INDIAN NATIONAL EARLY UPRISINGS AGAINST THE

MOVEMENT BRITISH RULE

 UNIT-VII: INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT SYLLABUS
DECODING
i. National Renaissance – Early uprising against
British rule - Indian National Congress -
Emergence of leaders – B.R.Ambedkar, Bhagat
Singh, Bharathiar, V.O.Chidambaranar
Jawaharlal Nehru, Kamarajar, Mahatma
Gandhi, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Thanthai
Periyar, Rajaji, Subash Chandra Bose,
Rabindranath Tagore and others.
ii. Different modes of Agitation: Growth of
Satyagraha and Militant Movements.
iii. Communalism and Partition.
1. EARLY UPRISINGS AGAINST THE BRITISH
RULE
2. NATIONAL RENIASSANCE - Socio Religious
Movements
3. Pre Congress Organisations and Rise of
Indian Nationalism – till 1885
4. INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS in
Freedom Struggle- 1885 to 1915
5. INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS in
Freedom Struggle- 1915 to 1947
6. EMERGENCE OF NATIONAL LEADERS
7. DIFFERENT MODES OF AGITATION
8. COMMUNALISM AND PARTITION
9. INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE - Political
Consolidation and Economic Growth
10. INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE - Social and
Scientific Progress
 EARLY UPRISINGS AGAINST THE
BRITISH RULE
• 8TH BOOK • 8TH BOOK
• People’s Revolt • ம"கள%& (ர*சி

• 10TH BOOK • 10TH BOOK

• காலன%ய12"3 எதிரான
• Anti-Colonial Movements and the
இய"க7க89 ேதசிய1தி&
Birth of Nationalism ேதா;ற=9

• 11TH BOOK • 11TH BOOK

• ஆ7கிேலய? ஆ*சிய@& வ@ைளCகD
• Effects of British Rule
• ஆ7கிேலய ஆ*சி"31
• Early Resistance to British Rule ெதாட"ககால எதி?G("கD
• The conquest of territories and
the expansionist policy of the
British East India Company led to
a series of rebellions of deposed
kings, or their descendants,
uprooted zamindars, and
palayakarars.
• Independent of such revolts
were the uprisings of the
dispossessed peasants and
tribals.
• கிழ$கி%திய$ க)ெபன-ய./
ப.ரேதச3கைள$ ைக6ப7றிய9),
வ.<வா$க$ ெகா>ைகய.னா? பதவ.
நA$க) ெசBய6பCட ம/னFக> அ?ல9
அவFகள9 வழிIேதா/ற?க>,
பதவ.ய.ழ%த ஜமK /தாFக> ம7L)
பாைளய$காரFக> ெதாடFMசியான
கிளFMசிகள-? ஈOபCடனF.
• இதேனாO வ.வசாய.க> ம7L)
பழ3RSய.ன</ எUMசிகV)
அட3R).
• The rapid changes introduced by
the British in the agrarian
relations, land revenue system,
and judicial administration,
greatly disrupted the agrarian
economy, resulting in
widespread misery among
various sections of the society.
• When the aggrieved erstwhile
ruling class raised a standard of
revolt, they received the support
of tribals, peasants and artisans.
• வ@வசாய9, நில வJவாK அைமG(
ம;M9 நNத ி12ைற நி?வாக9
ஆகியவ;றிO ஆ7கிேலய?களாO
அறி=கGபQ1தGப*ட வ@ைரவான
மா;ற7கD வ@வசாயG ெபாJளாதார1ைத
ெபR29 சீ?3ைல1தன, இத& வ@ைளவாக
சTக1தி& பOேவM ப@RCகள%ைடேய
பரவலான 2யர9 ஏ;ப*ட2.
• பாதி"கGப*ட =&னாD ஆ89 வ?"க9
கிள?Wசிய@O இற7கியெபாX2 , அவ?கD
பழ73Zய@ன?, வ@வசாய@கD ம;M9
ைகவ@ைனஞ?கள%& ஆதரைவG ெப;றன?.
 Mysore Sultans and their Resistance –
ைம#$ &'தா*கள-* எதி$01
• Mysore was a small feudatory kingdom under • !ஜயநகர' ேபரர*+ ,- ைம01 ஒ3 *4ய 5ல'7ர89:வ
ரா=>யமாக இ3@த:.
the Vijayanagar Empire.

• 1565 இB !ஜயநகரC D-@த 7றF, உைடயா1 அரச1கK

• After Vijayanagar fell in 1565, the ruling தLகK Mத@Nர9ைத உON'பP9Nன1. தைலநக1 ைம0RB
dynasty of Wodeyars asserted their இ3@: SரLக'பTUன9NVF 1610 இB மாVற'பTட:.
independence .The capital moved from Mysore
to Srirangapatnam in 1610.
• ைஹதR+ த@ைத ஃபேத YஹCம: ேகாலாR+ ஃெபௗ=தா1
(பைட தளபN) ஆவா1.

• Haider’s father Fateh Muhammad was the

Faujdar (garrison commander) of Kolar.
 Mysore Sultans and their Resistance –
ைம#$ &'தா*கள-* எதி$01
• In 1760 Haider allied with the French at • 1760 இB ைஹத1 பா^U_ேசR`B ஆLaேலய1கbcF
Pondicherry against the English, but his எNராக 7ெரeMcகார1கbட+ fTP_ ேச1@தா1, ஆனாB
position at home was endangered by the மரா9Nய1களாB அவர: பத!cF ஆப9: ஏVபTட:.
Marathas.
• ைஹத1 5ைலைமைய ெவV4கரமாக ைகயா^P, தலவாh
ஆகiC ைம0R+ உ^ைமயான ஆT*யாளராகiC ஆனா1.
• Haider successfully handled the situation and
became the Dalawai and the de facto ruler of
Mysore. • 1770 இB ைம01 ம+ன1 இற@தா1. அத+7றF உைடயா1
அரச1கK ெபயரள!லான ஆT*யாள1களாக மTPேம
ெசயBபTடன1. உ^ைமயான அரச அNகாரC ைஹதRடC
இ3@த:.
• In 1770 the Mysore king died. Thereafter
Wodeyar kings functioned only as nominal
rulers with the real royal authority vested in
Haider
Mysore Wars (1767-99)
• The elimination of Tipu and the
restoration of the old Wodeyar
dynasty to the Mysore kingdom
marked the real beginning of
Company rule in south India.
• The sons of the slain Tipu were
interned first at Vellore, and
later, after the Vellore Revolt of
1806, shifted to Calcutta.
• Thus ended the valiant fight of
Mysore Sultans against the
British
• தி6Wவ./ மரண) ம7L) பைழய
உைடயாF வ)சIைத மK ZO)
ைம[F அரசரா$கிய9
ெத/ன-%தியாவ.? க)ெபன-
ஆCசிய./ உZைமயான
ெதாட$கIைத$ RறிIத9.
• தி6Wவ./ மக/க> ]தலி?
ேவ^<? அைட$க6பCடனF, 1806
ேவ^F கிளFMசி$R6 ப.றR,
க?கIதாc$R மா7ற6பCடனF.
• ஆ3கிேலயFகV$R எதிரான ைம[F
d?தா/கள-/ வர)
A இeவாL
]Sc$R வ%த9
 Early Resistance of Southern Polygars - ெத#னக&
பாைளய-கார/கள0# ெதாட-ககால எதி/&5
• The Nawab of Arcot, who had borrowed • த"#நா&'( பல +ராம.கைள அட4 ைவ67 கட( வா.+ய ஆ:கா;
heavily by pledging the villages in several நவா<, =ல வ>வா? பா@+கைள வAB@4C பDைய கCெபF
parts of Tamilnadu, entrusted the task of
=Gவாக6HடC ஒ<பைட6தாG.
collecting land revenue arrears to the
Company administration.
• +ழ@+KHய கCெபF =GவாகC பாைளய@காரL( அHகார6H:4M
NைழKத7 க;C எHG<ைப +ள<Pய7.
• The encroachment of East Indian
Company administration into
palayakkarar’s authority aroused stiff • H>ெநQேவB மாவ&ட6HQ ெச<டCபG 1799 இQ UதQ பாBகG ேபாG
resistance எ(VC அைழ@க<ப;C UதQ +ளGWX ெவ'6த7. பாYசால.4ZWX
பாைளய6H( ெபாV<பாளராக இ>Kத க&டெபாCம நாய@கG
• The first rebellion, also called the First தைலைம[Q பலகாரGகM இ>KதனG.
Polygar War broke out in September 1799
in Tirunelveli district. The Polygars were led
by Kattabomma Nayak , who was in
charge of Panchalankurichi Palayam.
• The Second Polygar War (1800 – 01) is
also called the South Indian Rebellion due
to its scale and reach.
• The South Indian Confederacy consisted of
Marudu Pandian of Sivaganga, Dheeran
Chinnamalai of Kongu Nadu, Gopala
Nayak of Dindigul, Krishnappa Nayak and
Dhoondaji of Mysore and Pazhassi Raja
Kerala Varma of Malabar.
• இர^டாC பாjக1 ேபா1 (1800 - 01) அத+ அளi மVOC பரவB
காரணமாக ெத+l@Nயc aள1_* எ+OC அைழcக'பPaற:.
• ெத+l@Nயc fTடைம'8 *வகLைகைய_ ேச1@த ம3:
பா^Uய+, ெகாLFநாTU+ nர+ *+னமைல, N^PcகBj+
ேகாபால நாயcக1, ைம0ைர_ ேச1@த a3oண'ப நாயcக1 மVOC
p^டா> மVOC மலபாR+ பழ* ராஜா ேகரள வ1மா
ஆaேயாைரc ெகா^U3@த:.
• இ@தc aள1_*ைய ஒPcக ஆLaேலய1கbcF ஒ3 வ3ட9NVFC
ேமலாக ஆன:. 1801 க1நாடக ஒ'ப@தC ைகெயq9தான:, இ:

