Practical Manual For The INSAE Pharmacy Assistant Course

INSAE – Argentine Institute of Excellence
PRACTICAL COURSE MANUAL
COMMERCIAL ASSISTANT
PHARMACY
UNIT 1:
Important Definitions:
Pharmacy:
From the Greek fármakon/ , 'medicine, poison, toxic'.
a) Establishment in which medicines are prepared and sold.
"This afternoon I'll stop by the pharmacy to buy suppositories and aspirin."
b) Science and technique of knowing the substances of therapeutic action, of obtaining
them and com combine them to prepare medicines.
Pharmacology:
Pharmacology (from the Greek , pharmacon , drug, and logos , science) is the science that
studies the history, origin, physical and chemical properties, presentation, biochemical
effects mic and physiological, the mechanisms of action, absorption, distribution,
biotransformation and excretion, as well as the therapeutic use of interacting chemical
substances. They interact with living organisms.
Pharmacology studies how the drug interacts with the body, its actions and pro pities.
In a more strict sense, pharmacology is considered the study of drugs, whether they have
beneficial or toxic effects. Pharmacology has clinical applications when substances are used
in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of a disease or for the relief of its symptoms.
It is the science that studies the preparation, properties, applications and actions of drugs.
macos.
Disease:
More or less severe health impairment
Disease:
Indisposition, ailment, illness.
Toxic or poison: It is any substance that, due to its chemical properties, is capable of
destroying life or damaging health.
Treatment:
Set of means used to cure or alleviate a disease.
Drug:
It is any substance of natural origin (vegetable, animal or mineral) that produces beneficial
effects. facts about the health of living beings.
Medicine:
Substance that, administered internally or externally to an animal organism, serves to
prevent, cure or alleviate disease and correct or repair its consequences .
The drug becomes a medicine after it acquires a suitable pharmaceutical form. each, with a
therapeutic dose to prevent, treat, diagnose (for example: iodine 125 to see uptake of the
thyroid gland in search of goiter) or attenuate a disease.
Remedy:
a) That which serves to produce a favorable change in diseases.
b) Medication taken to repair damage or inconvenience.
Drug:
Mineral, vegetable or animal substance, used in medicine or industry.
It is any chemically active substance capable of modifying the state of health of a living
being. vo (can produce beneficial or harmful effects).
Active ingredient: chemical substance(s) contained in the medication and which is

responsible ble of its therapeutic action (for example: acetylsalicylic acid).
Therapeutics, co
From the Greek therapeutikós; from late Latin therapeutĭca 'medical treatises', and this from
Greek therapeutiká.
a) Belonging or relating to therapy.

b) Set of practices and knowledge aimed at treating ailments.
c) Therapeutic treatment.
d) Part of medicine that teaches the precepts and remedies for the treatment of diseases.
Recipe:
a) Optional prescription.
b) Written note of a recipe.
Prescription:
Action and effect of prescribing.
Prescribe:
a) Prescribe, order a remedy.
b) Precept, order, determine something.
Indication:
In medicine, an indication is the term that describes a valid reason for using a diagnostic
test, a medical procedure, a certain medication, or surgical technique.
The indications for drugs are strictly regulated by the governing bodies. international,
national, regional or local. Also by professional associations or specific institutions, which
authorize the inclusion in the "label" of the phrase "Indications and Use."
Posology:
From the Greek 'how much', 'what quantity' and -logy.
a) Part of pharmacology that deals with the doses in which drugs should be
administered medicines.
b) Dosage of a medication.
Dose:
a) Taking medicine that is given to the patient each time.
b) Quantity or portion of something, material or immaterial.
Capsule:
a) Dissolvable wrapper in which certain medications are supplied.
b) Set of the capsule and the medicine in it included.
Tablet :
a) Rectangular and flat piece.
b) Pill (portion of medicinal substance).
Dragee:
Small portion of medicinal material in a generally rounded shape and covered with a layer
of substance that is pleasant to the palate.
Posology:
In the sheets of the most common medications, a prescription table is proposed with the
average dosage according to the weight or age of the patient, expressed per unit of
medication (tablet, ampoule, etc.).
For children, the doses of oral medications are expressed in milligrams per kilogram and
per dose, specifying the number of doses per day (e.g. 10 mg/kg 3 times a day).
For some antiretrovirals, they are expressed in milligrams per square meter (mg/m ). 2
Doses of injectable medications are also expressed in milligrams per kilo. gram and per
injection, specifying the interval between injections (e.g. 10 mg/kg ca gives 8 hours).
For adults, doses of oral medications are expressed in milligrams or gra mos per dose,
specifying the number of doses per day (e.g. 500 mg 3 times a day). Doses of injectable
medications are generally expressed in milligrams or grams per injection, specifying the
interval between injections (e.g. 500 mg every 8 hours).
Symbols
Prescription under medical supervision
This box appears in the sheets of potentially toxic medicines subject to medical
prescription according to the regulations of many European countries, for example
Belgium, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom.
This symbol is used to draw the attention of prescribers to medications for which the
potential toxicity is more pronounced or for which experience has shown because its
misuse is frequent.
Practical recommendations for storing medications:
Medication particularly sensitive to light

Medicine particularly sensitive to humidity
The absence of mention regarding temperature means that we have not found
information in the literature about the temperature required for the conservation of this
medication.
Abbreviations
Unit
kg = kilogram
g = gram
mg = milligram (1 g = 1000 mg)
m = square meter
2
UI = international unit
M = million
mEq = milliequivalent
mmol = millimole
ml = milliliter (1 cc = 1 ml)
c of c = teaspoon (= 5 ml)
c of s = tablespoon (= 15 ml)
Route of administration
IM = intramuscular
IV = intravenous
SC = subcutaneous
Presentation
cp = compressed
cap = capsule
amp = ampoule
susp = suspension
Several
water ppi = water for injection preparation v/v = volume in volume
D = day (e.g. D1 = 1st
day)
UNIT 2 – THE PHARMACY ASSISTANT
Pharmacy Assistant Duties
When talking about the ADF profile, reference is made to the actions that it can develop
and its field of action, which in this case will be aimed at collaborating closely with the
pharmaceutical professional.
The ADF course will enable the student to solve the main problems concerning the
identification, sale and billing of any product sold in a pharmacy.
In addition, the ADF will have the capacity to be a link between the patient and the
professional. You will have basic knowledge to carry out your task as assistant to the
pharmaceutical professional, within a moral ethical context that respects the dignity of the
human person and full recognition of the activity of the Pharmaceutical and Medical
professional.
By obtaining the course approval certificate, the ADF will have the ability to: Serve clients
correctly by applying the knowledge, skills and abilities learned.
The Pharmacy Assistant must assist people in health care and dispensing medications,
collaborating with the pharmaceutical professional.
Attendees must match their specific knowledge to a people's vocation. The Pharmacy
Assistant must always seek the good of the patient.
The Pharmacy Assistant will seek to improve the lifestyle of the population, prevent pain,
promote healthy lifestyle habits, practice hygiene and try to correct wrong habits.
The ADF student
The training that the ADF will receive in this course is aimed at enabling them to carry out
social and humanistic work, related to the area where they will work as a collaborator of
the pharmacist.
The ADF must be trained to be effective community educators, concentrating this action
on aspects related to the sale of pharmacological products.
They must understand from the beginning of the Course the fundamental importance for
their training of developing the ability to listen and assimilate the vocabulary they face.
We try to meet the needs of patients / clients in terms of information, comments and
requests for new products.
It is a fact that patients/clients will respect and trust more in ADFs that are always updated,
contributing to an increasingly better pharmaceutical service, for the well-being of
patients/clients and the community in general.
.The ADF fulfills a very important function in society, guiding the patient/client in a timely
and safe manner.
PATIENT CONTAINMENT
The relationship with patients must be based on the search for the good of the patient,
conceived as a person who suffers. When a patient-centered relationship is established,
health becomes more human and caring. The relationship with the patient occurs in three
blueprints: he interpersonal, he of aid and he technical.
It is a relationship between people, asymmetrical, of help that implicitly implies the neity
and reliability. This relationship requires that the professional have specific suitability and
training and that the patient have an authentic will to heal, without a magical or
superstitious mentality and with confidence in the ability of those who assist them. Health
professionals and assistants, such as ADFs, are asked to possess objectivity, professional
competence, ethical awareness of their work, compassion, empathy, vocation, benevolence
and a broad sense of responsibility for the patient's needs. Respect for their privacy and
their illness must be taken into account when dealing with the patient, treating them with
decorum and dignity. Communication must necessarily be complete and truthful, with
appropriate, simple and understandable words.
PHARMACY ASSISTANT PROFILE (ADF)

When talking about the ADF profile, reference is made to the actions that it can develop
and its field of action, which in this case will be aimed at collaborating closely with the
pharmaceutical professional.
A pharmacy assistant must be a person:

.With specific training in pharmacy and/or parapharmacy.
.That shows interest in science and the health field.
.With a complete and methodical approach to his work.
.Precise and with excellent attention to detail.
.With numerical skills.
.Skilled in working as a team.
.With communication skills to explain clearly and give clear advice.
.Friendly and accessible to work with the public.
.Responsible for patient confidentiality.
Competencies
. Skills to work in customer service.
.Capacity for teamwork.
.Able to give clear and concise explanations.
.Able to pay attention to detail.
.Able to follow established procedures.
.Communicative skills.
.Computer skills.
Must be meticulous and willing to participate in activities related to the pharmacy area,
dispensing, recording and controlling the unit's medications, in order to serve users in their
needs in the area.
In detail:
• Serves and dispenses medications to the general public, according to the doctor's
prescription.
• Classifies and organizes pharmaceutical products on shelves, according to the pre-

established order.
• Serves and guides the public on the dosage of the requested medicines.
• Receives and verifies medications that enter the pharmacy.
• Check the list of medicines and expiration dates.
• Prepares reports and statistics on the delivery of medications and medical-surgical

materials.
• Keeps physicians informed of existing inventory.
• Keep track of medicines and narcotics dispensed.
• Assists in the preparation of pharmaceutical formulas.
• Prepare the inventory of medicines.
• Archive communications and order orders.
• Requests medications from drugstores, upon request from the supervisor.
• Transcribes and accesses information operating a computer.
• Complies with the standards and procedures regarding comprehensive security,

established by the organization.
• Maintains equipment and work site in order, reporting any anomalies.
• Prepares periodic reports of the activities carried out.
• Performs any other related duties as assigned.
Scope of action : Responsibility:
• Materials:
Constantly handles easy-to-use equipment and materials, being his direct
responsibility, and manages moderately complex equipment and materials, being
his indirect responsibility.
• Money:
He is indirectly responsible for the custody of materials.
• Confidential information:
Indirectly manages a low degree of confidentiality.
• Decision making:
The decisions made are based on previous procedures and/or experiences. res for
the normal execution of the work, at the operational level.
• Supervision:
The position receives specific supervision directly and periodically, and does not
exercise its vision.
Internal and external relations:
Internal relations:
• The position maintains continuous relationships with service users and frequent
relationships with the sections of the pharmacy service, in order to support and/or
execute matters related to the area; This requires a normal ability to negotiate and
obtain cooperation.
External relations:
• The position maintains frequent relationships with national and transnational
laboratories and various representation houses, in order to support and/or execute
matters related to the area; requiring a normal ability to negotiate and obtain ner
cooperation.
Effort:
• The position requires physical effort of constantly sitting/standing and periodically

walking, and requires a medium degree of manual and visual precision.
UNIT 3 – ORGANIZATION AND TYPE OF PHARMACIES
Internal pharmacy division
Perfumery: self-service (within the patient's reach).
Space for over-the-counter (OTC) medications: visible.
Space for prescription medications.

Refrigerator space: medications that require a cold chain
Space for archived prescription medications: locked cabinet and stored prescriptions.
(Quantity Sold = Number of Recipes).
Space for placing injectables (box).
Space for taking blood pressure.
Public attention space.
Medicine storage space.
Space for personal hygiene.
Space for rest on shift days.
Administrative space.
Space for master preparations.
Space for flammable substances.

DRAFT OF INTERNAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE LOCAL
Type of Pharmacies
There are many different types of pharmacy, and other places where a trained pharmacist can
work. This includes: community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, clinical pharmacy and
industrial pharmacy
community pharmacy
Also known as a retail pharmacy, the community pharmacy is the most well-known type of
pharmacy. It is this type that is most traditionally known as the pharmacist's pharmacy.
A community pharmacist usually works in a store that provides the community with access to
the medications they need, as well as providing advice for the safe and effective use of the
remedies they offer. They can inform their clients about which drugs can act efficiently on a
certain disease, as well as help prevent dangerous or bothersome combinations or side effects
of the medication.
Hospital Pharmacy: is the place where the administration of medications occurs in a hospital,
medical clinic, or nursing home. A hospital pharmacist often works in close collaboration with
other healthcare professionals to ensure that the medication regimen for each patient is
optimized to achieve the best results. Hospital pharmacies usually depend on the medical
management of a hospital , as do the Clinical Analysis, Microbiology or Nuclear Medicine
services, among others. They are responsible for the acquisition, conservation, dispensing
and preparation of hospital medications, as well as the selection and evaluation of
medications, pharmacotherapeutic information, the control of products in the clinical research
phase and the performance of drug use studies .
Clinical Pharmacy: Clinical pharmacy exists in various establishments, including hospitals,

nursing homes, and other medical centers. The objective of clinical pharmacy is to ensure the
optimal use of medications for the best results through the provision of drug information and
monitoring for drug safety and effectiveness. They can predict drug interactions and thus
prevent many adverse drug reactions.
Industrial pharmacy: Industrial pharmacy involves the pharmaceutical industry and
includes research, production, packaging, quality control, marketing and the sales
of goods pharmaceuticals.
An industrial pharmacist may work as a representative for a pharmaceutical company.
UNIT 4 - PHARMACEUTICAL FORMS:
A pharmaceutical form (also called galenical form) is a substance or association thereof,

which has the purpose of facilitating the administration of drugs or medications or another
type of compound to the body.
It is a product from the transformation of a drug through pharmacotechnical processes, in

order to give it physical and morphological characteristics that facilitate its administration.
EXCIPIENT:
Substance that is mixed with medications to give them consistency, shape, flavor or other
qualities that facilitate their use.
"in the composition of the medicine you can read the amount of excipient it contains;
Vaseline is used as an excipient"
BIOAVAILABILITY AND BIOEQUIVALENCE.
Bioavailability: It can be defined as the fraction of administered drug that reaches za the
general circulation and the speed at which it occurs.
It is expressed as a percentage; ranges from 0% (drugs with poor absorption) to 100%.
Intravenous administration presents a bioavailability of 100% by reaching direct blood
circulation.
Bioequivalence: two medicinal products are bioequivalent when they are chemical or
pharmaceutical equivalents that after administration demonstrate the same bioavailability,
under the same experimental conditions.
Different types of equivalence:

- CHEMICAL EQUIVALENT : two medications with the same active ingredient, identical
concentration, that have different pharmaceutical forms that are administered by the same ma
via. (Example: diclofenac 50 mg tablets and capsules)
- PHARMACEUTICAL EQUIVALENT : two medications with the same active ingredient,

identical concentration, same pharmaceutical form that are administered by the same route
(83: diclofenac 50 mg tablets)
- BIOLOGICAL EQUIVALENT OR BIOEQUIVALENT: they are chemical or pharmaceutical

equivalents. ceuticals that after administration demonstrate to have the same bioavailability
under the same experimental conditions.
ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION .
Sublingual
route
ORALLY . The oral route is the most used route of drug administration. In the administration of
medications by this route, the pharmaceutical form, the excipients and the manufacturing
conditions play an important role in relation to the release of the active ingredient in the
gastrointestinal tract and also in relation to the speed of absorption.
a) Oral liquid dosage forms.

Liquid pharmaceutical forms for oral administration are divided into solutions, emulsium nes or
suspensions containing one or more active ingredients dissolved or suspended in an
appropriate vehicle. The vehicle can be:
- Aqueous: used to dissolve water-soluble active ingredients.
- Hydroalcoholic: allows the dissolution of less water-soluble active ingredients, with It
consists of a mixture of water and alcohol. These liquid forms also contain auxiliary substances
for the conservation, stability and masking of the flavor of the pharmaceutical preparation
(antimicrobial preservatives, antioxidants, solubilizers, stabilizers, flavorings, sweeteners and
authorized coloring agents).
Within the Oral Liquid pharmaceutical forms we find:
- Syrup: aqueous solution with high sugar content.

- Elixir: sweetened hydroalcoholic solution (25% alcohol).
- Suspension: the solid phase suspended in an aqueous phase, stirred before use.
- Extemporaneous suspension: due to its poor stability” it is prepared at the time of
administration by adding water.
- Drops: concentrated active ingredient.
- Ampoules or drinkable vials: low concentration of active ingredients.
Advantages and disadvantages of oral liquid dosage forms:
Advantages: easier to digest than solid ones. Its therapeutic response is faster since the active
ingredient is dissolved.
Disadvantages: more expensive transportation and storage. Less chemical and bio stability
logical than solid dosage forms. Caution when dosing.
b) Solid oral pharmaceutical forms:

.Tablets: solid pharmaceutical forms that contain one or more active ingredients. you. They are
obtained by agglomerating, by compression, a constant volume of particles. Tablets intended
for oral administration can be classified as:
- Normal release tablets: obtained by compression. They are composed of the active
ingredient and excipients (diluents, binders, disintegrants, lubricants).
- Multilayer tablets: obtained by multiple compressions, resulting in several superimposed
cores, with different compaction in each of them. This type of tablet is used to administer two
or more drugs that are incompatible with each other, or to obtain a longer action of one of
them. Other times the aim is to administer a single drug, but compacted into concentric nuclei
with different release rates.
- Coated tablets or dragees : the coating may be sugar or a limer that breaks when it
reaches the stomach. They serve to protect the drug from humidity and air, as well as to mask
unpleasant flavors and odors.
- Tablets with gastro-resistant or enteric coating: they resist acid secretions from the
stomach, breaking down in the small intestine. They are used to protect fár macos that are
altered by gastric juices or to protect the gastric mucosa from far irritating maces.
- Controlled release tablets : these are systems that exert control over the release of the
active ingredient in the body, either spatially controlling the release site, or temporally when
the drug is released into the body at a speed with trolled for which specially prepared tablets
are used.
- Effervescent tablets: obtained by compressing a granule of salts and fervescent, usually an
acid (citric acid) and an alkali (sodium bicarbonate). These substances, in contact with water,
create carbon dioxide that breaks down the mass of the tablet and releases the active
ingredient. It is usually used to administer analgesics (effervescent aspirin), anti-flu
preparations and salts of calcium, potassium, mi nerals and vitamins.
- Orally dissolving tablets: these are tablets intended to dissolve entirely. in the mouth, in
order to exert a local action on the mucosa. Antifungal drugs (amphotericin B), antiseptics
(chlorhexidine), anti-inflammatory drugs (hydrocortisone succinate) or sialagogues (potassium

chlorate) are thus administered.
Capsules: are preparations of solid consistency formed by a hard or soft receptacle, of variable
shape and capacity, which contain a unit dose of the active ingredient. vo. In most cases the
base of the receptacle is usually made of gelatin, although in certain In some cases, substances
such as glycerol or sorbitol are added to improve consistency. The content can be solid, liquid
or viscous and consists of one or more active ingredients, accompanied or not by excipients.
There are different types of capsules:
- Hard capsules: made up of a body and a lid (two cylindrical half capsules) that close by
snapping one into the other.
- Softgels or beads: one-piece receptacle; They are interesting for administering oily liquids
(for example, fat-soluble vitamins) or viscous liquids, which favors the speed of absorption
since the active ingredient is dissolved.
- Gastro-resistant shell capsules: they are obtained by mixing the gelatin that will form the
capsule (hard or soft) with a gastro-resistant film, or by filling the capsules with granules or
particles coated with a gastro-resistant polymer.
- Modified-release capsules: hard or soft capsules whose manufacturing process cation, or
its content and/or coating, integrate auxiliary substances in its composition. liars intended to
modify the speed or place of release of the active principles or principles you.
.Powders: the active ingredient may or may not be dispersed in an inert powdery excipient
(lactose or sucrose). Each dose is administered after preparing a solution extempo rane in
water or other solvent. Dosing is carried out in multi-dose containers or in two unitary systems
(bags and papers). Many active ingredients are dispensed in this way: antacids, magnesium
salts, glucosamine, etc.
.Granules: aggregates of powder particles that include active ingredients, sugars and various
adjuvants. They come in the form of small grains of uniform thickness, irregular shape and
more or less porosity. There are different types of granules: effervescent, coated, gastro-
resistant and modified release.
.Tablets: are tablets to dissolve in the oral cavity. They differ from compressed two for the
production technique. Its main constituents are sucrose, a glue tinant and one or more active
ingredients.
Advantages and disadvantages of solid oral dosage forms:

Advantages: more stable both chemically and biologically than liquids; older as ease in daily
handling, greater performance at an industrial level.
Disadvantages: slower effect, complex industrial production.
PARENTERAL WAY
Preparations for parenteral administration are sterile formulations intended to be injected or
implanted in the human body.
The three main routes for administration of injectable preparations are intravenous sa (1V), the
subcutaneous (SC) and the intramuscular (1M). Other less frequently used parenteral routes are
intradermal, intraarachnoid or intrathecal, epidural, intraosseous, intraartificial. cular, intra-
arterial, intracardiac, etc.
Liquid parenteral dosage forms :

.Injectable preparations: are liquid, sterile and non-pyrogenic pharmaceutical forms for
intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous administration, as solutions in ampoules.
Solid parenteral dosage forms:

.Powder for extemporaneous injection preparations : sterile solid substances, do sified and
packaged in defined containers that, quickly after shaking, in the presence of a prescribed
volume of appropriate sterile liquid, give rise to practically clean solutions, free of particles, or
to uniform suspensions. Implants or pellets: small sterile administration tablets parenteral
subcu taneous, of appropriate shape and size, which guarantee the release of the active
ingredient over a prolonged time.
Advantages and disadvantages of parenteral pharmaceutical forms.

.Advantages: the action is fast, with maximum bioavailability, avoiding passage through the
tra gastrointestinal tract and the hepatic first pass effect. The therapeutic action of some active
ingredients administered parenterally can be applied in specific places. cough of the body, as in
the case of some anesthetics and infiltrations.
.Disadvantages : trained personnel are needed to administer this route; Administration can
sometimes be painful. Caution should be taken to avoid the possibility of infection nes.
RECTAL VIA
Pharmaceutical forms for liquid rectal administration.
.Enemas: enemas are liquid pharmaceutical forms intended for the administration of active
ingredients rectally.
They can be solutions, suspensions or emulsions.
Enemas with a local effect are intended for evacuation of the intestine (evacuation enemas tion
or cleaning, which are the most frequent); therapeutic enemas contain drugs cos to exert a
local action in the colon or produce a systemic action.

It is also a route of administration of contrast media that contain ra substances. diopaque to
facilitate radiological examinations.
The volume varies depending on the age of the individual from 150 ml in babies to 1000
thousand for adults. When the volume to be administered is small, they are called microene.
further. They are normally presented in a plastic container that has a rectal cannula attached,
which makes its administration possible.
Solid pharmaceutical forms for rectal administration.

.Suppositories: they have a mechanical, local or systemic action, they are preparations
consisting solid body and conical and rounded shape at one end. They have a length of 3-4 cm
and a weight of between 1-3 g. Each unit includes one or more active ingredients, incorporated
in an excipient that must not be irritating, which must have a melting point of less than 37ºC,
so that it can melt once applied and release the active ingredient(s).
The excipients of this Pharmaceutical Form can be classified into two main categories. them:
.Lipophilic excipients: triglycerides. The most commonly used among them are cocoa butter,
semi-synthetic glycerides and saturated polyoxyethylene oils. .Water-soluble excipients:
polyethylene glycols (PEG).
.Rectal capsules. Semi-solid pharmaceutical forms for rectal administration. Ointments.
VAGINAL VIA.
Solid pharmaceutical forms for vaginal administration.
.Ovules : adapted to the vaginal anatomy, of varied size and shape.
They usually exert local action and are usually ovoid in shape.
The excipients are similar to those normally used when making suppositories.
One of the most used mixtures is glycerin, gelatin and water.
.Vaginal capsules .
.Vaginal tablets
Semi-solid pharmaceutical forms for vaginal administration

. Ointments.
. Creams.
. Gels.
TOPICAL ROUTE
. a) Application on the skin.
Topical liquid dosage forms.

Liniments: are applied by friction in order to obtain local effects.
.Lotions: apply without friction.
Both forms are very similar and are presented as solutions, suspensions or emulsion. nes.
Semi-solid topical dosage forms.
.Ointments: intermediate consistency (extensibility).
.Creams: more fluid consistency than ointments.
.Ointments: high consistency and, therefore, reduced extensibility.
.Pastes: high consistency and better penetration into the skin.
.Gels: made up of excipients with gelling properties. Easily extendable.
Solid topical dosage forms.

.Dermal powders
Transdermal topical dosage forms
Transdermal or percutaneous systems are dosage forms designed to achieve guide the
percutaneous delivery of active ingredients at a programmed rate, or for an established period
of time.
There are several types of transdermal systems, including:
.Transdermal patches. The basic components of the patches consist of an external protective
sheet, a reservoir with the active ingredient and a microporous membrane that allows the
continuous release of the drug found inside. These patches provide constant therapeutic
plasma levels of the drug, as long as the skin remains intact. The release of the drug from the
patch occurs over a period period of time that fluctuates between 24 hours and a week.
b) Application on mucous membranes.

Liquid ophthalmic pharmaceutical forms.
.Eye drops: sterile solutions or suspensions with oily or aqueous vehicles (the latter most used),
which are applied to the conjunctival mucosa.
.Eye baths: they are sterile, aqueous liquid solutions that are applied to the joint. tive for
cleaning, or to remove any foreign body. They are applied through com dams or with eyewash
cups.
Liquid otic dosage forms .

.Otic drops: oily or aqueous solutions that are applied to the ear canal, in search of a local
therapeutic action. They are packaged in dropper bottles to facilitate dosing. There are also
other preparations intended for cleaning the au duct. ditive.
Liquid oropharyngeal dosage forms.

.Mouthwashes: aqueous solutions intended to obtain a local action on the mucous
membranes of the oral cavity and throat.
.Gargling: aqueous solutions that exert a local action only on the throat ta. Both
pharmaceutical forms are applied as a rinse, expelling the preparation after having been in
contact with the mucosa for a short period of time . Liquid nasal pharmaceutical forms.
.Nasal solutions: they are administered by instillation in each nostril and are bottled
generically. usually in dropper bottles, although there are also presentations in the form of
nasal sprays.
INHALATORY ROUTE
Nebulizations: the administration of the active ingredient is carried out through nebulizers;
The drug dissolved in an aqueous solvent (generally physiological solution) reaches the upper
respiratory tract due to the pressure exerted by the nebulizer; In this way, a kind of "mist" is
formed that is inspired through a device called a nebulizer ampoule, which has a flexible mask
that covers the nose and mouth. Through this route of administration, systemic absorption may
occur, making the appearance of side effects possible.
.Aerosols: consisting of a hermetically closed container, packaged under pressure, which is
applied by activating an appropriate valve system. They make them up The basic elements of
an aerosol for inhalation use are: the container (usually aluminum minium), the propellant
(compressed or liquefied gas), the active ingredient and the valve (dosing).
The difference it has with a spray is that it does not use propellant gas.
Sprays generally use glass containers and their valve is what exerts the propellant effect and
does not dose the active ingredient.
Aerosols can be used with air chambers or spacers. In this way, shot-inhalation coordination is
improved and the effectiveness of the medication increases.
It also reduces the risk of side effects (at therapeutic doses the effect is local on the lung
epithelium) and facilitates the administration of the correct dose of the medication. to, since
the aerosol valve doses the amount of active ingredient administered; This valve has a
technological and anatomical design adaptable to any aerosol.
.Peak flow meter : exhaled air flow volume meter for patients with obstructive pulmonary
pathologies.
It is made up of a transparent body with an internal indicator that simplifies reading. It has a
self-adhesive traffic light strip to facilitate self-control.
Simple to use.
A single presentation for children and adults. Easy to carry, strong, washable and durable.
Advantages and disadvantages of inhalation pharmaceutical forms.

.Advantages: they provide high protection of the drug against external agents, they prevent
passage through the gastrointestinal tract; produce a rapid therapeutic action, good dosage
tion (dosing valve), its administration is comfortable, it produces local effects and therapeutic
doses minimize systemic effects, thereby reducing the possibility of side effects.
.Disadvantages: they have a complex industrial manufacturing, which increases the value.
UNIT 5 - DISPENSATION - ARGENTINE PHARMACOPEIA - GENERICS
DISPENSATION
In pharmacy: Dispensing is the act in which the pharmacist or pharmacy assistant delivers the
medication prescribed by the doctor to the patient. Furthermore, the pharmacist gave him
gives the patient at that moment the information necessary for its rational use.
Dispensing stages:
.Reception of the patient: greet him and introduce himself.
.Reading and interpretation of the recipe: make sure it has the name of the principle(s)
active ingredients of the medication, according to current legislation, with the dose,
concentration, pharmaceutical form (when applicable) and number of units for treatment,
followed by the date, signature and seal with the prescriber's data, indicated in the perti law.
nent.
.Observe if the doctor recorded the instructions for the use of the medication and the
diagnosis presumptive or definitive prognosis.
.Medication selection: ensure that the name, concentration, pharmaceutical form and
presentation of the medication to be dispensed corresponds to what is prescribed.
.Visual inspection: check that the medication has the appropriate appearance and verify that
the primary and secondary containers are in good condition, that the name, with
concentration, pharmaceutical form and lot number and expiration date, described on the box,
are the same as those on the label of the bottle, ampoule or blister that it contains inside. rior.
.Information: provide the patient with the verbal and written information necessary to
administer bring and store the medication correctly. Verify that the patient has understood the
information provided.
.Conditioning: deliver the medicine in safe packaging for preservation tion and transfer,
respecting the cold chain when appropriate.
.Follow-up : Instruct the patient to return to the pharmacy if they have any problems. ma
related to medications or need more information. Apply the pharmaceutical care process, when
appropriate and with the patient's consent.
The ADF will be respectful of these DISPENSATION stages, because “the more knowledge If you
have about it, the better you will fulfill your role of being a close collaborator of the
profession. “pharmaceutical end.”
Medication delivery:
Over-the-counter medication – Prescription medication
a) Over-the-counter medication: it is a medicinal specialty authorized by the authori health

product that can be dispensed without a medical prescription.
It is used for a short period.
The active ingredients that make up over-the-counter medications have established limitations
in terms of dosage, use and pharmaceutical forms, such that their use tion without a medical
prescription is safe. The choice of medication must ensure that it is the one that best suits the
patient's needs, which is why advice from the pharmacist is always recommended for the best
choice and use. According to the symptoms of the case, the possibility of referring the patient
to a doctor must always be present.
In the pharmacy there are over-the-counter, prescription and prescription medications
(antibiotics, psychotropics and narcotics). In 1990, the WHO (World Health Organization)
adopted as a definition of OTC SALE or OTC (acronym in English for Over The Counter,
commonly used for health-related products that are over-the-counter, and which means " on
the desk") to the "doctor ments whose delivery and administration do not require the
authorization of a physician.” There may be different categories for these medications
according to the law. tion of each country.
ARGENTINE LAW DEFINES:
“The condition of FREE SALE corresponds to those medications intended to alleviate ailments
that do not require medical intervention; In addition, its use in the for ma, conditions and
planned doses does not entail, due to its wide margin of safety, dangers for the consumer.
Essential principles of over-the-counter medications

.Over-the-counter medications, like any medication, are approved by Health Authorities.
.Pharmaceutical companies are authorized and supervised by the Sa Authorities. lud for its
preparation, control and sale.
They act on mild symptoms and pathologies, recognizable by the consumer.
.They have indicative information for the consumer and recommend attendance at the clinic. I
speak in case of doubt or recurrence of symptoms.
They are effective and safe due to the knowledge that professionals, authorities and consumers
have about them.
. They have the quality conditions established by the Health authorities for all products.
pharmaceutical pipelines.
. They represent a lower expense for the community.
Confusions with over-the-counter drugs
There are two confusions that are observed with respect to the concept of over-the-counter
drugs. bre: the first has to do with marketing outside of pharmacies and the second with the
idea that over-the-counter drugs are drugs for free consumption.
We must stimulate awareness that over-the-counter drugs constitute MEDICATIONS, even
when the doses are low enough to ensure, within a framework of normality, that the adverse
effects present at higher doses (prescription sales) hardly appear.
For example:
Ranitidine: 75 mg. free sale
Ranitidine: 150 mg and 300 mg sold by prescription
Ibuprofen: 200 - 400 mg over the counter

Ibuprofen: 600 mg sold under prescription
Diclofenac sodium: 25 mg over the counter
Diclofenac sodium: 50 mg -75 mg - 100 mg prescription
Naproxen: 200 mg - 220 m and over-the-counter
Naproxen: 250 mag sold under prescription
Adverse effects and drug interactions
Argentine law defines:

All medications, even over-the-counter medications, can cause adverse effects and drug
interactions. In general, this risk increases when consumed: .unnecessarily
.to solve problems for which they are not indicated
.in doses greater than those recommended
.for a longer period of time than advised
.associated with other medications
In general, over-the-counter medications are safe and effective, but there are people who must
be especially careful with their consumption: the elderly, pregnant women, and children should
consume medications only on medical advice.
The prospectus in free sale

It allows us to identify what the medication is for, who should take it, when to take it, in what
dose (over-the-counter medication depends on the dose) and for how long. If the medication
does not have a package insert, you should always consult your doctor and/or pharmacist.
The prospectus allows us to identify:
.Composition or formula: indicates which components each medication has and the quantities,
depending on the presentation. It is important to take this into account a) in case of per those
with allergies to medications and/or foods and for those who are taking va several medications
at a time.
Therapeutic action / Pharmacological characteristics / Properties: explains the mechanisms of
action of the drug and the objective of the drug treatment,
.Indications: name the different diseases or disorders in which it can be or be used. taken the
medicine,
.Dosage and method of administration: it is the way in which the drug must be ingested or
administered. minister It is usually detailed according to the age of the patient, the number of
hours that must elapse between doses and the duration of the treatment. The way in which it
should be administered is also specified (by mouth, injectable, on an empty stomach or with a
glass of water, in the morning or away from meals, etc.)
.Contraindications: situations in which the medication should not be used.

