HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGLISH

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ASSIGNMENT ON DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS

HANOI-2019
 CONTENTS
I/ The extract “ Great Expectations ”…………………………...2
1. Origin……………………………………………………….2
2. Summary……………………………………………………2
3. The content of the extract………………………………….3
II/ Contexual analysis......................................................................
1. Prove that text is written language...................................
2. Find grammatical and lexical cohesive devices employed in that
text ...
2.1. Grammatical cohesion...........................................
2.1.1. Reference.....................................................................
2.1.2. Substitution...................................................................
2.1.3. Ellipsis..................................................................
2.1.4. Conjunction
2.2. Lexical cohesive divices........................................................
2.2.1. Reiteration.....................................................................
2.2.1.1. Repetition
2.2.1.2. Synonymy......................................................................
2.2.1.3. Autonomy.....................................................................
2.2.1.4. General word
2.2.2. Collocation
3. Translate the text into Vietnamese.................
III/ References.................................................................................30
I/ THE EXTRACT
1. Origin
“Great Expectations”, novel by Charles Dickens, first published serially
in All the Year Round in 1860–1861 and issued in book form in 1861. The
classic novel was one of its author’s greatest critical and popular successes.
It chronicles the coming of age of the orphan Pip while also addressing such
issues as social class and human worth.
2. Summary
“Great Expectations” can be divided into three stages in the life
of Pip. The first stage presents Pip as an orphan being raised by an
unkind sister who resents him, and her husband, who offers him kindness
and love. While visiting the tombstones of his parents in the cemetery,
Pip encounters a convict and is made to bring him food and a file the next
day. Pip’s convict and a second convict are caught by soldiers of the
Crown and returned to the prison ships (the Hulks).
Uncle Pumblechook arranges for Pip to go to Miss Havisham’s
house to play, and there he meets and falls in love with Estella. Pip
returns to Miss Havisham’s house to walk her around the decayed
banquet table every other day for nearly 10 months. Miss Havisham
rewards Pip for his service by paying for his apprenticeship to become a
blacksmith with Joe.
Pip is unhappy with his position and longs to become a
gentleman in order that he may eventually win Estella’s affection. One
day a lawyer, Mr. Jaggers, comes to tell Pip that a beneficiary has left
him great fortunes. Pip is to go to London to become a gentleman. Pip
believes that the benefactor is Miss Havisham.
 The second stage of Pip’s life takes place in London where he
becomes friends with Herbert Pocket. The two young men live beyond
their means and fall deeply in debt. Pip makes friends with Mr. Jaggers’
clerk, Mr. Wemmick, and enjoys visiting him at his Castle. Pip is told the
background of Miss Havisham and her ill-fated wedding day. He also is
embarrassed by a visit from Joe. An unexpected visit from his convict
reveals that the convict, not Miss Havisham, is his benefactor. The man’s
name is Magwitch; he is the one to whom Pip had brought food in the
churchyard. This knowledge begins the change in Pip from ungrateful
snobbery to the humility associated with Joe and home.
The third stage in Pip’s life solves all the remaining mysteries of
the novel. Compeyson, the second convict who was Magwitch’s enemy,
is drowned when Pip tries to aid Magwitch in his escape from London.
Pip finds out who Estella’s mother and father are. Pip is rescued from
Orlick. Magwitch dies in prison, and Pip becomes a clerk in Cairo with
Herbert. He returns 11 years later and finds Estella at the site of Satis
House. The more popular ending indicated that they stayed together.

3. The content of the extract

The novel consists of 59 chapters, and the extract is the first chapter with
1531 words. As an infant, Philip Pirrip was unable to pronounce either his
first name or his last; doing his best, he called himself “Pip,” and the name
stuck. Now Pip, a young boy, is an orphan living in his sister’s house in the
marsh country in southeast England. One evening, Pip sits in the isolated
village churchyard, staring at his parents’ tombstones. Suddenly, a horrific
man, growling, dressed in rags, and with his leg in chains, springs out from
behind the gravestones and seizes Pip. This escaped convict questions Pip
 harshly and demands that Pip bring him food and a file with which he can
saw away his leg irons.

GREAT EXPECTATIONS
(1)My father's family name being Pirrip, and my Christian name Philip,

