Lecture 1

Dr. Klaudio Bari

University of Wolverhampton

Introduction to Modules
6MA018&6ET008

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 Introduction
• All lectures and tutorials are on canvas
• For 6ET 008 Assignment 50% and Exam
50%
• For 6MA018 Assignment 1 50% and
Assignment 50%
• Appointment by E-mail and on-time policy
in the class.
• Explore continuously CANVAS, there are
all time some addition of resources
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 Material Science
Materials science is an interdisciplinary
subject, spanning the Physics, Mathematics
chemistry of matter, engineering applications
and industrial manufacturing processes.

Material Properties based on:?

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 1-Atomic structure

• Examine the basic building blocks of atoms

• Atoms are joined together by which
bonding
• Atoms are arranged in regular structures
• This influences mechanical and physical
properties

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 2-Type of bonding

This brings to a conclusion the description of

bonding. Three types of bonds –
metallic,
ionic and
covalent - each have their own characteristics.
Van Der Waals

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 3- Grain size
A change in grain size affects the yield
strength due to the dislocations interacting
with the grain boundary as they move. The
boundaries act as obstacles, hindering the
dislocation glide along the slip planes. As
subsequent dislocations move along the same
slip plane the dislocations pile-up at the grain
boundaries.
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 Metallic Bond
• Formed by large scale sharing of electrons
• Sea of electrons which allow conduction of
heat and electricity
• Toughness and ductility are the properties
developed
• Allows layers of atoms to slide over each
other

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Metallic bonds

These bonds are formed by pooled valence electrons of metallic atoms providing the
negative charges to hold positively charged metallic ions together. This bonding structure
provides for relatively low melting points and easy reshaping (bending, flattening).
The delocalized electrons provide high electrical conductivity.

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Ionic bonds are formed when metallic atoms donate valence
electrons to non-metallic atoms. The resulting ions have
opposite charges and attract each other into rigid lattices.
This bonding structure gives high bond strength that provides
brittle substances with high melting points and low
conductivity. If the lattice is disrupted by being heated or
dissolved in water, the ions break apart and find movement
easier. Conductivity of molten or aqueous ions is much
higher than that of solids.

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Covalent bonds: are formed when two non-metallic atoms approach and share
valence electrons. These are the strongest of all bonds. Covalent networks form
when atoms bond each to several others, making an interlocking web of atoms.
Covalent networks are very hard to disrupt, giving these substances very high
melting points and low conductivity in any state. Molecules form when a few
covalent bonds form between a countable number of molecules, as in CO 2 or H2O.
While the bonds within the molecule are very strong, the molecules are so small
that we commonly deal with a very large number of them. One molecule requires
little energy to separate from another, so these substances have very low melting
points, often below room temperature. Most liquids and gases that we are familiar
with are molecular. Because molecules hold their electrons so tightly, molecules
also tend to be poor conductors.

“ Therefore bonds type affect crucially the Failure mode or Failure limit ” 10
Types of Lattice Parameter

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Bonding in ceramics
Covalent Bonding

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 Metallic Structures
• Metal atoms are generally arranged in close
packed or closely packed structures
• Face centred cubic
• Hexagonal close packed
• Body centred cubic
• FCC and HCP are based on layers of close
packed planes stacked on each other
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Close packed planes

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 Packing arrangements
• HCP structures have close packed planes
packed in an ABABAB type arrangement
• FCC structures have close packed planes
packed in an ABCABC type arrangement
• BCC are not close packed and therefore
have more space within the structure
• Unit cells are basic building blocks - how
many atoms per unit cell in FCC and BCC?
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 Crystal structure

Body-centred cubic
Give example

Face-centred cubic
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Give example
 Composition, Bonding, Crystal Structure
and Microstructure DEFINE Materials Properties

Composition

Bonding Crystal Structure

Thermomechanical
Processing

Microstructure Properties

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Properties Material Selection

How do you decide on a specific material for your

application ?

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Mechanical Testing and Properties

• Tensile Strength  Tensile Test

• Flexural Strength  Bend Test for

brittle materials

• Hardness  Hardness Test

• Toughness  Impact Test

• Fatigue Life  Fatigue Test

• Creep rate  Creep Test

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 F
Tensile Test Engineerin g stress   
A0
l  l0
Engineerin g strain   
l0

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Mechanical Testing and Properties
Tensile Test & the properties obtained from the Tensile Test
F
Engineerin g stress   
A0
l  l0
Engineerin g strain   
l0

• Note: in Metals, Yield stress is usually the stress required for dislocations to slip. 21
Tensile Test & the properties obtained from the Tensile Test

Note: Young’s modulus is a measure of the stiffness of the material.22

Tensile Test & the properties obtained from the Tensile Test

elateral
Er=1/2(yield strength)(strain at yielding) Poisson' s ratio:m =
elongitudinal

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Tensile Test & the properties obtained from the Tensile Test

elateral
Er=1/2(yield strength)(strain at yielding) Poisson's ratio:m =
elongitudinal

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Tensile Test & the properties obtained from the Tensile Test

Effect of Temperature

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The Bend Test for Brittle Material

• Due to the presence of flaw at the surface,

in many brittle materials, the normal tensile
test cannot easily be performed.