• It took the British more than a year to தr-நாTU+ s: ஆLaேலய3cF ேநரUc கTP'பாTைடc
suppress this rebellion. After this, the ெகாP9த:. இ9:ட+ பலகார1கt+ அNகாரYC YUicF
Carnatic Treaty of 1801 was signed which வ@த:.
gave the British direct control over Tamil
Nadu. With this, the authority of the
Polygars also ended.
SOUTHERN POLYGARS - ெத#னக& பாைளய-கார/க0
• The origin of the Palayakkarar
(poligari) system dates back to the
1530s.
• The literal meaning of Palayakkarar
is the holder of a camp as well as
the holder of an estate on military
tenure.
• A Palayakkarar was bound to pay a
fixed annual tribute or supply
troops to the king and to keep
order and peace over a particular
area.
• பாைளய"கார? =ைறய@& ேதா;ற9 1530
கள%O இJ`2 ெதாட73கிற2.
• பாைளய"கார? எ&பத& ேநரZG ெபாJD ஒJ
பைட=காைம ைவ1திJGபவ? ம;M9 ஒJ
நிலGப3திைய ைவ1திJGபவ?.
• ஒJ பாைளய"கார? ஒJ 3றிGப@*ட ஆbQ"3
ஒJ நிைலயான கGப9 அOல2 அரசJ"3
பைடகைள வழ73வத;39 ஒJ 3றிGப@*ட
ப3திய@O ஒX7ைகc9 அைமதிையc9
ேபdவத;39 க*QGப*ZJ`தா?.
 SOUTHERN POLYGARS - ெத#னக& பாைளய-கார/க0
• In order to enable him to perform
these duties and attend to other
services, a certain number of
villages were granted for revenue
collection.
• Palayakkarars had judicial powers
and dispensed justice over civil and
criminal cases.
• Based on the topographical
distribution they are classified as
western palayams and eastern
palayams.
• இ`த" கடைமகைளW ெசKவத;39, ப@ற
ேசைவகள%O ஈQபQவத;39, 3றிGப@*ட
எbண@"ைகய@லான கிராம7கD வJவாK
வgO ெசKய அhமதி"கGப*டன?.
• பாைளய"கார?க8"3 நNதி12ைற அதிகார7கD
இJ`தன. சிவ@O ம;M9 கிRமினO
வழ"3கள%O நNதி வழ7கின?.
• நிலGபரGப@& அZGபைடய@O அைவ ேம;3G
பாைளய9 ம;M9 கிழ"3G பாைளய9 என
வைகGபQ1தGபQகி&றன.
 Subsidary Alliance - 2ைண0பைட6 தி7ட8
• Governor General Wellesley (1798-1805) pursued a
forward policy to establish British supremacy in India.

• Wellesley by his Subsidiary Alliance System, bought

under it Hyderabad, Mysore, Lucknow, the Maratha
Peshwa, the Bhonsle (Kolhapur) and Sindhia
(Gwalior).

• கவ?ன? ெஜனரO ெவOெலjலி (1798- 1805) ப@R*Zq

ஆ*சிைய உMதி ெசKc9 ெபாJ*Q =&ேனா"கிய
ெகாDைகைய ப@&ப;றினா?.

• ெவOெலjலி 2ைணGபைட1 தி*ட1தி& Tல9

வ@சாலமா"கியேதாQ ைஹதராபா1, ைமg?, ல"ேனா,
மரா1திய ேபqவா, ேபா&jேல (ேகாலாGt?),
சி`தியா (3வாலிய?) ேபா&ற அரuகைளc9
அரச?கைளc9 அத& கீ v"ெகாbQ வ`தா?.
The provisions of the Subsidiary Treaty
are:
(a) An Indian ruler entering into
Subsidiary Alliance with the British
had to dissolve his own armed
forces and accept British forces
and a British Resident in his
territory.
(b) He had to pay for the British
army’s maintenance. If he failed, a
portion of his territory would be
taken away and ceded to the British.
!ைண$பைட' தி+ட'தி,
-.களாவன
(அ) hCடண.$R> வi) இ%திய
ஆCசியாளF தன9 ெசா%த6 பைடகைள
கைலI9 வ.CO ப.<CSj பைடகைள
ஏ7பேதாO அவFக> அl6W) அதிகா<
ஒiவைர nதான-கராக (Resident) ஏ7க
ேவZO).
(ஆ) ப.<CSj பைடகV$கான
பராம<6WM ெசலைவ ஏ7க ேவZO).
அ9 ]Sயாதேபா9 மாகாணIதி/ ஒi
பRதிைய ப.<CSஷாF வச)
ஒ6பைட$க ேவZO).
(c) The protected prince was to sever all (இ) பா!கா$789 உ+ப+ட அரச> ப?ற
connections with European powers other ஐேரா$ப?ய நாEகFடனான
than the British, especially the French. ெதாட>ைப' !HI'!8 ெகாJள
ேவHEK, 9றி$பாக ப?ெரLM

(d) No European should be employed

without the permission of the British.
(e) No negotiation with any Indian power
should be held without the Company’s
permission and
(ஈ) ப?O+Iஷா> அQமதிய?SலாமS
மUற ஐேரா$ப?யைர
பண?ய?லம>'த8-டா!.
(உ) ப?ற இWதிய அரMகேளாE
கKெபனXய?, அQமதிய?SலாமS
ேபYMவா>'ைதகளXS ஈEபட8-டா!.

(f) No other Indian power to interfere in

its internal affairs. (ஊ) எWத அரMK ப?ற அரMகளX,
உJநா+E ப?ரYசிைனகளXS
தைலய?ட8-டா!.
 IMPACT OF SUBSIDARY ALLIANCE - தா-க7
• Thus the states brought under the system
became dependent on the Company in
political and military matters, sacrificing
their own sovereignty and status.
• The Subsidiary System increased the
military resources and efficiency of the
Company government.
• The immediate result of this system was
the discharge of thousands of professional
soldiers . The disbanded soldiers indulged
in freebooting activities. Pindaris began to
swell on account of the Subsidiary System.
• In view of the guaranteed support to the
Princes by the Company, the protective
States mal-administered and paved the
way for the annexation.
• uேதச அரuகD த7கD இைறயாbைமைய
இழ`2 அரசியO ம;M9 இராdவ
வ@வகார7கள%O க9ெபன%ைய
சா?`திJ"39 நிைல உJவா"கGப*ட2.
• 2ைணGபைட1 தி*ட9 க9ெபன% அரசி&
இராdவ பல1ைத உய?1தியேதாQ, அத&
திறைனc9 w*Zய2.
• அத& உடனZ வ@ைளC ெசா`த நா*ZO
ஆய@ர"கண"கான ெதாழிO =ைற ேபா?
வ ர?கD
N ேவைல இழ`தேத ஆ39.
அxவ ர?கD
N ெகாDைளய?களாக
மாறினா?கD. ப@bடாRகள%& எbண@"ைக
கண@சமாக உய?`த2
.
• வா"3MதிகD வழ7கியேபா29,
பா2காGப@;3Dள%J`த பல அரuகள%&
நி?வாக9 திற9பட இOைல என" 3;ற9
uம1தி அவ;ைற இைணGப29 நட`த2.
 DOCTRINE OF LAPSE - வா#$ உ#ைம இழ+,- ெகா0ைக

• Governor General Dalhousie held that the • டSெஹௗசி த'ெதE8க$ப+ட

paramount power could legally refuse to வாOMகJ அOயைண ஏ.வ!
sanction adoption in the case of rulers of
dependent States. கKெபனX அரசாS ெசSலாத!
எ,. அறிவ?8கவ வா_$7Jள!
எ,. நிைன'தா>
• This meant that dependent States could be
regarded as lapsed to the paramount power,
by its refusal to sanction the succession of • வாOM உOைம இழ$78
adopted sons. ெகாJைகய?, கீ b cதலிS
வbWத
d அரM சதாரா ஆ9K.
சதாராவ?, ம,னரான ஷாஜி
• By applying this policy, the first state to fall
இறWத ப?, (1848) அவர!
was Satara. Shahji of Satara died (1848) and
the son he adopted on the was not த'ெதE8க$ப+ட வாOைச
recognized by Dalhousie. டSெஹௗசி அjகீ கO8க
ம.'தா>.
 DOCTRINE OF LAPSE - வா#$
• In 1851, the last Peshwa died. He had
been a pensioner of the Company for
33 years, but Dalhousie refused to
pay the pension to his son, the Nana
Sahib.
• Gangadhar Rao, Raja of Jhansi died in
November 1853 and Dalhousie
annexed that state immediately.
• Raghuji Bhonsle III died in 1853
without a child. Nagpur was
immediately annexed.
• The Doctrine of Lapse, thus, served as
an instrument for the pursuit of its
annexation policy.
உ#ைம இழ+,- ெகா0ைக
• மரா1திய?கள%& கைடசி ேபqவா 1851இO
காலமானா?. அவ? 33 வJட9 க9ெபன% ெகாQ1த
ஓKzதிய1ைதG ெப;றிJ`தா?. ஆனாO டOஹ
ெஹௗசிேயா அவர2 வாRசான நானா சாகிGப@;3
ஓKzதிய9 மM1தா?.
• ஜா&சிய@& அரச? க7காத?ராx நவ9ப? 1853இO
இற`த மMகணேம அxவரu டOஹ ெஹௗசியாO
இைண"கGப *ட2.
• 3ழ`ைதகD இOலாமO T&றா9 ர3ஜி ேபா&jேல
1853இO மைற`தா?. நா"t? உடனZயாக" க9ெபன%
ஆ*சிய@O இைண"கGப*ட2.
• இxவா றாக வாRu உRைம இழG(" ெகாDைக நாQ
ப@Z"39 உ1தியாகW ெசயO வZவ9 ெப;ற2.
 BRITISH PARAMOUNTACY
• After the Battle of Plassey (1757), the
Company embarked on its career of
expansion. It established the system of
dual government.
• In theory the Company was only the
diwan (the collector of revenue), but in
practice it exercised full authority.
• Wellesley - Subsidiary Alliance System.
• with the three of the major States of
India: Hyderabad, Poona and Mysore.
• Dalhousie’s - Doctrine of Lapse
• Every accession of territory also
increased the influence of the Company
over the governments of the Indian
princes.
- ஆ2கிேலய ேமலாதி-க7
• ப@ளாசிG ேபாJ"3Gப@& (1757) க9ெபன%
த&ைன வ@RCபQ129 =கமாக இர*ைட
ஆ*சி =ைறைய உJவா"கிய2. ேமலளவ@O
ஓ? அதிகாரம;ற அரசைர ைவ12"ெகாbQ
அவர2 ப@&(ல1திO க9ெபன% அதிகாRகD
ெசயலா;றின?.
• ெவOெலjலி - 2ைணGபைட1 தி*ட9
• அதைன ைஹதராபா1, tனா, ைமg? ேபா&ற
="கிய அரuகைள ஏ;க ைவ1தா?.
• டOெஹௗசிய@& - வாRu இழG("ெகாDைக
• இைண"கGப *ட ஒxெவாJ ப3திய@|9
இ`திய ம&ன?களாO ஆ*சி ெசKயGப*Q
வ`த அரuகள%& ம} தான க9ெபன%ய@&
அதிகார9 ஓ7கிய2.
 RURAL INDIA DURING THE ADVENT OF BRITISH

