Ph]G8f g]skf;Fu 5 .Æ
k|jQmf k|sf08 ;L n] clxn]sf] bnfn
pQm e]6jftf{df b]zsf] /fli6«o /fhgLlt, kl5Nnf] ;do
a9\b} uPsf] ;fd|fHojfbL x:tIf]k, e|i6frf/, sldzgsf] v]n /
To;n] cy{tGqdf k}bf u/]sf] ;+s6 / hgtfsf] kL8fbfoL
hLjgsf] af/]df uDeL/ 5nkmn x'gs ' f] ;fy} lt ;d:of ;dfwfgsf]
nflu gofF / cu|ufdL kxn ug{' kg]{ lhDd]jf/L b'O{ kf6L{sf]
sfFwdf cfPsf] laifodf uDeL/ 5nkmn ePsf] atfOPsf] 5 .
o;}u/L, pQm e]6jftf{df ;dfhjfbL df]rf{nfO{ /fi6«sf]
cfjZostf / hgtfsf] rfxgf cg';f/ cufl8 a9fpg] ljifodf
eGg] z'esfdgf lbPsf lyP eg] g]skf -PsLs[t ;dfhjfbL_ sf
cWoIf dfwj g]kfnn] pQm z'esfdgfsf] :jfut ub}{ g]skf -
PsLs[t ;dfhjfbL_sf] cf;Gg dxflwj]zgdf g]skfnfO{ z'esfdgf
k|bfg ug{ lgdGq0ff;d]t lbPsf] atfOPsf] 5 .
o;}u/L, pQm e]6jftf{df b]zsf] /fli6«o /fhgLltdf
cfPsf] hl6ntf / To;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu b'O{ kf6L{ /
g]tfx¿aLr cfufdL lbgdf ;xsfo{ ug]{ ;xdlt;d]t ePsf]
atfOPsf] 5 .

nfn'–n}k'm zlxbdfu{ dfNsf]6 k'Uof]M hgtfåf/f eJo :jfut

lqljsf k/LIff lgoGqsnfO{ sfof{no k|jz] df /f]s
sf7df8f}F . clvn ;dfhjfbLn] ;+ u 7gn] lqe' j g ljZjljBfnosf] dfq} ePsf] atfP . pgn] 5fgljg
ljBfyL{sf] eljiodfly v]njf8 ug]{ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{noaf6 ;ldltn] l/kf]6{ a'emfPsf] b'O{ dlxgf
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno k/LIff lgoGq0f pQ/k'l:tsf x/fPsf] 36gfdf k|ToIf eO;Sbf klg ;]G6«n h]ndf x'g'kg]{x¿
sfof{nosf k/LIff lgoGqs;lxt & ;+ n Ug k/LIff lgoGqs;lxt & sfof{nosf] AC sf]7f leq lsg 5g\
kbflwsf/LnfO{ tTsfn sf/afxL ug{ hgfnfO{ sf/afxLsf] dfu ;lxt < eGg] k|Zg ub}{ nfvf} o'jf ljBfyL{sf]
eljiodfly v] n jf8 ug] { kmf} h L
ck/fwLx¿ ljleGg zlQm / /fhgLlts
kfj/af6 aRg vf]h]sf] xf] eg] To:tf
ck/fwLx¿nfO{ clvn -;dfhjfbLn]_
g5f]8\g] r]tfjgL ;d]t lbP .
o;}u/L, pQm ;efnfO{ ;Daf]wg
ub}{ ;+u7gsf pkfWoIf nlnt ;Ln]
ljut ;fn b]lv lqljdf c•f hdfP/
a;] s f k' i k/fh hf] z Ln] lqljnfO{
cfˆgf] cg'sntfdf rnfPsf] cf/f]k
nufP . pgn] ljleGg 7fpFsf lqlj
cflËs SofDk;af6 kl/Iff lbPsf ;of}+
ljBfyL{ s f] pQ/k' l :tsf x/fPkl5
clvn ;dfhjfbLn] ;f+s]lts :j¿k
sfjf{xLsf] dfu;lxt k|bz{g u/]sf]
dfu ub} { sfof{ n o k| j ] z df /f] s sfof{no k|j]zdf /f]s nufPsf] 5 . atfP . pgn] k6s–k6s ljBfyL{sf
nufPsf] 5 . g] k fn sDo' l g:6 pQm sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ pQ/k'l:tsf x/fpg], ;dodf kl/Iff
kf6L{ l gs6 ;f] ;+ u 7gn] ;f] d af/ clvn ;dfhjfbLsf cWoIf g/]Gb| ;L gu/fpg], glthf k|sfzgdf
k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no kl/;/df n] clvn ;dfhjfbLsf] cfhsf] h'n'; l9nf;':tL ug]{ h:tf sfo{n] nfvf}+
k|bz{g ub}{ ;f] sfo{ u/]sf] xf] . pQm k|bz{g / oS;g\ Ps ;fdfGo 8]df] ljBfyL{ s f] eljionfO{ cGof} n tf
sf7df8f} F . g] k fn sDo' l gi6
kf6L{4f/f lgdf{0fflwg sflnsf]6 lhNnfsf]
v'nfn'–n}k'm zlxbdfu{sf] lgdf0f{sfo{
xf] . of] ;8ssf] lgdf0f{sfo{sf] g]t[Tj
g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] ul//x]sf] 5 .
cfhsf] :jfut sfo{qmddf g]skfsf
agfPsf] / ca o:tf xs{t
gbf]xf]¥ofpg r]tfjgL;d]t lbP . dfNsf] 6 ufF p k' u ] s f] 5 . ;8s s]Gb|Lo ;b:o4o ljj]s ;L / cljrn
pQm sfo{qmdsf] ;xhLs/0f ub}{ lgdf0f{sfo{ dfNsf]6 ufFp k'Ubf ;of}Fsf] ;L, lhNnf g]tfx¿ w/ftn ;L, ch{'g
clvn ;dfhjfbLsf dxf;lrj k|sfz ;+Vofdf pkl:yt :yfgLo hgtfn] ;L, /flwsf ;L, /flwsf ;L, clvn -
;Ln] ljBfyL{sf] eljiodfly v]naf8
ug]{ lgoGqs k'ik/fh hf]zLnfO{ s'g}
klg xfntdf sfjf{xL ug]{ / sfof{no
k|j]zdf /f]s nfufpg] r]tfjgL lbP .
:d/0fLo 5, :gftstxsf %
;oeGbf a9L ljBfyL{sf] pQ/k'l:tsf
sfof{noaf6} x/fPsf] ljifodf 5fglag
ug{ lqlj sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\n] k"j{/lh:6«f/
rGb|dl0f kf}8]nsf] ;+of]hsTjdf #
;b:oLo ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] lyof] .
;ldltn] k/LIff lgoGqs
k' i k/fh hf] z L, ;xlgoGqs ;' / ] z h+ u
zfxL / kjg a/fnnfO{ ljefuLo
sf/afxL ug{ l;kmfl/; u/] s f] 5 .
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pgLx¿ # hgfnfO{ kbaf6
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k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf k|zf;g sfo{stf{x¿, k|fljlwsx¿ / :sfe]6/sf ;Lnufotsf] pkl:ylt lyof] . ;8s
k|d'v, ;xk|zf;s ef]h/fh e§ / uf]Ko rfnsnfO{ :jfut u/]sf 5g\ . nfdf] v08 dfNsf]6 k'u];+u} :yfgLo hgtfdf
zfvfsf sd{rf/L pkk|zf;s lgnd ;dosf] s8f d]xg]t / r§fgo'Qm e"– Jofks pT;fx ylkPsf] 5 . :yfgLo
-af“ s L clGtd k] h df_ efu kf/u/]/ ;8s dfNsf]6 ufFp k'u]sf] -af“ s L clGtd k] h df_
 2 @)*! ;fn c;f/ !^ ut] cfOtaf/
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✍ ;DkfbsLo
– s= dfcf]T;] t'ª
r'gfj pkof]u / jlxisf/
ha ha r'gfa cfpF5, Ps yl/n]
jt{dfg ;+s6sf] d'Vo sf/s ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq alx:sf/ u5{g\ t csf]{ yl/n] pkof]u
ub{5g\ . ;/sf/ / k|ltkIfn] t
b]z lbg k|ltlbg ;+s6u|:t aGb} uPsf] 5 . ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf r'gfjsf] nflu nDk;f/ kb{5g\ . dfgf}+
sf/0f /fhgLlts bn / g]tf, sd{rf/L, k|x/L–k|zf;g, Gofofnonufot oxL g} ;fWo / ;fwg xf] .
b]zsf ;Dk"0f{ If]q ;+s6u|:t aGb} uPsf] xf] . olta]nf /fhgLlts bn / g]tf, ;}4flGts ¿kn] r'gfj jlx:sf/
sd{rf/L, k|x/L– k|zf;g, Gofofno;Da4 JolQmx¿ cfˆgf] JolQmut :jfy{sf ug'{ 7Ls xf]nf . ;of}+ a'ydf l/Qf
nflu b]z / hgtfnfO{ bfpdf nufO{ /x]sf 5g\ . e|i6frf/n] slt pu| ¿k afs; u / f p g ; l s G 5 e g ]
alx:sf/ 7Ls klg 5 . alxisf/
lnPsf] 5 eGg] k'li6 xfn} clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] d'Vo
;lrj 8f= j}s0' 7 cof{n;lxt l/t]z zfSo, 6+s kf08], ljsn kf}8n ] , u0f]zljqmd
zfxL, ;kmn >]i7, /jLGb|k|;fb kf}8]n, lji0f'k|;fb uf}td, xl/aNna l3ld/],
klg Ps k| s f/sf] r' g fa xf] .
cGoyf alx:sf/ uf8f cufl8 uf]?
k5fl8 x'G5 . ;d'bfodf hgtfsf]
zlQmk|;fb >]i7, s]zj zdf{ lj?4 e|i6frf/ u/]sf] cleof]udf d'2f btf{
u/]sf]af6 x'G5 . olta]nf, ljQLo ;+:yf, n3'ljQ / ld6/JofhLsf] zf]if0f,
lk/nf], b'Mv si6 / kL8f x'G5 .
cfk"mn] r'g]sf] cWoIf / d]o/af6
cTofrf/ / pTkL8gn] hgtfsf] pl7af; ePsf] 5 . ls;fgn] v]tL ug{
;dodf dn, aLp, ljBfyL{n] k9\gsf] nflu ;dodf kf7\ok':ts, kLl8tn]
sfd u/fpg pgLx¿ pT;' s
x'G5g\ . clek|]l/t x'G5g\ . ;+3Lo
cbfntaf6 plrt Gofo kfPsf 5}gg\ . zflGt ;'/Iff Psfb]zsf] sxfgL ;/sf/df klg o:t} cj:yf x'G5 .
ePsf] 5 cyf{t\ htf x]¥of] pt} eb|uf]nsf] l:ylt 5 . dxFuL, sfnf]ahf/L, ptf alx:sf/ ug] { x ¿n]
clgoldttf / e|i6frf/n] ;Ldf gf3]sf] 5 . Pd;L;Lh:tf] /fi6«3ftL ;Demf}tf alx:sf/ ul//xG5g\ . otf ;b'kof]u
ePsf] 5 eg] :6]6 kf6{g/;Lk k|f]u|fd -P;kLkLkL_ h:tf] /fi6«3ftL ;Demf}tf ug]x{ ¿n] lan kf; ul//x]sf x'G5g\ .
ug{ ljleGg k|kGr ul/Fb5} . ;fdfGo hgtfnufot s'g} klg JolQm / ;+:yfn] b]zsf] xLt la?4 ;lGw ;+emf}tf
ul//x] s f x' G 5g\ . k' F h Lafb /
/fHoaf6 lng'kg]{ ;]jfdf cfly{s n]gb]glagf sfo{ kmQ] u5{' eGg] g;f]r] klg
x'g] l:ylt k}bf ePsf] 5 . cfly{s n]gb]g s} sf/0f lasf; / lgdf{0f sfo{ ;fdGtafbsf] Psnf}6L x'G5 ;/sf/ .
r':t b'?:t x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . k|x/L, k|zf;g / Gofofnonufot ;Dk"0f{ To;}n] ax; ug{ / b]zsf] xLtdf ;+;b\
rnfodfg ug{ la/f]wL ;f+;bsf]
If]qdf e|i6frf/ df}nfPsf] 5, h;n] nufgL ug{ ;S5 p;}sf] sfd aGg] / hLt
x'g] l:ylt 5 . g]kfndf e|i6frf/ /f]Sg / e|i6frf/LnfO{ sf/afxL ug{ cfjZostf k5{ . ck|ToIf ¿kdf
ljb]zLn] cfˆgf bnfn dkm{t\ ;+;b\
l;kmfl/; ug]{ clVtof/L kfPsf] clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u cfkm}F rnfPsf x'G5g\ . k|ultzLn kIfsf
ljjflbt 5 . clVtof/sf cfo'Qmx¿ g} e|i6frf/df d'l5Psf 5g\ eg] jt{dfg ;f+;b eP b]z la?4sf :j/x¿nfO{
;+;bLo Joj:yfsf /fhgLlts bn / To;sf g]tfsf] BfpGgg} s;/L cfk"m / lg:t]h kfg{ ;S5g\ . b]zsf] kIfdf
cfˆgf] bn ;Qf / ;/sf/df l6ls/xg] eGg] 5 / To;sf nflu pgLx¿ cs't aLnx¿ kf; x'G5g\ . n]lggn] 8'df
;DklQ hf]8g\ tlNng ePsf 5g . o; ljifodf ;/sf/, ;Qfwf/L / ;+;åfbL alx:sf/ u/]klg cflvl/df efu
/fhgLlts bn / g]tfx¿nfO{ s'g} lrGtf / rf;f] /x]sf] b]lvFbg} . pgLx¿ t lnPsf] caut x'G5 .
b]z / hgtfsf] ljifodf eGbf s;/L cfˆgf] n'6sf] :ju{ sfod /fVg] eg]/ o;}n] xf]nf ca x'g] rf}/f;Lsf]
bQlrQ eP/ nfu]sf 5g . ldzgdf ;w}F alxisf/ u/]sf] g]skfn]
!) jif]{ hgo'4 / !( lbg] hgcfGbf]ngsf] andf @)^% ;fn h]7 !% r'gfjsf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ ePsf] 5 .
ut] g]kfndf /fhtGqsf] cGTo ub}{ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff qmflGtsf/L dfcf]jfbLn] cem} lg0f{o
ul/Psf] lyof] . To;kl5 @)&@ ;fndf ag]sf] gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;+3, k|bz] / u/]sf] b]lvb}g . g]skfn] eg] r'gfa
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k|fawfg v8f u/]/ PsfTds /fHo Joj:yfsf] :yfgdf pkof]u ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . oxL
;+3Lo / /fhtGqsf] :yfgdf hgtfsf k|ltlglw d"nL x'g] u0ftGq :yflkt s' / fsf] ;+ k | ] I f0f ePsf] 5
ul/Psf] lyof] . t/, hgtfn] h'g cfsf+Iff / ck]Iff ub}{ /fhtGqsf] cGTo / ;Dd]ngaf6 . h'g ;dofg's'n 5 .
u0ftGqsf] :yfkgfsf nflu cfˆgf] hLjg pT;u{ u/]sf lyP, Jojxf/df To:tf] 7f];
+ kl/l:yltsf] 7f]; + d"No+fsg eg]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5}g . zf;g Joj:yfdf bnLo / To;df klg u'6 ljz]ifsf] xflnd'xfnL oxL xf] . t/ k'FhLafbL pDd]bjf/af6
rnfpg] ljs[lt b]lvPsf] 5 . /fHo Joj:yfdf Odfg / cf:yf af]ss ] fx¿sf] k};fsf] vf]nf] aU5 g} . o;sf/0f s'g}
k|Tof;Ln] k};f lbG5 eg] hgtfn] k};f
eGbf ljrf}lnof ju{sf] kx'r F a9\bf hgtf k|tfl8t ePsf 5g\ . /fhgLlts vfg'k5{ . t/ ef]6 eg] cfk"mnfO{
ljs[lt 3fF6L–3fF6L;Dd cfpg] u/L a9]sf] 5 . b]zsf] jt{dfg /fhgLlts dgk/]sf] pDd]bjf/nfO{ lbg'k5{ . ToxL
;+s6sf] plrt lgsf;sf] nflu ;+;åfbL bnx¿;Fu s'g} k|i6 b[li6sf]0f 5}g . hgkIfLonfO{ laho u/fpg' k5{ .
pgLx¿ cfˆgf] JolQmut / bnLo :jfy{eGbf dfly p7\g ;Sb}gg\ . ca r'gfanfO{ /f]Sg g;Sg] cj:yfdf
oL tdfd ;d:ofsf] d'Vo sf/s eg]sf] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq r'gfadf efulng' ckl/xfo{ 5 .
ePsf] k|dfl0ft e} ;s]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f b]zsf] jt{dfg /fhgLlts ;+s6sf] r'gfadf efu glng' km6fxf bnfnnfO{
lgsf;sf nflu g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{n] eg]h:tf] PsLs[t hgqmflGtdfkm{t\ k};f sdfpg df}sf lbg' xf] . o;}
j}1flgs ;dfhjfb :yfkgf ug{s ' f] lasNk 5}g . b]zdf j}1flgs ;dfhjfb s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ xf]nf g]skf
:yfkgf ug{ g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] kxndf ag]sf] ;dfhjfbL df]rf{nfO{ d;fnn] r'gfa ;b'kof]u ub{} cfPsf]
;fy{s agfpg cfd;r]t gful/s sl6a4 / k|lta4 x'gs ' f] ljsNk 5}g . 5 . o;f] eGb}df r'gfanfO{ ;fWo
lsgls ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq lj36g u/]/ j}1flgs ;dfhjfb :yfkgf agfpg x'bF g} . r'gfj t Pp6f ;fwg
gu/];Dd b]z / hgtfsf] d'lQm ;Dej 5}g . t;y{, cfdqmflGtsf/L , k|ultzLn, dfq xf] . ;/sf/ / ;+;b\df uPklg
;Rrf nf]stGqjfbL / /fi6«jfbL bn, g]tf / ;r]t gful/sx¿ ;dfhjfbL ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] e08fkmf]/ t
df]rf{df ;fd]n x'g}k5{ / ToxL df]rf{sf] anaf6 ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] ug'{k5{ g} . clxn] ;+;bLo Joj:yf
h/f] pv]n/] b]zdf j}1flgs ;dfhjfb :yfkgf ug{' k5{ . cGoyf, b]z / c;kmn eO{/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ca
hgtfsf] eljio rf}k6 x'g] lglZrt 5, r]tgf eof . g] k fnL ljz] i ftfsf] ;df;afbdf
km8\ s f] xfGg' k5{ . j} 1 flgs
g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ u08sL k|bz] åf/f wfg /f]kfOFsf] pb\3f6g ;dfhjfb g]kfnLsf] nIo xf] . o;sf]
nflu ju{ ;+ 3 if{ rnfpb}
hfg'k5{to: . of] ;+;bLo Joj:yfaf6
ljsf; / ;dflhs Gofo x'g;Sb}g .
ck| f s[ l ts u7aGwg ug' {
r'gfjnfO{ ;fWo dfGg' xf] . ljutsf]
r'gfj x]bf{ sf+u|];n] sDo'lgi6sf]
k|Tof;LnfO{ ef]6 dfu]sf] b]lvG5 .
emk]Gb|/fh j}B
hxfF;Dd r'gfjsf] s'/f 5 l;4fGtM efu
lng 7Ls geP klg ;wF} alxisf/ ug]{ xf] eg]
ljb]zL zlQmn] klg g/fd|f] b[li6n] x]b{5 .
otf bnfn g]tfx¿n] klg ;+;b\df dgf]dfgL
u5{g\ . o;}n] kmf]x/ 5 egL hfGbfhfGb} klg
bx|f;] uF s'/f/fVg ;+;b\df efu lng'k5{ . g/fd|f]
sfdsf] e08fkmf]/ ug'{k5{ . otf j}1flgs
hgjfbsf] nflu klg ;+3if{ ug'k{ 5{ .