my infant tongue could make of both names nothing longer or more explicit
than Pip. So, I called myself Pip, and came to be called Pip.
(4)I give Pirrip as my father's family name, on the authority of his
tombstone and my sister - Mrs. Joe Gargery, who married the blacksmith. As
I never saw my father or my mother, and never saw any likeness of either of
them (for their days were long before the days of photographs), my first
fancies regarding what they were like, were unreasonably derived from their
tombstones. The shape of the letters on my father's, gave me an odd idea that
he was a square, stout, dark man, with curly black hair. From the character
and turn of the inscription, "Also Georgiana Wife of the Above," I drew a
childish conclusion that my mother was freckled and sickly. To five little
stone lozenges, each about a foot and a half long, which were arranged in a
neat row beside their grave, and were sacred to the memory of five little
brothers of mine .- who gave up trying to get a living, exceedingly early in
that universal struggle - I am indebted for a belief I religiously entertained
that they had all been born on their backs with their hands in their trousers-
pockets, and had never taken them out in this state of existence.
(19)Ours was the marsh country, down by the river, within, as the river
wound, twenty miles of the sea. My first most vivid and broad impression of
the identity of things, seems to me to have been gained on a memorable raw
afternoon towards evening. At such a time I found out for certain, that this
bleak place overgrown with nettles was the churchyard; and that Philip Pirrip,
late of this parish, and also Georgiana wife of the above, were dead and
buried; and that Alexander, Bartholomew, Abraham, Tobias, and Roger,
infant children of the aforesaid, were also dead and buried; and that the dark
flat wilderness beyond the churchyard, intersected with dykes and mounds
and gates, with scattered cattle feeding on it, was the marshes; and that the
low leaden line beyond, was the river; and that the distant savage lair from
which the wind was rushing, was the sea; and that the small bundle of shivers
growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry, was Pip.
 (32)"Hold your noise!" cried a terrible voice, as a man started up from
among the graves at the side of the church porch. "Keep still, you little devil,
or I'll cut your throat!"
(35)A fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg. A man
with no hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied round his head.
A man who had been soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by
stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briars; who limped,
and shivered, and glared and growled; and whose teeth chattered in his head
as he seized me by the chin.
(41)"O! Don't cut my throat, sir" I pleaded in terror. "Pray don't do it, sir."
(42)"Tell us your name!" said the man. "Quick!"
(43)"Pip, sir."
(44)"Once more," said the man, staring at me. "Give it mouth!"
(45)"Pip. Pip, sir."
(46)"Show us where you live," said the man. "Pint out the place!"
(47)I pointed to where our village lay, on the flat in-shore among the
alder-trees and pollards, a mile or more from the church.
(49)The man, after looking at me for a moment, turned me upside down,
and emptied my pockets. There was nothing in them but a piece of bread.
When the church came to itself - for he was so sudden and strong that he
made it go head over heels before me, and I saw the steeple under my feet -
when the church came to itself, I say, I was seated on a high tombstone,
trembling, while he ate the bread ravenously.
(55)"You young dog," said the man, licking his lips, "what fat cheeks you
ha' got."
(57)I believe they were fat, though I was at that time undersized for my
years, and not strong.
(59)"Darn me if I couldn't eat em," said the man, with a threatening shake
of his head, "and if I han't half a mind to't!"
(61)I earnestly expressed my hope that he wouldn't, and held tighter to the
tombstone on which he had put me; partly, to keep myself upon it; partly, to
keep myself from crying.
(64)"Now lookee here!" said the man. "Where's your mother?"
(65)"There, sir!" said I.
 (66)He started, made a short run, and stopped and looked over his
shoulder.
(68)"There, sir!" I timidly explained. "Also Georgiana. That's my mother."
(69)"Oh!" said he, coming back. "And is that your father alonger your
mother?"
(71)"Yes, sir," said I; "him too; late of this parish."
(72)"Ha!" he muttered then, considering. "Who d'ye live with - supposin'
you're kindly let to live, which I han't made up my mind about?"
(74)"My sister, sir - Mrs. Joe Gargery - wife of Joe Gargery, the
blacksmith, sir."
(76)"Blacksmith, eh?" said he. And looked down at his leg.
(77)After darkly looking at his leg and me several times, he came closer to
my tombstone, took me by both arms, and tilted me back as far as he could
hold me; so that his eyes looked most powerfully down into mine, and mine
looked most helplessly up into his.
(81)"Now lookee here," he said, "the question being whether you're to be
let to live. You know what a file is?"
(83)"Yes, sir."
(84)"And you know what wittles is?"
(85)"Yes, sir."
(86)After each question he tilted me over a little more, so as to give me a
greater sense of helplessness and danger.
(88)"You get me a file." He tilted me again. "And you get me wittles." He
tilted me again. "You bring 'em both to me." He tilted me again. "Or I'll have
your heart and liver out." He tilted me again.
(91)I was dreadfully frightened, and so giddy that I clung to him with both
hands, and said, "If you would kindly please to let me keep upright, sir,
perhaps I shouldn't be sick, and perhaps I could attend more."
(94)He gave me a most tremendous dip and roll, so that the church jumped
over its own weather-cock. Then, he held me by the arms, in an upright
position on the top of the stone, and went on in these fearful terms:
(97)"You bring me, tomorrow morning early, that file and them wittles.
You bring the lot to me, at that old Battery over yonder. You do it, and you
never dare to say a word or dare to make a sign concerning your having seen
 such a person as me, or any person sumever, and you shall be let to live. You
fail, or you go from my words in any partickler, no matter how small it is, and
your heart and your liver shall be tore out, roasted and ate. Now, I ain't
alone, as you may think I am. There's a young man hid with me, in
comparison with which young man I am a Angel. That young man hears the
words I speak. That young man has a secret way pecooliar to himself, of
getting at a boy, and at his heart, and at his liver. It is in wain for a boy to
attempt to hide himself from that young man. A boy may lock his door, may
be warm in bed, may tuck himself up, may draw the clothes over his head,
may think himself comfortable and safe, but that young man will softly creep
and creep his way to him and tear him open. I am a-keeping that young man
from harming of you at the present moment, with great difficulty. I find it
wery hard to hold that young man off of your inside. Now, what do you say?"
(113)I said that I would get him the file, and I would get him what broken
bits of food I could, and I would come to him at the Battery, early in the
morning.
(116)"Say Lord strike you dead if you don't!" said the man.
(117)I said so, and he took me down.
(118)"Now," he pursued, "you remember what you've undertook, and you
remember that young man, and you get home!"
(120)"Goo-good night, sir," I faltered.
(121)"Much of that!" said he, glancing about him over the cold wet flat. "I
wish I was a frog. Or a eel!"
(123)At the same time, he hugged his shuddering body in both his arms -
clasping himself, as if to hold himself together - and limped towards the low
church wall. As I saw him go, picking his way among the nettles, and among
the brambles that bound the green mounds, he looked in my young eyes as if
he were eluding the hands of the dead people, stretching up cautiously out of
their graves, to get a twist upon his ankle and pull him in.
II/ CONTEXUAL ANALYSIS
1. Prove the extract is a written one
- Definition: A written text is something written, especially copied from
one medium to another, as a typewritten versio of dictation,
distinguished from spoken.
 - The written text seems to have more information packed into it than
spoken language. Linguistically, written language tends to consist of
clauses that are internally complex. Besides, in written language an
extensive set of markers exists to mark relationships between
clauses(that complementisers, when/while temporal markers, logical
connectors like besides, moreover, however, in spite of,etc)
- In written language rhetorical organizers of larger stretches of discourse
appear, like firstly, more important than and in conclusion.
- In written language, rather heavily modified noun phrases are quite
common.
- Written language sentences are generally structured in subject- predicate
form.
- In the extract, there are a number complex grammar structures:
+ I give Pirrip as my father's family name, on the authority of his tombstone
and my sister - Mrs. Joe Gargery, who married the blacksmith.(4-5)
+ The shape of the letters on my father's, gave me an odd idea that he was a
square, stout, dark man, with curly black hair. (9-10)
+ To five little stone lozenges, each about a foot and a half long, which were
arranged in a neat row beside their grave, and were sacred to the memory of five
little brothers of mine - who gave up trying to get a living, exceedingly early in
that universal struggle - I am indebted for a belief I religiously entertained that
they had all been born on their backs with their hands in their trousers-pockets,
and had never taken them out in this state of existence. (12-18)

+ "Keep still, you little devil, or I'll cut your throat!" (33-34)
+ A man who had been soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed
by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briars; who limped,
and shivered, and glared and growled; and whose teeth chattered in his head as
he seized me by the chin. (37-40)
+ I pointed to where our village lay, on the flat in-shore among the alder-
trees and pollards, a mile or more from the church. (47-48)
+ When the church came to itself - for he was so sudden and strong that he
made it go head over heels before me, and I saw the steeple under my feet -
when the church came to itself, I say, I was seated on a high tombstone,
trembling, while he ate the bread ravenously. (51-54)
+ I believe they were fat, though I was at that time undersized for my years,
and not strong. (57-58)