• The pre-colonial Indian economy was • காலன%&'வ&தி+, ./ைதய இ/திய3

predominantly agrarian ெபா6ளாதார9 வ:வசாய9 சா</ததாக இ6/த'
• The British Government in India did
• ப:=>?@ அரB இ/திய வ:வசாய9 ம+D9 நில
not adopt a pro-Indian agriculture and
வ6வாF சா</த ெகாGைகைய
land revenue policy.
ப:Hப+றவ:Jைல.
• British Government introduced 3
• ப:=>?@ அரசாLக9 இ/தியாவ:J 3 .Nகிய
major land revenue & tenural systems
நில வ6வாF ம+D9 நில உ=ைம .ைறகைள
in India
அறி.க3பP&திய'
• Permanent Settlement, Mahalwari
system and Ryotwari system. • நிர$தர த'(), மஹா.வா0 1ைற ம456
ரேயா9வா0 அைம;<.
• This economic exploitation of the
peasants led to the revolt in future. • வ:வசாய:கள%H இ/த ெபா6ளாதாரQ BரRடJ
ப:+கால&திJ கிள<Qசிைய ஏ+பP&திய'.
Permanent Settlement -
தி,ட.
• During the time of Cornwallis, a ten
years’ (decennial) settlement was
introduced in 1793 and it was known
Permanent Settlement.
• Permanent settlement were made in
Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Varanasi division
of U.P., and Northern Karnataka.
• Roughly covered 19 percent of the
total area of British India.
• It was known by different names like
Zamindari, Jagirdari, Malguzari and
Biswedari.
நிைலயான நிலவ*
• கா?&வாலிஸி& கால1திO, 1793 இO ஒJ
ப12 வJட (தசாGதகால) தN?C
அறி=கGபQ1தGப*ட2, அ2 நிர`தர தN?C
எ&M அறியGப*ட2.
• வ7காள9, ப•கா?, ஒRசா, உ.ப@.ய@& வாரணாசி
ப@RC ம;M9 வட"3 க?நாடகா ஆகிய
இட7கள%O 3Zேய;ற9 ெசKயGப*ட2.
• ப@R*Zq இ`தியாவ@& ெமா1த பரGபளவ@O 19
சதவத1ைத
N உDளட"கிய2.
• இ2 ஜம} &தாR, ஜாகி?தாR, மO3சாR ம;M9
ப@jேவதாR ேபா&ற பOேவM ெபய?களாO
அறியGப*ட2.
Features of the Permanent Settlement
The Zamindars
ஜம# $தா'க)
• were recognised as the owners of land as
long as they paid the revenue to the East
India Company regularly.
• acted as the agent of the Government for
the collection of revenue from the
cultivators. The amount of revenue that
the Zamindars had to pay to the
Company was firmly fixed and would not
be raised under any circumstances.
• gave 10/11 of the revenue collected from
the cultivator to the Government.
• would grant patta (written agreements)
to the ryots.
• deprived of the judicial powers
நிர/தர தU<VNகான .Nகிய அ9சLகG
• கிழ"கி`திய க9ெபன%"3 =ைறயாக
வJவாைய ெச|129 வைர நில1தி&
உRைமயாள?களாக அ7கீ கR"கGப*டன?.
• உழவ?கள%டமிJ`2 வJவாK வgலி"39
அரசி& =கவராக ெசயOப*டா?.
ஜம} &தா?கD நிMவன1தி;3 ெச|1த
ேவbZய வJவாய@& அளC எ`த
gvநிைலய@|9 உய?1தGபடா2.
• உழவRட9 இJ`2 வgலான வJவாய@O
10/11ஐ அரu"3 வழ7கிய2.
• ரேயா*Qக8"3 ப*டா (எX12
ஒGப`த7கD) வழ7கGபQ9.
• நNதி12ைற அதிகார7கD பறி"கGப*டன
• The ryots became tenants since
they were considered the tillers
of the soil.

• மHைண உkபவ>களாக8
கlத$ப+டதாS ைர#$க&
9'தைகதார>களாக மாறின>.
 Ryotwari system - இரய12வா* 3ைற
• 1820 இO தாமj ம&ேரா ம;M9 ேகGட&
• Introduced by Thomas Munro
and Captain Read in 1820. ƒ* ஆகிேயாராO அறி=கGபQ1தGப*ட2.

• Major areas included Madras, • ெம*ராj, ப9பாK, அசாமி& சில ப3திகD

Bombay, parts of Assam, and ம;M9 ப@R*Zq இ`தியாவ@& w?"
Coorg provinces of British India. மாகாண7கD ஆகியைவ ="கிய ப3திகD.

• Ryotwari system handed over • Ryotwari அைமG( வ@வசாய@கள%ட9 உRைமைய

the rights of ownership to the ஒGபைட1த2.
peasants.
• அரசா7க9 வ@வசாய@கள%ட9 ேநரZயாக வR
• Government collected taxes வgலி1த2.
directly from the peasants.
 Ryotwari system - இரய12வா*
• Initially, one-half of the estimated
produce was fixed as rent. This
assessment was reduced to one-third
of the produce by Thomas Munro.
• The revenue was based on the basis
of the soil and the nature of the crop.
• Rents would be periodically revised,
generally after 20 to 30 years. The
position of the cultivators became
more secure.
• Settlement was made between the
Government and Ryots. The
Government later claimed that the
land revenue was rent and not a tax
3ைற
• ஆர9ப1திO, மதிGப@டGப*ட உ;ப1திய@O
பாதி வாடைகயாக நி?ணய@"கGப*ட2. இ`த
மதிGப•Q தாமj ம&ேராவாO உ;ப1திய@O
T&றிO ஒJ ப7காக" 3ைற"கGப*ட2.
• மb ம;M9 பய@R& த&ைம அZGபைடய@O
வJவாK கிைட1த2.
• 20 =தO 30 ஆbQக8"3G ப@ற3
வாடைககD திJ1தGபQ9. வ@வசாய@கள%&
நிைல மிகC9 பா2காGபானதாக மாறிய2.
• உbைமய@O, அரu வ@வசாய@கள%டமிJ`2
நிலவJவாைய வRயாக அOலாமO
31தைகயாகேவ ெப;M" ெகாbட2.
 • <ேயாIவா< அைம6ப./ ]$கிய
• Salient Features of the Ryotwari
அ)ச3க>
system
• வ>வா?9 த'(வாய6 ேநர@யாக ைரBC
• Revenue settlement was done directly
with the ryots. Dல6 ெச?ய;பBடJ.