To:t} sDo'lgi6n] sfFu; ]| sf] nflu ef]6
dfu]sf x'g\ . r'gfjdf k|fs[lts
u7aGwg x'g'k5{ . ck|fs[lts e"m7f]
/ cj;/jfbL x' G 5 . o;sf/0f
k|fs[lts u7aGwg u/L r'gfjdf
hfg'k5{ . clxn] ;dfhafbL df]rf{ klg
u7g ePsf] cj:yf 5 . o;n] klg
s]xL e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 . o;}n] ca
x'g] r'gjdf efu lnP/ hgtfsf
;d:of ;dfwfg ug'k{ 5{ .
k'h
F Ljfbdf x'g] r'gfj gf}6s + L xf] .
o;df cyfx cfly{s Jooef/ x'G5 .
ljb] z Ln] cfˆgf] ldzgsf]
pDd]bjf/nfO{ k};f k]ns ] f] x'G5 . Ps
lsl;dn] ljb]zLn] k|wfgdGqL to
ul/;s]sf] x'G5 . r'gfj k|foM ef/t
/ cd]l/sfn] l8hfO{g ul/;s]sf
x'G5g\ . Pd;L;L kf; u/fpg] zt{df
xf];\ jf s'g} ;GwL ;+emf}tf kf; u/fpg]
zt{df . oxL zt{ cg';f/ lab]zLn]
g]tfx¿nfO{ r'gfjdf ;xof]u u/]sf
x'G5g\ . Pd;L;L kf; u/fpg] zt{df
cd]l/sfn] vfz g]tfnfO{ ;xof]u
u/]sf] x'G5 . Pd;L;L klg kf; u/fO{
5f8\of] . ef/tn] cfkm\gf] zt{ cg';f/
gful/stf law] o s kf; u/fO{
5f8\of] . clxn] cd]l/sfn] g]kfnnfO{
hf]8 h'n'd u/]sf] 5 . oxL )*!
cfiff9 (.!) ut] s f] s' / f xf]
cd]l/sfaf6 ;fFem %.^ j6f Kn]g
cjt/0f u/]sf x'g . km]l/ ltg} Kn]g
laxfg p8]/ hfG5g\ . aLr aLrdf
;xfos lab]z dGqL:t/sf uf]/]
cfPsf x'G5g\ . cd]l/sfn] g]kfnnfO{
o'qm]g agfpg rfxG5 . rLgnfO{
3]/fxfNg] / g]kfnnfO{ o'4sf] cv8f
agfpg rfxG5 cd]l/sf . rLgn] klg
cfˆgf] ;'/Iff rfxG5 . o;}n] g]kfndf
cd]l/sfsf] pkl:ylt rLgnfO{ r'gf}ltk"0f{
/x]sf] 5 . rLgsf] /f]8 P08 a]N6 ef/t
/ cd]l/sfnfO{ r'gf}ltk"0f{ 5 c;}Xo
5 . kmnfdsf] Ro'/f h:t} /x]sf] 5 .
o'q]mg / ?;sf] o'4df cd]l/sfn]
o'qm] gnfO{ ;xof]u ul//x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
t/ ?;n] yk ladfg k7fPsf] cj:yf
5 . la8Dagf ut ;fn g]kfn ;/sf/n]
o'qm] gsf] kIf lnPsf] lyof] . rf/}lt/af6
lj/f]wsf Zj/x¿ cfPkl5 g]kfnn] of]
s'/fnfO{ cufl8 a9fPg h'g ;sf/fTds
5 . c;+nUg k//fi6« gLlt lnPsf]
g]kfnn] s;}sf] kIfdf nfUg' xFb' g} .
t/ cd] l /sf / ef/tn]
g]tfx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] bnfn agfPsf
5g\ . g]tfx¿n] cfTd ;dk{k0f u/]sf
5g\ . pgLx¿sf] gfdn] ;Qf rnfPsf
5g\ . cd] l /sfn] cfO{ k LPdfkm{ t \
g]kfnnfO{ x]l//x]sf] 5 . cd]l/sfn]
Pd;L;Laf6 cufl8 a9]/ P; kL kL
nfu"u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ck|ToIf ¿kdf
cd]l/sfsf] ks8df 5 b]z . ptf
ef/tn] lnk'n]vdf cfˆgf] ;]gf t}gfy
u/]sf] 5 . sfnfkfgLdf PstkmL{ ¿kn]
;8s lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . pQm ;8ssf]
ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL df]bLn] pb\3f6g
u/]sf 5g\ . ef/tn] @@^ 7fpFaf6
g]kfnsf] ;Ldf cltqmd0f u/]sf] 5 .
a'6jn If]q ;':tfdf ;of}F la3f hdLg
sAhf u/]sf] 5 . of] s'/f s;n] x]5{ <
;/sf/ bfofF afofF ug]{ xf] eg] p;sf]
;Qf 8udufpg yfN5 . o;} cfTd
;dk{0fafbL gLltn] ubf{ g]kfnsf]
/fli6«otf b'Anfpb} uPsf] 5 . cfly{s
cj:yf 8fdf8f]n 5 . ;QfkIf / lakIfL
ePklg vfg] a]nf Pp6} x'G5g\ .
ha;Dd of] Joj:yf /xG5 hgtfn] g
t Gofo kfpF5g\ g t g} ;'/Iff .
a]/f]huf/Ln] b}lgs %.^ ;o o'jfx¿
lab]lzPsf x'G5g\ . lbg bxf8} rf]/L
rn]sf] 5 . kf6L{sf g]tf g} rf]/sf]
gfOs] ag]sf x'G5g\ . rf]/sf aofg
cg';f/ oxL g} ePsf] 5 . 3/df
tfnf nufPsf] b]v]df lbg bxf8}
sAhf lgsfn]/ rf]/x¿ 3/ leq
k;]/ ;'g / gub k};f nu]sf] ;k|df0f
km]nf kbf{ klg ;/sf/ /ldt] ePsf]
5 . s:tf] nHhf:kb s'/f Û k|x/Ln]
t u/]s} 5 t/ g]tfx¿sf] lnˆ6
/x]kl5 s]xL nfUb}g . :d/0f /xf];
bh{gf} 7fpFx¿df rf]/L eP/ ;'g /
gub ufPa ePsf] 5 . af} 4
hf]/kf6L tyf e}F;]kf6Ldf o:t}
rf]/Lsf 36gf ePsf 5g\ . k|x/L
lx/f;tdf rf]/x¿ ;flat t ePsf
5g\ t/ gfO{s] km/f/ ePsf 5g\ .
of] t k|ltlglw 36gf dfq xf] .
dx+uLn] cfsf; 5f]Psf] cj:yf
5 . ef/taf6 cfoftLt t/sf/L
efG;fdf cfpF5 . g]kfnsf s[ifsn]
pAhfPsf] t/sf/Ln] ahf/ gkfP/
lszfgn] 3f6f vfg'k/]sf] cj:yf 5 .
slxn] 6df6/ ;8s} el/ kf]lvG5g\ t
slxn] ;8sdf b'wsf] vf]nf] aUb5 .
o:tf] la;+utL x'gd' f ;/sf/sf] dfq
bf]if geP/ Aoa:yf s} bf]if ePsf]
x'G5 . o;sf/0f o; Joj:yfsf] ljsNk
j}1flgs ;dfhjfb x'gk' 5{ . j}1flgs
hgjfb ePdf :jfYo / lzIff lgMz'Ns
x'G5 . lghL ljBfno / c:ktfnn]
hgtfsf] 9f8 ;]Sg] 5}gg\ . lghL
ljBfno / c:ktfnnfO{ lglZrt
dfkb08 cg';f/ ;/sf/n] cfly{s
;xof]u ug'k{ 5{ .
hxfF ; Dd r' g fjsf] s' / f 5
l;4fGtM efu lng 7Ls geP klg
;wF} alxisf/ ug]{ xf] eg] ljb]zL
zlQmn] klg g/fd|f] b[li6n] x]b5
{ . otf
bnfn g] t fx¿n] klg ;+ ; b\ d f
dgf]dfgL u5{g\ . o;}n] kmf]x/ 5 egL
hfGbfhfGb} klg bx|f];Fu s'/f/fVg
;+;b\df efu lng'k5{ . g/fd|f] sfdsf]
e08fkmf]/ ug'{k5{ . otf j}1flgs
hgjfbsf] nflu klg ;+3if{ ug'k{ 5{ .

sf7df8f}F . g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{

u08sL k|bz ] n] wfg /f]kfOFsf] pb\3f6g
u/]sf] 5 . c;f/ !) ut]bl] v d;fGt;Dd
pTkfbgsf] nflu l;Ëf] kf6L{ klª\tnfO{
labf lbg] lg0f{o kf6L{ s]Gb|n] ut jif{bl] v
g} u/]kl5 g]skf b]ze } /L av]a{ fnL
pTkfbgdf h'6s ] f] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df
g]skf u08sL k|b]zn] sfof{nosf]
sl/a !# /f]kgL hldgdf wfg /
t/sf/L v]tL ;'? u/]sf] 5 . cfh
av]{ labfsf] klxnf] lbg kf6L{ :yfoL
;ldtL ;b:o tyf u08sL k|b]z
OGrfh{ sd/]8 pdf ;L lzn'sf] g]tT[ jdf
wfg /f]kfOFsf] ;'?jft u/]sf] 5 .
/f]kfOFsf] pb\3f6g ub}{ g]t[ lzn'n]
cfTdlge{ / kf6L{ / cfTdlge{ /
g] t fsfo{ s tf{ s f] kf6L{ gLltnfO{
cfk"mx¿n] sfof{Gjog u/]sf] atfOg\ .
kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lob]lv lhNnf / :yfgLo
g]tfx¿sf] ;d]t ;xeflutf /x]sf]
/f]kfOF sfo{qmddf pkl:yt ;a}
;xefuLx¿ pT;flxt b] l vPsf]
s]Gb|Lo k|ltlglw ;ldtL ;b:o tyf
uf]/vf lhNnf ;]qm]6/L sfhL ;Ln]
atfP . cfhsf] >d sfo{df k|b]z,
lhNnf / ha; u/]/ $% hgfsf]
;xeflutf /x]sf] pTkfbg ljefu
k|dv' piff ;Ln] atfOg\ .
c;f/ d;fGtsf] gfddf c;'nL wGbf aGb u/
sf7df8f}F . g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{
emfkfn] c;f/ d;fGtsf] gfddf c;'nL
wGbf /f]Sg dfu u/]sf] 5 . ;f] kf6L{sf
s]Gb|Lo ;b:o tyf emfkf lhNnf OGrfh{
;'dgl;+x ;L / kf6L{ ;lrj ;+ho ;Ln]
;+oQ' m lj1lKt hf/L ub}{ c;f/ d;fGtsf]
gfddf a}s + , ljlQo ;+:yf / ld6/AofhL
;d]tn] pBf]uL, Joj;foL / >dhLlj
hgtfnfO{ xb};Ddsf] b'Mv lbPsf] eGb}
tTsfn c;'nL wGbf /f]Sg dfu u/]sf
x'g\ .
kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o tyf emfkf
lhNnf OGrfh{ ;'dgl;+x ;L / kf6L{
;lrj ;+ho ;Låf/f hf/L lj1lKtdf
b]z cfly{s ¿kdf u+le/ ;+s6df
km;]sf], /fHo :jodn] kFh ' Lut vr{sf]
e'QmfgL lbg g;s]sf], Jofkf/ 3f6f
a9]sf], pBf]u Joj;fo rf}k6 ePsf] /
o:tf] a]nf a}s + x¿n] gful/sx¿ lj?4
afFRg kfpg] xs ;d]t vf]:g] u/L u/]sf]
xs{tsf] lj/f]w ul/Psf] 5 . lj1lKtdf
pBf]uL Joj;foLx¿nfO{ b'Mv glbg
r]tfjgL lbOPsf] 5 .
lj1lKtdf elgPsf] 5 …olta]nf
emfkfdf lqmofzLn pBf]uL, Jofkf/L /
;j{;fw/0f >lds hgtf dfly a}s + ,
n3'ljQ ;+:yf / ld6/JofhLx¿n] c;f/
d;fGt cyf{t Snf]lhªsf] gfddf
rnfPsf] cz'nL cft+sk|lt xfd|f] kf6L{sf]
ulDe/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . of] ;do
pBf]uL Jofkf/Lx¿sf] pBf]u wGbf
sf/f]jf/sf] cj:yf v:sbf] / ;+s6k"0f{
/x]sf] 5 . Jofkf/ 3f6fsf] cj:yf
8/nfUbf] aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 . /fHon]
k'h
F Lut vr{ tkm{sf] e'Qmflg ;d]t
;dodf lbg g;Sbf To;n] ahf/nfO{
emg 7'nf] ;+s6df km+;fO /x]sf] 5 .
oltj]nf cfd ;j{;fw/0f, dWod:t/sf
Jofkf/L, pBf]uL, lgdf{0f Joj;foL
sDkgLx¿ ;d]t of] cfly{s t/ntfsf]
df/df lkN;g' k/]sf] 5 .Ú kf6L{åf/f hf/L
lj1KtLdf pNn]v 5 .
pBf]uL Joj;foLx¿ tyf ;j{;fw/0f
hgtfnfO{ ;+oldt aGg / pRr
dgf]an;lxt of] ;+s6 lj?4 ;+3if{ ug{
kf6L{n] lj1lKtdfkm{t\ cfu|x u/]sf] 5 .
o; laifodf g]skfsf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o
tyf emfkf lhNnf OGrfh{ ;'dgl;+x ;L
/ ;lrj ;+ho ;Ln] hf/L u/]sf] la1lKt
o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5– olta]nf emfkfdf
Soflzn p3f]uL, Jofkf/L / ;j{;fw/0f
>lds hgtf dfly a}s + , n3'laQ ;+:yf
/ ld6/ AofhLx¿n] c;f/ d;fGt
cof+t Snf]lh8sf] gfddf rnfPsf]
cz'ln cft+skft xfd|f] kf6L{sf] uf]e/
Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . of] ;do pBf]uL
Jofkf/Lx¿sf] pBf]uwGbf sf/f]af/sf]
cj:yf v:sbf] / ;+s6k"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
Jofkf/ 3f6fsf] cj:yf 8/nfUbf] aGb}
uO/x]sf] 5 . /fHon] k'hF ut vr{ tkm{sf]
e'QmfgL ;d]t ;dodf lbg g;Sbf To;n]
ahf/nfO{ emg 7"nf] ;+s6df km+;fO /x]sf]
5 . olta] n f cfd ;a{ ; fw/0f,
dWod:t/sf Aofkf/L, p3f]uL, lgdf{0f
Joj;foL sDkgLx¿ ;d]t of] cfly{s
t/ntfsf] df/df lkN;g' k/]sf] 5 . o:tf]
u+le/ cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfd
;j{;fwf/0f hgtf, dWod jlu{o Joj;foL,
pBf]uLx¿sf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/sf]
ljifodf s'g} rf;f] glbPsf] / gLltut
lgsf; glbO bf]xf]/f] rl/q b]vfO/x]sf]
x' F b f ljlQo ;+ : yf j} + s tyf
ld6/AofhLx¿n] wldnf] kfgLdf df5f dfg]{
wGbf ;~rfng ug]{ l:ytL ag]sf] 5 .
a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ Joj;foL
tyf pBf]uLx¿sf] gfddf ;fj{hlgs
;"rgf k|sfzg ug],{ nf]g l/Sel/ gfds
u'08fx¿sf] l6d agfP/ kmf]g dfkm{t\ /
3/–3/ uP/ wDsfpg], ysf{pg], ufnL
a]OHht ug],{ cfqmd0f ug]{ h:tf laleGg
bjfjx¿ k}bf ug]{ sfo{ ul//x]sf 5g\ .
of] cft+sk"0f{ sfo{ cem w]/} olta]nf
c;f/ d;fGtsf] jxfgfdf eO/x]sf] 5 .
b]zsf] cfly{s If]qdf pTkGg ePsf]
o:tf] ;+s6k"0f{ cj:yfdf pBf]uL
Joj;foLx¿sf] afFRg kfpg] xs ;d]t
vf]:g] u/L pBf]uL Joj;foLx¿sf]
;fdflhs cl:tTjdf cfFr k'¥ofpg] /
dg{ jf knfog x'g afWo kfg]{ sfo{x¿
al9/x] s f 5g\ . xfdL pBf] u L
Joj;foLx¿sf] ;'/Iff / lxtdf
ulDe/tf k"js { ;f]Rg /fHo ;dIf
hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5f} . ;fy} c;f/
d;fGtsf] gfddf cz'nL cft+s
;~rfng u/]/ xf]Og ls a? s] u¥of]
eg] pBf]uL Joj;foLnfO{ ;xh x'G5 /
C0f p7\g ;S5 eGg] s'/fdf a}s + tyf
ljlQo ;+ : yfn] ;+ o ldt eP/
ulDe/tfk"js { nfUg cg'/f]w ub{5f}F .
pBf]uL Joj;foL tyf hgtfsf]
afRg kfpg] xs ;d]t vf]:g] u/L ePsf
/ ul/Psf ;a} vfn] xs{tx¿ t'?Gt
/f]Sg a}+s ljlQo ;+:yf / ld6/
JofhLx¿nfO{ s8f r]tfjfgL lbg
rfxG5f} . pBf]uL Joj;foLx¿ tyf
;j{;fw/0f hgtfnfO{ ;+oldt aGg /
pRr dgf]jn ;lxt of] ;+s6la?4 ;+3if{
ug{ cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .Ú
 @)*! ;fn c;f/ !^ ut] cfOtaf/
;dfhjfb / sfo{lbzf
g]kfndf ;dfhjfb nf]slk|o zAb
ag]sf] 5 / k'FhLjfb j}rfl/s ¿kn]
/IffTds ePsf] 5 . h;sf] sf/0f
sDo'lg:6x¿, jfdkGyLx¿, sfFu; ]| ,
k"j{–k~rx¿ ;a} zlQmx¿ cf–cfˆg}
k|sf/sf] ;dfhjfbsf] JofVof ul//x]sf
5g\ . s:tf] / s;/L ;dfhjfb <
eGg] k|Zg d"n k|Zg xf] . ;f]xL ljifodf
oxfF rrf{ ul/g] 5 .
sfn{ dfS;{n] bz{gsf] ;f/tTjsf]
JofVof ub}{ …k|To]s ;Rrf bz{g cfˆgf]
;dosf] af}l4s ;f/tTj xf]Ú eGg'ePsf]
lyof] . n] l ggn] To;nfO{ …7f] ;
kl/l:yltsf] 7f]; ljZn]if0fÚ eGg'eof] .
;do / kl/l:yltsf] j:t' k /s
ljZn]if0f / ;dfhsf] ¿kfGt/0f ug{'
g} To;sf] dd{af]w ug{' xf] .
s_ sfo{lbzf M lj1fgsf ;a}
zfvfx¿ -hLj–lj1fg / ef}lts
lj1fg_df lg/Gt/ ljsf; eO/x]sf]
5 . hut ultzLn 5 / ultzLn
ePsf] sf/0f kl/jt{gzLn klg 5 .
;dfh lj1fg klg pQm lgodaf6
:jtGq x'bF g} . o;n] cy{tGq, ;+:s[lt,
dgf]lj1fg, /fhgLlt / ;'/Iffdf tLa|
k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . To;}n] bz{g -k|sl[ t
lj1fg / ;dfh lj1fg_ df klg gofF
;+ Z n] i f0f cfjZos ePsf] 5 .
sfo{lbzfsf] ;Gbe{df klg Tof] s'/f
TolQs} ;To xf] .
g]kfndf ?; / rLgdf k|of]u
ePsf sfo{ l bzfx¿ k| o f] u ug] {
k|of;x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf lyP . t/ cfh
tL k'/fgf ePsf 5g\ . sfo{lbzfsf]
;Gbe{df cfhsf] ;Rrf bz{g eg]sf]
gofF sfo{lbzf lgdf{0f ug{' xf] .
g]skfsf] cf7f}+ dxflwj]zgsf] b:tfj]h
eG5, æg]kfndf cln a9L d]nvfg]
sfo{lbzf hgo'4 g} xf] . t/ cfhsf]
ljZj /fhgLltsf] ljsf; / g]kfnL
ljz]iftfsf] b[li6n] hgo'4sf] oflGqs
gSsnaf6 dfq klg qmflGt ;Dej
5} g . To;sf nflu j:t' j fbL
ljZn]if0f;lxtsf] csf]{ pko'Qm /
j}1flgs zAbsf] 5gf]6 cfjZos 5 .
…PsLs[t hgqmflGtÚ To;}sf] lgsf;
xf] .Æ t/ cfhsf] ;Gbe{df hgo'4 /
hgljb|f]xsf] d"n dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft
u/]/ gofF sfo{lbzf ljsf; ug{'kg]{
cfjZostf ePsf] 5 . pxL b:tfj]h
eG5, æPsLs[t hgqmflGt hgljb|f]x
/ hgo'4sf] lg/Gt/tf / pTsif{;lxt
ljsf; ug{ vf]lhPsf] sfo{lbzfsf]
g]kfnL cfofd xf] . h;n] dfS;{jfb,
n]lggjfb / dfcf]jfbnfO{ g]kfnL
ljz]iftfdf k|of]u ub{5 .Æ x/]s j:t'
kl/jt{gzLn ePsf] sf/0f ;dfh
lj1fgsf cfofdx¿df klg kl/jt{g
clgjfo{ aGg hfG5 . g]skfsf] gjf}+
dxflwj]zgsf] b:tfj]hdf elgPsf] 5,
æx/] s j:t' kl/jt{ g zLn /
ljsf;zLn 5g\ . To;}n] bz{g klg
ultzLn / kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 . s'g}
Ps ;dodf j:t'nfO{ hlt a'lemPsf]
x'G5, ;w}+ ToxL a'emfO{ ;To eO/xFbg} .
j:t'sf] ljsf; cufl8 a9\bf jf
j:t'nfO{ a'‰g] If]q / ulx/fO{ abln+bf
bz{gsf] If]q klg km}lnP/ hfG5 .
cGoyf o;sf] ultzLn ;f/tTj g}
;dfKt x'g]5 .Æ hLjg / hutdf
eO/x]sf] oxL ultzLntfnfO{ x]/]/
sfo{lbzf lg¿k0f ul/Psf] xf] .
v_ cy{tGq l8k|;] g M rfn' cfly{s
jif{sf] ^ dlxgf -;fpg–k';_ b]zsf]
C0fef/ yk ! va{ ^# ca{ ylkPsf]
5 . o;/L b]zsf] hDdf C0f @# va{
*$ ca{ $* s/f]8 k'us ] f] 5 . uPsf]
cfly{s jif{sf] clGtd -c;f/ d;fGt_
;Dd b]zsf] C0fef/ @@ va{ @! ca{
^& s/f]8 lyof] . xfn Tof] a9]/ @#
va{ *$ ca{ $* s/f]8 ;fj{hlgs
C0f k'u]sf] 5 . To;/L k|ltJolQm
C0fef/ ljGof; ubf{ x/]s JolQmsf]
6fpsf]df *@ xhf/ g]kfnL ¿k}ofF kg{
hfG5 . @)&* ;fnsf] /fli6«o hgu0fgf
cg';f/ b]zsf] hg;+Vof @ s/f]8 (!
nfv ^$ xhf/ %&* /x]sf] 5 . of]
C0fef/ b]zsf] s"n u|fx:Yo pTkfbg
(GDP) eGbf $$=#) k|ltzt a9L
xf] . b]zsf] s"n ah]6 kl5Nnf] jif{sf]
!& va{ %! ca{ #! s/f]8 /x]sf]
;j{ljlbt} 5 .
g] k fn /fi6« a} + s sf] kl5Nnf]
hfgsf/L cg';f/ ePsf pBf]ux¿
klg $# k|ltztdfq cfˆgf] Ifdtfdf
rn]sf 5g\ . cfwf Ifdtf klg k|of]u
ePsf] 5}g . gofF v'Ng] k|lqmof ;':t
5 . /f]huf/ u'Db} uPsf] 5 . cfly{s
;"rsfÍsf] dfkg /f]huf/, pBf]u–
Jofkf/ / k'FhLut vr{n] x'G5 . oL
tLg} If]q bogLo 5g\ . cy{tGqsf]
clgn ;L
;" r sn] b] z df dGb ljif
(Economic)sf] cj:yf b]vfpF5 .
o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ cfly{s lg/f;f
(Economic Depression) klg eGg]
ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfnon]
cfly{s j[l4b/ ^ k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] /
d'bf| l:kmtL ^=% k|ltztdf ;Lldt ug]{
nIo /fv]sf] lyof] . Tof] k"/f ePg .
b] z df 5fofF cy{ t Gq cyf{ t \
cgf}krfl/s cy{tGq xflj ePsf]
sf/0f /fh:j ;Íng k|efljt 5 .
u_ ljZj cy{Joj:yf / g]kfn M
ljZj cy{tGqsf] bf];f| ,] t];f| ,] kfrf}+ /
;ftf}+ cy{tGq Plzof dxfb]zdf /x]sf
5g\ . ;fdl/s b[li6n] bf];f| ] / t];f| ]
b]z Plzofdf g} 5g\ . hg;+Vofdf klxnf]
/ bf];f| ] b]z Plzofdf g} 5g\ . sfnf
;fu/, nfn ;fu/ / lrlgofF ;fu/
ljZj Jofkf/sf wdgL x'g\ . /, oL
Plzofdf g} kb{5g\ . To;}n] casf]
ljZj ;Eotfsf] s]Gb| Plzoflt/ ;b}5 { .
klZrdL b] z x¿ To;nfO{ /f] S g
rfxG5g\ . ;Eotf kl/jt{gsf] k|>j–
kL8f ljZjn] ef]Ub}5 . h'g kL8f lrlgofF
;fu/ j/k/, ?;–o'qm]g / c/a b]zdf
k|s6 eO/x]sf] 5 . PlzofnL zlQm
s]Gb|x¿ % ;o jif{bl] vsf] klZrdf
ar{Zj geTsfP;Dd lj>fd glng]
kIfdf 5g\ .
oxfF plNnlvt tgfjsf] sf/0f
ljZjsf] vfB cfk"lt{ k|0ffnL elTsPsf]
5 . pmhf{ cefj / c;Gt'ng k}bf
ePsf] 5 . ljsl;t b] z x¿df
d"Noj[l4 clgolGqt ePsf] 5 . c/a
;fu/df odgsf x'tL cfqmd0fsf]
sf/0f Jofkfl/s dfudf cj/f]w ePsf]
5 / o'/f]ksf dfnafxs hnoftfoft
clk|msfsf] af6f] eP/ ef/t–rLg–
hfkfg -Plzof_ cfpg' k¥of] eg] !(
lbgeGbf a9L ;do nlDag hfG5 .