+ "Darn me if I couldn't eat em," said the man, with a threatening shake of
his head, "and if I han't half a mind to't!" (59-60)
+ I earnestly expressed my hope that he wouldn't, and held tighter to the
tombstone on which he had put me; partly, to keep myself upon it; partly, to
keep myself from crying. (61-63)
+ "Ha!" he muttered then, considering. "Who d'ye live with - supposin'
you're kindly let to live, which I han't made up my mind about?"(72-73)
+ "Or I'll have your heart and liver out." He tilted me again.(89-90)
+ "If you would kindly please to let me keep upright, sir, perhaps I
shouldn't be sick, and perhaps I could attend more." (92-93)
+ You do it, and you never dare to say a word or dare to make a sign
concerning your having seen such a person as me, or any person sumever, and
you shall be let to live. (98-100)
+ You fail, or you go from my words in any partickler, no matter how
small it is, and your heart and your liver shall be tore out, roasted and ate.
(100-102)
+ There's a young man hid with me, in comparison with which young man
I am a Angel.(103-104)
+ I said that I would get him the file, and I would get him what broken bits
of food I could, and I would come to him at the Battery, early in the morning.
(113-115)
+ "Say Lord strike you dead if you don't!" said the man.(116)
+ At the same time, he hugged his shuddering body in both his arms -
clasping himself, as if to hold himself together - and limped towards the low
church wall. (123-125)
+ As I saw him go, picking his way among the nettles, and among the
brambles that bound the green mounds, he looked in my young eyes as if he
were eluding the hands of the dead people, stretching up cautiously out of their
graves, to get a twist upon his ankle and pull him in.(125-128)
- There are also a complexity of word use:
+ Christian(1)
+ blacksmith(5)
+ likeness(6)
+ unreasonably(8)
+ wilderness(27)
+ tombstone(53)
+ helplessness(87)
=> Lexical density: In the extract” Great Expectations”,there is a lexical density
of
2. Cohesion in the discourse
2.1. Grammatical cohesion
2.1.1. Reference( expresses the relationship of identity which exists
between units in discourse => help readers interpret the text, including exophoric
and anaphoric)
(a) Exophoric reference( references to assumed, shared worlds outside the text
are exophoric)

+ The shape of the letters on my father's, gave me an odd idea that he was a
square, stout, dark man, with curly black hair. From the character and turn of
the inscription, "Also Georgiana Wife of the Above," I drew a childish
conclusion that my mother was freckled and sickly. To five little stone lozenges,
each about a foot and a half long, which were arranged in a neat row beside their
grave, and were sacred to the memory of five little brothers of mine - who gave
up trying to get a living, exceedingly early in that universal struggle - I am
indebted for a belief I religiously entertained that they had all been born on their
backs with their hands in their trousers-pockets, and had never taken them out in
this state of existence.(9-18)
+ Ours was the marsh country, down by the river, within, as the river wound,
twenty miles of the sea. My first most vivid and broad impression of the
identity of things, seems to me to have been gained on a memorable raw
afternoon towards evening.(19-22)
(b) Endophoric reference(references to the entity/items within the text are
endophoric references.
+ Anaphoric reference(points the reader/listener backwards to a previously
mentioned entity)

+ The man, after looking at me for a moment, turned me upside down, and
emptied my pockets. There was nothing in them but a piece of bread. When the
church came to itself - for he was so sudden and strong that he made it go head
over heels before me, and I saw the steeple under my feet - when the church
came to itself, I say, I was seated on a high tombstone, trembling, while he ate
the bread ravenously.(49-54)
+ A fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no
hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied round his head.(35-36)
+ Cataphoric reference(points the reader or listener forwards)
+ There was nothing in them but a piece of bread.(50)

+ At such a time I found out for certain, that this bleak place overgrown with
nettles was the churchyard; and that Philip Pirrip, late of this parish, and also
Georgiana wife of the above, were dead and buried; and that Alexander,
Bartholomew, Abraham, Tobias, and Roger, infant children of the aforesaid,
were also dead and buried; and that the dark flat wilderness beyond the
churchyard, intersected with dykes and mounds and gates, with scattered cattle
feeding on it, was the marshes; and that the low leaden line beyond, was the
river; and that the distant savage lair from which the wind was rushing, was the
sea; and that the small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to
cry, was Pip.(22-31)
(c) Personal reference: are expressed through personal pronouns, possessive
pronouns and possessive determiners.
+ As I never saw my father or my mother, and never saw any likeness of either of
them (for their days were long before the days of photographs), my first fancies
regarding what they were like, were unreasonably derived from their tombstones.
(6-9)

+ "Blacksmith, eh?" said he. And looked down at his leg.(76)

+ After darkly looking at his leg and me several times, he came closer to my
tombstone, took me by both arms, and tilted me back as far as he could hold me;
so that his eyes looked most powerfully down into mine, and mine looked most
helplessly up into his.(77-80)
+ "Or I'll have your heart and liver out." He tilted me again.(89-90)
+ He gave me a most tremendous dip and roll, so that the church jumped over
its own weather-cock.(94-95)
+ You do it, and you never dare to say a word or dare to make a sign
concerning your having seen such a person as me, or any person sumever, and
you shall be let to live.(98-100)
(d) Demonstrative reference: is essentially a form of verbal pointing.
+ Ours was the marsh country, down by the river, within, as the river wound,
twenty miles of the sea.(19-20)
+ At such a time I found out for certain, that this bleak place overgrown with
nettles was the churchyard; and that Philip Pirrip, late of this parish, and also
Georgiana wife of the above, were dead and buried; and that Alexander,
Bartholomew, Abraham, Tobias, and Roger, infant children of the aforesaid, were
also dead and buried; and that the dark flat wilderness beyond the churchyard,
intersected with dykes and mounds and gates, with scattered cattle feeding on it,
was the marshes; and that the low leaden line beyond, was the river; and that the
distant savage lair from which the wind was rushing, was the sea; and that the
small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry, was Pip.
(22-31)
+ There was nothing in them but a piece of bread.(50)
+ "Now lookee here!" said the man. "Where's your mother?"(64)"There, sir!"
said I.
+ "There, sir!" said I.(65)
+ "There, sir!" I timidly explained. "Also Georgiana. That's my mother."(68)
+ "Now lookee here," he said, "the question being whether you're to be let to
live. You know what a file is?"(81-82)
+ Then, he held me by the arms, in an upright position on the top of the stone,
and went on in these fearful terms(95-96)
(e) Comparative reference: is expressed through adjectives and adverbs and
serves to compare items within a text in terms of identity or similarity.
+ My father's family name being Pirrip, and my Christian name Philip, my infant
tongue could make of both names nothing longer or more explicit than Pip.(1-3)
+ I give Pirrip as my father's family name, on the authority of his tombstone and
my sister - Mrs. Joe Gargery, who married the blacksmith.(4-5)
+ Ours was the marsh country, down by the river, within, as the river wound,
twenty miles of the sea.(19-20)
+ My first most vivid and broad impression of the identity of things, seems to me
to have been gained on a memorable raw afternoon towards evening.(20-23)
+ I pointed to where our village lay, on the flat in-shore among the alder-trees and
pollards, a mile or more from the church.(47-48)