• Measurement of field and an estimate of • வயலிK அளவM

produce was calculated.
• Government fixed the demand at 45% to
55% of the produce.
• Effects of the Ryotwari
Settlement
• In most areas the land revenue fixed was
excessive; the ryots were hardly left with
bare maintenance even in the best of
seasons.
• Under this system the government
exploited the farmers instead of
Zamindars
' ம456 உ4ப9தியOK
மதி;பPM கணRகிட;பBடJ.
• வOைளெபா>BகளSK ேதைவைய 45% 1த.
55% வைர அரW நி(ணயO9JXளJ.
• <ேயாIவா< RSேய7றIதி/
வ.ைளcக>
• ெப>6பாலான பZதிகளS. நி(ணயORக;பBட
நில வ>வா? அதிகமாக இ>$தJ; சிற$த
ப>வ]களS. ^ட ைரBகX ெவ56
பராம0;<டK வOட;படவO.ைல.
• இ"த அைம(ப*+ அரசா]க6 ஜம` Kதா(கaRZ;
பதிலாக வOவசாயOகைள Wரb@யJ
 Mahalwari system -
• Brain child of Holt Mackenzie - modified
version of the Zamindari settlement
introduced in the Ganga valley, the North-
West Province, parts of the Central India and
Punjab in 1822.
• Assessment of revenue was to be made on
the basis of the produce of a Mahal or village.
• Initially the state share was fixed two-thirds of
the gross produce. Bentinck, reduced to 50%.
• The village as a whole, through its headman
or Lambardar, was required to pay the
revenue.
• This system was first adopted in Agra and
Awadh, and later extended to other parts of
the United Provinces. The burden of all this
heavy taxation finally fell on the cultivators.
மக#வா& (ைற
• ேஹா.B ெமRகKசி 1822 இ. க]கா பXள9தாRZ,
வடேம4Z மாகாண6, ம9திய இ$தியாவOK சில
பZதிகX ம456 பfசாபO. அறி1க;பM9தினா( .
• ஒ> மஹா. அ.லJ கிராம9திK உ4ப9தியOK
அ@;பைடயO. வ>வா? மதி;பPM ெச?ய;பட
ேவbM6.
• ெதாடRக9தி. ெமா9த உ4ப9தியO. DKறி. இரbM
ப]Z நி(ணயORக;பBடJ. ெபK@R 50% ஆக Zைற9தா( .
• கிராம6 1jவJ6, அதK தைலவ( அ.லJ
ல6பா(டா( Dல6, வ>வா? ெசk9த ேவbM6.
• இ$த 1ைற 1தலி. ஆRரா ம456 அவாதி.
ஏ45RெகாXள;பBடJ, பOKன( ஐRகிய மாகாண]களSK
பOற பZதிகaRZ6 வO0)பM9த;பBடJ. இ$த வ0
வOதி;பOK Wைம இ5தியாக வOவசாயOகX ம` J வOj$தJ.
• Salient Features of the Mahalwari
Settlement:
• The Lambardar acted as intermediaries
between the Government and the
villagers.
• It was a village-wise assessment. One
person could hold a number of villages.
• The village community was the owner of
the village common land.
• The village land belonged to the village
community.
• Effects of the Mahalwari Settlement
• The Lambardar enjoyed privileges which
was misused for their self-interest.
• This system brought no benefit to the
cultivators.
• It was a modified version of the
Zamindari system and benefited the
upper class in villages.
• மஹாOவாR 3Zேய;ற1தி& ="கிய
அ9ச7கD:
ல-பா/டா/ அரசா3க5தி78- கிராம ம9க:98-
•
இைடய*+ இைட5தரக/களாக ெசய+ப>டா/.
• இ@ கிராம- வாBயான மதி(பDE. ஒG நப/ பல
கிராம3கைள ைவ5திG9க IJK-.
• கிராம ெபா@ நில5திL உBைமயாளராக கிராம சNக-
இG"த@.
• கிராம நில- கிராம சNக5தி78 ெசா"தமான@.
• மஹாOவாR 3Zேய;ற1தி& வ@ைளCகD
• ல-பா/டா/ த3கO Pயநல5தி7காக தவறாக(
பயLபE5த(ப>ட சRைககைள அSபவ*5தன/.
• இ"த Iைற வ*வசாய*க:98 எ"த பயைனK-
தரவ*+ைல.
• இ@ ஜமV LதாB Iைறய*L மா7றியைம9க(ப>ட
பதி(பா8-, ேமR- கிராம3களY+ உOள ேம+த>E
வ/9க5தின/ பயனைட"தன/.
• Impact of the British land revenue system on
the cultivators
• A common feature of all the settlements
was the assessment and to maximize
income from land. It resulted in
increasing land sales and dispossession.
• The peasants were overburdened with
taxation. Due to the tax burden and
famines, in general, the people suffered
in poverty and burdened with debts.
• They had to seek the moneylenders who
became rich and acquired lands from
the peasants.
• The Zamindars, money-lenders and
lawyers exploited the poor peasants.
• வ@வசாய@கD ம} 2 ப@R*Zq நில வJவாK
=ைறய@& தா"க9
• அைன9J Z@ேய4ற]களSK ெபாJவான அ6ச6
மதி;பPM ம456 நில9திலி>$J அதிகபBச
வ>மான6 ஆZ6. இதனா. நில வO4பைன
அதிக09J
• வ0 வOதி;பா. வOவசாயOகX அதிக WைமRZ
ஆளாகின(. வ0nWைம ம456 பfச6 காரணமாக,
ெபாJவாக, மRகX வ5ைமயOk6, கடK
WைமயOk6 தவO9தன(.
• க$JவB@Rகார(கைள9 ேதட ேவb@யO>$தJ.
அவ(கX பணRகார(களாகி, வOவசாயOகளSடமி>$J
நில]கைளR ைகயக;பM9தின(
• ஜம` Kதா(கX, பண6 ெகாM;பவ(கX ம456
வழRகறிஞ(கX ஏைழ வOவசாயOகைள
Wரb@னா(கX .
• The stability and continuity of the Indian
villages was shaken.
• Cottage industries disappeared on account
of the import of British goods and the
peasants had nothing to supplement their
income.
• The old body of custom was replaced by
new apparatus of law, courts, fees, lawyers
and formal procedures.
• The British policy proved advantageous only
to the privileged section of the society at
the cost of the cultivators who were the
rightful owners of their lands and claimants
of the larger share of the produce.
• இ/திய கிராமLகள%H Wதிர&தHைமX9
ெதாட<QசிX9 அைசNக3ப>ட'.
• ப:=>?@ ெபா6>கள%H இறN,மதிய:H
காரணமாக ,?ைச& ெதாழிJகG மைற/தன.
வ:வசாய:கள%H வ6மான&தி+, 'ைணயாக
எ'V9 இJைல.
• பைழய வழNக&தி+,3 பதிலாக \திய
ச>ட9, நUதிமHறLகG, க>டண9,
வழNகறிஞ<கG ம+D9 .ைறயான
நைட.ைறகG ஆகியைவ
உ6வாNக3ப>டன.
• ப:=&தான%யN ெகாGைகயான' ச`க&திH
ஒ6 சbைக ெப+ற ப:=வ:ன6N, ம>Pேம
சாதகமாக இ6/த'. அவ<கG நிலLகள%H
உ=ைமயாளராகV9, உ+ப&திய:H
ெப69ப,திN, உ=ைம ேகா6பவ<களாகV9
இ6/தன<. இத+கான வ:ைலைய
வ:வசாய:கள ெகாP&தன<.
 PEASANT AND TRIBAL
RESISTANCE

