BIO 1101: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LECTURE

FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
INSTRUCTOR: PROF RUNIR

[TRANS] ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2

FORMATION OF IONIC BONDS
OUTLINE  Ions with + charge are attracted to ions with – charges.
 Attractive force between such ions holds the together.
Brief Quantum and Orbitals  Ionic bonds form between such ions holds the together.
Electron Configuration  Ionic bonds form between simple ions when representative metal
Valence Electrons, Octet Rule, and Exceptions atoms lose valence electrons, and the electrons are gained by
Lewis Structure representative nonmetal atoms.
Ionic and Covalent Bond  Both atoms are charged into ions with noble gas configuration.
Predicting the Formal Charge
 Electrons lost by metals will be transferred to nonmetals, forming
Nomenclature ionic compounds.
 Type of bond in which the octet is satisfied when atoms share
valence e-.
VALENCE ELECTRONS
 Shared electrons are counted in the octet of each atom that shares
 Outer shell electrons of an atom. the as illustrated below for fluorine, F2)
 Electrons that participate in chemical bonding.
 Gilbert Lewis converted these electrons can into dots, hence the
Lewis Dot Symbols.

GROUP e- NO. OF VALENCE

 Attractive force that results between 2 atoms that are both attracted
CONFIGURATION e-
to a shared pair of e-.
1A ns1 1
 Sharing of electrons takes place when electron-containing orbitals
2A ns2 2
of atoms overlap.
3A ns2np1 3
 Example:
4A ns2np2 4
5A ns2np3 5
6A ns2np4 6
7A ns2np5 7

NOBLE GASES AND THE IDEA OF STABILITY

 Characterized by 2 electrons ion the valence shell of helium and 8
electrons in the valence-shell electrons for the other members of the
group (Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn).

ELEMENT ABBREVIATED
CONVENTIONAL FORM
SYMBOL FORM
Li 1s22s2 [He] 2s1
Na 1s 2s22p63s1
2
[Ne] 3s1
K 1s 2s22p63s23p64s1
2
[Ar] 4s1
Rb 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s1 [Kr] 5s1

OCTET RULE
 Atoms will gain or lose sufficient electrons to achieve an outer
electron arrangement identical to that of a noble gas.
 Arrangement usually consists of 8 e- in the valence shell.

SIMPLE ION
 Atom that has acquired a net positive or negative charge by losing
or gaining e-
 Cation – loses 1 or more that becomes positive.
 Anion – gains 1 or more and becomes negative.

 Representative metals will form ions having the same positive

charge as the number (roman numeral) of the group to which they
CHEMICAL FORMULA AND NOMENCLATURE
belong.
IONIC COMPOUNDS
 Representative nonmetals will form ions with a negative charge
 Formed when positively charged particles attract negatively charged
equal to 8 minus the number (roman numeral) of the group to which
particles.
they belong.
 Usually named based on their cation’s name followed by anion’s
 Ex. Sr, a group IIA metal form Sr2+ ions and phosphorus, P, a group
name.
VA nonmetal forms P3- ions.

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 CHAPTER 2

TYPES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS Phosphate ion Does not have -ite counterpart
BINARY IONIC COMPOUND Sulfate ion
 Formed from just 2 elements and commonly ends with the suffix - Chlorate ion extendable up to 4 versions
ide.
 Some oxyanions can be extended up to 4 form members.
TERNARY COMPOUNDS  We add prefix per- to the oxyanion with 1 oxygen more than the
 Formed from a combination of more than 2 elements. common.
 Variety of suffixes other than -ide.  Prefix hypo- to the oxyanion that is 1 oxygen less to that of the -ite
version.
RULES IN NAMING CATIONS
 Cations formed from metal atoms bears the name of the metal NAME NOTE
itself. Perchlorate ion 1 oxygen more than common
 Ex: Chlorate ion common oxyanion
o Potassium ion Chlorite ion 1 oxygen less than common
o Sodium ion, Calcium ion Hypochlorite ion 1 oxygen less than the -ite
o Magnesium ion.
 Anions derived by adding H+ to an oxyanion are named by adding
 Some metal ions can have more than 1 charge such as those in as a prefix the word hydrogen/bi- or dihydrogen.
the transition metals. We name the as the name itself and a
Roman numeral enclosed in parenthesis.
 Ex:
o Iron (II) ion
o Iron (III) ion
o Copper (I) ion
o Copper (II) ion.

 Metals with 2 charges only can be named using their root Latin
name followed by the suffix -ous and -ic.
o -ous – ion with the lowest charge
o -ic – ion with the highest charge

NAME OLD NAME SUFFIX

Ferrous ion Ferrum -ous; +2 charge
Ferric ion Ferrum -ic; +3 charge
Cuprous ion Cuprum -ous; +1 charge
Cupric ion Cuprum -ic; +2 charge

 Cations formed from nonmetal atoms have suffix -ium.

 There are only 2 of them:
o Hydronium ion
o Ammonium ion

 Monoatomic anions will have the suffix -ide.

 Ex:
o Hydride ion
o Oxide ion
o Chloride ion
o Bromide ion

 Polyatomic anions with oxygens are called oxyanions.

 Usually bear the suffix -ate for the common oxyanion, and -ite if is 1
oxygen less than the common.