+ When the church came to itself - for he was so sudden and strong that he
made it go head over heels before me, and I saw the steeple under my feet -
when the church came to itself, I say, I was seated on a high tombstone,
trembling, while he ate the bread ravenously.(51-54)
+ After darkly looking at his leg and me several times, he came closer to my
tombstone, took me by both arms, and tilted me back as far as he could hold me;
so that his eyes looked most powerfully down into mine, and mine looked most
helplessly up into his.(77-80)
+ After each question he tilted me over a little more, so as to give me a greater
sense of helplessness and danger.(86-87)
+ I was dreadfully frightened, and so giddy that I clung to him with both hands,
and said, "If you would kindly please to let me keep upright, sir, perhaps I
shouldn't be sick, and perhaps I could attend more."(91-93)
+ He gave me a most tremendous dip and roll, so that the church jumped over
its own weather-cock. Then, he held me by the arms, in an upright position on
the top of the stone, and went on in these fearful terms(94-96)
+ "Much of that!" said he, glancing about him over the cold wet flat. "I wish I
was a frog. Or a eel!"(121-122)
2.1.2. Substitution
- is a relation within the text on the lexico-grammatical level. A substitute is a
sort of counter which is used in the place of the repetition of a particular item.
- is a device for abbreviating and for avoiding repetition. Across sentences,
substitution seems to be optional, and for stylistic reasons. Within sentences, it
is sometimes obligatory.
+ "O! Don't cut my throat, sir," I pleaded in terror. "Pray don't do it, sir."(41)
+ I earnestly expressed my hope that he wouldn't, and held tighter to the
tombstone on which he had put me; partly, to keep myself upon it; partly, to
keep myself from crying.(61-63)
+ You do it, and you never dare to say a word or dare to make a sign concerning
your having seen such a person as me, or any person sumever, and you shall be let
to live.(98-100)

+ "Say Lord strike you dead if you don't!" said the man.(116)
+ I said so, and he took me down.(117)
2.1.3. Ellipsis: is the omission of elements normally required by the
grammar which the speaker/writer assumes are obvious from the context and
therefore need not be raised.

+ "Tell us your name!" said the man. "Quick!"

+ "Ø Pip, sir."
+ "Once more," said the man, staring at me. "Give it mouth!"
+ "Ø Pip. Ø Pip, sir."(42-45)
+ The man, Ø after looking at me for a moment, turned me upside down, and
emptied my pockets.(49-50)
+ "You Ø young dog," said the man, licking his lips, "what fat cheeks you ha'
got."(55-56)

+ "Darn me if I couldn't eat em," said the man, with a threatening shake of his
head, "and if I han't half a mind to't Ø!"(59-60)
+ I earnestly expressed my hope that he wouldn't Ø, and held tighter to the
tombstone on which he had put me; partly, to keep myself upon it; partly, to
keep myself from crying.
+ “Now lookee here!" said the man. "Where's your mother?"
+ "There Ø, sir!" said I.(61-65)
+ "There Ø, sir!" I timidly explained. "Ø Also Georgiana. That's my
mother."(68)
+ “Yes, Ø sir," said I; "Ø him too; late of this parish."(71)
+ "Ø My sister, sir - Mrs. Joe Gargery - wife of Joe Gargery, the blacksmith,
sir."
+ "Ø Blacksmith, eh?" said he. And Ø looked down at his leg.(74-76)
+ Ø After darkly looking at his leg and me several times, he came closer to my
tombstone, took me by both arms, and tilted me back as far as he could hold me;
so that his eyes looked most powerfully down into mine, and mine looked most
helplessly up into his.(77-80)
+ "Now lookee here," he said, "the question Ø being whether you're to be let to
live. You know what a file is?"
+ "Yes, Ø sir."
+ "And you know what wittles is?"
+ "Yes, Ø sir."(81-85)
+ Say Lord strike you dead if you don't Ø!" said the man.(116)
+ "Ø Much of that!" said he, Ø glancing about him over the cold wet flat. "I
wish I was a frog. Or Ø a eel!”(121-122)
+ At the same time, he hugged his shuddering body in both his arms - clasping
himself, as if Ø to hold himself together - and limped towards the low church
wall. As I saw him go, Ø picking his way among the nettles, and among the
brambles that bound the green mounds, he looked in my young eyes as if he
were eluding the hands of the dead people, Østretching up cautiously out of
their graves, to get a twist upon his ankle and pull him in.(123-128)
2.1.4. Conjunction: touching upon the differences between conjunction
and the other grammartical cohesive devices, can be studied either in a narrow
way in terms of the relation between consecutive sentences, or in a broad way in
terms of the logical relation between consecutive events irrespective of their
being two sentences or two clauses in a clause complex.
(a) Adversative: this expectation may be derived from the content of what is
being said, or from the communication process, the speaker-hearer situation.

+ When the church came to itself - for he was so sudden and strong that he
made it go head over heels before me, and I saw the steeple under my feet -
when the church came to itself, I say, I was seated on a high tombstone,
trembling, while he ate the bread ravenously.(51-54)
+ I believe they were fat, though I was at that time undersized for my years, and
not strong.(57-58)
+ There's a young man hid with me, in comparison with which young man I am a
Angel.(103-104)
+ A boy may lock his door, may be warm in bed, may tuck himself up, may draw
the clothes over his head, may think himself comfortable and safe, but that young
man will softly creep and creep his way to him and tear him open.(107-110)
(b) Additive: is divided into simple additive relations, complex additive relations,
comparative relations, and appositive relations.