To;f] x' F b f j:t' s f] nfut #&
k|ltzteGbf a9L x'g] cg'dfg 5 .
To;f] eof] eg] Plzofdf klZrdL
;+;f/sf] Jofkf/ ;'Sg]5 . ToxL sf/0f
x'tLsf] k5fl8 rLg, ?; / O/fg ePsf]
dflgG5 . To;sf/0f ljZj ;g\ @))*
sf] eGbf 7"nf] cfly{s ;Í6af6 u'lh|g'
kg]{ cg'dfg eO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
j:t' / ;]jfdf d'bf| l:kmtLsf] sf/0f
j:t' / ;]jf dxËf] x'g,] cfo ga9\g]
a? 36\b} uPsf]n] hLjg si6s/ aGb}
uPsf] 5 . ;l~rt /sd x'g]n] uhf]{
6fnf{g\ t/ hgtfn] cTofjZos vr{
s6f}tL ug{ afWo x'G5g\ . To;n] :jf:Yo
;d:of a9\ 5 . dfgl;s tgfj
a9fpF5 . rf]/L, 8s}tL, e|i6frf/,
j]Zofj[lQ, t:s/Lh:tf ljs[ltx¿ emg\
w]/} a9]/ hfG5g\ . To;n] /fhgLlts
cl:y/tf / åGånfO{ k|fT] ;flxt ug]5 { .
3_ g] k fnsf] pTkfbsTj j[ l 4 M
;g\ !*!^ df ;'uf}nL ;lGw ePkl5
g]kfndf k'h F Ljfbsf] ljsf; cj?4
eof] / bnfn k'h F Ljfbsf] pbo eof] .
@))& ;fnkl5 cË|]hsf] :yfgdf
ef/t / klZrdL b]zx¿ ylkP .
@)$@ ;fndf k~r cy{ d GqL
k|sfzrGb| nf]xgLn] pbf/tfjfbdf hfg]
gLlt lnP . @)$& ;fnkl5 sfË|];
cy{dGqL /fdz/0f dxtn] pbf/jfbdf
hfg] cf}krfl/s lg0f{o u/] . To;kl5
/fli6« o uf} / jsf ;a} pBf] u x¿
lghLs/0f ul/of] jf aGb ul/of] .
bftfsf] bafjdf lzIff, :jf:Yo,
s[lifdf cg'bfg aGb ul/of] . n'Dn],
v'dn6f/h:tf s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|df
ah]6 s6f}tL ul/of] . Pp6f klg
;/sf/L c:ktfn / cflËs sn]h
tyf ;/sf/L ljBfno v'ng] g\ . ljZj
:jf:Yo ;Ë7gn] s" n ah] 6 sf]
lgDgtd\ !) k|ltzt /sd lzIff /
:jf:Yodf nufgL ug{ lgb]z { g u/] klg
% k|ltzteGbf sd nufgL 5 .
/f]huf/L gePsf] sf/0f g]kfnLsf]
qmozlQm sdhf]/ 5 . cd]l/sf,
ef/t;lxt zlQm b]zn] c?sf] nflu
pbf/jfb / cfˆgf] ;Gbe{ d f
;+/If0fjfb nfu" ul//x]sf 5g\ .
To;sf/0f cd]l/sL g]t[Tjdf !(()
kl5 cfPsf] pbf/jfb @)$& ;fnkl5
g]kfndf NofOof] . To;n] g]kfn >d
/ sRrf kbfy{ lgof{ts b]z aGg
uPsf] 5 . pbf/jfbaf6 aflx/
gcfP;Dd pTkfbsTj a[l4 x'bF g} .
g]kfnsf] pTkfbsTj a[l4 gx'gs ' f]
sf/0f e"kl/j]li7t cjl:ylt csf]{
sf/0f xf] .
ef/t;Fusf] v'Nnf ;Ldfgf /
bnfn /fHo Joj:yfsf] sf/0f t:s/L,
eG;f/ 5nL, x'08L sf/f]jf/h:tf]
cgf}krfl/s cy{tGq alnof] 5 .
o;n] /fh:j ;Íng sdhf]/ 5 .
h;sf] sf/0f ljb]zL C0f a9]sf] 5
/ /fHon] ljsf;–lgdf{ 0 f /
nf]ssNof0fsf] sfddf sd nufgL
u/]sf] 5 . 7"nf] k'FhL / w]/} cg'bfg
ePsf] ef/tLo j:t' ; F u g] k fnL
pTkfbgn] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .
To;sf/0f ahf/sf] ljljlws/0f ug{
;Sg'k5{ . cfhsf] o'udf lxdfn,
kxf8, r§fg oftfoftsf] afws
x'bF g} g\ . rLg / g]kfnsf] aLrdf bf}To–
;DaGw sfod ePsf] krf;f}+ jif{;Dd
kz' Jofkf/ ;lGw;Dd gx'g' la8Djgf
5 . ltAatdf d}bfsf] 7"nf] dfu 5
t/ lgof{t ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . rLgn]
3fF; cfoft u/]/ ltAatdf kz'kfng
ub}{5 . t/ To;f] ug]{ ;/sf/L tof/L
5}g . To;sf/0f ahf/sf] ljljlws/0f
/ ef/tk|ltsf] k/lge{/tf 36fpg]
gLlt klg pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug]{ csf]{
pkfo xf] .
ª_ kf6L{ ;;ËË7g M sfn{ dfS;{n]
a'l4hLjLx¿nfO{ ;+;f/ abNg] sfd
d'Vo ePsf] eGb} ;Ë7gfTds sfddf
x]lng clkn ug{'eof] . kf6L{ ;Ë7g
eg]sf] ;fd"lxstf tyf zlQmsf]
s]lGb|s/0f lyof] .
n]lggn] ;g\ !()^ df ePsf]
Pstf dxflwj] z gdf hgjfbL
s]Gb|Lotfsf] ljifodf k|:tfj k|:t't
ug{'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] …s] ug]{ <Ú
s[ltdf To;sf] JofVof ug{e ' Psf] 5 .
;Ë7g ;~rfng;DaGwL ;f] gLltnfO{
!(!& cu:t @^ b]lv h'nfO{ # sf]
aLrdf ePsf] k]qf]uf| b dxflwj]zgdf
yk JofVof ug{'ePsf] lyof] .
;Ë7g ;~rfng;DaGwL /f]hf
nSh]Dau{ -!*&!–!(!(, kf]ln;_ /
n]lggsf] aLrdf uDeL/ ax;x¿
lyP . /f]hfn] hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf]
l;4fGtn] …pu| s ] G b| L otf /
clwgfosjfbL g]tT[ j k}bf ug{ ;Sg]Ú
wf/0ff /fv] s L lyOg\ . pgn]
clts]lGb|st[ 9fFrfn] gf]s/zfxL k|0ffnL
hGdfpg ;Sg] atfPsL lyOg\ . /f]hfn]
cj;/jfb lj?4sf] ;‹if{nfO{ kf6L{leq}
af}l4s ;‹if{sf] ¿kdf rnfpg' kg]{
/ To;/L To;nfO{ k/flht ug{ ;lsg]
7flGyg\ . n]lgg To;nfO{ ;Ë7gfTds
:t/df n}hfg'kg]{ kIfdf x'g'x'GYof] .
n]lggsf] wf/0ff / k|of]u af]N;]les–
d]G;]les k"m6;Dd k'Uof] . /f]hfn]
cfˆgf] wf/0ff hd{g sDo'lg:6 kf6L{df
k|of]u ul/g\ . k|ltqmflGtsf/L e"ldsf
v]Nbf klg ;+zf]wgjfbsf] 3]/f tf]8\g
g;Sbf hd{g kf6L{ lj36g eP/ uof] .
/f]hf ;lxb eOg\ .
/f]hf n]lggsf] …clt–s]lGb|s/0fÚ /
ag{l:6gsf] …zflGtk"0f{ qmflGtÚ b'js } f]
lj/f]wdf lyOg\ . :tflngsfndf /f]hfsf]
wf/0ffdf yk ax; eof] / w]/n } ] gofF
lz/faf6 ax;x¿ NofP . dfcf]–
:tflng ax;n] yk pmhf{ yKof] .
dfcf]T;]t'ªn] cGt/lj/f]wnfO{
j:t' s f] ljsf;sf] rfns zlQm
eGg'eof] . To;}u/L zq'tfk"0f{ /
d}qLk"0f{ b'O{ k|sf/sf cGt/lj/f]wnfO{
b'O{ leGg tl/sfn] ;dfwfg ug{'kg]{
wf/0ff /fVg' e Psf] 5 . d} q Lk" 0 f{
cGt/lj/f]wsf] ;dfwfg cfnf]rgf–
cfTdfnf] r gfsf] k| l qmofaf6 /
zq'tfk"0f{ cGt/lj/f]wsf] ;dfwfg ju{
;‹if{sf] k|lqmofaf6 ;dfwfg ug{'kg]{
wf/0ff dfcf] s f] lyof] .
…cGt/lj/f] w af/] Ú n] v df dfcf] n ]
To;sf] JofVof ug{e ' Psf] 5 . dfcf]n]
bz{gsf] km};nf cNkdt / ax'dtn]
gug]{ eGb} …lgodx¿nfO{ a'‰g] s'/f
;w}+ ax'dtsf] 1fg x'g'eGbf klxn]
cNkdtsf] a'emfOaf6 ;'? x'G5 /
c1fgtfaf6 1fgtkm{ hfgsf nflu
Jojxf/ / cWoogsf] k|lqmofåf/f u'hg| '
ckl/xfo{ x'G5Ú eGg'ePsf] 5 .
r_ kl5Nnf ;f ;fËË 7lgs k| o f] u M
pQ/ sf] l /ofdf ;g\ !(%)df
sf]l/ofnL /fi6«jfb -h'5] ljrf/_ g]tf
lsd On ;'ªn] k|:tfj u/] . To;nfO{
!(&) df pQ/flwsf/L lsd hf]ª Onn]
kf6L{sf] cfwf/e"t gLlt agfP .
@))( af6 kf6L{ ljwfgaf6 …;fDojfbÚ
x6fOof] . So"jfdf !(%# af6 ;z:q
ljb|f]x z'?eof] . !(%( hgj/L ! df
qmflGt ;DkGg x'bF f;Dd sDo'lg:6 kf6L{
u7g ePs} lyPg . So"jfdf ePsf]
kf6L{ / To;n] k|of]u u/]sf] kf6L{
ljrf/nfO{ lrGts /] l h; 8] a | ] n ]
kmf]sf]jfb (focoism) eg]sf x'g\ .
;g\ !(*$ df k]? sDo'lg:6
kf6L{sf cWoIf uf]~hfnf]n] dfcf]sf
of]ubfgx¿nfO{ dfS;{jfbsf] t];|f]
u'0ffTds of]ubfg eGb} …dfcf]jfbÚ
kbfjnLn] ;Daf]wg ug{k' g]{ wf/0ff /fv] .
;g\ @))* df qmflGtsf/L
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{, cd]l/sfn] sDo'lgHd
M b lalulgª ckm cGo' :6]h c
d]gk' m]:6f] km/b l/ef]No';g/L sDo'lg:6
kf6L{ ckm o'P;PÚ b:tfj]h ;fj{hlgs
u/] . h;df sfo{zn } L jf kf6L{sf] sfd
ug]{ tl/sf;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo klg
5g\ . o;/L ljZj sDo' l g:6
cfGbf]ngdf kf6L{ ;Ë7gsf] ljifodf
ax; rln/x]sf 5g\ .
5_ g]skfdf ax; M g]skfn] bz{gsf
;a} ljifodf cfˆgf] ax; / wf/0ffnfO{
hg;dIf nu]sf] 5 . To;cg';f/
kf6L{ ;Ë7gsf] ljifo klg /x]sf] 5 .
kf6L{sf ;d:ofx¿sf] lg¿k0f ubf{
tYo / cg';Gwfg k|lqmof yKg'kg]{ /
k|zf;lgs k|lqmofdfq} gx'gk' g]{ x'G5 .
n]lggsf] ljrf/ cNkdt–ax'dtsf]
;Gbe{ unt eGg] xf]Og To;df
ljrf/;lxtsf] lg0f{o ul/g' cfjZos
5 . g]skfdf klxnf] dxflwj]zgdf
gLlt / ljrf/ k'iknfnsf], g]t[Tj
blIf0fkGyL ljrf/sf dgdf] x g
clwsf/Lsf] xftdf uof] . kf6L{ ljrf/
/ g]tT[ jaLrdf PsTj sfod ul/Pg .
;a}sf] k|ltef k|ik'm6g x'g kfpg] u/L
sfd ug{'k5{ .
sDo'lg:6n] ;dfhsf] ;]jf ug{'
hLjg el/sf] :yfoL bfloTj xf] . ;dfh
;]jf ubf{ g]tT[ j klg ug{k' g]{ x'g;S5 .
To;}n] g]tT[ j c:yfoL / ;+of]usf] ljifo
xf] . csf]l{ t/ g]tT[ j cfjlws x'gk5{
/ afFsL ;do ;dfhsf] ;]jfdf /xg'
kb{5 . k'FhLklt ju{n] ;fdfGotM
To;nfO{ k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . cfjlws
k| 0 ffnL qmflGtsf] r/0fdf ls
qmflGtkZrft\ eGg] k|Zgsf] hjfkm klg
lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . qmflGtkZrft\ klg
hl6ntfx¿ sfod} /xg] x'G5g\ .
sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngn] g]tT[ j ljsf; /
pQ/flwsf/sf] lgdf{0fsf] klg 7f];
hjfkm lbg'kg]{ x'G5 .
lgisif{ M xfdLn] PsLs[ t
hgqmflGt sfo{lbzfsf] af6f]df lx+8]/
g]kfnL ljz]iftfsf] ;dfhjfbL Joj:yf
sfod ug]{ / j}1flgs ;dfhjfb–
;fDojfbsf] lbzfdf k'Ug] ;ÍNk u/]sf
5f}+ . dfcf]sf] d[To'kl5 ljZj sDo'lg:6
cfGbf]ngn] bz{gdf ljsf; ug{
g;s]sf] sf/0f qmflGt /IffTds
eO/x]sf] 5 . cfh ljZjsf] j:t'ut
l:ylt qmflGtsf] cg'sn " aGb} uO/x]sf]
5 . r'gf}lt;fy} cj;/ tyf ;Defjgf
lgs6 cfO/x]sf 5g\ . of] cj;/
qmflGtsf] nflu k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'k5{ .
– hgklqsf dfl;s !!cf}+ cÍjf6
o' j f ;+ u 7g g] k fnåf/f Dofgkfj/sf]
7uL lj?4 cfGbf] n g rsf{ p g] pb\ 3 f] i f
sf7df8f}F . o'jf ;+u7g g]kfnn]
Dofgkfj/sf] 7uLla?4 cfGbf]ng
rsf{pg] pb\3f]if u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{lgs6 o'jf ;+u7g
g]kfnsf cWoIf lbg]z ;Ln] d+unaf/
sf7df8f}Fsf] a;'Gwf/fl:yt df:6/
ha Dofgkfj/ sDkgL 3] / fp
sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ ;f] pb\3f]if
u/]sf x'g\ .
cWoIf lbg]z ;Ln]df:6/ ha
Dofgkfj/ sDkgLn] j}bl] zs /f]huf/Lsf]
gfddf ;of}+ o'jfx¿nfO{ df]6f] /sd
c;'nL ub}{ ljb]zdf k7fP/ cnkq
kf/]sf] eGb} r]tfjgL :j¿k pQm sDkgL
3] / fp u/] s f] atfP . pgn]
tfhls:tfgnufotsf b] z x¿df
sfdsf] Uof/]G6L ePsf] k|nf]eg b]vfP/
>d :jLs[lt g} gu/fO{ k|To]s o'jfx¿;Fu
b'O{ b]lv # nfv /sd c;'n/] ljb]z
k7fP/ cnkq kf/]sf] l/kf]6{ cfPkl5
r]tfjgL :j¿k sfof{no 3]/fp ul/Psf]
atfP . pgn] eg]– æ>d :jLs[lt g}
glnPsf] Dofgkfj/n] o'jfx¿nfO{ >d
pt} x'G5 eg]/ k7fPsf] t/ ToxfF k'u/]
p;n] eg] s f] sDkgLdf a' ‰ bf
Dofgkfj/ / pQm sDkgLaLr s'g}
lrghfg g/x]sf] k|ltlqmof cfPkl5
Dofgkfj/n] xfd|f] sfd ToxfF;Dd
k7fpg] xf] . ca xfd|f] sfd ;lsof]
eg]kl5 km]l/ C0f u/]/ g]kfn kmls{Psf
lt o'jfx¿n] cfˆgf] ;+u7g;Fu /sd
lkmtf{ ul/lbg cfu|x u/]kl5 r]tfjgL
:j¿k 3]/fp ul/Psf] xf] .Æ
g]skf bfªn] !# la3f hldgdf wfg v]tL ug]{
sf7df8f} F . g] k fn sDo' l g:6
kf6L{ bfªn] !# la3f hldgdf wfg
v] t L ug] { ePsf] 5 . kf6L{ s f]
cfTdlge{/ gLlt cg'¿k lhNnfsf
b]pv'/L, 3f]/fxL / t'n;Lk'/ u/L
s'n !# la3f hldgdf v]tL ug{
nfluPsf] hgfPsf] 5 .
o;}u/L, g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{
bfªn] kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo gLlt cg';f/
pTkfbg sfo{sf nflu ;a} g]tf
sfo{stf{nfO{ c;f/ !) ut]b]vL #)
ut];Dd >d ljbf lbg] ;d]t lg0f{o
u/]sf] 5 . >d ljbfdf kf6L{sf
;Dk'0f{ g]tf sfo{stf{x¿n]
/fhgLlts cleofgsf] sfdnfO{
yftL /fv]/ s[lif pTkfbgsf] sfddf
clgjfo{ hf]l8g'kg]{ kf6L{sf] gLlt
/x] s f] hgfPsf] 5 . lhNnfsf]
pTkfbg sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf
nflu kf6L{n] lhNnf :t/Lo pTkfbg
af]8{ u7g u/]sf] kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo
;b:o Pjd lhNnf OGrfh{ ;ljg
;Ln] hfgsf/L lbP .
g]skfn] b]pv'/L pTkfbg s]Gb|,
3f]/fxL pTkfbg s]Gb| / t'n;Lk'/
pTkfbg s]Gb| u/L s'n !# la3f
hldgdf of] jif{ ;'?sf] l;hgdf
wfg v] t L ug{ nfluPsf] ;d] t
hgfPsf] 5 . o:t} lhNnfsf ;a}
pTkfbg s]Gb|sf] a}7s a;L 7f];
gLlt tyf sfo{qmd agfpg] ul/Psf]
3
Dofgkfj/sf 7uLsf >LËvfnfdWo]
of] Pp6f ;fdfGo pbfx/0f dfq ePsf]
atfpFb} b]ze} l/sf !^ ;o Dofgkfj/
dWo] !% ;on] 7Ug] u5{g\, o:tf
7uLsf lj?4 b]ze } / of] cfGbf]ngnfO{
;zQm kfg]{ g]tf lbg]zn] atfP .
;+ u 7gsf] cfGbf] n gkl5
k|bz{g:ynd} Dofgkfj/sf ;~rfnsn]
! xKtfleqdf kLl8tx¿sf] /sd
lkmtf{ ug] { k| l tj4tf hgfPsf]
;+u7gsf pkfWoIf ljZn]if0f ;Ln]
atfP .
pgn] eg], æPsxKtfleq kLl8t
;a}sf] /sd lkmtf{ ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf]
5 olb sfof{Gjgdf cfgfsfgL u/]
csf]{ ;zQm k|lt/f]w o'jf ;+u7gn]
u5{ olb a]jf:tf ul/of] zlQmsf]
cf8df / kLl8t / xfd|f s'/f ;'lgPg
eg] ;8sdf NofP/ ltgL
bnfnx¿nfO{ gfË]emf/ kf5f}+{ .Æ
a;'Gwf/f rf}sLaf6 ljleGg gf/f
c+lst em08f / h'nz ' ;lxt Dofgkf/
sDkgL 3]g{ k'us ] f] ;of}+ o'jfsf] 6f]nLn]
sDkgLsf] d'nu]6df Aofg/ 6fF;]/
k|bz{g u/]sf] lyof] .