வ"வசாய"க', பழ,-.க'
ஆகிேயா23 கிள56சிகள
 FARAZI MOVEMENT - ஃபராசி இய>க8
• 1818 - Haji Shariatullah.
• After his death in led by his son Dudu
Mian who called upon the peasants
not to pay tax.
• gained popularity on a simple
doctrine - land Haji and all wealth
should be equally enjoyed by the
common folk.
• that “Land belongs to God”, and
collecting rent or levying taxes on it
was therefore against divine law.
• After the death of Dudu Mian in
1862, the was revived in the 1870s
by Noah Mian.
• 1818 - ஹாஜி ஷ<யI9?லா
• 1839 - மைற%த ப.றR கிளFMசி$R அவர9 மக/
OO மியா/ தைலைம - வ< ெசsIதேவZடா)
எ/L வ.வசாய.கைள ேகCO$ெகாZடாF
• ெபா9ம$க> நிலIைதt) அைனI9
வளIைதt) ச<சமமாக அlபவ.$கேவZO)
எ/ற எள-ய ெகா>ைகய.? இ%த அறிவ.6W
ப.ரபலமைட%த9.
• ‘நில) கடcV$RM ெசா%தமான9’ எ/L
அறிவ.IதாF.
• 1862 - OO மியா/ மைற%தப.றR 1870கள-?
ேநாவா மியா/ எ/பவரா? இ%த இய$க)
மK ZO) உய.Fெப7ற9.
 WAHABI REBELLION - வஹாப% கிள*+சி
• antiimperial and anti-landlord
movement.
• originated in and around
1827, in the Barasat region of
Bengal.
• led by an Islamic preacher Titu
Mir
• became an influential figure
among the predominately
Muslim peasantry oppressed
under the coercive zamindari
system.
• ஆ3கிேலய ஆCசி$R)
நில6ப.ரW$கV$R) எதிராக
9வ3க6பCடதாR).
• வ3காளIதி? பரசI பRதிய.? 1827? /
ேதா/றிய9.
• இdலாமிய மதேபாதகF SO மK F
எ/பவF இ%த$ கிளFMசி$RI
தைலைமேய7றாF.
• ஜமK /தா< ]ைறயா? ஒO$க6பCட
Rறி6பாக இdலாமிய வ.வசாய.க>
மIதிய.? அவF ெச?வா$Rமி$க
நபராகI திகy%தார
TRIBAL UPRISING - பழABCயDன> கிள$Fசி
• Under colonial rule, for the first time in Indian
history, government claimed a direct
proprietary right over forests.
• The British rule and its encouragement of
commercialisation of forest led to the
disintegration of the traditional tribal system.
• It encouraged the incursion of tribal areas by
the non-tribal people such as moneylenders,
traders, land-grabbers, and contractors.
• This led to the widespread loss of adivasi land
and their displacement from their traditional
habitats.
• Tribal resistance was therefore, a response
against those who either introduced changes
in the peaceful tribal life or took undue
advantage of the innocence of the tribal
people
• காலன% ஆ>சிய:H கீ e இ/திய வரலா+றிJ
.தH.ைறயாக அரB வனLகfN, தன%X=ைம
ேவRP9 எHD ேகா=ய'.
• வனLகைள வ<&தகமயமாN,9
நடவ?NைககfN, ஆLகிேலய ஆ>சிய:ல
ஊNக9 கிைட&ததH காரணமாக3 பார9ப=ய
பழL,?ய:ன நைட.ைற சிைத/த'.
• பழL,?ய:னரJலாத வ>?N,3பண9
ெகாP3ேபா<, வ<&தக<கG, நில
ஆNகிரமி3பாள<கG ம+D9 ஒ3ப/ததார<கG
ேபாHேறா< ஊP6Vவத+, அ' ஊNக9 த/த'.
• ஆதிவாசிகG நில&திH ெப69ப,தி இழ/',
தாLகG பார9ப=யமாகN ,?ய:6/த ப,திகள%J
இ6/' இட9ெபய</' வாழேந</த'.
• அைமதியான பழL,?ய:ன< வாeNைகய:J
மா+றLகைள அறி.க9 ெசFேதா< அJல'
பழL,?ய:ன மNகள%H அ3பாவ:&தன&ைத&
ேதைவய:Hறி தLகfN,Q சாதகமாக
பயHபP&திேயா6N, எதிரானத பதிJ
நடவ?Nைகேய பழL,?ய:னN கிள<Qசியா,9.
 KOL REVOLT - ேகா' கிள$Fசி
• the Kol uprising of 1831-32, took place in
Chota Nagpur and Singbhum region of
present day Jharkhand and Odisha,
• leadership of Bindrai and Singhrai.
• The Raja of Chhota Nagpur had leased out to
moneylenders the job of revenue collection.
The usury and forcible eviction of tribals from
their land led to the resentment of Kols.
• The initial protest and resistance kols was in
the form of plunder, arson and attacks on the
properties of outsiders. This was followed by
the killing of moneylenders and merchants.
• The British suppressed the rebellion with
great violence
• ஜா(RகbB ம456 ஒ@ஷா ஆகிய பZதிகளSkXள
ேசாBடா நாRr( ம456 சி]<6 ஆகிய இட]களS.
1831-32ஆ6 ஆbMகளS. நட$தJ.
• பO$9ரா? ம456 சி]ரா? தைலைமயO. நட$தJ.
• ேசாBடா நாRr( பZதியOK அரச( வ>வா?
வuலிRZ6 பணOைய வB@RZ; பண6ெகாM;ேபா
0ட6 Z9தைகRZ வOB@>$தா(. அதிக வB@RZ
கடKெகாM9த. ம456 பழ]Z@யOனைரR
கBடாய;பM9தி அவ(களSK பZதிகளSலி>$J
ெவளSேய45த. ேபாKறைவ ேகா.
இன9தவ0ைடேய ேகாப9ைத ஏ4பM9தியJ.
• ெவளSயாBகளSK ெசா9JRகX ம` J தாRZத.கX,
ெகாXைளய@9த., கலவர6 ஆகிய வழிகளS.
ேகா.களSK ெதாடRககால; ேபாராBட6 ம456
எதி(;<கX அைம$தன. அதைன அM9J வB@RZ;
பண6ெகாM;ேபா( ம456 வ(9தக(கX ஆகிேயா(
ெகா.ல;பBடன(.
• ஆ]கிேலய அரW ெப0ய அளவOலான வK1ைற
Dல6 இ$தR கிள(nசி அடRக6
 SANTHAL HOOL (INSURRECTION) - சா;தல/கள<# கிள/=சி
• Santhals, scattered in various parts of eastern
India, when forced to move out of their
homeland during the creation of zamins under
Permanent Settlement, around the Rajmahal
Hills.
• Pushed out of their habitat, the Santhals were
forced to rely on the moneylenders for their
subsistence, trapped in a vicious circle of debt
and extortion. Santhals felt neglected under
the corrupt British administration and their
inability to render justice to their legitimate
grievances.
• In 1855, two Santhal brothers Sidhu and Kanu
proclaimed that they had received a divine
message from God, to lead the rebellion.
• இ/தியாவ:H கிழN,3 ப,திகள%J பரவலாக
வாe/'வ/த சா/தல<கG நிர/தர
,?ய:63\கள%H கீ e ஜமi Hகைள
உ6வாN,வத+காக தLகG j<வக U இட&ைத
வ:>P இட9ெபயரேவR? நி<3ப/திNக3ப>டதாJ
ராkமஹாJ மைலையQ B+றிb9 இ6/த
வன3ப,திையவ:>P க>டாய3பP&தி
ெவள%ேய+ற3ப>டன<.
• ெவள%யா>களாJ வாeவ:டLகைள வ:>P
ெவள%ேய+ற3ப>ட சா/தல<கG தLகG
வாeவாதார&'Nகாக வ>?N,3பண9
ெகாP3ேபாைரQ சா</'வாழ நி<3ப/திNக3ப>டன<.
ேமb9, ஊழJகைறப?/த ஆLகிேலய
நி<வாக&திH கீ e தLகள%H நியாயமான
,ைறகfN, நUதி கிைடNக.?யாத mழலிJ
தாLகG \றNகண:Nக3ப>டதாக சா/தல<கG
உண</தன<.
• 1855இJ சி&' ம+D9 கq ஆகிய இரRP
சா/தல< சேகாதர<கG கிள<Qசிைய&
தைலைமேய+D நட&தேவR? தLகfN,
கடVள%டமி6/' ேதவெசFதி கிைட&ததாக
அறிவ:&தனர
 SANTHAL HOOL (INSURRECTION) - சா;தல/கள<# கிள/=சி
• By July 1855 the rebellion has taken the form
of open insurrection against the mahajans,
zamindars and British officials.
• They marched with bows, poisoned arrows,
axes and swords taking over the Rajmahal and
Bhagalpur by proclaiming that the Company
rule was about to end.
• In response villages were raided and
properties destroyed by the British.
• In 1855 an act was passed to regulate the
territories occupied by the Santhals. The Act
formed the territory into a separate division
called Santhal Pargana division
• 1855ஆ9 ஆbQ ஜுைல மாத1திO
கிள?Wசியான2 மகாஜ&கD , ஜம} &தார?கD,
ஆ7கிேலய அதிகாRகD ஆகிேயாJ"3 எதிரான
ெவள%Gபைடயான கிள?Wசியாக உJெவQ1த2.
• வ@O ம;M9 வ@ஷ9 தடவ@ய அ9(கைள
ஏ`தியவாM9, ேகாடRகD, க1திகD
ஆகியவ;Mடh9 ரா‡மகாO ம;M9 பாகOt?
ேநா"கி க9ெபன% ஆ*சி"3 =ZC
க*டGேபாவதாக =ழ"கமி*டபZ ேபரண@யாகW
ெச&றன?.
• இதைனயQ12 கிராம7கD ம} 2 அதிரZ
நடவZ"ைக எQ1த ஆ7கிேலய? ெசா12"கைளW
gைறயாZனா?கD. இMதியாக கிள?Wசி
=Xைமயாக ஒQ"கGப*ட2.
• 1855இO சா`தல?கD வசமிJ`த ப3திகைள
ஒX73=ைறGபQ12வ2 ப;றிய
ச*ட9நிைறேவ;றGப*ட2. சா`தO ப?கானா
மbடல9 எ&ற தன% மbடல1ைத உJவா"39
வைகய@O இ`தW ச*ட9 நிைறேவறிய2.
 MUNDA REBELLION ULUGULAN REBELLION (GREAT TUMULT).
• occurred in Ranchi,
• Munda people were familiar with the co-
operative or collective farming known as
Khuntkatti (joint holding) land system.
• eroded by the introduction of private
ownership of land and the intrusion of
merchants and moneylenders. The Munda
people were also forcefully recruited as
indentured labourers to work on
plantations.
• 1890s - tribal chiefs offered resistance
against alienation of tribal people from
their land and imposition of bethbegari or
forced labour.
• ராˆசிய@O நைடெப;ற உ|3ல& கிள?Wசி
(ெபRய கலக9)
• w*டாக நில1ைதைவ12"ெகாbQ
’’3bட"க*Z’’ (w*QWெசா12) எ&ற
=ைறய@O வ@வசாய9 ெசKவதிO =bடா
ம"கD ெபய?ெப;றவ?கD.
• நில12"கான தன%Wெசா12Rைமய@&
அறி=க=9 வ?1தக?கD ம;M9
வ*Z"3Gபண9 ெகாQGேபாR& ஊQJவO
ஆகியவ;றி& காரணமாக இ`த நைட=ைற
=;றி|9 சிைத`த2. ேதா*ட7கள%O
=bடா"கD ெகா1தZைமகளாக பண@ய@O
அம?1தGப*டன?.
• 1890 கள%O பழ73Zய@ன ம"கைள அவ?கD
வாX9 ப3திகள%லிJ`2 இட9ெபயரW
ெசKவ2 ம;M9 அவ?கைள" க*டாய
உைழGப@;3 உ*பQ12வ2 ஆகியவ;ைற
பழ73Zய@ன1 தைலவ?கD எதி?1தன?.
 MUNDA REBELLION / ULUGULAN REBELLION (GREAT TUMULT)
• The movement received an impetus • ப?>சா cHடா தKைம கடmளX, nத>
when Birsa Munda declared himself as எ,. அறிவ?'த உட, இWத
the messenger of God, promised இய8க'!89 ஊ8கK கிைட'த!.
establishment of Birsaite Raj. ம8களX, அரைச நி.வ$ேபாவதாகmK
ப?>சா உ.தியளX'தா>.