+ My father's family name being Pirrip, and my Christian name Philip, my

infant tongue could make of both names nothing longer or more explicit than
Pip. So, I called myself Pip, and came to be called Pip.(1-3)
+ I give Pirrip as my father's family name, on the authority of his tombstone and
my sister - Mrs. Joe Gargery, who married the blacksmith. As I never saw my
father or my mother, and never saw any likeness of either of them (for their days
were long before the days of photographs), my first fancies regarding what they
were like, were unreasonably derived from their tombstones. (4-8)
+ From the character and turn of the inscription, "Also Georgiana Wife of the
Above," I drew a childish conclusion that my mother was freckled and sickly. To
five little stone lozenges, each about a foot and a half long, which were arranged
in a neat row beside their grave, and were sacred to the memory of five little
brothers of mine - who gave up trying to get a living, exceedingly early in that
universal struggle - I am indebted for a belief I religiously entertained that they
had all been born on their backs with their hands in their trousers-pockets, and had
never taken them out in this state of existence.(11-18)
+ "Hold your noise!" cried a terrible voice, as a man started up from among the
graves at the side of the church porch. "Keep still, you little devil, or I'll cut your
throat!"(32-34)

+ I was dreadfully frightened, and so giddy that I clung to him with both hands,
and said, "If you would kindly please to let me keep upright, sir, perhaps I
shouldn't be sick, and perhaps I could attend more."(91-93)
(c) Temporal: simple temporal relation, complex temporal relation, and
conclusive temporal relation.
+…my first fancies regarding what they were like, were unreasonably derived
from their tombstones.(7-9)
+ My first most vivid and broad impression of the identity of things, seems to me
to have been gained on a memorable raw afternoon towards evening.(20-22)
+ The man, after looking at me for a moment, turned me upside down, and
emptied my pockets.(49-50)

+ After darkly looking at his leg and me several times, he came closer to my
tombstone, took me by both arms, and tilted me back as far as he could hold
me; so that his eyes looked most powerfully down into mine, and mine looked
most helplessly up into his.(77-80)
+ He gave me a most tremendous dip and roll, so that the church jumped over
its own weather-cock. Then, he held me by the arms, in an upright position on
the top of the stone, and went on in these fearful terms(94-96)
(d) Causal: are divided into causal relations, reversed causal relations, and
conditional relations.
+ So, I called myself Pip, and came to be called Pip.(3)
+ As I never saw my father or my mother, and never saw any likeness of either
of them (for their days were long before the days of photographs), my first
fancies regarding what they were like, were unreasonably derived from their
tombstones.(5-9)
+ When the church came to itself - for he was so sudden and strong that he
made it go head over heels before me, and I saw the steeple under my feet -
when the church came to itself, I say, I was seated on a high tombstone,
trembling, while he ate the bread ravenously.(51-54)
+ He gave me a most tremendous dip and roll, so that the church jumped over
its own weather-cock. Then, he held me by the arms, in an upright position on
the top of the stone, and went on in these fearful terms(94-96)
2.2. Lexical cohesive divices
2.2.1. Reiteration
(a) Repetition: is the use of one lexical item with the same meaning in more than
one sentence.
+ Ours was the marsh country, down by the river, within, as the river wound,
twenty miles of the sea. My first most vivid and broad impression of the identity
of things, seems to me to have been gained on a memorable raw afternoon
towards evening.(19-22)
+ At such a time I found out for certain, that this bleak place overgrown with
nettles was the churchyard; and that Philip Pirrip, late of this parish, and also
Georgiana wife of the above, were dead and buried; and that Alexander,
Bartholomew, Abraham, Tobias, and Roger, infant children of the aforesaid, were
also dead and buried; and that the dark flat wilderness beyond the churchyard,
intersected with dykes and mounds and gates, with scattered cattle feeding on it,
was the marshes; and that the low leaden line beyond, was the river; and that the
distant savage lair from which the wind was rushing, was the sea; and that the
small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry, was Pip.
(22-31)
+ A fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no
hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied round his head. A man who
had been soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by
flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briars; who limped, and shivered, and
glared and growled; and whose teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the
chin.(35-40)

+ "My sister, sir - Mrs. Joe Gargery - wife of Joe Gargery, the blacksmith, sir."
+ "Blacksmith, eh?" said he. And looked down at his leg.(74-76)
+ "You get me a file." He tilted me again. "And you get me wittles." He tilted
me again. "You bring 'em both to me." He tilted me again. "Or I'll have your
heart and liver out." He tilted me again.(88-90)
+ There's a young man hid with me, in comparison with which young man I
am a Angel. That young man hears the words I speak. That young man has a
secret way pecooliar to himself, of getting at a boy, and at his heart, and at his
liver.(103-106)
(b) Synonymy
+ To five little stone lozenges, each about a foot and a half long, which were
arranged in a neat row beside their grave, and were sacred to the memory of five
little brothers of mine - who gave up trying to get a living, exceedingly early in
that universal struggle - I am indebted for a belief I religiously entertained that
they had all been born on their backs with their hands in their trousers-pockets,
and had never taken them out in this state of existence. Ours was the marsh
country, down by the river, within, as the river wound, twenty miles of the sea.
My first most vivid and broad impression of the identity of things, seems to me to
have been gained on a memorable raw afternoon towards evening. At such a time I
found out for certain, that this bleak place overgrown with nettles was the
churchyard;…(12-23)

+ "Show us where you live," said the man. "Pint out the place!"(46)

+ The man, after looking at me for a moment, turned me upside down, and
emptied my pockets. There was nothing in them but a piece of bread.(49-50)

+ When the church came to itself - for he was so sudden and strong that he
made it go head over heels before me, and I saw the steeple under my feet -
when the church came to itself, I say, I was seated on a high tombstone,
trembling, while he ate the bread ravenously.(51-54)