.Warnings: are defined as warnings or calls for attention regarding serious or potentially
dangerous adverse reactions to health, which may occur under normal conditions of use or in
particular situations. The most common are: pregnancy and breastfeeding, use in the elderly
and children, as well as allergies or greater sensitivity to any component.
.Precautions: tips that must be taken into account for the safe and effective use of the me
medication. It may be recommended not to drive, not to use dangerous machinery, not to
drink alcohol, etc.
. Drug interactions: These are effects that could potentially occur when two or more drugs are
administered at the same time.
. Side effects / Adverse reactions: explains all the unwanted effects that could arise from the
consumption of the medication.
Laboratories have the obligation to report them, in their entirety.
.Overdose: occurs when a drug is consumed in a quantity greater than the maximum
recommended. The manufacturing laboratory warns about possible poisoning, specifying its
manifestations and how to treat it or solve the problem.
Generally useful emergency telephone numbers are suggested for these cases.
Presentations: indicates the different pharmaceutical forms in which the drug can be available
and the different container sizes sold by the laboratory.
. Conservation/storage conditions: indicates how the medication should be stored, such as
protected from light or humidity. Some need to be kept in the refrigerator. This is essential,
because if the medications are not safe given properly, they can lose effectiveness.
.Expiration or expiration date: date after which it is not recommended to consume the
medication. This date appears on both the external packaging (box) and the internal packaging
(blister or bottle).
.Not listed in the prospectus. Many over-the-counter medications do not have a leaflet, since
the blister is dispensed directly and the information it contains is scarce. sa, very abbreviated or
absent.
It is important to educate the population about the questions they should ask themselves
before consuming an over-the-counter medication:
Do I have a clear symptom or specific ailment?
Do I really need the medicine?
Am I taking other medications that may influence or interact with each other?
What is the most suitable medication for this ailment?
Do I have the necessary information for responsible self-medication?
b) Prescription medication: it is a medicinal specialty that for its dispensing Thought requires
a medical prescription in accordance with current legislation. The pharmacy ceutical must verify
the legality of the prescription, properly interpret the prescription and ensure correct
dispensing. When there are well-founded doubts about the validity dez of the prescription
presented or it is not clear, the medication (or medical device) will not be dispensed and the
doctor will be informed of the fact. In cases where, in professional judgment, unwanted effects
may occur in the patient, by the party cular way of distribution and absorption of the drug in
the body, the contrain dications, possible adverse effects or toxicity, the pharmacist will
communicate with the prescribing doctor.
ANMAT
Its mission is to carry out actions leading to the registration, control, inspection and
surveillance of the health and quality of: products, substances, elements, processes,
technologies and materials that are consumed or used in medicine, human food and human
cosmetics; as well as the control of activities and processes that mediate or are comprised
given in these matters.
In this framework, the ANMAT's main objective is to guarantee that medicines, food and
medical devices, available to the population, are effective (comply with ment of the therapeutic,
nutritional or diagnostic objective), safety (high benefit/risk ratio) and quality (respond to the
needs and expectations of citizens). Within ANMAT, the Pharmacovigilance department
receives notifications of adverse effects of medications.
ORIGINAL MEDICATION AND GENERIC MEDICATION

When a laboratory discovers an active ingredient, it assigns it a generic name. For example,
Merck is the discoverer of enalapril. The medication that contains this drug is given a
commercial or fantasy name. This is the original medicine, which is active property discovered
by the laboratory.
Its main features are:

.Have the same qualitative and quantitative composition in the active ingredient and the same
pharmaceutical form as the original medicine.
.Be as safe and effective as the original medicine (be bioequivalent)
.Its price is lower compared to the original medicine.
.Be subject to Pharmacovigilance by the same laboratory.
What are the requirements that medicines must meet in a generic medicines system?
These are all the pharmacotechnical and biopharmaceutical properties that a medicine must
have:
.Identity
.Purity
.Stability
.Effectiveness
.Security
.Reliability
.Pharmaceutical elegance
.Ease of administration
.Patient acceptability
A generic medicine requires its bioequivalence to be established with respect to the reference
medicine. This allows the use of any of them, given that they are awarded the same therapeutic
merit. When it is possible to measure effectiveness, safety and with Similar reliability can
establish that there is bioequivalence.
Are generics reliable?

Yes, as long as they are authorized by the ANMAT, which is the competent authority for these
purposes.
How is the effectiveness of generics guaranteed?

Demonstrating the same equivalence profile as the reference product. In terms of
pharmacokinetics, having parameters similar to the original medication guarantees the same
pharmacological and toxicological characteristics. Adequate pharmacovigilance carried out by
the laboratory is required.
What advantages do they provide?

A significant economic saving compared to original medications.
Why are they cheaper?

Due to the absence of research expenses and reduction of costs associated with its production
tion.
LEGISLATION ON PROMOTION OF THE USE OF MEDICINES BY THEIR GENERIC NAME

(LAW 25,649).
The purpose of this law is the defense of the consumer of pharmaceutical medications and
drugs and their use as a means of diagnosis in biomedical technology and all other products
for use and application in human medicine.
Every prescription or medical prescription must be made in a mandatory manner expressing

the generic name or International Common Name of the doctor's drug(s). ment indicated,
followed by pharmaceutical form and dose/unit, with details of the concentration.
The recipe may also indicate the suggested commercial name. The pharmaceutical
professional, at the request of the consumer, will have the obligation to replace the medicinal
specialty with or lower priced drug that contains the same active ingredients, concentration, far
form maceutics and similar number of units.
The use of the generic name will be mandatory:

On all primary and secondary packaging, labels, leaflets or any document used by the
pharmaceutical industry for medical information or promotion of medicinal specialties.
. In all regulatory texts, including records and authorizations related to the production tion,
fractionation, marketing, export or import of medicines.
.In all advertising or propaganda aimed at the general public.
The generic is the official name of the drug or active ingredient.
GENERIC NAME OR INTERNATIONAL COMMON NAME.

Official health organizations (responsible for ensuring safety and effectiveness) approve the
drug for prescription. International Common Denomination is deno official term with which a
pharmacological active ingredient is recognized. This is regular by the World Health
Organization (WHO) and is assigned by it, according to settings from the manufacturing
laboratory.
SALES MATERIAL IN PHARMACY

Cotton, x100 grs up to 400 grs.
Hydrogen peroxide 10Vol, 20Vol., 30Vol., liquid and creamy.
Nasal aspirator.
Maternal bra.
Gauze, envelopes, cans, boxes: 10x10, 15x15, 20x20, 30x30.
Physiological solution, 250ml, 500 ml.
Physiological solution, single dose x 5ml, x 10ml.
2% ichthyolated solution.
Bandages 5 cm, 7cm, 10cm, 15cm, 20cm wide with 3 meters long.
Elastic bandages 5cm, 7cm, 1icm wide.
Plaster bandages of different settings and sizes.
Isotonic dextrose solution 5%, sachet x 500ml.
Mannitol solution 15%, sachet x 500mi.
Ringer's solution with lactate, sachet x 500ml.
Glass or plastic droppers.
Common and digital thermometers.
First aid kit.
Organizers (pill boxes).
Geriatric panties.
Elastic back.
Wristbands.
Girdles sizes 1 to 5 Anklets.
Kneepads.
Legguards.
Neoprene girdles.
Simple and articulated back.
Simple and articulated knee pad.
Hose.
Sling.
Therapeutic stockings.
Pediatric urine collectors.
Colostomy bags.
Mobile or bedside urine collector.
Masks and rubber hoses.
Eyewash.
Scalpel.
Ice bags.
Hot water bottles.
Plastic flats.
Male and female urinals.
Liquid Vaseline, 250ml, 500mil, 1000ml.
Solid Vaseline.
Liquid glycerin x 1000ml.
Cocoa butter.
Adult, pediatric eye patches.
Pediculosis combs.
Lower tongues.
Calcareous oteo 250ml. 500ml, 1000ml.
Alibour water x 200ml, 250ml.
Boricated alcohol.
Speculum, small, medium and large.
Butterfly needles.
Abbocath needles.
Disposable needles, 25/8, 25/9, 40/8, 50/8.
Insulin needles.
Chinstraps.
Rubber pears.
Perfus.
Probes.
Urological and rectal probes.
Nutrition probes.
Uro-set.
Nebulizer ampoule for children and adults.
Disposable gloves.
Latex gloves.
Painless solvents.
Hypoallergenic adhesive tapes with and without reel.
Adhesive fabrics.
Sodium bicarbonate.
Magnesium chloride.
Magnesium sulphate.
Lassar pasta.
Boric acid.
Sulfathiazole-powder.
Cream ammonium stearate.
Sulfur bar and powder.
Technical copper sulfate.
Disposable tissues.
Dressings.
Alcohol x 250ml, 500ml.
Alcohol gel.
Charcoal tablets.
Others.
Eucalyptus essence.
Pink honey.
UNIT 6 - READING A LEAFLET - MEDICAL PRESCRIPTION.
Package leaflet: It is the text that accompanies the medicine in the container and contains
information for the patient about the characteristics of the drug they are taking.
ASPIRI NA ADULTS 500 ■

Tablets
Acetylsalicylic acid
COMPOSITION
Each tablet contains: Acetylsalicylic acid. 500 mg Excipients: Corn starch and cellulose powder.
PHARMACEUTICAL FORM AND CONTENT OF THE CONTAINER
Tablets
Package with 20 tablets.
Package with 500 tablets (clinical package).
ACTIVITY
Acetylsalicylic acid is effective in reducing pain and hare.
OWNER AND MANUFACTURER
OWNER MAKER
Bayer Pharmaceutical Chemistry. S A. Bayer Bitterfeld GmbH
c/Calabria, 268 Saiegaster Chaussee, 1 Raver
r
08029 Barcelona 06803 Greppm
Germany
INDICATIONS
Symptomatic relief of occasional mild or moderate pain, such as headaches, dental pain, menstrual pain, muscle pain (contractures) or
back pain (low back pain). febrile states.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Patients with gastroduodenal ulcer or repeated gastric discomfort. Patients who have had asthma-type allergic
reactions when taking anti-inflammatories, acetylsalicylic acid or other analgesics; Nor should it be administered
to patients who suffer or have suffered from asthma, rhinitis or urticaria. Patients with hemophilia or other blood
clotting problems. Patients being treated with oral anticoagulants. Patients with kidney or liver failure.
PRECAUTIONS
Do not exceed the recommended dose in the dosage.
If the pain persists for more than 10 days, the fever lasts more than 3 days, or the pain or fever worsens or other symptoms appear, you
should stop treatment and consult a doctor.
The intake of acetylsalicylic acid, among other factors, has been related to Reye's Syndrome. very rare, but
serious disease. Therefore, it is recommended to consult a doctor before administering it to children and
adolescents in cases of fever, flu or chickenpox. If vomiting or lethargy occurs, treatment should be stopped
and a doctor should be consulted immediately.
In case of continued administration, you should warn your doctor or dentist about possible surgical interventions.
Do not administer systematically as a preventative against possible discomfort caused by vaccinations.
INTERACTIONS
Do not use with other pain relievers without consulting your doctor.
Administration of acetylsalicylic acid:
■ It can enhance the effect of medications for circulation (oral anticoagulants) and products to lower blood sugar levels (oral
antidiabetics).
- It can increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding during concomitant treatment with corticosteroids or simultaneous consumption of
alcohol, so they cannot be taken at the same time.
If you are going to have any diagnostic tests done (including blood tests, urine tests, etc.), tell your doctor that you are taking this
medication.
WARNINGS________________________________________________________________________________________
The use of acetylsalicylic acid in patients who regularly consume alcohol (three or more alcoholic beverages - beer, wine, liquor. - per
day) can cause stomach bleeding
01111306
It is important to read the entire leaflet carefully before using the product. To read it
without fear and contribute to the treatment being effective, it is necessary to know every
part of the leaflet. Only in this way will we clear up doubts and know in which cases we
have to guide the patient. All prospectuses are structured the same way to fa facilitate the
user's search for information. It is very important to keep the leaflet along with the
medication in its original container so that it can be consulted whenever necessary, thus
avoiding possible confusion.
In general, the following information is described in the prospectus:

- Composition: informs about the active ingredients and the rest of the substances that
compose They include the medicine, its name, quantity and presentation (capsules, tablets,
syrup). - Therapeutic action
- Indications
- Dosage and method of administration
- Contraindications
- Warnings and precautions
- Interactions
- Adverse reactions
- Overdosage
- Presentations
- Conservation and storage conditions
Proper reading of a leaflet

The information it contains must be understood to avoid confusion.
Reading the prospectus is very useful. Many times with the doctor's prescription you
cannot find We use the same commercial name indicated by the professional and then the
pharmacist replaces it with another that has a different fantasy name but the same active
principle. vo. We can verify this by looking at the component by its real name (gen name
rich) in the section: composition/formula.
What does each part of a prospectus mean and what is it for?

a) Composition/formula
It indicates which components each medication has and the quantities, according to the
presentation. It is important to take this into account in case of people with allergies to
medications. groceries and/or foods and for those who are taking several medications at
the same time. For example: BENADRYL: diphenhydramine, it is its composition, and its
formula: Each 100 ml of syrup contains diferihydramine CLH 250 mag.
Excipients: carboxymethylcellulose 200 mg; glycerin 12.5 g; sodium citrate 580 mag;
sodium saccharin 60 mg; sodium benzoate 500 mg; anhydrous citric acid 400 mg; sorbitol
70% 45 g; poloxamer 100 mg; dye FD8C red No. 2 amaranth 2.5 mg; FD&C red color No.
40 red height 0.1 mg; flavoring oil for palatol 24 mg; CS purified water
The excipients are part of the medicine; They are not pharmacologically active, that is, they
do not act on the disease or its symptoms. They are substances like starch don, which is
incorporated to give body and shape to the tablets, such as sugar in syrups or as colorants.
It is mandatory to include them in the leaflets, since they can cause allergies or intolerances
in some people, although these are very rare cases.
b) Therapeutic action / pharmacological characteristics / properties

Explains the mechanisms of action of the drug and the objective of drug treatment.
c) Indications
Name the different diseases or disorders in which the medicine should be used. ment.
Example: ANAFLEX (BAGÓ):
Indications: Effectively relieves joint pain. It is also indicated for headaches, dental pain, and
menstrual pain.
d) Posology
Indicates the dose and amount of the medication that must be administered in each dose
and daily. mind. The dose is recommended for adults, with specifications for children
and/or an cyans. In other cases, the dose is specified based on the patient's age or weight.
e) Administration method
It is the way the drug should be ingested or administered. It is usually detailed according to
the age of the patient, the number of hours that must pass between doses and the
duration. tion of treatment. Specifies how it should be administered (by mouth, injectable
or on an empty stomach with a glass of water, in the morning, away from meals, etc.).
f) Contraindications
It is warned about cases in which the medication should not be taken, as it could be
harmful to people who suffer from certain chronic diseases or allergies.
Hence the importance of making these data known to the doctor, even if gives the
consultation for another reason.
g) Warnings
They are defined as warnings or calls for attention regarding serious and potentially
dangerous adverse reactions to health, which may occur under normal conditions of use or
in particular situations. The most common are pregnancy and breastfeeding, use in the
elderly and children, as well as allergies or greater sensitivity to any component.
h) Precautions
It warns of some circumstances in which, although the medication can be taken, extreme
vigilance must be taken. These are the tips that must be taken into account for the safe and
effective use of the medication. It may be recommended not to drive, not to use dangerous
machinery. fat, do not drink alcohol, etc.
i) Interactions
They are produced by the simultaneous administration of one medication with others,
resulting in an increase or decrease in their effects. They are effects that potentially They
could occur when two or more drugs are administered at the same time. This is the reason
This is why it is so important to notify the specialist if you are following any treatment.
before starting another one, even if it is a seemingly harmless medication.
j) Adverse reactions
It informs us about the unwanted reactions that the consumption of the medication can
produce. to. As it is an active substance, in some cases, the medication produces effects
not associated with the cure or prevention of the disease. The most common thing is that
no adverse reactions appear and, if any appear, they are mild. In any case, whenever we
observe any alteration when taking a medication, we should consult with the doctor or
pharmacist so they can tell us what to do. Laboratories have the obligation to report them
in full.
We take as an example Cafiaspirin, which can have the following adverse reactions:
gastrointestinal discomfort, skin rashes, respiratory difficulty, dizziness and anxiety. dad. If
any of these or any other reaction not described in this leaflet is observed to, consult your
doctor or pharmacist.
In this case, a "legal defense" mechanism of the country of origin is used that is different te
to ours and where the laboratory discharges its responsibility in this regard by informing
the consumer. Something common to observe is that the patient, when faced with the
enumeration of posi- complications, they become scared and abandon the treatment, with
the risks that this entails. Still, reading the prospectus should never be discouraged. And if
you have any questions, consult See a doctor or pharmacist.
k) Overdosage
It is when a drug is consumed in an amount greater than the maximum recommended.
The manufacturing laboratory warns about possible poisoning, specifying its
manifestations and the way to treat it or solve the problem. They generally present
telephone Useful emergency phones for these cases.
l) Presentations
Indicates the different pharmaceutical forms in which a doctor can be available. ment, and
the different container sizes that the laboratory sells in our country.
m) Conservation and storage conditions

In some cases it is recommended:
.Do not expose to light.
.Do not expose to heat.
.Keep in the refrigerator.
Medications not stored properly can lose effectiveness.
Example: Keep Bayaspirna out of the reach and sight of children. Store in the original
container. Do not store at a temperature above 30ºC.
n) Expiration
Date after which it is not recommended to consume the medication. This date appears on
both the external packaging (box) and the internal packaging (blister or bottle). The
expiration date should be checked before dispensing the medication.
Recommendations for proper use of the medication

Keep the leaflet along with the medication, in its original container, so you can consult it.
Use it whenever necessary to avoid confusion. Before starting treatment, be sure to tell
your doctor or pharmacist about all the medications you are taking. Always follow the
instructions contained in the package insert regarding dosage and number of daily intakes.
Increasing the dose of a drug or unnecessarily prolonging treatment will not improve your
health and may even harm it. If in doubt, consult your pharmacist.
Example of medication and reading a leaflet (a random medication is exemplified):
CAFIASPIRINE (trade name)
Please read the entire leaflet carefully because it contains important information for
you.
This medication can be obtained without a prescription, for the treatment of minor
conditions without the intervention of a doctor. However, you must use Cafiaspirin
carefully to obtain the best results.
.Keep this leaflet. You may have to read it again.
If you need additional information or advice, ask your pharmacist.
If symptoms worsen, or if pain persists for more than 10 days or fever persists for more
than 3 days, or other symptoms appear, you should consult a doctor.
In this leaflet you will find information about:

What is Cafiaspirin and what is it used for?
.Before taking Cafiaspirin
How to take Cafiaspirin
.Possible adverse effects

.Storage of Cafiaspirin
CAFIASPIRINE
Each tablet contains 500 mg of acetylsalicylic acid and 50 mg of caffeine as a main active
ingredients. The other components (excipients) are corn starch and powdered cellulose.
What is Caflaspirin and what is it used for?
Cafiaspirin are round white tablets. They come in containers of 20 tablets.
Acetylsalicylic acid is effective in reducing pain and fever. Caffeine has a stimulating action
on the nervous system.
Cafiaspirin is indicated for the symptomatic relief of occasional mild or moderate pain.
symptoms, such as headaches, dental pain, menstrual pain, muscle pain (contractures) or
back pain (low back pain).
febrile states.
Do not take Cafiaspirin:
.if you suffer from gastric or duodenal ulcer or recurring gastric discomfort.
.if you have had asthmatic-type allergic reactions (difficulty breathing, choking,
bronchospasms and in some cases coughing or wheezing when breathing) when taking
anti-inflammatories, acetylsalicylic acid, other analgesics, as well as the dye tartrazine.
.if you are allergic to caffeine or any other part of this medicine.
.if you have or have had asthma.
.if you suffer from hemophilia or other blood clotting problems.
.if you are being treated with circulation drugs (oral anticoagulants).
.if you suffer from kidney and/or liver (kidney and/or liver failure).
.if you are under 16 years of age, since the use of acetylsalicylic acid has been linked to
Reye's Syndrome, a rare but serious disease.
.if you are in your third trimester of pregnancy.
Take special care with Caflaspirin:

If you have hypertension, reduced kidney, heart or liver functions, or have alterations in
blood clotting.
If you are being treated with anticoagulants, you should consult with your doctor before
taking this medication.
.If you suffer or have suffered rhinitis or urticaria.
.In case of continued administration, you should inform your doctor or dentist if possible.
ble surgical interventions.
.Do not take Cafiaspirin to prevent possible discomfort caused by vaccinations. .Avoid
drinking excessive alcohol during treatment with Cafiaspirin.
If you suffer from a cardiac arrhythmia, have increased thyroid function, or suffer from
anxiety syndrome, take this medication with caution and always at low doses (maximum m
or 2 tablets a day) or consult your doctor.
.If you are diabetic keep in mind that caffeine can increase blood sugar levels.
If you are allergic to xanthines (aminophylline, theophylline, etc.) you should not take
Cafiaspirin, as you could also be allergic to caffeine.
Taking Cafiaspirin with food and drinks:

Take this medication after meals or with food.
If you regularly consume alcohol (three or more alcoholic drinks - beer, wine, liquor, etc. -
per day), taking Cafiaspirin can cause stomach bleeding.
Pregnancy
Consult your doctor or pharmacist before taking any medicine.
Breastfeeding Consult your doctor or pharmacist before taking any medication. Cafiaspirin
is excreted with breast milk, so breast-feeding women should consult their doctor before
using this medication.
Use in children: Do not administer to children under 16 years of age.
Use in the elderly: Elderly people should not take this medication without consulting their
doctor, as they are more likely to suffer from its adverse effects.
Athletes: Athletes are informed that this medication contains a component that can
establish a positive doping control analytical result.
Driving and using machines:

No effect has been described in this regard.
Use of other medications:

Certain medications can interact with Cafiaspirin, in these cases it may result It may be
necessary to change the dose or interrupt treatment with any of the medications. cough, so
they should not be used without consulting a doctor.
This is especially important in the case of:
.other analgesics (reduce pain)

.medicines to thin the blood (oral anticoagulants) .medicines to lower blood sugar (oral
antidiabetics) .barbiturates (medicines used to treat seizures) .corticosteroids, as it may
increase the risk of bleeding digestive .cimetidine and ranitidine (used for heartburn)
.digoxin (heart medication)
.phenytoin and valproic acid (antiepileptics)
.lithium (used for depressons)
.methotrexate (used to treat cancer and rheumatoid arthritis) .probenecid and
suifinpyrazone (used to treat gout)
.the antibiotic vancomycin and sulfonamides (used for infections) .zidovudine (used to treat
HIV infections) .cyclosporine (used to prevent rejection of transplants)
Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, or have recently taken, any other
medicines, including those obtained without a prescription.
Interferences with diagnostic tests:

If you are having any diagnostic tests (including blood tests, urine tests, etc...), tell your
doctor that you are taking this medication, as it may alter the results.
How to take Cafiaspirin?

Follow these instructions unless your doctor has given you different instructions. If you
think that the action of Cafiaspirin is too strong or weak, tell your doctor or pharmacist.
.Orally.
The tablets should be taken diluted in a glass of water, after meals or with food.
Adults and people over 16 years of age: 1 tablet every 4 or 6 hours, if necessary. It will
not exceed 8 tablets in 24 hours.
Patients with reduced liver or kidney functions: consult your doctor as the dose should
be reduced. Always use the lowest dose that is effective. The administration of this
preparation is subject to the appearance of painful or febrile symptoms. As these
disappear, this medication should be discontinued.
If the pain lasts more than 10 days, the fever lasts more than 3 days, or worsens or other
symptoms appear, you should stop treatment and consult a doctor.
If you take more Caflaspirin than you should:
The main symptoms of overdose are: headache, dizziness, ringing in the ears, blurred
vision, drowsiness, insomnia, restlessness, sweating, nausea, vomiting and occasionally
diarrhea.
In case of overdose or accidental ingestion, consult your doctor or pharmacist
immediately. or go to a medical center immediately or call the Information Service. tion.
Toxicological, telephone: 91 562 04 20, indicating the medication and the amount ingested.
If you forget to take Cafiaspirin: Do not take a double dose to make up for forgotten doses.
Possible adverse effects
Like all medicines, Cafiaspirin can have adverse effects.
.Gastrointestinal disorders, such as gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastroin bleeding testinal,
abdominal pain, gastric discomfort, nausea, vomiting.
.Respiratory disorders, such as difficulty breathing, bronchial spasm, rhinitis. .Hives, skin
rashes, angioedema. Hyprothrombinemia (with high doses).
.Reye's syndrome in children under 16 years of age with fever, flu or chickenpox (see
"Before taking Cafiaspirin").
.Liver disorders, especially in patients with juvenile arthritis.
Stop taking the medicine and consult your doctor immediately if you notice the
appearance of:
.Gastric discomfort or pain.
.Gastric or intestinal bleeding or black stools.
.Skin disorders, such as rashes or redness.
.Difficulty breathing.
.Unforeseen change in the amount or appearance of urine.
.Swelling of the face, feet or legs.
Conservation of Cafiaspirin
Keep caflaspirin out of the reach and sight of children.
Store in the original container.
Do not store at a temperature above 30ºC.
Expiration
Do not use Cafiaspirin after the expiry date indicated on the packaging.
THE MEDICAL PRESCRIPTION

This can be understood as a therapeutic transaction, considering that the element
transacted are instructions for the restoration of the patient's health or palliative treatment
to improve the patient's quality of life.
ONIINT
Name and surname
Rp. of the affiliate
Company OMINT Carmen Castaña 4667659400337 Affiliate number
{13 digits)
Tradename
Amoxidal 500mg. (comp.x16) Quantity dosage
Active principle units
(Amoxicillin) Quantity of
packaging
1 shipment = 2 (two)
Signature and stamp

The well-prepared medical prescription can be taken as the result of a successful

relationship. doctor-patient relationship, diagnostic insight and therapeutic efficiency of
the clinician. The first point is the most important since the care to give precise instructions
and explain them carefully to the patient ensures that the patient will comply with the
instructions just as the doctor Dico has devised them.
Approximately 25% to 50% of patients experience therapeutic failure due to misuse of
medications or simply do not take them because they do not understand the doctor's
therapeutic strategy; This suggests that a well-informed patient is a trump card in therapy.
Patients (or the person in charge of looking after them, as appropriate) must be instructed
in the best possible way, making clear the method of administration, dose and frequency
of the drug; This is achieved with a clear, legible, structured and most importantly,
explained medical prescription. This takes on real importance in the case of the elderly,
who, due to aging, neglect treatment, especially when they have to take more than one
drug.
A medical prescription could be defined as: “the standardized document by which the fa
Legally trained medical practitioners prescribe the medication to the patient for dispensing
by pharmacies.”
Drug choice
The choice of the appropriate drug does not always depend only on its effectiveness or
potency, but also on the circumstances in which it is prescribed.
When prescribing a drug, it is necessary to think about the patient in their economic, social
and family context. If you are prescribed a drug with excellent results, but at a high price, it
is most likely that you do not have the resources to pay for them or access to them, so
naturally you will not continue the treatment. This translates into therapeutic failure, not
because of the drug but because of the patient's economic condition and the clinician's
lack of insight for not ascertaining it.
Doctor-pacient relationship
Many times, despite the clinician's efforts to prepare the prescription correctly, problems
occur in the therapeutic plan.
The patient's satisfaction with the doctor has a transcendental importance in the success of
the treatment, and this will depend on the bond of trust in the doctor. Therefore, if the
expectations The patient's blood pressure drops, the treatment will not be widely accepted.
Another aspect is trying to design a pharmacological treatment that is adaptable (as far as
possible) to the patient's lifestyle; That is, if he has to take a certain dose of oral
medication, he can take it three times a day before meals if the patient has me three times
a day; In this regard, a complete anamnesis is essential.
The patient will generally seek the greatest benefit (their health), at the lowest cost (be it
money, suffering, etc.). Therefore, in the success of a treatment, the main factor will be the
patient's perception of the severity of the pathology. This allows the patient to become
aware of their condition and the therapeutic regimen is favored depending on the patient's
status.
A recurring problem is also the patient's psychological need to leave with a prescription,
since if not they consider that the medical care was fruitless.
Structure of the medical prescription

There is a lot of literature about the structure of medical prescriptions; We will be guided
by the appendix of the book “Goodman £ Gilman, Pharmacological Bases of Therapeutics”
and we will comment on its division. Currently the recipe consists of three main parts:
.Superscript
.Registered
.Subscribed.
Additionally, the name and signature of the prescriber is added to this.

The superscript includes:
.Date of preparation of the prescription: for control and clinical history.
.Doctor's details: name, RUT, medical association registration and address.
.Patient data: name and address is the most common, but it is recommended to include
age and anthropometric measurements, mainly for adequate monitoring by the pharmacist
due to the variety of patients available. Depending on the prescription, the RUT and other
additional data (affiliate number) are included.
.Heading: it is constituted by the abbreviation Rp that comes from the Latin “recipere”,
which means “take” or “dispense”, as an instruction to the pharmacist; This preceded the
“prescription” that the doctor gave to prepare a medicine.
The body of the prescription is included in the inscription , where the name of the drug
and the dose or the name and potency of each ingredient are indicated, as appropriate.
The drugs are prescribed by their generic man.
Abbreviations should be avoided because their use brings frequent errors.
When you want to write two or more drugs on the same prescription, the name and
quantity The details of each are placed together on a separate line, directly below the
previous one. Drug names are capitalized.
In the subscriber you will find:

Sign or signature (Sig.):
.instructions on how the patient has to fulfill the prescription.
.Unit dose Interval between doses
.Treatment duration.
.Data for the pharmacist.
.Instructions for the pharmacist.
.Pharmaceutical form of the medication and its quantity.

The following information must not be missing from the Medical Prescription:
. Date of issue.
. Not affiliated.
. Name and surname of the member.
. Prescription (RIP).
.Doctor's Signature
. Doctor's Seal
. Dosage
. Diagnosis (International Code of Diseases: ICD)
. Treatment Days
To fill a prescription it is necessary:

.That contains all of the above mentioned
.Know how to read the prescription
.Check that what is prescribed coincides with the dosage and the days of treatment.
Against delivery of the medications, the member must sign, clarify the signature, enter the
order number. document and direction.
Rules for the delivery of a medication:

If the doctor does not clarify the dose, the lowest dose will be given.
If the doctor does not clarify the size of the presentation, the smallest one will be given.
Finally we will take into account the price.
RECIPE TYPES
Depending on the criteria, they are classified into several types:
.Simple prescription: These are recipes that prescribe medications that do not require
regular control. bernmental or by the pharmacist, since they do not present a considerable
risk.
.Retained prescription: products subject to sales control are prescribed, and must be filed
in the establishment; It is also recommended that the doctor keep a copy of it, as a form of
legal protection.
.Prescription check: it is an official form that is part of checkbooks that health services
provide to doctors and pharmacies for the prescription of medical products. pefacients and
psychotropic products.
Master medical prescription: is one in which a special formula is prescribed for a specific
patient, which must be prepared at the time of its presentation. The doctor chooses the
compounds, dosage and pharmaceutical form of the medication, and the pharmacist
prepares it.
RECEIPT OF RECIPES
The work of the ADF in the pharmacy and as a collaborator of the pharmacist not only
involves their training regarding the scientific/technological knowledge of the doctors.
ments that it dispenses, but also the administrative knowledge, regarding the filling and
billing of the prescriptions that it receives at the pharmacy.
Their training in this aspect is then considered according to the current regulations that
regulate this part of the pharmaceutical activity.
Each social or prepaid work implements different modalities when it comes to recipes. re.
Some use official, printed recipe books, which are purchased prior to the purchase.
frequency to the office (in these cases both the color and the format usually vary
depending on the plans and coverage).
Others accept that the doctor or dentist prescribes on a blank sheet of paper, which
prefers It must ultimately be headed with the information of the professional and/or
institution (some social services require this heading).
In any case, the prescriptions must consist of:
.Patient data (name, member number, social insurance or prepaid insurance to which it
belongs) EC)
.Date
.Generic and commercial name of the prescribed medication (the name is not obligatory).
commercial name, yes the generic name)
.Number of containers to be dispensed, size and dose (at this point each social work
presents different positions governing medication dispensing)
.Pharmaceutical form
.% off
.Diagnosis
.Signature and seal of the health professional

Once the dispensation is completed, the prescription must state:
.Price of the medicine
.Payment amount borne by the patient
.Payment amount charged to the SEARS social work
.Die of each medication that is dispensed
Many social and prepaid works require “online” authorization, which verifies that
everything is in order to carry out the dispensation. Validations are carried out through
em dams that provide their services through the Internet. They are systems that provide
the online service to carry out numerous procedures, including prescription authorizations,
requests for free delivery medications, billing, etc.
Among these companies is Farmalink, spread throughout the country.
There are social and prepaid works that have their own validation systems: Caja Forense is
managed with exclusive local systems of short geographic scope; OSDE implements a
single exclusive national system, to cite two examples.
In some cases, the tax receipt, or a budget, must be attached to the prescription and online
authorization.
In addition to all these situations, there are many recipes that do not need online
validations. It is then advisable to request the membership card and the last proof of
payment, to ensure that the member is active in the system, to corroborate the plan to
which he belongs and the corresponding discount percentage (these recipes also They are
also recorded in the pharmacy's internal system).
“Online” recipe validation system
In each pharmacy, a validation module is installed that allows the social work's
prescriptions to be validated through an Internet connection, either by entering the data
manually or through approval with the pharmacy's existing billing system. Inc.
The main benefit of the innovative online prescription validation system is the control of
benefit expenditure directly at the pharmacy counter. It is a computer system that allows
you to validate the recipes of a social work. It consists of an administration module, in
which you can manage the data of members, entities, pharmacies, medications and
therapeutic formulary.
Files with certain characteristics are used to communicate the invoice system tion of the
pharmacy with the Obra Social server in which the database is located (register of affiliates,
authorized vademecum, coverage).
In addition, it allows pharmacies to quickly log in to validate the prescription to be

dispensed without the need for any installation or download, this Web environment also
allowing the cancellation of validated prescriptions that for various reasons must be
canceled, access to carrying out batch closure, their visualization and other related tasks
tioned.
Online validation system functionalities

.Record counter sales to patients online with the system.
.Deferredly register sales when, due to special circumstances, it could not be registered
online.
.Cancel a sale.
.Block a transaction from entering the next close.
.Unlock a transaction.
.Request the closure of sales.
.Consult the sales made, the movements pending closure and the closures.
Online validation and registration procedure

The member appears at the pharmacy with the prescription, identification document and
card or credential proving his or her membership.
The pharmacist or the ADF, once the visual controls of the prescription have been carried
out, pro will agree to request authorization of the sale through the online validation
system; The message travels to the server, where the uploaded data is processed. As a
response, the result of the operation is obtained.
If the prescription is validated, a receipt is issued with pharmacy information, date of
receipt. prescription and date of sale, affiliate information, transaction number, prices and
coverage corresponding to the indicated medications.
This validation certificate that is attached to the recipe.
The patient, or whoever is in charge of purchasing the prescription, must write the
requested information on the printed paper. If the prescription is official, it also requires
the same data, plus others completed by the ADF or pharmacist (prices, discount
percentages, dispensing date, pharmacy code, etc.). Then, the member pays for and
receives the medications.
If the registration is rejected, a message is issued indicating the reason for the rejection,
among others:
.Non-existent member (the member number entered is incorrect, member
unsubscribed). .Communication error (interruption occurred in online communication).
.Invalid prescription date (after the date of sale, expired prescription).
.Medication not covered.
.Medication discontinued.
.Unauthorized brand.
.Exceeds quantity (of containers allowed in the prescription or consumption of the
drug). .Requires authorization (said medication requires authorization from the social
work). .Exclusive PMI (medication is only covered in the maternal and child plan, pregnant
women and children under 1 year old).
At the time of billing submission, the transactions recorded in that period in the system are
requested to be closed. Once processed, details of the records included in said closure are
issued, total quantity, total amount of recipes and amount to be charged. go of social work.
The cover is printed, attached to the batch of recipes and sent to the social work for
collection. bro. Currently, most social services use online validation as a prior audit tool for
pharmaceutical consumption in real time, which im It is an advantage for both pharmacies
and social works.
Advantages of online validation

The pharmacy obtains:
.Reduction and/or elimination of debits due to data errors.
.Decrease in administrative procedures.
.Valuation of the recipe at the time of sale.
.Better and faster customer service: multiple providers can be entered at the same time
without reducing the validation time, which is around 3 seconds.
Regarding the reduction or elimination of debits, it means that the pharmacy at the time of
registration validates the validity of the patient's affiliation to that work so cial, the
inclusion or not of the other medications in the vademecum and the percentage of
coverage ture according to the member's status (100% in PMI, 40%, 70% in chronic, etc.).
Administrative management is simplified since manual calculations and settlements are
avoided. and errors are avoided in the valuation of the medicines dispensed.
Social and prepaid works can:
.Carry out a control prior to dispensing the prescription and not afterwards as was done,
which makes it possible to avoid abuse and consumption that does not correspond.
.Have real-time control of the evolution of the consumption of its affiliates. .Reduce the
administrative burden in settlement and payments of pharmaceutical benefits. .Obtain
historical records of rejections by provider and prescription. Regarding prior controls, the
social work registers on its server the lists of beneficiaries, the therapeutic forms and the
standards of care; It may also include tables of drug incompatibilities by age, sex,
pregnancy, maximum daily dose, etc. This allows you to confirm in real time the
beneficiary's affiliation, coverage with your co rcorresponding percentage, verification of
compliance with the standards of care, correspondence of consumption with the
characteristics of the member.
Examples of incompatibilities:
.Inconsistencies by sex: the consumption of dutasteride in women is inconsistent (it treats
ment of benign prostatic hyperplasia); If the prescription is for a woman, it is validates the
operation.
.Inconsistency in pregnancy: pregnant women cannot consume contraceptives; If the
consumption is from an affiliate with PMI (maternal and child plan), registration is
rejected. .Inconsistency due to excess dosage: the maximum daily dose of enalapril
(antihypertensive) is 20 mg, if a member's consumption exceeds 20 mg of enalapril per day
in a period do, the transaction is not authorized.
In addition, auditors can analyze the evolution of members' medication consumption and
the interrelation with other benefits such as consultations, clinical analyses, etc.
PAMI ONLINE (through Farmalink): This system allows the validation of prescriptions for
chronic outpatient medications.
Chronic medications
Resolution 2337
A program for chronic patients has been created through resolution 337/05.
The drugs of Res 337/05 for the treatment of chronic pathologies require auto rization in
PAMI for 100% Coverage. They are then purchased at the Pharmacy with the prescription
and authorization. Some medications, depending on their characteristics and costs, are
provided via CAMOYTE.
a) Requirements for authorization of chronic

.COMPLETE and CURRENT Clinical History: prepared by the treating specialist (not the
PAMI general practitioner). It doesn't show up at the pharmacy.
.ORIGINAL and OFFICIAL PAMI recipe (current). This prescription must be prepared by the
PAMI family doctor, and is the one needed to purchase the medication in far macia.
Sometimes the prescription is given to the patient in print, so that it is easier to read the
data and the prescriptions.
.Complementary studies that justify the use of medication: studies prior to treatment and
current. They are not requested at the pharmacy.
.DNI and photocopy.
.Proof of membership and photocopy.
.Salary receipt for the current month.
b) ONLINE validation of chronic medications
The ONLINE validation of medications for chronic treatments allows the reduction of
procedures that the member must carry out and manual control in pharmacies, with
greater security in dispensing.
The same validation system is used as in the case of recipes with common discount
percentages. It is necessary to check that the authorization verifies 100% PAMI coverage.
Sometimes there is no coincidence between what the client says he has. curly and the
reality of authorization, To avoid these misunderstandings, it is always advisable Allows the
member to go to the pharmacy with proof of authorization of 100% coverage, since they
clearly describe the drugs or brands of the authorized product, its pharmaceutical form and
the quantity of supply. The coverages such are verified a month apart and not before.
Mixed prescriptions Outpatient/Camoyte (monitoring the use of oncological

medications and special treatments)
Operational modality for Pami's mixed recipes. A mixed prescription is a prescription that
has a product whose supply is through the pharmacy and another product whose delivery
is through Camoyte.
When faced with a mixed prescription, the pharmacy must:

.Validate online the product dispensed by the pharmacy (whether outpatient or Resolution
337) and attach the die(s) and/or barcodes (if the product has one) to the prescription. As
you usually do, you must send the prescription by fax to Camoyte requesting the other
product. The pharmacist must identify the prescription with a handwritten addition that
indicates “MIXED PRESCRIPTION - OUTPATIENT - CAMOYTE” on the side of the
prescription.
same.
Once the product has been received by Camoyte, the corresponding die must be attached
to the recipe, according to point 1, and the recipe must be dispensed.
The prescription must only contain the amounts of the outpatient medication, that is, the
product that the pharmacy delivered from its stock.
.The Camoyte product amounts must be left empty.

