Q.

with the help of neat diagram, Explain and compare the biomechanical and biological
properties of bone, tendon, ligament and muscles.
Ans:

Bone
Biomechanical Properties:
1. Strength: Bones are very strong and can resist high compressive forces.
2. Rigidity: Highly rigid, providing a stable framework for the body.
3. Elasticity: Minimal elasticity; they can absorb some impact but have little
deformation.
4. Friction: Low friction surface at joints when covered with cartilage.
Biological Properties:
1. Cell Types: Osteocytes (mature bone cells), osteoblasts (bone-forming cells),
osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells).
2. Composition: Collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite (a mineral that provides hardness).
3. Blood Supply: Rich blood supply through a network of blood vessels.
4. Function: Support and protect organs, store minerals, and produce blood cells.
Muscle
Biomechanical Properties:
 1. Strength: High strength, especially in tension during contraction.
2. Rigidity: Low rigidity; muscles are flexible and can change shape.
3. Elasticity: High elasticity, allowing them to stretch and return to their original shape.
4. Friction: Muscle movement involves sliding of fibers, which can generate some
friction.
Biological Properties:
1. Cell Types: Muscle fibers (myocytes), which are long and multinucleated.
2. Composition: Actin and myosin filaments arranged in sarcomeres.
3. Blood Supply: Extensive blood supply to deliver oxygen and nutrients.
4. Function: Produce movement, maintain posture, and generate heat.
Tendon
Biomechanical Properties:
1. Strength: Very high tensile strength to transmit forces from muscle to bone.
2. Rigidity: Moderately rigid but more flexible than bones.
3. Elasticity: Low elasticity; tendons are designed to be strong and resistant to stretch.
4. Friction: Low friction, often surrounded by a sheath to reduce friction.
Biological Properties:
1. Cell Types: Tenocytes (specialized tendon cells).
2. Composition: Dense regular connective tissue rich in collagen fibers.
3. Blood Supply: Limited blood supply, making healing slower.
4. Function: Connect muscles to bones, transmitting the force of muscle contractions.

Ligament
Biomechanical Properties of Ligament:
1. Strength: High tensile strength to stabilize joints by connecting bones.
2. Rigidity: Less rigid than bones but more rigid than tendons.
3. Elasticity: Moderate elasticity to allow some movement while maintaining stability.
4. Friction: Low friction due to a smooth, glistening surface.
Biological Properties:
1. Cell Types: Fibroblasts (produce collagen and other fibers).
2. Composition: Dense regular connective tissue with collagen and some elastin fibers.
3. Blood Supply: Limited blood supply, similar to tendons.
4. Function: Connect bones to bones, providing joint stability and guiding motion.
 Comparison of biomechanical and biological properties between Bone, Muscle, Tendon And
Ligaments are:
Property Bone Muscle Tendon Ligament

Strength High (compressive) High (tensile) Very high High (tensile)

(tensile)
Rigidity High Low Moderate Moderate

Elasticity Low High Low Moderate

Friction Low (with cartilage) Moderate Low Low

Cell Types | Osteocytes, osteoblasts, Muscle fibers | Tenocytes Fibroblasts

osteoclasts (myocytes)
Composition Collagen, hydroxyapatite Actin, myosin Collagen fibers Collagen, elastin

Function | Support, protect, store Produce Transmit force Connect bones,

minerals, produce blood movement, from muscle to stabilize joints
cells maintain posture, bone
generate heat