+ I believe they were fat, though I was at that time undersized for my years, and
not strong.(57-58)
+ He started, made a short run, and stopped and looked over his shoulder.
+ "There, sir!" I timidly explained. "Also Georgiana. That's my mother."
+ "Oh!" said he, coming back. "And is that your father alonger your mother?"
+ "Yes, sir," said I; "him too; late of this parish."
+ "Ha!" he muttered then, considering. "Who d'ye live with - supposin' you're
kindly let to live, which I han't made up my mind about?"(66-73)
+ After each question he tilted me over a little more, so as to give me a greater
sense of helplessness and danger.(86-87)
+ "You get me a file." He tilted me again. "And you get me wittles." He tilted me
again. "You bring 'em both to me." He tilted me again. "Or I'll have your heart
and liver out." He tilted me again.(88-90)
+ I was dreadfully frightened, and so giddy that I clung to him with both hands,
and said, "If you would kindly please to let me keep upright, sir, perhaps I
shouldn't be sick, and perhaps I could attend more." He gave me a most
tremendous dip and roll, so that the church jumped over its own weather-cock.
Then, he held me by the arms, in an upright position on the top of the stone, and
went on in these fearful terms(91-96)
(c) Autonomy
+ The shape of the letters on my father's, gave me an odd idea that he was a
square, stout, dark man, with curly black hair. From the character and turn of the
inscription, "Also Georgiana Wife of the Above," I drew a childish conclusion
that my mother was freckled and sickly.(9-12)
+ My first most vivid and broad impression of the identity of things, seems to
me to have been gained on a memorable raw afternoon towards evening. At such
a time I found out for certain, that this bleak place overgrown with nettles was
the churchyard(20-23)
+ …and that the dark flat wilderness beyond the churchyard, intersected with
dykes and mounds and gates, with scattered cattle feeding on it, was the marshes;
and that the low leaden line beyond, was the river; and that the distant savage lair
from which the wind was rushing, was the sea; and that the small bundle of
shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry, was Pip.(26-31)