.Prescriptions must be presented in a separate batch as “Outpatient Mixed Supply
Prescriptions - Camoyte” with their respective stamps, according to the current prescription
delivery schedule.
.Prescriptions may include a photocopy of the invoice from the logistics operator
designated by Camoyte.
PAMI: vaccination and diapers

Only by presenting the membership card, and with the corresponding number as the only
data, authorizations can be obtained online, Internet through (SISFARM).
Thus, members go to the pharmacy only once to satisfy their requirements. Pharmacies are
supplied with diapers and vaccines, which are delivered in a timely manner.
BILLING
As the prescriptions pass in the pharmacy, they are recorded in a system internal issue, so
that you can record that for each social work or high school ga was dispatched, with details
of the day, amount, discount percentage, plan to which each prescription belongs, special
authorizations, etc. Obviously, after a certain period of time (this varies depending on the
social or prepaid work), the objective is to collect the corresponding amounts from the
different entities.
So that the billing reaches them, the pharmacy uses intermediaries who are: .College of
Pharmacists .Chamber of Pharmacies
.Pharmaceutical Circle
Throughout the country the presence of these institutions is variable. Depending on the
localities, we find only some of them.
College, chamber and/or circle charge a lower percentage for controlling the bundles of
prescriptions that arrive from the different pharmacies. These are favored, because if they
have any inconvenience or disagreement with the social works, the intercourse is more
effective. vention of a weighty institution such as a College or a Chamber that questions
the pharmacy individually.
THE IMMEDIATE FUTURE

Electronic prescription: medication flow management
.Central information system
It is responsible for providing the functionality; It has a central database from which the
prescription is identified and the dispensing is validated.
.Prescription
The prescription of electronic prescriptions by doctors is detailed, establishing the
possibility of canceling prescriptions in a timely manner, querying prescription history and

printing prescriptions prescribed electronically in paper format.
.Dispensing
The tasks of dispensing electronic prescriptions by pharmacists are described. ceuticals,
also establishing the possibility of consulting the history of thoughts and print the
dispensed recipes on paper.
.Visa
The prescription visa process is detailed. Electronic prescription: electronic prescriptions
that can be carried out by medical inspectors, who can make queries to the prescription
history of electronic prescriptions.
UNIT 7 - NOTIONS OF ANATOMOPHYSIOLOGY
Respiratory System
All the organs that make up the respiratory system function as suppliers and distributors of
air.
Respiration is the function through which we breathe in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide,
which is the result of internal combustion in the body that takes place in all the tissues of
the body.
Upper respiratory tract.

a) Nasal cavity (nostrils): It consists of two parts, one external, or nose, and another
internal na, located on the roof of the mouth, which warm, filter and humidify the air
thanks to the olfactory mucosa.
b) Pharynx (throat): muscular tube like a conduit for the passage of air, the ments and
liquids.
c) Tonsils and adenoids: formed by lymphoid tissue and located in the back and side of
the mouth. They protect against infections, but are not of much use after childhood.
d) Larynx: contains the vocal cords. Allows breathing and speech. Serves with duct to the
trachea.
e) Epiglottis: cartilage located in the throat behind the tongue and in front of the larynx.
At rest it allows air to pass to the larynx and lungs. When a person When swallowed, the
epiglottis folds back to cover the entrance to the larynx, thus This ensures that food does
not enter the trachea and lungs. After swallowing, the epiglottis returns to its original
position.
Lower respiratory tract.

a) Trachea: formed by cartilaginous semirings, its mucosa is covered with vibrating cilia.
b) Bronchi: right and left, which branch inside the lungs. Each bronchus divides into
secondary and tertiary bronchus, which continue to branch into smaller airways called
bronchioles. These end in air sacs: the alvéo the.
c) Lungs: the right lung is made up of three lobes, upper, middle and lower. rior, and the
left by two, superior and inferior. It is where the exchange of gas takes place sess.
d) Pleura: the movements of the rib cage are transmitted to the lung tissue thanks to the
pleura, a membrane that covers the lungs and has two layers, one visceral and the other
parietal.
The breathing.
It consists of taking OXYGEN from the air and releasing the CARBON DIOXIDE that is
produced produces in the cells.
It has three phases:
a) Exchange in the lungs.
b) The transport of gases.
c) Respiration in cells and tissues.
In INSPIRATION the air enters the lungs. These swell as the volume of the rib cage
increases. The diaphragm descends and the ribs rise. During EXPIRATION the air is expelled
to the outside, the lungs are compressed as the rib cage decreases in size, the diaphragm
and the ribs return to their normal position. We breathe about 17 times per minute and
each time we introduce 1 liter of air into normal breathing.
The number of inspirations depends on the exercise, age, etc.
A person's lung capacity is five liters.
When air reaches the alveoli, OXYGEN passes through the walls and passes into the red
blood cells. The CARBON DIOXIDE brought by the blood passes into the alveolar air
through the alveolar walls. Thus the blood is enriched in OXYGEN and impoverished in
CARBON DIOXIDE. This operation is called HEMATOSIS.
The respiration of cells.
The cells take the OXYGEN carried by the blood for the cellular oxidation process, which
consists of the production of the energy that the body needs and especially the heat that
maintains the temperature of the human body at about 37º and they eliminate the carbon
dioxide that They carry red blood cells to the lungs for disposal.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. THE CIRCULATION.
The blood carries NUTRIENTS and OXYGEN to the cells, and collects metabolic waste that
must be eliminated through the kidneys through urine, as well as through the air exhaled
through the lungs, rich in CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2). .
Blood circulates through the body through the circulatory system, made up of the heart
and blood vessels. It is a liquid tissue, composed of: water, dissolved organic and inorganic
substances (mineral salts), which form blood plasma.
Red blood cells, also called erythrocytes or red blood cells, are responsible for the
distribution of molecular oxygen (O2). It is shaped like a biconcave disk and they are so
small that in each cubic millimeter there are 4 to 5 million. They do not have a nucleus, so
they are considered dead cells.
Red blood cells have a reddish pigment called hemoglobin that helps them transport
OXYGEN from the lungs to the cells.
An insufficient production of hemoglobin or red blood cells gives rise to ANEMIA.
White blood cells or leukocytes have a function in the IMMUNE SYSTEM by carrying out
cleaning work (by phagocytes) and defense (by lymphocytes). They are larger than red
blood cells, but less numerous (about 7 thousand per mm3), they are living cells that move,
leave the capillaries, destroy the microbes and dead cells they find (phagocytosis). They
produce antibodies that neutralize microbes that cause infectious diseases.
Platelets are very small cell fragments, they serve to plug wounds and prevent bleeding
(they adhere to the vascular wall and clot blood).
Blood has other functions, it transports the hormones produced by the endocrine system,
as well as the simple molecules obtained after the digestion of food. It also removes waste
substances to the kidneys, and carries antibodies and leukocytes that intervene in defenses.
Blood vessels are arteries, capillaries and veins, tubes that distribute and collect blood from
all corners of the body.
The blood capillary, in addition to supplying OXYGEN to the tissues, removes the carbon
dioxide (C02) that is produced in cellular respiration and provides nutrients.
The arteries. They are thick and elastic vessels that arise in the ventricles; They provide
oxygenated blood to the body's organs; Blood circulates through them under pressure due
to the elasticity of their walls.
Two arteries emerge from the heart: PULMONARY ARTERY, emerges from the right
ventricle and carries carboxygenated blood to the lungs, and AORTA ARTERY, emerges
from the left ventricle and divides into multiple branches carrying blood to the different
tissues.
The veins. They are vessels with thin, inelastic walls that collect blood and return it to the
heart, emptying into the atria.
THE SUPERIOR VENA CAVA and THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA flow into the right atrium. The
four pulmonary veins drain into the left atrium, bringing oxygenated blood from the lungs.
The heart. It is an organ made up of four cavities, the size of a fist, enclosed in the thoracic
cavity, in the center of the chest, between the lungs, above the diaphragm.
CAVITIES CAVITIES
RIGHTS LEFT
ATRIUM
ATRIUM LEFT
RIGHT
VENTRICLE VENTRICLE
RIGHT LEFT
The endocardium is made up of an epithelial lining tissue. The myocardium is the

voluminous layer, made up of muscle tissue of a special type called cardiac muscle tissue.
The pericardium completely surrounds the heart. It is divided into 2 halves that do not
communicate with each other: one right and one left. The right half always contains
OXYGEN-poor blood, coming from the superior and inferior vena cava. The left half always
has blood rich in OXYGEN, this comes from the pulmonary veins, and is distributed to
oxygenate the body's tissues from the branches of the aorta artery.
Each half of the heart has an upper cavity, the atrium, and a lower chamber, or ventricle,
with highly developed muscular walls. There are two atria: right and left, and two ventricles:
right and left. Between the atrium and the ventricle of the same cardiac half there are
valves called atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral, in the right and left half
respectively) that open and close continuously, allowing blood flow from the atrium to its
corresponding ventricle. .
When the thick muscular walls of a ventricle contract (ventricular systole, passage of blood
into the arteries), the corresponding atrioventricular valve closes, preventing the passage of
blood into the atrium.
When a ventricle relaxes, at the same time the atrium contracts, blood flowing through this
atrial systole and through the opening of the atrioventricular valve. Like a pump, the heart
propels blood through the body, first filling the upper chambers or atria, which then
contract, the valves open and the blood enters the lower ventricles.
The heart has two movements: one of contraction called systole and another of dilation
called diastole.
General diastole: the atria and ventricles dilate as the muscles relax, and blood from the
cava and pulmonary veins enters the atria again. When they are full, the ventricles contract
and push blood into the arteries. The shocks that occur during the contraction of the
ventricles cause heartbeats, which in humans range between 70 and 80 beats per minute.
The heart beats about 70 times per minute thanks to its natural pacemaker and pumps
approximately 7,000 liters of blood every day.
The heart's pacemaker (sinoatrial node) allows it to beat autonomously. It is connected to

the vegetative nervous system that regulates heart rate.
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
LYMPH is a colorless liquid formed by blood plasma and white blood cells; In reality, it is
the part of the blood that escapes or is left over from the blood capillaries as they are
porous. The lymphatic vessels are shaped like a rosary due to the many valves they have.
They also have bulges called nodes that are especially noticeable in the armpits, groin,
neck, etc.
SENSE ORGANS
.Sense of vision. The organ that carries out the vision process is the brain. The fun The
function of the eye is to translate the electromagnetic vibrations of light into nerve
impulses that are transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve. The eyeball is a
spherical structure approximately 2.5 cm in diameter. The outer part is made up of three
layers of tissue: the sclera, the uvea and the retina.
Its protective structures are: the upper and lower eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, lacrimal
glands and eyebrows.
.Sense of hearing. Balance . The ear is the organ responsible not only for hearing but also
for balance.
It is divided into three zones: external, middle and internal:

The external ear is the part of the hearing system that is located lateral to the eardrum or
tympanic membrane. It includes the ear or pinna and the external auditory canal, which
measures three centimeters in length.
The middle ear is located in the tympanic cavity called the tympanic cavity, whose external
face is formed by the tympanic membrane, or eardrum, which separates it from the
external ear. The middle ear is in direct communication with the nose and throat through
the Eustachian tube, which allows air to enter and exit the middle ear to balance the
pressure differences between it and the outside.
There is a chain made up of three small, mobile bones (ossicles) that runs through the
middle ear. They are called the hammer, anvil and stirrup. All three acoustically connect the
eardrum to the inner ear, which contains fluid (endolymph).
The inner ear is located inside the temporal bone, it contains the hearing and balance
organs. It is separated from the middle ear through the oval window. The inner ear consists
of a series of membranous canals housed in a dense part of the temporal bone (snail on
one side and vestibule and semicircular canals on the other).
Hearing. Sound waves are transmitted through the external auditory canal to the eardrum,
in which a vibration is produced. These vibrations are communicated to the middle ear
through the chain of ossicles (malleus, incus and stirrup) and through the oval window, to
the fluid of the inner ear. The movement of endolymph, produced by vibrating the cochlea,
stimulates the movement of a group of fine, hair-like projections called hair cells. They
transmit signals to the auditory nerve that go to the brain.
Balance. The semicircular canals and the vestibule are related to the sense of balance. In
these channels there are “hairs” that detect changes in head position.
.Sense of touch . Through touch, the body perceives contact with different substances,
objects, etc.
Human beings have specialized nerve endings located in the skin that are called touch
receptors and can be of various types. These receptors are stimulated by mechanical
deformation of the skin and transport sensations to the brain through nerve fibers.
The receptors are found in the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of the skin, and are
variably distributed throughout the body.
.Sense of taste . The sense of taste acts through contact of soluble substances with the
tongue. Human beings are capable of perceiving a wide range of flavors in response to the
combination of several stimuli, including texture, temperature, smell and taste. Considered
in isolation, the sense of taste only perceives four basic flavors: sweet, salty, sour and bitter;
each of them is detected by a special type of taste buds.
The almost 10,000 taste buds that humans have are distributed unevenly on the upper
surface of the tongue. Typically, papillae sensitive to sweet and salty tastes are
concentrated at the tip of the tongue, those sensitive to acid occupy the sides, and those
sensitive to bitter are at the back.
.Sense of smell. The nose, equipped with olfactory nerves, is the main organ of smell. The
olfactory nerves are also important for differentiating the taste of substances found inside
the mouth.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
An elementary property of every living substance is the ability to REACT to any stimulus
that acts on it. All voluntary movements or reflexes, all conscious or unconscious sensitivity,
all psychic processes are produced by the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Central Nervous System

- Brain
- Spinal cord
Peripheral
nervous system
- Peripheral nerve
The Nervous System is the ruler and coordinator of all the conscious and unconscious
functions of the body, and is divided into:
.Central Nervous System: made up of the brain and spinal cord.
.Peripheral Nervous System: made up of nerves.
HORMONES
A hormone is a chemical substance produced by an organ, or part of it, whose function is

to regulate the activity of a specific tissue. For example: "Insulin is a hormone that regulates
the concentration of sugar in the blood"
THE OVARIES secrete ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE that influence many aspects of the
female body, such as feminine characteristics, menstrual cycles and pregnancy
Kidney glands . They are small triangular glands, located in the upper part of both kidneys.
It consists of two parts: the external region called the adrenal cortex and the internal one
called the adrenal medulla.
a) Adrenal cortex : secretes corticosteroid hormones that act on the body's metabolism.
Other hormones produced in it are ANDROGENS and ALDOSTERONE. The latter intervenes
in the hydrosaline balance.
Corticosteroid hormones are:
Hydrocortisone, known as cortisol, controls the metabolism of fats, proteins and

carbohydrates.
Corticosterone suppresses inflammatory reactions and also affects the immune system.
.Aldosterone inhibits the level of sodium (Na) excreted in the urine, promoting water
retention, maintaining volume and blood pressure.
Androgenic steroids have minimal effects on the development of male characteristics.
b) Adrenal medulla: secretes two hormones: Adrenaline and Norepinephrine.
THE URINARY SYSTEM
The urinary system includes a series of organs, tubes, muscles and nerves that work They
go down together to produce, store and transport urine. This device consists of: two
kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, two sphincter muscles and the urethra.
From the kidney, urine passes through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored until
urination (urination).
After being stored in the bladder, urine passes through a tube called the urethra to the
outside of the body. The release of urine is produced by the involuntary relaxation of a
muscle: the bladder sphincter, which is located between the bladder and the urethra, and
also by the voluntary opening of a sphincter in the urethra.
The male urethra is longer and is, at the same time, a urinary tract and a genital tract. The
female urethra is an exclusively urinary duct, being independent of the genital ducts.
The function of the kidneys is to make urine. They are located on each side of the spine, in
the lumbar area, and are surrounded by fatty tissue: the renal adipose capsule that
contains them. They have a convex outer edge and a concave inner edge. The latter has a
hole called the hilum, where blood vessels enter and exit. On the anterior side is the renal
vein that collects blood from the kidney, and on the posterior side is the renal artery that
carries blood to the kidneys.
The ureter is a tube that carries urine to the bladder. It arises from a deeper cavity cover,
the renal sinus, where it widens forming a hollow space called the renal pelvis.
The structural and functional unit of the kidney is the NEPHRONE, composed of a renal
corpuscle, which contains a glomerulus, or ball of capillaries, surrounded by a thin layer of
endothelial lining, called BOWMAN'S CAPSULE and located at the blind end of the renal
tubules. . The renal tubules or tubular system transport and transform urine along its
journey to the collecting tubules, which lead to the papillae, passing water, salts and waste
products from the blood towards the renal spaces.
Kidney physiology
Urine is formed in the glomeruli and renal tubules, and is carried to the renal pelvis by the
collecting tubules.
The glomeruli function as simple filters through which water, salts, and waste products
from the blood pass into the spaces of Brownman's capsule and from there into the renal
tubules.
Most of the water and salts are reabsorbed from the tubules and the rest is excreted as
urine. The renal tubules also remove other salts and waste products that pass from the
blood into the urine. The normal amount of urine eliminated in 24 hours is approximately
1.4 L, although it may vary depending on fluid ingestion and losses through vomiting or
through the skin due to sweating. The kidneys are also important in maintaining fluid
balance and salt levels as well as acid-base balance.
Among its functions, the kidney regulates blood pressure; To do this, it secretes the
hormone renin. It also produces a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood
cells, erythropoietin.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
It is made up of a long tube called the DIGESTIVE TUBE and glands associated with this
DIGESTIVE tube.
MAIN PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Digestion begins in the mouth. The teeth grind food and the secretions of the salivary
glands moisten it and initiate its chemical decomposition. In the swallowing process, the
bolus crosses the pharynx, continues through the esophagus and reaches the stomach,
whose mucosa secretes gastric juice and the food becomes chyme. It extends with the
small intestine (first portion or duodenum) where food receives secretions from the
intestinal glands, bile and juices from the pancreas. All of these secretions contain a large
amount of enzymes that break down these foods and transform them into simple soluble
substances.
Swallowing is voluntary at first and reflex later, and is divided into three stages: oral,
pharyngeal and esophageal. When we swallow, the bolus passes through the pharynx into
the esophagus. Here the function of the epiglottis (part of the respiratory system) is
essential, preventing food from entering the lungs. The bolus continues through the
stomach towards the small and large intestine, whose final portion is the rectum, which
ends in the anus.
.Stomach: consists of several parts that are: fundus, body, antrum and pylorus. Its edge
me us extensive is called lesser curvature and the other greater curvature. The cardia is the
boundary between the esophagus and the stomach and the pylorus is the boundary
between the stomach and duodenum.
.Small intestine: begins at the pylorus and ends at the lleocecal valve. The small intestine
is made up of: DUODENUM, JEJUNUM and ILEON.
.Large intestine: it begins from the lleocecal valve in a cul-de-sac called the cecum (from
where the vermiform appendix emerges) and ends in the rectum, after the cecum, the
second portion of the large intestine is called the ascending colon, the third portion is the
transverse colon, a fourth portion is the descending colon. Finally, the sigmoid colon,
rectum and anus are differentiated.
Adjacent glands
.Pancreas : its secretions are important in the digestion of food. .Liver: the bile ducts are
the excretory ducts of the liver, through them the bile is carried to the duodenum.
THE LOCOMOTIVE SYSTEM
Osteo-myo-articular system.
This system is made up of more than 200 bones, about 100 joints and more than 650
muscles acting in coordination.
The set of bones and cartilage forms the skeleton.
Locomotor
system
Musculature Skeleton
(muscular system). (skeletal
system).
The functions of the skeleton.
It supports the body and protects delicate organs such as the brain, heart or lungs, while
serving as an insertion point for muscle tendons. The bones are joined together by
ligaments that support them. Additionally, bone marrow is located inside the long bones, a
tissue that makes red and white blood cells.
There are 206 bones in the human body, most of which are found in the hands and feet.
The joints.
They are the union areas between the bones of the skeleton. They are classified into
different types: Synarthrosis, they are rigid, without mobility, like those that join the bones
of the skull; .Symphysis, poor mobility such as the union of both pubes;
.Diarthroses, mobile such as those that join the bones of the extremities with the trunk
(shoulder, hip).
.Anflarthrosis, are semi-mobile, the classic example is the intervertebral disc, which is
fibrocartilaginous.
The muscles. They are the engines of movement. A muscle is a bundle of fibers, whose
most notable property is contractility. Thanks to this ability, the fiber package
muscle contracts when receiving a certain order. As it contracts, it shortens and pulls on
the bone or supported structure.
UNIT 8 – DISEASES
The following triad acts in the disease process:
.The agent or noxa: is the cause of the disease. In the case of communicable diseases, it is
called the etiological agent. The agent can be physical, chemical, biological, mechanical
and/or psychosocial.
.The guest: person who hosts the agent.
.The environment: includes the set of conditions that can counteract or predispose the
action of the agents.
Infectious or communicable diseases
They have a period of infection, contagion and incubation. Infection is the entry of noxa
into the body. Contagion is the transmission of the disease from a sick individual to a
healthy one, it can be direct (flugge microdroplet) or indirect (through utensils, clothing or
by a healthy carrier). The incubation extends from contagion until the appearance of
symptoms of the disease, and its duration is variable. Ex: TBC; AIDS, Measles, etc.
BLOOD HYPERTENSION (HBP) What is Blood Pressure?
It is the force that blood exerts within the arteries.
The normal values of the maximum pressure being 120 mm Hg and the minimum pressure
being 80 mm Hg.
What is blood pressure used for?
To drive blood from the heart to different parts of the body through the arteries.
If there were no PA, the blood would remain stagnant in the arteries and therefore the
body would not receive the supplies necessary for its survival.
High blood pressure is a chronic increase in blood pressure (BP).
Objectives of the ADF in the HTA:
.Know the importance of early detection of HTN.

.Have basic notions of the pathophysiology of HBP and know the normal values of blood
pressure figures.
.Keep in mind the most important complications of this disease. HTN is a subtle KILLER, it
can kill us or leave us disabled for life, without warning.
It is a very common disease that usually goes unnoticed without producing symptoms.
It is not usually diagnosed unless blood pressure (BP) is taken as a routine examination in
apparently healthy people.
If it is not diagnosed, it causes vascular damage in the most noble organs of the body. mo,
leading to serious complications.
The treatment of HTN is effective if applied on time and followed appropriately. No human
being should die or suffer disability because BP is not controlled in time.
High Normal Blood Pressure or Prehypertension

It is when the Systolic Blood Pressure is 130-139 and/or the Diastolic Blood Pressure is 85-
89 mm Hg. In this case, pharmacological treatment is not recommended, except in the
presence of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia or chronic kidney disease.
It is essential to normalize pressure to make lifestyle changes such as losing weight,

exercising, limiting alcohol consumption, following a healthy diet by reducing salt intake,
and giving up tobacco.
Symptoms of High Blood Pressure

HTN by itself DOES NOT produce symptoms.
It is a treacherous disease, it undermines health until the damage is great and is expressed
with serious and irreversible complications such as: loss of vision, paralysis, inca ability to
speak or be understood, among others.
Anyone who presents the following symptoms should take their blood pressure and
consult a doctor:
.Headache, especially if it appears in the morning, when getting up, located in the rec
occipital gion (on the back of the neck).
. Vertigo.
.Ringing in the ears.
.Vision alterations.
.Hemorrhages from the nose or into the conjunctiva.

.Waves of heat and redness in the face or neck.
.Palpitations or sensation of heartbeat.
Tachycardia or acceleration of the pulse rate above 100 beats per minute to.
The majority of hypertensive patients are asymptomatic until the fateful moment when a
complication occurs.
How does one find out that they are hypertensive?

Taking BP periodically. For this, a blood pressure monitor is used.
Images of blood pressure monitors:
It is Important: Take BP as a routine measurement as soon as we reach adolescence.

Repeat the measurement from time to time, even if on previous occasions the values had
been normal.
MOST FREQUENT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of heart disease. It is the main
cause of death from disease in our country. The most common cardiovascular ailments are:
Artereoschlorosis, Angina pectoris, Myocardial infarction, Cerebrovascular accidents, HTN
Heart failure
Image of blocked artery. Hypercholesterolemia.

PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF HTN
TABLE I
Main indications and contraindications of the six classes of antihypertensive drugs considered first line
CLASS INDICATIONS POSSIBLE ESTABLISHED POSSIBLE
OF DRUGS ESTABLISHED INDICATIONS CONTRAINDICATIONS CONTRAINDICATIONS
Diuretics Heart failure Diabetes (jot

Elderly patients Dyslipidemia
Sexually active men
beta blockers Heart failure Asthma and COPD Dyslipidemia
Systolic HBP Pregnancy Second or third degree AV
Exertional angina block
Postinfarction
ACEI Tachyarrhythmias Heart Pregnancy
failure Left ventricular Hyperkalemia
dysfunction Bilateral renal artery stenosis
Post-infarction
diabetic nephropathy
Antagonists Angina Vascular disease Second AV block Heart failure
of calcium Elderly patients systolic peripheral or third grades* congestive*
hypertension
Alpha blockers Prostate hypertrophy Glucose intolerance Orthostatic hypotension
Dyslipidemia
AR A II Cough with ACEI Heart failure Pregnancy Hyperkalemia
Bilateral renal artery stenosis
*Verapamil and diltiazem.
NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF HTN
.Education: diet, physical exercise, medication. HTN must be treated, because it usually
causes serious injuries and complications.
It does not mean that every hypertensive person should take medication.
Work on risk factors appropriately for non-pharmacological treatment:

.Diet (Hliposodic-Hypocaleric)
.Moderate physical activity
.No Smoking
.Follow treatment and regimen
.NO Drinking appropriate for many years
.BP Control throughout life.

Questionnaire:
1. What is blood pressure?

a) Isthe force that exercises the bloodinsideof the large, medium veinsand
little.
b) Isthe force that exercises the bloodinsideof the arteries and veins,
c) Isthe force that exercises the bloodinsideof the arteries, veins and vessels
lymphatics.
d) Istheforce that exercises the bloodinsideof the arteries.
2. Point out eradicable risk factors in HTN:

a) Smoking, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, alcoholism, fat and salt intake.
b) Heredity and age.
c) Pregnancy and puerperal state.
d) Chronic adrenal insufficiency syndrome.
3. How is arteriosclerosis defined?

a) It is the process by which blood vessels become more flexible over the years.
b) It is the process by which the arteries narrow due to the accumulation of fat in their
walls (atheromatous plaques).
c) It is the hardening of blood vessels as a result of an enzyme dysfunction.
d) All are correct.
4. To help prevent arteriosclerosis or its complications, it is recommended:

a) Maintain blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg.
b) Eat a balanced, low-fat diet.
c) Exercise regularly for 30 minutes a day.
d) All of the above are correct.
5. The objectives of pharmacological treatment of HTN are:

a) Increase peripheral resistance.
b) Stimulate the effects of the renin-angiotensin system and the sympathetic SN.
e) Reduce vasoconstriction
d) a and b are correct.
8. The following are antihypertensive drugs:

a) Bisoprolol, clopidogrel, enalapril.
b) Statins, thiazides, nitroglycerin.
c) Aspirin, calcium antagonists.
d) Losartan, propranolol, furosemide.
UNIT 9 - SKIN CONDITIONS
Dermatology is the study of diseases and conditions of the skin.

The dermatologist treats disorders related to THE SKIN, HAIR AND NAILS. Other doctors
and specialists may also be involved in the prevention and treatment of skin disorders.
Skin characteristics. In addition to acting as a protector against heat, light, injuries and
infections, it also fulfills other functions: it regulates body temperature, stores water and fat,
is a sensory organ, prevents water loss, and prevents the entry of bacteria.
Epidermis
Dermis
385
Hypodermi 2
s
It is made up of three layers:

a) Epidermis: is the thin outer layer of the skin; It contains melanocytes that produce
melanin (skin pigment).
b) Dermis: is the middle layer, held together by collagen. Pain and touch receptors are
located here.
c) Hypodermis: it is the deepest, composed of a network of collagen and fat; It helps
conserve body heat and protects the body from injury by cushioning impacts.
COMMON SKIN DISORDERS
They are rarely life-threatening, bothersome, and can cause chronic disability. Since the
skin is exposed to the view of other people, they can be a cause of psychological stress.
There are many skin disorders that require clinical care from a physician or other health
care professional.
Skin exams
They are done to diagnose allergies, bacterial or fungal infections, to determine if a growth
is cancerous or benign. Examples: patch tests to diagnose skin allergies. Skin biopsy. Crop.
Most common skin disorders:

They are rarely life-threatening, bothersome, and can cause chronic disability.
Since the skin is exposed to the view of other people, they can be a cause of psychological
stress. There are many skin disorders that require clinical care from a physician or other
health care professional.
Skin exams.
They are done to diagnose allergies, bacterial or fungal infections, to determine if a growth
is cancerous or benign.
Examples: patch tests to diagnose skin allergies. Skin biopsy. Crop.
a) Acne
It is a disorder of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands, which become blocked, resulting
in the appearance of pimples (pimples) and cysts.
It usually appears during puberty.
Levels of male sex hormones (androgens) rise in both men and women. The sebaceous
glands are more active and there is greater production of sebum. The sebaceous glands
produce sebum that reaches the surface of the skin through the hair follicles. Skin cells
plug the follicles and block the release of sebum. When the follicles become clogged, skin
bacteria (Propionibacterium) begin to multiply inside the follicle and cause inflammation,
which evolves as follows: incomplete blockage of the hair follicle causes BLACKHEADS
(semi-solid black plug).
Complete blockage causes “WHITE DOTS” (white, semi-solid plug). Infection and irritation
cause whiteheads to form. Finally, the plugged follicle bursts and. spills oil, epithelial cells
and bacteria on the surface of the skin. As a consequence, the skin becomes irritated and
pimples, lesions, called comedones (pimples) begin to develop. They can be superficial
(pimples without abscesses) or deep
(when inflamed pimples press into the skin, causing the formation of cysts with pus that,
when ruptured, cause abscesses to appear).
The causes of acne are: increased hormone levels. hereditary factor. Changes in hormone
levels during the menstrual cycle in women. Drugs (corticosteroids, lithium and
barbiturates). Some cosmetics. Bacteria in the pimples are impossible and more should be
given to those who need it most, without thinking about the benefits that will be obtained
with that help.
It can be aggravated by squeezing the pimples or rubbing the skin vigorously.

