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Mark Dennis Odanga RN, LPT
Risk factor of Breast Cancer
And ways to reduce one’s risk
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
• Gender
• Age
• Genetics
• Family History
• Personal History of Breast Cancer
• Race and Ethnicity
• Menstrual History
• Dense Breast Tissue
Risk factor of Breast Cancer
And ways to reduce one’s risk
Modifiable Risk Factors
• Reproductive History
• Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
• Radiation Exposure
• Lifestyle Factors
• Alcohol Consumption
• Obesity and Overweight
• Physical Inactivity
• Diet
• Smoking

Other Considerations
Breastfeeding: Breastfeeding for at least a year has a protective effect.
Environmental Factors: Exposure to certain chemicals and pollutants may increase risk,
though this is less clearly established.
Structure of the Thorax

The thorax is composed of:

1.Thoracic Cavity: This is the space enclosed by the thoracic walls.

It contains the lungs, heart, and other structures such as the esophagus and trachea.

2. Thoracic Wall: This is formed by the rib cage, sternum, thoracic vertebrae,
and associated muscles.
• Ribs: Twelve pairs of ribs protect the thoracic cavity. They are divided into
true ribs (1-7), false ribs (8-10), and floating ribs (11-12).
• Sternum: The breastbone, located in the center of the chest,
to which the ribs attach.
• Thoracic Vertebrae: Twelve vertebrae (T1-T12) in the spinal column.

3. Muscles: Various muscles assist in the mechanics of breathing, including the

intercostal muscles (between the ribs) and the diaphragm
(separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity).
Structure of the Lungs

The lungs are the primary organs of respiration, and their structure
includes:
1.Lobes:
• Right Lung: Has three lobes – upper, middle, and lower.
• Left Lung: Has two lobes – upper and lower, to accommodate the heart.
2.Pleura: A double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs.
• Visceral Pleura: Covers the lungs.
• Parietal Pleura: Lines the thoracic cavity.
• Pleural Cavity: The space between the two pleural layers, filled with pleural
fluid to reduce friction during breathing.
3.Bronchial Tree: The branching system of airways within the lungs.
• Trachea: The windpipe that splits into the right and left bronchi.
• Bronchi: Each bronchus enters a lung and further divides into smaller bronchi and bronchioles.
• Bronchioles: Smaller airways that lead to the alveolar ducts.
4.Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs. The alveoli are surrounded
by capillaries to facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Functions of the Thorax and Lungs

Functions of the Thorax and Lungs

1.Respiration:
• Inhalation (Inspiration): The diaphragm contracts and moves downward,
and the intercostal muscles contract, expanding the thoracic cavity and
creating negative pressure to draw air into the lungs.
• Exhalation (Expiration): The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, reducing
the thoracic cavity's volume and forcing air out of the lungs.
2.Gas Exchange:
• Oxygen Transport: Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses through the alveolar
walls into the capillaries and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
• Carbon Dioxide Removal: Carbon dioxide, a waste product from metabolism,
diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.
3.Protection and Support:
• The rib cage provides protection to the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels.
• The pleurae reduce friction and create a pressure gradient essential for lung inflation and deflation.
4.Regulation of Blood pH:
• By regulating the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, the lungs play a vital role in maintaining
acid-base balance dioxide.
Anatomy of the Lungs
Risk Factor of Lung Cancer

SCARE
Smoking Chemicals Air
Pollution
Radon Gas Exposure

FACTORS
Family Age Chronic Test Occupational Reduced Second
History & Lung for Hazards Diet Hand
Gender Disease Radon Quality Smoke
Lung diseases that are most
associated with the lungs

• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) • Bronchiectasis

• Chronic Bronchitis • Pulmonary Embolism
• Emphysema • Pulmonary Hypertension
• Asthma • Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)
• Lung Cancer • Cystic Fibrosis
• Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) • Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
• Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): • Respiratory Infections
• Pneumonia • Acute Bronchitis
• Tuberculosis (TB) • Pleural Effusion
• Pulmonary Fibrosis • Pneumothorax
Interviewing and Recording Assessment Findings
Performing Physical Assessment of the Thorax and Lungs
Performing Physical Assessment of the Thorax and Lungs
Performing Physical Assessment of the Thorax and Lungs