ToxfFsf] ;~rfns k|dv ' nfO{ aflx/
cfpg cg'/f]w ubf{ c6]/L u/]kl5 o'jfsf]
6f]nL sfof{no leq} k|jz ] u/]/ k|bz{g
u/]sf] lyof] . 3]/fp sfo{qmd clGtddf
sf]0f ;efdf kl/0ft ePsf] lyof] ;efsf]
;~rfng pkfWofIf ljZn]if0f ;Ln] u/]sf
lyP eg] d'Vo ;Daf]wg cWoIf lbg]z
;Ln] u/]sf lyP .
;d]t hgfOPsf] 5 .
g] s kfsf cg' ; f/ ;f] d af/
t' n ;Lk' / pTkfbg s] G b| s f] a} 7 s
a;L pTkfbg sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt
ug{ dxTjk" 0 f{ lg0f{ o ul/Psf]
hgfPsf] 5 .
a} 7 sn] kf6L{ s f] PsLs[ t
:jfldTjsf] cy{k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df
nufgL / >dsf af/]df dxTjk"0f{
lg0f{o u/]sf] hgfPsf] xf] . t'n;Lk'/
pTkfbg s]Gb|sf] a}7s kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo
;b:o Pjd # g+= lgjf{rg If]q OGrfh{
k|lbk ;Lsf] cWoIftf, kf6L{sf lklaPd
lztn ;Lsf] k|d'v cfltYotf tyf
kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pjd lhNnf
OGrfh{ ;ljg ;Lsf] cfltYotfdf
;DkGg ePsf] xf] . a} 7 ssf]
;xhLs/0f kf6L{sf lhNnf ;]qm]6/L
ltns ;Ln] u/]sf lyP . >d /
nufgLnfO{ kl/0ffd'vL agfpg] u/L
lhNnf pTkfbg af]8s { f] g]tT[ j kf6L{sf
s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pjd lhNnf OGrfh{
;ljg ;Ln] ug]{ atfOPsf] 5 .
g]skfn] kf6L{sf] gjf}+ dxflwj]zgaf6
cfTdlge{/ g]tfsfo{stf{, cfTdlge{/ kf6L{
/ cfTdlge{/ b]zsf] cjwf/0ff ;lxt
b]ze} /L s[lif pTkfbg sfo{ ;'? u/]sf]
xf] . clxn] b]ze} /L ;of}+ la3f hldgdf
kf6L{sf g]tfsfo{stf{n] PsLs[t :jfldTjsf
cfwf/df v]tL ul//x]sf] g]skfn] hgfPsf]
5 .– x]dGt k|sfz jnL
 4 @)*! ;fn c;f/ !^ ut] cfOtaf/
hgtfsf] cf“vf ca klg gv'n] slxn] v'Ng] <
dfG5]sf] hLjgdf b'Mv;'Mv b'j}
cfpF5 . s;}n] klxn] b'Mv ef]U5g\,
kl5 ;'Mv kfpF5g\ . s;}n] klxn] ;'Mv
kfpF5g\, kl5 b'Mv ef]U5g\ . ;'Mv
ef]u]/ b'Mv kfPsfnfO{ lhGbuL sf6\g
w]/} sl7gfO x'G5 . lxhf] v'§fdf rKkn
nufpg g;Sg] /fhgLlts bnsf
g]tfx¿n] unt dfWodaf6 c+s't
;DklQ hf]8]sf 5g\ .
;'MvL hLjg latfO/x]sf tL
/fhgLlts bnsf g] t fx¿dfly
b' M vsf] afbn d8fl/Psf] b] V g
yflnPsf] 5 . b] z sf] jt{ d fg
k| w fgdGqL k' i ksdn bfxfn,
k"jk{ w| fgdGqLx¿ s]kL zdf{ cf]nL,
dfwjs'df/ g]kfn, emngfy vgfn,
afa'/fd e§/fO{, lji0f' kf}8n
] nufotsf]
lhGbuL ca h] n df s6\ g ] eg] /
ahf/df Jofks rrf{ rn]sf] 5 .
s;} d fly ;fj{ h lgs hUuf
lxgfldgf u/] s f] cf/f] k 5 t
s;}dfly ;k{ kfNg] gfddf e|i6frf/
u/]sf] . bf]ifL plDsg'x'Fb}g\, lgbf]{if
km:g'x'Fb}g\ . ;j{;fwf/0fn] Gofofno,
clVtof/ b' ¿ kof] u cg' ; Gwfg
cfof]u, ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f ljefunfO{
ljZjf; u5{g\ . h'g;'s} cbfnt xf];\
;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs / u'7Lsf] hUuf
;/sf/sf] gfddf Nofpg]u/L cfb]z
eO/x]sf] 5 .
o;n] ubf{ cbfntk|ltsf] ljZjf;
emg} a9]sf] 5 . clVtof/n] t …7"N7"nf
df5fÚ nfO{ e|i6frf/df 8fld/x]sf] 5 .
kl5Nnf] 38Ldf d'Vo;lrj j}s'07
dlb/f ;]jgn] jflif{s @^ nfv hgfsf] d[To' Û
sf7df8f}F . ljZj :jf:Yo ;Ë7g
-8An'Prcf]_ n] dlb/faf6 a;]l{ g sl/a
@^ nfv dflg;sf] d[To' x'g] u/]sf]
atfPsf] 5 . 8An'Prcf]n] xfn}sf
jif{df d[To'b/df yf]/n
} ] sdL cfP klg
of] …c:jLsfo{¿kdf pRrÚ /x]sf]
hgfPsf] 5 .
dlb/f / :jf:Yo;DaGwL
/fi6«;‹Lo :jf:Yo Ph]G;Lsf] kl5Nnf]
k|ltj]bgdf dlb/f ;]jg u/]/ ;jf/L
rnfpg], dlb/f–k|l] /t lx+;f / b'Jo{jxf/
tyf w]/} /f]u / ljsf/sf sf/0f k|To]s
jif{ ljZj:t/df x'g] @) d[To'df sl/a
Pssf] d[To' dlb/fsf sf/0f x'g]
atfOPsf] 5 .
pknAw kl5Nnf] cfFs8fcg';f/
;g\ @)!( df @^ nfv d[To' dlb/f
;]jgsf sf/0f ePsf] k|ltj]bgdf
pNn]v 5 . of] ;f] jif{ ljZje/df
ePsf ;a} d[To'sf] rf/ bzdnj ;ft
k|ltzt lyof] . o;df sl/a tLg–
rf}yfO{ d[To' k'?ifx¿sf] ePsf] lyof] .
cof{nlj?4 e|i6frf/ d'2f bfo/ ePsf]
5 . clVtof/ tft] s f] b] v ] /
;j{;fwf/0f dVv k/]sf 5g\ . ca
;j{ ; fwf/0f Pp6} kvf{ O df 5g\ ,
…;/sf/L hUuf lxgfldgf ug]{ lj?4
slxn] e|i6frf/ d'2f hf/L xf]nf <Ú
pgLx¿nfO{ kqmfp ug{ cbfntn]
slxn] kqmfp k"hL{ hf/L u5{ < of]
hgrf;f]sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . u[xdGqL
cg';f yfkf
/lj nfld5fg]n] e|i6frf/Lsf] kmfOn
vf]Ng zlQmzfnL cfof]u u7g ug]{
atfPsf 5g\ . @% j6f kmfOn vf]Ng]
pgsf] egfO 5 . To;sf nflu cfufdL
cfly{s jif{ @)*!–*@ df ah]6
5'6\ofOPsf] pgn] hgfPsf 5g\ .
;Qfsf] cf8df u}/sfg'gL sfd
ug]{, b]z vf]qmf] agfpg], e|i6frf/
u/]/ c+st' ;DklQ sdfpg], ljb]zdf
nu] / k} ; f n' s fpg] , ;/sf/L,
;fj{hlgs / u'7Lsf] hUuf k};f vfFb}
JolQmsf] gfddf btf{ ug]{nfO{ ca
5f]8g\ x' bF' g} \ . rfx] Tof] b]zs} k|wfgdGqL
lsg gxf];\ < unt ug]{ s'g} klg
ædfbs kbfy{ s f] k| o f] u n]
JolQmut :jf:YonfO{ uDeL/¿kdf
Iflt k'¥ofpF5, bL3{sfnLg /f]u,
dfgl;s :jf:Yo cj:yfsf] hf]lvd
a9fpF5 / b'Mvb\¿kdf x/]s jif{ nfvf}F
dflg;sf] d[To' x'G5 h;nfO{ /f]Sg
;lsG5Æ, 8An'Prcf]sf dxflgb]{zs
6]8f« ;
] cwfgf]d u]ao]| ;;n] eg] .
;g\ @)!) kl5 ljZje/df
dlb/fsf] vkt / ;DalGwt xflgdf
s]xL sdL cfPsf] pgn] atfP . o'jfx¿
c;dfg¿kdf k|efljt ePsf] pNn]v
ub}{ pgn] eg], æt/ dlb/fsf] k|of]usf
sf/0f :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs af]em
c:jLsfo{¿kdf pRr ag]sf] 5 .Æ
;g\ @)!( df @) b]lv #( jif{
pd]/sf dflg;df dlb/fsf sf/0f x'g]
d[To'sf] pRrtd cg'kft !# k|ltzt
/x]sf] 8An'Prcf]n] atfPsf] 5 .
dlb/f ;]jgsf] ;DaGw sn]hf]
l;/f]l;; / s]xL SofG;/h:tf w]/}
:jf:Yo cj:yf;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . ;g\
xfntdf plDsg'ePg\ .
b]z agfpg] gfddf cfˆgf] ;ft
k':tfnfO{ k'Ug] ;DklQ hf]8]sf 5g\ .
/fhgLlts bnsf g]tf, sd{rf/L,
Jofkf/Lx¿n] b]z ;j{:j agfP . g]kfn
e|i6frf/sf] bnbndf km;]sf] 5 . x/]s
If] q df e| i 6frf/ df} n fPsf] 5 .
e|i6frf/sf sf/0f cGt/f{li6«o:t/d}
g]kfn ab\gfd ag]sf] 5 .
clg o:tfnfO{ 5f]8\g'x'G5 <
Gofofno / clVtof/n] 5f]8]klg ca
hgtfn] 5f]8\b}gg\ . lxhf] pgLx¿
sxfF hlGdPsf lyP < s:tf]
kl/jf/df hlGdPsf lyP <
pgLx¿sf] k'Vof}{nL ;DklQ slt <
clxn] slt < of] t'ngf ug]{ xf] eg]
e|i6frf/ u/]/ …b"wsf] b"w, kfgLsf]
kfgLÚ eOxfN5 .
rKkn nufpg] x} l ;ot
gePsfx¿n] dxn 78\ofPsf 5g\ .
lrNnf uf8L r9]/ lxF8\5g\ . b]z–
ljb]zdf k};f nu]/ /fv]sf 5g\ .
lahg]z–Jofkf/ s]xL 5}g\, ;DklQ
x]¥of] eg] ;ft k':tfnfO{ klg a9L
xf]nf < clg of] e|i6frf/ geP/ s]
xf] < /fhgLlt u/]/ slt sdfOG5 <
/fhgLlt Jofkf/ xf] / < kbdf
k'Ubf t tna kfOPnf, gq t kfOFbg} \ .
clg oqf] ;DklQ sxfFaf6 cfof] <
;'/IffsdL{x¿n] hflu/ vfg] a]nf d
b]z / hgtfsf nflu ;wF} ;dlk{t
x'G5' eg]/ zky lnPsf x'G5g\ . b]z
/ hgtfsf nflu dg{ klg tof/ x'G5'
eg]/ zky vfPsf x'G5g\ .
@)!) df o;af6 x'g] ;a} d[To'dWo]
sl/a !^ nfv u} / ;ª\ q mfds
/f] u x¿af6 ePsf] kQf nfu] s f]
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v 5 . oLdWo] rf/
nfv &$ xhf/ Åbo/f]u, rf/ nfv
Ps xhf/ SofG;/ tyf ;jf/L b'36{ gf
/ :jo+ n fO{ xflg ug] { h :tf
rf]6k6saf6 ;ft nfv @$ xhf/sf]
d[To' ePsf] lyof] .
k|ltj]bgn] dlb/fsf] b'¿kof]un]
dflg;x¿nfO{ Ifo/f]u, PrcfOeL /
lgdf]lgofh:tf ;ª\qmfds /f]uk|lt
clws ;+jb] gzLn agfpg] cf}NF ofPsf]
5 . ;g\ @)!( df cg'dflgt @)
s/f]8 () nfv dflg; dlb/fsf]
lge{/tfdf afFlr/x]sf lyP . of] ljZj
hg;+ V ofsf] tLg bzdnj ;ft
k|ltzt xf] .
ljZje/df k|ltJolQm dlb/fsf]
s"n vkt gf} jif{cl3sf] kfFr bzdnj
;ft ln6/af6 yf]/} 36]/ ;g\ @)!(
df kfFr bzdnj kfFr ln6/ ePsf]
5 . t/ ;du|df dlb/fsf] vkt
ljZje/df c;dfg¿kdf ljt/0f
ul/Psf] 5 .
ljZjsf] !% jif{eGbf dfly pd]/sf
cfwfeGbf w]/} hg;+Vof k"0f{¿kdf
dlb/faf6 c5" t f] 5 . o' / f] k df
clxn];Dd k|ltJolQm dlb/f ;]jg
ug]s { f] pRrtd:t/ gf} bzdnj b'O{
ln6/ 5 . To;kl5 cd]l/sfdf ;ft
bzdnj kfFr ln6/ 5 .
k|ltj]bgn] ;a}eGbf sd vkt
d'Vou/L pQ/L clk|msf, dWok"j{ / Pl;ofsf
d'l:nd d'ns ' x¿df /x]sf] atfPsf] 5 .
t/, ;'/IffsdL{n] To;sf] ljk/Lt
u/]sf 5g\ . h;n] b]z aaf{b agfP,
hgtfnfO{ …dg{' g afFRg'Ú agfP,
ltgnfO{ ;'/Iff lbg] < of] hgtfn]
lt/]sf] s/sf] b'¿kof]u xf]Og\ < b]z
lwtf] /fv]/ logLx¿n] @$ va{ ¿k}ofF
C0f lnO;s]sf 5g\ . b]znfO{ ljb]zL
C0fsf] bnbndf km;fP/ logLx¿n]
df]hd:tL u/]sf 5g\ .
oqf] C0f hgtfn] cfˆgf] nflu
lnPsf t xf]Ogg\ . hgtfn] x/]s
j:t' jf ;]jfsf] k|of]udf s/ lt/]sf
5g\ . Toltn] gk'u/] oqf] C0f lnPsf
5g\ . slnn} pd]/df ljb]z hfg'kg]{
afWotf logLx¿n] agfOlbP .
gful/stf agfpg] lalQs} kf;kf]6{
agfpg lxF8\g'k/]sf] 5 .
ljjfx ug]{ lalQs} ljb]lzg'kg]{
afWotf 5 . cfdfx¿ cfˆgf b'w]
aRrf 5f] 8 ] / sdfpg ljb] z
nflu/x]sf 5g\ . nf]stGq u0ftGq
t logLx¿nfO{ dfq cfPsf]h:tf]
ePsf] 5 . gfd hgtfsf], df]h
/fhgLlts bnsf g]tf / sd{rf/Lsf] .
cfh g]kfn s'g cj:yfdf 5 <
ljZjn] g]kfnnfO{ s'g gh/n] x]5{
< logLx¿nfO{ dtna 5}g\ . cfkm\gf]
hldgsf] ;'/Iff ug{ g;s]sfx¿n]
afFsL ePsf] hldg klg lwtf] /fv]/
C0f lnPsf 5g\ . hgtf d?g\ ls
afFr'g\, logLx¿nfO{ dtna 5}g\ .
cfˆgf] wf] q mf] e/] / } logLx¿nfO{
EofOgEofO 5 . h;/L x'G5 ljb]zL
C0f lng] cfˆgf] ;Qf l6sfpg] .
$# j6f d]gkfj/ sDkgL vf/]h
sf7df8f} F . j} b ] l zs /f] h uf/
ljefun] $# j6f d]gkfj/ sDkgLsf]
vf/]hL tyf w/f}6L lkmtf{ ul/Psf]
hgfPsf] 5 . o;} u /L, ljefun]
rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] h]7
dlxgf;Dddf ^! j6f gofF d]gkfj/
sDkgL btf{ u/fPsf] xf] .
ljefun] !! dlxgfsf] k|ult
ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ub}{ j}zfv;Dd
%* j6f / h] 7 df # j6f gofF
l;Gw'nL–sf7df8f}+ / sfe|–] sf7df8f}+ u0ftflGqs ;Dks{ d~r u7g
sf7df8f} F . g] k fn g] k fn
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ lgs6 ;dfhjfbL
u0ftflGqs d~rn] b'O{ j6f ;Dks{
d~r u7g u/]sf] 5 . d~rsf] s]Gb|Lo
sfof{no b]ljgu/df a;]sf] a}7sn]
b'O{ j6f sld6L u7g u/]sf] xf] .
d~rn] sfe|]–sf7df8fF}
;dfhjfbL u0ftflGqs d~r /
l;Gw'nL–sf7df8f}+ u0ftflGqs d~r
u7g u/]sf] xf] . d~rsf cWoIf
tyf ;fwf/0f zfvfsf OGrfh{
sdfgl;+x ;Lsf] k|d'v cltlydf
a;] s f] a} 7 sn] sfe| ] – sf7df8f} +
t/, o;sf] lj/f]w s;n] ug]{ <
hgtf vf8Ldf 5g\ . k]6 kfNgsf
nflu ljb]z guO{sg ePsf] 5}g\ .
oxfF ePsf t ;a} sfo{stf{ x'g\ .
g]tfx¿n] cfˆgf] unt sfo{df ;fy
lbgsf nflu sfo{stf{ agfPsf 5g\ .
sfo{stf{ ePkl5 cfˆgf] lj/f]wdf
r' O Ss cfjfh lgsfNb} g \ eGg]
logLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5 .
hlGdg] a]nfdf sf]xL klg kf6L{sf]
sfo{stf{ eP/ hlGdPsf] lyPg\ . kl5
ag]sf] xf] . sfo{stf{eGbf klxn] pm
g]kfnL gful/s xf] . b]zsf] gful/stf
lnPkl5 P]gsfg"g dfGg'k5{ . cfˆgf]
e"ldsf] ;+/If0f ug{'k5{ . untsf]
lj/f]wdf cfjfh p7fpg'k5{ . t/, oxfF
7\ofSs} To;sf] pN6f] 5 .
g]tfx¿n] hlt unt u/]klg sf]xL
r'OSs af]Nb}gg\ . lsg ls ;a} kf6L{sf
sfo{stf{ ag]/ a;]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L
sd{rf/L s'g} klg /fhgLlts bnsf]
sfo{stf{ aGg kfpFbg} g\ . of] sfg'gd}
n]lvPsf] 5 . hgtfsf] ;]jf u5{' eg]/
hflu/ vfPsf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] g}
sfg'g nTofO/x]sf 5g\ .
/fhgLlts bnsf] emf]n] aGg], sfd
gug]{ . emf]n] ag]kl5 h] ubf{ klg
5'6 x'g] ePkl5 aGg] eOg} xfn] .
d'ns' df nfvf}+ ;/sf/L sd{rf/L 5g\ .
;a}n] hgtfn] lt/sf] s/af6 tna
vfPsf 5g\, n'uf nufPsf 5g\ . t/,
sfdrfFlx /fhgLlts bnsf] u5{g\ .
b]z / hgtfk|lt pgLx¿ clnslt
klg lhDd]jf/ b]lvFb}gg\ .
d]gkfj/ sDkgL btf{ u/fPsf] xf] .
of] cjlwdf
jflif{ s tLg xhf/ hgf;Dd
sfdbf/ k7fpg] sDkgLnfO{ %) nfv
gub w/f}6L / 8]9 s/f]8 ¿k}ofFsf]
a}Í Uof/]G6L /fVg'kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf
5 . To:t} kfFr xhf/ hgf;Dd
sfdbf/ k7fpg] sDkgLnfO{ Ps
s/f]8 gub w/f}6L / tLg s/f]8
¿k}ofFsf] a}Í Uof/]G6L tyf jflif{s
;Dks{ d~rsf] ;+of]hsdf ;'/];
;LnfO{ rog u/]sf] 5 . d~rsf]
;b:ox¿df ;'o{ ;L, a'4 ;L nufot
/x]sf 5g\ .