The skin can also be irritated by friction or pressure from helmets, backpacks, or tight
collars.
Some environmental conditions such as pollution or humidity can also irritate the skin.
Symptoms: It can appear anywhere on the body: the face, chest, upper back, shoulders
and neck. Black spots. White dots. Lesions with pus, which can be painful. Nodules (solid,
raised lumps).
Treatment : The goal is to minimize scarring and improve appearance. Includes therapy
with topical or systemic drugs.
Depending on the severity of the condition, the doctor will prescribe topical medications
(medicines applied to the skin) or systemic medications (medicines taken by mouth).
In some cases a combination of topical and systemic medications may be recommended.
b) Hair problems.
Hair is made up of dead cells and filled with keratin (a protein present in the nails and in
the superficial layer of the skin.
It grows from the hair follicles, covering most of the hair and body, although in some areas
there is a greater concentration than in others.
For example, the scalp has a large amount, while the soles of the feet have none.
Problems can be due to cosmetic causes: excessive washing and drying, underlying
diseases such as thyroid problems.
c) Diaper rash
It is the inflammation of the skin of the baby's bottom.
It can appear if the child is left with a dirty diaper for a long time, since urine and feces
release ammonia that, together with enzymes present in the fecal matter, irritate the skin. It
may also be due to skin irritation due to diarrhea or allergies to soaps or powders used to
clean the diaper area.
Symptoms: Red skin, with spots and inflamed spots in the diaper area. Ammonia smell in
the baby's diaper.
Treatment: protective paste to soothe and heal the skin with each diaper change. Change
his diaper often, and dry his tail well.
Whenever possible, leave the baby lying on a diaper, with the bottom exposed to the air.
Do not wear rubber pants over the diaper until the erythema goes away.
Consult a doctor when the erythema lasts more than 2 days due to the possible addition of
a fungus, which requires other treatment.
d) Parasitic skin infections

Skin parasites are usually worms that burrow into the skin, where they live and lay their
eggs. There are many types of parasitic infections that require the clinical care of a doctor
or other health professional.
Serpiginous eruption
It is a skin infection caused by worms that normally live in the intestines of dogs and cats.
This parasite is spread to humans through skin contact with the eggs found in the feces of
cats and dogs. This condition, characterized by intense itching, usually appears on the feet,
buttocks, and back. Symptoms: serpentine rash (worms dig grooves that create a
serpentine rash). Itch.
Treatment: It can be treated with liquid thiabendazole and other topical medications.
Lice
They are insects that can infest the skin of the entire body.
It is characterized by the presence of intense itching.
They are contagious; They spread from person to person through direct body contact and
through the shared use of clothing or other items (hats, brushes and combs).
There are three types of lice:
.Head lice: they abound in environments frequented by children (kindergartens, gardens
and dining rooms) and in school-age children. The symptom is itching in the head. Lice, or
their eggs (called nits), usually concentrate behind the ears and on the neck.
.Body lice : They usually affect people with poor hygiene habits. They are rare in children.
They cause intense itching that usually worsens at night. In some cases, both lice and nits
can be found in the seams of clothing.
Pubic lice: they are contagious and can be transmitted through sexual contact or the use
of contaminated items such as towels and clothing. They affect pubic hair, but can also
affect hair on the chest, abdomen, thighs, and eyebrows. Itching of the affected area is the
most common symptom. Louse eggs are usually visible to the naked eye, which makes it
easier for the doctor to diagnose. Pubic lice leave small, brown spots on the areas of
clothing that come into contact with the genitals or anus.
Treatment:
.For head and pubic lice:
Hair rinse or shampoo with some drug.
Specific instructions must be followed.
Discuss this topic with your pharmacist or doctor.
Nits should be removed from the hair with a fine comb without exception. Combs and
brushes should be soaked for at least 15” in hot water with the shampoo you have chosen.
.For body lice: improve hygiene habits and wash clothing. Sheets and blankets should be
washed in hot water and then dried in a hot air dryer.
f) Dry skin
It is a very common skin condition; It is usually characterized by irritation and itching that
worsens during the winter, when the air is cold and dry. Frequent baths can also increase
dryness.
Dry skin may become flaky or rough.
Treatment : Keep the skin moisturized, which is achieved by bathing less frequently or with
short baths lasting 5 minutes and using ointments and creams that preserve moisture.
.Avoid soaps, detergents and strong perfumes, which tend to dry the skin. .Avoid rubbing
or scratching the skin, which can aggravate symptoms and cause infection. .Apply a
solution or cream of salicylic acid (which removes the top layer of the skin), if scales have
formed.
DERMATOMYCOSIS: fungal skin infections are common. They are diseases of the skin and
its annexes (sweat glands, hair, etc.) produced by fungi of the types Trichophyton,
Microsporum and Epidermophyton, including dermatophytoses (produced by parasitic
fungi of the skin, potentially pathogenic for humans and animals). and different kinds of
ringworm.
The latter are those used in dermatology, generally as palliatives and adjuvants in the
treatment of infections, inflammations, burns, skin ulcers, etc.
Antifungals: nystatin, ketoconazo!, minonazole, clotrimazole.
Most common trade and generic names:

BACTICORT COMPLEX. Montpellier: antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and
antifungal for external topical use. Betamethasone. Gentamicin. Tolnaftate. Nystatin.
BETNOVATE N Glaxo. CODE: Ointment - Cream. Anti-inflammatory, antipruritic,
bactericidal. Each 100g: betamethasone 17-valerate 0.122g, neomycin sulfate 0.50g.
CALADRYL. Elea: antihistamine, antiallergic, antipruritic. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride 1g
and calamine. Cream and lotion.
CIPROCUT. Beta: anti-allergy. Bactericide. Antifungal. Ketoconazole 2g, hydrocortisone
acetate 1g, gentamicin sulfate 0.1g.
DERMADEX. Glaxo: anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antipruritic, bactericidal and fungicide
with local action. 100g: clobetasol 17-propionate 0.050g; neomycin 0.350g; Nystatin
100,000U/fg.
DERMIZOL G, Rowx-Ocefa: antibiotic. Anti-inflammatory Gel: 100g: betamethasone 50mg;
gentamicin 100mg. Lotion: 100mg: betamethasone 59mg; gentamicin 100mg. COLD
DERMIZOL. Roux-Ocefa: anti-inflammatory. Antibiotic. Antifungal 100g fluid cream:
betamethasone valerate 100mg; gentamicin 100mg; miconazole 1.734g.

DEXALLERGIN. Ivax: coated tablets. Drops. Corticosteroid and antihistamine for systemic
use. Dexamethasone, chlorpheniramine maleate.
DIPROGENTA. Schering: anti-inflammatory Bactericidal. Antipruritic, betamethasone
dipropionate 0.64mg and gentamicin base 1mg.
DIPROSALIC, Schering: anti-inflammatory. Antipruritic. Vasoconstrictor. Keratolytic.
Ointment: betamethasone dipropionate 0.64mg, salicylic acid 30mg. Solution:
betamethasone dipropionate 0.64 mg, salicylic acid 20 mg.
DERMAL FACTOR. Casasco: antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory for topical use,
Gentamicin base 0.1g, betamethasone 17-valerate 0.1g, miconazole nitrate 2g.
PHYLODERMA PLUS. Ivax: antibiotic, antifungal and topical corticosteroid. Cream:
diflorasone diacetate 0.05g, gentamicin 0.1g, econazole nitrate 2g.
HIFAMONIL CREAM. Raymos: antibacterial. Antifungal. Topical anti-inflammatory
Betamethasone valerate. Gentamicin. Miconazole.
PANCUTAN BASE. Purissimus: Gel. External healing. Halibut oil 1.2g, gentamicin embonate.
GUADRIDERM. Schering: anti-inflammatory. Antibacterial. Antifungal Cream:
betamethasone 0.643mg; clotrimazole 10.00mg; gentamicin 1.00mg.
TERRA-CORFRIL. Pfizer: spray. Topical ointment. Inflammatory and/or pruritic dermatitis
combined with bacterial infections sensitive to oxytetracycline. 50ml: each: oxytetracycline
hydrochloride 312mg, hydrocortisone alcohol 102mg, isopropyl myristate 4.26mg, N-
butane 27g, total lotion 4.7g. 100ml: oxytetracycline hydrochloride 624mg, hydrocortisone
alcohol 204mg, isopropyl myristate 8.552g, N-butane 54g, total lotion 9.49g.
ANTI-CELLULITE
CELLULITE is a modification suffered in the connective tissue due to the accumulation of
fat, fluid and toxins. When this dysfunction occurs, the skin appears irregular and with small
bumps; It is the so-called "orange peel." Cellulite is an edematous-fibrosclerotic disease
that should not be considered as a simple aesthetic-body concept or as localized adiposity.
It affects not only fat cells but also interstitial tissue and smaller blood vessels.
Most common generic names:

Centella asiatica: is part of what is known as phytotherapy (vegetable therapy). It is native
to India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Malaysia, Laos and some areas of the
United States. U, U. The whole plant is used.
It has triterpene saponosides and alkaloids, flavonoids, fatty acids, resins and tannins. It is
currently used for the treatment of cellulite and localized lipodystrophy. It is anti-
inflammatory and strengthens veins and capillaries, it has effects on cramps, swelling and
fatigue, it is used for wounds because it reconstitutes collagen tissue, it is anti-wrinkle and
a natural firming agent.
Most common trade names:

CELLASENE CELLASENE GOLD. Cinetic Laboratories Argentina: anti-cellulite Vinitis vinifera
L. dry seed extract, Ginkgo biloba Linne dry leaf extract, Melilotus officinalis L. Pallas flower
dry extract, Fucus vesiculosus L. dried stems, Ruscus aculeatus L, dried root extract, centella
asiatica L. Urban dry leaf extract, Borrago officinalis seed oil, fish oil, vitamin E, mono- and
diglycerides of fatty acids, soy lecithin, Oryza sativa L. dry fruit extract, lipoic acid, Piper
nigrurn L. dry fruit extract, orange essential oil.
CENTELLA QUEEN COMPLEX CENTELLA QUEEN REDUCING CREAM/GEL. Temis Lostaló:
prevents and acts effectively in cases of cellulite and skin stretch marks. Centella asiatica
60mg; Fucusvesiculosus 54.60mg; Ginkgo biloba 32.80mg; vitamin E acetate 50mg. EVELS -
EVELS CREAM GEL. Plumbland Holdings: treatment of cellulite and localized adiposity.
Dermatocosmetic. Asiatic spark. Seaweed extract. Body Gel x 100mg. PERCUTAFEINE. Pierre
Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Argentina: treatment of cellulite, Antiedematous. Lipolitical.
Inhibits lipogenesis. Promotes Ja-lipolysis. Caffeine 5%, cetiol HE 5%.
ANTIPSORIASICS
PSORIASIS is a skin disease, of an inflammatory nature, generally with a chronic and
relapsing course and of unknown etiology. Its diagnosis is fundamentally clinical:
erythematous plaques with pearly scales and defined edges. Some active ingredients used
in the treatment of acne are once again useful in this pathology.
Most common trade and generic names
TO ACID. Keratolytic Cream 0.05%: retinoic acid 50mg. 0.10% cream: retinoic acid 100mg.
0.20% cream: retinoic acid 200mg.
EMOLLIENT ACID. Prevention and treatment of skin photoaging. Cream: retinoic acid 25mg.
DAIVONEX. Andromache. Antipsoriatic. Ointment: calcipotriol 50mg. Lotion: calcipotriol
50mg.
ERVEMIN. Ivax: antimetabolite. Tablet: methotrexate 2.5mg; 7.5mg; 10mg.
ERVEMIN 15. Ivax: ampoule bottle with 3ml of solution: methotrexate 15mg (5mg/ml).
METHOTREXATE MARTIAN. 50 mg. Cytostatic. Antineoplastic. Methotrexate. OXSORALEN
ULTRA. Galderma: antipsoriatic. Methoxsalen 10mg, propylene glycol 400 338mg.
RIBATRA. Panalab: topical corticosteroid, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antipruritic.
Clobetasol propionate 0.05%.
BORON-COALTAR SOLUTION.
ANTISEBORRHEIC
Seborrhea is hypersecretion of the sebaceous glands of the scalp, which makes it
excessively greasy, as well as the hair. It is an aesthetic and dermatological problem. Those
active ingredients that help “flake” the scalp are very important, such as salicylic acid,
kaolin, coaltar, among others; as well as skin softeners such as almond oil, and of course
antifungals that combat the origin of seborrhea and dandruff, the most used being
ketoconazole. Antiseborrheic agents are indicated for the topical treatment of seborrheic
dermatitis of the scalp.
Some antibiotics are used to treat this pathology along with numerous emollients,
softeners, skin moisturizers and exfoliants that constitute the pathology in question.

EWE ALMOND OIL. Lubricant. Emollient. Softener. Skin moisturizer. AMPLUS Lab. Szama.
Hair toner. Antiseptic Salicylic acid, D-panthenol, pilocarpine hydrochloride, vitamin B6,
oxycedron acelte.
ARGEAL DUCRAY. Plerre Fabre: shampoo for seborrheic conditions. Pure sabal serrulata
extract 0.1%, kaolin (soft clay) 7%.
AYENO. Andromache: natural conditioner. Natural oat emulsion. Cleaning gel. Soap.
Natural shampoo, natural hydrolyzed oats, melaleuca alternifolia oil- silicones.
BETNOVATE HAIR. Glaxo: anti-inflammatory. Chlorhexidine. antipruritic and
antiexudative. 100g: Betamethasone Ketoconazole 0.10g.
KELUAL DIUCRAY -KELUAL ZINC DUCRAY. Pierre Fabre Triclosan. Antierythematous.
Antipruritic. Keratolytic. Anti-inflammatory. Moisturizing. Pain relieving. Keluamide 2.5%, 1
zinc sulfate 1%.
LAURINOL PLUS. Szama. Antiseborrheic. Antipruritic. Antipsoriatic., Antiseptic. Undecylenic
acid diethanolamide, Cade oil, vitamin B6, sodium lauryl ethoxy sulfate.
MENCOGRIN solution. Defuen: Anti-dandruff. Antiseborrheic. : Antipruritic. Sodium lauryl
sulfate (30%), cocamide DEA with glycerin, allantoin, styrene homopolymer, salycilic acid.
SARISAM. Szama: antiseborrheic. Neopolín revitalizing, derived from sulfonated lauric
alcohol.
SORSIS SHAMPOO. Fortbenton: fungistatic. Keratolytic. Antiseborrheic. Coalt solution amiy
salicylic acid 29%.
TERSODERM. Defuen: shampoo for oily hair with microerulsed liposulphur and biotin.
VALCATIL PLUS FRUIT. Panalab: stimulant for the growth of faneras. Especially indicated for
the fragility of the hair shaft and nails. Seborrheic dermatitis, Alopecia. Protein deficiency
states; sachet: biotin 5mg, i-cystine 300mg, L-methionine 450mg, gelatin 2900mg,
pyridoxine hydrochloride 2mg, calcium pantothenate 10mg, zinc 4mg.
ANTISEPTICS, DISINFECTANTS AND HEALING AGENTS
It is very common to find the association of several active ingredients in the same
pharmaceutical form (generally creams).

Antibiotics and disinfectants: treat and inhibit bacterial and fungal proliferation: boric acid,
mud, neomycin sulfate and bacitracin among others. Dotrimazole is an antifungal active
ingredient with the ability to cure candidiasis due to Candida albicans and “sun fungus”
caused by Tinea versicolor. Another is benzethonium chloride.
Vitamin A is a good restorative of dermal tissue.
These formulas are completed with the addition of Vaseline, Zinc Oxide, Nitrofurazone,
Rose Essence as adjuvants.
Povidone-iodine in different pharmaceutical forms constitutes one of the main broad-
spectrum topical antiseptics widely used in various pre- and post-surgical cures.

ADERMICIN -ADERMICIN TO -ADERMICIN TO MOM. Sanofi: healing. Antibiotic. Neomycin
sulfate 0.05g, vitamin A 100,000IU, vitamin D2 40,000U1, boric acid 2g, zinc oxide 15g,
benzocaine 0.5g, benzalkonium chloride 0.01g.
ADHESOL. Inst. Argentine Biological: adhesive, antiseptic for surgical use. Solution of
natural and synthetic neutral resins with light hydrocarbons.
D'ALLIBOUR PHARMA WATER. PharmadelPlata: antiseptic. Zinc. Copper sulfate. Camphor.
OXYGENATED WATER 10 VOL.
BORICATED ALCOHOL. Otic antiseptic. Boric acid.
IODIATED ALCOHOL. Antiseptic. Iodine.
ANDRIODERMA. Andromache: dermal restorative. Dermal protector 100g: vitamin A
500,000IU, benzethonium chloride 0.1g, boric acid 2g.
BABYSAN. Szama: mild soap and shampoo for children's hygiene. Oat betaglucanallantoin
and plant extracts.
BAGODERM. Bagó: repair cream for damaged skin. Antiseptic and healing. Sodium
acexamate 5g; cetrimonium bromide 1g.
BUTIMERIN, Ariston: healing. Granulation stimulant. Bactericide, Powder: bacitracin
13,500UlI, neomycin sulfate 0.15g, papain 2g, butimerine 30g, lactose, disodium phosphate.
Paste: benzethonium chloride 0.75g, butymerin 15g, titanium dioxide, cetyl alcohol,
ethanol, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol.
CICATUL. Raymos: healing. Re-epithelializing. Antiseptic. Cream: aqueous extract of
Triticum vulgare; 2-phenoxyethanol, polyethylene glycol 4,000, liquid petroleum jelly.
CLEVOSAN. Baliarda: healing. Dermal protector. Ointment: centella asiatica terpene fraction
1g; procyanidolic oligomers 1g; neomycin base 0.35g. Powder: centella asiatica terpene
fraction 2g; procyanidolic oligomers 1g; neomycin base 0.35g. Spray: Each 190ml of
solution contains: centella asiatica extract 2g.
CHLORFIBRASE. Elea: healing. Fibrinolysin 100U Loomis, deoxyribonuclease 656.666U

Christensen, chloramphenicol 1g, thimerosal.
BODY DERMAGLOS - FACIAL LINE DERMAGLOS - LINE DERMAGLOS
THERAPY. Andromache: dermal nutrient. Dermal protector Each 100g: vitamin A 600,000IU,
allantoin 0.25g, vit. E 0.059. DG-6. Craveri: antiseptic. Disinfectant. Each ml: lapyrium
chloride 10%.
DR. SELBY. Sidus: dermal revitalizing. Cream: vitamin D 60,000IU, lanolin 18.5g, boric acid
1.4g, zinc oxide 6.5g, talc 3.6g.
FARM-X AEROSOL. Lower: healing. Anti-inflammatory. Antiseptic. Each 100g: zinc
undecylenate 10g, zinc oxide 20g, salicylic acid 0.60g, sodium propionate 3g, nipagin 0.079,
nipasol 0.07g, AlcodermOl 2g, fuller's earth cs, propellant csp propeler.
FARM-X CREAM. Lower: healing. Anti-inflammatory. Epithelializer. Antimicrobial. Antifungal.
Each 100g: zinc oxide 5g, zinc undecylenate 2.5g, salicylic acid 0.5g, sodium proplonate
0.5g.
FORMOL 40%. Anti-infective. Antiseptic. Disinfectant. Formaldehyde. FURACIN. Schering:
synthetic antibacterial for topical use. Ointment and gauze: nitrofurazone 0.2%. Solution:
nitrofurazone 0.22%.
HEALING HYPOGLUS. Andromache: healing. Antiseptic 100g: cine undecylenate 3g, sodium
proplonate 1g, diiodohydroxyquinoline 1g, boric acid 2g, zinc oxide 20g, rose essence
0.10g.
COLLAGEN IMPLANT. Roux-Ocefa: healing: collagen plate, freeze-dried and sterile.
MERTHIOLATE. Graméon: topical antiseptic. Antifungal, 100mli: thimerosal 1mg.
COLORLESS MERTHIOLATE Gramon: topical antiseptic 100ml: benzalkonium chloride
500mg, chlorhexidine digluconate 200mg.
MERTHIOLATE IODOPOVIDONE. Gramon: povidone iodine 10g, nonoxynol 9, 0.5ml.
PERVICOL. Phoenix: alcohol gel for hand cleaning. Cereal alcohol, aloe vera. PERVINOX.
Phoenb: antiseptic 100 mi of topical solution: povidine iodine 10 g, sodium lauryl ether
sulfate 0.2 mg, trisodium phosphate.
PERVINOX. Phoenix: antiseptic 100ml shampoo: povidone iodine 7.5g, sodium lauryl ether
sulfate 25ml. 100g of solid soap: povidone iodine 8g. 100g of ointment: povidone-iodine
10g. 100ml of oropharyngeal solution: povidone-iodine 8g. 100ml of liquid soap: povidone
iodine 5g, sodium lauryl ether sulfate 50ml, trisodium phosphate.
PERVINOX CHLORHEXIDINE. Phoenix: disinfectant. Antiseptic. Liquid soap: chlorhexidine
digluconate 4g.
RIFOCÍN. Sanofi: antibacterial. Local use solution: rifamycin SV 0.5%. Ointment and spray:
rifamycin SY 1%.
SOLUMERIM, Ariston: antiseptic. Bactericide. Stimulant of granulation and epithelialization.
100 miI: benzethonium chloride, thyrothricin, cetylpyridinium hydrochloride, butimerine.
TOPICAL ANTIVIRALS
They are indicated in dermal lesions caused by herpes viruses. The one of choice is
acyclovir. They have activity against Herpes simplex viruses, both types 1 and 2.
In the history of the treatment of virus infections, an active ingredient called interferon
occupied first place. The mode of action consists of stimulating the defense cells
themselves to attack the virus in question and the cells infected by them. The use of
interferon has been restricted to the treatment of HIV/AIDS as one of the drugs.
At this time Idoxulidine but mainly Acyclovir are the most used. Acyclovir comes in a large
therapeutic arsenal including dermal creams, ophthalmic ointments, suspensions, tablets
and ampoules.
The main and most common infection that we see every day at the pharmacy counter is the
herpes simplex virus, which is expressed with several blisters around the mouth or on the
genitals.
The treatment consists of the application of small but constant amounts of acyclovir, which
stops viral proliferation. Also in the latter case, the treatment is usually administered orally
(tablets).

Aciciovir: it is the most used.
Penciciovir
idoxuridine
Tromantadine
ACERPES. Investi: antiviral. Antiherpetic. Acyclovir 50mg. Cream.
IDULEA. Elea: antiherpetic. Idoxuridine 1%o. Ointment.
LISOVYR. Elea: antiviral. Antiherpetic active against human herpes simplex viruses (type II
and 1) and herpes zoster. Ointment and cream. Capsules: aciciovir 200mg. Tablets:
acyclovir 400mg. Tablets: 800mg. Susp.: each 100ml: acyclovir 4g.

POVIRAL. Roemmers: 400 and 800mg. Dermal cream. Ophthalmic ointment. Suspension.
Antiviral active against human herpes simplex viruses, including types I and II and herpes
zoster. 400mg and 800mg tablets: Acyclovir.
XICLOVIR. Lazar: antiherpetic. Antiviral. Tablet: acyclovir 200mg and 800mg. 100ml
suspension: acyclovir 8g. 100g of ointment: acyclovir 59.
ZOVIRAX. Glaxo: tablets. Cream. 1V. Blister vial. Oral suspension. Antiviral active against
human herpes simplex viruses, including types 1 and II and herpes zoster, Acyclovir.
FLEBOTONICS – FIBRENOLYTICS
Preventive of edema resulting from stasis. They are mostly plant extracts:
alphabenzopyrones, gammabenzopyrones (flabonoids, diosmin, rutosides), saponins,
gingko biloba and some synthetics such as calcium dobesilate. They act on the symptoms
of stasis such as heavy legs, cramps, edema, capillary fragility with ecchymosis and purpura,
reducing capillary permeability, but they do not replace elastic compression measures,
exercises and postural regimen. They are administered orally or as a local treatment.
Creams and gels for the local treatment of varicose veins: contain heparinoid active
ingredients (they promote blood circulation), venotonics and vasculoprotectors such as
diosmin and hesperidin and often sodium heparin as an antithrombotic to promote venous
return.

CONTRACTUBEX. Phoenix: treatment of keloid and hypertrophic scars and other healing
disorders. 100g of gel: allantoin 1g, cepae extract 10g, sodium heparin 5,000UL.
DAFLON 500. Servier: venotonic. Vasculoprotective. Antihemorrhoidal. Tablet: micronized
diosmin-hesperidin, equivalent to diosmin 450 mg (90%) plus hesperidin 50 mg (10%).
DIPEMINE. Lazar: venotonic. Vasculoprotective.
Antihemorrhoidal. Tablet: micronized diosmin-hesperidin, equivalent to diosmin 450 mg
(90%) plus hesperidin 500 mg (10%).
PHLEBODERMA. Sandoz: heparinoid. Antithrombotic. Each 100g: acid ester: sulfuric
polysaccharide 100mg.
FLEBON. Ivax: phlebotonic. Vasculoprotective. Tablet: diosmetin-7-rutinoside 300mg. 100g
of cream: diosmetin 7 rutinoside 6g.
HIRUDOID. HIRUDOID FORTE. Ivax: antithrombotic. Antiedematous. Mucopolysaccharide
polysulfate.
PERGALEN. Gramón: ointment. Heparinoid and hyperemizing. 100g: sodium apolate 1g,
benzyl nicotinate 0.125g.
TERBENOL DUO. Bernabó: venotonic. Antivaricose. Vascular protector. Diosmina.
VENORUTON GEL. Novartis: topical antivaricose. Selective action on microcirculation. 100g
contains: o-(b-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides 2g.
VENOSMIL GEL. Sidus: topical treatment of venous insufficiency varicose syndrome.
Hydrosmine.
PHARMACY IN SKIN CONDITIONS
It is important to clarify what is meant by “pharmacology in skin conditions.” In a simple

way, general active ingredients could be thought of within this group to cure allergic
reactions, infections, and inflammations in general.
We will consider here those same active ingredients but acting and curing some
pathologies specific to the largest organ of the body: the skin. That is to say, the active
ingredients that we will see are not necessarily exclusive to dermatological pathologies
(and consequently are used to treat other pathologies); However, its use in dermatology is
so relevant that the main ones, the most-used, and the most prescribed will be described
here.
ANTIACNEIC.
ACNE is an inflammatory skin disease caused by a bacterial infection due to changes in the
hair follicle and associated sebaceous gland.
It is common in puberty and is an abnormal response to normal levels of the male

hormone testosterone. It is prevented by cleansing the skin gently but thoroughly with
soap and water, removing all dirt or makeup.
Most common generic names.

Since acne is represented by an infection coming from various bacteria, it is expected that
it will often end in antibiotic therapy. Synthetic antibiotics used for the treatment of acne
are:
Tetracyclines: tetracycline, doxycycline, minoxycline.
Macrolides: erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin.
Clindamycin
Trimethoprim – Sufamethoxasol
Tretinoin and isotretinoin: are topical retinoids (derived from vitamin A); the main action
iscomedolytic; They stimulate keratin turnover, increase collagen synthesis in the dermis;
They do not have antibacterial action. At the beginning of treatment it may cause flushing,
sotretinoin is more irritating than tretinoin.
Glycolic acid: it is an adjuvant in the treatment of acne as it produces exfoliation. It
reduces epidermal cohesion, helping to eliminate cells, which favors cell turnover. It has a
moisturizing value.
Salicylic acid (and some derivatives): in a concentration less than 3% it works as a
keratoplastic, in a concentration greater than 3% it is keratolytic.
Benzoyl peroxide: usually found as a gel in concentrations of 2.50%, 5% and 10%; It also
exists in spray and 10% cream. Its fundamental action focuses on reducing the population
of Propiobacterium acnes, a bacteria that infects, causes acne and is ultimately responsible
for this infection.
Biotin: intervenes in the metabolism of lipids and amino acids, which is why this active
ingredient is usually used in seborrheic eczema, exfoliative dermatitis, acne, psoriasis and
nail fragility.
Mupirocin: is a topical antibiotic active against Staphylococcus that causes pyodermitis,
acne and forancules.
Fusidic acid: topical antibiotic. Used in pyodermitis, impetigo, wounds, ulcers and burns.

ACNECLIN. Investi: minocycline 50 mg.
ACNECLIN 100 AP. investi: minocycline 100 mg.
ACNEPAS. Atlas: benzoyl peroxide 8%. ACNOXIN. Andromache: anti-acneic. Keratolytic.
Bactericide. Salicylic acid, resorcinol monoacetate, chloramphenicol. BARROCUTINA. Esme:
anti-acne. Gel. Cream based on earth and antiseptics with aloe vera.
BENZIHEX. Galderma: anti-acne. Benzoyl peroxide 5% and 10%.
BIOTIN A. Defuen: vitamin therapy. Defuenbiotin (vitamin H).
CLINDACUR. Cinetic: anti-acne. Clindamycin, benzoyl peroxide.
CLINTOPIC GEL. Investi: narrow spectrum antibiotic. Clindamycin hydrochloride. DALACIN.
Pfizer: clindamycin phosphate.
DORPIEL. Fortbenton: stimulates epidermal turnover. Tretinoin.
HYDROSAM T. Szama: photoaging. Antiacneic. Preventive and attenuating wrinkles.
PERCLIN, Fortbenton: antiacheic for topical use. Clindamycin (1%), benzoyl peroxide (5%).
ROACCUTAN, Roche: retinoid for the systemic treatment of acne. Isotretinoin 10mg and
2Umg.
SINAC. Andromache: anti-acneic. Adapalene 0.19.
TRIXNE 4% GEL. Pharmatrix: erythromycin.
TRIXNE 4% WIPES. Pharmatrix: topical anti-acne in disposable wipes, Enttromycin 40mg;
citric acid img; propylene glycol.
TOPICAL ANTIALLERGIC
DERMATITIS is an inflammation of the skin characterized by redness, swelling, blistering,
crusting, peeling, oozing or itching.
The most common are: atopic dermatitis (eczema), contact dermatitis, dermatitis
herpetiformis, generalized exfoliative dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis. The most common
is the application of topical corticosteroids for treatment.
ADVANTAN. Schering: cream - ointment - solution - emulsion. Anti-inflammatory, Anti-
allergic. Antipruritic.- Methylprednisolone aceponate.
BAGOVIT A PLUS. Bagó: anti-allergic. Moisturizing; vitamin A paimitate 100,000U;

triamcinolone acetonide 100mg.
BETNOVATE Glaxo: anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic. Betamethasone.
CORTEROID. Montpelfier. Tablets. Cream, Oral drops. Injectable IMIV Betamethasone
ampoule bottle.
DERMADEX. HAIR DERMADEX. Glaxo: cream, ointment and lotion. Anti-inflammatory, anti-
allergic, antipruritic with local action, Clobetasol.
ELOCON. Schering: cream-lotion. Anti-inflammatory. Vasoconstrictor, Antipruritic.
Mometasone.
TRESITE F. Temis Lostaló: treatment and prevention of keloid. Dermatitis that responds to
corticosteroids: neurodermitis, eczema, psoriasis, insect bites, contact eczema, sunburn, etc.
3-5-3` triiodothyronine 400mcg, flumetasone pivalate 20mg.
TOPICAL ANTIBIOTICS
These are medications used to treat skin diseases that are complicated by an infection or
the presence of risk factors that can aggravate the initial injury.
ADERMICIN. Sanofi: in 100g neomycin sulfate 0.05g, vitamin A 100,000UL, vitamin D2

40,000U1, boric acid 2g, zinc oxide 15g, benzocaine 0.5g, benzalkonium chloride 0.01g, talc
15g.
BACTROBAN NASAL. Glaxo: ointment, mupirocin calcium 2.15g, soft white paraffin 92.96g,
softisan 649 4.89g.
CICATREX BIOTIC. Investi: neomycin sulfate 3,300U, bacitracin zinc 250U, glycine 10mg, L-
cysteine 2m9g, DLthreonine 1mg.
FURACIN. Schering: ointment and gauze: nitrofurazone 0.2%, in polyethylene glycol vehicle.
Solution: nitrofurazone 0.22% in liquid polyethylene glycol vehicle
LISODERMA. Ivax: 100g of ointment: sodium acexamate 59, gentamicin sulfate 0.1g.
MUPAX NASAL. Lazar: 100g, mupirocin calcium 2.15g; soft white paraffin, softisan 64g.
MUPIROX. Fertbenton: muptrocin 2%.
MUPIROX NASAL. Fortbenton: in 100g, mupirocin calcium 2.15g; soft white paraffin,
softisan 64g.
PLASTENAN WITH NEOMYCIN. Sanofi: each 100g of cream contains: sodium acexamate 5g
and neomycin sulfate 0.4g.
PLATSUL-A. Chobet: silver sulfadiazine 1g, vitamin A 248,000IU, lidocaine 0.666g. FIRST
POWDER. Ivax: pipemidic acid 1g.
RIFOCINE. Sanofi: ointment and spray; rifamycin SV 1%.
TOPICAL ANTIFYCOTICS
One of the first antifungals discovered was griseofulvin. Nystatin was later discovered to
have a “local” effect on the digestive system. It is found in topical presentations in order to
combat mycoses at the dermal level. It is well known that so-called mycoses are infections
caused by fungi, that is, organisms belonging to the Fungi kingdom. What truly
“revolutionized” antifungal therapy were Azoles, a group of active ingredients with
powerful antifungal strength that we find on the market in many pharmaceutical forms,
that is, in a large “therapeutic arsenal.” They surpassed nystatin and griseofulvin in terms of
effects and reduction of undesirable effects.
Sulconazole, miconazole, ketoconazole, isoconazole, clotrimazole and tioconazole are
some of the representatives of this group that base their therapeutic effect on the attack
on the cell membrane of the fungus. This membrane has similar characteristics to the
human cell, which is why it is usually difficult to combat mycoses while trying not to
destroy the “normal good cell” given the similarity at the cellular level.
AFLORIX. Gram: 100g of cream, powder or spray: 1g of clotrimazole.
ANTIFUNGAL. Fortbenton: sulconazole nitrate 1%.
DAKTARIN. Cream. Janssen: miconazole nitrate 2%.

DERALBINE. Andromache: 1009 cream: miconazole nitrate 2g. Lotion 100ml: miconazole
nitrate 2g. Powder 100g: miconazole nitrate 2g. Spray 90g: miconazole nitrate.
EMPECID FOOT. Bayer: bifonazole 1g, crotamiton 5g, lidocaine 2g.
PHYTONAL. Andromaco: cream with micronized ketoconazole 20mg. Tablet: micronized
ketoconazole 200mg.
FUNGUEAL. Lazar: terbinafine (hydrochloride) tablets 250mg. Cream: terbinafine
hydrochloride 1g.
LAMISIL. Novartis: terbinafine hydrochloride 1g.
LOPROX: 80mg of cyclopiroxolamine. Cream: 10mg of cyclopiroxolamine.
MYCOLIS. Roemmers: powder, solution, spray, cream. Econazole.
MUPATEN. Bayer 1g cream: 10mg isoconazole nitrate, 1 ml solution: 10mg isoconazole in
alcoholic solution.
ORIFUNGAL. Janssen: ketoconazole 20mg.
PIECIDEX. Andromache: terbinafine hydrochloride. Griseofulvin.
SCHERIDERM. Schering: cream: 1mg (0.1%) Nystatin valerate. diphtucortolone, 10mg (1%)
isoconazole nitrate and Bmg. Sulconazole. (0.5%) neomycin sulfate, Miconazole.
TERPHIN. Elea: cream: terbinafine hydrochloride 1g: Ketoconázal cetyl alcohol 5g; stearyl
alcohol 5g; sorbitan monostearate 1.5g; polysorbate 60.3g; isopropyl myristate 12.5g:
benzyl alcohol 0.5g; sodium hydroxide csp pH 3-5.
TROSYD solution-TROSYD Spray-TROSYD Cream-TROSYD Powder. Pfizer: 1% spray: 100g:
tioconazole 1g, isopropyl myristate 2g, isopropyl alcohol 97g. 1% powder: 100g:
tioconazole 1g, talc 79g, magnesium myristate 8.59, kaolin 10g, colloidal silicone dioxide
1.59. Cream 1%: /100 gq: tioconazole ig, vaseline 2g, stearyl alcohol 5.5g, stearic acid 4.5g,
benzyl alcohol lg, propylene glycol 10g, Cremophor A - 6 2g, Cremophor A Solution for
nails 28%: 100 g : thioconazal 28g, undecylenic acid 22g, ethyl acetate 50g.
TOPICAL ANTIPRURIGINOS
Pruritus or itching is an unpleasant sensation that produces the desire to scratch. It is a
worrying symptom that, in addition to causing discomfort, endangers the effectiveness of
the skin as a protective barrier. Medications used to relieve itching are called antipruritic
medications. Its application is topical on the affected area. Antipruritics work by reducing
inflammation, irritation and the nerve impulses that transmit the sensation of itch to the
brain.
BETASALIC. Andromache: betamethasone dipropionate 64mg; salicylic acid 3g
CALADRYL ; COLORLESS CALADRYL. Elea: diphenhydramine hydrochloride 1g and calamine
8.1g.
Each 100ml of lotion: diphenhydramine hydrochloride 1g and calamine 8.1g.

