Rural University of Guatemala

Agronomic Engineering with environmental emphasis

Headquarters: 059 code
Name: José Aníbal Cu Col Carne: 190590134
First Semester Year: 2019
Teacher: Eng. Agr. Sindy Janeth de la Vega Sarg

Glossary of words

Guatemala, February 23, 2019

 INTRODUCTION

The definitions contained in this glossary deal with the related topic of matter and its
properties, states of matter, research and information, we will study in detail terms that
serve in the long term. This work is a collection of terms, investigated from various
sources, with the in order to facilitate the use of words about the matter and its Properties.
Its objective is, in the future, to be a useful, efficient and effective tool for understanding,
 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

A glossary of words related to matter and its properties, states of matter so that people
know more about the topic with their respective meanings, being as a teaching-learning
activity, terms that are used very often during laboratory practice to Become familiar with
each term.
 SPECIFIC GOAL

 Identify the terms used in Matter and its States.

 Collect the terms used recurrently in the processes and states of matter,
conceptualize and organize the collected terms alphabetically.
1. Water: Water is a compound that is formed from the union, through covalent
bonds, of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom; Its molecular formula is H2O
and it is a very stable molecule. In the structure of the molecule, the two hydrogen
atoms and the oxygen atom are arranged at an angle of 105°, which gives it
relevant characteristics. It is a dipolar molecule – in which the central oxygen atom
shares a pair of electrons with each of the two hydrogen atoms – with an excess
negative charge next to the oxygen.

2. Air: Air is the homogeneous mixture of gases that constitutes the Earth's
atmosphere, which remains around the planet Earth due to the force of gravity. Air
is essential for life on the planet and transparent to the naked eye.
It is a combination of gases in slightly varying proportions, composed of 78.09%
nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide and small amounts
of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor, on average
about 1% at sea level and 0.4% throughout the atmosphere.

3. Ammonia: is a chemical compound in a natural gaseous state, widely used in the

chemical industry and as a refrigerant. It dissolves easily in water forming
ammoniacal water. It is a very corrosive and toxic substance, so its handling
requires safety measures to avoid damage to health and even death.

4. Atoms: From the Latin atomum, an atom is the smallest quantity of a chemical
element that has its own existence and is considered indivisible. The atom is made
up of a nucleus with protons and neutrons and several orbital electrons, the
number of which varies depending on the chemical element.

5. Condensation: Condensation is the change of state of matter that is in gaseous

form (generally in vapors) and passes into liquid form. It is the inverse process of
vaporization, if a change from the gaseous state to the solid state occurs directly,
the process is called reverse sublimation or deposition. If a transition from the liquid
to solid state occurs, it is called solidification.
6. Diffusion: Diffusion (also molecular diffusion) is an irreversible physical process, in
which material particles are introduced into a medium in which it was initially
absent, increasing the entropy (molecular disorder) of the joint system formed by
the diffused particles or solute and the medium where they diffuse or dissolve.
7. Hardness: Hardness is a physical property of materials that basically consists of
the firm union of the molecules that make it up, thus preventing any other object or
substance from breaking it, penetrating it, or compromising it. Hardness is used as
a magnitude in various industrial areas in which it is necessary to measure the
endurance capacity or weight resistance of various materials so that they can be
used optimally.