To:t}, a}7sn] l;Gw'nL–sf7df8f}+
;dfhjfbL u0ftflGqs d~rsf]
cWoIfdf 5]jfª ;LnfO{ lgjf{lrt
u/]sf] 5 . zlgaf/ ;DkGg gjf}+
e]nfn] 5]jfªnfO{ cWoIfdf lgjf{lrt
u/]sf] xf] . e]nfdf 5]jfªsf] cWoIftf,
d~rsf cWoIf /Tg ;Lsf] k|d'v
cfltYotf /x]sf] lyof] eg] ;'zLn
;Lsf] cfltYotf /x]sf] lyof] .
hgtfsf] cj:yf lbgk|ltlbg
gfh's alg/x]sf] 5 . d'ns' df ljb]zL
x:tIf]k al9/x]sf] 5 . lj/f]wdf
af]Ng] s]xL gePkl5 g]tfx¿sf]
dgnfUbL rn]sf] 5 . xfdLn] h]
u/]klg s;}n] r'OSs af]Nb}gg\ eGg]
g]tfx¿nfO{ ePsf] 5 . ca b]z
s;n] arfpF5 < hgtfsf] ;d:of
s;n] ;Daf]wg ul/lbG5 <
g]tfx¿ vfg} gkfP/ dg{k' g]{ l:ylt
ag]sf] 5 . hgtf lg/fz alg/x]sf
5g\ . b]zdf s]xL u5{'eGbf sfd ug]{
jftfj/0f 5}g\ . g]kfnLn] cfk"m;Fu
ePsf] 1fg / ;Lk csf{sf] b]z ljsf;
ug{df k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . cfˆgf]
b]z nyflnª\u 5f]8/] ljb]zL d'ns ' df
ljsf; ug{'kbf{ g]kfnLnfO{ slt
xLgtfaf]w dx;'z ePsf] xf]nf <
g]kfn ljsf;df lg/Gt/ k5fl8
kl//x]sf] 5 . cem} klg ;Qfsf]
n'5fr'8L ug{ /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{
nfh nfUb}g\ < b]z / hgtfsf]
cj:Yff s] 5 < yfxf 5}g\ . rflxPsf]
5 ;Qf . @))& ;fnkl5 k6s–
k6s /fhgLlts kl/jt{g eof] . t/,
hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ emg} vl:sof] .
g]kfnL hgtf cfˆg} b]zdf >d u/]/
vfGy] . laxfg a]n'sf vfgs} nflu
csf{ s f] d' v tfSg' k g] { afWotf
lyPg\ . ljb]z C0f lyPg\ . ljb]zL
x:tIf]k lyPg\ . g]kfnsf] e"ld s;}n]
ldr]sf lyPgg\ . t/, clxn] 7\ofSs}
To;sf] pN6f] eof] . hgtfsf] cfFvf
ca klg gv'n] slxn] v'Ng] <
kfFr xhf/ hgfeGbf a9L sfdbf/
k7fpg] Dofgkfj/ sDkgLnfO{ b'O{
s/f]8 gub w/f}6L tyf rf/ s/f]8
¿k}ofFsf] a}Í Uof/]G6L /fVg'kg]{ sfg"gL
k|fjwfg 5 . of] jif{ btf{ ePsf
sDkgLx¿n] tLg xhf/ hgf;Dd
sfdbf/ k7fpg]u/L btf{ ePsf x'g\ .
pgLx¿n] gub %) nfv w/f}6L /
8]9 s/f]8 ¿k}ofF a}Í Uof/]G6L /fv]sf]
ljefun] hgfPsf] 5 .
e]nfn] pkfWoIfdf l;tf/fd /
rGb| s];/ ;L, ;lrjdf ljsf; ;L,
sf]iffWoIfdf ldng ;L /
;b:ox¿df s]df k|sfz ;L, ;f]gfd
;L, lbks ;L, ;ldtf ;LnfO{
lgjf{lrt u/]sf] 5 .
 @)*! ;fn c;f/ !^ ut] cfOtaf/
bz{g M ;fdflhs r]tgfsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ¿k
bz{g ;fdflhs r]tgfsf] Pp6f
dxTjk"0f{ ¿k xf] . ;+:s[t efiffsf]
…b[z\Ú wft'af6 ag]sf] …bz{gÚ zAbsf]
;fdfGo cy{ …x]gÚ{' jf …b]Vg'Ú eGg] x'G5 .
c+ u | ] h Ldf bz{ g nfO{ lkmnf] ; kmL
(Philosophy) elgG5 . lkmnf];kmL
eGg] zAb k|f rLg lu|s
efiffsf] lkmn] (Phile)/ ;f]lkmof
(Sophia) eGg] b'O{ zAb ldn]/ ag]sf]
5 . lkmn]sf] cy{ …k|]dÚ / ;f]lkmofsf]
cy{ …ljj]sÚ eGg] x'G5 / ;+oQ ' m zAb
lkmnf];kmLsf] cy{ …ljj]s k|dÚ eGg]
x'G5 . bz{g eg]sf] x]g,{] a'‰g] / JofVof
ug]{ ;fwgsf] gfd xf] . csf]{ zAbdf
bz{g eg]sf] dflg;sf] leqL cfFvf
xf], h'g cfvfFn] hLjg / hutsf
af/]df x]g,{ a'‰g] / JofVof ug]{ sfddf
d2t ub{5 . ;fy} bz{g eg]sf] k|sl[ t,
dfgj ;dfh / dfgj lrGtgsf]
ljsf;sf ultsf ;fdfGo lgodx¿sf]
lj1fg xf], h;n] hLjg / hut\nfO{
a'‰g] tyf abNg] af}l4s xltof/
k|bfg ub{5 .
hLjg / hutsf ;fdfGo
lgodx¿sf] cWoog g} bz{g xf] .
…bz{gÚ zAbsf] ;fwf/0f cy{ …x]gÚ{'
eGg] x'G5 . o;sf] Jofks cy{ …x]g{
vf]Hg'Ú / …a'‰g'Ú x'G5 . ljZjsf] pTklQ
s;/L eof] < k[YjLdf hLjhGt' /
dflg;sf] pTklQ s;/L eof] < hut
/ hLjgnfO{ rnfpg] zlQm jf lgod
s] x'g\ < eljiodf ljZjsf] l:ylt s]
x'g]5 < cflb ljifox¿sf] vf]h,
JofVof / b[li6sf]0fnfO{ bz{g elgG5 .
bz{g ;fdflhs r]tgfsf] Pp6f
¿k xf] . pTkfbgsf] / dfgjLo 1fgsf]
ljsf;sf] k|lqmofdf bz{gsf] pTklQ
tyf ljsf; ePsf] xf] .
o'gfgL bfz{lgs kfOyfuf] / ;sf
cg';f/ lkmnf]; -k|d _ /
;f]lkmof -ljj]s_ ldn]/ lkmnf];kmL
cyf{t\ bz{g aGb5 . bz{gsf] cy{
ljBfg'/fu xf] . x]u]nn] bz{gnfO{
;Tosf] ;+ 1 fg atfPsf 5g\ .
kl/rodf bz{gnfO{ lj1fgsf] lj1fg
eg]/ klg kl/eflift ub}{ cfpg]
k/Dk/f 5 . dfS;{åf/f o; vfnsf]
k/Dk/fnfO{ tf]8\b} cToGt} ;+lIfKtdf
bz{gnfO{ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .Æ
cfh ;+;f/df w]/} k|sf/sf bz{gx¿
b] l vP klg d' V otof bz{ g b' O {
k|sf/sf 5g\– Psyl/ r]tgfnfO{ cflb
tTj of d"ntTj dfg]/ hutnfO{
To;sf :jtM:k"mt{ /rgf dfGg]nfO{
cWofTdjfbL bz{g / csf]{ kbfy{nfO{
d"n tTj / To;sf] ljsl;t ¿knfO{
r]tgf dfGg] bz{gnfO{ ef}ltsjfbL
bz{g elgG5 . bz{g dfgj r]tgfsf]
pRr ¿k ePsf]n] To;}n] sfn{dfS;{n]
…x/]s ;fFrf] bz{g cfˆgf] ;dosf]
af}l4s ;f/ ;+:s[ltsf] hLjGt cfTdf
xf]Ú** eGg'ePsf] 5 .
bz{g eg]sf] hLjg / hutnfO{
x]g]{, a'‰g] / JofVof ug]{ dflg;sf]
cfˆgf] b[li6sf]0f xf] . dflg; h'g ljZj
kl/j] z df afF r ] s f] x' G 5, To;
kl/j]zsf] af/]df dflg; :jo+sf]
lrGtgx¿sf] k|0ffnL g} bz{g xf] .
ctM bz{g eg]sf] dflg;sf] ljZj
b[li6sf]0f xf] . ;fy} bz{g eg]sf]
;+ : s[ l t / dfgj ;dfhsf Pj+
lrGtgsf rfns lgodx¿sf] lj1fg
xf] . o;n] k|s[lt, dfgj ;dfh Pj+
lrGtgsf tL rfnssf ;fdfGo
lgodx¿sf] cWoog u/fP/ ljZj
b[li6sf]0fsf] lgdf{0f u/fpFb5 .
dfS;{jfbL kl/efiffcg';f/ bz{g
eg]sf] ;}4flGts 1fgsf] Tof] ¿k xf],
h;n] ljZjb[li6sf]0f ;lxt k|s[lt /
;dfhnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fl;t ;fdfGo
lgodx¿sf] ljZn]if0f / JofVof k|:t't
ub{ 5 . k| s [ l t hut / dfgj
;dfhsf] ljsf; s'g 9+uaf6 x'g]
ub{ 5 < P] l txfl;s ljsf;sf
d"nsf/0f / k|/s zlQmx¿ s] x'g\ <
xfd| f ] jl/kl/sf] o; ;+ ; f/nfO{
s'g¿kdf a'‰g / km]g{ ;lsG5 < oL
/ o; k|sf/sf] ;jfnx¿af/] To;n]
rrf{ ub{5 . j:t'tM bz{gnfO{ k|sl[ t
tyf dfgj ;dfh / lrGtgsf ;fdfGo
lgodx¿sf] lj1fg dflgG5 .
bz{ g sf] kl/efiff
hLjg / hutsf ;fdfGo
x:taxfb'/ s]= ;L=
lgodx¿sf] cWoog ug]{ ;fwgsf gfd
g} bz{g xf] . ljZjsf] pTklQ s;/L
eof] < k[YjLdf hLjhGt' / dflg;sf]
pTklQ s;/L eof] < hLjg /
hutnfO{ rnfpg] rfns zlQm jf
lgod s] x'g\ < eljiodf ljZjsf]
l:ylt s] x'g]5 < cflb ljifox¿sf]
vf]h, JofVof / b[li6sf]0fnfO{ bz{g
elgG5 . ;fy}, dfgj hLjgsf p2]Zo,
st{Jo, d"No–dfGotf / cfbz{ s] x'g\
< s] k|sl[ t / ;dfhdf s'g} Joj:yf
/ lgod ;ª\u lt 5 < s] dfG5]n]
k|sl[ t / ;dfhsf] ;Dk"0f{ 1fg k|fKt
ug{ ;S5 < s] dflg; cfˆgf] 1fg /
Jofjxfl/s lqmofzLntfsf cfwf/df
k|sl[ tnfO{ abNg ;S5 < oL / o:t}
cg]sf}F k|Zgx¿sf] ;xL hjfkm vf]Hg]
dfG5]sf] lh1f;fj[lQsf] pkh /
cleJolQm g} bz{g xf] . ctM bz{g
eg] s f] dflg;sf] ljZjb[ l i6sf] 0 f
(World Outlook) xf] . ;+;f/ s]
xf] < o;sf] ;[li6 s;/L eof] < o;sf]
ljsf; / cGTo s;/L x'G5 < eGg]
h:tf ;jfndf x/]s JolQmsf] Pp6f
lglZrt b[li6sf]0f x'G5, Tof] g} p;sf]
bz{g xf] .
bz{ g sf] Oltxf;
o;n] bz{gsf cfwf/e"t k|Zgx¿,
bz{gsf] qmlds ljsf;, To;sf
lgodx¿, ljleGg bfz{lgs wf/f?
/ ltgLx¿sf aLrsf ;+3if{sf] cWoog
ub{5 . bz{gsf] Oltxf;df ef}ltsjfb
/ cfb{ z jfb tyf åGåjfb /
clwe" t jfbsf] u7g, ljsf; /
ltgLx¿sf aLrsf] ;+3if{sf] cWoogsf]
s]Gb|Lo / dxTjk"0f{ :yfg 5 . bz{gsf]
ljsf;sf] k| l qmofdff ljleGg
ljrf/wf/fx¿sf] d"NofÍgdf dxTjk"0f{
kIf p;sf kIfw/tf xf] . ;fdflhs,
P]ltxfl;s Jojxf/ / j}1flgs 1fgsf]
ljsf;sf cfjZostfsf] k/fjt{gsf]
¿kdf bfz{ l gs ljrf/x¿ /
k| 0 ffnLx¿sf] d" N ofª\ s g ug] {
cfjZostf Tolta]nf kb{5, ha
bz{gsf] ljsf;sf] hfFr ul/G5 /
To;n] s'g ju{sf] kIfkf]if0f ub{5
eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ vf]lhG5 .
bz{gsf] Oltxf; ; + ; f / s f ]
bfz{lgs1fgsf] k|lqmof xf] To;sf/0f
To;n] dfgj 1fgsf] P]ltxfl;s
ljsf;, To;sf] cfGtl/s ;+/rgf /
tfls{stfsf] aLr ;Lwf;DaGw cjZo
:yflkt ug'k{ b{5 . bz{gsf] Oltxf;sf]
cWoog, j} 1 flgs cg' ; Gwfgsf]
cfw'lgs tl/sfx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ /
;+;f/sf] Jofjxfl/s ¿kfGt/0fsf] nflu
bfz{lgs¿kn] ;+:s[ltsf] :t/ dfly
p7fpgsf nflu cfjZos x'G5 .
bz{ g sf k| s f/x¿
cfh ;+ ; f/df w] / } k| s f/sf
bz{gx¿ /x]sf ePtfklg d'VotM bz{g
b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g\ . h:t}, Psyl/
r]tgfnfO{ cflb tTj of d"n tTj
dfg]/ hutnfO{ To;sf :jtM:k"mt{
/rgf dfGonfO{ cWofTdjfbL bz{g /
csf]{ kbfy{nfO{ d"n tTj of To;sf]
ljsl;t ¿knfO{ r] t gf dfGg]
bz{gnfO{ ef}ltsjfbL bz{g elgG5 .
bz{gsf] If]qdf b'O{j6f cfwf/e"t
k|Zgx¿ 5g\ < h;sf] hjfkmsf]
cfwf/df bfz{lgsx¿ klg b'O{ v]dfdf
afFlwPsf 5g\ .
kbfy{nfO{ cflbtTj / r]tgfnfO{
kbfy{sf] ;'u+ l7t pRr¿k ePsf] dfGo
bfz{lgsx¿ ef}ltsjfbl;t ;DalGwt
5g\ eg] …cfTdfÚ r]tgfnfO{ cflbtTj
dfGg] bfz{lgsx¿ cWofTdjfbl;t
;DalGwt 5g\ . ljZj caf]wuDo 5
cyf{t\ c1]o 5 . o;nfO{ hfGg /
a' ‰ g ;lsF b } g eGg] bfz{ l gsx¿
cWofTdjfbl;t ;DalGwt 5g\ eg]
ljZj af]wuDo 5 cyf{t\ 1]o 5 .
ljZjnfO{ hfGg / a'‰g ;lsG5 /
o;nfO{ km]g{ ;lsG5 eGg] bfz{lgsx¿
ef}ltsjfbL bz{gsf] v]dfleq kb{5g\ .
ctM ef}ltsjfbL bfz{lgsx¿n] hut
af]wuDo 5 eGg] k'li6 u/]sf 5g\ eg]
cWofTdjfbL bfz{lgsx¿n] hut\sf]
af]wuDotfnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub{5g\ .
pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] dWolt/
cfP/ cyf{t\ ;g\ !*$* df sfn{
dfS;{ -!*!*–!*$*_ / k|m]8l/s
Pª\uN] ; -!*@)–!*(%_ n] sDo'lg:6
3f] i f0ffkqdfkm{ t \ ;j{ x f/f
>dhLjLju{ s f] d' l Qmsf] l;4fGt
dfS;{jfbsf] k|ltkfbg ug'{eof] .
dfS;{jfbL bz{gsf] pTklQn] ljZjdf
7"nf] qmflGt NofOlbof] . dfS;{jfb
;j{xf/fqmflGtsf] lj1fg xf] . of]
k' F h Ljfbsf] k| f /lDes cj:yfdf
ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . åGåfTds tyf
P] l txfl;s ef} l tsjfb, cltl/Qm
d"Nosf] l;4fGt, ju{;ª\3if{, Oltxf;df
an k|of]usf] e"ldsf / j}1flgs
;dfhjfb tyf ;fDojfb o;sf
cfwf/e"t dfGotf x'g\ . ;fy} k|s[lt,
;dfh, /fHoJoj:yf cflb af/]df sfn{
dfS;{ / k|m8] l/s Pª\uN] ;n] dxfg\\ vf]h
/ k|of]uåf/f lgsfNg'ePsf j}1flgs
tyf qmflGtsf/L ljrf/, l;4fGt /
Jojxf/nfO{ dfS;{ j fb elgG5 .
dfS;{ j fbn] k' F h Lkltju{ s f]
/fHo;QfnfO{ Wj:t kf/L To; 7fpFdf
;j{xf/f >dhLjLju{sf] /fHo Joj:yf
:yfkgf ug]{ ;xL qmflGtsf/L af6f]
b] v fpF b 5 . dfS;{ j fbsf df} l ns
ljz]iftfx¿ åGåfTds ef}ltsjfb,
P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfb, ju{;+3if{,
cltl/Qm d"Nosf] l;4fGt, tNnf] ju{sf]
hgtfdf /fHosf] zlQm lglxt, ;j{xf/f
clwgfosTj cflb s'/f x'g\ .
bz{ g sf] pTklQ / ljsf;
bz{g ;fdflhs r]tgfsf] ¿k xf] .
pTkfbgsf] ljsf; / dfgjLo 1fgsf]
ljsf; ljsf;sf] k|lqmofdf bz{gsf]
pTklQ tyf ljsf; x'G5 . o'gfgL
bfz{ l gs kfOyfuf] / ;sf cg' ; f/
lkmnf]; -k|d_ / ;f]lkmof -ljj]s ldn]/
lkmnf];sf cyf{t\ bz{g aGb5 .
bz{gsf] cy{ ljBfg'/f]u xf] . x]u]nn]
bz{gnfO{ ;Tosf] ;+1fg atfPsf 5g\ .
klZrdf bz{gnfO{ lj1fgsf] lj1fg
eg]/ klg kl/eflift ub}{ cfpg]
k/Dk/f 5 . dfS;{sf] egfO 5, æx/]s
;fFrf] bz{g cfˆgf] ;dosf] ljZjsf]
af}l4s ;f/tTj xf] .Æ o;/L dfS;{n]
bz{gnfO{ ;dsfnLg ljZjsf] af}l4s
;f/tTj dfg]sf 5g\ . j:t'tM bz{gnfO{
k|sl[ t tyf dfgj ;dfh / lrGtgsf
;fdfGo lgodx¿sf] lj1fg elgG5 .
bz{gzf:qsf] kl/efiffnfO{ lgDg
tLg s'/fdf Wofg lbP/ :ki6 kfg{
;lsG5 . klxnf] bz{g eg]sf] hLjg
/ hutnfO{ x]g]{, a'‰g] / JofVof ug]{
b[li6sf]0f xf] . dflg; h'g ljZj
kl/j]zdf afFrs ] f] x'G5, To; kl/j]zsf]
af/]df dflg; :jo+sf lrGtgx¿sf]
k|0ffnL (System of thoughts) g}
bz{ g xf] . cyf{ t \ bz{ g eg] s f]
dflg;sf] ljZjb[li6sf]0f (World out
look) xf] . ;+;f/ s] xf] < o;sf]
;[li6 s;/L eof] < ljsf; s;/L x'G5
< eGg] h:tf ;jfn x/]s JolQmsf]
Pp6f lglZrt b[li6sf]0f x'G5, Tof] g}
p;sf] bz{g xf] .
bf];|f] bz{g eg]sf] k|fs[lts /
dfgj ;dfh Pj+ lrGtgsf rfns
(Governing) jf ;fdfGo lgodx¿sf]
lj1fg xf] . o;n] k|fs[lts / dfgj
;dfh Pj+ lrGtgsf tLg rfns jf
;fdfGo lgodx¿sf] cWoog u/fP/
ljZjb[li6sf]0fsf] lgdf{0f u/fpbF 5 .
t];f| ,] bz{g eg]sf] l;+uf] hLjg /
hutsf] tyf k|s[lt / dfgj;dfh
Pj+ lrGtgsf ;fdfGo lgodx¿sf]
cWoog ug] { Ps k4lt
(Methodology) xf] . o;n] hLg /
hutsf] cWoog s;/L / s] sf
cfwf/df ug]{ eGg] s'/f l;sfpF5 .
ha dflg; ;d'bflos hLjgsf]
txdf cfOk'Uof] / p;n] ;fd'lxs
lrGtg klg ug{ yfNof] . t/ klg
To;a] n f ef} l ts pTkfbg sfo{
cToGt ;/n jf cljsl;t ePsfn]
To;a]nf dflg;n] k|s[ltsf lgod /
To;sf] af/]df hfgsf/L /fVb}gYof] .
p;n] ;"o{, rGb|, tf/f cflb b]VffP/
t/ ltgLx¿sf] ;+/rgf / ultsf]
af/]df s'g} hfgsf/L
/fVb}gYof] . p;n] af9L, klx/f],
jiff{, cfFwL–x'/L, e"sDk, r6\ofª /
89]nf] cflbsf] ;fdgf ug'{kYof]{ t/
tL 36gfx¿ s;/L 36\b5g\ eGg]
1fg p;nfO{ lyPg . To; cj:yfdf
p;n] o:tf 36gf 36fpg] s'g}
cnf}lss jf cb[Zo zlQm xf]nf eGg]
sNkgf u¥of] / tL sfNklgs
zlQmx¿nfO{ v'zL kfg{ k"hfcfhf ug]{
/ ef]u lbg] rng z'¿ u¥of] .
cufl8 a8\ b } hfF b f pko' Q m
sfNklgs zlQmnfO{ O{ Z j/ eGg
yflnof] / To:tf zlQmnfO{ v'zL kfg{
ul/g] sfdnfO{ wd{ elgof] . cnf}lss
/x:odo zlQmsf] sNkgf ug]{ dflg;n]
cfkm}nfO{ klg /x:odo agfpg yfNof]
/ 6'gf–d'gf Pj+ hfb'sf] ;d]t ljsf;
eof] . ToxL cj:yfdf k|sl[t–k"hf /
lnË–k"hf tyf hfb', 6'gf–d'gf cflbsf]
¿kdf lrGtg b]vfk¥of] . ;dfh
bf;o'udf cfOk'u]kl5 :ju{, g/s,
k"jh { Gd, k"gh{Gd cflb dfGg] / gdfGg]
ljrf/x¿ b]vfk/] . dfly pNn]v
ul/Psf] ;Gbe{ dflg;sf] ;/ntd
lrGtgsf] ;Gbe{ xf] . To; ;/ntd
lrGtgnfO{ bfz{lgs lrGtg elgb}g .