DEMACORT. Andromache: cream: hydrocortisone 1g.
DERMADEX CAPILLARY. Glaxo: clobetasol 17-propionate 0.050g every 100g. LAURINOL.
Szama: sodium lauryl ether sulfate; coconut fatty acid diethanolamide; vitamin B6;
oxycedron oil; beer.
PYRCALAMINA. Szama: patent phenol (bactericidal drug without causticity), pyrilamine
maleate, silicone oil, calamine, zinc oxide.
PRURISEDAN -PRURISEDAN CREAM -PRURISEDAN LOTION. Andromache: phenol 0.5g,
camphor 0.5g, boric acid 5g, zinc stearate 5g, zinc oxide 16g.
ANTI-ALLERGIC, ANTIBIOTICS, ANTI-MYCOTICS - ASSOCIATIONS.

Bacteria can infect the skin and its skin appendages. When Staphylococci or Streptococci
are involved, they are called pyodermitis. Bacteria are unable to penetrate the keratinized
layers of normal skin and when they reach its surface they decrease in quantity, there is
local resistance to bacterial multiplication and infection. Normal skin is resistant to bacterial
aggression; it contains bacteria that do not cause infection, which constitute the
saprophytic flora. The infectious process can be primary, when it appears on healthy skin,
secondary when it occurs on skin previously affected by burns, trauma, eczema, etc., or
tertiary when it is mediated by streptococcal or staphylococcal toxins.
UNIT 10 - PHARMACY IN DIGESTIVE DISORDERS
Digestive diseases are disorders of the digestive system, sometimes called the
gastrointestinal tract .
Most people have some digestion problem throughout their lives. Heartburn (burning
sensation that rises from the stomach to the throat), stomach pain and meteorism
(accumulation of gas and the need to burp or wind) are very common.
Digestive disorders have a very diverse nature. Some diseases with digestive symptoms
actually have an inflammatory origin, for example Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Ulcers destroy the tissue that lines the inside of the stomach and, when they reach the
blood vessels, they begin to bleed. At this point, reducing stomach acidity is not enough to
solve the problem.
Digestive problems are often caused by gastric acid, which can cause ulcers in the stomach
or intestine, or inflammation in the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the mouth
to the stomach. Acid is not the only cause of digestive problems.
Most digestive problems can be treated with medications.
In many people, the digestive system is often the target of emotional and anxiety
disorders.
In the digestive system we identify several disorders derived from this imbalance: Reflux:
regression of flow or liquid.
.Meteorism: refers to the presence of intestinal gases.
.Constipation: lack of normal bowel movement.
Irritable colon: permanent inflammation and high sensitivity in the last part of the large
intestine.
.Diverticulosis: presence of diverticula, malformation in the form of a bag or appendix in
the intestine or hollow organs in general.
.Intestinal rupture: tearing of the intestine.
Hiatal hernia: herniation of the stomach over the esophagus.
.Rectal prolapse: exit of the rectal mucosa through the anus.
.Megacolon: permanent dilation of the colon accompanied by permanent constipation.

Most common generic names of medications against digestive disorders.

Alprazolam: It is part of the group of benzodiazepines (anxiolytics).
Some gastroenterologists consider that benzodiazepines improve, to a greater or lesser
extent, gastrointestinal disorders related to anxiety, partially protect against stress ulcers,
and significantly reduce nocturnal gastric secretion.
As a colorful fact, we could remember a popular myth that spoke of “nerves in the
stomach.”
This medication would be aimed at resolving that intimate relationship between a part of
the nervous system that affects and unbalances the digestive system.
Sulpiride: It is consequently a dopaminergic blocker. It is antidyspeptic and fundamentally

muscle-relaxing and sedative. It is used in gastroenterology in ulcers and irritable bowel,
and in psychiatry in various diseases.
Domperidone: antiemetic.
Simethicone: also called dimethylpolyxyloxane, it is carminative and antiflatulent. It is used

in meteorism, aerophagia, flatulence, pretreatment in endoscopy and ultrasound of the
upper gastrointestinal, biliary and urinary tracts.
Metoclopramide: It is used when neurovegetative conditions cause vomiting, since this

drug is fundamentally antiemetic.
Trimebutin: antispasmodic, modulator of digestive motility. It is used in irritable bowel,

abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea and some postoperative cases.
Hipericum: is a healing herb with beneficial side effects in the treatment of depression and
its consequences.

BIORGAN B. Ivax: trimebutine maleate 100mg, bromazepam 1.5m9g.
DEBRIDAT B. Pfizer: trimebutin maleate 100mg, bromazepam 1.5mg.
FARADIL. Sidus: metoclopramide 109mg, diazepam 2mg, simethicone 40mg.
FARADIL NOVO. Sidus: bromazepam 1.5m9, domperidone 10mg, simethicone 40mg.

PLIDEX T, Roemmers: diazepam 3.50mg, trimebutine 100mg.
VEGESTABIL DIGEST. Sandoz: domperidone 10 mg. Bromazepam 1.5mg, simethicone
40mg.
ALPLAX DIGEST, Gador: alprazolam 0.25, sulpiride 50 mg.

ALPLAX NEF, Gador: alprazolam 0.25mg; domperidone 10mg; simethicone 40mg.
ACIDITY
Regarding acidity, we could propose three steps in the progression of this gastric
pathology, the first involves heartburn, the second involves gastritis and the third involves
peptic ulcer. Medication could be seen from these three steps and then classified into:
gastric acid neutralizers, gastric antisecretors, piastifying agents and ulcer healing agents.
a) Gastric acid neutralizers: aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium

carbonate, sodium bicarbonate . These drugs have the ability to produce immediate
relief from the sensation of heartburn.
b) Inhibitors of acid secretion.

Histaminergic H2 antagonists: cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine. They are effective anti-
ulcer agents. The presence of a bacteria, Helicobacter pylori, delays the healing processes
of ulcers, therefore the association of these histaminergic H2 antagonists with antibiotics
such as amoxicillin and minocycline will contribute to achieving better therapeutic success,
by eliminating the presence of this bacteria. bacterium.
They are commonly used in the prophylaxis and treatment of peptic ulcer, gastric
hyperacidity, erosive gastritis, reflux esophagitis and even in prophylaxis of digestive
bleeding. Famotidine is the most powerful. Ranitidine is the drug with the most experience
in its use.
It is important to remember that the use of many analgesics favors the appearance of
ulcers, which is why these inhibitors are indicated as gastric protectors during prolonged
use in various pain therapies.

GASTRIAL. Sanofi: ranitidine 150mg and 300mg.
LUVIER Lab. Casasco: ranitidine 150mg and 300mg.
MEGALEX. Phoenix: ranitidine hydrochloride 150mg, domperidone 10mg.
RANITIDINE LAZAR: ranitidine hydrochloride 150mg, domperidone 10mg.
TAURAL. Roemmers: ranitidine 150mg.
TAURAL 300. Roemmers: ranitidine 300 mg. Ampoule: ranitidine (as hydrochloride) 50mg.
VIZERUL. Montpellier: ranitidine 150 mg.

Proton pump inhibitors: lanzoprazole, omeprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole (and
others) . All the components of this group are especially useful in the symptomatic and
long-term maintenance treatment of reflux esophagitis, gastric and duodenal ulcer

associated or not with the presence of Helicobacter pylory. Omeprazole is the drug with
the most experience. The route of choice for administration is oral and the most used
pharmaceutical form is coated tablets and enteric dissolving capsules.

DANLOX. Casasco: omeprazole 10mg, 20mg and 40mg.
GASTROMAX. Gador: pantoprazole sodium (equivalent to pantoprazole base 20mg) 22.57
mg. LANZOPRAL. Roemmers: lansoprazole 30 mg.
NEXIUM. AstraZeneca: esomeprazole 20 mg.
c) Mucosal protectors: zinc acexamate and sucralfate. They have gastroprotective

action, they are healing, constituting a kind of topical protection for injuries.
ANTACID AG FACTOR.
Casasco: dried aluminum hydroxide gel 10g, magnesium hydroxide 10g, simethicone
emulsion 20% 7.5ml.
MYLANTA. Elea: calcium carbonate 90% 4409mg (equivalent to 400mg of calcium
carbonate), magnesium hydroxide 95% 142mg (equivalent to 135mg of hydroxide
magnesium).
MYLANTA EXTRA.Elea: famotidine magnesium. Calcium carbonate.
MYLANTA II. Elea: aluminum hydroxide 400mg, magnesium hydroxide 400mg, simethicone
30m9. MYLANTA PLUS Elea: aluminum hydroxide dried gel 650mg, magnesium hydroxide
350mg, simethicone 30m9g.
SIMPLE MYLANTA. Elea: magnesium hydroxide 83.4mg, aluminum hydroxide 305mg. Each
5ml of suspension contains: 30% magnesium hydroxide paste (equivalent to 500mg of
magnesium hydroxide) 1.64g, dried aluminum hydroxide gel (equivalent to 500mg of
aluminum hydroxide) 2.89g.
PEPSAMAR: Gador: aluminum hydroxide 233mg.
STOMACH AND DUODENUM ULCERS (PEPTIC ULCERS)

Treatment is approached according to the three aforementioned levels: neutralizing
stomach acid, inhibiting gastric secretion and healing the ulcers themselves.
DIARRHEA
Watery stool or increased frequency of bowel movements or both. It is a common problem
that can last a few days and disappear on its own.
Most common generic names

Charcoal: it is an intestinal adsorbent and antiflatulent.

Micronized charcoal decreases the intestinal absorption of multiple toxins, substances and
medications, inactive toxins and microorganisms.
It is used as an antiflatulent for the symptomatic treatment of abdominal distension and
bloating. It could be considered as an antidiarrheal with local action in the intestine.
Loperamide: antidiarrheal, opiate derivative; Increases sphincter tone. It is used in the
symptomatic treatment of acute adult diarrhea, traveler's diarrhea, post-chemotherapy
diarrhea, colon irritable, colostomized.
Sulfazalacin: it is a sulfonamide with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive action, it
is used in ulcerative colitis as well as other pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis. Pectin:
constipating action.
Neomycin: antibiotic used for bacterial diarrhea, it acts on Gram+ bacteria and also on
some Gram- that usually infect the intestine such as Colibacil.
Colloidal bismuth (bismuth cream): is a compound used for centuries for the properties
that bismuth has as an antisecretory, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial, it also relieves
nausea and abdominal cramps, serves to control some dyspepsia and as an adjuvant in the
treatment of Helicobacter pylori. It is a mucosal protector, antidiarrheal and bacteriostatic.

AZULFIDINE EN-TABS. Pfizer: sulfazalacine 500mg.
CHOBET BISMUTH WITH PECTIN. Chobet: bisrute hydroxide 600mg, pectin 80mg.
NEOMAS.Temis Lostaló: neomycin sulfate 250mg; loperamide hydrochloride 2mg.
REGULANE. Finadiet: loperamide hydrochloride 2mg.
SUPRASEC. Janssen: loperamide 2mg.
VOMITING
Also called emesis, it is the violent and spasmodic expulsion of stomach contents through
the mouth.
It can appear as a symptom of many diseases from gastritis to brain tumors. The feeling
someone has just before vomiting is called nausea. It may precede vomiting or it may also
appear isolated.
The causes of vomiting are many and varied.
Digestive disorders: gastritis, pyloric stenosis, intestinal ileus. Nervous system: cerebral
hemorrhage, concussion, poisoning. Other eating disorders. Postoperative vomiting. High
doses of radiation.
For treatment, antiemetics are used, which are used to control vomiting, reduce nausea
and the frequency of vomiting. They are widely used concomitantly with cytostatics and
opioid anesthetics. When vomiting has been frequent, abundant fluid intake is
recommended.
At other times it is necessary to induce vomiting, e.g. in the case of recent poisoning,
before the poison is absorbed. It is very important to keep in mind that when an
individual's consciousness is compromised (disorientation, stupor) vomiting should not be
induced due to the high risk of asphyxiation.

Metoclopramide: antiemetic and prokinetic. It has antiemetic action against vomiting of
various origins. Increases esophageal sphincter pressure, peristalsis and gastric emptying.
Controls nausea and vomiting of various origins: pregnancy, acute digestive processes,
postoperative, migraine and due to drugs such as digitalis, theophylline or opioids. At high
doses it controls vomiting due to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Domperidone and
simethicone: block the dopaminergic receptors of the neurons in the vomiting trigger
zone without producing the relevant sedation. Ondansetron: antiemetic, it could be
considered more powerful than Metoclopramide, giving it effective use in the prevention
and treatment of postoperative and postchemotherapy nausea and vomiting.
Clebopride: antiemetic, regulator of gastrointestinal motility with a mechanism of action
similar to metoclopramide.
It is used to control vomiting and abdominal distension.
Mosapride: gastrokinetic, regulator and activator of digestive motility.

BIGETRIC. Casasco: domperidone 10mg, simethicone 200mg.
DRAMAMINE.Pfizer: dimenhydrinate 50mg.
ECUAMON. Lazar: domperidone 10mg.
EMEND. Merck: aprepitant 80 and 125mg/capsule, hydroxypropylcellulose SL 16 and
25mg/capsule, sodium lauryl sulfate NF 0.3097 and 0.4839mg/capsule, micronized sodium
lauryl sulfate NF 0.4310 and 0.6738mg/capsule, sucrose NF 80 and 125mg/capsule ,
microcrystalline cellulose NF 39.16 and 61.21mg/capsule.
GASTRIDIN. Barnabas: clebopride acid malate (equiv. to 5 mg of clebopride).
MOTILIUM. Janssen: domperidone 10mg.
RELIEVE. Novartis: metoclopramide 10 mg.
SUBLINGUAL RELIVERAN.Novartis: metoclopramide 10mg.
MOSAR PLUS. Phoenix: mosapride citrate (equiv. Á 5 mg of mosapride) 5.28 mg, 50%
simethicone (corresp. to 200mg of simethicone) 400mg.
ZOFRAN. Glaxo: ondansetron.
ANTISPASMODICS
Colic is a syndrome characterized by abdominal pain that varies in intensity over time, from
very intense, oppressive (cramping), to almost disappearing, only to increase in intensity
again. It is usually accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrheal episodes and restlessness.
Among the most frequent colic we find:

Biliary colic: paroxysmal pain in the right hypochondrium or epigastrium sometimes
accompanied by nausea and vomiting caused by increased tension in the gallbladder and
bile ducts or by the mobilization of stones in them.
.Nephritic colic: occurs at the kidney level.
.Ovarian colic: product of some ovarian diseases. Y Infant colic: acute abdominal pain of
the hollow viscera of the abdomen suffered by nursing newborns (physiological).
Camilofina and dipyrone: dipyrone. It is used for spasms of the gastrointestinal, biliary,
and urogenital tracts, where the painful component predominates.
Hyoscine: it is one of the best known and most used antispasmodics, it is used to treat
spasms and to prevent those produced by radiological studies with some contrast media.
The most common presentations are in small coated tablets but they are usually used in
2ml blisters.
Homatropine: It is an anticholinergic, it is presented as homatropine methyloromide.
Antlespasmodic: It is used in spasmedical states of the gastrointestinal or urogenital tract,
in biliary dyskinesis and dysmenorrhea.
Octatropine has a similar pharmacology.
Lysine and propinox clonixinate: Used in spasmodic and painful states of the
gastrointestinal, urinary or genital tract, biliary spasms and dysmenorrhea.
Phloroglucinol and trimethoxybenzene: Phloroglucinol is an antispasmodic that inhibits
intestinal motility very little but relaxes the gastrointestinal tract when there is a spasm.

APASMO. Sidus: camilofine hydrochloride 5g, dipyrone 409.
BUSCAPINA. Boehringer Ingelheim: hyoscine N-butylbromide 20mag.
BUSCAPINA COMPOSITUM, Boehringer Ingelheim: hyoscine N-butylbromide 10mg,
dipyrone (metamizole sodium) 250mg.
BUSCAPINA COMPOSITUM N. Boehringer Ingelheim: hyoscine N-butylbromide 10mg,
paracetamol 500mg.
BUSCAPINE FEM, Boehringer Ingelheim: hyoscine N-butylbromide 20mg; ibuprofen 400mg.

DIMAVAL Lab, Dr. Lazar: homatropine methylbromide img, benactizine hydrochloride
0.5mg, pentobarbital 15mg.
DOLEX SPASM. Ivax: lysine ctonixinate 125mg, propinoxate 10mg.
IBUPTRAC FEM. Pfizer: ibuprofen 400mg, homatropine methylbromide 4mg.
WILDMAN. Elea: phloroglucinol 80mg, 1, 3, 5-trimethoxybenzene 80mg.
NOVA PARATROPIN. Lazar: propinox hydrochloride 1g.
NOVA PARATROPINA COMPOSITUM. Lazar: propinox hydrochloride 1l0mg, lysine
cyionixinate 125mg.
PARATROPIN. Lazar: homatropine methylbromide 4mg.
ANTIGAS PARATROPIN. Lazar: simethicone 300mg, homatropine methylbromide 0.2g.
COMPOUND PARATROPIN. Lazar: homatropine methylbromide 5mg, magnesium dipyrone
300mg.
SERTAL. Roemers; propinox 10mg.
SERTAL COMPOUND. Roemmers: propinox 10mg, lysine cyonixinate 125mg.
SERTAL COMPOUND FORTE. Roemmers: propinox hydrochloride 20mg, lysine clonixinate
125mg.
SERTAL FORTE. Roemmers: propinox hydrochloride 20mg.
SERTAL PEARLS. Roemmers: propinox 10mg.
METEORISM
Increased gas production in the digestive tract.
Dehydrocholic acid, domperidone and simethicone: these three drugs are used for the
prevention and treatment of flatulence by reducing gas production in the digestive tract.
Activated carbon: the anti-gas effect lies in the adsorbent properties of carbon.
Pancreatin, simethicone and dehydrocholic acid: They are used for the treatment of
dyspepsia, they increase intestinal peristalsis and are mild laxatives.

BILAGOL ANTI GAS. Lazar: total bile salts 100mg, dehydrocholic acid 100mg, domperidone
10mg, simethicone 60mg.
CARBOGASOL. Montpellier: simethicone (dimethylpolysiloxane) 40mg, activated charcoal
150mg.
DIGESTIVE CARBOGASOL. Montpellier: pancreatin 4 NF 250mg, simethicone 100mg,
thioctic acid 15mg, desexcholic acid 50mg, dehydrocholic acid 100mg.

CARBOGASOL FORTE. Montpellier: gastric capsule with simethicone (activated
dimethylpolysiloxane) 100mg; enteric capsule (red) contains: simethicone (activated
dimethylpolysiloxane) 100mg.
FACTOR AG 200. Casasco: simethicone 200mg.
ANTACID AG FACTOR. Casasco: each 100ml of suspension contains 10g dried aluminum
hydroxide gel, 10q magnesium hydroxide, 20% simethicone emulsion 7.5ml. Each chewable
tablet contains 500mg dried aluminum hydroxide gel, 500mg magnesium hydroxide,
250mg simethicone.
ANTISPASMODIC AG FACTOR. Casasco: simethicone 3g, homatropine methylbromide 0.2g.
FACTOR AG FORTE, Casasco: simethicone 159.
PEDIATRIC AG FACTOR. Casasco: simethicone 4g.
FACTORINE Lab. Casasco: metoclopramide 10mg, simethicone 60mg.
FARADIL NOVO. Sidus: bromazepam 1.5mg, domperidone 10mg, simethicone 40mg.
ENZYMATIC MOSAR. Phoenix: mosapride citrate dihydrate (corresponding to 5mg of
mosapride citrate) 5.28mg, simethicone 50% (corresponding to 200mg of simethicone)
400mg, pancreatin 6NF 153mg.
MOSAR PLUS. Phoenix: mosapride citrate dihydrate (equivalent to mosapride citrate 5mg)
5.28mg. Simethicone 50% (corresponding to 200mg of simethicone) 400mg. MYLANTA
GAS. Elea: simethicone 200mg.
MYLANTA 1. Elea: each tablet or each 5ml teaspoon contains: aluminum hydroxide 400mg,
magnesium hydroxide 400mg, simethicone 30mg.
MYLANTA PLUS, Elea: each chewable tablet or each 5ml: aluminum hydroxide dried gel
650mg, magnesium hydroxide 350mg, simethicone 30mg.
ANTIGAS PARATROPIN. Lazar: simethicone 3.009, homatropine methyl bromide 0.2g.
PEPSAMAR DUO. Gador: magnesium hydroxide 400mg; aluminum hydroxide desiccated
gel 400mg; simethicone 30mg.
HEMORRHOIDS
Anorectal inflammatory processes are usually treated with medicinal associations of active
ingredients that contribute to the improvement of the process as a whole.

Anorectal inflammatory processes are usually treated with drug associations. Lidocaine
and cinchocaine: local anesthetics.
Cortisone, triamcinolone, prednisone, hydrocortisone, fluocortolone,
beclomethasone: different corticosteroids to treat hemorrhoidal inflammation and pain.
They act in the local and short-term treatment of anal inflammatory processes. rectal and
also in other pathologies linked to hemorrhoidal disease.
Stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, medicinal petroleum jelly, yellow
wax, and balsam of Peru: a collection of softening, moisturizing, lubricating active
ingredients that promote the maintenance and restructuring of the dermal tissue affected
by hemorrhoids.
Ruscus aculeatus, flavonoids: they are drugs that attempt to produce the retraction of
the engorged vessel through the colorectal dermis that forms the pathology. Zinc oxide:
plasticizer and local disinfectant.
Most common trade names

ANUSOL, Elea: bismuth resorcin 49.88 mg, zinc oxide 313.5 mg, bismuth subgallate 64.13
mg, Nicaragua balsam 85.5 mg, boric acid 142.5 mg, bismuth subiodide 0.54 mg.
ANUSOL DUO. Elea: hydrocortisone acetate 1g, pramoxine hydrochloride 1g.
ANUSOL DUO S. Elea: pramoxine hydrochloride 27mg; hydrocortisone acetate 5mg; benzyl
benzoate 33mg; bismuth oxide 24mg; bismuth subgallate 59mg; Peru balsam 49mg; zinc
oxide 296 mg.
ANUSOL A. Elea: pramoxine hydrochloride 1g, zinc oxide 119, balsam of Peru 1.8g, benzyl
benzoate 1.2g, kaolin 2.379, dibasic calcium phosphate 21.08g. ANUSOL HC. Elea:
hydrocortisone acetate 1.116g (equivalent to 1g of hydrocortisone). CVP FLEBO. Phoenix:
Ruscus aculeatus extract (22% sterolic heterosides) 150mg, hesperidin methylchalcone
150mg, vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 100mg. FLEBOTROPIN 300. Bagó: flavonoids extracted
from rutaceae (equivalent to 300mg of diosmin) 750mg.
FLEBOTROPIN 500. Bagó: micronized purified flavonoid fraction 500mg equivalent to
diosmin 450mg, hesperidin 50mg Lab. Bagó.
MANTUS. Lg pentosanpolysulfonic investiester, triamcinolone acetonide 0.01g, hexetidine
0.19, lidocaine 2g.
PROCTO VENART. Casasco: ruscogenins, prednisolone, cinchocaine hydrochloride,
menthol, zinc oxide.
PROCTO-GLYVENOL. Novartis: tribenoside 5g; lidocaine hydrochloride 2g.
SCHERIPROCT, Schering: prednisolone caproate 1.9mg, cinchocaine hydrochloride 5mg. 1
suppository: prednisolone caproate 1.3mg, cinchocaine hydrochloride 1mg.
ULTRAPROCT, Bayer: fluocortolone pivalate 0.92mg, fluocortolone caproate 0.295mg,
cinchocaine hydrochloride 6mg.
XYLOPROCTO, AstraZéneca: ointment with lidocaine 5%, hydrocortisone acetate 0.25;
Suppositories with lidocaine 60mg, hydrocortisone acetate 5mg. AstraZeneca.
INTESTINAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRINKS

The concept "Inflammatory Bowel Diseases" includes the entities: ulcerative colitis
.Crohn's disease
indeterminate colitis
Crohn's disease ileitis is an inflammation of the Ileum; It may or may not be ulcerative, it is
a chronic enteritis.
Irritable bowel is a condition characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort, gas, and
tenderness along the colon; Sometimes it occurs in people who are nervous or used to
taking laxatives.

Sulfazalacin: has an anti-inflammatory action used specifically in ulcerative colitis.
Mezalazine: it is a sulfonamide. Anti-inflammatory of the colonic mucosa, it acts by
inhibiting the synthesis of arachidonic acid metabolites. It is used in the treatment of push
and maintenance in chronic, mild or moderate ulcerative colitis and in other nonspecific
inflammatory diseases.
Budesonide: anti-inflammatory. It is used as a specific anti-inflammatory in Crohn's
disease.

AZULFIDINE. Pfizer: sulfasalazine 500mg.
BENOQUIN. Ivax. Balsalazide.
SUPRIMAL. Temis Lostaló: mesalazine 500mg.
CHOLAGOGISTS, CHOLERETICS, DIGESTIVES, HEPATOPROTECTORS.

a) Pharmacology of bile secretion
. Cholagogues: cause the release of the gallbladder deposit.
Choleretics: increase hepatic bile production.
b) Digestives: medications that help stimulate digestion.
c) Hepatoprotectors: these are medications that attempt to restore, stabilize, and protect
the integrity of the liver cell, acting as an antitoxic and regulator of liver function.
They are used therapeutically to resolve gallstones; this requires a functional gallbladder
since the modified bile must enter it to be able to interact with the stones and eventually
dissolve them.
It is important to mention the artichoke (Cynara scolymus) since it is part of many digestive
and hepatoprotective preparations thanks to the capacity of its active ingredients, which
are cholagogues and choleretics.
Most common trade names

DBAGOHEPAT, Bagó: Cynara scolymus 100mg; dehydrocholic acid 100mg. BIL 13, Bagó:
choline orotate 100mg; dehydrocholic acid 100mg: deoxycholic acid 50mg; casanthranol
35mg; boldine 1mg.
BIL 13 ENZYMATIC. Bagó: metoclopramide hydrochloride 1i0mg; dehydrocholic acid
100mg; pancreatin 3 NF (gastroresistant) 300mg; activated dimethylpolysiloxane 50mg.
BILETAN. Gador: thioctic acid (DL-amide) 50mg; injectable: thioctic acid 50mg. Dragées:
thioctic acid 25mg.
ENZYMATIC BILETAN. Gador: thioctic acid (DL-amide) 10mg; pancreatin x 4 NF 200m9;
cellulose 10m9; simethicone 100mg.
BINVEX. lvax: prepinox hydrochloride capsule 10mg, dihydroxlbutyl ether 3/5m9. Drops
with propinox hydrochloride 1g, dihydroxydibutyl ether 37.5g.
REPATALGINE. Nycomed. Drop solution: artichoke alcoholate (1:1.75): 46.228ml, boldo
tincture: 7.544ml, Daucus carota alcoholate: 46.228ml, menthol 0.152g. Tablet: artichoke
dry extract 200mg, boldine 2mg, dehydrocholic acid 20m, deoxycholic acid 10mg, Daucus
carota dry extract 100mg, menthol 1mg.
LARAGON. Roermmers: silymarin 150mg.
FIBERS AND MUCILAGES. LAXANTS, CATHARTICS, ENEMAS

a) Dietary fibers: they are basic substances in the food process, they are only found in
foods of plant origin and fruits. They cannot be assimilated by the body because the
human digestive system does not have the enzymes that can digest and use them.
b) Mucilages: they are heterogeneous polysaccharides, formed by different sugars and
generally contain uronic acids. They are characterized by forming: viscous colloidal
solutions, gels in water. They are normal constituents of plants.
c) Laxatives: medications that cause an increase in intestinal rhythm, generating a
greater frequency of bowel movements.
d) Cathartics: are substances that accelerate the evacuation of gastrointestinal contents.
e) Enemas: are the rectal introduction of a quantity of liquid for therapeutic purposes.
Laxatives can intervene by increasing motility or regulating and normalizing the balance of
intestinal fluids as well as the composition of the volume of feces.
.Laxatives that increase volume: bran, Psyllium preparations, methylcellulose and Plantago
ovata. They are drugs active in the intestinal lumen, hydrophilic colloids that help form the
net volume of feces.
Lubricating drugs: Vaseline is a mineral oil that in appropriate doses promotes the transit
of feces through the intestine.
.Surfactant laxatives: they moisten the stool and emulsify it: docusates and lactulose. These
three groups mentioned, with usual clinical doses, cause a laxative effect in one to three
days of consumption.
.Stimulant laxatives: bisacodyl, picosulfate, phenolphthalein and anthraquinone derivatives,

senna and cascara. These increase intestinal peristalsis, producing soft or semi-liquid stools
6 or 8 hours after consumption.
A final group are the so-called osmotic or saline laxatives: sodium phosphates, magnesium
sulfate, milk of magnesia and magnesium citrate.
The last two groups, both laxatives or saline purgatives and stimulants, have the
undesirable effect: irritation of the intestinal mucosa.
Most common generic and commercial names

KONSYL. Glaxo: 6.0g of Psyllium per teaspoon.
KONSYL NATURAL S. ORANGE. Glaxo: 3.5g of Psyllium per teaspoon.
EWE CASTOR OIL. Sanitas Arg Institute. Castor oil. AGAROL.Elea: sodium picosulfate 5mg.
AGAROL CHICLES. Elea: each gum contains 5mg sodium picosulfate.
AGAROL GELCAPS. Elea: sodium picosulfate 5mg.
AGIOLAX. Phoenix: Plantago Ovata 54.2g, Cassia angustifolia 12.4g.
CIRULAXY. Nicomed: sodium picosulfate 5mg.
DULCOLAX. Boehringer Ingelhelm; dragees: each dragee contains bisacodillo 5mg,
excipients cs. Drops: each 100 ml contains: sodium picosulfate 750 mg.
DULCOLAX PEARLS. Boehringer Ingelhelm; sodium picosulfate 2.5mg.
ENEMOL. Gador: monosodium phosphate 18g; sodium phosphate 8g; methylparaben 0.1g
propylparaben 0.01g, purified water qs.
GENOCOLAN. Craveri: lactulose 65g.
GENOLAXANT. Craveri: Cape Aloe 24, Phenophthalein 50mg, Simethicone 10,
LACTULON. Lazar: lactulose 659. LANSOYL, Ivax: liquid Vaseline 78.23g.
LAXAMIN, Lab. Temis Lostaló. Sodium picosulfate 750mg.
PHILLIPS MILK OF MAGNESIA, Glaxo: magnesium hydroxide 6.7-8.3g.
MEDILAXAN. Beta: psyllium 190mg, sennosides 7.5mg.
MICRONEMA. Pfizer: glycerin 12.5g, sodium lauryl sulfoacetate 70% 1 239, sorbitol 70%
39,349. A THOUSAND PAIR. Sanofi: magnesium hydroxide 6g, liquid petrolatum 25ml.
MODATON. Montpellier: calcium dextropantothenate.
MODATON NL. Montpellier: liquid Vaseline 78,230g.
PURGING OPALINE. Weltrap: sodium picosulfate, tartaric acid, sodium bicarbonate and
sugar.
ROGE POWDER. Casasco: magnesium oxide 6g, magnesium carbonate 6g, citric acid 30g,
sugar 57g, lemon alcohol 1g.
RAPILAX. Elea: sodium picosulfate 75mg.
GLYCERIN SUPPOSITORIES. Elea: sodium stearate 0.11g, glycerin 2.68g. Children: each
suppository with 2g contains: sodium stearate 0.08g, glycerin 1.92g.
TRALI. AztraZeneca: sodium picosulfate 0.80g.
DENSE LIQUID VASELINE 180 EWE. Vaseline.
GASTROKINETICS
They are relatively new drugs, whose mechanism of action is based on the fact that they
promote movement along the digestive tract, which is why they are used in all pathologies
where these processes are slowed down.
The main representative of this group is mosapride.
Most commonly used generic and commercial names

CINIGEST, Baliarda: cinitapride 1mg.
DISLEP. Bagó: levosulpiride 25mg.
ECUAMON. Lazar: domperidone.
MOSAR. Phoenba mosapride citrate dihydrate (equivalent to mosapride citrate 23mg)
2.64mg.
ENZYMATIC MOSAR. Phoenix: meosapride citrate dihydrate (corresponding to 5mmg of
mosapride citrate) 5.28mg, simethicone 50% (corresponding to 200mg of simethicone)
400mg, pancreatin 6NF 153mg.
MOSAR PLUS. Phoenbc mosapride citrate dihydrate (equivalent to mosapride citrate 5mg)
5.28mg. Simethicone 50% (corresponding to 200mg of simethicone) 400.
RELIEVE. Novartis: metoctopramide 10mg.
RELIVER SUBLINGUAL. Novartis: metoclopramide 10mg.
ROGASTRIL. Roemmers: cinitapride (as cinitapride acid tartrate) 1mg.
VEGESTABIL DIGEST. Investi: domperidone 10mg, bromazepam 1.5mg, simethicone 40mg.
RECONSTITUENTS OF THE INTESTINAL FLORA

Used in enterocolitis, diarrhea, alterations in the intestinal microbial flora. These
pharmacological preparations do nothing more than replicate the intestinal flora that is
altered or lost due to multiple causes (prolonged use of antibiotics, for example). The
objective is the seeding and reconstitution of beneficial bacteria essential for defense
against the possibility of the installation of pathogenic bacteria.
Most common generic and commercial names

ACIDOPHYLPHAGE. Roux-Ocefa: Lactobacillus acidophilus Moro and bacteriophages.

BIOFLORA. Sidus: Lactobacillus casel 3.3 x 107 CFU Lactobacillus plantarum 3.3 x 107
TOTALFLORA: Roux-Ocefa: lyophilized dry powder of a culture of acidophilic Moro
lactobacilli, bifidus lactobacilli, subtilis bacilli, yeasts and bacteriophages. FLORATIL. Merck:
Saccharomyces boulardil.