+ I believe they were fat, though I was at that time undersized for my years,
and not strong.(57-58)
+ "Yes, sir," said I; "him too; late of this parish."
+ "Ha!" he muttered then, considering. "Who d'ye live with - supposin' you're
kindly let to live, which I han't made up my mind about?"(71-73)
+ After darkly looking at his leg and me several times, he came closer to my
tombstone, took me by both arms, and tilted me back as far as he could hold me;
so that his eyes looked most powerfully down into mine, and mine looked most
helplessly up into his.(77-80)
+ I was dreadfully frightened, and so giddy that I clung to him with both hands,
and said, "If you would kindly please to let me keep upright, sir, perhaps I
shouldn't be sick, and perhaps I could attend more."He gave me a most
tremendous dip and roll, so that the church jumped over its own weather-cock.
Then, he held me by the arms, in an upright position on the top of the stone, and
went on in these fearful terms(91-96)
(d) General word
+ I give Pirrip as my father's family name, on the authority of his tombstone and
my sister - Mrs. Joe Gargery, who married the blacksmith.(4-5)
+ At such a time I found out for certain, that this bleak place overgrown with
nettles was the churchyard…(22-23)
+ The shape of the letters on my father's, gave me an odd idea that he was a
square, stout, dark man, with curly black hair.(9-10)
+ "Tell us your name!" said the man. "Quick!"
"Pip, sir."
"Once more," said the man, staring at me. "Give it mouth!"
"Pip. Pip, sir."
"Show us where you live," said the man. "Pint out the place!"
I pointed to where our village lay, on the flat in-shore among the alder-trees and
pollards, a mile or more from the church.
The man, after looking at me for a moment, turned me upside down, and
emptied my pockets. There was nothing in them but a piece of bread. When the
church came to itself - for he was so sudden and strong that he made it go head
over heels before me, and I saw the steeple under my feet - when the church
came to itself, I say, I was seated on a high tombstone, trembling, while he ate
the bread ravenously.
"You young dog," said the man, licking his lips, "what fat cheeks you ha'
got."(42-56)
+ "Now lookee here," he said, "the question being whether you're to be let to
live. You know what a file is?"(81-82)
+ After each question he tilted me over a little more, so as to give me a greater
sense of helplessness and danger.(86-87)
+ You do it, and you never dare to say a word or dare to make a sign concerning
your having seen such a person as me, or any person sumever, and you shall be
let to live. You fail, or you go from my words in any partickler, no matter how
small it is, and your heart and your liver shall be tore out, roasted and ate.
(98-102)
+ A boy may lock his door, may be warm in bed, may tuck himself up, may
draw the clothes over his head, may think himself comfortable and safe, but that
young man will softly creep and creep his way to him and tear him open.
(107-110)
+ As I saw him go, picking his way among the nettles, and among the brambles
that bound the green mounds, he looked in my young eyes as if he were eluding
the hands of the dead people, stretching up cautiously out of their graves, to get
a twist upon his ankle and pull him in.(125-128)
2.2.2. Collocation: Refers to the association of lexical items that regularly
co-occur. There are three subtypes: resultative, modificational, and contextual.
+ As I never saw my father or my mother, and never saw any likeness of either
of them (for their days were long before the days of photographs), my first
fancies regarding what they were like, were unreasonably derived from their
tombstones.(5-9)( never saw-> fancies)
+ My first most vivid and broad impression of the identity of things, seems to
me to have been gained on a memorable raw afternoon towards evening.(20-
22)( most vivid and broad impression-> gained on a memorable)
+ At such a time I found out for certain, that this bleak place overgrown with
nettles was the churchyard; and that Philip Pirrip, late of this parish, and also
Georgiana wife of the above, were dead and buried…(23-26)(bleak place-the
churchyard, dead-buried)
+ A man who had been soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by
stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briars; who limped,
and shivered, and glared and growled; and whose teeth chattered in his head as
he seized me by the chin.(37-40)
+ I earnestly expressed my hope that he wouldn't, and held tighter to the
tombstone on which he had put me; partly, to keep myself upon it; partly, to
keep myself from crying.(61-63)(held-tigher)
+ He started, made a short run, and stopped and looked over his shoulder.
(66-67)
+ You fail, or you go from my words in any partickler, no matter how small it
is, and your heart and your liver shall be tore out, roasted and ate.(100-102)
3. Translate the text into Vietnamese
Họ của bố tôi là Pirrip, còn tên thánh của tôi là Philip, nhưng cái lưỡi còn bé của
tôi chỉ có thể phát âm cả hai thành một chữ Pip. Vậy nên tôi tự gọi mình là Pip,
rồi dần dà mọi người cũng gọi tôi là Pip.
Tôi đoán Pirrip là họ của bố tôi dựa vào bia mộ của ông và vào chị tôi, bà Joe
Gargery, chị đã kết hôn với người thợ rèn. Vì tôi chưa bao giờ biết mặt bố mẹ
mình, cũng chưa bao giờ được thấy chân dung của họ (vì hai người đã qua đời từ
lâu trước khi người ta phát minh ra nhiếp ảnh), nên những hình ảnh đầu tiên tôi
tưởng tượng về vẻ bề ngoài của họ đều xuất phát một cách vô căn cứ từ bia mộ
của hai người. Hình dáng những chữ cái trên bia mộ của bố tôi khiến tôi có một
suy nghĩ kỳ lạ rằng ông là người vai rộng, rắn rỏi, ngăm ngăm với mái tóc xoăn
đen. Từ đặc điểm và nét lượn của dòng chữ, “Và cả Georgiana vợ của người ở
trên”, tôi đi tới kết luận thật trẻ con rằng mẹ tôi xanh xao ốm yếu lấm chấm tàn
nhang, về phần năm tấm bia nhỏ, mỗi tấm dài chừng một foot rưỡi được xếp
thành một hàng chỉn chu cạnh mộ phần của bố mẹ tôi, để tưởng nhớ năm anh trai
nhỏ của tôi, tất cả đều đã từ bỏ nỗ lực giành sự sống từ quá sớm trong cuộc vật
lộn trần thế, tôi hàm ơn chúng cái niềm tin hằng ghi khắc một cách sùng kính là
tất cả các anh đều sinh ra nằm ngửa với hai bàn tay đút vào túi quần, và đến tận
trạng thái tồn tại này vẫn chưa bao giờ rút tay ra.
Quê chúng tôi là một vùng đầm lầy ven sông, chạy theo những khúc uốn quanh
co của con sông, cách biển chừng hai mươi dặm. Ấn tượng sống động và rõ ràng
đầu tiên tôi có được về đặc tính của sự vật dường như là vào một buổi chiều rét
căm căm không thể nào quên, gần sẩm tối. Vào một thời điểm như thế tôi đã phát
hiện ra chắc chắn rằng chốn cô tịch lạnh lẽo đầy những bụi tầm ma mọc tua tủa
này là nghĩa địa nhà thờ; và Philip Pirrip, con chiên quá cố của giáo khu này,
cũng như Georgiana vợ ông, đều đã chết và được chôn sâu trong mộ; và
Alexander, Bartholomew, Abraham, Tobias cũng như Roger, năm đứa con sơ
sinh của họ, cũng đã chết và nằm yên dưới đất; và khoảng không gian hoang vu
bằng lặng tối sẫm nằm phía bên kia nghĩa địa, với những bờ kè, đê, cửa cống cắt
ngang cắt dọc, lác đác gia súc đang tìm cái ăn, là đầm lầy; còn dải thấp màu xám
chì nằm phía sau nó là con sông; và chốn hoang vu xa tít từ đó những con gió
lồng lộng đang thổi vào chính là biển cả; còn cái đùm bé xíu đang run lẩy bẩy,