• On the Christmas day of 1889, they • 1889ஆK ஆHE கிறிp!மp நாளXS

resorted to violence. அவ>கJ வ,cைறைய ைகய?S
எE'தன>. க+டடjகJ
தd8கிைரயா8க$ப+டன.
• Soon police stations and government
officials were attacked. Similar attacks
were carried out over the next few • அத, ப?, காவS நிைலயjகFK
தா8க$ப +டன, அரM அதிகாOகFK
months. தா8க$ப +டன>. அE'த சில
மாதjகF89 இ!ேபா,ற தா89தSகJ
த ெ◌ாட>W! நட'த$ப+டன.
 MUNDA REBELLION / ULUGULAN REBELLION (GREAT TUMULT)
• Finally the resistance was crushed
and Birsa Munda was arrested in
February 1900 who later died in
jail. Birsa Munda became a folk
hero who is to this day celebrated
in many folk songs.
• The Munda rebellion prompted the
British to formulate a policy on
Tribal land. The Chotanagpur
Tenancy Act (1908) restricted the
entry of nontribal people into the
tribal land
• இ.தியாக இWத கிள>Yசி
cட8க$ப+ட!. 1900ஆK ஆHE
ப?$ரவO மாதK ைக! ெச_ய$ப+ட
ப?>சா cHடா ப?,ன> சிைறய?S
உய?>நd'தா>.
• 1908இS ேசா+டா நா8t> 9'தைகY
ச+டK நிைறேவUற$ப+E
பழj9Iய?ன> நில'திS
பழj9Iய?னரSலா> uைழவ!
தE8க$ப+ட!
 DEINDUSTRIALISATION AND DRAIN OF WEALTH –
ெதாழி' )ட+க)- ெச'வ0 1ர3ட4ம

• Europe had always imported • ஐேராGப@ய நாQகD கிழ"கிலிJ`2

more from the East . There ெபJமளவ@O இற"3மதி ெசK2ெகாbட
was little that the East அளவ@;3 ஆர9ப1திO ஏ;Mமதி ெசKய
required from the West in =Zயவ@Oைல. ஏ;Mமதியான நMமணG

return for the spices, silks, ெபா J*கD, பJ1தி, ஆபரண7கD

=தலானவ;M"3 மா;றாக" கிழ"3
calicos, jewels etc.
நாQக8"3 ஐேராGபா வ@லிJ`2 எ2C9
ேதைவGபட வ@Oைல.

• The industrial revolution in

textile production that took • இ`த நிைலைய இ7கிலா`தி& ஏ;ப*ட
place in England reversed this ெதாழி;(ர*சி =த&=ைறயாக
relationship for the first time. மா;றியைம1த2. அத&ப@& தி*டமி*ேட
India was systematically de- இ`தியாவ@O ெதாழிOகD அழிC"31

industrialized. தDளGப *டன.

• Rather than being the world’s leading
exporter of cloth and textiles, India
became a market for Lancashire
cottons.
• Cheap machine-made British goods
led to the flooding of Indian markets.
• Indian cotton piece goods began to
lose ground gradually given that
machine-made goods were more
durable and cost less.
• Without any import duty English
goods were much cheaper than
domestic products.
• Indian manufactures were shut out
from the British market by high
protective duties. This policy ruined
the Indian weavers and traders.
• உலகி& 2ண@ ஏ;Mமதிய@O =த&ைம ெப;M
வ@ள7கிய இ`தியா, ல7காqயR& ச`ைதயாக
மா;றGப*ட2.
• Zைற$த வOைலயO. இய$திர]களSK Dல6
தயா0Rக;பBட பO0B@w ெபா>BகX இ$தியn
ச$ைதகளS. ZவOயலாயOன.
• ந'bடகாலப பயKபாBMRZ உக$தைமயாக
இ>$ததனாk6, ெசா4ப வOைலRZ வO4க;பBடதாk6
இ$திய; ைகவOைன; ெபா>BகX உ4ப9தி
நலிவைட$தJ.
• இ$தியா)RZ இறRZமதியான ெபா>Bகைள
இறRZமதி வ0 ஏJ6 வOதிRகாம. த]ZதைடயOKறி
அxமதிRZ6 ெகாXைகைய; பOKப4றியJ.
உXநாB@. உ4ப9தியான ெபா>Bகைள வOட வOைல
Zைறவாக இ>$தன.
• அேத ேவைள, இ`திய உ;ப1திG ெபாJ*கD ம} 2
பா2காG( வRகD பலவ;ைற1 திண@12 ப@R*Zq
ச`ைதய@O ப73ெபற =ZயாமO ெசKதன?.
இ"ெகாDைக இ`திய ெநசவாள?கைளc9
வண@க?கைளc9 ெபR29 பாதி1த2
• Large numbers of weavers were • ஏ+கனேவ நில&ைத ந9ப: வாe/'

thrown out of employment and ெகாR?6/த மிக அதிக அளவ:லான

ேவளாR மNகேளாP ெநசவாள<கf9
forced to seek livelihood in
ேச</ததாJ நில&திH மi தான அr&த9
agriculture, which increased the அதிகமாகி நிைலைமைய ேமb9
pressure on the already சிNகலாNகிய'.
overcrowded land.
• ப:=>?@ இ/தியாவ:H வரV ெசலVN
• Military and civil administrative கணNகிJ இராqவ ம+D9 ,?ைம

costs in British India consumed நி<வாகQ ெசலVகG 80 சதவதமாகV9,

U

an average of eighty per cent of எtசிய 20 சதவத9

U ம>Pேம ம+ற 'ைற

the budget, leaving twenty per கfN,3 பகி</'ெகாGள ேவR?ய நிைல

இ6/த '.
cent to be divided among the
various departments concerned.
• Agriculture was left to its deteriorating
condition.
• Irrigation was neglected.
• Outbreak of successive famines
• The Ryotwari system intended to create
a large body of independent peasants,
who would be protected from the
“corrupt and faithless zamindar,”
however resulted in strengthening the
position of the big landlords.
• The Torture Commission, appointed by
the Company government in Madras in
its report presented in 1855 exposed the
atrocities perpetrated by the Indian
revenue and police officials in the
process of collecting land tax from the
cultivators.
• ேவளாRைம \றNகண:Nக3ப>ட'
• பாசன வசதி ஏ+பP&த3படவ:Jைல.
• ெதாட< பtசLகG
• இரய&'வா= .ைறய:H ேநாNக9 சீரழி/'ேபான
வtசகமான ஜமi Hதா<கள%டமி6/'
வ:Pவ:Nக3ப>ட ேவளாR ,?கைள
உ6வாN,வேத எHD ெசாJல3ப >டாb9,
உRைமய:J ெப=ய நிலNகிழா<கேள
வbவைட/தா<கG.
• க9ெபன% அரசால ெசHைனய:J நியமிNக3ப>ட
சி&திரவைத ஆைணய9 1855இJ சம<3ப:&த
அறிNைக , வ6வாF அதிகா=கf9 காவJ'ைற
அதிகா=கf9 வ= வmலிN,9 சமயLக ள%J
பய:=Pேவா< மi ' க>டவ:e&'வ:>ட
அராஜகLகைள வ:ளNகமாக எP&திய9ப:ய'.

• Famines increased in frequency and
deadliness with the advent of colonial
rule. Between 1800 to 1825, there
were only four famines. But in the last
quarter of the century there were 22
famines.
• It is estimated that over 5 million
died. By 1901, R.C. Dutt, a former ICS
officer enumerated 10 mass famines
since the 1860s, putting the total
death toll at 15 million.
• The laissez faire principles to which
the colonial state was committed
since 1833 was applied to famines
also.
FAMINES - ப#ச%க'
• ப@R*Zq ஆ*சிய@O பˆச9 அZ"கZ
ேதா&றியேதாQ மிக ேகாரமானதாகC9
வ@ள7கிய2. நா&3 பˆச7கேள 1800ஆ9
ஆbZலிJ`2 1825ஆ9 ஆbQ வைரய@லான
கால1திO ேதா&றின. ஆனாO அ`‹;றாbZ&
கைடசி இJப1ைத`2 ஆbQகள%O 22 பˆச7கD
ேதா&றின.
• இவ;றாO 50 இல*ச1தி;39 ேமலாேனா?
இற`ததாக" கJதGபQகிற2. =&னாD 3ZைமG
பண@ அதிகாRயான த1 1901ஆ9 ஆbZO
கண"கிQ9 ேபா2 1860ஆ9 ஆbZ;3 ப@& 10
ெபJ9 பˆச7கைளW u*QவேதாQ, அதனாO
ஒ&றைர ேகாZ ம"கD இற`ததாக wMகிறா?.
• தைலய@டா வண@க"ெகாDைக (Laissez Faire)
எ&பைத" கைடப@ZGப தாக 1833இO காலன% அரu
எQ1த =ZைவG பˆச" கால1தி|9 பலமாகG
ப@&ப; றிய2.
• Western educated Indians had argued
that British rule was grossly impoverishing
India. The Orissa famine, in which one third
of the population died of starvation and
disease, served as a patent proof of this
thesis.
• It prompted nationalist Dadabhai Naoroji,
to begin his lifelong investigations into
Indian poverty
• Madras Famine of 1876-78: The failure of
two successive monsoons caused a severe
famine in the Madras Presidency during
1876- 78.
• The viceroy Lytton adopted an hands-off
approach similar to that followed in Orissa.
3.5 million people died in the presidency.
• பல ஆRPகளாக ேம+க&தியN கJவ: .ைறய:J
க+ற இ/திய அறிஞ<கG ப:=>?@ ஆ>சிேய
இ/தியாைவ வDைமய:H ப:?ய:J
ைவ&தி6Nகிற' எHD வாதி>டன<. ஒ=சாவ:J
ஏ+ப>ட பtச&திJ `HறிJ ஒ6வ< எHற
அளவ:J மNகG பசியாJ ெச&' ம?/தேத
அNv+DN,Q சாHறாக வ:ளLகிய'.
• இ/நிகeேவ தாதாபாF நwேராஜிைய தம'
வாeNைக .rNக இ/திய வDைம ப+றிய
ஆFைவ ேம+ெகாGள ைவ&த'.
• ெசHைன மாகாண3 ெப69பtச9, 1876-78: இ6
ஆRPகள%J ெதாட<Qசியாக ப6வகால9
ெபாF&ததாJ ெசHைன மாகாண&திJ 1876-78ஆ9
ஆRPகள%J கP9 பtச9 ஏ+ப>ட'.
• ஒ=Wஸாவ:J ப:Hப+றிய' ேபாHேற ைவWராF
ைகவ:=N,9 ேபாNைக ப:Hப+றினா<. இதனாJ
மாகாண&திJ .3ப&ைத/' ல>ச9 மNகG
ம?/தன<.
 INDENTURED LABOUR - ஒ&ப9த- :லிக;
• The introduction of plantation crops and • ேதா*டGபய@?கள%& அறி=க9, மைலW
சRC நிலGபய@RQ =ைற இல7ைக,
slope cultivation in Ceylon, Mauritius, Fiji, ெமாƒசியj, ப@ஜி, மேலயா, கƒப@ய&
Malaya, the Caribbean islands, Natal and தNCகD, ேந*டாO, ெத&னாGப@R"கா
South Africa required enormous labour. ேபா&ற ப3திகள%O ெதாழிலாள?
ேதைவைய ஏ;பQ1திய2.