It is very common to find formulas that combine antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, anti-
allergy and antifungals for external topical use. It is necessary to clarify what the group of
so-called corticosteroids is about. Within this group there is a large collection of active
ingredients, all with more or less the same therapeutic value. Corticosteroids: refers to the
hormones produced by the adrenal cortex or any other natural or synthetic compound
with similar effects.
Corticosteroids eliminate, combat, and treat what is known as the Tetrad of Celsus, this
name is given to the set of signs that characterize inflammation: heat-redness-pain-tumor.
The adrenal cortex synthesizes two classes of steroids: corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and
mineralocorticoids) and androgens.
Among the first we have the natural ones (cortisol and cortisone) and the synthetic ones
(prednisolone and triamcinolone).
Questionnaire
1) Which of these active ingredients is used to treat diarrhea?
a) Coal.
b) Loperamide.
c) Bismuth cream.
d) All are correct.
2) In the treatment of gastric ulcer you can use:

a) Proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole).
b) Protective agents for the gastric mucosa (sucralfate).
c) Histaminergic H2 antagonists (ranitidine).
d) All of the above are correct.
3) Acyclovir belongs to the pharmacological group:

a) Antivirals.
b) Antiseborrheic.
c) Antifungals.
d) Anti-cellulite.
4) To treat acne, the doctor usually indicates:

a) Antibiotics.
b) Antifungals.
c) Paracetamol.
d) Antivirals.
5) Constipation has symptoms related to difficulty defecating.

a) This is due to low water absorption in the colon.
b) This state is mainly reversed with laxatives.
c) Fibers promote the formation of hard stools.
d) Hemorrhoids can appear as a consequence of this condition.
6) Heartburn is a frequent reason for consultation at the pharmacy.

a) It is important to recommend the client reduce the consumption of non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs.
b) Excess weight does not influence this situation.
c) Acid-producing food can cause gastroesophageal reflux.
d) A and C are correct.
UNIT 11: INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
Inflammatory and immune-based diseases are increasingly common diseases and appear
at younger ages. Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis or lupus
are some of them. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic disorders that primarily
affect the intestine, often causing recurrent abdominal pain and chronic diarrhea. These
diseases appear mainly between the ages of 15 and 35, affecting both men and women.
IMMUNOSTIMULATION:
VACCINES AND SERUMS
Although the immune system is trained to fight and eliminate foreign cells or molecules,
infectious diseases continue to be one of the main causes of mortality, especially in
underdeveloped countries. In the most industrialized countries, there is an increase in
diseases that were believed to be controlled, such as tuberculosis, or the appearance of
others such as AIDS.
Immunostimulators are substances (drugs and nutrients) that stimulate the immune
system by inducing activation or increasing the activity of any of its components.
Disease prevention is undoubtedly a current concern.
We call PROPHYLAXIS the set of measures taken to prevent the disease.
The mechanisms to achieve immunity can be summarized as:
a) Nonspecific immunity or natural resistance.

Natural resistance is of great importance for the protection of the individual found in an
ecological system where biological aggression is constant (although without the
development of acquired immunity there would be no survival).
b) Active acquired immunity.

. Natural or due to illness: when the subject himself develops a response to specific
antigens when in contact with the agent, even if the individual does not present symptoms
of the disease.
.Artificial: such as that acquired with vaccination.
c) Passive acquired immunity.

It is achieved when there is transfer of antibodies actively manufactured by another
individual. Could be:
.Spontaneous: when the passage of antibodies is from the mother to the fetus through
the placenta or by absorption of breast milk in the first days of breastfeeding. . Artificial:
when antibodies are administered in biological preparations, as in the case of sera.
Vaccines
They are obtained from microorganisms or other infectious agents and induce in the
individual ACQUIRED ACQUIRED IMMUNITY against these inoculated agents, with a
minimum of risks and local and general reactions.
Vaccines must have two properties:
.Efficacy: they have to trigger the correct immune response.
.Safety: the vaccine must be devoid of pathogenic power, achieving this objective without
interfering with the immune response.
Modern vaccines trigger the formation of antibodies through exposure to specific germs
(killed or attenuated) that enter orally (Sabin oral) or parenterally (BCG). These germs keep
their specific antigens intact, so they can trigger the production of antibodies without
causing disease. The amount of antibodies in the person's blood after vaccination is called
the antibody titer and that level declines, therefore a second vaccination (booster) is often
required to keep the antibody titer high.
Serums
It is a rapid intervention, less lasting and intense than that caused by vaccination. There are
two types of serums:
.Homologous sera: obtained from humans who have antibodies for a certain antigen.
.Heterologous sera: they come from other species but contain antibodies to human
pathogens. In this way, for example, antitoxins are obtained, which are serums against the
venom of snakes, scorpions, spiders, etc.
Serum vaccination
Set of preventive measures that combine vaccination with treatments with appropriate
serums.
It is used, for example, in the treatment of tetanus, botulism and rabies.
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
Immunity disorders are due to two basic mechanisms: the immune defense could overreact
to antigens or not react to a disease-producing antigen.
Hypersensitivity: it is a type of inadequate or excessive response.
Classification of NSAIDs
NSAIDs include very diverse compounds that, although they are almost never chemically
related, do share therapeutic activities and side effects. This vast group includes anti-
inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic drugs, and currently, their antiplatelet effect must
be considered among their pharmacological actions.
.Salicylates: AAS (ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID). Bayaspirin. Ecotrin. Great.

Acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin is the type NSAID and has four main effects: antirheumatic,
anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic. Aspirin is a very good anticoagulant, which
means that it is often prescribed as such or, on the contrary, it may be contraindicated in
bleeding or poor coagulation.
.Pyrazolone derivatives: AMINOPHENAZONE (DIPYRONONE). Diexadol. Lysalgil.
Novalgina. Novemina.
Dipyrone is an analgesic, antipyretic and spasmolytic. It is used to treat fever, biliary colic,
acute and tumor pain. It can cause allergies and, as an undesirable effect, it can reduce the
number of blood cells (thrombocytes and granulocytes).
.Derivatives of para-amino phenol: ACETAMINOPHEN (PARACETAMOL). Paracetamol
Raffo. Dirox. Tafirol. Thermofren.
Paracetamol or acetaminophen: it is an analgesic and antipyretic. Hepatotoxicity stands out
as an undesirable effect depending on the dose.
.Derivatives of acetic acid: INDOMETHACIN, 1M 75. Agilex. Indotec.
Indomethacin comes in several dosage forms. It is anti-inflammatory and analgesic. It is

used in osteoarthritis, tendinitis, bursitis, myalgia and post-traumatic and post-surgical
pain.
.Carbexyl and pyrrolic pyrrole derivatives: KETOROLAC, Dolten, Kemanat, Sinálgico.
Unical. Teledol.
Ketorolac is a powerful analgesic that is used to treat acute, moderate, severe and chronic
pain. It is neither anxiolytic nor sedative. Inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins. In acute
pain, the sublingual and intravenous route is used.
.Derivatives of phenylacetic acid: DICLOFENAC. Blokium. Voltaren. Vesalion. Anaflex.
Dioxaflex. Doxtran. Oxa.
Diclofenac is mainly analgesic and anti-inflammatory, and can also treat febrile processes.
It is used to control acute and chronic symptoms of osteoarthritis, pain from trauma, and
primary dysmenorrhea.
Like most NSAIDs, it is contraindicated in gastric ulcer, gastrointestinal bleeding and
gastritis. It can cause increased blood pressure.
.Derivatives of n-acetylanthranilic acid:
MEPHENAMIC ACID. Ponstil Forte. It is analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic, it is
used mainly in dentistry and in menstrual syndrome.
LYSINE CLONIXINATE. Dorixin. Dolex. It has predominant and rapid analgesic action; It can
pass into breast milk, so it would be contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation.
.Propionic acid derivatives:
IBUPROFENE. Ibupyrac. Actron. Febratic. Ibu Evanol. Ibu Novalgina Ibuprofen is widely used
for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic capacity and for its few undesirable
effects in usual doses. It is used in syrups and tablets.
Naproxen. Aleve. Alidase. Bumaflex. Naprontag. Naprux. . Naproxen is an analgesic and
anti-inflammatory, similar to ibuprofen but more harmful to the gastric mucosa.
KETOPROFEN. Helenil. Orudis. Ketoprofen” is used as an alternative to naproxen and
ibuprofen due to its lesser effects on the gastric mucosa.
.Enolic derivatives
PIROXICAM. Solocalm. Flexicamin. Brionot. Feldene. Ketazon. Truxa. Piroxicam is an anti-
inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic. Its use is limited to adults and children over 14
years of age. Inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins. It generally comes in coated tablets
with many excipients, including tartrazine, which can cause allergies.
MELOXICAM. Mobic. They had. Bronax. Flexidol. Flexium. Doxtran. Virobron, Meloxicam is
anti-inflammatory with special antirheumatic action. It is not used during pregnancy and
lactation. Together with other NSAIDs, it can enhance adverse actions on the
gastrointestinal system. It can reduce the therapeutic efficacy of some antihypertensive
drugs, that is, give pharmacological concomitantness.
TENOXICAM, Texicam.
b) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and associations. The importance

of drug associations in the treatment of inflammation and pain is still debatable today.
Not all types of pain can be treated with a single pain reliever.
The fear of complications means that not only is the correct dose of analgesics and/or
NSAIDs not prescribed, but also that the prescribed doses are not even administered.
These limitations mean that a large number of patients suffer pain and do not receive the
necessary treatment.
If we follow the "WHO analgesic ladder", we see that it is necessary in many cases to resort
to drug associations.
There are 2 types of associations:
Firstly, associations of different analgesic medications.
Secondly, adjuvant medications in the treatment of pain, which can be used from the first
step of the aforementioned ladder. These associations for the treatment of pain and
inflammation will be effective if the medications act through different mechanisms, thus
achieving a synergistic action, also reducing adverse effects and increasing the half-life in
the blood.
Among the most frequent associations we can mention:
.DICLOFENAC SODIUM-THIAMINE AND PYRIDOXINE. When NSAIDs are associated with
the B complex, an anti-neuritic effect is added to the analgesic effect. Vitamin Bi or
thiamine participates in carbohydrate metabolism. Vitamin B6 or pyridexin participates in
lipid metabolism. Vitamin B12 or cyanocobalamin participates in the metabolism of certain
proteins. Complex B is prescribed to improve the amounts of carbohydrates, lipids and
proteins altered at the level of the nervous system, a direct participant in the perception of
pain.
.AMOXICILIN-DICLOFENAC POTASSIUM. An NSAID and an antibiotic are prescribed when
an infection also occurs.
.DICLOFENAC POTASSIUM-BETAMETHASONE-HYDROXICOBALAMINE-PRIDINOL. This
The drug association has as an adjuvant a corticosteroid as an anti-inflammatory and
pridinol, which is a muscle relaxant.
.BETAMETHASONE-DICLOFENAC-CYANOCOBALAMINE.
.DICLOFENAC-PREDNISOLONE-CYANOCOBALAMINE.
.DICLOFENAC-BETAMETHASONE-CYANOCOBALAMIN-PRIDINOL-CODEINE.
.DICLOFENAC-PRIDINOL.
.PIROXICAM-CARISOPRODOL-PYRIDOXINE-DEXAMETHASONE-B12. In addition to the

above, carisoprodol is a muscle relaxant that can create this synergistic combination with
NSAIDs; In any case, it usually produces dependence, extreme weakness, decreased driving
ability, drowsiness and tachycardia.
.DIPYRONE-DEXTROPROPOXYPHENE-VITAMINS.
AMPICILIN-DICLOFENAC SODIUM.
.ASPIRIN-PARACETAMOL-CAFFEINE. Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant.
.DICLOFENAC-PYRIDINOL-CODEINE. Codeine enhances the analgesic effect of diclofenac.
c) Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors.

They are a relatively new type of medications that are used to treat autoimmune disease
(rheumatoid arthritis, for example) and are among others: .ETANERCEPT
(Enbreh) .INFLIXIMAB (Remicade)
.ADALIMUMAB (Humira) Its administration requires permanent medical control, especially
in patients who have suffered from hepatitis B.
d) Selective COX-2 inhibitors.

COX-2 inhibitors block an enzyme that promotes inflammation, called COX2
(cytooxygenase).
e) Associated muscle relaxants.
.CARISOPRODOL: indicated for painful muscle disorders, low back pain. (Flexicamin.
Phlogiatrin. Naprontag Flex. Solocalm Flex)
DICLOFENAC + PRIDINOL: indicated in inflammatory and painful processes accompanied
by muscle contracture, articular and extra-articular rheumatic processes, myalgia, low back
pain and sciatica. (Blokium Flex. Dioxaflex CB Plus. Doxtran Flex. Mextran Flex.) PIROXICAM
+ MIRTECAINE (Nopoxamine): indicated for acute inflammatory processes with intense
somatic pain and neuritic component, rheumatic arthropathy, osteoarthritis in all its
variants, cervical, dorsal and lumbar spondyloarthrosis, discopathies and muscle
contractures (Algesal).
.QUININE: indicated for the prevention and treatment of muscle cramps of the lower limbs
(Circonyl).
.TIZANIDINE: indicated for spastic and painful musculoskeletal pathologies, diseases of the
spinal cord due to degenerative, traumatic, infectious or tumor processes. (Sirdalud).
It is essential if antirheumatic and/or anti-inflammatory drugs are consumed: Consult

the pharmacist before using any other medication, including over-the-counter remedies,
vitamins or other herbal products, or other medications against pain and arthritis.
.If taking NSAIDs for a long period of time, it is important to check progress periodically.
.Store the medication in the original bottle and out of the reach of children. .Always have
on hand a list of all the medications the patient consumes. .Inform the pharmacist or
doctor of other drugs with which the person is medicated.
.Recommend that the medication be kept away from heat, direct sunlight and humid areas
(such as the kitchen or bathroom).
.Observe side effects especially in older people-and/or those who take many medications.
. Be sure to tell your pharmacist, doctor, or nurse if you have serious side effects or if mild
side effects do not go away.
Questionnaire
1) Is the immune response an acquired and specific mechanism?
a) It is carried out through lymphocytes and antibodies.
b) It is only generated during an illness.
c) It is hereditary and congenital.
d) Its maximum expression is inflammation.
2) Nonspecific defense is characterized because:

a) It is the third defense barrier.
b) It is present from birth.
c) Generates immunological memory.
d) Fights antigens that have invaded the interior of the body:
3) Immunity can be active or passive.

a) If it is active and artificial, it is obtained through serums.
b) If it is passive it is always artificial.
c) If it is active and natural, it is acquired by disease.
d) If it is passive and natural, it is achieved by vaccination.
4) Regarding inflammation.
a) It is short-lived if it is chronic, although it requires repair of tissue damage.
b) If it is acute, no tissue damage occurs.
c) In any case it is treated with antibiotics.
d) It requires treatment, which depends on the causes and the affected area.
UNIT 12 - INFECTOLOGY
Infection.
A pathogen is any microorganism capable of causing an infectious disease.
It includes viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa.
The ability of a pathogen to cause disease is known as pathogenicity.
An active infection is the effect of a struggle in which the infecting organism tries to use
the host's resources to multiply, at any cost to the host. Almost any organism, under the
right conditions, can become pathogenic. If it is present in small quantities and in areas
well protected by the host's immune system, it generally cannot carry out a compromising
infection.
Example: Staphylococcus species present on the skin remain harmless on the skin, but
when presented in a normally sterile space, such as the capsule of a joint or the
peritoneum, they will multiply without resistance and create a great burden for the host. .
Infections are caused by germs, bacteria, viruses or microscopic fungi, which invade the
body and multiply in it, giving rise to toxic substances. Currently, they are combated and
prevented through the use of antibiotics, vaccines, and the improvement of sanitary and
hygiene conditions.
Infections can be mild, as is the case with a common cold, or they can cause death if
treatment is not administered in time, as can occur with rabies or cholera. They can be
"localized" when they affect a small area of the body, such as example, a abscess,
or a system, like pneumonia, that affects the
lungs; when infections affect the entire organism are considered
“generalized”, as occurs with brucellosis (sepsis).
This table shows some examples of causes of infectious diseases:
It is caused by
If the diseases Virus bacteria Do you need an Comments

Cold, catarrh 7 antibiotic?
No Viruses almost always
Bronchitis, cough v No
Flu v No cause these infections.
Diarrhea 7 No They should not be treated
Nasal mucus (any color) • No with antibiotics
Sore throat with or without fever Generally not Your pediatrician will tell
• •
you if you need antibiotics.
Ear infection 7 7 Sometimes yes
Causes of infection .
Infections are caused by microbes that invade the body, multiply and spread in different
ways. To reproduce, they use various nutritional substances and oxygen (02), which they
steal from the cells. Microbes (pathogens) can clog blood vessels or passageways; They
produce waste materials that are toxic to the infected organism.
Contagion.
The person transmitting the pathogen may or may not be sick, and may or may not
present symptoms. In most cases, but not all, these are sick people with more or less visible
symptoms.
There are 2 mechanisms:
.direct physical contact between two people: mother-child contact, a kiss, a handshake, etc.
.contaminated objects: saliva droplets released when coughing, a pacifier, water, food, an
insect bite, a syringe, etc.
A pregnant woman can also involuntarily transmit a disease to her child during pregnancy
or at the time of delivery.
Contagion from an animal to a person is possible: this is the case of brucellosis, intestinal
parasites and toxoplasmosis, among others.
Incubation period.
During the incubation period there are no symptoms, the person does not feel anything;
You can assume that you are incubating something if you remember the contagion, but do
not have any clinical signs of infectious disease. The duration varies depending on what
disease it is, but it is never an exact time. It can be as short as hours or as long as years. In
some diseases it is more or less fixed, but in others it is variable. In some cases it is not
known, it is only assumed.
Here are some examples:
viral gastroenteritis; 24 to 48 hours.

Giardiasis (glardias lambias): 6 to 22 days.
Flu (influenza): 1 to 3 days.
Hepatitis A: 15 to 30 days, or more.
Hepatitis B: 60 to 90 days, or more.
Hepatitis C: variable in years.
Herpes simplex: variable up to 2 weeks.
Staphylococcus food poisoning: between 1 and 4 hours.
Infectious mononucleosis: 2 to 6 weeks.
Thrush due to fungus: 2 to 5 days.
Oxiluriasis (oxturas): 3 to 6 weeks.
Scalp lice: 1 to 2 sernanas.
Cold: 12 to 72 hours (24 hours average).
Rubella: 14 to 21 days (18 hours average).
Salmonellosis: 12 to 36 hours.
Chickenpox: 2 to 3 weeks.
Vulgar warts: 1 to 20 months.
Disease.
Once contagion and the incubation period have passed, the patient begins to have
symptoms of an infectious disease.
This is divided into three periods:
.PRODROMIC PERIOD: the first symptoms of illness appear, poorly defined and difficult to
specify. It is risky to consider them to make the diagnosis, since they are unclear.
.STATE PERIOD: the typical symptoms of the disease appear, allowing it to be identified
more easily.
.CONVALENCE PERIOD: the symptoms disappear more or less quickly and the patient feels
well again. The three periods are variable in their duration and intensity, which depends on
the disease and the patient themselves. There are diseases with a prodromal period and
others that do not have it.
There are also infectious diseases that pass without symptoms or are so subtle that no one
notices. This occurs in some patients with hepatitis A or B, for example. People are different
from each other, we are also different when it comes to manifesting the symptoms of the
disease.
Types of diseases .
Human beings can suffer from thousands of different diseases. There are genetic,
infectious, toxic, traumatic diseases, etc.
To get an idea: of genetic diseases alone, science has identified about four thousand.
Among the many infectious diseases that are known, more or less half are caused by
viruses (viral diseases).
Pneumonia, otitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, meningitis, gastroenteritis, arthritis, conjunctivitis,
are diseases that can be caused by bacteria or viruses. The doctor will know how to
differentiate them.
There is no need to despair, what you have to do is talk to the doctor and trust him.
Fever.
Although it is not a disease in itself, it can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection. It is
less likely to be caused by a fungal or parasite infection. Fever can also have its origin in a
rheumatic, tumor, drug or toxic problem.
PREVALENT INFECTOCONTAGIOUS DISEASES
a) Viral or viral diseases.
They are diseases caused by viruses.
Among the most common are chickenpox, influenza, Argentine hemorrhagic fever, rabies,
viral hepatitis, measles, rubella, parotitis (mumps).
Flu or influenza.
It is an epidemic, and sometimes pandemic, infectious disease that is transmitted very

quickly and easily.
The contagion is direct. Entry occurs through the nostrils or mouth, through Flúgge
droplets that the patient eliminates when speaking, coughing or sneezing. The incubation
is very short, ranging from a few hours to two days. The form of presentation varies
depending on the person, but generally it is manifested by a sudden cold, fever (390) and
weakness. Other symptoms are: laryngitis, bronchitis, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea
and colic. The convalescence is long.
In general, the flu is a benign disease, but due to the weakening it causes, it can cause
innumerable complications, sometimes fearsome. Immunity is very short-lived. As
prophylaxis, the isolation of the patient is recommended, as well as extreme personal and
environmental hygiene measures.
Chickenpox
It is an infectious, contagious, eruptive and benign disease.
Epidemics frequently occur in young children. The disease confers immunity. Direct
infection with the patient through secretions. Incubation covers a period of 14 to 18 days.
After that time, a mild feverish state appears and a skin rash appears that successively goes
through different phases: macule, papule, vesicle and scab. It evolves in outbreaks, as a
result of which skin lesions can be observed in the same region of the body in different
phases of its evolution. To avoid contagion, the patient must be isolated until all lesions
have scabbed. There is a vaccine against chickenpox.
Measles
It is a highly contagious infectious disease that is manifested by colds, conjunctivitis, white
spots on the oral mucosa and a typical skin rash (skin rash that begins on the face, spreads
to the trunk and then to the extremities). Although isolated cases are observed throughout
the year, epidemics occur at the end of winter.
Contagion is direct through eye or respiratory secretions (Flugge droplets).
The disease has three periods: the incubation period lasts 10 to 12 days; the catarrhal or
preeruptive period, and the eruptive period (skin lesions). The most dangerous thing about
this disease is the complications it can cause, such as otitis, pneumonia and encephalitis,
among others.
Currently, efforts are being made to eradicate this highly contagious disease through mass
immunization using the measles vaccine, which is contraindicated in the first three months
of pregnancy.
Rubella
It is an exanthematic or eruptive infectious disease common in children under 15 years of
age, mainly in schoolchildren.
Its danger lies in the fact that when it occurs in pregnant women, especially in the first
trimester, it generally causes congenital malformations in the fetus (deafness, cardiac
disorders, mental retardation, etc.).
The contagion is direct. Incubation varies between one and two weeks, and goes
unnoticed. After that time, the first manifestations are observed, which are mild, and are
characterized above all by an increase in the size of the lymph nodes in the neck, a light
cold accompanied or not by a not very high fever.
The eruptive period is the same as that of measles; it begins with the face and neck and
spreads to the trunk and extremities.
As prophylaxis, pregnant women who are in contact with rubella patients should be
administered gammagiobulin as a preventive measure and immediately consult their
gynecologist. If the pregnant woman has already had rubella, she should not be alarmed
because this disease confers permanent immunity.
Parotitis or mumps
It is a transmissible infectious disease that preferentially attacks children between 5 and 16

years of age and is characterized by an increase in the size of the salivary glands, especially
the parotid glands, which are located on both sides of the neck.
If it affects only one of them, it is said to be unilateral, and if it affects both, it is said to be
bilateral. In adults and young people it can spread to the testicles.
Contagion is direct and is carried out by Flúgge droplets.
This disease confers permanent immunity. The incubation period, which lasts between 18
and 21 days, is followed by a mild general malaise with an unpleasant sensation in the
throat, caused by the enlargement of the parotid glands and dry mouth, because saliva
secretion decreases.
In adolescents the condition can be complicated when it affects the testicles. If the disease
is treated promptly, the cure is complete, but in some cases testicular atrophy may occur
with subsequent sterility.
Preventive measures are intended for adolescents to avoid testicular complications, and for
malnourished and susceptible children. Routine vaccination is given at one year of age and
school entry as Triple Viral (Measles - Rubella - Mumps).
2) ANTISEPTICS AND ANTIBIOTICS
Antiseptic substances. ANTISEPTIC AND DISINFECTANT ARE NOT SYNONYMS.
Antiseptics are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue or the skin to
reduce the chance of infection. On the other hand, disinfectants are products that destroy
germs located on surfaces (floor, furniture, bathroom, operating room) or objects (cleaning
utensils and instruments used in surgical interventions, for example).
Some examples of antiseptics:
ETHYL ALCOHOL: it is used in solutions whose concentration is 70 and 96%. It is applied to

bumps, scrapes or small wounds. It is very effective against bacteria, but not with viruses.
There is another variety of alcohol, isopropyl, with identical antiseptic qualities, but it is
almost not used because it is highly irritating.
.OXYGENATED WATER (HYDROGEN PEROXIDE): used as an antiseptic in concentrations of

10 volumes. Its use is widespread because it does not cause irritation, but it has the
drawback that it decomposes quickly when it comes into contact with enzymes, catalases,
that exist in tissues. It also stimulates blood clotting; It is useful when infection by
anaerobic bacteria (that live without oxygen) is suspected, such as that which causes
tetanus. It is ideal for cleaning mucous membranes, and in dentistry it is used to combat
gingivitis and as a frequent antiseptic. It is a very common dental indication in the
pharmacy.
POVIDONE IODINE: is a compound whose action is due to the fact that it releases the
iodine it contains in its molecules; It can be found in the pharmacy in concentrations of 10,
7.5 and 1%, as well as in special presentations to apply to the skin or mucous membranes
of the vagina, throat and mouth. It has the advantages of staining the skin little and being
less irritating than pure iodine, although it can also cause allergies. Very useful in the
treatment of infections and to disinfect wounds. Its use is widespread in hospitals.
SILVER NITRATE: its use is not as general as in the previous cases, but it is a powerful
antiseptic of great useful to combat bacteria that usually inhabit
within the hospitals. HEAlso used to remove warts and disinfect
Burns.
.CHLORIDE BENZALKONIUM:this Available in different degrees of concentration,

times dissolved in alcohol (tincture) or water (aqueous solution), and can be applied in
mucous membranes, wounds or on healthy skin, prior to surgery. Before applying it, the
skin must be washed carefully and any soap residue must be rinsed off abundantly, as this
can nullify the antiseptic action and encourage the proliferation of bacteria. It is very rare
that it causes an allergy.
.CHLORHEXIDINE: its action is prolonged, it has the advantage of not causing irritation and
it is not absorbed by the skin, so it is a very safe product. It helps clean wounds or burns,
and in dentistry it is effective in eliminating dental plaque. Its concentration can be 0.05%
to 0.5%, and it is usually dissolved in alcohol or water.
MERCURY DERIVATIVES: thimerosal (merthiolate) which is used to disinfect scraped skin,

although it can cause notable irritation.
MERCURY DERIVATIVES: thimerosal (merthiolate) which is used to disinfect scraped skin,

although it can cause notable irritation.
b) Antibiotics
Antibiotics (ATB) or antimicrobial agents are chemical substances (obtained from bacteria
or fungi, or obtained from chemical synthesis) that are used in the treatment of infections.
The choice of one or another ATB in the treatment of an infection depends on the
causative microorganism (obtained by culture or according to the consideration of the
treating physician), the sensitivity of the microorganism (obtained by an antibiogram), the
severity of the disease, toxicity, patient allergy history, and cost.
In severe infections it may be necessary to combine several antibiotics. The antibiogram is

a method to determine the sensitivity of a microorganism to certain antibiotics.
Depending on its mechanism of action, the antibiotic can be:
.BACTERICIDAL: agent capable of destroying bacteria; kills existing microorganisms.

Examples: beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, quinolones, polymyxins.
.BACTERIOSTATIC: inhibits bacterial growth, that is, prevents its multiplication. Examples:
macrolides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, lincomycin, sulfonamides.
Common unwanted effects that appear after administration of the antibiotic.
.ALLERGY: many ATBs produce skin rashes and other allergy manifestations in a small
number of predisposed people.
.DYSBACTERIOSIS: by also eliminating "good" bacteria (beneficial for the digestive tract),
they can cause pain and itching in the mouth and tongue, diarrhea, etc.
OVERGROWTH: some ATB eliminate some bacteria but prepare a soil where others or fungi
grow.
.RESISTANCE: bacteria quickly become resistant to ATB. Its continuous and repeated
administration in minor diseases favors the appearance of these resistances (e.g.,
medicating with ATB infections where its use is not necessary).
TOXICITY: ATBs can damage the kidneys, liver, nervous system and produce all types of
alterations in white and red blood cells and platelets.
Routes of administration
It can be oral (capsules, tablets, etc.), topical (eye drops, drops, ointments, creams, etc.) or
injectable (Gntramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous). Serious infections require the
intravenous route.
There is a tendency to use broad-spectrum antibiotics to combat less serious infections,

which can cause super infections as well as toxic reactions. Many antibiotics are prescribed
without identifying the microorganism or performing antibiograms, even when such tests
are clearly recommended.
Expensive antibiotics are usually prescribed when cheaper ones are just as effective.
Many people self-medicate with antibiotics. It is not advisable to dispense antibiotics
without a doctor's prescription.
Tetracyclines and chloramphenicol are still routinely prescribed to combat infections that
could be treated more efficiently with other less toxic and more narrow-spectrum
antibiotics.
THE MISUSE OF ANTIBIOTICS
Given the seriousness of the situation, the World Health Organization has issued a clear
warning. If ATBs continue to be used incorrectly, some bacteria that pose no threat to
health today will be incurable within ten years.
Health care in general, and responsible self-medication as part of that care, are essential
elements for community health care that is based on the rational use of medicine.
The use of over-the-counter medications appears as a need to reduce medical

consultations for minor ailments whose symptoms are clear and easily identifiable. This
contributes to reducing the cost of public health. In modern societies, people have begun
to understand that to protect and maintain health, SELF-CARE is required, which includes a
series of actions that involve:
.regular physical exercise
.avoid cigarettes
.do not drink and eat excessively
.maintain a good relationship at home and work
All this is clear, but even so, this balance is not always achieved and occasionally health
problems appear, which are sometimes serious and require consultation with a doctor.
Other times responsible self-medication is a solution. For example: pedicutosis, heartburn,
athlete's foot, cold, menstrual pain, etc., are minor ailments.
Let us clarify that SELF-MEDICATION is not synonymous with SELF-PRESCRIPTION and can
only be carried out with over-the-counter medications and in the FORM, CONDITIONS
AND DOSE PROVIDED for each case. This avoids dangers for the consumer.
.Seniors
In general, this group presents a greater risk of undesirable effects because with age the
purification systems (liver and kidneys) do not always function correctly, but in general the
elimination is insufficient, so it is necessary to dose any medication for each case, including
the one for free sale. Furthermore, these people, in general, have more pathologies (many
chronic) for which they receive specific and restricted medication.
.Pregnancy and lactation
In these cases, self-medication should be avoided to avoid increasing the risks of

congenital pathologies, both during pregnancy and during the breastfeeding stage. The
medications consumed by the mother reach the baby, who is not able to eliminate these
chemicals and suffers a greater risk of undesirable effects.
.Children
In general, there are not many over-the-counter medications for children and they should
not be recommended since children can react in different ways to drugs. Their body
composition and fat distribution are different from adults and their developing organs can
be affected if we use drugs inappropriately.
For dosage, body weight and age must be considered.

It is very important to instill in them respect for medicines and avoid dangers that arise
from their incorrect use.
Medicines should never be left within the reach of small children.
Medicating a child can mask symptoms of a more severe illness that requires medical
consultation. For example, high fevers, diarrhea, vomiting, pain, etc.
Children tolerate liquid medications better than solid medications and to accurately
measure doses, the use of syringes is recommended.
CHILDREN SHOULD NOT SELF-MEDICATE.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO ALWAYS CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR OR PHARMACIST.
Considerations to take into account before dispensing an over-the-counter

medication
It is necessary to question the patient with a series of questions that guide us:
.What discomforts could this person have?
In the face of clear symptoms, the problem will guide us towards responsible self-
medication. We must keep in mind when dispensing that it may be common for a third
party to remove the medication, therefore, clarify the patient's age to recommend
previously explained concepts.
If the symptoms are not clear, always recommend consulting a doctor.
Do you really need medication?
Medications do not always intervene in the resolution of any symptom. For example,
something that is very current and that derives from the intensity of daily work and
especially if it is done in front of a computer, is the appearance of headaches or eye
irritation, situations that are resolved more than once with a good rest. As it is not always
possible to give the body the minutes of dedication that it requires for its normal
functioning (rest, diet, physical activity, etc.), self-medication is usually the most practical
alternative.
What other factors do we have to take into account?
Pregnancy, age, chronic diseases such as diabetes, HTMA, Asthma, Glaucoma,

Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, presence of allergies and many others that force us to
correctly select the over-the-counter medication to be delivered, either because the
general condition of the patient may modify the chosen treatment or because this
treatment may aggravate the pre-existing pathology. Consultation with the doctor is again
recommended in all these cases (patients with chronic diseases).
.Choose the most convenient medication
The use of over-the-counter medications appears as a need to reduce medical

consultations for minor ailments whose symptoms are clear and easily identifiable.
Always remember to consult the pharmaceutical professional before final delivery. Choose
only what is needed and with the fewest possible associations in order to reduce adverse
effects.
It would be good to instruct people to ask these questions when they are at home facing
any over-the-counter or non-prescription medication. Generate the concept of responsible
self-medication and consultation when faced with any doubt (the leaflet or expiration date
is missing, for example).
Always remember that over-the-counter medicine is a “MEDICATION”, which should only

be delivered to the PHARMACY under the supervision of a responsible professional.
Other considerations
Cosmetics are not medicines; They serve to clean, perfume, modify the appearance, correct
body odors, protect and maintain the appearance of the skin in good condition,
contributing to people's hygiene.
Although they are not medicines, they must be authorized by the Ministry of Health and
Environment of the Nation to prevent them from having harmful ingredients. Cosmetics
that have inappropriate names for human use or that indicate in their labeling and
advertising that they have therapeutic properties are not recommended.
The ADF should know that nutritional and dietary supplements are not medicines either,
nor should they be used to cure diseases or relieve pain. They are products used to
increase the nutritional power of foods. They may contain vitamins, minerals and other
ingredients, but in quantities below those required in medical cases.
Just as there may be a lack of vitamins or minerals in the body, there may also be excesses
of them, which is also harmful to health.
A MEDICATION is a product intended to solve health problems, has proven therapeutic

action and is used to cure diseases or relieve pain or other annoying symptoms.
There are two types of medications: those that must be prescribed by the doctor and those
that can be purchased freely.
If symptoms or discomfort persist after taking an over-the-counter medication, always

consult your doctor to resolve the problem.
All MEDICATIONS must be authorized by the Ministry of Health and Environment of the
Nation (National Administration of Medicines, Food and Medical Technology - ANMAT).
This authorization must appear on the packaging, indicating a certificate number, and must
also include the manufacturing batch number and the expiration date, after which the
medication should not continue to be consumed.
When this information does not appear on the label or anywhere else on the packaging, it
is surely an illegal medicine, possibly ineffective and most likely dangerous for your health.
Do not advise them, the ADF must notify the pharmacist, who will report the case to the
ANMAT, because they are products that are beyond the control of the health authorities.
The ADF will cooperate with the authorities to prevent the consumption of dangerous
products.
DRUGS ADVERTISING
DRUG: RANITIDINE
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Vomiting - Bradycardia - Hypotension - Fatigue - Vertigo - Drowsiness

- Insomnia
CONTRAINDICATIONS: Hypersensitivity to ranitidine.
SOME BRANDS: Aludrox – ACReflux
DRUG: IBUPROFEN
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Abdominal pain - Nephrotoxicity - Diarrhea - Heartburn - Vomiting -
Edema - Rash
CONTRAINDICATIONS: Allergic reactions - Asthma - Urticaria
SOME BRANDS: Actron – Ibu Evanol - Novo - Geniol
DRUG: DICLOFENAC
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Gastric intolerance - CNS alterations
CONTRAINDICATIONS: Gastroduodenal ulcer
SOME BRANDS: Anaflex
DRUG: AMBROXOL
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Abdominal pain - Nausea - Diarrhea - Heartburn - Fever
CONTRAINDICATIONS: Active peptic ulcer
SOME BRANDS: Mucosolvan
DRUG: Naproxen
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Abdominal pain - Nausea - Dizziness - Headaches - Peripheral edema
CONTRAINDICATIONS: Hemorrhages - Gastroduodenal ulcer - Pregnancy
SOME BRANDS: Aleve - Mox
DRUG: CAFFEINE
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Irritbility - Angina peho - Confusion - Delirium - Arterial hypotension

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Active peptic ulcer – Seizure disorders
SOME BRANDS: Cafiaspirin
DRUG: PSEUDOEPHEDRINE
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Nervousness – Agitation – Dizziness – Insomnia – Dyspnea – Cardiac
arrhythmia – Tremors
CONTRAINDICATIONS: HTN – Glaucoma – Diabetes – Prostatism – Hyperthyroidism
SOME BRANDS: Rapid Action Anti-Influenza Tabcin – NFIbunastizol
DRUG: PHENYLEPHHRINE
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Nervousness – Agitation – Tremors – Palpitations
CONTRAINDICATIONS: HTN – Glaucoma – DBT – Prostatism
SOME BRANDS: Tabcin Antiflu – Biogrip Plus- Finagrip – Inmunogrip
DRUG: LORATADINE
ADVERSE EFFECTS: Fatigue – Sedation – Headache – Dry mouth CONTRAINDICATIONS:
Pregnancy – Breastfeeding – Children
SOME BRANDS: Aerotina
UNIT 13
PHARMACY AND COSMETICS
DERMATOLOGY
It is the part of medicine dedicated to the study, diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.
Skin, anatomy and functions
a) Generalities of the skin.