8. Elasticity: In physics, the term elasticity designates the mechanical property of

certain materials to undergo reversible deformations when they are subject to the
 action of external forces and to recover their original shape if these external forces
are eliminated.
9. Electron: In physics, the electron, commonly represented by the symbol e−, is a
subatomic particle with a negative elementary electrical charge. An electron has no
known components or substructure; In other words, it is generally defined as an
elementary particle.
10. Extrinsic: Also called general or extensive properties of matter. They are those
that vary with the amount of matter considered. That is, the larger the size, the
greater the weight, as well as the greater the volume.
11. Fluidity: Fluidity is a characteristic of liquids or gases that gives them the ability to
pass through any orifice or hole, no matter how small, as long as it is at the same
or lower level of the container in which they are found (the liquid). ), unlike the
remaining state of aggregation known as solid. Fluidity is due to the fact that a fluid
can acquire an arbitrarily large deformation without the need to exert mechanical
stress.
12. Melting: Melting, or melting, is a physical process that results in the phase
transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid. This occurs when the internal
energy of the solid increases, typically by the application of heat or pressure, which
increases the temperature of the substance to the melting point. At the melting
point, the order of ions or molecules in solids becomes a less ordered state, and
the solid becomes a liquid.
13. Gas: Gas is the state of aggregation of matter that has no shape or volume of its
own, that is, under certain conditions of temperature and pressure it remains in a
gaseous state. They move in a vacuum at high speed and very far apart from each
other.
14. Gaseous: When something is in a gaseous state, it is defined as a gas. Gas, the
theory says, is a state of aggregation of matter that is characterized by leaving the
substance without its own format or volume: instead, it adopts the appearance and
volume of the container that contains it.
15. Hydrogen: Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1, represented
by the symbol H. With an atomic mass of 1.00797, it is the lightest in the periodic
table of elements. It usually occurs in its molecular form, forming the diatomic gas
H₂ under normal conditions.
16. Inertia: The property that elements have of not reacting chemically is known as
chemical inertness. In short, it is the little tendency that certain components have to
not react chemically in the presence of elements of another chemical species. This
concept arises from the molecular stability of the elements and is explained
specifically with the high bond energies that some elements have.
17. Liquids: Liquid is a state of aggregation of matter in the form of a highly
incompressible fluid, which means that its volume is almost constant over a large
range of pressure. It is the only state with a defined volume, but not a fixed shape. .
18. Mass: In chemistry, mass (m) or matter is understood as the amount of matter that
a body has, or in the case of a chemical reaction, the specific amount of matter that
comprises each of the reactants involved.
19. Matter: Matter is everything that occupies space, has a property called mass and
has inertia. Each human being is a material object. We all occupy space and
describe our mass through a property related to it, weight. All the objects we see
around us are material objects.
20. Molecules: A molecule is an aggregate of at least two atoms in a definitive
arrangement that are held together through chemical forces (also called chemical
bonds). A molecule can contain atoms of the same element or atoms of two or
more elements, always in a fixed proportion. Thus, a molecule is not always a
compound, which, by definition, is made up of two or more elements.
21. Neutron: The neutron is a subatomic particle, a nucleon, with no net charge,
present in the atomic nucleus of practically all atoms, except protium. Although the
neutron is said to have no charge, it is actually composed of three fundamental
charged particles called quarks, whose sum charges are zero. Therefore, the
neutron is a neutral baryon composed of two down-type quarks and one up-type
quark.
22. Nucleus: In chemistry, a nucleus is the positively charged center of the atom
consisting of protons and neutrons. It is also known as the "atomic nucleus." The
word "nucleus" comes from the Latin nucleus, which is a form of the word nux,
meaning nut or grain. The term was coined in 1844 by Michael Faraday to describe
the center of an atom. The sciences involved in the study of the nucleus, its
composition and characteristics are called nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry.
23. Oxygen: Gaseous chemical element, symbol O, atomic number 8 and atomic
weight 15.9994. It is of great interest because it is the essential element in the
respiration processes of most living cells and in combustion processes. It is the
most abundant element in the Earth's crust. About one-fifth (by volume) of air is
oxygen.
24. Particles: For chemistry, a particle is the smallest fragment of matter that
maintains the chemical properties of a body. In this sense, atoms and molecules
are particles. When a particle is not made up of other smaller units, it is called an
elementary particle.
25. Weight: In classical physics, weight is a measure of the gravitational force that
acts on an object.1 Weight is equivalent to the force that a body exerts on a
support point, caused by the action of the local gravitational field on the mass. of
the body. Because it is a force, weight is represented as a vector, defined by its
module, direction and sense, applied to the center of gravity of the body and
directed approximately towards the center of the Earth.
26. Plasma: In physics and chemistry, plasma is called the fourth state of aggregation
of matter, a fluid state similar to the gaseous state but in which a certain proportion
of its particles are electrically charged (ionized) and do not have electromagnetic
balance, which is why they are good electrical conductors and their particles
respond strongly to long-range electromagnetic interactions.1 In a certain way and
synthetically, plasma can be characterized as an ionized gas.
27. Solidification : Freezing is a phase transition in which a liquid becomes a solid
when its temperature drops below its freezing point. In contrast, solidification is a
 similar process in which a liquid becomes a solid, not by decreasing its
temperature, but by increasing the pressure to which it is subjected. Despite this
technical distinction, the two processes are very similar and the two terms are used
interchangeably.
28. Sublimation : Sublimation is the process that consists of the change of state from
solid to gaseous state without passing through the liquid state. The reverse
process, that is, the direct passage from the gaseous state to the solid state, is
called reverse sublimation.
29. Size : Size is an adjective that refers to the dimension, body, thickness,
measurement or thickness of something. The concept is linked to how small or
large a physical object is.
30. Tenacity : In materials science, toughness is the total deformation energy that a
material is capable of absorbing or accumulating before breaking under impact
conditions, due to the accumulation of dislocations. It is mainly due to the degree of
cohesion between molecules.
31. Volume: Volume corresponds to the measurement of the space that a body
occupies. The unit of measurement to measure volume is the cubic meter (m3),
however the Liter (L) is generally used. The cubic meter corresponds to measuring
the dimensions of a cube that measures 1 m long, 1 m wide and 1 m high.
 CONCLUSION

The development of a glossary, work that shows the breadth of terms used in the Subject
and their properties that confirms the need to continue expanding the terms and continue
updating definitions. Which lies in the improvement and expansion of this glossary.