• Initially slave labour was used for this • க9ெபன% அரu 1843இO இ`தியாவ@O
purpose. After the Company government அZைம =ைறைய ஒழி1த ப@& ஒGப`த"
abolished slavery in India (1843), the wலி=ைற அறி=கGபQ1தGப*ட2.
system of indenture was used.
• இ9=ைறய@& கீ v, ெதாழிலாள?கD ஐ`2
ஆbQக8"3G பண@யம?1தGப*Q
• Under this system, labourers were hired =Zவ@O பயணW ெசலC
on contract for a period of five years வழ7கGப*டCட& தாKநா*Z;31
(indenture) and they could return to their திJ9பலா9 .
homeland with passage paid at the end.
 INDENTURED LABOUR - ஒ&ப9த- :லிக;
• Many impoverished peasants and
weavers went hoping to earn some
money. In effect it was worse than slave
labour. The colonial state allowed agents
(kanganis) to trick or kidnap indigent
landless labourers.
• People courted this new form of slavery to
escape starvation deaths. The outbreak of
two famines (1833 and 1843) forced the
people, to leave for Ceylon to work as
coolies in coffee and tea plantations under
indentured labour system.
• During 1843-1868, nearly 1.5 million people
(1,444,407) had gone from Madras to
Ceylon as indentured labourers
• வ5ைம நிைலRZ9 தXள;பBட பல
ெதாழிலாள(கa6 ெநசவாள(கa6 பண6 ஈBட
எbணO இ61ைறRZ இைச$தா(கX. ஆனா.
அத4Z மாறாக அவ(கaைடய நிைல அ@ைம
1ைறையவOட ேமாசமானதாக வOள]கியJ.
• காலனS அரW நிலம4ற வOவசாயR^லிகைள
ஏமா4றிேயா, ஆBகட9த. 1ைறயOேலா
ெகாbM வர கbகாணOகX எx6 1கவ(கைள
நியமி9தJ.
• பB@னS சாவOலி>$J த;பORக; பல( தாமாக
1Kவ$J இ;<திய அ@ைம 1ைறயO.
த]கைள இைண9JRெகாbடா(கX.
• இ> ெப>6 பfச]கX 1833 ம456 1843 ஆ6
ஆbMகளS. தாRகின. இதனா. இல]ைகRZ;
<ல6 ெபய(9J கா;பO ம456 ேதயOைல9
ேதாBட]களS. ஒ;ப$த 1ைறயOK கீ { ^லி9
ெதா ழிலாள(களாக பணOயO. அமரR
கBடாய;பM9தின.
• பதிைன$J லBச6 (14,44,407) மRகX 1843- 1868
ஆ6 ஆbMகaRZ இைட;பBட கால9தி.
ெசKைனயOலி>$J இல]ைகRZ ஒ;ப$த9
ெதாழிலாள(களாகn ெசKறா(கX
 DRAIN OF WEALTH - ெச/வ+ 0ர2டல
• Dadabhai Naoroji in his Poverty and Un-
British Rule in India argued that a great
deal of wealth was drained to England
in the form of Home Charges.
• The following constituted the Home
Charges:
• Incentive to the shareholders of the
Company
• Savings and the salaries of European
officials, European traders and Planters
remitted to England.
• Pensions to those who retired from civil
and military services.
• The salaries of the staff and the
Secretary to Home Government, India
Office at London
• Expenses on wars fought in India and
interests for the loans obtained from the
banks for the conduct of wars and
• For the building of railroads.
• இ/தியாவ:J வDைமX9 ப:=>?@ தHைமய+ற
ஆ>சிX9’ எHற ~லிJ இ/தியாவ:லி6/'
ெப6/ெதாைக உGநா>?H ெசலVN க>டண9
எHற வைகய:J இLகிலா/' ேபாFQ ேச<கிற'
எHகிறா<.
• அ2 கீ v"கbட wMகைள உDளட"கிய2.
• க6ெபனSயOK ப]Zதார(கaRZ வழ]க;பBட
இலாப%
• ஐேரா;பOய அதிகா0கX, ஐேரா ;பOய வOயாபா0கX,
ேதாBட 1தலாளSகX ேபாKேறா0K ச6பள6,
ேசமி;<
• ஓ?) ெப4ேறா>RZn ேசர ேவb@ய ஓ?)
ஊதிய9 ெதாைக.
• இலbடனS. அைம$தி>$த ‘இ$திய
அkவலக9தி. பணOயா4றிய ஊழிய(கaRZ6
ெசயல>RZமான ேவb@ய ெப>f ச6பள6.
• இ$தியாவO. நிக{$த ேபா(கaRகான ெசல)கX,
• இ>;<;பாைத அைமRக ஏ4பBட ெசல)கX
 REVOLT OF 1857 - 1857 ெபMAகிள$Fசி
• The early uprisings did not succeed in
threatening the British in India.
• It took the Revolt of 1857 to bring
home to the Company and the British
thought that their rule was not
accepted to a large section of the
population.
• The Revolt of 1857 was a product of
the character and the policies of
colonial rule.
• The cumulative effect of British
expansionist policies, economic
exploitation and administrative
innovations over the years had
adversely affected the positions of all
rulers of Indian states
• இ%தியாவ.? ஆ3கிேலயFகைள அMdLI9)
வைகய.? நைடெப7ற ஆர)பகால
கலக3க> ெவ7றிெபறவ.?ைல.
• 1857ஆ) ஆZO WரCசிஆ3கிேலயFகள-/
ஆCசிைய ம$கள-? ெபi)பாலாேனாF
ஏ7கவ.?ைல என ஆ3கிேலயFகைள
எZணc) ெசBத9.
• 1857ஆ) ஆZO WரCசியான9 காலன-
ஆCசிய.lைடய பZW ம7L)
ெகா>ைகய./ வ.ைளவாக உiவானதாR).
• ஆ3கிேலய</ வ.<cபOIத6பCட
ெகா>ைகக>, ெபாiளாதார dரZட?,
ம7L) நிFவாக W9ைமக> ஆகியவ7றி/
ஒCOெமாIத வ.ைளேவ இ%தியாவ./
அைனI9 அரசFகள-/ நிைலைமய.s)
ேமாசமான பாதி6Wகைள ஏ7பOIதின
 CAUSES OF THE REVOLT - >ர?சி-கான காரண2க0
• The most important cause of revolt 1857 was British policy
of economically exploiting India. This hurt all sections of
society.
• Policies of doctrine of lapse, subsidiary alliance and policy of
Effective Control created discontentment among people.
Annexation of Awadh (Oudh).
• The conversion activities of Christian missionaries were
looked upon with suspicion and fear. The priests and the
maulavis showed their discontent against the British rule.
• Abolition of practices like sati, female infanticide, support to
widow remarriage and female education were seen by many
as interference in their Indian culture by the Europeans.
• The Indian sepoys were looked upon as inferior beings and
treated with contempt by their British officers. They were
paid much less than the British soldiers. All avenues of the
promotion were closed to them as all the higher army posts
were reserved for the British.
• ஆ]கிேலய0K ெபா>ளாதார ƒதியான Wரbட.
ெகாXைகேய, 1857ஆ6 ஆbM <ரBசிRZ 1Rகிய
காரணமாக இ>$தJ. இJ ச1தாய9திK அைன9J
பO0வOனைர„6 காய;பM9தியJ.
• வா0W இழ;<R ெகாXைக, Jைண;பைட9 திBட6 ம456
பல கBM;பாMகX ஆகியன மRகளSைடேய அதி>;திைய
ஏ4பM9தியJ. அேயா9தி இைண;<
• கிறி9Jவசமயபர;<ZjவOன0Kமதமா4ற நடவ@RைககX
மRகளா. அnச9Jடx6 ச$ேதக9Jடx6 பா(Rக;பBடJ.
சமய தைலவ(கX ம456 இCலாமிய சமய அறிஞ(கX
ஆ]கில ஆBசிRெகதிராக அதி>;திைய ெவளS;பM9தின(.
• சதி ஒழி;<, ெபbசிWRெகாைலஒழி;<, வOதைவ ம5மண6
ம456 ெபb க.வORகான ஆதர) ேபாKற
நடவ@RைககX இ$திய(களSK கலாnசார9தி.
தைலயOMவதாக க>த;பBடJ.
• இ$தியசி;பா?கX, ஆ]கிலஅதிகா0களா. தா{வாக)6
அவம0யாைதயாக)6 நட9த;பBடன(. பதவO உய()கX
இ$திய வர(கaRZ
' ம5Rக;பBடன.
 IMMEDIATE CAUSE - உடனC> காரண8
• The immediate cause was the introduction • இரா{வIதி? அறி]க6பOIத6பCட
of new Enfield Riffles in the army. எ/ப|?Oரக 96பா$கி
• The top of the cartridge of this rifle was to • இ%த வைகI 96பா$கிய.?