It is not homogeneous in its thickness, which varies between 0.5 mm in the eyelids and 4
mm in the heel.
Each square centimeter of skin contains thousands of cells specialized in various functions
and hundreds of sweat and sebaceous glands, nerve endings and blood vessels.
b) Skin functions.
. Thermoregulation: the skin regulates body temperature. If the body temperature rises, the
blood vessels of the dermis dilate, a greater amount of blood arrives and with it the heat
that is lost through radiation; At the same time, the secretion of sweat by the sweat glands
increases, so that the evaporation of sweat ultimately lowers the temperature, dissipating
the heat to the surrounding air. If the body temperature drops below normal, blood vessels
constrict and sweat secretion decreases.
Protection: protects the deepest tissues from the invasion of pathogenic organisms, from
mechanical injuries, from excessive loss of moisture, from chemical injuries, from sudden
changes in temperature and humidity, from prolonged exposure to ultraviolet solar
radiation; We could say that it acts as a “barrier”.
.Excretion: the skin has a complementary excretory function to the lungs. Sweat has a
variety of substances (inorganic salts, urea, uric acid, ammonia and creatinine) all dissolved
in water.
.Absorption: Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K), hormones such as estrogen and
corticosteroids and drugs such as nicotine, nitroglycerin and others can be absorbed
through the skin. The skin is one of the routes of drug administration (topical route).
Important with the eccrine glands is that the apocrine glands have a common duct with the
sebaceous glands. They are deep glands located at the level of the deep dermis or
hypodermis subcutaneous fatty tissue).
A normal, healthy adult secretes half a liter or so of sweat daily, although the amount could
increase due to physical activity or high fever.
.1) Hair shaft

.2) Sebaceous gland
.3) Bulb
.4) Hairy papilla

.5) Sweat gland.
THE ONES:
Nails are horny plates of keratin that are firmly anchored to the NAIL BED (the skin beneath
the plate).
The cuticle protects the newly formed cells that form plaque. Nails grow from the matrix
found beneath the cuticle.
Skin types
Depending on the quantity and disposition of these we find:
.NORMAL SKIN: in the state of the skin, the physiological skin parameters are normal, that
is, lipids in their correct proportion and intact hydrolipid film. The skin appears intact, with
good snaguineous irrigation, pink color and uniform irrigation. It is neither too greasy nor
dry.
DRY SKIN: This condition affects a large part of the population, especially children under 10
years of age and women over 60 years of age.
There are peeling areas on the skin that frequently cause itching and a feeling of tightness.
As a whole, the skin appears rough, thin and prematurely aged.
This occurs because there are not enough sebaceous secretions (lipid deficiency) and by
losing the cement that binds them, the corneocytes peel off. This condition may be due to
various factors such as: environmental conditions, use of soaps and detergents that cause
loss of surface lipids, age, use of certain medications, some metabolic diseases such as
diabetes, genetic causes, etc.
.OILY SKIN: This type of skin presents a physiological alteration that is characterized by
excess sebum production. It shows thick pores with comedones (pimples). The skin has a
greasy shine, its transparency is not uniform and it often appears pale.
We must use: . Gels, Gels are dispersion systems, usually transparent, uniform, easily
deformed, which consist of at least two components. Of these, one is liquid and acts as a
dispersing agent and the other, a structure-generating component, usually a solid colloidal
matter. This stabilizes the liquid part forming a three-dimensional network.
The gels can be:
.Hydrogels when the liquid is water. Most gels have water. .Alcoholic gels when the liquid is
alcohol.
.Lipogels when the liquid is oil or liquid fat, for example, paraffin.
.Lotions
Lotions are water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) liquid emulsions, which include
medicinal and cosmetic active ingredients. Due to their great extensibility, they are
frequently used for body care.
.Fatty ointments
Greasy ointments are anhydrous, spreadable ointments that consist of a solid structure-
generating component and a liquid component. They cover the skin with a fatty film that,
by occlusion, reduces water loss from the skin surface and consequently enriches the
moisture content of the skin. In this way, it improves the tension (tone) and water
treatment (turgor) of the skin.
Greasy ointments are used to protect dry skin from the cold and for removing cosmetics
(cleansing).
.Liposomes
LIPOSOMES are extraordinarily small vesicles composed mainly of phospholipids organized
in bilayers. These vesicles contain an internal aqueous phase and are suspended in an
external aqueous phase. They are used to transport the active ingredients in the most
selective way possible.
Depending on its nature, the active ingredient can be incorporated within the liposome
(hydrophilic) or in the liposomal bilayer (lipophilic).
SKIN CLEANING
Cleansing the face should be done twice a day, in the morning to remove nocturnal oily
secretions and at night to remove adhered particles and traces of makeup.
Cleaning products must have the following characteristics:
.Effectively remove all impurities

.Respect the hydrolipid film, the flora of the skin and mucous membranes, and the pH.
.Protect the epidermis.
They must be related to the physiology of each skin type; dry, oily, normal, mixed, etc.
They must compensate for the drying effect of hard or highly chlorinated water.
.Soothe irritations and redness.
.Prevent dermatological infections.
a) Soaps
Soap, which is a product of the chemical reaction between natural fats and alkaline lye, has
certain disadvantages, especially for sensitive skin. When hard water is used, a soap film
forms and the surfactants become inactive.
b) Cleansing toners
They are watery liquids. They are applied with a damp cotton pad to affected areas with a
gentle movement. Does not rinse. They refresh and improve circulation in the dermis. They
may contain alcohol, lactic acid, urea and essences.
c) Cleansing gels
They are applied after moistening the skin with warm water. Massages are always
performed avoiding contact with the eyes. They can be complemented with the use of
cleansing toners alternatively.
d) Cleansing milks
They remove impurities that clog pores (makeup, dead cells, impurities); It removes
substances adhered to sebum and eliminates dirt from the surface of the skin. Moisturizing
substances are added (glycerin, sorbitol, etc.) that prevent water from evaporating and
drying out the skin; They also contain preservative substances that prevent the proliferation
of microorganisms.
e) Hot Springs
Its aesthetic benefits are based on its nutritional function, since in its chemical composition
it contains mineral salts that the body needs and also stimulates metabolic functions and
circulation, removes and eliminates dead cells and toxins that contaminate the skin.
f) Makeup remover with toner
They fulfill, in a single product, the function of cleansing milk (or cream) and toner. The
texture is variable, like emulsion, milk or cream; They tone the epidermis without leaving
traces of fat or a feeling of dryness or tightness.
Recommended for normal, combination or dry skin.
g) Eye makeup removers
The skin around the eyes is thin skin because it does not have a hypodermis; Since there
are fewer sebaceous glands, it has a lower proportion of skin lipids, therefore the barrier
function of the hydrolipid film is less effective. For all this, it is the area of greatest care.
Cleansing should be done with appropriate products with fewer active ingredients and
more soothing and moisturizing substances (hyaluronic acid).
h) Exfoliants
Exfoliation is a deep cleansing of the skin; Depending on the causal agent, it can be:
physical or chemical. In general, it is beneficial because it improves the appearance of the
skin, helps cell renewal, removes pigment spots, changes the texture of the skin, leaving it
softer and more luminous, and cleans the pores. But it must be done with special care since
it can damage the stratum corneum, which is why lactic acid often helps with chemical
exfoliation. Alpha hydroxy acids can perform a gentle exfoliation, always taking care not to
expose yourself to the sun or tanning beds afterwards since UV can be very harmful to the
skin in this state. Many brands subsequently recommend using a facial toner and a skin-
regulating cream-gel as a daily moisturizer.
i) Face masks:
Also called facial masks, they are plastic mixtures that are applied to the face, directly or
with an intermediate gauze, in a more or less thick layer and that when their liquid
components evaporate, they harden and adhere to the skin, modeling its surface.
They can be classified according to their action on the skin as:
.Limpladoras
. Astringents
. Tensioners
. Whitening machines
. Keratolytic
. Nutritious
. Soothing.
.Refreshing.
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS FOR DIFFERENT SKIN TYPES
a) Dry skin
The function of the active ingredients used will be to regenerate the deficit of lipid
components and water that occurs in dry skin. AND
As for the oily components, it is about providing those that are as similar as possible, in
chemical structure, to those found in the hydrolipid film, which will be included in eremas
that will be called NUTRITIVE.
Among the active ingredients we find:
.Vegetable oils rich in essential fatty acids, omega 3 and omega 6 (avocado, almond, hemp,
jojoba, sesame oils)
.Waxes and phospholipids
.Urea (natural moisturizer)
. Arginine (produces urea)
.Vitamin E or tocopherol (antioxidant)
.Bisabolol, panthenol (pro-vitamin B5) as pain relievers
.Omega 3 fatty acids (strengthen the dermal barrier)
b) Oily skin
In oily skin, sebum and sweat secretions are abundant. They have excess sebum or fat,
more cells are produced than are eliminated and they accumulate in the skin, covering or
clogging the pores.
As active ingredients we can mention:
.Exfoliants: unclog the pore and prevent clogging. Alpha hydroxy acids with moisturizing
and keratolytic action can be used. The best known and most powerful is glycolic acid, also
lactic acid.
.Salicylic acid (beta hydroxy acid type), keratolytic (desquamation of
corneocytes). .Antibacterials, zinc salts, glycacyl, copper (eliminate the proliferation of
microorganisms on the surface of the skin).
.Fungicides, for fungi.
.Hydration: glycerin.
.Antioxidants: vitamin E or tocopherol.
.Calming agents: bisabolol, panthenol.
.Citric acid, maintains the pH of the skin.
c) acneic pleles
For hyperkeratosis of the pilosebaceous duct: topical treatment with tretinoin, isotretinoin,
salicylic acid, adapalene; Systemic treatment with isotretinoin in cases of very pronounced
and stubborn acne.
.To prevent the proliferation of PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES: topical treatment with pe

benzoyl oxide, erythromycin, clindamycin, a. Azelaic; Systemic treatment: trimethoprim,
doxycillin, minocycline, erythromycin, tetracycline.
.To treat excess sebum production: systemic treatment: isotretinoin, estrogens,
antiandrogens.
.For severe inflammation: topical treatment: metronidazole. Systemic treatment: tretinoin
and corticosteroids.
.Hygiene: natural, antibacterial and sebum-regulating soaps. Oil-free aqueous gels.
.Hydration: oil-free emulsions and gels.
.Scrubs.
.Dermatological makeup.
.Photoprotectors: essential to avoid photosensitization from sun exposure.
d) Combination skin
The production of sebum from the sebaceous glands is not homogeneous, therefore there
are sectors with oily skin (T zone) and others with dry skin, therefore it is recommended:
.Moisturize and nourish dry skin.

.Moisturize and regulate the sebum of oily skin. The textures to use must be light and the
active ingredients must be neither as nutritious as those used for dry skin nor as astringent
as those used for oily skin, the right balance must be found.
e) Dehydrated skin
Skin hydration plays a relevant role in maintaining physiological and aesthetic conditions. It
also facilitates the penetration of many drugs through the skin, as well as active ingredients
that will act locally.
The natural hydration factor is capable of absorbing water from the atmosphere, as well as
from the inside of the skin (dermis).
The main mechanisms of action of moisturizing active ingredients are to stop excessive
water evaporation. They are moisturizers that act passively. Generally these are occlusive
active ingredients. They prevent excessive transepidermal water loss by up to 30%.)
Some moisturizing active ingredients:

.Oats: has moisturizing and restructuring properties; antipruritic and anti-inflammatory.
.Allantoin: softening, moisturizing.
.Bisabolol: anti-inflammatory, moisturizing, bactericidal.
.Aloe vera: soothing and moisturizing.

.Glycine: soothing and antipruritic.
.Vitamins C and E: anti-free radicals.
.Macromolecules: elastin, collagen, glycosaminoglycans, chitosan, proteoglycans.
f) Sensitive skin
Perfumes, preservatives, dyes or alcohol should not be used. They must contain a minimum
amount of components.
The active ingredients used are:
.Soothing: plant extracts (chamomile, licorice, calendula). Panthenol and bisabolol are
ingredients in chamomile.
.Moisturizers: perhydrosqualene, protein hydrolysates (oats, corn, soy, wheat).
.Relipidizers: essential fatty acids (obtained from vegetable oils), components of the
stratum corneum (ceramides, cholesterol, phospholipids).
.Immunomodulators: algae, beta-glucans (wheat, oat, barley extracts), thermal waters rich
in selenium.
.Antioxidants: tocopherol, ascorbic acid, extracts rich in flavonoids, coenzyme 010, thermal
waters.
.Sun protection throughout the year.
SKIN AGING
From the age of 25, the skin begins to age; The degree and pace of aging is not uniform in
all people, it depends on several factors such as: skin type, lifestyle (food consumption
habits, toxins, etc.), the environment in which the person lives. , etc.
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS USED TO TREAT THE SKIN ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF

AGING
a) There are active ingredients that are used in any type of aging: Antioxidants: UV
radiation forms oxygenated free radicals, which cause damage to the skin.
Some types of antioxidants act by preventing the formation of free radicals: glutathione,
disulfides, provitamin A.
Others interrupt the chain reaction: tocopherol or vitamin E, ascorbic acid or vitamin C,
flavonoids, phenolic antioxidants or trace elements such as selenium, copper and zinc,
present in some thermal waters.
.Liposomes: transport amino acids, vitamins, etc.

.Silicone macromolecules: form a continuous film that smoothes the surface of the skin.
.Dehydrated silica microspheres: retain water, fill wrinkles mechanically.
.Ursolic acid: improves cohesion between the dermis and epidermis.
Ginkgo biloba: activates blood circulation, promotes collagen synthesis.
b) Active ingredients to treat aging facial skin
All active ingredients act in a similar way (although intrinsically they are specific), that is,
causing MUSCLE RELAXATION. Facial muscles do not attach directly to bones like in the
rest of the body.
Instead, many of these muscles join together under the skin, this allows them to contract
and generate different expressions on the face.
.Vialox
. Argireline
. Syn-Ake
. Magnesium
. Bioxilift .Thalassine.
c) Active ingredients to treat chronoaging (anti-aging products)
After the age of 30, the skin loses elasticity, hydration and firmness; The first wrinkles,
expression lines, spots appear. It can be used:
.Vitamin A (retino)), Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and alpha hydroxy acids (AHA)
. Moisturizers and healing promoters.
. DMAE (dimethylaminoethanol or deanol): it has a powerful tightening action that fights
against sagging and reduces the formation of wrinkles. Prevents and whitens stains.
.Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-3: delays the effects of premature aging. Improves skin elasticity
and firmness. Moisturizes, protects and softens the skin.
. Palmitoyl oligopeptide: peptide that stimulates the synthesis of collagen and
glycosaminoglycans.
. Hexapeptide-11: natural peptide. Gives firmness and elasticity to the skin.
. Wheat protein derivatives: reduce expression wrinkles
. Proteasyl: its function is to improve aging skin.
d) Active ingredients to treat hormonal aging
Soy isoflavones are the phyto-estrogens most appreciated by cosmetic laboratories. Soy is
known for having a series of beneficial properties for the body since it has a powerful anti-
aging action.
There are studies that show that applying these products to the skin stimulates cell renewal
and reduces the degradation of the skin's supporting structure.
It can be found on the market with extracts of various origins, names and suppliers, as well
as physicochemical characteristics and efficacy studies specific to each reference.
Some of the active ingredients are:
.Ridulisse C: wrinkle filling action due to its ability to densify the dermis, increasing its
density, resistance and elasticity; This way the skin looks softer and firmer.
Some of the species with phytoestrogens most used in cosmetics are: Angelica
archangelica (also A. sinensis), iris (Gris florentina), peony (Paeonia suffruticosa), date stone
(Phoenix dactylifera), Pueraria mirifica and clover (Trifolium pratense).
They have similar actions to soybeans.
.Isoflavones from Pueraria and Pelvetia: action against skin dryness.

.Pro-Xylane: It acts on the dermis, dermoepidermal junction and epidermis.
Among the active ingredients that restore the presence of adipocytes in the hypodermis we
find Isobioline, which stimulates the cells of the hypodermis to restore their support
functions.
.Guggul resin: a shrub that grows in the Arabian Peninsula and in the western part of India.
It was proven that guggul resin is capable of increasing the content of thialicerides in
adipocytes. The active ingredients used to reduce skin dryness are the same as those used
in treatment for dry skin.
e) Active ingredients to treat photoaging (caused by sun rays)
Physical solar filters
They are opaque and act as a physical barrier, reflecting and filtering 99% of visible and UV
light. They are reserved for very sensitive areas (nose, lips, ears and toes), and although
they are very effective, they are not used much because they can stain clothing.
They are among others:

.Zinc oxide,
.Titanium dioxide,
.Vaseline
.Talcum powder
.Benzyl salicylate
.Benzyl cinnamate
.Magnesium carbonates and oxides
.Mica A
.Bentonite
Chemical sunscreens
They filter and reduce the radiation that reaches the skin by absorption. They are not
opaque but are colorless after application.
Combinations of them are used since, in this way, they increase their effectiveness and the
spectrum they cover, also allowing the proportions in which each one participates in the
formulation to be reduced, thereby reducing the risks of possible adverse effects.
It is important to say that no photoprotective preparation can induce tanning.
Benzophenone derivatives absorb all types of UV radiation; indicated for people with
photosensitivity or who have diseases that may be aggravated by sunlight. They are highly
effective and safe against UVA; the most used is oxybenzone.
Excipients
The composition of the excipient is very important when determining the SPF of a
preparation. Thus the presence of water in a formula increases the sun protection factor
that must be used. The nature of the filter substance must be taken into account. The
progressive level of protection is achieved with the following excipients:
HYDROALCOHOLIC LOTIONS: they disappear quickly from the skin surface, therefore
providing short-term and limited protection. These preparations also cause excessive skin
dehydration.
.O/W EMULSIONS: they protect something else. Vanishing creams with a low amount of fat
are indicated for people with normal or oily skin who do not need excessive protection.
They have the disadvantage that since water evaporates quickly, it is necessary to apply the
preparation frequently because the thin lipid layer that is then created is insufficient for
adequate protection. If they are somewhat alkaline, they favor the formation and
implantation of melanin.
.OILS: they have the advantage of greater skin permanence, they prevent drying due to the
solar caloric effect and, in themselves, their components have anti-actinic properties. They
are not easily removed after bathing, so applications do not have to be so frequent. They
have the disadvantage of being easy to pour, they stain clothes and the sand adheres to
them easily.
.W/O EMULSIONS: when applied in thicker layers than the previous ones, they present
greater protection. They are recommended for people with dry and sensitive skin. They
don't pour as easily but the sand does stick to them.
Regarding water resistance, it depends on whether or not the sun protection that a
preparation provides us is maintained when we bathe in the sea or the pool. It is thus
convenient to differentiate:
.WATER RESISTANT PRODUCTS: capable of withstanding 40 minutes of immersion in water.
.WATER PROOF PRODUCTS: capable of withstanding 80 minutes of immersion in water.
Despite these last two aspects, it is recommended to apply the product after each bath or
after 2-3 hours of sun exposure.
UNIT 14 - DRUGS. ITEMS AND REGULATIONS. SALES CIRCUIT
DRUGS. GENERALITIES
In the past it could be said that the terms pharmacy, pharmacy, drugstore and laboratory
had a certain equivalence.
We cannot forget that in the first years of scientific development, chemistry commanded
the preparation, analysis and preparation of medicines, limiting this preparation to a single
office.
The drugstores will operate under the technical direction of a professional pharmaceutical
chemist.
Drugstores will be authorized to distribute medical samples of pharmaceutical products

containing benzodiazepines contained in list IV of the Regulation of Psychotropic Products,
whose health registration they have required, in order to deliver them exclusively to
professionals authorized to prescribe them and subject to controls. established in supreme
decree N% 923 of 1995, of the Ministry of Health.
The drugstore can be seen from three fundamental points of view, namely:
.Commercial (due to the quality and quantity of what it sells)

.Sanitary (care and requirements for the collection of medicines)
.Pharmaceutical and staff training, in which we include the pharmacy assistant.
THREE BIG ITEMS
Since the Galénica pharmacy transitioned to modern pharmacy, the latter could be said to
have installed three pillars that are the basis for classifying its products:
.Medicinal specialties
.Perfumery
.Pharmacy accessories
The first category is the most salient and well-known; They are the medications themselves
classified as:
. Digestive system and metabolism: stomatological
. Blood and hematopoietic (blood cell-forming) organs
. Cardiovascular system (heart, blood vessels, etc.)
. Dermatological (skin and annexes)
. Genitourinary preparations and sex hormones
. Systemic hormonal preparations, excluding sex hormones (corticosteroids, etc.)
. General anti-infectives (antibiotics, antifungals, etc.)
. Antineoplastics and immunomodulatory agents (oncological, antiretrovirals, etc.)
. Locomotor system (anti-inflammatory drugs, etc.)
. Central Nervous System. Antiparasitics, insecticides and repellents
.Respiratory system
.Sense organs
.Several
This classification is based on what we know as therapeutic action or “what medications

do.”
The second item contains all the products that serve to treat, clean and beautify the skin
and its annexes (nails and hair). This is the item where we find deodorants, hair dyes, soaps,
shampoos, conditioners, diapers, combs, gels, powders, etc.
And the third item, that of the so-called pharmacy accessories or products for pharmacists,
carries all the rest of what is sold in the pharmacy, fundamentally: disposable material,
prostheses and a long list of other products.
The drugstore initially and promoted by the aforementioned boom began distributing
almost exclusively elements of the first item (it will be familiar to us to look at the name,
drugstore comes from drug). The pharmacy bought, so to speak, medicines from the
drugstore, perfumery from wholesale perfumeries, and pharmacy accessories from
drugstores specialized in selling such products.
Today, many pharmacies have as their only source of purchase a single drugstore from
which they provide everything that is sold in them. At most, we work with more drugstores
to make up for any shortages that may exist in some of them.
The drugstore has then been strengthening the commercial link with the pharmacy, it is not
unusual to hear that the telephone operator of the drugstore informs about an offer of
iodine solution - povidone, or a sunscreen, moisturizing creams, naso-gastric tubes or
eardrops.
With such a relationship today, more than ever before, the pharmacy assistant must know
what is happening in their work environment, how to handle themselves but also what are
the movements originating in the place where their sales effects come from.
GOOD STORAGE, DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORTATION PRACTICES OBJECTIVES
In order to prevent medications from suffering alterations that affect their quality,
effectiveness and safety during storage, distribution and transportation; An appropriate
quality assurance system applied to storage, distribution and transportation must ensure
that:
.All operations involved are clearly specified in writing and observed by the personnel
involved.
.Responsibilities are clearly specified and described.
.The products are correctly handled following defined procedures, in accordance with the
manufacturer's specifications, so that their quality is maintained throughout the validity
period.
.The trajectory of the medication is allowed to be monitored, in order to make it possible to
locate it, leading to an effective withdrawal process from the market or return.
.That there are self-inspection and/or quality audit procedures that regularly validate the
effectiveness of the application of the quality assurance system.
DEFINITIONS:
STORAGE: safe conservation of medications.
STOCK: products available for sale, distribution and use.
PACKAGING: container or any form of packaging, removable or not, intended to cover,

package and package the products.
DISTRIBUTION: all administration, storage, expedition and

supply of medicines, excluding supply or dispensing to the public.
MEDICINE: any pharmaceutical preparation or product used for the prevention, diagnosis
and/or treatment of a disease or pathological state, or to modify physiological systems, for
the benefit of the person to whom it is administered.
BATCH OR BATCH: defined quantity of a medication, manufactured in a manufacturing

cycle, and whose essential characteristic is homogeneity.
LOT OR BATCH NUMBER: different combination of numbers and/or letters that identifies a
particular lot, printed on the packaging, labels and labels of a medication.
QUARANTINE: situation in which products are isolated, by physical or other effective

means, awaiting a decision on their approval, rejection or reprocessing.
TRANSPORTATION COMPANY: the company that transports medicines with its own
vehicles appropriate to the characteristics of the products being transported.
LOGISTICS OPERATOR: company authorized by the National Administration of Medicines,

Food and Medical Technology that is dedicated to the storage, transportation and delivery
of medicines and that acts on behalf of and on behalf of the distribution companies.
GOOD MEDICINE DISTRIBUTION PRACTICES. BEGINNING.
The importance of the distribution of medicines is given by its direct implication in the
quality of the product and by the function of permanent supply of medicines throughout
the national territory.
To implement a program of Good Practices in the Distribution of Medicines, it is necessary

that there be written procedures for operations that, directly or indirectly, may affect the
quality of the products or the distribution activity.
a) Reception
Distributors must have reception areas located in order to protect product consignments
from adverse weather conditions at the time of unloading. .The reception area must be
separated from the storage area. The products must be examined upon receipt to verify
that the packaging is not damaged and that it corresponds to the shipment.
b) Storage
Distributors must comply with the provisions of the "Good Medication Storage Practices",
and with the specific storage conditions established by the holder of the product
registration and approved by the Health Authority.
c) Catering
The supply of medicines, whether to Distributors, Drugstores, Institutions or Pharmacies, all

authorized, must be done through registered operations and accessible to the competent
health authority. Drug distribution activities must be guided by written procedures that
include specific instructions for each stage and for each product, in accordance with the
manufacturers' recommendations and this regulation. Before proceeding with the supply of
medicines, distributors must:
.Identify the product name, lot number and expiration date.
.Check the appearance and integrity of the packaging.
.Transport the material appropriately, avoiding compromising the packaging and without
removing its external protection.
.Create a distribution record by batch and final recipient, which will be kept for up to five
years after dispatch.
Distribution companies, in agreement with manufacturers, must be able to supply in a

timely manner to establishments authorized to dispense medicines to the public.
d) Transport
Medicine distribution companies must guarantee that it will be carried out in accordance
with what is determined by the "Medicine Transportation Recommendations" and the
manufacturer's specifications.
e) Returns and recalls
Medications to the public to whom the batch The products returned or coming from the
recall must be identified and separated from marketable stocks to avoid redistribution
before a decision is made regarding their destination by the owner of the product.
Products that were not authorized to re-enter the marketable stock will be sent to the
registration holder or the latter may indicate the steps to follow.
Products with expired validity must be identified and segregated in specific areas and
returned to the registration holder, through a documented operation, which includes the
name of the product, batch number, quantity and manufacturing laboratory.
/importer.
Distribution companies must maintain written procedures regarding returns and market
withdrawals, and a person responsible for their execution and coordination must be
designated.
All market recall orders must be immediately recorded and these records must be made
available to health authorities considering the points at which the products had been
distributed. In order to ensure the effectiveness of returns and recalls, the transaction
recording system must enable the immediate identification of all recipients of all returned
products.
In the event of a withdrawal from the market of a batch, all customers (other distributors,
drugstores, pharmacies for public sale, hospitals and entities authorized to dispense
medicines to the public to whom the batch has been distributed) must be informed as a
matter of urgency. necessary, including clients from other jurisdictions. In the recall action,
the distributor must identify the returned products, immediately segregate them from the
warehouses of marketable products and depositaries in a separate area of their own,
before they are returned in accordance with the instructions of the registration holder or
the authority. sanitary.
f) Documentation
Documentation constitutes one of the essential parts of the quality assurance system,
which is why it must be related to all aspects of Good Practices and its objective is to
ensure that all personnel involved in the distribution of medicines know how to decide
what to do and when to do it. carry out actions in order to guarantee the quality of
products and service.
In addition, it must be clearly defined that authorized persons have all the information
necessary to decide on the distribution, tracking, investigation, recognition and destination
of the products. The documents must be approved, signed and dated by authorized
persons and may not undergo any modification without prior authorization from the
technical director of the distribution company.
The content of the documents may not be ambiguous: the title, nature and/or its objective
must be presented clearly, arranged in an orderly manner, accessible and easy to verify.
The reproduction of working documents from parent documents must be programmed in

such a way as to prevent errors from being reproduced. Data and information can be
recorded by conventional means or using a computer system or other reliable ways.
If the documentation was carried out by a computer system, only authorized persons can
enter or modify the data, and there must be a record of any modification in this regard.
Batch records stored by computer systems must be protected by transfer copies to
magnetic media, microfilm, paper prints, or other media.
g) Self-inspection
The self-inspection has the objective of guaranteeing compliance with Good Practices in all
aspects of storage, distribution and transportation. It must be carried out regularly and
whenever any deficiency or need for corrective action is detected.
Self-inspections must follow written instructions so that there are minimum and uniform
requirements in their implementation.
After completion of the self-inspection, a report must be made that must include: the
results of the inspection, evaluations, conclusions and recommended corrective actions.
All distribution companies must carry out and record self-inspections to monitor the
establishment's implementation and observance of these regulations and the other
requirements of current legislation.
h) Of products classified as non-marketable
Any return operation, withdrawal from the market and receipt of products Classified as not
marketed must be duly recorded. In the event that smuggled, adulterated, counterfeit,
unregistered or suspected counterfeit medicines are identified in the distribution network,
or classified as such by the Health Authority, they must be immediately separated from
other products, to avoid confusion. It must be clearly identified that it is not intended for
commercialization. The technical director of the distributor must immediately notify the
competent Health Authority and the holder of the product registration; indicating the
quantity and type of the product.
i) From complaints and adverse reactions
In the event of complaints, observations of adverse reactions or others, distributors must

immediately notify, in writing, the registration holder.
GOOD MEDICATION STORAGE PRACTICES
It is the part of quality assurance that ensures that products are kept safely. To this end, all
necessary efforts will be made to minimize the risks of affecting the quality of the products.
To store products, the distribution company must have: Qualified and properly trained
personnel.
.Adequate space and facilities,

.Appropriate equipment and services.
.Clear and unambiguous procedures and instructions.
.Available and accessible records related to the purchase/sale or receipt and delivery of a
product as appropriate.
.Tracking and knowledge of any batch of product after delivery. .Investigations of
complaints and quality deviations and prevention of recurrences.
STAFF
The company that stores medicines must have a sufficient number of qualified personnel,
with the necessary practical experience, responsible enough to prevent the quality of the
products from being at risk.
The company must have an organizational chart of the officials involved in the
management of the medication, indicating their responsibilities and specific powers in
writing and the authority to perform them.
Where necessary, training programs should be carried out to improve staff practice and
their understanding of the quality assurance system: all training should be recorded.
All personnel must undergo periodic medical examinations. Smoking, eating, drinking,
keeping plants, food, beverages, medications or personal belongings is not permitted in
the storage, receiving, preparation and return areas.
In the work areas, the agents must wear appropriate clothing according to the type of
activity to be carried out. The technical responsibility of the company must be exercised by
a pharmaceutical professional, who will be responsible for the storage of the medications.
BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Any building intended for the storage of medicines must have an adequate construction
and location area to facilitate its maintenance, cleaning and operations, with sufficient
space for rational stowage. Any area for storing medicines, preparing orders and returns
must be used only for that purpose, and that allows for an orderly stock of various product
categories.
The following areas should be considered necessary:
.Of reception
.Quarantine, by physical or computer system
.Dispatch
General storage and, when appropriate, areas, equipment and/or systems for the storage
of thermolabile, narcotic and psychotropic, and/or immunological medications.
.Returns
.Of administration
.Auxiliary: changing rooms, sinks and toilets with easy access and appropriate to the
number of users, without direct communication with the storage areas.
.Maintenance area, separated from storage areas.
CLEANING OF THE PREMISES

All areas adjacent to the storage area, in addition to their interiors, must be kept clean,
without accumulation of dust or contaminants.
Waste must be deposited in special identified and covered containers. They must be
emptied and cleaned outside the storage area.
EQUIPMENT
All equipment used for handling medications must be appropriate for its intended use.
SECURITY
Measures must be taken to ensure that the waste has a treatment that does not affect the
safety of both the products and the personnel who work there.
Rigorous measures must be practiced for fire prevention and fighting. The proper
installation of fire fighting equipment is essential. All personnel must be periodically trained
to fight fires. The existence of an internal commission for accident prevention is
recommended.
RECEPTION
The receipt of medications must be governed by written operational procedures that
include specific directives regarding each type of product, in accordance with the
manufacturers' recommendations and this regulation. All deliveries must be recorded by
the person responsible for reception, who must write down the following information:
.Name(s) of the product(s) and quantities.

.Shipping or computer transaction number that supports the delivery.
.Manufacturer name.
.Batch number and expiration date.
.Hygienic conditions.
.Loading conditions.
.Date and time of arrival.
The following observations must be observed or taken into account when downloading the
material:
.Avoid hits that can cause damage to the product.