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True Stress-True Strain

F F
Engineerin g stress    True stress   t  '
A0 A
l  l0
'
l
dl l' A0
Engineerin g strain    True strain   t    ln( )  ln( ' )
l0 0 l l l0 A
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6.7 The Impact Test  impact strength

To evaluate the brittleness of a material subjected to a sudden blow.

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6.7 The Impact Test  impact strength

Impact strength vs. Temperature

Note: BCC metals have transition temperature, but most FCC metals do not.

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What is the difference between toughness and yield strength

Yield Strength: A > B Impact Strength: B > A

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 A better understanding of structure-composition-
properties relations has lead to a remarkable progress
in properties of materials. Example is the dramatic
progress in the strength to density ratio of materials, that
resulted in a wide variety of new products, from dental
materials to tennis racquets.

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 What is Materials Science and Engineering ?

Processing
Materials
Optimization Loop

Structure Properties
Observational

Material science is the investigation of the relationship

among processing, structure, properties, and performance
of materials.

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 Structure
• Subatomic level
Electronic structure of individual
atoms that defines interaction
among atoms (interatomic bonding).

• Atomic level
Arrangement of atoms in materials
(for the same atoms can have
different properties, e.g. two forms
of carbon: graphite and diamond)
Annealing of a polycrystalline grain structure

• Microscopic structure
Arrangement of small grains of
material that can be identified by
microscopy.
2D simulation using Monte Carlo Potts model.
2D simulations involve 40,000 sites and takes a day to run on a fast
workstation, 3D simulations involve 64 million sites, runs on 1000
processors of ASCI-Red.

• Macroscopic structure
Structural elements that may be
Monarch butterfly
viewed with the naked eye. ~ 0.1 m
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 Length-scales

Angstrom = 1Å = 1/10,000,000,000 meter = 10-10 m

Nanometer = 10 nm = 1/1,000,000,000 meter = 10-9 m
Micrometer = 1µm = 1/1,000,000 meter = 10-6 m
Millimeter = 1mm = 1/1,000 meter = 10-3 m

Interatomic distance ~ a few Å

A human hair is ~ 50 µm
Elongated bumps that make up the data track on CD are
~ 0.5 µm wide, minimum 0.83 µm long, and 125 nm high

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 Length and Time Scales from the point of view of
Materials Modeling .

1
1027
0.1

Length Scale, number of atoms

Mesoscopic
Length Scale, meters

Time Scale, seconds

ia
Sa nd e
, r
H olm fractu odel
eth lar ts m
Dislocation Dynamics lizab granu Pot
E ter arlo
Nature, 12 February, 1998 In te C
n
Mo

Microscopic
10-7

109

10-7
Mo Li, JHU, Atomistic
model of a nanocrystalline
Farid Abraham, IBM
MD of crack propagation
10-8

10-9
106

Nanoscopic

Leonid Zhigilei, UVA

Phase transformation on
diamond surfaces
10-9

10-12
103

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 Material Selection
Different materials exhibit different crystal structures
(Chapter 3) and resultant Properties

(a) (b
force )

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 Material Selection
Different materials exhibit different microstructures and
resultant Properties

Superplastic deformation involves low-stress sliding along

grain boundaries, a complex process of which material
scientists have limited knowledge and that is a subject of
current investigations.
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 Future of materials science
Design of materials having specific desired characteristics
directly from our knowledge of atomic structure.
• Miniaturization: “Nanostructured" materials, with
microstructure that has length scales between 1 and 100
nanometers with unusual properties. Electronic
components, materials for quantum computing.
• Smart materials: airplane wings that deice
themselves, buildings that stabilize themselves in
earthquakes…
• Environment-friendly materials: biodegradable or
photodegradable plastics, advances in nuclear waste
processing, etc.
• Learning from Nature: shells and biological hard
tissue can be as strong as the most advanced laboratory-
produced ceramics, mollusces produce biocompatible
adhesives that we do not know how to reproduce…
• Materials for lightweight batteries with high storage
densities, for turbine blades that can operate at 2500°C,
room-temperature superconductors? chemical sensors
(artificial nose) of extremely high sensitivity, cotton 38
shirts that never require ironing…