70 Auxiliary sciences of history

1. Geography : Indicates the place or space of historical events.

2. The Chronology : Locate the historical event in time
3. Anthropology : Studies man as a zoological species.
4. Ethnography : Classifies and describes human races
5. Ethnology : It is responsible for studying each race in particular.
6. Paleontology : Studies the fossil remains of animals and plants.
7. Epigraphy : Study the inscriptions on monuments.
8. Paleography : Study and describe ancient writings.
9. Linguistics : Study the treaty and the history of shields and emblems.
10. Numismatics : It deals with the study of coins and medals.
11. Diplomacy : It is responsible for studying official documents.
12. Genealogy : Study the lineages
13. Folklore : Study popular culture.
14. The arqueology . It is responsible for the analysis of remains of human activity.
15. The economy . It allows you to analyze the economic aspects of History.
16. The Statistics . Quantitatively analyzes a set of data related to a certain
historical event or aspect.
17. The Demographics . It deals with the quantitative study of populations (of a
city, region, country or continent) at a given time, providing information on birth
rates, marriage rates, mortality and migratory movements.
18. The Psychology . It is responsible for the study of man as an individual being.
19. The sociology . It studies the social relations of groups and the global
understanding of society.
20. Chemical analysis : A chemical test or chemical analysis is a procedure to
measure the concentration or any other chemical property of a substance or
material.
21. Evolutionary biology : Evolutionary biology is the area of biology that
studies the common ancestry and descent of species , as well as the changes
of living things over time ( biological evolution ).
22. Cartography : it is the science that is responsible for the study and preparation
of geographical, territorial maps and different linear dimensions and others.
23. Materials science : Materials science is the scientific field responsible for
investigating the relationship between the structure and properties of materials .
24. Ecology : Ecology is the science that studies the interrelationships of different
living beings among themselves and with their environment.
25. Stratigraphy : Stratigraphy is the branch of geology that deals with the study
and interpretation of stratified sedimentary , metamorphic and volcanic rocks,
and the identification
26. Etymology : The study of the origin of words is called etymology.
27. Philately : Philately is the hobby of collecting and classifying stamps ,
envelopes and other postal documents, as well as studying postal history.
28. Philology : it is the study of written texts , through which an attempt is made to
reconstruct, as faithfully as possible, their original meaning with the support of
the culture that underlies them.
29. Historical geography : Historical geography is the study of the human and
physical geography of the past.
30. Historical geology : Historical geology is the branch of geology that studies
the transformations that the Earth has experienced since its formation.
31. Historical linguistics : it is the linguistic discipline that studies the change of
languages over time and the process of linguistic change .
32. Logic : Logic is a formal science that studies the principles of valid
demonstration and inference .
33. Paleoanthropology : the branch of physical anthropology and paleobiology
that deals with the study of human evolution and its fossil record, in other words
ancient hominids .
34. Linguistic paleontology : Linguistic paleontology is a discipline that aims to
clarify the prehistory and material culture of the speakers of a dead language or
ancient protolanguage .
35. Palynology : Palynology is a discipline of botany dedicated to the study of
pollen and spores .
36. Petrography : Petrography is the branch of geology that deals with the study
and investigation of rocks , especially with regard to their descriptive aspect,
their mineralogical composition and their structure.
37. Political science : Political science , political theory , political doctrines
and political science are different names of a social science that studies the
theory and practice of politics , political systems and behaviors.
38. Psychology : a profession , an academic discipline 3 and, generally speaking,
the science that deals with the behavior and mental processes of individuals
39. Sociology : Sociology is the social science that studies the collective
phenomena produced by the social activity of human beings, within the
historical-cultural context in which they are immersed.
40. Archival : it is the theoretical and practical study of the principles, procedures
and problems concerning the storage of documents , seeking that said
documentation is maintained over time, can be consulted and classified.
41. Archaeology : it is the science that studies the physical changes that occur
from ancient societies to current ones, through material remains distributed in
space and preserved over time.
42. Bibliography : The bibliography is the reference study of the texts.
43. Bibliology : Bibliology is called the general science of the book itself, that is,
the study of the book, whether considered in isolation in its material, literary,