;dfhsf] pTkfbs zlQmn] Ps
xb;Dd ljsf; ul/;s]kl5 ha
dflg;n] ;+;f/ s] xf] / of] s;/L
rN5 eGg] af/]df lrGtg ug{ yfN5
ta To; lrGtgnfO{ dfq bfz{lgs
lrGtg elgG5 . bz{g dflg;sf]
;fdfGo bl[i6sf]0f xf] . cflbd
;fd'bfolos ;dfhsf dflg;x¿sf]
lrGtg jf 1fg / Jojxf/sf]
;fdfGoLs/0faf6 bz{gzf:qn] cfwf/
lnPsf] xf] . lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] lx;fan]
bz{gzf:q eg]sf] k|s[lt, ;dfh /
lrGtgsf] ;DaGwdf tTsfnLg
;dfhdf ljBdfg 1fg jf r]tgfsf]
;+Zn]if0f jf ;+jfb xf] . o; ljifosf
af/]df sfn{ dfS;{n] …x/] s ;fF r f]
bz{g cfˆgf] ;dosf] af}l4s ;f/,
…;+ : s[ l tsf] hLjGt cfTdfÚ * xf]
eGg'ePsf] xf] .
s'g} klg ;+Zn]if0f jf ;+jfbsf]
lgdf{ 0 f x' g sf lglDt jfb /
k| l tjfbsf] cfjZostf kb{ 5 .
;+;f/sf] /x:ofTds sfNklgs lrq
jf k|ltlaDa k|:t't ug]{ ldyf]nf]hL
(Mythology) dflg;sf] k|frLgtd
lrGtgsf] ¿k/]vf b]vfk¥of] . ToxL
d]yf]nf]hLaf6 wd{zf:qsf] ljsf;
eof] . clg ldysx¿df ¿dlNnPsf]
To; wd{zf:qn] eGbf km/s 9+un]
;+;f/sf] tfls{s JofVof ug]{ k|oTgsf
aLrsf] ;+3if{af6 Pp6f ;+jfb jf
;+Zn]if0fsf] ¿kdf bz{gzf:qsf]
pbo eof] .
ljZj s] xf] < of] s;/L rNb5 <
eGg]af/]df cWoog ug]{ ePsfn] bz{g
eg]sf] dflg;sf] ljZj bl[i6sf]0fsf
;fy} k|sl[ t, hLjg, ;dfh / lrGtgsf
rfns lgodx¿sf] lj1fg xf] .
To;sf/0f dflg;n] hab]lv ;+;f/sf]
;[li6 s;/L eof] / of] s;/L rNb5
< hLjgsf] l;h{gf / ;~rfng s;/L
x'G5 < r]tgf s] xf] / o;sf] lgdf{0f
s;/L x'G5 < eGg] h:tf ;jfnx¿df
;f]Rg / ts{ ug{ yfNof] tab]lv g}
bz{gsf] pbo eof] .
dflg; o; prfOsf] lrGtgdf
slxn]b]lv k'Uof] eg]/ 7Ls–7Ls
;dodf ls6fg ug{ ufx|f] 5 . t/
klg bz{gsf] Oltxf;sf] cg';Gwfgaf6
clxn];Dd k|fKt ePsf tYox¿sf
cfwf/df s/Lj cfheGbf # xhf/
jif{klxn] bz{gsf] k|fb'ef{j ePsf] xf] .
vf;u/L cfheGbf # xhf/b]lv c9fO{
xhf/ jif{klxn] OlhK6, blIf0f Plzof,
rLg / o'gfgdf ljleGg k|sf/sf
bfz{lgs lrGtgx¿ b]vfk/]sf lyP .
k|frLg o'gfgdf bz{gzf:qsf] zf:qLo
¿ksf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] eGg]
lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] kfOG5 .
O{;fk"j{ k|yd ;x;|fAbLdf blIf0f
Pl;ofdf pklgiflbs lrGtg tyf
;+Vof, nf]sfot, h}g, af}4 cflb bz{g
b] v fk/] , rLgdf sGkm\ o ' l ;o; /
tfcf]jfbL bz{g b]vfk/] eg] k|frLg
o'gfgsf] cfof]lgof åLkdf y]N;,
cgf]lS;d]08/ / cg]lS;d]G;sf k|fs[lts
ef} l tsjfbL bfz{ l gs lrGtgx¿
b] v fk/] . y] N ;n] kfgLnfO{
cg] l S;d] 0 f8/n] s' l x/f] n fO{ /
cg]lS;d]G;n] jfo'nfO{ ;[li6sf] cfwf/df
dfGby] . O{zfk"j{ k|yd ;x;|fAbLsf]
pQ/f4{ d f o' g fgsf bfz{ l gsx¿
kfOyfuf]/;, x]/flSn6\;, 8]df]qm]6; \ ,
Plks'/;, Kn]6f], Pl:6f]6n cflbn]
bz{gzf:qsf] zf:qLo ¿ksf] ljsf;
u/]sf lyP . bz{gzf:qsf] ljsf;sf]
If]qdf k|frLg o'gfgL bfz{lgs y]N;nfO{
klxnf] bfz{lgs dflgG5 .
bfz{lgs 1fg eg]sf] Ps b'Oj{ 6f
zf}lvg bfz{lgsx¿n] k'm;{bsf] ;dodf
u/]sf] ukmx¿sf] kl/0ffd xf]Og . of]
;fdflhs r]tgfsf] Tof] pRr ¿k xf],
h;df j}1flgs tyf ;fdflhs k|ult
;dli6ut ¿kdf k|ltlalDat ePsf]
x' G 5 . bz{ g sf] If] q df b' O { j 6f
cfwf/e" t k| Z gx¿ 5g\ h;sf]
hjfkmsf] cfwf/df bfz{lgsx¿ klg
b'O{ lzlj/df afFl8Psf 5g\ .
kbfy{nfO{ cflbtTj / r]tgfsf]
pTklQ kbfy{af6} ePsf] s'/f dfGg]
bfz{lgsx¿ ef}ltsjfbl;t ;DalGwt
5g\ eg] …cfTdfÚ r]tgfnfO{ cflbtTj
dfGg] bfz{lgsx¿ cWofTdjfbl;t
;DalGwt 5g\ . ljZjdf w]/} lsl;dsf
bz{g ePklg k|dv ' ¿kdf b'Oj{ 6f
bz{g 5g\– cWofTdjfbL bz{g /
ef}ltsjfbL bz{g . ef}ltsjfbL bz{g
dfS;{jfbL bz{g xf] .
h'g bz{gn] r]tgfnfO{ klxnf]
;[li6sf] cfwf/ tyf kbfy{sf] cl:tTj
lgwf{/s dfGb5 / ;+;f/nfO{ a'‰g
clvn ;dfhjfbL gf/fo0fL–dw] ; k| b ] z åf/f
;+u7g lgdf{0f / lj:tf/ cleofg ;'?
sf7df8f}F . clvn ;dfhjfbL
gf/fo0fL–dw]; k|bz ] n] ;Ë7g lgdf{0f
/ lj:tf/ cleofg cufl8 a9fPsf]
5 . ljBfyL{nfO{ sn]hb]lv xf]:6]n;Dd
k'u/] e]6g\ ] cleofg ;'? u/]sf] clvn
;dfhjfbLn] d+unaf/ af/fsf] sn}of
l:yt k|;f}gL k|fljlws lzIffnodf
;Ë7g lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 .
clvn ;dfhjfbLsf s] G b| L o
;lrj tyf gf/fo0fL–dw]; k|b]z
OGrfh{ c6n ;L, ;x–OGrfh{ nf]sz ] ;fy} On]lS6«sn OlGhlgol/ª cWoog
;L, g]skf k;f{ / af/f lhNnf ;]qm]6/L
lkm/f] h ;L / lbn ;L nufot
sfo{qmddf ;xefuL lyP . pQm
sfo{ q mddf k| ; f} g L k| f ljlws
5
;lsb} g eGb5, To; bz{ g nfO{
cWofTdjfbL bz{ g elgG5 .
kbfy{nfO{ klxnf] / ;[li6sf] cfwf/
tyf r]tgfnfO{ kbfy{sf] ljlzi6 u'0f
dfGg] / ;+;f/nfO{ a'‰g ;lsG5 eGg]
Materialist nfO{ ef}ltsjfbL
bz{g elgG5 . pGgfO;f}+ ;tfAbLsf]
dWolt/ cfP/ cyf{t\ ;g\ !*$*
df sfn{dfS;{ / k|m8l/s P+u]N;n]
sDo'lgi6 3f]if0ffkqdfkm{t\ ;j{xf/f
>dhLjLju{ s f] d' l Qmsf] l;4fGt
dfS;{jfbsf] k|ltkfbg ug'{eof] .
k|s[lt, ;dfh, /fHo Joj:yf cflb
af/]df sfn{dfS;{ / k|m] 8l/s P+uN] ;n]
dxfg vf] h / k| o f] u åf/f
lgsfNg' e Psf] j} 1 flgs tyf
qmflGtsf/L ljrf/, l;4fGt /
Jojxf/nfO{ dfS;{jfb elgG5 .
dfS;{jfbsf] k|ltkfbgn] bz{gsf]
If]qdf 7"nf] qmflGt k}bf ul/lbof] .
dfS;{ / P+ u ] N ;åf/f k| l tkflbt
åGåfTds tyf P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfb
To;eGbf klxn] s f ;Dk" 0 f{
bz{gx¿eGbf d"ne"t¿kdf g} leGg
/]xsf] 5 . dfS;{jfbsf] k|ltkfbg
x' g ' e Gbf klxn] s f bz{ g /
bfz{lgsx¿n] ;+;f/sf] JofVof dfq}
u/] s f lyP . dfS;{ / P+ u ] N ;n]
;+;f/sf] JofVof ug's { f] ;fy} bz{gsf]
Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s ;+;f/sf
JofVof dfq xf]Og, To;nfO{ abn]/
kl/jt{g klg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] 3f]if0f
ug'{eof] . pxfFx¿n] k|s[lt, hLjg,
;dfh / lrGtgsf] If]qdf x'g] ;[li6,
ljsf; / kl/jt{gsf lgodx¿ kQf
nufpg] tyf Jojxf/åf/f :ki6 kfg]{
sfd;d]t ug'e { of] .
dfS;{jfb Pp6f j}1flgs l;4fGt,
;dfh lj1fg klg xf] .
sfn{ dfS;{ / k| m 8 l/s
P+u]N;åf/f k|ltkflbt åGåfTds tyf
P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbn] To;k"j{sf
;Dk"0f{ ¿l9u|:t, cj}1flgs tyf
cWofTdjfbL lrGtg / Jojxf/nfO{
bfz{lgs ¿kn] ;d]t Wj+; kfb}{,
k|s[lthutdf dfq xf]Og, dfgj
;dfh / lrGtgsf If] q df klg
j}1flgs ;fDojfbsf] eljionfO{
;d]t ;'lglZrt ug]{ ts{k"0f{ /
j}1flgs 3f]if0ff u¥of] .
cfWofTdjfbL bz{ g cfˆgf]
hGdsfnb] l v g} ;bf;j{ b f
zf]ifsju{sf] kIfw/ aGb} cfPsf] 5
eg] ef} l tsjfbL bz{ g >dhLjL
hgtfsf] kIfw/ aGb} cfPsf] 5 .
åGåfTds ef}ltsjfb tyf P]ltxfl;s
ef}ltsjfbL bz{gn] ;j{xf/f >dhLjL
ju{sf] d'lQmsf] dfu{bz{g;d]t ub{5 .
ctM åGåfTds tyf P] l txfl;s
ef} l tsjfbL bz{ g xf] ax' ; + V os
hg;d' b fosf] bz{ g xf] eg]
cfWofTdjfbL bz{g zf]ifsju{sf] bz{g
xf] . cNk;+Vox¿sf] bz{g xf] . ju{
/x];Dd bz{g klg juL{o x'G5 .
ef}ltsjfbL bz{g dfS;{jfbL bz{g xf] .
lzIffnosf ljBfyL{x¿;Fu 5nkmn
ub}{ nvg rf}xfgsf] ;+of]hsTjdf (
;b:oLo SofDk; ;ldlt lgdf{0f ug{s
' f
x'g] pQm SofDk;df ljleGg ;d:ofx¿
b]vfk/]sf] eGb} pQm ;d:of xn ug{sf]
lgldQ cfh g} ;+3if{ ;ldlt;d]t
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 .
 6 @)*! ;fn c;f/ !^ ut] cfOtaf/
g]skf s~rg ufp“ ;ldltåf/f ufp“kflnsf k|dv' ;dIf !& a'b“ ] dfukq k]z
sf7df8f} F . g] k fn sDo' l gi6
kf6L{ s~rg ufpF ;ldltn]
ufpF k flnsf k| d ' v gj/fh 9sfn
;dIf !& a' F b ] dfukq k] ; u/] s f]
5 . cfOtaf/ g] s kfsf s] G b| L o
ljZjf; ;Lsf] g] t [ T jdf :yfgLo
hgtf ;d] t sf] ;xeflutfdf
uPsf] Ps 6f] n Ln] ;f] dfukq
a' e mfPsf] xf] .
s~rg ufpF k flnsf leqsf]
ljsf; lgdf{0f, ToxfFsf] cfjZostf
nufot ljljw ;d:ofnfO{ ;d]6]/
tof/ kf/] s f] dfukq k] ; ub} {
kf6L{ s f s] G b| L o ;b:o Pj+
ufFpkflnsf OGrfh{ ljZjf; ;Ln]
s~rgsf] ljsf; / :yfgLo
hgtfsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu
g] s kfn] p7fPsf hg;/f] s f/sf
dfux¿nfO{ oyfzL3| ;Daf]wg ug{
cg' / f] w u/] s f lyP . hjfkmdf
hg;/f] s f/sf ;a} dfux¿df
kflnsf u+le/ ePsf] eGb} kflnsf
cWoIf 9sfnn] :yfgLo ;/f]sf/sf
dfux¿ sfof{of]hgf agfP/ cfˆg}
sfo{ s fndf sfof{ G jogdf hfg]
atfP . sltko gLltut lg0f{o;Fu}
hgr] t gfd' n s sfo{ q md u/L
qmdzM sfof{Gjogdf hfg] ePklg
kflnsf ejgIf] q sf :yfgLo;F u
ePsf] k"j{ ;xdltsf] sfof{Gjogsf
nflu eg] tTsfn}
;/f] s f/jfnx¿;F u sf] k/fdz{ d f
cufl8 a9\g] atfPsf lyP .
e" l dlxg ;' s ' D af;L nfnk' h f{
ljt/0f / rsf] { ;/sf/L s/,
kflnsfejg If]qsf :yfgLo;Fusf]
k"j{ ;xdlt sfof{Gjog,
gu/kflnsfsf] ;] j f k| j fx Pj+
;/sf/L ;]jf z'Ns, ;j{;'ne lzIff
/ :jf:Yo, z' 4 vfg] k fgLsf]
Joj:yf, ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;dod}
aLpm–lahg, dn / l;+rfO{ Pj+
j:t'sf] ahf/Ls/0f, t6aGw, gbL
s6fgsf ;d:of, pkef]Qmf ;ldlt
dfkm{t\ x'g] 7]Ssfk§fdf
clgoldttf, ;8s lgdf{ 0 f /
nfu' c f} i fw b' J o{ ; gsf] cGTo
nufotsf hg;/f] s f/sf !& a' F b ]
dfukq a'emfpFb} g]skfn] cfjZos
k|s[of k'¥ofO clanDa dfux¿df
;Daf]wg ug{ clkn u/]sf] lyof] .
t]nsf] yf]kfyf]kf hf]ufcf}+
OGwg vr{ 36fcf}+
dfux¿ ;Daf] w g geP ;+ 3 if{ d f
hfg afWo x' g ] ;d] t g] s kfn]
hgfPsf] 5 .
g]skf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ kflnsf
OGrfh{ ljZjf; ;L / ufpF ;]qm]6]/L
;f]dgfy ;Låf/f x:tfIfl/t dfukq
a'‰b} kflnsf cWoIf gj/fh 9sfnn]
;a}sf] ;femf ;xsfo{ / kxnsbdLdf
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgdf hfg] pNn]v
u/]sf lyP .
o; ljifodf g] k fn sDo' l gi6
kf6L{ s~rg ufpF ;ldltn]
ufpF k flnsf k| d ' v nfO{ a' e mfPsf]
dfu kq o;k| s f/ /x] s f] 5–
…pk/f]Qm ljifodf xfd|f] hglk|o
kf6L{ g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ ljut
nfdf] ;do b]lv /fli6«otf hgtGq,
/ hghLljsf ;lxt hgtfsf
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ ljifodf
lg/Gt/¿kdf ;+3if{sf] dfWodaf6
cuf8L al9/x] s f] s' / f ;j{ l jlbt}
5 . ;fy} oxL k| l qmofdf PsLs[ t
hgqmflGtåf/f jt{ d fg bnfn
k'FhLjfbL ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] cGTo
u/L g]kfnL ljz]iftfsf] ;dfhjfb
:yfkgf ug]{ p2]Zodf hgtfnfO{
w| " j Ls[ t / s] l Gb| s [ t ub} { cuf8L
al9/x] s f] 5 . oxL ;Gbe{ d f
s~rg ufpFkflnsf sfo{ ;ldltsf
tkm{ b ] l v hg;/f] s f/sf dfux¿
;d]6L o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu
oL dfux¿ k] z ub{ 5 f} + .
xfd| f dfux¿M–
!= s~rg ufpF k flnsf If] q
leqsf e" l dxLg, ;' s ' D af;L,
cJojl:yt nufot c:yfoL
k|s[ltsf hUuf gfkL ug]{ / nfnk'hf{
ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ tbf?stf ;fy
cuf8L a9fO{of];\ . ;fy} nfnk'hf{
lbg] gfddf rsf]{ /fh:j c;'npk/
u/L km]/L ul/a hgtfnfO{ p7Laf;
nufpg] / ;'s'Daf;L agfpg] h'g
sfo{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ub}{5 ;f] sf]
lg/fs/0fsf nflu /fHo;Fu
ufpFkflnsfåf/f dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
lgaf{x ul/of];\ .
@= xfn /x]sf] ufpFkflnsfsf]
ejg If] q sf] hUufdf aiff} { + b ] v L
:yfgLo ls;fgx¿n] hf]tef]u Pj+
a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsfdf ejg lgdf{0f
k|s[of cuf8L a9fPkl5 :yfgLo
g]kfn cfon lgud lnld6]8
kmf]g g+=+ $@^@(&), km\ofS; M $@^#$&!
ls;fgx¿ cfGbf]lnt ePsf lyP .
;f] ;dodf ldlt @)&$–)(–@*
df hUufwgL, ufpF k flnsf /
:yfgLoaf;L aLr kLl8t
ls;fgx¿nfO{ hUuf pknAw u/fpg]
;xdlt ePsf] lyof] t/ clxn];Dd
sfof{Gjog ePsf]5}g . ctM pQm
:yfgLoaf;L;F u ePsf] ;xdlt
clenDa sfof{Gjog ul/of];\ .
#= s~rg ufpFkflnsfåf/f lbOg]
;a} ;] j f;' l jwf l56f] 5l/tf] /
kf/blz{ Pj+ ;xh¿kdf agfpg'sf
;fy} cgfjZos emGem6 lbg] sfo{sf]
cGTo ul/of];\ .
$= ufpFkflnsfn] lng] ;a} s/
clt dx+uf] ePsfn] s/ 36fO{of];\ .
%= s~rg ufpF k flnsfn]
dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{o ln+bf Psn lg0f{o
gu/L xfdL / xfdL ;a} s f]
ufpFkflnsf eGg] ckgTj dxz';
x' g ] u/L ;j{ b nLo / ;j{ k IfLo
lg0f{odf hf]8 lbOof];\ .
^= gful/ssf d'ne"t clwsf/
lzIff, :jf:Yo / vfg] k fgL h:tf
ljifodf :yfgLo lgsfo u+ l e/
agf] ; . lzIffdf b] l vPsf] ljs[ t L
/ la;+utL cGTosf nflu
;fd' b foLs ljBfnon] ;+ : yfut
ljBfno;F u k| l t:kwf{ ug] { gfddf
cgfjZos ¿kdf lnOg] z' N s
t' ? Gt vf/] h u/L ;+ : yfut
ljBfnon] lng] rsf] { z' N s dfly
lgoGq0f ul/of];\ . ;fy} :jf:Yodf
;a}sf] kx'Frsf nflu kxFr gk'u]sf
:yfgx¿df :jf:Yorf}sLsf]
:yfkgf nflu kxn ul/of] ; \ .
To;} u /L …lkpgsf nfuL kfgL x} g
hLpgsf nflu z' 4 kfgLÚ eGg]
cjwf/0ff ljsf;sf nflu
ufpF k flnsfsf] Wofg hfcf] ; \ .
&= ufpFkflnsfleq x'g]
sfnf] a hf/L, rsf] { d" N o, cvfB
j:t'sf] ldnfj6 h:tf sfo{ /f]Sgsf
nflu j:t'sf] d"No 7f]; ug]{ sfo{sf]
lz3|¿kdf nfu' ul/of]; / ;do
;dodf ufpF k flnsfn] cg' u dg
sfo{sf] yfngL u/f];\ .
*= jiff}{+b]vL ls;fgx¿n] v]Kb}
cfPsf ;d:ofx¿ ;dod} aLs–
ljhg, dn / l;+ r fO{ h:tf
;d:ofsf] xn ul/of];\ /
ls;fgåf/f pTkflbt j:t' s f]
ahf/Ls/0fsf nflu sfo{ o f] h gf
agfO{ t' ? Gt nfu' ul/of] ; \ .
(= ljsf;sf gfddf cfly{s
jif{sf] cGTodf sfdsf] yfngL ug]{
/ xFr'jfdf ah]6 vGofpg] clg
u'0f:t/Lo sfd gx'g] kl/kf6Lsf]
cGTo u/L plrt ;do /
k|fyldstfdf ah]6 lgsf;f u/L
ljsf; lgdf{0f ul/of];\ .
!)= ufpFkflnsfleq x'g] ljsf;
lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df pkef]Qmf ;ldtL
u7g bnut :jfy{ cg'¿k ug]{
kl/kf6Lsf] cGTo ul/ ;DalGwt
If] q sf hgtfsf] pkl:ytLdf
;dfj]zL 9+un] u7g ul/of];\ .