NAME SUFFIX
Nitrate ion -ate since it is the common
Nitrite ion -ite since it is 1 O less than
common FORMULA OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
Sulfate ion -ate since it is the common  Made by combining cations and anions in right proportion so there
Sulfite ion -ite since it is 1 O less than would be no charge in its final form.
common  Right proportion of cations and anions can be easily obtained by
crisscrossing their number of their charges.
 Common oxyanions you have to remember:
FORMULAS OF ACIDS
NAME NOTE  Cation is solely hydronium ion H+
Carbonate ion Does not have -ite counterpart  Substance that yields hydrogen atoms when dissolved in water.
Nitrate ion

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 CHAPTER 2

 Pure substance: hydrogen chloride; Dissolved in water: hydrochloric  Ex:

acid. o H2O is written this way since H is the leftmost element in PT.
 Oxoacid – acid that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and another o ClO4- is written this way since o should always be the last.
element.  If both elements are in the same group in the PT. write the heaviest
 Number of H+ ion in the formula for acid should be equal to the element first.
numerical charge of the anion pair  Ex:
 For an acid with anion SO2-4, there should be 2 H+ and the formula o SO2 is written this way since S is heavier than O and it should
is H2SO4. follow the previous rule about writing O.
 If it is 1 oxygen less, it would be called a bisulfate ion HSO-4  We name the second element with an ending -ide.
 Indicate the number of the second element using Greek prefix
 Acids whose anions with suffix -ide are named by changing -ide to mono-, di-, tri-.
-ic followed by the word acid.  Do not use mono- prefix for the first element.
 Prefix hydro- is also needed.
NAME NOTE
ANION NAME ACID NAME Nitrogen trifluoride No mono- for nitrogen
Fluoride ion Hydrofluoric acid Dichlorine monoxide Not monoxide. Drop the O
Chloride ion Hydrochloric acid Dinitrogen tetroxide Not tetraoxide. Drop the A
Bromide ion Hydrobromic acid tetraphosphorus decasulfide
Cyanide ion Hydrocyanic acid
QUANTUM CHEMISTRY
Acids whose anions suffix -ate and -ite are named by changing -ate to MAXWELL (1873)
-ic and -ite to -ous following the word acid.  Visible light consists of electromagnetic waves.

ANION NAME ACID NAME ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

Perchlorate ion Perchloric acid  Emission and transmission of energy in the form of electromagnetic
Chlorate ion Chloric acid waves.
Chlorite ion Chlorous acid  Speed of light (c) in vacuum = 3.00 x 108 m/s.
Hypochlorite ion Hypochlorous acid  All electromagnetic radiation: λ x v = c

FORMULAS OF BASES
 Ionic compounds whose anions is solely hydroxide ion OH-  Energy is emitted or
 The number of OH- ions in the formula for base should be equal to Max Planck (1900) absorbed in discrete units
the numerical charge of the cation pair. (quantum)
 For a base with cation Ba2+, there should be 2 OH- and the formula  Photon is a particle if light.
is Ba(OH)2.  Light has both:
Albert Einstein (1905)
 Wave Nature
CATION NAME BASE NAME  Particle nature
Iron (II) / Ferrous Iron (II) hydroxide  e- can only have specific
Ferrous hydroxide (quantized) energy values.
Iron (III) / Ferric Iron (III) hydroxide  light is emitted as e- moves
Ferric hydroxide from 1 energy to a lower
Aluminum Aluminum hydroxide Niels Bohr (1913) energy level
Sodium Sodium hydroxide  𝐸𝑛 = −𝑅𝐻 ( 2)
1
𝑛
 RH (Rydberg constant) =
NAMES OF HYDRATES
2.18 x 10-18 J
 Ionic compounds with specific number of water molecules attached
Louis De Broglie (1924)  e- is both particle and wave
to the molecule.
 Wrote an equation that
 We indicate the number of hydrates by using Greek prefixes then
described both the particle
the word hydrate.
and wave nature of the e-
 wave function describes:
NAME Erwin Schrodinger (1926)
 energy of e- with a given
Barium chloride dihydrate
wave function.
Lithium chloride monohydrate
 probability of finding e- in a
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
volume of space
Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate
Cupric sulfate pentahydrate
QUANTUM NUMBERS
NAMES OF BINARY MOLECULES PRICIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER (n)
 Covalent molecules with 2 elements only.  Distance e- from the nucleus
 Ex:  n = 1, 2, 3, 4, …
o CO2
ANGULAR MOMENTUM QUANTUM NUMBER (l)
o SO2
o NO2  Shape of the volume of space that the e- occupies
 The name of the element farther to the left of the periodic table is o S=0
usually written first. If it contains oxygen, we write oxygen always o P=1
as the last o D=2

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 CHAPTER 2

o F=3

MAGNETIC QUANTUM (ml)

 Orientation of the orbital in space.

SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER (ms)

 ms = + ½ or – ½

PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

 No 2 electrons on the same atom can have identical values for all
4 of their quantum numbers.

AUFBAU’S PRINCIPLE
 Arrangement of electrons in an atom – electronic configuration – is
the best understood if it is built from the ground up.

HUND’S RULE
 Every orbital in a sublevel is singly occupied before any orbital is
doubly occupied.

SHELL
 Electrons with the same value of n.

SUBSHELL
 Electrons with same values of n and l.

ORBITAL
Electrons with the same values of n, l, and ml

FORMAL CHARGE
𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 − 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 −
2

COVALENT BOND
2 or more e- are shared by 2 atoms.

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