antiquity, authenticity and merit conditions, whether in a collection or forming a
library .
44. Librarianship : It is the set of technical and scientific activities whose purpose
is the knowledge of information, the materials in which it is presented and the
place in which it is used, in order to better respond in quality and quantity to
demands. of information that society makes.
45. Botany : it is a branch of biology and is the science that deals with the study of
plants, from all their aspects.
46. Codicology : is the discipline that studies books as physical objects, especially
manuscripts written on leather, papyrus, parchment, paper or other supports .
47. Chronology : it is the specific science whose purpose is to determine the
temporal order of historical events; It is part of the discipline of History .
48. Diplomacy : It is a historical science that aims to study documents, regardless
of their author, taking into account their extrinsic and intrinsic characters, that is,
the support, writing, language, formalism and other elements that make up a
judgment. their authenticity and interpret them properly.
49. Documentation : In a restricted sense, documentation as documentary
science could be defined (broadly) as the science of information processing,
which provides a compendium of data for a specific purpose, of a
multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary scope.
50. Epigraphy : it is an autonomous science and at the same time auxiliary to
History , through which inscriptions made on hard materials are studied,
establishing methodologies to read and interpret them.
51. Faleristics : Faleristics is a branch of numismatics , and therefore an auxiliary
science of History , which deals with the study, classification and inventory of
decorations .
52. Genealogy : the study and tracking of the ancestry and descent of a person or
family .
53. Heraldry : Heraldry is the science of the coat of arms
54. Medallistics : Medallistics is a branch of numismatics , and therefore an
auxiliary science of History , which deals with the study of medals and
medallions .
55. Numismatics : Numismatics , a term that designates the study and collecting
of coins and paper money issued by a nation with the official design of the
country. When it comes to paper money only, the exclusive term Notafilia is
often preferred.
56. Papyrology : Papyrology is the study of literature, correspondence, legal
records, etc. of ancient documents preserved in papyrus , parchment or oyster
with which they are the most common writing media in the ancient civilizations
of Egypt , Greece and ancient Rome .
57. Paleography : is the study of ancient writings
58. Sigilography : Sigilography as a historical science with an autonomous,
auxiliary or dependent character, and closely related to diplomacy, law, art
history, heraldry or genealogy, is the scientific (critical) study of the seals used
by man
59. Vexillology : Vexillology is the study of flags in its broadest sense.
60. Astronomy: is the science that deals with the study of the celestial bodies of
the universe , including planets and their satellites , comets and meteoroids ,
stars and interstellar matter , systems of dark matter , stars , gas and dust
called galaxies. and the galaxy clusters; so he studies their movements and the
phenomena linked to them.
61. Biology : is the science that has as its object the study of living beings and,
more specifically, their origin , their evolution and their properties.
62. Physics: is the natural science that studies the properties and behavior of
energy and matter (as well as any change in it that does not alter its nature), as
 well as time , space and the interactions of these four. concepts with each
other.
63. Chemistry: is the science that studies both the composition, structure and
properties of matter as well as the changes it experiences during chemical
reactions and its relationship with energy .[]
64. Mathematics or mathematics[ :] It is a formal science that, starting from axioms
and following logical reasoning, studies the properties and relationships
between abstract entities such as numbers , geometric figures or symbols .
65. Caving: is a science whose object is the exploration and study of underground
cavities.
66. Psychopedagogy: is the applied discipline that studies human behaviors in
learning situations, such as: learning problems and vocational guidance.
67. Zoology: is the biological discipline that is responsible for the study of animals .
68. Iconography: is the description of the theme or subject represented in artistic
images , as well as its symbology and the attributes that identify the characters
represented.
69. Botany: is a branch of biology and is the science that deals with the study of
plants, under all its aspects, which includes their description, classification,
distribution, identification, the study of their reproduction, physiology,
morphology, relationships reciprocal relationships, relationships with other living
beings and effects on the environment in which they are found
70. Faleristics is a branch of numismatics , and therefore an auxiliary science of
History , which deals with the study, classification and inventory of decorations .
71. Clothing : the study of clothing in the periods

Historical time division

There is no universal agreement on the periodization of history, although there is
an academic consensus on the periods in the history of Western civilization, based
on the terms initially coined by Christopher Celarius (Ancient, Middle and Modern
Ages), which put the world classical Greco-Roman and its Renaissance as the
determining facts for the division; and which is currently of general application.
The accusation of Eurocentrism that is leveled against such periodization does not
prevent it from being the most used, as it is the one that responds precisely to the
development of the historical processes that produced the contemporary world.
The teaching of history is frequently helped by different types of graphic
representation of the succession of events and processes in time and space.
  PREHISTORY.

1. Prehistory. Since the appearance of man (differentiation of the different species of

the genus Homo, hominin subtribe, superfamily Hominoidea, order of primates), of
uncertain dates, more than two million years ago; until the appearance of writing,
around the 4th millennium BC. c.

2. Paleolithic (etymologically Old Stone Age, for the carved stone). The most
decisive facts are those linked to human evolution, physically, and to primitive cultural
evolution (use of tools and fire and development of different types of collaboration and
primitive social behavior; notably language). Social groups would not exceed the size of
hordes, with a population density of less than one inhabitant per square kilometer. The
economy was limited to a predatory relationship with the environment (hunting, fishing and
gathering), which did not prevent a notable impact (first humanization of the natural landscape
and extinctions caused by the pressure of human activity in the ecosystems where it is
introduced). .

2.1. Lower Paleolithic . First modes of lithic carving of instruments (Olduvayan or mode 1
and Acheulian or mode 2), associated with fossil remains of hominids: Australopithecus, Homo
habilis and Homo ergaster (southeast Africa), Homo erectus (spread throughout the Old
Continent); Homo antecessor and Homo heidelbergensis (specific to Europe

2.2 . Middle Paleolithic. Linked to changes in material culture (Musterian or mode 3) and in
hominid species (Neanderthal Man in Europe, archaic Homo sapiens in Africa—Kibish Men
—), from 130,000 years ago to approximately 35,000 years ago .
23. Superior paleolithic. Linked to the material culture associated with modern Homo
sapiens: mode 4 (Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean, Magdalenian - in Europe -, Clovis and
Monte Verde - in America, where hominids appear for the first time -); from 35,000 years ago
to approximately 10,000 years ago.

3. Mesolithic/Epipaleolithic/Protoneolithic . Transition period, linked to the changes

produced by the end of the last ice age. Since the 10th millennium BC. C. until the VIII
millennium BC. C., approximately. In the areas where it meant a transition to the Neolithic, it
is called Mesolithic, while in the rest, where it only means a continuation phase of the
Paleolithic, it is called Epipaleolithic.

4. Neolithic (etymologically "new Stone Age", for polished stone: mode 5). From the 8th
millennium BC. C. to the 4th millennium BC. C. approximately. Its beginning in each area is
linked to the development of the so-called Neolithic Revolution: replacement of the predatory
economy (hunting, fishing and gathering) with the productive economy (agriculture and
livestock), which extraordinarily intensified the population density (limited growth — old
demographic regime—) and the impact on the environment. Appearance of ceramics,
replacement of nomadism by sedentary lifestyle (stable settlements or villages). It took place
from the 8th millennium BC. C. in the Fertile Crescent of the Near East, and spread to North
Africa and Europe (in Spain from the 6th millennium BC. C.) and Asia. The emergence of
agriculture and livestock occurred endogenously in other areas of the world (certainly in
America, less clearly in other areas).

5. Age of Metals. Since the 4th millennium BC. C. (or later, depending on the area),
which although it is a historical era in the Ancient Near East, is still prehistoric in most
of the world. Technological innovations of gradual diffusion (metallurgy, wheel, plow,
sail). Some villages are walled and increase in size until they become cities.
5.1. Chalcolithic or Copper Age ( 3rd millennium BC. approximately, in Western Europe).