!!= 6f]nlasf; ;ldltx¿nfO{
cfly{s¿kn] alnof] agfO{
6f] n leqsf ;fgf ljsf; lgdf{ 0 f
sfo{ d f ;l/s u/fpg] / j8fn]
To:tf sfo{ s f] ;xhLs/0f /
cg' u dg ul/of] ; \ . 6f] n lasf;
;ldtLaf6 of] h gf 5gf} 6 /
k| f ydLs/0f ug] { qmddf clt
cfjZos 7fpF d f ug{ ' k g] { sfo{
k|fyldstfdf gkg]{ t/ kx'Fr /
bnut :jfy{ s f] e/df k| f yldstf
lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{ cGTo u/L plrt
ta/n] k| f ydLs/0f ul/of] ; \ .
!@= ld6/Aofh Pj+ n3'ljQsf]
rsf]{ Jofhsf sf/0f ;j{;fwf/0f
hgtf 7luPsf 5g\ . lt ljQLo
;+:yfx¿n] 3/–3/df hfg] wDsfpg]
/ ha/h:tL ug] {ul//x]sf 5g\ .
o;/L ul/a hgtfnfO{ 7Ug] /
p7Laf; nufpg] JolQm /
;+:yfx¿nfO{ sf/afxL ul/of];\ /
kLl8tx¿nfO{ Gofo lbnfO{of];\ .
!#= nfu' c f} i fw Pj+ b' J o{ ; g
lgoGq0f ul/of];\ . ;fy} b'Jo{;g
d'Qm ufpFkflnsf agfpgsf nflu
;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu 5nkmn u/L
sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbOof];\ .
!$= ufpFkflnsfaf6 x'g] Gofo
;Dkfbg l9nf;':tL x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
Gofo / cGofo aLrsf] km/s
g5' 6 \ o fO{ plrt ta/n] Gofo
;Dkfbg gubf{ hgtfn] Gofo
kfpg'sf] ;§f cGofodf k/]sf 5g\ .
t;{y l56f] / 5l/tf] 9+un] Gofo
;Dkfbg u/L plrt Gofosf nfuL
kxn ul/of];\ .
!%= s~rg ufpFkflnsfsf gbL
s6fgIf]qdf t6aGwg u/L e"–Io
lgoGq0fdf hf]8 lbOof];\ .
!^= cGwljZjf;, s'/Llt, hftLo
lje] b cflb h:tf ;fdflhs
;d:ofx¿sf] cGTosf nflu
hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ul/of];\ .
!&= ljsf; lgdf{ 0 f tyf
lgsf;Lsf] 7]Ssfk§f ubf{ jf lbFbf
kf/bzL{ 9+un] ul/of];\ .
xfd|f] kf6L{n] /fv]sf pk/f]Qm
hg;/f]sf/sf dfux¿nfO{
ulDe/tfk' j { s lnO{ cfjZos
k| l qmof ldnfO{ sfof{ G jogdf
hfg' x ' g ] 5 eGg] d f xfdL k" 0 f{
cfzfjfbL 5f}+ . olb xfd|f
dfux¿k|lt a]jf:tf ul/Pdf xfdL
r/0fj4 ;+3if{df hfg afWo x'g5 ] f}+ .Ú
cIf/ 6'Sof{P/ n]lvg] Jofs/0f vf/]h
sf7df8f}F . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]
cIf/ 6'Sof{P/ n]lvg] Jofs/0f vf/]h
ul/lbPsf] 5 . GofofwLzx¿ ;kgf
k|wfg dNn / ;f/+uf ;'jb] Lsf] ;+oQ
' m
Ohnf;n] l6Kk0fL cfb]zsf e/df j0f{
ljGof; / Jofs/0f kl/jt{g ug{ gx'g]
km};nf u/]sf] xf] . ;jf]{Rrsf] of]
km} ; nf;F u } lzIff dGqfnosf
tTsfnLg lzIff ;lrj lszf]/ yfkfn]
tTsfnLg lzIffdGqL bLgfgfy
zdf{;dIf @)^( ;fpg !& df
;Dkfbg tyf k| s fzg z} n L
k'l:tsfsf] j0f{ ljGof;;DaGwL l6Kk0fL
cfb]z ab/ ePsf] 5 . tTsfnLg
lzIffdGqL zdf{n] @)^( ;fpg @@
df l6Kk0fL cfb]z ;b/ u/]sf lyP .
…;f] l6Kk0fL cfb]z g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !##-#_ adf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf]
cfb] z n] ab/ u/L kfpmF Ú l/6
lgj]bssf] dfu lyof] .
g] k fnL efiffsf] j0f{ l jGof;
lauf/]sf] eGb} kqsf/åo 6k]Gb|axfb'/
sfsL{ / :jfut g]kfn ;fy} anb]j
zdf{ clwsf/L, nfnfgfy ;'j]bL,
dx]Zj/ Gof}kfg] nufotn] 5'§f5'§}
rf/j6f l/6 lgj]bg btf{ u/]sf lyP .
;jf]R{ rn] sfsL{ / g]kfnn] btf{ u/]sf]
l/6 hf/L u/]sf] xf] . ;jf]{Rrn] zdf{
clwsf/Lsf] l/6 lgj]bg cf+lzs l/6
hf/L u/]sf] 5 eg] ;'jb] L / Gof}kfg]sf]
l/6 lgj]bg eg] vf/]h u/]sf] 5 .
sfsL{ / g]kfnn] @)&# ebf} @$
df btf{ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg cf7 jif{kl5
…l/6 hf/LÚ ePsf] xf] . cu|flwsf/ kfPsf]
;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] d'2f k6s–k6s
k];L r9] klg x]g{ gEofOg] / :ylutdf
kb}{ cfPsf] lyof] .
…@)&@ kmfu'g @*, @( / #)
ut] sfF s /le§fdf k| f of] l ht
…cGt/f{li6«o g]kfnL efiff ;Ëf]i7LÚsf
lg0f{ox¿ xfn sfof{Gjog x'gl] alQs}
…/fli6«o lae'lt uptd\ a'4Ú tyf
…/fi6«klt lawofb]la eG8fl/Ú n]Vg'kg]{
x'G5, gq ljBfyL{n] bl08t x'gk' g]{
lglZrt 5 . /, k'/fg} ¿kdf z'4
n]Vbf;d]t cz'4 dfgL cg'QL0f{ 7fgL
kl/0ffd cfPkl5 cfTdxTof
ug{k' g]; { Ddsf] l:ylt gcfpnf eGg
;lsGg . o:tf k"jj{ t\ ¿kdf efiffsf]
ljsf;sf qmddf z'4 dflgFb} cfOPsf]
/ ;f]xL cg';f/ ;/sf/L k|sfzg a[xb\
g]kfnL zAbsf]zn] dfGotf lbPsf
zAbnfO{ xfn cz'4 dfgL ;f] lg0f{o
adf]lhd xfn}sf] ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf]
sIff ;ftsf] clgjfo{ g]kfnL ljifosf]
k' : ts g] k fnL sIff & sf]
kf7\ok':tssf] kf7 ! sf] kl/ro
zLif{ssf] sljtfsf slj l;l4r/0f
>]i7sf] gfd k'/fgf]nfO{ cz'4 dfgL
gofF z'4 egL …l;l4r/0fÚ agfO{
k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L kf7
% sf] k[i7 ;+Vof #^ / #& df
emsds'df/L l3ld/]sf] dbg k'/:sf/
k|fKt k':ts …hLjg sfF8f ls k"mnÚ
nfO{ …k" m nÚ sf] :yfgdf …k' m nÚ
agfOPsf] 5 eg] …sfF8s } fF8fsf] aLrdf
k'mn]sL Ps ;'Gb/ k'mnÚ elgPsf] 5 .
h;sf] cy{ :yflkt zAbsf] z
cg';f/ emds s'df/L s'v/' Lsf] k'mn
eGg] x'G5 . To;}u/L k[i7 #( df
…l;4fy{Ú nfO{ l;4fy{ agfOPsf] 5
eg] …af}l4sÚ nfO{ af}l4s agfOPsf]
5 . oL pbfx/0fx¿h:t} kl5Nnf]
k6s s]xL ;do cl3 dfq rfn'
z}lIfs ;qsf nflu k|sflzt ;a}
clgjfo{ g]kfnL kf7\ok':tsdf o:t}
k|sf/sf :yflkt lgodnfO{ cz'4
dfg]/ k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 eg] afFsL
sIff !) sf] ;f]xL adf]lhd xfn;Dd
k| o f] u df /x] s f] / dfGotfk| f Kt
;' : yflkt Jofs/0f tyf j0f{
ljGof;sf] lgodnfO{ vf/]h u/]sf]
PskIfLo lg0f{osf cfwf/df j0f{
ljGof;sf] z}nL / Jofs/0f k|of]u u/L
ljkIfLx¿n] k|sflzt ug]{ of]hgfdf
/x]sf 5g\Ú, l/6df pNn]v lyof] .
lzIff dGqfnodftxtsf]
kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|n] cfˆgf] k'/fgf]
…;Dkfbg k|sfzg z}nLÚ df kl/dfh{g
ug]{ lg0f{o u/]kl5 efiff ljjfbdf d'2f
k/]sf] xf] . ;/sf/L lg0f{oadf]lhd
kl5Nnf] ;do rnfOPsf] j0f{ljGof;
vf/]h u/L o;cl3 k|rngdf /x]s}
j0f{ l jGof; sfod u/fpg l/6
lgj]bssf] dfu lyof] .
lgj]bgdf tTsfn} pQm efiffdf k|sfzg
ePsf kf7\ok':ts /f]sL k'/fg}cg';f/
cWoog–cWofkg u/fpg cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L dfu ul/Psf] lyof] .
lgj] b gdf k| w fgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{no, lzIff dGqfno,
lzIff ;lrj, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|,
k| f Wofks x] d fË/fh clwsf/L,
tTsfnLg lzIffdGqL bLgfgfy zdf{,
lqe' j g ljZjljBfno, lqlj
pks' n kltnufljkIfL agfOPsf]
lyof] . @)&# ;fpgdf …efiff arfp
cfGbf] n gÚ sf ;+ o f] h s anb] j
clwsf/Ln] clVtof/ b' ¿ kof] u
cg';Gwfg cfof]udf ;d]t ph'/L
u/]sf lyP . pgsf] l/6 lgj]bg
…cf+lzs hf/LÚ ePsf] lyof] .
o;} d'2fdf ut ;fpg $ df
;jf]R{ rn] Plds; So'/L -cbfntnfO{
/fo lbg] lj1_ dufpg] cfb]z u/]sf]
lyof] . GofofwLzx¿ s'df/ r'8fn /
ljgf]b zdf{sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n]
j0f{ljGof;sf ljifodf /fo lbg g]kfn
af/ P;f]l;P;gaf6 g]kfnL efiffdf
bVvn /fVg] sfg"gsf lj1;Fu /fo
dfu]sf] lyof] .
…;+ : s[ l t -;D±:±s[ ± lt_ n]
dfgj–;dfhnfO{ ;Eo / cg'zfl;t
x'g k|]l/t u/]sf] 5 . efiff dfgjLo
;DklQ xf] . o;}u/L ;+:s[lt klg
dfgjLo ;DklQ xf] . ;+:s[t efiff /
;+ : s[ l tsf aLrdf cGof] G ofl>t
;DaGw 5 . ;+:s[t lnR5ljsfnLg
g]kfnsf] /fhefiff lyof] . o;sf/0f
;+:s[t g]kfnsf] cfˆg} efiff xf] .
g]kfnL efiff ;+:s[taf6} ag]sf] oyfy{
;j{:jLsfo{ ePsf] ;Gbe{df zAblgdf{0f–
k|lqmofsf clwsf+z ljwfgx¿ ;+:s[t;Fu
ldNbfh'Nbf b]lvG5g\ .
g] k fnL efiffsf] lnlklrXg,
;lGwlgod, zAbJo'Tkfbg / kbof]u–
kbljof]u h:tf s'/fdf ;+:s[tsf]
k| e fj :ki6tM b] l vG5 .
pRrf/0fljlwdf klg ;+:s[t efiff /
g]kfnL efiffdf k|foM ;dfgtf 5 .
g]kfnL efiffsf] ;f]emf] ;fOgf]
;+:s[t;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . g]kfnL efiff
n]Vbf k|of]u ul/g] j0f{ljGof;sf] k|of]u
;doqmd;Fu} cem} ;/nLs[t x'bF } uof]
/ o;nfO{ ;a}n] k5\ofpFb; } d]t cfP .
h:t} xfdLn] clxn] n]Vb} cfPsf j0f{
c, em, 0f klxn] cs}{ z}nLdf n]lvGy] .
efiff hlt ;xh / ;/n aGb}
hfG5 To;nfO{ k|of]u ug]x{ ¿sf] ;+Vof
klg a9\b} hfG5 . lxhf] lnR5jLsfnLg
;dodf af] l ng] efiff, To;kl5
dNnsfndf / zfxfsfndf af]lng]
efiffsf] ;+:s[taf6 ¿kfGtl/t x'Fb}
l;+hfaf6 g]kfnL efiffsf] ljsf; x'Fb}
clxn] g]kfnL efiff g]kfndf ;a}eGbf
a9L af]lng] efiffsf] ljsf;;Dd
cfOk'Ubf efiffsf] af]No -jfRo_ kIf
/ n]Vo kIfsf] clxn] ;Ddsf] jf:tljs
l:ylt s] xf] eGg] a'‰g ;lsG5 .Ú ;f]
l/6df pNn] v ul/Psf] lyof] .
;jf]R{ rn] btf{ ePsf] * jif{kl5 …l/6
hf/LÚ u/]sf] xf] . ;jf]{Rrn] k|1f
k|lti7fg, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno,
kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf] If]qflwsf/sf]
klg JofVof u/]sf] 5 .
 @)*! ;fn c;f/ !^ ut] cfOtaf/
g]kfnsf] å}w k//fi6« gLlt / vt/fsf] ;+st]
g] k fnn] kl5Nnf] ;dodf
ckgfPsf] å]w k//fi6« gLltn] vt/fsf]
;+st] b]vfPsf] 5 . sltkon] g]kfnn]
o'qm]gsf] lgolt ef]Ug] l6Kk0fL klg
ub}{cfPsf 5g\ . Psflt/ sfuh /
d'vn] c;+nUg k//fi6« gLlteGg]
8f= s]zj b]jsf]6f
g]6f]nfO{ Ps k|sf/sf] ;fd"lxs ;'/Iff k|0ffnL
dflgG5 . h;df ;b:o ePsf /fi6«x¿ t]>f]
kIfx¿sf] cfqmd0flj?4 Pscsf{sf] /Iff ug{
k|lta4 5g\ . g]6f] afNsg, dWok"j{, blIf0f
Plzof / clk|msfdf ;}Go cleofgx¿df ;+nUg
/x]sf] 5 . ;a} g]6f] ;b:ox¿sf] ;+oQ' m ;]gfdf
nueu #% nfv ;}lgs / sd{rf/Lx¿ ;dfj]z /x]sf] atfOG5 .
g]6f]sf] u7g x'Fbf !@ ;+:yfks ;b:ox¿ /x]sf lyP . h;df
cGo gofF ;b:ox¿ klg ylkPsf 5g\ . o'qm]gn] pQm g]6f]df
;xeflu x'g rfx]sf] t/ ?;n] /f]Sg] k|of; u/]sf sf/0f o'4
z'?ePsf] lyof] . g]kfn lajfbf:kb cd]l/sL of]hgf Pd;L;Ldfkm{t\
cfOlkP;sf] c+u ag]sf] / cd]l/sf;Fu leqleq} P;kLkLdf x:tfIf/
u/]sf s'/fx¿ klg aflx/ cfPsf 5g\ .
ul/Psf] 5eg] csf{lt/ Aojxf/n]
cd]l/sL ;}Go ;+u7g g]6f]df ;+nUgtf
a9fpFb} nu]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnn]
?;–o'qm]g o'4df o'qm]gsf] ;dy{g u/]/
cfk"mnfO{ g]6f] lgs6 /x]sf] b]vfPsf]
lyof] eg] Oh/fon–xdf; o'4df
Kofn]i6fOgx¿nfO{ cft+ssf/L 3f]if0ff
u/]/ cfk"mnfO{ cd]l/sf / g]6f]sf]
kIfdf /x]sf] :ki6 u/]sf] lyof] .
Oh/fon xdf; o'4 hf/L 5 . hxfF
s}og g]kfnL gful/sx¿ ckx/0fdf
k/]sf 5g\ . em08} #% xhf/eGbf
a9Lsf] Hofg u};s]sf] 5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/
ljefun] ut !! ut] d+ u naf/
;/sf/L d'vkq uf]/vfkqdf Ps
;"rgf k|sflztu/L *)) sfdbf/
Oh/fon k7fpg] eg]sf] 5 . To;tkm{
hfg OR5'sx¿n] !! ut]sf] ldltn]
@! lbgleq cfj] b g lbg;lsg]
elgPsf] 5 . ;f] ;"rgfdf g]kfn /
Oh/fon ;/sf/aLr ePsf] >d
;Demf}tfcg';f/ Oh/fonsf nflu
bL3{sfnLg :ofxf/ s]Gb|df g]kfnL
;xfos sfdbf/ k7fpFb} cfPsfn] ;f]
s]Gb|df aRrf, o'jf tyf ^% jif{
ggf3]sf uDeL/ ckf+utf ePsf
JolQmx¿sf] :ofxf/sf] nflu ;xfos
sfdbf/sf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ ' k g] {
elgPsf] 5 . hasL ;f]xL dGqfnon]
)*) sf] c;f]h @! ut] Ps ;"rgf
k|sflzt u/]/ Oh/fondf /f]huf/Ldf
hfgsf nflu /f]snufPsf] lyof] . ;f]
;"rgfdf g]kfnsf] k//fi6« dGqfnon]
…g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf; t]n clee,
Oh/fonaf6 k| f Kt kl5Nnf]
hfgsf/Lcg' ; f/ Oh/fonsf]
ufhf;Fusf] ;Ldfgf nufotsf If]qdf
ePsf] kl5Nnf] cfqmd0fdf k/L !)
hgf g]kfnL gful/sx¿n] Hofg
u'dfPsf], Pshgf ;Dks{ljlxg /x]sf]
/ s]xL 3fO{t] cj:yfdf /x]sf] k'li6
ePsf]Ú pNn]vub}{ Oh/fonaf6 :jb]z
kms{g O{R5's g]kfnL gful/sx¿sf]
laj/0f ;+sngsf nflu k//fi6«
dGqfno, t]n cleel:yt g]kfnL
/fhb"tfjf; / Oh/fon ;/sf/sf]
;dGjodf cgnfOg /lhi6«]zgsf]
tof/L eO{/x]sf] hgfPsf] lyof] 5 .
;f] ;" r gfdf åGbu| : t If] q af6
g]kfnLx¿sf] oyflz3| p4f/ ug{ g]kfn
;/sf/ k"0f{¿kdf k|ltj4 /x]sf] 5
elgPsf] lyof] . ;f] o'4df x/fO/x]sf
g]kfnLx¿sf] xfn;Dd kQf]nfUg ;s]sf]
5}g . ToxfFsf] o'4df;d]t Oh/fonsf
tkm{af6 g]kfnL ;fd]n ePsf] cfz+sf
ul/Pklg ;/sf/n] To;af/] :ki6ug{
;s]sf] 5}g .