càng lúc càng thấy sợ tất cả những thứ đó và bắt đầu khóc, là Pip.
 “Nín cái tiếng ồn của mày lại ngay!” Một giọng nói khủng khiếp gắt lên khi một
người đàn ông vụt đứng dậy từ giữa những ngôi mộ nằm một bên cổng nhà thờ.
“Yên nào, thằng quỷ con, không thì tao cắt cổ!”
Một người đàn ông đáng sợ, mặc toàn một màu xám tồi tàn, chân đeo một cái
xiềng sắt to. Một người đàn ông không đội mũ, đi giày rách, một cái khăn cũ như
tấm giẻ quấn quanh đầu. Một người đàn ông vừa bị dầm trong nước, dìm trong
bùn, khập khiễng vì đá, sây xước vì vật sắc, sưng vù vì cọ phải tầm ma, quần áo
bị gai thạch nam làm rách mướp; một người đàn ông tập tễnh, run rẩy, mắt long
lên, miệng gầm gừ; và răng ông ta va lập cập khi ông ta chộp lấy cằm tôi.
“Ối! Ông đừng cắt cổ cháu, ông ơi,” tôi kinh hãi van xin. “Xin ông đừng làm
thế.”
“Nói cho tao biết tên mày!” người đàn ông ra lệnh. “Nhanh!”
“Pip, thưa ông.”
“Nói lại,” ông ta vừa nói vừa trừng mắt nhìn tôi.
“To cái mồm lên!”
“Pip, Pip, thưa ông.”
“Chỉ cho tao xem mày sống ở đâu,” người đàn ông nói. “Tay đâu, chỉ xem nào!”
Tôi chỉ về phía làng mình, nằm trên vùng đất bằng phẳng ven bờ, giữa những rặng
cây dương tía và những thân cây bị xén ngọn, cách nhà thờ chừng một dặm.
Người đàn ông lạ mặt, sau khi nhìn tôi một thoáng, dốc ngược tôi xuống, rồi lục
hết túi áo túi quần tôi. Trong đó chẳng có gì ngoài một mẩu bánh mì.
Khi nhà thờ trở lại đúng như cũ - bởi kẻ này ra tay đột ngột và mạnh đến mức ông
ta làm ngôi nhà thờ bỗng dưng lộn ngược trước mắt tôi, vậy là tôi trông thấy tháp
chuông ở tận dưới chân mình - ý tôi là khi nhà thờ trở lại đúng như cũ trong mắt
mình, tôi bị đặt ngồi lên một tấm bia mộ cao nghêu, cả người run bần bật trong khi
ông ta ngấu nghiến ăn mẩu bánh mì. “Thằng chó con,” ông ta vừa nói vừa liếm
môi, “mày có hai má phúng phính quá nhỉ.”
Tôi tin là hai má mình phúng phính, cho dù lúc ấy tôi còi hơn so với tuổi, và chẳng
khỏe mạnh gì.
“Quỷ bắt tao đi nếu tao không chén được chúng,” người đàn ông nói, kèm theo
một cái lắc đầu đe dọa, “mà tao cũng muốn thế lắm rồi đấy!”
Tôi thiết tha bày tỏ hy vọng ông ta sẽ không làm vậy, rồi bấu chặt hơn lấy tấm bia
mộ ông ta đã đặt tôi ngồi lên; một phần để khỏi bị ngã xuống; một phần để khỏi
bật khóc.
“Giờ nhìn tao xem nào!” người đàn ông ra lệnh. “Mẹ mày đâu?”
“Đằng kia, thưa ông!” tôi đáp.
Ông ta giật mình, chạy đi vài bước rồi dừng lại ngoái nhìn đằng sau.
“Kia kìa, thưa ông!” tôi sợ sệt giải thích. “Và cả Georgiana. Đấy là mẹ cháu.”
“À!” ông ta thốt lên, quay trở lại. “Còn kia là bố mày nằm cạnh mẹ mày phải
không?”
“Vâng, thưa ông,” tôi nói, “cả bố cháu nữa; con chiên quá cố của giáo khu này.”
“Hừm!” ông ta lẩm bẩm, có vẻ nghĩ ngợi. “Vậy mày sống với ai, ấy là nếu mày
được nhân từ để cho sống, mà chuyện đó thì tao vẫn chưa quyết đâu?”
“Chị cháu, thưa ông, bà Joe Gargery, vợ của Joe Gargery, người thợ rèn, thưa
ông.”
“Thợ rèn hả?” ông ta nói. Rồi ông ta nhìn xuống chân mình.
Sau khi hết nhìn xuống chân lại nhìn tôi vài lượt với ánh mắt ám muội, người đàn
ông tới bên tấm bia tôi đang ngồi, chộp cả hai cánh tay tôi, rồi ngả ngửa tôi ra sau
hết tầm tay ông ta; sao cho mắt ông ta nhìn cực kỳ hung hãn vào mắt tôi, còn mắt
tôi nhìn cực kỳ vô vọng vào mắt ông ta.
“Nào nhìn tao đây,” ông ta nói, “câu hỏi bây giờ là có nên để mày sống hay
không. Mày biết một cái giũa là gì chứ?”
“Biết, thưa ông.”
“Và mày cũng biết chỗ để đồ ăn chứ?”
“Biết, thưa ông.”
Sau mỗi câu hỏi ông ta lại đẩy tôi ngả về phía sau thêm tí nữa, để tôi cảm thấy rõ
hơn sự bất lực và tình cảnh nguy hiểm của mình.
“Mày lấy cho tao một cái giũa.” Người đàn ông lại đẩy tôi. “Và mày lấy đồ ăn cho
tao.” Ông ta đẩy tôi thêm lần nữa. “Mày mang cả hai thứ đến cho tao.” Ông ta lại
lắc tôi. “Không thì tao móc tim moi gan mày ra.” Ông ta lại đẩy tôi thêm một lần.
Tôi sợ chết khiếp, và chóng mặt đến mức níu chặt lấy ông ta bằng cả hai tay rồi
nói, “Nếu ông làm ơn để cháu được ngồi thẳng người, thưa ông, có khi cháu sẽ
không bị chóng mặt, như thế cháu có thể giúp được nhiều hơn.”
Ông ta tóm lấy tôi dốc lộn ngược xuống nhanh chóng mặt, làm nhà thờ đột nhiên
nhảy lên ngồi chồm hỗm lên cái chong chóng gió vốn nằm trên nóc. Rồi ông ta giữ
lấy hai cánh tay tôi để tôi đứng thẳng người trên đỉnh tấm bia, và nói tiếp những
lời thật khủng khiếp.
“Sáng sớm mai, mày phải mang đến cho tao cái giũa và đồ ăn. Mày phải mang tất
mấy món đến chỗ cái pháo đài cũ ở đằng kia cho tao. Làm đúng như thế, và cấm
không bao giờ được hé miệng một lời hay dám ra hiệu gì về chuyện mày đã thấy
một người như tao, hay bất cứ ai, như thế mày sẽ được yên thân mà sống. Không
làm được, hay làm sai lời tao, dù chỉ một li một lai, tao sẽ moi tim móc gan mày
ra, nướng lên và chén sạch. Nói luôn để mày biết, tao không chỉ có một mình như
mày có khi đang nghĩ đâu. Có một thằng bạn trẻ hơn trốn cùng tao, và so với hắn
tao còn là thiên thần cơ đấy. Thằng bạn này nghe thấy những gì tao nói. Thằng bạn
trẻ này có một cách bí mật chỉ mình nó biết để tìm đến một thằng nhóc con, đến
quả tim và lá gan của thằng nhóc con đó. Một thằng nhóc tìm cách trốn gã thanh
niên đó thì chỉ phí công thôi. Thằng nhóc con có thể khóa cửa, có thể nằm im trên
giường ấm áp, có thể rúc vào dưới chăn, có thể kéo áo lên trùm đầu, có thể nghĩ nó
đang thoải mái và an toàn, nhưng thằng bạn trẻ của tao sẽ nhẹ nhàng rón rén tìm
được tới chỗ thằng nhóc con và mổ phanh bụng nó ra. Ngay lúc này đây tao đang
cố ngăn để hắn đừng làm hại mày, khó cực kỳ đấy. Tao thấy thật khó giữ hắn
tránh xa tim gan mày ra. Giờ mày nói sao nào?”
Tôi nói tôi sẽ mang cho ông ta giũa, và tôi sẽ mang cho ông ta tất cả thức ăn vụn
tìm được, và sẽ tới gặp ông ta ở chỗ pháo đài cũ vào lúc sáng sớm.
“Thề là nếu mày không làm thì Chúa đánh chết mày đi!” người đàn ông nói.
Tôi thề, vậy là ông ta hạ tôi xuống đất.
“Bây giờ,” ông ta nói tiếp, “hãy nhớ những gì mày đã thề, hãy nhớ thằng bạn trẻ
của tao, và xéo về nhà đi!”
“Chúc ông buổi tối tốt lành ạ,” tôi lắp ba lắp bắp.
“Đủ rồi” ông ta nói, đưa mắt nhìn quanh cảnh vật bằng phẳng ướt át lạnh lẽo. “Tao
ước gì tao là một con ếch. Hay một con lươn!”
Cùng lúc, ông ta đưa cả hai cánh tay quàng quanh thân hình đang run bần bật của
mình - ghì chặt, như thể để giữ cho cả người khỏi bung ra - rồi tập tễnh lê bước về
phía bức tường thấp quanh khuôn viên nhà thờ. Khi tôi nhìn ông ta bỏ đi, len lỏi
giữa những bụi tầm ma và những cây mâm xôi mọc viền quanh các nấm mộ màu
xanh lục, trong đôi mắt trẻ thơ của tôi, ông ta như thể đang cố né tránh bàn tay của
những người đã khuất đang từ từ thò ra từ huyệt mộ để tóm lấy cổ chân ông ta, lôi
ông ta xuống mồ.
III/ REFERENCES

 Richard Lettis and William Morris, ed. (1960), Assessing Great Expectations,
San Francisco: Chandler, texts from Forster, Whipple, Chesterton, Leacock,
Baker, House, Johnson, van Ghent, Stange, Hagan, Connolly, Engel, Hillis
Miller, Moynahan, Van de Kieft, Hardy, Lindberg, Partlow
 Julian Moynahan (1960), "The Hero's Guilt, The Case of Great
Expectations", Essays in Criticism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 60–79
 Coulthard M. (1994), Advances in Written Text Analysis, Routledge
 Gutwinski W. (1976), Cohension in Literary Texts,The Hague, Mouton
 Widdowson H. (2007), Discourse Analysis (Oxford Introduction to Language
Study), Oxford University Press, Oxford
 Halliday M.A.K. (1992), Spoken and Written Language, Oxford University
Press, London