5.2. Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC) approximately, in Western Europe).

5.3. Iron Age (1st millennium BC) approximately, in Western Europe, until Romanization).
  HISTORY.

1. History. D evelopment of writing as a consequence of the appearance of the first states. IV

millennium BC. C. in Sumeria.

1.2. Protohistory. Period of overlap: civilizations that develop writing leave written records
not only of themselves, but of other peoples who have not done so .

2. Ancient Age.

2.1 Birth of civilization in the Ancient Near East (sometimes called Early
Antiquity). Early states (temples, city-states, water empires) in Mesopotamia (Sumeria,
Akkad, Babylon, Assyria), Ancient Egypt, Mediterranean Levant (Phoenicia , Ancient Israel)
and the rest of the Eastern Mediterranean (Anatolic civilizations - Hittite - and Aegean
civilizations - Minoan and Mycenaean -); with very little relationship with those nuclei in India
(Indus Valley culture), China; and endogenously in pre-Columbian America and in some
cultures of Sub-Saharan Africa.

2.2. Classical antiquity: Between the 8th century BC. C. and the second century
AD. C.. Of restricted validity to the Greek and Roman civilizations, characterized by classical
culture (a term of great ambiguity, which in its spatial and temporal aspect can be considered
extended to the entire Near East by Hellenism after the Empire of Alexander the Great and the
Western Mediterranean by the Hellenized Roman Empire; or restricted to the classical period
of Greek art—5th century BC. C. and 4th century BC. C.—; or even more strictly reduced to
the century of Pericles - the Athens of the mid-5th century -), and some precocious concepts of
freedom, democracy and citizenship that were paradoxically based on the submission of other
peoples and the intensive use of the force of slave work

23. Late Antiquity: Of validity restricted to the West, it is a period of transition, from the
crisis of the 3rd century to Charlemagne or the arrival of Islam in Europe (8th century), in
which the Roman Empire enters into decline and suffers the impact of invasions. Germanic,
new monotheistic religions (Christianity and Islam) are imposed as dominant religions and the
slave mode of production is replaced by the feudal mode of production. In the East the
rehellenized Byzantine Empire survives.

2.4. Middle Ages. Of validity restricted to the West, from the fall of the Western
Roman Empire (5th century) to the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire (15th century).
2.5. Early Middle Ages: 5th century to 10th century. A dark era due to the scarcity of
written sources, due to the decline of urban life and the decomposition of political
power that characterize feudalism.

2.6. Late Middle Ages: From the 11th century to the 15th century. Sometimes it is
restricted to the 14th century and the 15th century, as Crisis of the Middle Ages or
Crisis of the 14th century; The period from the 11th century to the 13th century is
called the Plenitude of the Middle Ages. There is an urban revolution and an increase
in the commercial and artisanal activity of an incipient bourgeoisie, while the power
of feudal monarchies is strengthened. The universal powers (Pontificate and Empire)
confront each other and enter into crisis. The Crusades demonstrate the capacity for
European expansion towards the eastern Mediterranean, while in Al-Andalus (Muslim
Spain) the Christian kingdoms of the northern peninsula prevailed.

2.7. Modern Age : From the mid or late 15th century to the mid or late 18th century.
(For English speakers, Early Modern Times, that is, "First Modern Age" or "Early
Modern Age"). The Printing Press, the taking of Constantinople by the Turks or the
discovery of America are taken as milestones that mark its beginning; as a final, the
French Revolution, the Independence of the United States of America or the Industrial
Revolution.
2.8. Contemporary age. From the mid or late 18th century to the present. (For
English speakers Later Modern Times, that is, "Second Modern Age" or "Late Modern
Age"). An initial era of revolutions (industrial revolution, bourgeois revolution and
liberal revolution) ended the Old Regime and gave way in the second half of the 19th
century to the triumph of capitalism that spread with imperialism to the entire world,
while at the same time saw it answered by the labor movement.