?;–o'qm]g o'4df klg g]kfnsf]
;/sf/n] ?;L ;]gfdf /x]sf g]kfnLnfO{
kmsf{pg] ;fdfGo kxn u/]sf] lyof]eg]
o'qm]gL ;]gfdf /x]sf g]kfnLk|lt a]jf:tf
u/]sf] lyof] . xfn;Dd klg ?; /
o'qm]g b'at} km{sf] ;}Go df]rf{df g]kfnL
gful/s /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . s] xf]
c;+nUg k//fi6« gLlt < / xfn
g]kfnsf] ;/sf/n] To;cg';f/sf]
Jojxf/ ul//x]sf] 5ls 5}g eGg]af/]df
klg laleGg tx / tKsfdf ax;x¿
e}/x]sf 5g\ . ;/;lt{ x]bf{ ;g\ !($%
df ePsf] bf]>f] ljZjo'4kl5sf]
zLto'4sfnLg ;dodf ljZj b'O{ w|j" df
ljeQm ePkl5 …c;+nUgÚ gLltsf]
ax; z' ? ePsf] dflgG5 .
larf/wf/fsf lx;fan];d]t ljeflht
b'O{ w|j" dWo] Pp6fsf] g]tT[ j cd]l/sf
/ csf]{sf] tTsfnLg zf]leot ;+3n]
u/]sf lyP . tL afx]s Tolta]nfsf
zlQm /fi6«x¿sf] pklgj]zaf6 ev{/}
d'QmePsf d'n'snfO{ t]>f] ljZjsf
b]zx¿ elgPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(%)
sf] bzsb]lv z'?ePsf] …c;+nUg
cfGbf]gnÚ !(^! df ;+:yfut ePsf]
lyof] . To;kl5 t]>f] ljZjsf s]xL
d'n'sx¿n] tTsfnLg ;dodf b'O{
w|"jsf] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf cd]l/sf /
zf]leot ;+3sf] kIfdf /x]sf afx]ssf
/fi6«x¿ ;+ul7t eP/ …c;+nUg k//fi6«
gLltÚ cufl8 ;f/]sf lyP . c;+nUg
cfGbf]ngsf] p2]Zo Tolta]nfsf b'O{
dxfzlQm cd]l/sf / zf]leot ;+3n]
agfPsf ;}Go u7aGwg …g]6f]Ú / …af;f{
KofS6Ú b'j}af6 cnu /xg' lyof] .
elgG5 ;g\ !(%) df ;+ o ' Q m
/fi6«;3+ sf] a}7sdf klxnf]k6s ef/t
/ o'uf]:nfleofn] …c;+nUgtfÚ ;DaGwL
cjwf/0ffnfO{ cl3;f/]sf lyP . ;g\
!(%^ sf] h'nfO{df o'uf]:nfleofsf
/fi6«klt df;{n hf];k] m l66f], ef/tLo
k| w fgdGqL hjfx/nfn g] x ¿ /
OlhK6sf /fi6«klt udfn cAb'n
gfl;/n] c;+nUgtf;DaGwL Pp6f
3f]if0ffkqg} tof/ kf/]/ x:tfIf/;d]t
ug'e{ Psf] lyof] . g]kfneg] ;g\ !(%%
b]lvg} c;+nUg cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL
/xFbc } fPsf] lyof] . Tolta]nf c;+nUg
gLltdf Ps–csf{sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf /
ef} u f] l ns cv08tfsf] ;Ddfg,
cgfqmd0f, cx:tIf]k, ;dfgtf /
kf/:kl/s nfe, zflGtk"0f{ ;x–
cl:tTjh:tf c;+nUg cfGbf]ngn]
:yflkt u/]sf k~rzLnsf l;4fGtx¿
;dfj]z ul/Psf lyP . To;}u/L pQ/
P6\nflG6s ;lGw ;+u7g -g]6f]_ Ps
cGt/;/sf/L ;}Go u7aGwg xf] .
o;sf ;b:ox¿df o' / f] k ] n L /
cd]l/sL /fi6«x¿ kb{5g\ . bf]>f]
ljZjo'4kl5 :yfkgf ePsf] ;f] ;+:yfn]
;g\ !($( clk|n rf/df cd]l/sfsf]
jflz+6g l8;Ldf x:tfIf/ ul/Psf]
pQ/ P6nflG6s ;lGwsf gLltx¿sf]
cg'z/0f ug]{u/]sf] 5 .
g]6f]nfO{ Ps k|sf/sf] ;fd"lxs
;'/Iff k|0ffnL dflgG5 . h;df ;b:o
ePsf /fi6« x ¿ t] > f] kIfx¿sf]
cfqmd0flj?4 Pscsf{sf] /Iff ug{
k|lta4 5g\ . g]6f] afNsg, dWok"j,{
blIf0f Plzof / clk|msfdf ;}Go
cleofgx¿df ;+nUg /x]sf] 5 . ;a}
g]6f] ;b:ox¿sf] ;+o'Qm ;]gfdf
nueu #% nfv ;}lgs / sd{rf/Lx¿
;dfj]z /x]sf] atfOG5 . g]6f]sf] u7g
x'Fbf !@ ;+:yfks ;b:ox¿ /x]sf
lyP . h;df cGo gofF ;b:ox¿ klg
ylkPsf 5g\ . o'qm]gn] pQm g]6f]df
;xeflu x'g rfx]sf] t/ ?;n] /f]Sg]
k|of; u/]sf sf/0f o'4 z'?ePsf]
lyof] . g]kfn lajfbf:kb cd]l/sL
of]hgf Pd;L;Ldfkm{t\ cfOlkP;sf]
c+u ag]sf] / cd]l/sf;Fu leqleq}
P;kLkLdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf s'/fx¿
klg aflx/ cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf]
;/sf/n] cfOlkP;sf] c+u ePsf] /
P;kLkLdf leqleq} x:tfIf/ u/]sf]
cf}krfl/s¿kdf :jLsf/ gu/]klg
sltko cd] l /sL b:tfa] h x¿n]
k'li6u/]sf 5g\ . )*) efb| @@ ut]
g]skf gjnk/f;Ln] cfof]hgf u/]sf]
…Pd;L;L kl/of] h gf / /fli6« o
:jflwgtfsf] k|ZgÚ ljifos cGt/lqmof
sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ ;f] kf6L{sf
:yfoL ;ldlt ;b:o clgn lj/xLn]
Pd;L;L cfOlkP;sf] c+u ePsf]
7f]sj' f ug'e{ Psf] lyof] . Tolta]nf g]tf
lj/xLn] ;fd|fHojfbL rnv]n / bnfn
g]t[Tjsf] sf/0f Pd;L;L hah{:tL
sfo{Gjog u/fpg vf]lhPsf];d]t
atfpg' ePsf] lyof] . …cfOlkP;Ú
cd]l/sfn] cufl8 ;f/]sf] OG8f]–
Kofl;lkms /0fgLlt xf] . )&* df
g]sf+sf ;efklt z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf]
g]skf wg'iffåf/f rsf]{ d'Noj[l4, n3'ljQsf]
HofbtL / ld6/ JofhLlj?4 k|bz{g
sf7df8f}F . g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{
wg'iffn] rsf]{ d'Noj[l4, n3'ljQsf] HofbtL
/ ld6/ JofhLlj?4 lj/f]w k|bz{g u/]sf]
5 . ;f] kf6L{n] ;f]daf/ rsf]{ d'Noj[l4
n3'ljQsf] HofbtL / ld6/ JofhLlj?4
dvgfxfb]lv gu/kflnsf;Dd x'Fb}
rf}tf/f;Dd lj/f]w k|bz{g;lxt sf]0f ;ef
;DkGg u/]sf] xf] . dw]; k|bz] sf] lg0f{o
cg';f/ ePsf] k|bz{gdf g]skfsf lklaPd
tyf wg'iff OGrfh{ b]jgf/fo0f ;Ln] g]tT[ j
u/]sf lyP .
pQm sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{
g]skfsf lklaPd tyf wg'iff OGrfh{
b]jgf/fo0f ;Ln] g]kfnL gful/ssf]
hLjg cefjnfO{ j} 1 flgs
;dfhjfbn] dfq cGTo ug]{ atfP .
pgn] hgtfsf] hLjg ;'ljwf ;DkGg
ug{ g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] g]tT[ jdf
7
hftLo 36gfsf] bf]ifLnfO{ sf/afxL u/
g]t[Tjdf ag]sf] u7aGwg ;/sf/n]
sf7df8f} F . >lds ;d' b fo
df]rf{, g]kfnn] sflnsf]6df ;f]daf/
;fy} nf] s tflGqs xs clwsf/ /
dfgjclwsf/sf] 3f] / pNn+ 3 g
g]kfnnfO{ cfOlkP;sf] c+u agfPsf] ;fFem ePsf] hftLo 36gfsf] eT;gf{ ePsf] 5 .
/ leqleq} P;kLkL :jLsf/ u/]sf]eGb} ub} { bf] i fLnfO{ s8f sf/afxL / t;y{, o; 36gfsf] ;TotYo
laleGg ax;x¿ klg x'bF c } fPsf 5g\ . 3fOt]sf] pkrf/ ug{ dfu u/]sf] 5fglag u/L bf]ifLnfO{ ;hfo /
)*) sflt{s !$ ut] g]kfnsf 5 . df]rf{sf s]Gb|Lo cWoIf /fdnfn kLl8tnfO{ Gofo k|bfg ug{'sf ;fy}
tTsfnLg k//fi6«dlGq PgkL ;fpb
;Ln] d+unaf/ Ps lj1KtL hf/L lgMz'Ns pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ug{ xfd|f]
/ cd] l /sL ljb] z dGqL PG6f] g L
lAnª\ s ] g aLr cd] l /sL ljb] z
dGqfnodf låkIfLo e]6jftf{ ePsf]
lyof] . pQm e] 6 df g] k fn /
cd]l/sfsf ljleGg ljifodf 5nkmn
ePsf] elgPsf] lyof] . To;}qmddf b'O{
b]zsf ljb]zdGqLn] If]qLo tyf
cGt/f{ l i6« o ;femf rf;f] s f
ljifodf;d] t 5nkmn ePsf] /
cd]l/sfn] g]kfnnfO{ cfOlkP;df
;+nUg /xFb}cfPsf]df wGojfb lbPsf]
;dfrf/ aflx/ cfPsf] lyof] .
To;}u/L g]kfnL ;]gfsf k|wfg
;] g fkltnufotsf
clwsf/Lx¿n] ef/tsf] gofF lbNnLdf
;} l gs
)*) c;f] h cf7 ut] b ] l v !)
ut];Dd ;~rfng ePsf] …OG8f]–
Kofl;lkms cfld{H; lrkm sGk|m]G;Ú -
cfO{kLP;L;L_ df ;xeflutf hgfpg'
ePsf] lyof] eg] ci6«l] nofsf] l;8gLdf
ePsf] csf]{ Ps ;Dd]ngdf klg efu
lng'ePsf] lyof] . hlta]nf g]kfnsf]
;] g fnfO{ cfOlkP;df ;xefuL
u/fPsf]df ;/sf/sf] cfnf]rgf;d]t
ePsf] lyof] . kl5Nnf lbgdf g]kfnsf]
;/sf/df /x] s fx¿n] …c;+ n Ug
k//fi6« gLltsf] /6fg w]/} ePsf]Ú eGb} ub}{ ;f] dfu u/]sf x'g\ . df]rf{ g]kfn ;/sf/ / :yfgLo k|zf;g
ljZj kl/l:ylt;Fu} o;sf] kl/jt{gsf] o; ljifodf >lds ;d'bfo df]rf{, ;dIf hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 .
cfjZoQmfaf/] s'/f p7fPsf] b]lvPsf] g]kfnsf s]Gb|Lo cWoIf /fdnfn ;Ln] ;fy}, of] bnfn ;+;bLo Joj:yf
5 . ;bgb]lv ;fj{hlgs d~r;Dddf hf/L u/]sf] lj1lKt o;k|sf/ /x]sf] / o;sf ;~rfns /fhgLlts
…s] g]kfnn] c;+nUg k//fi6« gLlt 5– …sflnsf] 6 lhNnf knfF t f kf6L{x¿ Gofok|]dL / ;dtfd"ns
5f8]sf] xf] <Ú eGg] k|Zgx¿ klg p7\g] ufpFkflnsf–(, lyk{s ' f] afv]{ ahf/df geP;Dd o;k|sf/sf 36gf e}/fVg]
u/]sf 5g\ . of] k|Zg ;g\ @)@@ sf]
@)*! c;f/ !) ut] :yfgLo 8an ePsf]n] Joj:yf kl/jt{gsf] kIfdf
km]ac'| /L @@ df ?; / o'qm]gdf hf/L ;'gf/ / dfgaxfb'/ ;'gf/nfO{ ;f]xL nfUg ckl/xfo{ e};s]sf] ;DalGwt
o'4sf] ljifodf ;+oQ' m /fi6«;3+ df ePsf]
:yfgsf xif{axfb'/ ad / g/ ad ;a} kIfdf xflb{s cfXjfg ub{5f}+ .Ú
dtbfgkl5 rsf]¿ { kdf p7]sf] lyof] . nufotsf bh{gf}+ JolQmx¿n] hftut o;}aLr, lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no,
g]kfnn] o'qm]gdflysf] xdnf /fi6«;3+ sf]
ckdfg bzf{pg] ufnLunf}h u/L sflnsf]6sf l8P;kL ch{'g >]i7n]
a8fkq lakl/t ePsf]eGb} ?;nfO{ s'6lk6 u/L ;Qm 3fOt] agfPsf] 36gfdf ;+nUg xif{ adnfO{ lu/ˆtf/
/f]Sg] cfu|x;lxtsf] kq n]vk] l5 g]kfn
36gfk|lt xfd|f] df]rf{sf] uDeL/ u/L cfjZos cg';Gwfg ul//x]sf] /
g]6f]lt/ nxl;Psf] eGg] yk lajfb
l;h{gf ePsf] lyof] . ;+oQ' m /fi6«;3+ sf] Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . lxhf] a]n'sL cGonfO{ klg lu/ˆtf/ u/L yk
dfgj clwsf/ kl/ifb\sf] h]g]ef sl/j &M#) ah] tL kL8s cg' ; Gwfg ug] { k| o f; ul//x] s f]
JolQmx¿n] 3§af6 lk;]/ NofPsf] atfP . pgn] xfn;Dd 36gfsf]
a}7sdf /fi6«;3 + sf nflu o'qm]gsf
lk7f]sf] ef/L lgh kLl8t JolQmx¿nfO{ lgj]bg dfq} btf{ ePsf] / d'2f btf{
/fhb"tn] ?;L cfqmd0fkl5 o'qm]gdf
ePsf] dfgj clwsf/af/] cfkTsfnLg hah{:tL l;Q}df af]Sg eg]sf] / eO g;s]sf] l8P;kL atfP .
pgLx¿n] ;f] sfo{ cfk"mx¿n] ug{ sflnsf] 6 lhNnfsf] knfF t f
5nkmn ug{'kg]{ k|:tfj cufl8 ;fbf{
klg ef/t / rLg t6:y /x]eg] g;Sg] atfPkl5 ltdLx¿ 8' d , ufpFkflnsf–(, lyk{s' f] afv]{ ahf/df
sdf/f, 7"nf ePsf eGb} /8n] xfg]sf ;f]daf/ :yfgLo 8an ;'gf/ /
g]kfnn] To;sf] kIfdf dtbfg u/]/
cfˆgf] ;+nUgtf :ki6 u/]sf] lyof] . lyP . /8af6 8an ;'gf/sf] cfFvfdf dfgaxfb' / ;' g f/dfly hftLo
xfn cfP/ o'4u|:t If]q Oh/fondf uDeL/ rf]6 nfu]sf] / dfgaxfb'/ ckdfghgs ufnLunf}h / s'6lk6
g]kfnn] *)) g]kfnLnfO{ laleGg ;' g f/sf] 3fF 6 Ldf rf] 6 nfu] s f] ePsf] atfOPsf] 5 . ;f]xL :yfgsf
axdfgfdf k7fpg] k|of; ug'{ u+le/ kLl8tsf cfkmGtn] atfPsf 5g\ . xif{axfb'/ ad / g/ ad nufotsf
cfklQhgs ljifo ePsf] 5 . o;n] cfFvfdf rf]6 nfu]sf 8an ;'gf/nfO{ bh{gf}F JolQmx¿n] hftut ckdfg
g] k fnsf] k//fi6« gLlt å} w / pkrf/sf] nflu ;b/d'sfd dfGd bzf{pg] ufnLunf}h / s'6lk6 u/L
ckf/bzL{ /x]sf] klg :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . nluPsf] 5 . xfd|f] df]rf{ o;k|sf/sf] ;'gf/åonfO{ ;Vt 3fOt] agfPsf]
cfttfoL, aa{ / Pj+ cdfgjLo atfOPsf] 5 .
36gfsf] 3f]/ lgGbf Pj+ eT;gf{ ub{5 .
;f] 36gf 36] nuQ} xfd| f ]
;'gf/åon] 3§af6 lk;]/ NofPsf]
lk7f] s f] ef/L lgh kLl8t
bnfn k'FhLjfbL Joj:yfsf] cGTo /
:yfgLo df] r f{ ;+ u 7g / g] s kf
sflnsf] 6 lhNnf kf6L{ s f] tkm{ a f6
JolQmx¿nfO{ hah{:tL l;Q}df af]Sg
eg]sf] / pgLx¿n] ;f] sfo{ cfk"mx¿n]
:ynut cWoog u/L kLl8tnfO{ ug{ g;Sg] atfPkl5 ltdLx¿ 8'd,
g]kfnL ljz]iftfsf] ;dfhjfb ofgL
pkrf/df ;xhLs/0f ug] { / o; sdf/f, 7"nf ePsf eGb} /8n] xfg]sf]
j}1flgs ;dfhjfbL Joj:yf sfod
36gfsf bf]ifLnfO{ sfjf{xL u/fpg] atfOPsf] 5 . /8n] xfGbf 8an
ub}{ ;Dk"0f{ cefjsf] cGTo ug]{
k| l qmofdf nflu /flvPsf] 5 . ;'gf/sf] cfFvfdf uDeL/ rf]6 nfu]sf]
atfP . pgn] g]kfnL ljz]iftfsf]
;+ 3 Lo nf] s tflGqs u0ftGq k| f Kt / dfgaxfb'/ ;'gf/sf] 3fF6Ldf rf]6
;dfhjfbdf lzIff, :jf:Yo
ePsf] @! cf} + ztfAbLsf] cfhsf] nfu]sf] kLl8tsf cfkmGtn] atfPsf
a]/f]huf/L, ;Gt'lnt ufF;, cfw'lgs
;dodf lxhf] ;fdGtL o'us} h:tf] 5g\ . cfFvfdf rf]6 nfu]sf 8an
;'ljwf ;DkGg jfF; / skf;sf] ;fy}
l;Q} d f sfd u/fpg vf] H g] / ;'gf/nfO{ pkrf/sf] nflu ;b/d'sfd
cf7 306f sfd, cf7 306f
gdfg] s f] d f lje] b hGo ckzAb dfGd nluPsf]df ToxfF pkrf/ ;Dej
dgf] / ~hg cf7 306f cf/fd /
k|of]u ub}{ ;f+3flts cfqmd0f ug{'n] gePkl5 la/fdLnfO{ ;'v]{t l/km/
:jtGqtf ;Ddfgsf] lhDdf lng]
lgh b' a } h gf kLl8tx¿ dfly ul/Psf] g]skf sflnsf]6sf OGrfh{
cfF6;lxt g]skf ;+3if{df xf]ldPsf]
hftut lje]bsf] Jojxf/sf ;fy– ljj]s ;L=n] atfPsf 5g\ .
atfP . ;fy} pgn] g]kfnL >lds
hgtfnfO{ kf6L{sf] of] cleofgdf
hf]l8P/ ;fy lbg ckLn ;d]t u/] .
pQm sf] 0 f;ef kf6L{ s] G b| L o
n]v, /rgf;DaGwL ;"rgf
…If]Kof:qÚ ;fKtflxs / …hgva/Ú cgnfOgdf k|sfzgfy{
k| l tlgwL tyf wg' i ffdf OGrfh{
/fhs'df/L ;Ln] ;~rfng u/]sf lyP /fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o dxTjsf n]v, /rgf / tl:j/x¿ pknAw u/fO{
eg] ;efdf kf6L{ l8l;Pd dlGb/f ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g OR5's ;a}df cg'/f]w ul/G5 .
;L, kf6L{ l8l;Pd uf}/L ;L, lbk]Gb|
;L, clvn ;dfhjfbL lhNnf cWoIf If]Kof:q k|sfzg s]Gb|
/dg ;L, cg]d;+3 qmflGtsf/L dw]z yfkfufp“, sf7df8f},+ kmf]gM (*$!$)#*%!
k|b]z ;b:o ;'lgtf ;L, l8l;Pd
E-mail : chhepyastra@gmail.com
rGb/ ;L, o'jf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o dgf]h
;Lsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . janakhabar@gmail.com
 8 sf= lh= k|= sf= b= g+= !^#÷@)^#÷^$
‘lrlgof“ sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ / g]skfaLr ;xsfo{sf] jftfj/0f ag]sf] 5’ z'Ns j[l4 ug]{ lg0f{o tTsfn vf/]h u/
sf7df8f} F . g] k fn sDo' l g:6
kf6L{ s f kf] l n6Ao' / f] ;b:o tyf
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf OGrfh{ dfOnf ;Ln]
g] s kf / lrlgofF sDo' l g:6
kf6L{sfaLr ;xsfo{sf] jftfj/0f
ag] s f] atfPsf 5g\ . lrlgofF
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] lgdGq0ffdf !) lbg]
rLg e|d0f ;s]/ g]kfn kmls{Psf g]tf
dfOnf ;Ln] ;~rf/sdL{ tyf cfˆgf
g]tf sfo{stf{x¿;Fu cg'el" t ;'gfpb}
;xsfo{sf] /fd|f] jftfj/0f ag]sf]
atfPsf x'g\ . g]skf sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
;ldltn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] cGt/f{li6«o
laefusf] lgdGq0ffdf ul/Psf] rLg
cWoog e|d0f / To;sf] ;ldIff
sfo{qmddf af]Nb} pgn] rLg k'u/]
lrlgofF sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf g]tfx¿;Fu
g] k fnL sDo' l g:6 cfGbf] n g
sDo'lg:6x¿df b]lvPsf ;d:of
Pstfsf] laifodf 5nkmn ub}{ lrlgofF
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] lasfz rLgdf
ePsf] ljsfzsf] ult cfly{ s
;d'Gglt nufotsf] ljifodf cg'ej
;f6f;f6 ubf{ ;LkL;L xfdL;Fu ;xsfo{
ug{ ;sf/fTds /x]sf] atfP . pgn]
eg]– æxfd|f] e|d0f bn / ToxfFsf
laleGg k|fGtsf g]tfx¿;Fu h'g
lsl;dsf] s'/f eof] ToxfFaf6 b'a}kIf
Psfcsf{k|lt k|eflat eof}+ rLg /
g]kfndf ePsf] ;du| / sDo'lg:6
lqljsf=====
kf]v/]nnfO{ ljefuLo sf/afxL ug{
l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] lyof] . pgLx¿n]
kbLo lhDd]jf/Lcg';f/ st{Jo k"/f
gu/] s f] eGb} k/LIff lgoGq0f
sfof{ n oaf6 x6fpg k| l tj] b gdf
elgPsf] 5 .
pQ/k' l :tsf x/fPsf] 36gfdf
abdf;L u/]sf] eGb} uf]Ko zfvfsf zfvf
clws[t zDe' bfxfn / gfoa ;'Aaf
bLks kf08]nfO{ klg sf/afxL l;kmfl/;
ul/Psf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] nfk/afxLsf
sf/0f glthf k| s fzg ug{ afF s L
pQ/k'l:tsf glthf k|sfzg eO;s]sf
pQ/k'l:tsf;Fu} gi6 ug{ k7fOPsf]
5fglag ;ldltn] cf}+NofPsf] 5 .
nfn'=====
hgtfn] g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{, kf6L{
k|jQmf s= k|sf08 ;L, lgdf0f{ sfo{df
v6\g] kf6L{ g]tf sfo{stfx¿ / k|fljlws
l6dnfO{ wGojfb lbPsf 5g\ .
:d/0fLo 5, g] k fn sDo' l gi6
kf6L{ s f] s] G b| L o of] h gf cg' ; f/
sflnsf]6sf] v'nfn'–n}k'm zlxbdfu{sf]
@)&$ ;fn kmfu'g ! ut] ;f] kf6L{sf
k|jQmf k|sf08 ;Ln] pb\3f6g u/]sf
lyP . tTsflng ;/sf/n] g]skfdfly
k| l taGw nufPkl5 /f] l sPsf] pQm
;8s lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ ;'rf? ug{
k|jQmf k|sf08 ;Ln] kxn hf/L /fv]sf
5g\ . pgn] ;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ ;d]t
ah]6 Joj:yf ug{ / l56f] af6f] lgdf0f{
ug{ ;d]t kxn ul//x]sf 5g\ .
/fli6«o=====
cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf] 7f]s'jf ub}{ kf6L{
of]hgfdf ;lqmotfk"j{s xfd kmfn]/
sfd ug{ a} 7 sdf ;xefuLx¿nfO{
lgb]{zg;d]t lbP .
pQm sfo{qmddf >lds ;d'bfo
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