be removed by the mouth before loading it RZOகைள நிர6Wவத7R ]/
அத/ ேமsைறையப7களா? கSI9
in the rifle. The cartridges were greased by நA$கேவZO). அத/ ேமsைறய.?
the fat of pig and the cow. பdவ./ ெகாU6W ம7L) ப/றிய./
ெகாU6W தடவ6பCSi%த9.
• The Indian sepoys believed that the British
were deliberately attempting to spoil the • எனேவ இதைன இ%திய சி6பாBக>
religion of both the Hindus and the (இ%9, ]n})) த3க> மத
உணFைவ WZபOI9வதாக
Muslims கiதினF.
• The soldiers, therefore, determined to • வரFக>
A எ/ப|?O 96பா$கிைய6
refuse their service and, ultimately பய/பOIத மLI9 WரCசிய.?
revolted. ஈOபCடனF.
 COURSE OF THE REVOLT - 1ர7சியD* ேபா>B
• On 29 March 1857 at Barrackpur Mangal
Pandey, a Sepoy from Bengal Regiment,
refused to use the greased cartridge, and
shot down his sergeant. He was arrested,
tried and executed.
• On 10 May 1857, the Sepoys of the third
cavalry at Meerut openly revolted. They
were immediately joined by the men of
the 11th and 20th Native Infantries, and
they murdered some English officers and
then marched to Delhi.
• Meerut sepoys arrived at Delhi on 11th
May and declared of Bahadur Shah II as
the Emperor of India. Delhi became the
centre of the Great Revolt and Bahadur
Shah, its symbol.
• 1857 மா<Q 29ஆ9 நாG பாரNj=J வLகாள
பைட3ப:=ைவQ ேச</த மLகG பாRேட
எHற சி3பாF ெகாr3\ தடவ3ப>ட
'3பாNகிைய3 பயHபP&த மD&' தன'
உயரதிகா=ையQ B>PN ெகாHறா<. அவ<
ைக' ெசFய3ப>P வ:சாரைணN,3 ப:H
€Nகிலிட3ப>டா<.
• 1857 ேம 10ஆ9 நாG மi ர>?J `Hறா9
,திைர3 பைடையQ ேச</த சி3பாFகG
\ர>சிய:J ஈPப>டன<. அவ<கG உடேன 11
ஆவ' ம+D9 20 ஆவ' உG‚<
காலா>பைடய:ன6டH இைண/தன<,
ேமb9, சில< ஆLகில அbவல<கைளN
ெகாைல ெசFத'டH, ெடJலிN,9
வ:ைர/தன<.
• ெடJலிN, வ/த மi ர> சி3பாFகG ேம
11ஆ9 நாG இரRடா9 பக€<ஷாைவ
இ/தியாவ:H ேபரரசராக அறிவ:&தன<.
அதH `ல9 ெடJலி ெப69 \ர>சிய:H
ைமயமாகV9 பக€<ஷா அதH
அைடயாளமாகV9 வ:ளLகினா<.
 COURSE OF THE REVOLT - 1ர7சியD* ேபா>B
• WரCசி மிக ேவகமாக பரவ.ய9.
ல$ேனா, கா/~F, ஜா/சி, பெரBலி,
• The revolt spread quickly. There ப|காF, ைபசாபாI ம7L) வட
were mutinies at Lucknow, Kanpur, இ%தியாவ./ பல பRதிகள-?
Jhansi, Bareilly, Bihar, Faizabad, கலக3க> ஏ7பCடன.
and many other places in north
India.
• WரCசியாளFகV> பலF,
நிழ$கிழாFகள-ட) தா3க> ெகாOIத
• Many of them found that it was a பIதிர3கைள எ<$க, இதைன ஒi
good opportunity to burn the ந?வாB6பாக$ கiதினF.
papers of their landlords.
• ஆ3கில அரd பலiைடய
• Many others whose titles and பCட3க>, ஓB€திய3கைள
pensions were abolished by the நA$கியதா? ஆ3கில அரைச
British who participated in it, பழிவா3Rவத7காக WரCசிய.? பலF
inorder to take revenge. கல%9ெகாZடனF.
SUPPRESSION OF THE REVOLT - கலக7 அட-க&பCதD
 CAUSES FOR THE FAILURE - ேதா'வ7+கான காரண:க;
• Lack of organisation, discipline,
common plan of action, centralised
leadership, modern weapons and
techniques.
• The British had better weapons,
better generals, and good
organisation
• The rebel leaders were no match to
the British Generals. Rani Lakshmi
Bai, Tantia Tope and Nana Saheb
were courageous but they were not
good generals.
• சRயான ஒJ7கிைணG(, ஒX"க9,
க*QGபாQ, ெபா2வானதி*ட9,
ைமயGபQ1தGப*ட தைலைம, நவன N
ஆcத7கD ம;M9 ெதாழிOŽ*ப9
ஆகியைவ (ர*சியாள?கள%ைடேய இOைல.
• ஆ7கிேலய?கD சிற`த ஆcத7கD, சிற`த
தளபதிகD ம;M9 சிற`த ஒJ7கிைணGைப"
ெகாbZJ`தனர
• கலக1திO ஈQப*டவ?கD, ஆ7கில
பைட1தளபதிக8"3 இைணயானவ?களாக
இOைல. ேம|9 இராண@ ல*uமிபாK,
நானாசாகிG ம;M9 தா`தியா ேதாேப
ஆகிேயா? ைதRயமானவ?கD, ஆனாO சிற`த
தளபதிகளாக இOைல.
 CAUSES FOR THE FAILURE - ேதா'வ7+கான காரண:க;
• Non-participation of Bengal,
Bombay, Madras, western Punjab
and Rajputana.
• The British managed to get the
loyalty of the Sikhs, Afghans and
the Gurkha regiments.
• The modern educated Indians did
not support the Revolts as they
believed that only British rule
could reform Indian society and
modernize it.
• வ3காள), ப)பாB, ெச/ைன,
ேம7Rப•சா6 ம7L) இராஜWதன)
ஆகிய பRதிக> WரCசிய.? கல%9
ெகா>ளவ.?ைல.
• சீ$கியFக>, ஆ6கான-யFக> ம7L)
hF$கா பைட6ப.<வ.னF ஆகிேயாFகள-/
வ.dவாசIைத ஆ3கிேலயF ெப7றனF.
• நவன$
A க?வ. க7ற இ%தியFக> ஆ3கில
ஆCசி மCOேம இ%திய ச]தாயIைத
சீFதிiIதி நவன6பOIத
A ]St) என
ந)ப.னF. எனேவ அவFக> WரCசிைய
ஆத<$கவ.?ைல .
 CONSEQUENCES OF THE REVOLT - கலக=தி> வ7ைளAக;
• led to changes in the system of
administration and the policy of the
Government.
• The administration of India was
transferred from the East India
Company to the British Crown
through the ‘Queen’s Proclamation’
in 1858.
• The governor general was given the
title of viceroy.
• The Board of Directors and the
Board of Control were replaced by
the Council of 15 members headed
by the Secretary of State to
supervise Indian affairs.
சைப (கc/சி?) ஏ7பOIத6பCட9.
• நிFவாக ]ைற ம7L) அரசி/
ெகா>ைககள-? மா7ற3க> ஏ7பட
வழிேகாலிய9.
• 1858ஆ) ஆZO ெவள-ய.ட6பCட
வ.$ேடா<யா மகாராண.ய./
ேபரறி$ைகய./ ƒல) இ%தியாவ./
நிFவாக) கிழ$கி%திய
க)ெபன-ய.டமிi%9 ஆ3கில
(பாராVம/றIதி7R)
அரd$Rமா7ற6பCட9.
• கவFனF-ெஜனர?, அத/ ப.றR
ைவசிராB என அைழ$க6பCடாF.
• இய$RநF RU ம7L) கCO6பாCO
வா<ய) நA$க6பCO இ%திய
வ.வகார3கைள ேம7பாFைவய.ட
ெசயல</ தைலைமய.? 15
உL6ப.னFகைள$ ெகாZட ஒi
 CONSEQUENCES OF THE REVOLT - கலக=தி> வ7ைளAக;
• The Indian Army was thoroughly • இ/திய இராqவ9 .+றிb9
மா+றியைமNக3ப>ட'. அதிக3ப?யான
reorganised. More Britishers were ஆLகிேலய<கG, இராqவ&திJ
employed in the army. பண:யம<&த3ப>டன<.

• The British military policy came to • ’ப:=&தJ ம+D9 எதி< தாN,தJ’ எHற
ெகாGைக ஆLகில இராqவN
be dominated by the idea of ‘divide ெகாGைகய:J ஆதிNக9 ெசb&திய'.
and counterpoise’.

• Infact, the Revolt of 1857 played an • உRைமய:J 1857ஆ9 ஆRP \ர>சி

இ/திய மNகG அைனவைரX9
important role in bringing the ஒ6Lகிைண&' இ/தியா ஒேர நாP எHற
Indian people together and உண<ைவ ெகாRP வ6வதிJ .Nகிய
பL, வகி&த'.
imparting them the consciousness
of belonging to one country. • ெப69 \ர>சி நவன
U
ேதாHற வழிவ,&த'.
ேதசிய இயNக9

• The Revolt paved the way for the

rise of the modern national
movement.
 Followed in Next session by

NATIONAL
RENAISSANCE