04

 Janurary  2018  

Comparison of plant
Hormones
Plants vital chemical messengers

Difference  b/w  Hormones  and  

growth  regulators  
Hormones   Growth  Regulators  

Naturally  produced   Both  naturally  and  arAficially  produced  

Principle  compound  with  funcAonal   CombinaAon  of  hormones  and  non  

group   nutrient  chemicals  

Commonly  known  hormones   Commonly  known  GR  are:  

IAA  ,GB  ,CT  ,ABA  ,ETH     GIC,GPC  ,RPC  

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ClassificaAon    
• Classes  of  Plant  Hormones  :    
• It  is  accepted  that  there  are  two  major  classes  
of  plant  hormones:    

Comparison
features   Auxins     Gibberellins     Cytokinins     Abscic  acid     Ethylene  

General     the  term  "auxin"   at  low   most  acAve,   crucial  roles  in   only  gaseous  plant  
is  derived  from   concentraAons  in   naturally-­‐ controlling   hormone  (C2H4)    
the  Greek  word   vegetaAve  Assues   occurring   cellular  and    
"to  increase  or   but  at  higher   cytokinin  is  zeaAn.     physiological  
grow     concentraAons  in     responses  to  
  germinaAng  seeds     osmoAc  stress    
 

Primary  role     SAmulate   Promotes   SAmulates   Inhibits   Promotes  

stem  and   seed   cell  division   growth   ripening  of  
root  growth,   germinaAon   and  retard   some  fruits.    
apical   ad  bud   aging  
dominance.   growth.  Site  
Tropic   elongaAon  
movements   and  leaf  
growth  

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Conti…

Features   Auxins   Gibberellins   Cytokinins   Abscisic  acid   Ethylene  

ProducAon   young  leaves,   Young  leaves,   meristemaAc   PlasAds     Ripening  

fruits,  and   roots,  and   region  of  the   Most  Assues,  
site   especially  the   developing  seeds   roots.     especially  leaves   fruits,  aging  
shoot  apex     (developing   developing   and  seeds     leaves  and  
endosperm)  and   embryos     flowers  
fruits.    

Transport     Basipetal  (or   through  xylem,   Via  xylem   Xylem  and  phloem   able  to  diffuse  
Polar)  Transport     phloem,  or  cell-­‐ (transpiraAon   (greater  amounts     readily,  via  
to-­‐cell     stream     intercellular  
Transport  is  not   also  moves   spaces,  
polar,  as  it  is  for   through  the   throughout  the  
auxin     phloem     enAre  plant  body    

Discovery of Plant
Hormones

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Comparison    
Features   Auxins   Gibberalins   Cytokinins   Absciscic   Ethylene    
acid  

Discovery     1926   1956   1965 1669  

1880  

ScienAst     Darwin   Kurosawa/ Skoog & Wareing/ Johann  

Brien Miller Aldicott Joachim  
  Becher  
Further     Boysen   1934 extraction 1913 Gottlieb Bennet  Clark   Joseph  Priestley    
of chemical Haberlandt
research   Jensen   from fungus 1940s Johannes
and  Kefford  
1:       van Overbeek  

2:   Fritz  went   1956 extraction 1961 Zeatin was P.F  Waring   Dimitry N.
of gibberellin discovered   Neljubow
from plants
frederick  T.   1910, an report
(bean seeds) Addicoa   by H.H Cousins  
 

Structure  of  Hormones  

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STRUCTURE  OF  AUXINS  

• There  are  three  types  of  natural  auxin    

IAN
(indoleacetonitrile)

4-Cl-IAA
(4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid)

IAA
PAA
(indoleacetic acid) (2-phenylacetic acid)

STRUCTURE  OF  GIBBERELLINS  

• >136  forms  
• all  very  like  gibberellic  
acid  (GA3)  
• differences  only  in  side  
chains  
• now  produced  
commercially  by  growth  
and  extracAon  of  fungus   GA3
(gibberellic acid)

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Structure  of  Cytokinins  

Cytokinins  (example  shown  

zeaTn)  

Cytokinins  is  synthesized  

in  roots  of  plants    

Structure    Absiscic  

Absiscic  acid  
• ABA   is   a   15-­‐C   Sesquiterpene  
compound  
• Composed   of   three   isoprene  
residues  
• Cyclohexane   ring   with   keto,   one  
hydroxyl   group,   a   side   chain   with   a  
terminal  carboxylic                  group  

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Structure  of  ethylene  

Ethylene  
Ø it  is  simply  a  olefin.  
Ø its  molecular  weight  is  28.  
Ø It  is  lighter  than  air.  
Ø Ethylene   can   be   produced   by   all   parts  
of   the   higher   plants,   although   rate   of  
producTon   depends   on   the   type   of  
Tssue  and  stage  of  development.  

FuncAons  of  plant  Hormones  

 

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Features   Auxins   Gibberellins   Cytokinins   Abscisic  acid   Ethylene  

FuncAons     Cellular   Promotes   Control   Promotes   Promote  fruit  
elongaAon   stem   morphogene stomatal   ripening    
Cell   elongaAon   sis   closing    
differenAaAo
n  
SAmulate   Overcomes   Regulates  cell   Induces  bud   Protect  shoot  
ethylene   dormancy  in   cycle   ads  seed   Ap  by  hook  
producAon   seeds   dormancy   formaAon    
Inhibit  root   Induce  fruit   Bud   Promotes   Contribute  to  
growth   enlargement   development   stress   apical  
tolerance  in   dominance  
plants    
SAmulate   Promotes  cell   Delay   Inhibits   cell  
iniAaAon  of   division  and   senescence   precocious   expansion  by  
lateral  and   elongaAon   germinaAon   iniAaAng  a  
advenAAous   and  vivipary   change  in  
roots   cellulose  
microfibrils    
Flowering   Flowering   Greening   Leaf   ROLE in
Apical   senescence   EPINAST
dominance   Y
 
Tropical   Promotes  
responses   root  growth,  
inhibit  shoot  
growth  in  
stressed  
water  
condiAon  

Commercial  applicaAons  of  

hormones  
presentor  

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Features   Auxins   Gibberalins   Cytokinins   Absciscic  acid   Ethene  

Commercial   FruiAng   Fruit     ProducAon   Fruit  ripening  

 prevent  the  
applicaAons   Seeding   producAon   yellowing  of   efficiency    
  leauce  leaves    

Weeding   MalAng  of     Increase  fruit   Shoot  growth  

 Tssue  culture  in  
Storage   barley   mass  producAon   quality  
of  plants    

SelecAve   Increasing   Promote  bud   ProducAon  of   Flowering  

weed  killer   sugarcane   and  shoot   fruit  of  
yields   growth     different  
color  &  taste  
PrevenAon  of   In  plant   induce Role  in  berry   Commercially  
flowering   breeding   resistance weight,  skin   use  in  
  against and  juice   abscission  of  
Pseudomon composiAon   leaves  &  
as syringae   fruits  
Increasing   Ga  synthesis   in Seedless   e.G  
fruit  set   inhibitors   Arabidopsis grapes  and   promoAng  
Increasing   thaliana & berries   fruit  drop  in  
parthenocarp Nicotiana coaon,  
y   tabacum   cherry  &  
  walnut  plants  
DefoliaAon  of   Have  role  in   can  
plants   plant   ameliorate  
parthenogens the  
is   symptoms  of  
type  II  
Conclusion   diabetes  

• Hormones are vital chemical messengers in plants

• Every hormone is essential for proper growth and activities of
plants
• Commercial hormones are very useful in increasing yield of
desirable varieties

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