Affiliated works related with the D/S embankment construction were the footprint

excavations, the overdrainage (ODR)/underdrainage (UDR) pipelines, the upstream slope

extruded curb and lining, the downstream slope topsoil and hydroseeding, the service
road, the cut-off shaft, the monitoring shaft, the seepage collection pond, and the pumping
Mater. Proc. 2022, 5, 132 station. 7 of 11
The zonation of the D/S embankment from upstream to downstream consists of a
liner bedding layer, a rockfill- transition zone, and rockfill.

Mater. Proc. 2021, 5, 132 8 of 10

Figure 8. Downstream embankment engineering.
Figure 8. Downstream embankment engineering.

Figure9.9.Downstream
Figure Downstreamembankment
embankmentconstruction.
construction.

3b.Environmental
3b. Environmentalmonitoring
monitoring
The environmental monitoring of Kokkinolakas TMF is conducted by using the fol-
The environmental monitoring of Kokkinolakas TMF is conducted by using the fol-
lowing groups of measuring devices/instruments:
lowing groups of measuring devices/instruments:
3b.1 Lysimeters—Used to measure water leakages from the liner and the over-drain-
3b.1 Lysimeters—Used to measure water leakages from the liner and the over-drainage
age system. Installed to determine the volume of water and chemicals draining from the
system. Installed to determine the volume of water and chemicals draining from the vadose
vadose
zone zone
into into groundwater.
groundwater. The measurement
The measurement step is step is 15 If
15 days. days.
there If is
there is water,
water, a sam-
a sample is
ple is taken every
taken every 15 days. 15 days.
3b.2Monitoring
3b.2 Monitoringwells—Used
wells—Usedto tomeasure
measurethe thegroundwater
groundwaterregime regimebelow belowand andaround
around
the TMF.
the TMF.Check
Checkthe thecomposition
compositionofofthe thegroundwater
groundwaterand andthethelevel
levelofofthe theaquifer.
aquifer. The
The
measurement step is 5 min. A water sample is taken
measurement step is 5 min. A water sample is taken every 15 days. every 15 days.
3b.3Earth
3b.3 Earthpressure
pressure cells—Used
cells—Used to to measure
measure thethe groundwater,
groundwater, earth,earth, and total
and total pres-
pressures
sures in and around the earth structures. Installed in a trench in
in and around the earth structures. Installed in a trench in the embankment body. They the embankment body.
They record
record the pressure
the pressure by theby the overlying
overlying earth earth
and are andconnected
are connected to vibrating
to vibrating wirewire sen-
sensors
sors which
which measure
measure the pressure
the pressure of theof
oil.the oil.
3b.4Vibrating
3b.4 Vibratingwirewirepiezometers
piezometersin inboreholes—Used
boreholes—Usedto tomeasure
measurethe thewater
waterpressure
pressure
of the pores and the groundwater level. Installed in boreholes
of the pores and the groundwater level. Installed in boreholes in the foundation of in the foundation ofthe
the
upstream and downstream embankment. The measurement
upstream and downstream embankment. The measurement step is 5 min. step is 5 min.
3b.5 Quality
3b.5 Quality andand quantity
quantity ofof all
all streams’
streams’ flow—The
flow—The quality
quality and and quantity
quantity of of each
each
stream seepage
stream seepage flow is is continuously
continuouslymonitored
monitoredbybymeasuring
measuring thetheflow flowrate, pH,pH,
rate, totaltotal
sus-
pended solids
suspended solids(TSS),
(TSS),andandconductivity.
conductivity.TheseTheseparameters
parameters are are continuously measured measuredin in
themonitoring
the monitoringsump sumplocated
locatedjust
justbefore
beforethe theseepage
seepagecollection
collectionpondpondthrough
throughautomated
automated
measuring devices connected with the SCADA system. The ability to have continuous
measurements of the flow rate of each stream in cases of extreme rainfall events is critical
in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the preventing measures and decide on modifica-
tions as required from the climate change effect.