.Check and separate products according to their batch numbers for easy storage.
.Visually inspect some units to verify their integrity. Prior to receipt, each entry must be
examined for its documentation, and the cargo must be physically inspected for verification
of its condition, type and quantity labeling.
In the event that the vehicle is considered inadequate or the products have damage to the
external packaging, the cargo must be returned to the registration holder.
There must be written instructions, describing in detail the reception, identification and
handling of medications, clearly indicating storage methods, and defining administrative
procedures for areas of the organization.
If you receive a product that contains more than one manufacturing batch, it must be
stored respecting the differentiation of the batch.
GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR STORAGE
The storage of medications must be guided by written procedures that include specific
instructions for each product, in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations and
this regulation.
The storage place must have sufficient capacity to allow the selective and orderly
separation of products and stock rotation. Storage must be ordered in a way that allows
each batch to be individualized, in chronological order of their expiration dates.
The storage area must be dry, ventilated, protected from the sun and clean. Stowage must
be such that it allows cleaning and respects the manufacturer's instructions regarding the
maximum number of boxes to be stowed.
All areas intended for the storage of medicines must have conditions that allow their
conditions of use to be preserved.
Medications with expired validity periods must be removed from stock and returned to the
registration holder.
The storage of medicines in stock must allow perfect identification of the products (product
name, batch number and expiration date) by visual or electronic method.
Storage should never be carried out directly in contact with the ground or in a place that
receives direct sunlight. Storage areas must be free of dust, garbage, rodents, birds, insects
and any other animals.
To facilitate cleaning and the circulation of people, the products must be stored at an
adequate distance.
The movement of people and the internal movement of vehicles in storage areas must be
careful in order to avoid breakdowns, partial destruction and/or loss of product. The
company must take appropriate measures to prevent losses and/or contamination of
partially used packaging. The preparation of orders must obey a chronological order of the
manufacturing or batch batches, dispatch of the oldest batches before the newest ones.
Strangers must be strictly prohibited in the storage areas. The storage location must
maintain a temperature between 15 and 30 ºC. Temperature measurements must be

carried out constantly and safely, with written records. There must be warning systems that
make it possible to detect defects in air conditioning equipment for prompt repair.
SPECIFIC CONDITIONS FOR PRODUCTS THAT REQUIRE COLD CHAIN (immunological,

serums and others )
To maintain their effectiveness in use, these products require optimal storage conditions,
especially with regard to temperature. Without prejudice to the general recommendations
of this document, the following specific conditions must be observed:
The handling of these products must have priority in relation to the others, as should their
release for delivery.
.Exposure of these products to any type of light should be avoided as much as possible.
.Storage must be in refrigeration equipment, consisting of refrigerators (equipment that

allows temperatures between 4 and 8 degrees Celsius; freezers, that allow temperatures no
higher than - 10 degrees Celsius; cold chambers, which allow
temperatures between 8 and 15 degrees Celsius).
The refrigeration equipment must be controlled daily by thermometers in cold rooms and
temperature recorders in refrigerators and freezers.
.Temperature measurements must be controlled by the specific person responsible and any
abnormalities corrected as soon as possible.
.The distribution of the products within the refrigeration equipment must allow the free
circulation of cold between the various packaging contained therein.
In the case of cold rooms, the presence of antechambers is advisable to avoid the loss of
cold when the doors are opened.
.Inputs and outputs of products from any refrigeration equipment must be programmed in
advance, taking care to reduce internal temperature variations as much as possible.
.Refrigeration equipment must be permanently in operation, connected to the local

electrical network and, whenever possible, have an alternative energy network (generator)
to cover eventual power failures in the system.
.Each piece of refrigeration system equipment must have adequate electrical power to
avoid overloading the installation.
Both refrigerators and freezers must be appropriate for the conservation of frozen
refrigerants to be used in the conservation of products, in the event of a possible failure of
their internal refrigeration system, or for shipments.
The company's personnel involved in the storage of these products must be familiar with
their storage techniques, in order to be able to deal with any emergency situation, resulting
from a possible power outage or deficit in the refrigeration system.
SPECIFIC CONDITIONS FOR PRODUCTS WITH SPECIAL STORAGE CONTROLS
Due to the characteristics of the products, their storage area must be considered maximum
security. Regardless of the recommendations cited in the previous items, these products
need to be in an area isolated from the others, and only personnel authorized by the
responsible pharmacist can have access to them.
The entry and exit records of these products must be established in accordance with health
legislation, without prejudice to those regulations that were determined by the company's
own administration.
DISTRIBUTION
There must be a distribution system that allows easy identification of the destination of the
products; Distribution records must contain the identification of the product, its lot number
and expiration date, name and address of the recipient, date and quantity shipped, and the
shipping document number.
WITHDRAWAL AND RETURNS
Distributors must have a system that allows them to immediately and effectively withdraw
from the market, at the request of the Health Authority or the holder of the registry,
products that present quality deviations or that are under suspicion. Responsible personnel
must be designated for the execution and coordination of the market recall. When the
person designated to coordinate or collect is other than the technical director, he must
always have knowledge of the task carried out. The procedures for all operations related to
complaints, returns and withdrawals from the market must be written and regularly
reviewed and updated.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF MEDICINES

To carry out its activities, the transport company must be legally constituted and must have
technical authorization/qualification issued by the competent authority. The transport
company must have the necessary infrastructure to guarantee the development of its
medicine transport activities considering its specific conservation needs, including cold
chain.
.The transfer of merchandise must be carried out in units with appropriate safety and
hygiene conditions.
. Likewise, the transfer depots used by the carrier must meet adequate safety and hygiene
conditions.
The merchandise to be transported must be considered fragile, so it is essential to take

special care when handling the packages, and the carrier must not modify in any case the
packaging, type of packaging and/or identification with which the products left the
warehouse. the distributor; This conditioning will be maintained until arrival at the client's
home.
In order to avoid contamination of the transported medications, they should not be

transported with other elements that are contaminants (insecticides, agro-toxics, etc.) or
that corrupt their composition.
.The products should not be exposed to the sun or humid environments.
.The merchandise must be delivered by the carrier only to the addresses indicated in the
corresponding shipments/guides. Customer requests for delivery of merchandise to an
address other than the one detailed in the delivery/guide should not be met.
If a return of products is recorded by the customer at the time of delivery, they must be
immediately returned to the distributor of origin. The carrier must have clear procedures
and records that objectively demonstrate compliance with the practices described above.
TYPICAL SALES CIRCUIT
This is how the drugstore is the common place for pharmacy supply, that is, the place
where most pharmacies currently buy what they then sell to their customers.
But thinking about the manufacturing origin of medicines (and now also perfumery and
accessories) we should put the manufacturing laboratories as a sort of first point of supply,
which are the genuine researchers of the active ingredients, who tested their stability. and
efficacy, they included them in appropriate pharmaceutical forms, established a price and
included them in the market.
Speaking of the market itself, one could think of a simple product circulation circuit with
the following scheme:
A) LABORATORY -> DRUGS-> PHARMACY-> PUBLIC
But sales have always also been promoted from laboratories to pharmacies with a circuit
that used to leave aside the drugstore:
B) LABORATORY -> PHARMACY -> PUBLIC
Not so long ago, the so-called “distributors” of medicines emerged on the market, they are
nothing other than (for the purposes of understanding) drugstores, or the drugstores
themselves are “wholesale distributors” of medicines, accessories and perfumery.
Simply, these “distributors” have concentrated the exclusive marketing of certain

laboratories and thereby imposed a new link in the chain that starts from the laboratory
that produces medicines and the public that consumes them.
Thus, this chain could be completed today:
C) PROCESSING LABORATORY-> DISTRIBUTORS-> DRUGS-> PHARMACIES-> PUBLIC
For greater specification, let's say that each distributor is in charge of entering the market
for laboratory products and it is from them that they enter the drugstores.
So the medications enter the drugstore in two ways:
D) LABORATORY-> DRUGS
E) LABORATORY-> DISTRIBUTOR-> DRUG STORE
There is a sales modality at this time called “transfer”, this is the typical way of trading (in
many cases, not in all) from the laboratory to the drugstore or distributor, or even from the
laboratory directly to the pharmacy ( as we saw in diagram B).
The “transfer” modality is nothing more than obtaining a discount on a sale but instead of
it being in direct cash, it is done with the bonus on products.
For example, a pharmaceutical sales representative in a pharmacy offers a “transfer” of an
anti-flu drug that consists of sending through the drugstore twelve boxes of that anti-flu
agent of, for example, 20 tablets, but only billing for 10 boxes. It is understood that the two
boxes are “gifts”, and that is the benefit of the transfer. The difference is that before the
laboratory or drugstore expressed the discount in % and today it makes discounts on

products. It is obvious that the pharmacist must sell the twelve boxes to finally meet
his economic benefit.
The producing laboratory, despite sending pharmaceutical sales representatives to the

pharmacy, does not market directly with it but rather promotes the sale (in this case of the
anti-flu); The one who sends and bills the pharmacy is the drugstore. Then the laboratory
and drugstore will arrange and understand to see what payment method they implement
or what arrangement they make for the two different flu treatments (in our example).
The transfer modality has been imposed in recent years, especially when laboratories put
their products on sale (then they offer).
It is important for an ADF who works in drugstores to be aware of this mode of purchase
and sale, which in many cases is of great benefit when it comes to having drugstores and
pharmacies stocked and with products at a good price.
SOME INFORMATION ABOUT PRICES
The drugstore buys the medicines at a price known as the laboratory outlet price (PSL) and
sells to pharmacies at the public price (P. P.) minus the discount that each pharmacy has
arranged with that drugstore, this depends on the speed of payment, the sales volume and
the history of the commercial relationship of both.
LABORATORY(PSL)-> DRUGS-> PHARMACY (PP)
BASIC SCHEME OF OPERATION OF A DRUGS STORE
The basic circle that follows the movement in the drugstore is triggered by the connection
between it and the pharmacies. The first contact is made through the telephone operator.
a) The telephone operator
It constitutes a fundamental piece in the company since it is the visible face of the
drugstore when it comes to selling. You must know (and this is perhaps the most difficult
thing to learn) the names of medications, products and accessories.
Regarding the names of medications, you must be clear about the Generic Law and know
the difference (also be able to establish it) between trade names and generic names.
It is necessary that there be personnel on the telephone with knowledge of pharmaceutical

forms, concentrations and doses who can differentiate one product from another to receive
the order and guide the purchasing pharmacy regarding the products in stock.
The telephone operator is a key position on whose functioning the image that the
drugstore gives to its customers depends in part. Good order taking makes the successful
start of a series of procedures that culminates with the arrival of the products at the
pharmacy. Sympathy, correct diction, adequate information and training will be values that
whoever intends to occupy this position should not ignore.
Many times the good treatment of the telephone operator generates sales or resolves
problematic situations, returns, errors, information about new products. In short, essential
elements for the drugstore conceived as a whole. The telephone operator is also the link
between the outside and the inside of the drugstore. That is, you can receive calls from
suppliers, from people who want to communicate with management, administration, the
warehouse, checking accounts, other friendly drugstores, officials, inspectors, etc. In fact,
the drugstore counter does not have the attendance of people that the pharmacy counter
has, which makes the telephone a very important means of communication and, we repeat,
the “visible face” of the company.
The telephone operator also informs about shortages that the drugstore has, that is, to let
it be known if it has in stock what the pharmacy is ordering. Nowadays, with the
computerization of the order, whoever is passing it to the telephone operator of a
drugstore can be aware at the moment of what that drugstore will send or will not send
(the missing products) in such a way that the missing ones can be ordered from another
drugstore, for example.
Regarding the faults, if the telephone operator did not report them, the buyer must wait to
receive the order to find out about them and only then order them elsewhere. This may be
a minor piece of information or may be extremely relevant if the requested product is an
emergency for a patient. (a specific analgesic for a post-operative period or an antibiotic
that must be injected at a certain time and the patient no longer has any more, or an
insulin for a diabetic patient who urgently needs it in type 1 diabetes, or a pacifier without
which a baby does not fall asleep).
After receiving the order (by computer or with physical paper), the telephone operator
sends the invoice, remittance or internal form (depending on the drugstore where the
documents are prepared) to direct the specific preparation of the request. If the computer
system managed by the drugstore is correctly set up and operated in the warehouse, those
in charge of specifically putting together the order will already know the products that are
in stock and the shortages.
Until now the operating scheme in a drugstore could be graphed as: PHARMACY->
TELEPHONIST -> DEPOSIT
b) The deposit
We call it a warehouse but it could be defined as the place where the drugstore's products
for sale are specifically stored. She/he receives everything purchased from laboratories and
distributors, that is, the drugstore's suppliers, and from it come the orders that the
drugstore sells primarily to pharmacies but also to medicine cabinets, dispensaries, regional
hospitals, general hospitals, etc (it is necessary to clarify that, as already said, neither
drugstores nor pharmacies can by law supply kiosks, warehouses, supermarkets,
establishments outside the official health system that do not have a pharmacist or doctor
responsible for the handling of drugs). In the warehouse we could differentiate at least
seven jobs (this of course depends on the drugstore):
.In charge of receiving the remittance from the telephone operator sector.
.In charge of receiving spontaneous requests generated at the drugstore counter. It also
receives and prepares orders for groups or commission agents to send to pharmacies,
mainly in the interior or outside of their city.
Type of Pharmacies 14
community pharmacy 14
robotization of the system, in others it is done completely by hand and in many there is a
mix of automation and manual work.
.The person in charge of controlling that the specific order corresponds point by point with
the invoice already prepared in the administration.
.A manager who informs the administrator about all the movements of the warehouse.
.The physical assembly of the order
Whoever puts together the order must have sufficient skill in handling medications,
knowing, for example, that many times the sizes of the containers are similar, the
commercial names are similar, and the pharmaceutical forms have a great variety. The
orderer must necessarily know about magnitudes, ml, mg, micrograms, international units,
etc.
You should be aware of liquid and solid dosage forms, differences between creams and
ointments, syrups, suspensions, tablets, tablets. Otherwise, the orders are sent and invoiced
correctly, but in fact they contain assembly errors. Instead of 250mg, there are boxes of
500mg because the manufacturer did not notice the number. Instead of oral tablets, there
are vaginal tablets, with the detriment that these They have mistakes for the pharmacy or
drugstore but fundamentally for the image they give to customers. Without fear of
exaggeration, it could be said that a poorly assembled order is a poorly assembled
drugstore.
The pharmacy assistant is perhaps the one with the most aptitude to occupy this position
with the paradox that the position usually does not have the prestige it deserves. If a
pharmacy repeatedly receives a non-correspondence between what it ordered and what it
received, It is possible that you will rightly complain to the telephone operator and
ultimately lose yourself as a customer, given that a poorly assembled order can give the
impression that it is not being taken into account enough, no matter how large or small the
purchase volume may be.
d) The ordering
The order given to medicines, accessories or perfumery in the drugstore is multiple and
varied, just as the ordering is in pharmacies. A classic is to order by supplier, that is,
everything I receive from demanded at the pharmacy counter, that is, according to the
original customer.
Another way of ordering is according to some therapeutic actions, the so-called seasons or
zones. Thus we have contraceptives, analgesics, eye drops, antibiotics, lipid-lowering
agents, contrast media, etc.; Another way includes the size of what is sold, thus areas are
conceived where diapers are stored, to cite one case. Some drugstores vary their order
according to the seasons of the year, so sunscreen can be on hand in summer, flu medicine
in winter, etc. It is clear that according to what is seen in the provisions of the ANMAT, the
psychotropic drugs on the different lists are placed in special sectors of the warehouse.
e) The cadets and the cast
After the order is made, packaged and controlled, it specifically leaves the drugstore in the
so-called deliveries.
Each drugstore makes a design of the neighborhoods, cities, provinces and places to which
it supplies. It will have as many cadets and delivery people as the design requires; In
general, there are fixed deliveries that routinely leave the drugstore once or twice a day
and supply the nearest pharmacies. There are deliveries every hour that supply pharmacies
that order as needed. There are weekly and occasional deliveries (medications
oncological, infections less frequent, etc).

ANMAT has planned the legislation on distribution logistics that, in the case of the
drugstore, starts right here.
A fundamental figure in the drugstore is the delivery boy, who usually carries several orders
at the same time on his bicycle with basket and motorbike. You must be an agile and
responsible person and keep in mind the importance of what you carry, that in your car
there are psychotropic drugs, glass bottles, urgent medications, and ultimately a pharmacy
that is waiting to satisfy a health and sanitary need in your patient clients. Over the years,
drugstores have come to understand the importance of this job, placing in the human
resources department the responsibility of choosing trained, ethical delivery drivers who
are aware of the importance that medications have not only in the sphere of their own
work but also in the entire society.
Just as the telephone operator is the drugstore-pharmacy contact, the cadet is the physical
contact of the drugstore with the pharmacy; That is why it not only brings you the
medications but also receives returns, account statements, credit notes, offers, transfers,
expired or expiring medications, comments, complaints, exchange needs and expectations
from the pharmacy. Your figure, your education, your ability to capture messages that help
the drugstore to modify, improve and advance the relationship with its customers are
important.
If the delivery is outside the city, it will be necessary for the person transporting the
products to be aware of all the security measures and requirements that the legislation has.
f) The administration
In general, in the administration there is the aforementioned purchasing manager, a sector

in charge of pharmacies and their current accounts, a person in charge of updating price
lists, a person in charge of invoices to pay to laboratories and distributors (in general There
are scheduled days of the week to make payments to each supplier), a box that receives
checks, cash or bank deposits from clients or promoters who collect payments in person at
the pharmacies.
The purchasing manager usually sends the orders that the drugstore needs via the Internet
to the pages of the laboratories and/or distributors, or from each supplier a person is sent
to the drugstore who picks up the order from the laboratory by hand and/or or the
distributor, generally on pre-scheduled days.
In the administration is where the weekly summaries for the pharmacies, the credit notes
and everything that corresponds to the internal papers of the drugstore itself are prepared,
including an accounting sector that sometimes operates outside of it, that is (and this Also
useful for the pharmacy) an accounting study that carries out monthly and annual tax
settlement, employee retirement contributions, etc.
g) Drugstore counter
The drugstore counter is a different place from the pharmacy, since patients do not
circulate there but rather pharmacy personnel, commission agents, medical/pharmacist
sales representatives, cadets, delivery people, and anyone who acts as a link or bridge to
bring or bring the specialties. medicinal products, accessories or perfumery products. It is
usually a place with high circulation at certain times of the day or month because, in
addition to strictly medical matters, checks, payments, and general information regarding
stock and suppliers circulate.
Generally there is only one person who mans the counter and must be prepared so that
everything circulates and the corresponding referrals are made effectively. It is the place
where “urgent” orders are usually received, which relates it directly to the warehouse.
Orders that have to be shipped for commissions or transportation are also received at the
moment, which means that the drugstore counter has a direct link with the warehouse or
storage sector.
h) Computations
In general, especially in large drugstores, there are three positions in the computer sector:
.Systems engineer, who assembles, designs and details the constant transformations of the
program(s) manipulated by the drugstore.
.The systems analyst, who is on par with the engineer and maintains the
software. .Technicians who attend to the machines, printers, papers, inks, cables, that is,
those who carry out the physical maintenance of the equipment.
j) Pharmacy and expiration of medications
The drugstore is a link in the process of receiving medications returned for various reasons,
namely:
.Refund due to short expiration (medications expire after thirty or sixty days). .Refund for
expired medications (this will depend on the agreements that the drugstore has with the
laboratories in which there are commitments to receive them or not; credit notes are
prepared for returns).
.Failures emerging situations of pharmacovigilance carried out primarily by the pharmacy.

.Recall orders for medicines, milk and perfumery products issued by the competent
authority: the drugstore receives returns because the consumer detects flaws in color,
packaging, etc., and sets up a circuit that assigns those products. .
h) Conservation of medicines The medicine market is very complex due to the large
number of actors involved.
Due to its innovation, it is similar to the computer industry and due to its diversity, it is
similar to the food industry, which also has a significant turnover volume. The distribution
chain begins in a manufacturing laboratory, which carries out its storage and marketing
through distributors; These carry out the core logistics to the country's drugstores, from
there begins the capillary logistics to reach the pharmacies, which are the only ones legally
authorized to dispense the medication.
The final recipient is the patient.
This entire chain is supervised by competent authorities (ANMAT, Ministry of Health, etc.).
Any medication outside this chain is considered illegitimate. The methodology used should
include working with everyone: the owners of drugstores, employees and each of the
pharmacies and the staff in general, on the concepts, strategies and methodology of
continuous improvement, concentrating the effort on business reculturalization to achieve
the proposed objectives.
Attempts to improve everything related to the correct handling of medications are

continuous, and as commercial borders expand, new provisions emerge to improve and
make their preservation safer.
Questionnaire
1) A drugstore is any establishment intended for :

a) Importation, fractionation, distribution and sale of bulk drugs.
b) Import, fractionation and distribution of chemical substances, reagents and dyes.
c) Import, fractionation and distribution of physics and chemistry apparatus and medical
and surgical accessories.
d) All are correct.
2) Regarding skin types:

a) Normal skin does not have a hydrolipid film.
b) Stretch marks are a characteristic of dehydrated skin.
c) In oily skin, the pores are closed and sebum is excessive.
d) Dry skin ages late.
3) The three main items installed in pharmacies and drugstores are :

a) Toxic substances, medicinal specialties and accessories.
b) Medicinal specialties, perfumery, pharmacy accessories.
c) Laboratory elements and reagents, insecticides, medicinal specialties.
d) All are correct.
4. When exposed to the sun, the skin reacts.

a) Light skin produces imperceptible erythema.
b) The higher the sunscreen factor, the more damage the skin suffers.
c) Tanning is the defense mechanism against solar radiation.
d) Visible solar radiation causes cellular alterations in the skin.
5. In the regulations of drugstores appear:

a) Storage.
b) Transport.
c) Distribution.
d) All are correct.
6. Cosmetic products being freely available

a) They do not require the supervision of ANMAT.
b) They must be supervised just like medications.
c) They can be used by people of any age.
d) They should not carry conditions of use in their packaging.
7) The classification of skins is carried out mainly taking into account:
a) The state of the epidermis.
b) The production of sebum.

c) Spots and moles on the skin.
d) The state of the dermis.
8) The role of the telephone operator in the drugstore is very important.

a) The pharmacy assistant meets the conditions to occupy this position.
b) He is in charge of shipping orders to pharmacies.
c) He is in charge of packaging orders.
d) b and c are correct.
9) A series of principles govern good drugstore practices.

a) Psychotropic and narcotic drugs are stored according to specific instructions.
b) Medicines with damaged packaging are sold at a lower cost.
c) Drugstores do not transport medications that require special temperatures.
d) Returns and recalls are not recorded or documented.
UNIT 15: SOCIAL WORKS AND BILLING

HEALTH SYSTEMS IN ARGENTINA
.Mutuals
.Social works.
.Prepaid medicine.
.Health insurance.
.SUPERINTENDENCE OF HEALTH SERVICES

.Goals
.Recipients of the services.
.Laws and regulations.
.Mandatory medical program (PMO).
PUBLIC HEALTH
.Functions of public health.
.Health promotion.
.Health restoration.
.Epidemiological prevention.
DIE-CUTTING AND TRACEABILITY OF MEDICINES MEDICATION POLICIES Generic

name.
.Remediate Program.
RECEIPT OF RECIPES
.Online validation.
FARMALINK
.Characteristics.
PAMI
.Pami online.
.Mixed and outpatient prescriptions.
.Chronic medications.
BILLING
PAYROLL OF SOCIAL AND PREPAID WORKS
SOCIAL AND PREPAID WORKS

HEALTH SYSTEMS IN ARGENTINA
In Argentina we can identify three models:

EL PUBLIC, with public financing and provision,
SOCIAL SECURITY in health (system of social works, mutual societies and occupational risk
insurers),
THE PRIVATE SYSTEM (prepaid medicine companies), which includes voluntary prepaid
insurance, organized according to actuarial risk calculations, and independent providers
and private establishments that provide services to insurance entities and individual users
with the ability to pay.
This unequal conformation of the sector gives the health area a peculiar logic, since it
implies the disjointed coexistence of each of these subsystems that differ with respect to
their target population, the services they provide and the origin of their resources.
What is a mutual?
It is a freely constituted, non-profit Association. From a company or state agency. It is

inspired by solidarity. It provides reciprocal help against eventual risks and provides
material and spiritual well-being, through a periodic contribution.
What is a social work?
Social work is understood as the reinvestment of part of the benefits resulting from the
activities of non-profit organizations for the common good. They depend on the unions.
What is prepaid medicine?
It is part of the Health and Public Health System in numerous countries where a fee is paid
in advance to use the services.
In all cases, the benefits must comply at least with the Mandatory Medical Plan, PMO,
according to the resolution of the Ministry of Health and Social Action. This plan
establishes that there can be no waiting periods, that is, minimum waiting times to be able
to enjoy certain benefits, nor additional charges to enjoy them. Coverage cannot be
denied, beyond the contract if any, if it is mandatory in the PMO. Among its demands we
can mention: general promotion and prevention, maternal and child plan, general and
specialized consultations, dental care, general medicine, medications, hospitalization,
diagnostic means, ambulance transfer, prostheses, orthoses, rehabilitation, hemodialysis,
vaccination, formula milk, surgery, psychiatry, oncology, AIDS, drug addiction, among
others.
Mutuals
Mutual societies are "social enterprises" capable of competing with private companies in
terms of efficiency and seriousness, as well as capable of providing services where capital
considers it unprofitable to do so.
In mutual societies, it is the members deliberating in assemblies who determine the two
services that will be provided and their scope, in the same way that they decide the way in
which they will absorb their costs.
Social works
Although Social Works can be considered as associations, their inclusion within the
solidarity economy sector remains a debatable issue due to the particular development of
these organizations, specifically due to their close relationship with unions and the
mandatory nature of membership; For this reason they can be considered hybrid cases,
taking into account their essential role in the provision of health services for broad sectors
of the population, their clear absence of profit motives and the current deregulation
processes that will define their future and definitive status.
Prepaid medicine
Prepaid medicine companies (which can take the form of corporations, limited liability
companies, simple associations or foundations) generally provide health coverage services,
in exchange for a monthly fee.
The activity lacks specific legal regulation, so contracts are governed by general rules and
the Consumer Protection Law.
The contracts provide different coverage plans and different prices. It is very important to
keep in mind that the contract operates as a type of coverage insurance, that is, the
benefits are offered based on the installments that are paid regularly and in advance since
failure to pay them is immediate. the suspension of services and then the conclusion of the
contract.
Type of members of prepaid medicine
Two types of affiliates can be observed in prepaid medicine companies; those who have
chosen to contract private health insurance as well as those who are affiliated with a social
work that established an agreement for the care of its portfolio with a prepaid medicine
company, and its employees become dependent on it.
DIE CUTTING AND TRACEABILITY

When buying medicines we rarely ask ourselves the path this product takes from when it
begins to be produced in laboratories and drugstores until it reaches our hands.
The monitoring of the journey that the product takes at all stages of its marketing is
controlled from the moment it begins to be produced in the drugstore or laboratory until it
is sold in the pharmacy or dispensed in the hospital.
This is essential to achieve good practice and correct use of medications, as well as to
establish a therapeutic action free of complications. This monitoring is also the tool that the
health system has to detect falsifications or adulterations or other types of crimes that can
be committed with medications. This makes it possible for all people to access the
medications they need and for them to be in the appropriate conditions for consumption.
Laboratories holding registration certificates for medicinal specialties must place on the
packaging of each unit for sale to the public, a support or device with the capacity to store
a univocal code supervised and audited by ANMAT, according to the GS1
recommendations, which contains the Next information:
a) Commercial code of the product (Global Trade ItemNumber - GTIN).

b) Serial number with no more than 20 alphanumeric characters.
c) Batch.
d) Due date.
GS1 is a non-profit industry standards organization that provides product code.

Laboratories join this organization by paying an annual fee. To market, distribute and
dispense medicines, the subsequent links in the chain must have the appropriate software
to associate the recipient's code with the univocal code. For laboratories, logistics
operators, distributors and drugstores, this code is the GLN (Global Location Number). The
pharmacy can also use a GLN granted by GS1 (or a SubGLN, derived from it), or they must
use a Physical Establishment Location Code (CUFE) to be able to interact with the system.
The traceability support is open, it can be a label or printing, and within these options we
have:
All these systems must comply with GS1 standards.
In no case may more than one traceability support be placed per container; The successive
links in the marketing chain must continue traceability using the first support placed on the
product.
In any of the three options mentioned, the code must be readable with the naked eye, and
if the label is removed, it leaves a mark. It is necessary to report if the code is damaged or
destroyed. If a medication is sent for destruction, it must also be reported so that the code
can be removed. The same in case of theft, so the medications cannot re-enter the
commercial circuit. Report return, if not the medication is still theoretically in the pharmacy.
All reports are in real time, this allows the system to work well and be able to notify in a
timely manner the movements of medications and irregularities.
Patients, social works, prepaid companies and healthcare centers can find out if the
product is in good condition: they are provided with information on the product warranty
and the city of origin. The objective is to monitor the drug, but not its marketing. It doesn't
matter who buys or sells, the issue is knowing what the path of the product is.
Each establishment can consult ANMAT by accessing a code and password to know the
movements of medicines. Entering ANMAT also allows you to know the stock of medicines
in the country: you choose the laboratory, medicine and batch, and the map appears with
the distribution of the medicine. Traces of medicines per batch can be observed,
schematized on a map in which the path of the products is represented with lines. The map
also allows you to see the defeated. All the information appears in tables-like lists.
FARMALINK
To process prescriptions, the core of Farmalink's activity, there are innovative tools for
administration, integration, auditing and decision making that include:
.On-line validation of medication prescriptions in dispensing pharmacies. .Pharmaceutical

prescription audit.
.Settlement of benefits to the different actors and financiers of the pharmaceutical market
(Pharmacies, Health Insurance Agents, Laboratories, etc.).
.Clinical Management Programs for pathology.
.Online consumption control programs.
.Systems and reports for information analysis and decision making.
.Integrated processes on a reliable and secure platform.

INSSJP: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SERVICES FOR RETIRED AND PENSIONERS

(PAMIT)
Pami signed a drug agreement with the Medicines Industry. Improvements were agreed
upon in the conditions of benefits for affiliates.
.Obligation for doctors to comply with Law 25,649 on Generic Medicines: all prescriptions
must necessarily incorporate the common name
international of the prescribed active ingredient(s), along with the requested

pharmaceutical form and presentation. This directive is also printed in prescription books,
thus the beneficiary has access to buy a medicine with the same composition at a lower
price.
.Optimization in the delivery of oncological medications and special treatments:

pharmacies have a period of 12 hours to communicate the prescription to Camoyte
(authorization center for oncological medications and special treatments), which in turn has
72 hours to issue regarding the granting of medication. In this case, the pharmacy is a
mediator that only authorizes, receives and delivers the medication to the patient. Camoyte
is authorized in the pharmacy, but not via Farmalink. El Pami has its own doctors who
certify orders in this way, thus avoiding historical delivery delays. If the process is delayed
after completing the corresponding steps, the Local Management Units are authorized to
purchase the medication. The amount plus the financial cost and administrative expenses
are subsequently debited to the Pharmaceutical Industry.
.The installation of a “Farmalink” computer terminal accesses online information on

members' medication consumption and establishes usage rates to avoid excesses. Lists of
the medications supplied are also received according to the generic name, which makes it
possible to know the prevalent pathologies according to the region and thus plan health
promotion and education tasks.
(PAMI
“ INSSJP
INSTITUTIONAL SERVICES CONTACT
Online procedures Online Shifts Essential Medications Pami Community
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UNIT 16: COMPUTER SYSTEMS FOR PHARMACIES

As the healthcare industry continues to grow in size and complexity, running a pharmacy
has become increasingly difficult and competitive. Despite shrinking profit margins,
pharmacists are expected to be able to provide insight, advice and ensure excellent
customer service, while adhering to complex regulations and continuing to drive

profitability. To do this, many are looking for pharmacy software to help them carry out
their daily operations. The most used are the SIAF and Farmatronic Systems.
SIAF SYSTEM:
SIAF is a complete Pharmacy Billing and Management software, characterized by its ease of
use, with permanent updating and professional prestige.
It is a system that provides maximum security with access through Security Keys and
administrative control.
It provides reliability in the complex management of pharmacy billing and ease of
settlement of social projects.
Shows all functions on the screen, without the need to memorize them.
It allows you to obtain information instantly, which is ideal for making decisions that
increase profitability.
This software is compatible with Windows environments and developed to work on
networks; It is also compatible for invoicing with all approved fiscal printers on the market.
The system is operated from the keyboard.
Billing Example:
The LAN Version refers to the fact that it is a Network version, although there are
already versions for the case in which the pharmacy has only one computer.
When the Initial Screen appears, it tells us that we must “Press any key” to continue.
Then it asks us to enter the “Date”

Next, the next screen allows us to choose between different options from a Menu. We
choose the “Billing” option
We choose the “Ticket” Option
Next we enter a Seller Number that the System will replace with the Name of the respective
Seller (which should have been previously uploaded). Then the System requests
information about the Client.
If the customer has never purchased at the pharmacy before, we ignore this request,
otherwise we enter the requested data. We press the “Enter” key in the Social Work option.
Then the System requires that we enter the products of the sale,
in this case, for example: Amoxidal and Bisolvon. It will be enough for us to enter only
some of the initial letters of the word, for example: “AMOXID…”, for the System to show us
a detailed Menu:
We choose an option within the Menu and do the same for Bisolvon:
Then we press the “Escape” key to finish,

And then, the System will show us several Payment Options at the bottom of the screen.
We choose the “Cash” option and the Ticket will be printed by the printer next to the
Cashier.

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INSAE – Argentine Institute of Excellence

PRACTICAL COURSE MANUAL

Active ingredient: chemical substance(s) contained in the medication and which is

a) Belonging or relating to therapy.

b) Quantity or portion of something, material or immaterial.

Medication particularly sensitive to light

Medicine particularly sensitive to humidity

UNIT 2 – THE PHARMACY ASSISTANT

Pharmacy Assistant Duties

The ADF student

PHARMACY ASSISTANT PROFILE (ADF)

A pharmacy assistant must be a person:

• Classifies and organizes pharmaceutical products on shelves, according to the pre-

• Receives and verifies medications that enter the pharmacy.

• Check the list of medicines and expiration dates.

• Prepares reports and statistics on the delivery of medications and medical-surgical

• Keeps physicians informed of existing inventory.

• Keep track of medicines and narcotics dispensed.

• Assists in the preparation of pharmaceutical formulas.

• Prepare the inventory of medicines.

• Archive communications and order orders.

• Requests medications from drugstores, upon request from the supervisor.

• Transcribes and accesses information operating a computer.

• Complies with the standards and procedures regarding comprehensive security,

• Maintains equipment and work site in order, reporting any anomalies.

• Prepares periodic reports of the activities carried out.

• Performs any other related duties as assigned.

Scope of action : Responsibility:

Internal and external relations:

• The position requires physical effort of constantly sitting/standing and periodically

UNIT 3 – ORGANIZATION AND TYPE OF PHARMACIES

Internal pharmacy division

Perfumery: self-service (within the patient's reach).

Space for over-the-counter (OTC) medications: visible.

Space for prescription medications.

Refrigerator space: medications that require a cold chain

Space for placing injectables (box).

Space for taking blood pressure.

Public attention space.

Medicine storage space.

Space for personal hygiene.

Space for rest on shift days.

Space for master preparations.

Space for flammable substances.

DRAFT OF INTERNAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE LOCAL

Clinical Pharmacy: Clinical pharmacy exists in various establishments, including hospitals,

UNIT 4 - PHARMACEUTICAL FORMS:

A pharmaceutical form (also called galenical form) is a substance or association thereof,

It is a product from the transformation of a drug through pharmacotechnical processes, in

Different types of equivalence:

- PHARMACEUTICAL EQUIVALENT : two medications with the same active ingredient,

- BIOLOGICAL EQUIVALENT OR BIOEQUIVALENT: they are chemical or pharmaceutical

a) Oral liquid dosage forms.

- Syrup: aqueous solution with high sugar content.

b) Solid oral pharmaceutical forms:

(chlorhexidine), anti-inflammatory drugs (hydrocortisone succinate) or sialagogues (potassium

Advantages and disadvantages of solid oral dosage forms: