Solution Week 11 Ordinary Cycle 2019-II

SOFIA REQUIEM
UNMSM-PRE-UNIVERSITY CENTER
Cycle 2019-II
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN MARCOS
University of Peru, DEAN OF AMERICA
PRE-UNIVERSITY CENTER
Week #11
Verbal Ability
WEEK 11 A: ARGUMENTATION
Arguing consists of generating a speech act that operates at all levels of discourse and
covers the various facets of human life (everyday, political, judicial, scientific, etc.). The
core of the argument is the link between the premises and the conclusion. We are dealing
with a good argument when the conclusion plausibly follows from a solid set of premises.
Every argument is made up of a question, the position or point of view and the arguments:
■ THE CONTROVERSY: The controversial question that opens the argumentative text.
■ THE POSITION: The point of view that the author expresses on the issue. The
position may involve a probatio or a confutatio . The author's position is always
expressed in a thesis, which is the highest ranking statement in the text.
■ THE ARGUMENTS: The plausible reasons given to support the position. We must
tend towards a rational support supported by good information. There is a deontology
of the arguer.
ACTIVITY 1
Next, two argumentative texts are presented that take the form of the probatio and the
confutatio . After reading them with special attention, proceed to complete the required
data and answer the corresponding items.
TEXT TO
"Homeopathy is based on the therapeutic effects of substances whose toxicity is

Controversy: suppressed using very small doses, up to the level known as
'infinitesimal'," explains Boiron, the main homeopathic treatment
company in Spain, on its website. "The effects are specific to
the diluted substance, even when sometimes no molecular
traces are detected in the medication." A real example: caffeine
wakes you up. According to homeopathy, if taken in minute
Thesi proportions, it does the opposite: makes you sleepy. Hence a
s: sleeping preparation that is obtained by mixing one part caffeine
with 99 parts water. It is stirred and the resulting mixture is mixed again with
another 99 parts of water. And so on. Each of these dilutions is called CH
(Centesimal Hahnemanianna). In some cases, the result is equivalent to pouring
a drop of active ingredient into all the world's oceans.
Week No. 11 (Reproduction and sale prohibited) P. 1

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UNMSM-PRE-UNIVERSITY CENTER Cycle 2019-II
planet. This operation is the same as filling a pot with five liters
Arguments: of water at home, adding a pinch of sugar, and stirring. Then,
1. separate a teaspoon of the resulting liquid and dilute it again in
a pot with another five clean liters of water. And repeat the operation as many
times as you want to finish by taking a drop of the preparation with your
breakfast coffee. Can a preparation of this type cure any disease?
On the other hand, the scientific evidence against the
effectiveness of homeopathy is irrefutable. Even so, studies and
reviews continue to be carried out; the latest this month in Cochrane
2. which concludes that "trials show no medicinal benefit of homeopathy
when compared with placebo in the treatment of respiratory tract
infections in children." The Ministry of Health itself, which is finishing
processing the ministerial order to regularize the marketing of these
products, recognizes that it does not cure. In reality, the only
recognized effect of homeopathy is the placebo. Until then there
would be no problem if half of Spaniards did not mistakenly believe
that it works and if many of these patients did not abandon treatments
whose effectiveness and safety have been scientifically proven to
embrace these alternative treatments. An unfortunate case that
illustrates this situation happened with the seven-year-old boy who
died in Girona due to a respiratory condition that his parents treated
only with homeopathy.
Drafting. (September 30, 2019). "What exactly is homeopathy (and why it doesn't work)." The country. Retrieved
from https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/04/25/buenavida/1524647842_020614.html .
1. Implicitly, the first argument to question the curative value of homeopathy affects its
preparation in order to
A) maintain that the necessary degree of dilution endorses its medicinal value.
B) clarify to what extent infinitesimal dilution could be used. C) demonstrate that their
preparations are basically composed of water. D) suggest that the chemical
composition of these drugs may be toxic.
Solution :
This first argument focuses on demonstrating, from the preparation of homeopathic
products, their real composition, in such a way that it is perceived that these
preparations are basically water.
Reply: C
2. The second argument postulates that "the scientific evidence against the
effectiveness of homeopathy is irrefutable." For it,
A) invokes an investigation carried out by the Ministry of Health. B) appeals to the
authority of a recent study and cites an example. C) questions the ministerial
ordinance to regulate its sale. D) denies recent research carried out at Cochrane.

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Solution :
The author's second argument is reinforced by the use of several strategies. Among
them, the appeal to the authority of a recent study and the use of an example (the
child who died in Girona) stands out.
Reply: B
3. In it _____________ argument, the author resorts to the _______, which is evident in

the hyperbolic tone he uses, as a complement.
A) first – reluctance B) second – quote

C) second – criticism D) first – irony
Solution :
In the first argument, the author is ironic when describing the preparation of
homeopathic drugs ("In some cases, the result is equivalent to pouring a drop of
active ingredient into all the oceans on the planet").
Reply: D
TEXT B
The idea of capitalist production is what has served to

Controversy: feed and inoculate into the DNA of our societies what
ecological economics has called the myth of growth. This idea
postulates that the fact that the economy grows at the
expense of whatever is always good in itself, because it is the
Thesis: only way to create well-being.
The countries that are called developed, all of them, meet
a series of characteristics. They are countries that a long time
ago exhausted their raw materials base and the material base
they have in their own territories. If right now we put a fence
on the periphery of any of the so-called developed countries
that prevents energy or materials from entering and prevents waste of any kind from
leaving, that country would not last even fifteen days. Because they are
Argument: countries that long ago exceeded the limits of their own territories. In
other words, economic growth and so-called development is built on the basis of an
economy that we could call, metaphorically, cannibalistic, because it is sustained and
grows from consumption, resources, minerals and pollution. exported to third countries.
Likewise, those countries we call developed attract cheap labor from third countries. For
this to exist, for there to be countries that can buy, when they buy it, cheap raw
materials or can use cheap energy and can export waste or import cheap food, in good
conditions, there must be just the opposite on the other side of the world. .
So, in order for that development model to exist, there

has to be that other model of submission and exploitation.
That is to say, for there to be countries that far exceed the
consumption of those allowed by their own territories, there
must be other countries that operate on the planet as if they
were a large mine and a large landfill. That is the myth of
growth on which the capitalist model that many defend is
founded.
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Herrera, Y. (2002). "Capitalism is unsustainable." Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mpfBf7RooU .
1. In the author's argument, the myth of growth
A) It lacks relevance to explain the economy of third world countries.

B) It is a consequence of the economic policy that communism launched. C) causes
consequences mainly in the environmental and political sphere. D) is rooted in the
first approaches to the economy of Western culture.
Solution :
The deterioration of the planet, whose poorest areas become landfills, and the
development of a cannibal economy that demands the existence of "another model of
submission and exploitation."
Reply: C
2. From the description of the developed countries that the author proposes, it is clear
that capitalism
A) allows a harmonious relationship between humans and nature.

B) undermines the principles for a cannibal-type economy to emerge.
C) puts at risk the sustained development of the countries of the old world.
D) It is a system that tends to exhaust the natural wealth of a territory.
Solution :
Developed countries are those where capitalism has best established itself, but also
regions that "a long time ago exhausted their base of raw materials and the material
base they have in their own territories."
Reply: D
3. In the author's logic, it is inferred that if a third world country achieves an outstanding
level of development in its region
A) Their polluting waste would be transferred to developed countries.
B) possibly it has established relations of dominance over other nations.
C) a new evolution of the free market economy would have been completed.
D) The areas of Asia would become the new waste dumps.
Solution :
The myth of growth, Herrera postulates, implies the appearance of a "cannibal
economy" that, simultaneously, causes the emergence of a system of exploitation and
subjugation of other nations.
Reply:
ACTIVITY 2
Below is an argumentative text. After reading it with special attention, proceed to answer
the corresponding items.
ARGUMENTATIVE TEXT
Journalism is moral and method. It is not and cannot be more, and its power lies in
that humility of office. One of the worst legacies of previous governments was the
espionage system that they left dismantled and that, over time, became a black market for
"evidence" available to anyone who had enough wallet to invest. During the 2000s, edited

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audios, improbable files, as well as other species with prices and discounts arrived almost
weekly at all journalistic newsrooms, as if it were an auction to the highest bidder. It was
known that this menu of suckers and ill-gotten goods circulated through the press rooms
and, from time to time, someone bought; Then the transaction was covered with one or two
interviews, with one or two motives, and the rest was dissimulation. There have always
been cretins everywhere, but something different happened here: there are few
opportunities to see the level of scruples in an entire profession drop, consensually and
abruptly.
Therefore, it must be insisted that the journalist is not the one who receives what is
given to him and publishes it as if it were a great revelation, nor is he the one who,
motivated by an adventurous spirit, mortgages his material and moral reserves, without
consultation, in after a scoop that puts him under suspicion. The journalist's duty is not to
buy or sell, nor is it to judge. This is called sensationalism, levity, incontinence, complicity
or usurpation of functions. The role of the journalist – at least as I understand it, at least as
I learned it – consists of obtaining information, doubting it and contrasting it until we are
sure that it is truthful and socially relevant, an exercise that can only be conducted with
intellectual honesty. (again, morality and method). Only then is it disseminated, with the
reserve and prudence that the case warrants. The first step in this process is a question of
many: what is the origin of the information? If that question cannot be answered
satisfactorily, the rest is dark and the threat is latent: being someone's useful fool.
Pimentel, J. (September 28, 2015). «Thinking the press». Trade . Retrieved on August 17, 2016 from
http://elcomercio.pe/eldominical/columna/pensar-prensa-jeronimo-pimentel-noticia-1844343
1. Fundamentally, Pimentel's text discusses _______________________________ and

his
position implies a ________________.
A) ethics in the written press-probatio

B) the morality of the journalist-confutatio
C) the nature of journalism- probatio
D) a definition of the press-confutatio
Solution :
The controversy that Pimentel addresses is the nature of journalism. For the author,
this activity must be characterized by morality and method. Likewise, his position
implies a probatio .
Reply: C
2. The author's thesis maintains that the journalist must be characterized by
A) your honest attitude and your rigor when evaluating the information you plan to
disseminate.
B) his intellectual acuity when serving as a communicator for the community.
C) your expertise in evaluating the ethical nature of the news you decide to report.
D) his suspicion of the materials he acquires and his intellectual integrity.
Solution :
For Pimentel, honesty in acting and rigor in evaluating the materials one intends to
communicate constitute the two essential features of journalism.

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Reply:
A
3. In the text, the word IMPROBABLE is understood as a file
A) uncontrolled. B) infinite.
C) hidden. D) implausible.
Solution :
It is stated in the text that a journalist cannot give credence to improbable files.
Reply:
C
4. Pimentel's argument mainly affects
A) the need to rethink the technique to practice the journalistic profession.

B) the ethical deterioration of journalism as a result of the political situation in the
country.
C) the process of obtaining information that distinguishes reporters.
D) the spy organizations dismantled by previous governments.
Solution :
In his argument, the author suggests that the journalistic profession as a whole was
degraded as a result of the political situation that the country was going through.
Reply:
B
5. Regarding the ideas that Pimentel advocates, could you propose a counterargument
to refute or mitigate the strength of the position?

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READING COMPREHENSION
Image recovered from https://www.emol.com/noticias/Tecnologia/2019/05/31/949723/Infografia-

Cinco-pasos-que- explican-como-se-genera-un-tornado.html .
The formation of tornadoes continues to harbor several unknowns for the scientists
and meteorologists who study them. However, it is known that for them to form, a series of
special meteorological conditions must occur. In principle, two air currents, one cold and
one hot, converge horizontally. In this encounter, the hot air, which should be above the
cold air, is trapped in a lower plane, which causes both currents to flow at different heights,
in parallel and in opposite directions. When the time comes, the current of cold, dry air
begins to descend,
while the other, warmer and humid one rises, producing a current in the shape of a rotating
tube. As the process progresses, this tubular air stream begins to gain speed.
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Subsequently, warm air continues to rise while cold air descends, lifting the tornado
vortex into a vertical position. Once the vortex hits the ground, the air current accelerates
again, producing the spinning top-shaped whirl so characteristic of tornadoes. Then, while
the cold air descends around the sides of the top, the flow of hot air trapped under the top
finds, through the vortex, an ideal path of ascent, so, following this route, it begins to rise.
vertically in a more violent and massive way. This displacement generates a "suction"
effect, which is why tornadoes can literally lift vehicles and even homes, making them fly.
When the time comes when both flows
of air, both the hot ascending and the cold descending, reach constant values, the wind
inside the "top" can register speeds of up to 480 kilometers per hour.
Drafting. (August 2, 2019). "This is how a tornado forms." National Geographic Spain. Recovered from
https://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/ciencia/asi-se-forma-tornado_14413 .
1. In essence, the text is intended to
A) define the basic meteorological conditions for the formation of tornadoes. B)

communicate the crucial characteristics of a specific weather phenomenon. C)
elucidate the speed that the vortex and the flanks of a vortex can reach. D) describe
the process of hurricane formation through its various stages.
Solution :
Both the reading and the graph provide information about the various stages that the
formation process of a tornado or hurricane goes through.
Reply: D
2. In the text, the term CONVERGER has the meaning of
A) move. B) match.
C) combine. D) articular.
Solution :
The enunciative context where it appears allows us to affirm that the word "converge"
refers to two air currents of opposite temperatures, hot and cold, "coinciding" at the
same point on a horizontal plane.
Reply: B
3. In relation to the formation of the tornadoes illustrated in the graph, it is inconsistent to

maintain that
A) the vortex created by the hot and cold air remains suspended in the process. B)
once formed, the destructive force it reaches will depend on its acceleration. C) a
column of rotating air emerges as rotational motion increases. D) upon emergence
they achieve an average travel speed greater than 15 km/h.
Solution :
The vortex that arises from the meeting of the mass of hot air and cold air descends
until it comes into contact with the ground. It is not suspended in the process.

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Reply:
A
4. From the information provided by the graph and the reading, it is deduced that for the
formation of tornadoes
A) The speed of the hot air in its rotation defines its structure inside.
B) The two air streams must merge before the process concludes.
C) The contrast between the temperatures of the air masses is decisive.
D) A number of special weather conditions are essential.
Solution :
Both the graph and the reading affect the role played by the temperature difference of
the air masses in the stages of tornado formation. Therefore, this difference, in the
long run, ends up being fundamental.
Reply:
C
5. If the convergence of air could not create a dynamic vortex,
A) a wind with a speed of 400 km/h could be generated.

B) the process of forming a tornado would not take place.
C) the rate of tornado appearance would increase instantly.
D) The whirlwind would pass from the ground to the highest point.
Solution :
The initial condition for the formation of tornadoes demands that "warm air, which
should be above cold air, becomes trapped in a lower plane." Without this condition,
tornadoes could not arise.
Reply:
B
WEEK 11B
TEXT 1
Superbacteria are strains of microorganisms that have been able to mutate their DNA
over generations in order to survive. When attacked by drugs, bacteria enter a stress
situation that induces them to capture the DNA of other bacteria that are not affected by a
specific antibiotic. This is an adaptive strategy that has been accelerated by the massive
and often incorrect use of antibiotics, such as self-medication or incomplete treatments,
and that has pushed these organisms to equip themselves with a "multi-resistant
supershield." which can repel the action of numerous drugs at the same time.
Several laboratories are working to counteract this enormous defensive capacity,
among them the National Center for Biotechnology of the CSIC, where a team led by
Daniel López has developed a way to deactivate the bacterial protective shields, where the
protein complexes related to resistance to antibiotics, called lipid rafts. "We have
discovered that statins, a

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group of drugs used to treat patients with cholesterol, can be effective in fighting these
superbacteria when supplied together with conventional antibiotics," explains López.
Statins break up these lipid rafts and allow the antibiotic to function normally. The tests
have been carried out with Staphylococcus aureus, a bacteria that wreaks havoc in hospital
environments and is resistant to a very common antibiotic, methicillin. It is to be hoped that
this notable advance in the fight against superbacteria will go hand in hand with a more
rational use of drugs. Otherwise, these tiny single-celled beings will be forced to build
increasingly impassable barricades.
ONLY 3 TIMES IN HISTORY THE UN HAD BUT NOW IT HAS DECLARED A FOURTH
DECLARED A HEALTH CRISIS:
(BACTERIA THAT HAVE
BECOME RESISTANT
TO
HEART
60 THE ANTIBIOTICS)
PROBLEMS EBOLA
AND HOW DID IT APPEARS ... FOOD.

THAT HAPPEN? IF I ONE OF THE
DON'T EVEN TAKE MAIN
THAT MANY RESPONSIBLE JUATI?
MEDICATIONS. IS...
)
MORE OF 10% OF ANTIBIOTICS IN THE USA IT IS USED IN PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM ANIMALS
SO THAT THE
ANIMALS GET
LESS SICK...
AND TO
FATTEN THEM
FURTHER.
—
ALTHOUGH THESE ANTIBIOTICS KILLED MOST ...UNTIL THEY BECOME

BACTERIA, THEIR ABUSE CAUSED SUPERBACTERIA RESISTANT TO
ANY MEDICATION.
SOURCES 'Huw untiblatits in aur fpod nystum uffeat wour health' - CNN / Tho UN just aotagorizod ntibioticis in tho
food sustorn cs ci crinis on por with AIDS (inri Ebola - QUARTZ
Drafting. (September 17, 2019). "Superbacteria: the fight that does not stop." National Geographic Spain.
que-no-cesa_12406 .
TO CONTINUE LIKE THIS. IT IS CALCULATED THAT FOR THE
2050 MORE THAN 10 MILLION PEOPLE
THEY WILL DIE FROM SUPERBACTERIA.
1. In addition to reflecting on its possible origin, the text fundamentally informs about
A) the essential properties of bacteria that have managed to mutate their DNA. B) a
procedure that neutralizes the lipid rafts of superbacteria. C) the role of statins for the
destruction of multibacterial shields. D) the adaptation of bacteria as a result of the

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production of protein shields.
Solution :
The text reports on the possible origin of superbacteria (medical or nutritional) and,
fundamentally, on the creation of a new procedure to combat them by neutralizing
bacterial shields.
Reply:
B
2. The contextual synonym of the term IMPELER is

A) dissolve. B) modify.
C) alter. D) induce.
Solution :
In the text, the term "impeler" refers to the fact that if the excessive use of antibiotics
is not regulated, bacteria will continue to mutate and endanger human health. In this
sense, the contextual synonym of "impel" is "induce."
Reply:
D
3. Regarding the infographic, it is not correct to maintain that the appearance of

superbacteria
A) It was caused by human intervention in food production.
B) constitutes a terrible threat to health from the perspective of the UN.
C) endangers the population because of the speed with which it can spread.
D) It could be related to the intake of medications and the food industry.
Solution :
Superbugs constitute a health risk for the world's population due to their resistance to
medications, not because of their reproduction speed.
Reply:
C
4. Even though they postulate apparently diverse origins, it emerges that both reading
and infographics
A) They argue that animal morbidity will increase due to superbacteria.
B) They believe that antibiotics are used to make foods of animal origin.
C) They maintain that only evolved bacteria actively reproduce.
D) They consider that the regulation of the use of antibiotics is essential.
Solution :
The image and the reading agree in stating that, to counteract the development of
superbacteria, it is unavoidable to reduce the use of antibiotics.
Reply:
D
5. If antibiotics had always been characterized by their fulminant effect when annihilating
microorganisms,

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A) Stating that its use is linked to the origin of superbugs would be plausible.
B) Lipid rafts would form a common structure in most bacteria. C) its use could
hardly be linked to the appearance of superbacteria. D) it could be argued that self-
medication is an option for certain patients.
Solution :
If it were true that antibiotics were absolutely effective, it would not be feasible to
postulate that any bacteria survive, evolve and multiply, and, therefore, that they
would be capable of developing a certain immunity against the drugs.
Reply: C
TEXT 2 A
In Spain, in 2017, each immigrant cost the public coffers around sixty thousand euros
in their first year of reception if all the social costs that their presence in that country entails
are taken into account. A detailed analysis of the social goods consumed by immigrants
offers an even grayer picture: they have access to greater survival aid, are favored in the
allocation of social housing, enjoy free healthcare and education, and even have family
reunification expenses covered. Likewise, when immigrants come from cultures other than
Europe, they tend to form closed ghettos where they live according to their customs and
laws. These places, which are often called in Europe "no-go zones", although they are
quite harmless for men, are not for women, who are often harassed, insulted and even
attacked, nor for representatives of the law, who are harassed when trying to do their job.
Therefore, Europe cannot take on more unemployed and dependent people who only know
how to squeeze the system to reach levels of well-being that they have never enjoyed, and
who, furthermore, are incapable of respecting the norms and values of the countries that
give them a second chance. opportunity to emerge.
Bardají, R. (November 21, 2018). "Do we really need more immigration?" Expansion. Retrieved from
https://www.expansion.com/actualidadeconomica/analisis/2018/11/21/5bf529a3e2704e9811
.
TEXT 2B
Europe needs immigrants to be able to maintain its high standards of living, as it is a

continent in which, thanks to modernization and development, an increasingly smaller
number of people must support a larger retired population that continues to grow
relentlessly. Not only Spain has the lowest birth rate in the year; many other European
countries are following closely in its footsteps. Immigrants, whether we like it or not, will end
up filling that void. To do this, instead of keeping them at bay and persecuting them, we
must integrate them and guide their arrival so that it benefits the old continent. On the other
hand, neocolonialism, practiced in various forms by European countries, wreaked havoc on
the Third World and largely contributed to keeping it underdeveloped. Thus, there is no
doubt that, ultimately, only the development of the Third World will keep in their lands those
masses who now prefer to drown in the Mediterranean, and be exploited by mafias, rather
than continue in their countries of origin where they feel that there is no longer any hope of
change. For this reason, it is necessary to open European borders to necessary
immigration and regulate it in a way that is conducive.

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Vargas Llosa, M. (July 7, 2019). "The captain and the minister." The country. Recovered
from
https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/07/04/opinion/1562247268_109575.html .
1. The discussion raised between both texts has as its axis

A) the arrival of immigrants to Europe in the light of contemporary colonialism.
B) the real monetary cost of migration for the countries of the European Union.
C) the position that European countries should take regarding immigration.
D) support to establish an open border policy for migration.
Solution :
In both fragments, there is a debate about the position that European countries
should assume in relation to immigration. For text A, immigration, due to the social
cost and risk it entails, should not be allowed. On the contrary, for text B, immigration
is necessary to maintain the high European standard of living and is justified by the
"historical debt" contracted with Third World countries.
Reply:
C
2. In text 2A, the term SAFE is an antonym of

A) neutral. B) superb.
C) ambiguous. D) virulent.
Solution :
In the text, the word refers to a harmless environment, so the antonym is the word
"virulent."
Reply:
D
3. In the logic of text 2 B, immigrants in Europe can have a beneficial effect

A) to the extent that ghettos add color to the landscape of nations.
B) to guarantee Europeans a reserve in the event of a world war.
C) because they can be a balm for retirement fiscal policy.
D) because the so-called Third World is always a danger for Europe.
Solution :
Retirement presents many problems for Europeans, which is why immigrants could
be of enormous help to solve this policy with taxes.
Reply:
C
4. From the perspective of text 2A, it is inferred that the immigrants referred to
A) They have the purpose of contributing to the generation of national wealth.

B) They are part of cultures that show marked patriarchal traits.
C) They are willing to protect the elderly population to be admitted.
D) They have given up joining the labor market provided by the State.

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Solution :
According to text A, in the "no-go zones", created by the group of immigrants who do
not wish to integrate into the culture of the country that shelters them, the security of
women becomes precarious, but not so with men.
Reply:
B
5. If Europe had given up intervening in the direction of the Third World countries since
they became independent,
A) The European birth rate would rebound in a few years until it became positive.
B) European countries would not need immigrants to maintain their standard of living.
C) appealing to the argument of historical debt would be an impertinent strategy. D)
the annual cost per migrant would decrease by less than half in the European zone.
Solution :
The second argument of text B maintains that the precarious situation of Third World
countries is due, in part, to the neocolonialism practiced by some European nations.
Therefore, there would be a historical debt that partially justifies Europe's
responsibility regarding immigration.
Reply: C
TEXT 3
Although it may seem paradoxical, the style of the novel lies in the combination of
styles; That is to say, the language of the novel is a system developed on the basis of
different "languages." Each differentiated element of novel language is best defined by the
subordinate stylistic unit to which it is directly incorporated: the language of the character,
individualized from the stylistic point of view, the representation of the narrator's orality,
writing, etc. This direct unit determines the linguistic and stylistic character (lexicographic,
semantic, syntactic) of the respective element. At the same time, that element, together
with its immediate stylistic unity, is involved in the style of the whole, carries its accent,
participates in the structure and in the manifestation of the single meaning of the whole.
The novel is the artistically organized social diversity of language (and sometimes of
individual languages and voices). The internal stratification of a national language into
social dialects, into groups, professional slang, gender languages; languages of
generations, of ages, of currents; languages of authorities, of passing circles and fashions;
languages of the days, and even of the hours; social-political (each day has its motto, its
vocabulary, its accents); as well as the internal stratification of a language at each moment
of its historical existence, constitutes the necessary premise for the novel genre: through
this social plurilingualism and individual pluriphonism, which has its origin in itself, the novel
orchestrates all its themes, its entire semantic-concrete universe represented and
expressed. The discourse of the author and the narrator, the interspersed genres, the
languages of the characters, are nothing but fundamental compositional units, through
which multilingualism penetrates the novel; Each of these units admits a diversity of social
voices and a diversity of relationships, as well as correlations between them (always
dialogized, to one extent or another). These spatial relationships and correlations between
statements and languages, this movement of the theme through languages and
discourses, its fragmentation into the currents and drops of social multilingualism, its
dialogization, constitute the characteristic aspect of the novel style.
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Bakhtin, M. (1991). "The word in the novel." Theory and aesthetics of the novel . Madrid: Taurus,
80-81.
1. In a synthetic way, the text fundamentally maintains that the style of the novel
A) It only acquires its final artistic form by incorporating diverse expressions.

B) part of a purge that attempts to eliminate contradictory elements.
C) It consists of the artistic organization of the social diversity of language.
D) It results from the synthesis of social multilingualism in a standard variety.
Solution :
According to Bakhtin, the style of the novel is characterized by the combination of the
various styles or "languages" that coexist in society.
Reply:
C
2. In the text, the term MOVEMENT means
A) displacement. B) variation.
C) consecration. D) recognition.
Solution :
The word "movement" alludes to the fact that the theme of a novel will be approached
from multiple approaches. Therefore, this term implies "variation."
Reply:
B
3. From the text it is inferred that the novel genre is closely linked to the linguistic
diversity of a society, because
A) The styles inscribed in a novel suspend all connection.

B) the language of the narrative summarizes national conflicts.
C) Its starting point is the internal stratification of the language.
D) A novelistic work seeks to dissolve its components.
Solution :
Bakhtin maintains that the link between the novel and the social arises from the
incorporation of the linguistic diversity of the population. This fact is based on the fact
that the premise of the novel genre is the internal stratification of language.
Reply:
C
4. In relation to the style of the novel, it is not valid to maintain that
A) considers the internal stratification of the language in its historical existence.

B) It involves the organization of diverse materials with an artistic purpose.
C) integrates social linguistic diversity through compositional units.
D) it renounces providing a structure to the set of "languages" it includes.

SOFIA REQUIEM
Solution :
According to the text, the novel produces a "style of the whole", which supposes a
unique structure and meaning in the aesthetic totality of the work.
Reply:
D
5. If it were reliably demonstrated that the novel is only capable of incorporating a single
language in its composition,
A) The artistic value of the narratives would be strengthened in the coming years.
B) It would be unlikely to offer an approach to the different aspects of a topic.
C) the narrator in novels would stop becoming the axis of certain novels.
D) Literature would assume an ancillary position in the corpus of modern arts.
Solution :
Bakhtin maintains that the topic moves "through languages and discourses", that is, it
is approached from various perspectives. This multiple treatment of the theme is
possible due to the stylistic multilingualism of the novel.
Reply: B
TEXT 4
In the financial market, the price of money is determined by the bank interest rate,
which reflects how much a debtor pays a creditor to use their money over a period. In turn,
this interest rate is directly influenced by the reference rate, which is established by the
Central Bank of each country. In this way, if it wants to stimulate economic activity, the
Central Bank reduces the reference rate, which provides an incentive to increase credit and
boost the economy through an increase in bank loans. In Peru, in order to moderate the
slowdown of the economy, the monetary program of the Central Reserve Bank (BCR) in
July opened the doors to an eventual reduction of its reference interest rate - currently at
2.75% -, according to analysts of the financial system.
The BCP estimates that a preventive decrease in said rate would occur between the
last quarter of this year and the first quarter of 2020. Thus, the interest rates on loans
offered by banking entities would be reduced, which would make the financing that people
and companies take cheaper. In the same, BBVA line estimates that the BCR will reduce
its key rate from 2.75% to 2.50%, with a first cut in October or November. This reduction in
the BCR rate would occur in a context of slow economic growth, which would have been
close to 2% in the first semester, according to the BCP. Economic activity showed
weakness in extractive sectors such as mining and fishing, as well as in public investment.
Among the causes of the reduction in the monetary policy rate, the BCP mentions a more
negative output gap (growth of the economy below its potential), and the downward bias for
inflation (and inflation expectations). . Meanwhile, BBVA cites the deterioration of business
confidence, the moderation of private spending indicators and the relative strength of the
local currency.
Ramirez, Z. (July 25, 2019). "Why will the cost of money in Peru go down in the coming months?" Management.
Recovered from https://gestion.pe/tu-dinero/bajara-costo-dinero-peru-proximos-meses-274104-noticia/?
ref=gesr .
1. Fundamentally, the text maintains that

SOFIA REQUIEM
A) The Peruvian economy will go through a period of reduction and deterioration.
B) The BCR plans to reduce the reference rate to boost the economy.
C) The price of money depends on the interest rate and the reference rate.
D) The BCR and the BCP are attentive to the economic slowdown.
Solution :
The text reports on a measure that the Central Reserve Bank plans to apply with the
objective of boosting the growth of the Peruvian economy.
Reply:
B
2. The contextual antonym of the term STIMULATE is

A) paralyze. B) monitor.
C) spur. D) energize.
Solution :
In the text, "stimulate" is understood as encouraging economic activity, making it
more dynamic. Therefore, the most appropriate contextual antonym for this term
would be "paralyze."
Reply:
A
3. It is not consistent to maintain that financial market values are under the control of
private banking entities, because
A) the country's economy requires the integration of regional and local industries. B)
the monetary value of money ultimately depends on the reference rate. C) the
negative product gap caused the decrease in the financial interest rate. D) the
reduction of the reference rate will serve to redefine an economic policy.
Solution :
The reference rate dictated by the Central Reserve Bank ultimately determines the
price of money within the financial market. Therefore, the power exercised by private
entities finds a counterweight in the BCR.
Reply:
B
4. From the measure projected by the Central Reserve Bank, it follows that
A) The economic flow decreases first in the extractive sectors.
B) mitigating the slowdown in the country's economy is a task of the BCP.
C) The credit and investment system can serve to reactivate an economy.
D) Controlling individual spending indicators is decisive for the State.
Solution :
As explained in the text, the redefinition of the reference rate aims to reactivate the
Peruvian economy. This measure seeks to encourage credit activity and investment
by individuals.
Reply:
C

SOFIA REQUIEM
5. If, by mid-2021, the Central Reserve Bank decides to increase the reference rate,
A) Extractive sectors would have to increase their investment in technology.

B) the downward bias for inflation would reduce the cost of state services.
C) The interest rate would decrease with the objective of achieving financial balance.
D) That decision would be related to the acceleration of the Peruvian economy.
Solution :
The decrease in the reference rate constitutes a measure to reactivate the ailing
Peruvian economy. If this measure were suspended, it would be likely that the
economic sector would have regained its dynamism.
Reply: D
WEEK 11 C
PASSAGE 1
A spacesuit is much more than a set of clothes astronauts wear on spacewalks. The
formal name for the spacesuit used on the International Space Station is the Extravehicular
Mobility Unit, or EMU. "Extravehicular" means outside of the vehicle or spacecraft.
"Mobility" means that the astronaut can move around in the suit.
Spacesuits help astronauts in several ways. Spacewalking astronauts face a wide
variety of temperatures. In Earth orbit, conditions can be as cold as minus 250 degrees
Fahrenheit. In the sunlight, they can be as hot as 250 degrees. A spacesuit protects
astronauts from those extreme temperatures.
Spacesuits also supply astronauts with oxygen to breathe while they are in the
vacuum of space. They contain water to drink during spacewalks. They protect astronauts
from being injured from impacts of small bits of space dust. Spacesuits also protect
astronauts from radiation in space. The suits even have visors to protect astronauts' eyes
from the bright sunlight.
Hitt, D. (2014). “What Is a Spacesuit?” NASA Knows! For Students 5-8. Retrieved from
https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-a-spacesuit-58.html . (Edited
text).
TRANSLATION
A spacesuit is much more than a set of clothing that astronauts wear on spacewalks.
The formal name of the spacesuit used on the International Space Station is the
Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU). "Extravehicular" means outside the vehicle or
spacecraft. "Mobility" means that the astronaut can move with the suit.
Spacesuits help astronauts in several ways. Astronauts walking in space face a wide
variety of temperatures. In Earth's orbit, conditions can be as cold as minus 250 degrees
Fahrenheit. In sunlight, it can be as hot as 250 degrees. A space suit protects astronauts
from these extreme temperatures.
Spacesuits also supply astronauts with oxygen to breathe while in the vacuum of
space. They contain water to drink during spacewalks. They protect astronauts from
damage caused by small pieces of space dust. Spacesuits also protect astronauts from
radiation in space. The suits even have visors to protect the astronauts' eyes from bright
sunlight.
SOFIA REQUIEM
1. The main purpose of the author is to
A) explain why astronauts need spacesuits.

B) describes the characteristics of spacesuits.
C) show the difficult work that astronauts have.
D) study the manufacturing process of an EMU.
Solution :
The author is focusing on explaining the reasons astronauts need spacesuits.
Spacesuits protect them from many risky situations on space.
Answer: A
2. The contextual synonym of FACE is to
A) express. B) confront. C) represent. D) need.
Solution :
The word FACE is related to the activity of CONFRONTING or DEALING with a
difficult situation.
Answer: B
3. According to the information about spacesuits, it is not true to say that they
A) allow astronauts to drink water in a spacewalk.

B) allow astronauts to breathe while they are in space.
C) They are a very sophisticated and complex kind of suits.
D) only protect astronauts from cold temperatures.
Solution :
The author says that spacesuits are prepared to resist both cold and hot
temperatures, not only cold.
Answer: D
4. We can infer from the initial description that the author gave about spacesuits that he
A) want to explore the space equipped with one of those EMUs.

B) is aware of the technological advances of spacesuits and ships.
C) believe people could think spacesuits are not that complex.
D) He wears one of these EMUs when he wants to explore the space.
Solution :
The author says that “a spacesuit is much more than a set of clothes astronauts wear
on spacewalks.” That means that people could think spacesuits are just a set of
clothes, and not the complex tools that they actually are.
Answer: C
5. If spacesuits did not allow the astronaut inside to move, then
A) its formal name would probably be different from the actual one.

SOFIA REQUIEM
B) it would be totally impossible for astronauts to wear one of those.
C) the author would continue to be against the use of those units.
D) astronauts who wear one of those suits would be in serious danger.
Solution :
The formal name EMU means Extravehicular Mobility Unit because it allows
astronauts inside to move. If that were not the case, the label “Mobility” would not
make sense and the formal name would probably change.
Answer: A
PASSAGE 2
Diabetes is a chronic condition with which patients can live full lives. Normally, the
pancreas makes an important protein called insulin, a hormone that regulates blood
glucose, or sugar, the body's main source of energy. In people with diabetes, the body
does not make enough insulin, produces none at all, or does not properly use insulin. This
causes high blood glucose levels—a dangerous condition that can lead to heart disease,
painful diabetic neuropathy (a gradual deterioration of peripheral nerves), blindness, kidney
disease or failure, and lower-extremity amputations.
Insulin provides an excellent example of the iterative nature of medical research. Its
discovery, for example, laid the foundation for protein sequencing, which provided the map
necessary for the complex process of protein synthesis. In addition, today's insulin
medications and diabetes research incorporate advancements in genetics—a field believed
to be in its earliest stages of changing how we design and produce new medicines.
PHRMA (2019). «Innovations in insulin». In National Geographic. Retrieved from

< https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/07/partner-content-innovations-in-insulin/
>
TRANSLATION
Diabetes is a chronic condition with which patients can live a full life. Normally, the
pancreas produces an important protein called insulin, a hormone that regulates blood
glucose, or sugar, the body's main source of energy. In people with diabetes, the body
does not make enough insulin, does not make any insulin, or does not use insulin properly.
This causes high blood glucose levels, a dangerous condition that can lead to heart
disease, painful diabetic neuropathy (a gradual deterioration of peripheral nerves),
blindness, kidney failure or failure, and lower extremity amputations.
Insulin provides an excellent example of the iterative nature of medical research.
Their discovery, for example, laid the foundation for protein sequencing, which provided the
map necessary for the complex process of protein synthesis. Additionally, current research
on insulin medications and diabetes incorporates advances in genetics, a field that is
believed to be in its early stages of changing the way we design and produce new
medications.
1. The passage focuses on
A) the dangerous consequences of diabetes.

B) insulin as an effective cure for diabetes.

SOFIA REQUIEM
C) current research on insulin medications.
D) insulin and its benefits in the medical field.
Solution :
The text revolves around insulin and the benefits it brings in the field of health.
Answer: D
2. The contextual antonym of the word "dangerous" is
A) innocent. B) harmless. C) peaceful. D) disarmed.
Solution :
The contextual antonym of "dangerous" is "harmless."
Answer: B
3. It is inferred from the passage that the study of insulin will allow
A) obtaining results in other areas of science.

B) to cure many fatal diseases such as diabetes.
C) improve science in a way never seen before.
D) to know the causes of pancreatic insufficiency.
Solution :
The study of insulin has improved the area of genetics and the creation of medicines;
Therefore, we can infer that it allows us to improve results in other areas of science.
Answer: A
4. It is not compatible to say that insulin shortages
A) cause high blood glucose levels. B) can trigger dangerous diseases.

C) do not modify everyday life at all. D) is caused by a pancreatic failure.
Solution :
Insulin shortages lead to diabetes. Although people who suffer from this disease can
"live a full life" we cannot say that it does not modify the life of those who suffer from
it.
Answer: C
5. If a person's pancreas produces less insulin than necessary, then the patient
A) Could have a multi-organ failure. B) can be diagnosed with diabetes.
C) will soon suffer from blindness. D) could never live a full life again.
Solution :
Diabetes is caused by non-production or a lower production of insulin by the
pancreas.

SOFIA REQUIEM
If someone had a pancreas that produces less insulin, we could say they can have
diabetes.
Answer: B
PASSAGE 3
Scientists may be close to a cure for the common cold. They have looked for a
medicine for many years. The problem is that there are hundreds of types of cold viruses.
The viruses change very quickly. They fight against new drugs. This means we all have to
suffer every year. Scientists have made a discovery that could end colds. Their discovery
blocked the viruses that cause colds. It stopped the viruses from working in the body.
Most of us catch a cold a few times a year. We usually take different medicine for
things like a sore throat, a runny nose or a fever. Different viruses cause different things.
The researchers' discovery could stop these things. It could help to end our suffering. It
could also help people with more serious problems. A cold can cause serious problems in
people with breathing difficulties. The discovery could help people who have asthma.
Breaking News English. (no. d.). Lesson on Cold Cure . Retrieved from
https://breakingnewsenglish.com/1805/180518-cold-cure-1.html .
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
A) Scientists have found a cure that ends different colds.

B) We usually take different medicine for different things.
C) Different viruses cause sore throat, runny nose, fever.
D) Scientists may be close to a cure for the common cold.
Solution :
The text reports the possibility that scientists have discovered a cure for the common
cold.
Answer: D
2. The contextual synonym of LOOK is
A) notice. B) watch. C) study. D) gaze.
Solution :
In this context, the verb LOOK implies "investigation", in this sense, LOOK can be
replaced by STUDY.
Answer: C
3. It is inferred that a person with a cold
A) is attacked by a single mutant virus. B) is attacked by a set of viruses.

C) must take medicine for many years. D) may have a fever and sneezing.
Solution :
We usually take different medicine for things like a sore throat, a runny nose or a
fever.
Different viruses cause different things.
Answer: B

SOFIA REQUIEM
4. It is not true to say that the viruses that cause the common cold are unchangeable
because
A) they can change or not. B) they change very quickly.

C) scientist could find a cure. D) people catch cold always.
Solution :
The problem is that there are hundreds of types of cold viruses. The viruses change
very quickly.
Answer: B
5. If the common cold only causes a fever, then
A) it could stop being a serious problem for people with asthma.

B) scientists would stop investigating how to cure this disease.
C) pharmacies would stop selling remedies against this disease.
D) this common disease would stop causing death to people.
Solution :
Things like a sore throat, and a runny nose can cause serious problems in people
with breathing difficulties, for example, people who have asthma.
Answer: A

SOFIA REQUIEM
Logical Mathematical Skill

EXERCISES
1. Beatriz has several wooden tokens as shown in Figure I and Figure II, and these tokens
are made up of small squares measuring 1 cm on each side. If you want to form the
smallest square by putting both pieces together in equal quantities and without
leaving empty spaces, how many pieces, at least in total, will you use?
A) 10
B)12
C) 14
D) 16
Solution :
The figure shows the chips of each type that are needed at least
Total number of chips used: 6+6 = 12

Reply:
B
2. The figure shows the dimensions, in meters, of a swimming pool that has a rectangular
shape. If x is a positive real number, what is the maximum area, in square meters,
that said pool could have?
A) 42 12-2x
B)48
C)50 POOL
D)52

SOFIA REQUIEM
Solution :
Land length: 12 – 2x
Land width: x + 4
Land area = (12–2x) (x + 4) = 4x + 48 – 2x 2
= 50 – 2(x–1) 2
Maximum area = 50 m 2
Reply: C
3. Elena's task is to paint the figure shown so that two simple regions with a common side
or part of a side must not have the same color. How many colors

SOFIA REQUIEM

SOFIA REQUIEM
4. In the figure ABC D is a rectangular table, AB = 80 cm; BC = 210 cm and M midpoint
of CD. If an ant is at point A and must go to point M following the path indicated in the
figure, what is the minimum length, in centimeters, traveled by the ant?
A) 300
B) 330
C) 340
D) 350
Reply: D
Minimum Length = A I M II = y/ 280 2 + 210 2 = 350

cm

SOFIA REQUIEM
5. The figure shows a grid formed by 20 congruent squares with a side of 2 cm and a
reflection axis parallel to one of the sides of the rectangle. If the image reflected on
said axis is superimposed, without rotating it, on the original image, what is the sum
of the areas, in square meters, of all the shadowed regions that result in the final
image?
A) 28
B) 32
C) 36
D) 40
Solution :
The figure indicates the result of the reflection and superposition of the figures.
Each square in the

figure has an area of 4
cm 2 .
Therefore, the
shaded area is 36 cm 2 .
Reply: C
6. How many squares of the shown grid must additionally be painted, at least, black so
that the new figure formed with said painted squares is symmetrical with respect to
the indicated axis?
TO 5
B)6
C) 7

SOFIA REQUIEM
D)8

SOFIA REQUIEM
Reply: C
7. Abel has drawn two perpendicular lines and the figure shown on a grid sheet. If the
sheet uses it as a coordinate plane; the lines 1 and then the resulting figure A'B'C'D'
is reflected with respect to the Y axis. If the coordinates of the vertices of the figure
shown are A(–10.5), B(–7,8), C(–4,4) and D(–6,4); in response to the sum of the
coordinates of points A'', B'' and C''.
A) 9
B)10
C) 11
D) 12

SOFIA REQUIEM
Reply: B
8. Adam has drawn two perpendicular lines and a quadrilateral on a graph paper as shown
in the figure. If the sheet uses it as a coordinate plane; the lines If the coordinates of the
vertices of the figure shown are A(3,6), B(6,7), C(4,2) and D(4,5); Of how
answer the sum of the coordinates of points A', B', C' and D'.
A) –52
B) –53
C) –54
D) –55

SOFIA REQUIEM
Reply: B
PROPOSED EXERCISES
1. Edgar's monthly income varies from S/ 3,500 to S/ 4,200 and monthly expenses vary
from S/ 2,800 to S/ 3,800. If from what you have left, you must distribute at least S/
220 monthly to each of your six children, what is the maximum amount of money, in
soles, that one of them will receive in a month?
A) 240 B) 260 C) 280 D) 300
Solution :
Maximum amount to be distributed monthly: 4200–2800 =1400
In order for one of the children to receive the maximum amount, the others must
receive the minimum possible:
220 + 220 + 220 + 220 + 220 + 300 = 1400

Reply: D

SOFIA REQUIEM
2. We have the sequence 669, 324, 24, 8. It is observed that, in it, each term is the
result of the product of the digits of the previous term. That is, the number 669
originates the number 8 in three steps. What is the smallest three-digit number that in
three steps creates the number 6? Give the sum of the figures of said number as your
answer.
A) 12 B) 11 C) 10 D) 9
Solution :
Following the indicated criteria we have
147 --------. 28---------->16-------->6

Sum of figures 1 + 4 + 7 = 12
Reply: A
3. The number of S/ 20 bills that Abel has is 40 times the number of S/ 20 bills that Boris
has; minus the square, twice the number of S/ 20 bills that Boris has. What is the
maximum number of suns that Abel could have?
A) 2000 B) 2500 C) 3000 D) 3500
Solution :
Abel bills = x
Boris notes = yx = 40y – (2y) 2
x = -4(y 2 – 10y) = 100 – 4(y – 5) 2
x MAX = 100
Abel's money = 20(100) = 2000 soles
Reply: A
4. How many colors at least need to be used to paint the entire figure if two regions with
sides or side segments in common should not have the same color?
A) 2
B)3
C)4
D)5

SOFIA REQUIEM
Solution :
The arrangement of the three colors is described in the figure
Reply:
B
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
Solution :
Reply:
From the operation shown, at least how many numbered tokens must be C
changed position so that the result is the minimum possible value?
The figure shows the four pieces that move

SOFIA REQUIEM
6. Ayme has drawn on a grid sheet two perpendicular lines and a triangle ABC with the
coordinates A( – 3.6), B( – 1.7) and C( – 2.5). The sheet uses it as a coordinate plane;
The lines X and Y represent the coordinate axes. A figure symmetrical to triangle ABC
is constructed using first the line y=x+6 as the axis of symmetry; and finally as the
axis of symmetry to the line x=1. Indicate the sum of the coordinates of the vertices of
the figure constructed at the end.
A) 14
B)16
C) 18
D)20
Solution :
A* ( 2;3 ) B* ( 1;5 ) C* ( 3;4 )
2+3+1+5+3+4 = 18
Reply: C

SOFIA REQUIEM
7. The figure shows a Cartesian plane, the triangle ABC and the point P(6,2). A figure
symmetrical to triangle ABC is constructed with respect to point P. If A(2,4), B(4,8)
and C(7,6), what is the sum of the coordinates of the vertices of the constructed
figure?
A) 14
B)15
C) 16
D) 17
Solution :
By symmetry A'(10,0), B' (8,–4) and C'(5, –2)

Sum of the coordinates of the vertices is 17
Reply: D

SOFIA REQUIEM
8. The figure shows a Cartesian plane, the triangle shown has symmetry, with respect to
the origin, with one of the following figures. Indicate which one.
Reply:
A

SOFIA REQUIEM
Arithmetic
EXERCISES
1. A table is shown about the sale of pants of the same type, from a company to three
distributors A, B and C. If the total income was 46,464 soles, what is the
undiscounted price, in soles, of a pair of pants?
Discount Sold units
Distributor A 35% 2400
Distributor B 30% 1250
Distributor C 0% 469
A) 16 B) 20 C) 18 D) 32
Solution :
65%2400p + 70%1250p + 100%469p = 46464. Therefore p = 16.

Reply: A
2. When setting the price of the ticket to an event, its cost was increased by n%, but
when it was sold, a discount of 25% of its cost was made, thus the profit was 20% of
its sale price. Find the value of n.
A) 60 B) 50 C) 80 D) 75
Solution :
* p = P.+ n % P FC c
* P = P + gan.
P + n % P - 25% P = p + 20%[( P + n % P ) - 25% P ]
n = 50
Reply: B
3. When a barrel is 25% full, it contains 25 liters more than when it is 25% full. How
many liters is the capacity of the barrel?
A) 54 B) 45 C) 75 D) 50
Solution :
75%x = 25%x + 25. Therefore x = 50 liters
Reply: D

SOFIA REQUIEM
4. A toy retailer sold 5,000 units last year, of which 10% were stuffed animals. If this year
you have sold 6,000 units, where the number of stuffed animals represents 12% of
the total, by what percentage, compared to the previous year, did the number of
stuffed animals sold increase?
A) 22 B) 44 C) 40 D) 33
Solution :
12%6000 = 720
Last year This year
teddies 10%5000 = 500 12%6000 = 720
Therefore I 720 - 500

| 100% = 44% stuffed animals.
.
\ 500J p
Answer : B
5. Pedro tells his wife María that the rental contract for their apartment has increased
10% annually for the last three years. If 3 years ago they paid S/1000 for the monthly
rent, how many soles do they currently pay?
A) 1250 B) 1500 C) 1331 D) 1375
Solution :
Let a = S/ 1000
Current Rent: (1.1) 3 a = 1.331a = 1331 Reply:
C
6. If to sell a car its price was increased by 2%, but then a 5% discount was made on the
increased price, by what percentage has its initial price changed?
A) 2.8% B) 3.1% C) 3.6% D) 2.5%
Solution :
Let p = initial price of the car
Final price = 95%(102%p) = 96.9%p
Finally 100% – 96.9% = 3.1%
Reply: B
7. The excess of Aldo's tip over Beto's is equal to 40% of César's tip, and the excess of
Beto's tip over César's is equal to 30% of Aldo's tip. If Aldo's tip is 60 soles, how
many soles are Beto and Carlos's tips?
A) 80 B)72 C)74 D)78

SOFIA REQUIEM
Solution :
2 2
A- B = 40%C = 2C —> A = B + 2C
55
3
B - C = 30%A = —A.
10
As A = 60. So
B - C - 18
2 ^ C - 30, B - 48
B + 2C - 60
5
Therefore B + C = 78.
Reply:
D
8. Luis buys 150 dusters and sells them all at a profit of 20%, then with the entire
amount from that sale he buys a certain amount of brooms and sells them all at a loss
of 10%. If he finally spends the entire amount from this last sale buying 180 dustpans
at the price of S/ 81 per dozen, how many soles did each dustpan cost Luis?
A) 8.00 B) 7.50 C) 7.20 D) 8.25
Solution :
PC each duster = x
PV = 90%( 120%[150x] ) = 180(81/12) > x = 30/4=7.5
Therefore, each duster cost 7.50 soles.

Reply:
B
9. Rubén bought a laptop for 6,300 soles. What price, in soles, should you set so that
when you sell, making two successive discounts of 10% and 20%, you obtain a profit
of 30% with respect to the sale price?
A) 12,000 B) 12,250 C) 12,500 D) 12,750
Solution :
PV = PF – D = PC + G
PV = 80%(90% PF) = PC + 30% PV
70% PV = PC; PV = 72% PF
70% (72% PF) = 6300
Therefore PF = 12500

SOFIA REQUIEM
Reply:
C

SOFIA REQUIEM
10. Jorge spends 20% of what he has on buying land, then he spends 30% of what he
has left on buying a car and finally he spends 40% of the new rest on a family
vacation, leaving him with 33,600 soles. How many soles did you have at the
beginning?
A) 80,000 B) 90,000 C) 100,000 D) 110,000
Solution :
Remaining: 80%. 70%. 60%T = 33600
T = 100000
Reply: C
PROPOSED EXERCISES
1. If the base and height of a triangle increase by 70%, by what percentage will the total
surface area increase?
A) 160% B) 178% C) 189% D) 127%
Solution :
Let b = initial base and h = initial height
Initial area= A bh
1 2
b = 170%b
B
If it increases base and height by 70% then■ <
h, = 170%h
(170%b)(170%h) (bh)
Then final area = 2 = - - ------2---------L = 289% 2 = 289%A
That is, the area will increase by 189%

Reply: C
A) 60 B) 65 C) 70 D)75
B To elect a class delegate, two candidates are selected and a vote is held. One of the
candidates obtained 60% of the votes and got 15 more votes than the other
candidate. If everyone voted for one of the two candidates, how many students are
there in that course?

SOFIA REQUIEM
Solution :
Let N = total Students.
Candidate 1 Candidate 2
60%N 40%N x
x + 15
Then: x + 15 + x = N ^ 2x + 15 = N
On the other hand 40%N = x
Replacing: 2(40%N) + 15 = N — N = 75
Reply: D
3. When Rodolfo bought pants they should have given him a 35% discount, while when
Arturo bought a shirt, they should have given him a 25% discount. If the seller is
wrong and swaps the discounts, paying Rodolfo 5 soles more and Arturo 3 soles less,
how much do the fixed prices of the pants and shirt add up to?
A) 60 B) 80 C) 70 D) 75
Solution :
Let X=money that the pants cost, Y=money that the shirt costs.
Then you have:
65%X + 5 = 75%X
75%Y - 3 = 65%Y
X = 50
Where from: Therefore: X + Y = 80
Y = 30
Reply: B
4. If unroasted coffee is purchased at 7 soles per kilogram and when roasted it loses 1/5
of its weight, what should be the price per kilogram of roasted coffee, in soles, to earn
20% of the purchase price?
A) 10.5 B) 10 C) 11 D) 11.5
Solution :
14
• Let's calculate how much we have to sell 1 — — of roasted coffee, to win
55
20% of the purchase price.
7 + 0.2 X 7 — 1.2 X 7 — 8.4
Reducing to the unit 1 kilo should be sold at 8.4 - 2.1 soles 5 4,

SOFIA REQUIEM
Therefore, a kilo must be sold at 5 X 2.1 = 10.5 soles.
Reply:
A
5. In the sale of a computer keyboard, a profit of 20% is obtained on the cost price. If
20% of the sale price had been earned, S/ 3.5 more would have been obtained. What
was the selling price of said keyboard?
A) S/ 90 B) S/ 95 C) S/ 100 D) S/ 105
Solution :
P V = 120% P G2–G1=
C
3.5
20%PV – 20%CP = 3.5
G 1 = 20% P C 1
-P . = 3.5 5
G 2 = 20% P V ,
C
175
2
TO = 105
PV
Reply: D
6. If by increasing the ticket price for a concert by 20%, attendance decreases by 10%,
by what percentage did the collection increase?
A) 8% B) 10% C) 12% D) 14%
Solution :
T1 = np ^ T2 – T1 = 8
n.p.
100
T2 = (90%n)(120%p) = 8% np
Increase by 8%
Reply:
A
7. If the price of a microscope decreases by 5% and then increases by 2%, by what
percentage has its price changed?
A) 8% B) 3.7% C) 3.1% D)4%

SOFIA REQUIEM
Solution :
The total variation index will be: 1.02 • 0.95 = 0.969 = 96.9% This index corresponds
to a percentage decrease of: 100% - 96.9% = 3.1%
Therefore the percentage variation in the price is 3.1%

Reply: C
8. The price of a refrigerator is $7,650. How much did it cost a year ago, if it has
increased by 12.5% since then?
A) $6,750 B) $6,700 C) $6,800 D) $6,500
Solution :
If the previous price is unknown, then (X)
The increase is (12.5%) = 12.5 / 100 = 0.125 The current price is: $7650 (C)
Formula: X + (%)X = C
So: X + 0.125X = 7.650
Factoring: X(1+0.125) = 7650
X = 7650 / 1.125 = $6800.
Reply: C
9. Last year, 1,200 video games and 980 books were sold. If this year the sale of video
games increased by 15% and that of books by 5%, how many items, including video
games and books, were sold this year?
A) 2490 B) 2409 C) 1890 D) 2540
Solution :
As the sale of video games increased by 15%, the sale was 115%:
This year 1,380 video games were sold.
As book sales increased by 5%, sales were 105%:
This year 1029 books were sold.
In total, 2,409 items were sold.
Reply: B
10. The price of a cell phone was 420 soles. If when I bought it they reduced me by 16%,
but later they increased me by 16%, how many soles did the cell phone cost me?
A) 450.25 B) 529.12 C) 400,016 D) 409,248

SOFIA REQUIEM
Solution :
100-16 ^
x = 420
100 ) = 352,8
Final price of the reduced cell phone is 352.8
soles.
Now for the increase:
x = 420 ( 100
+ 16
)_ 409,248
Reply:
D
Geometry
EXERCISES
1. In the figure, PQRS is a inscribed square. If AC = 20 m, find the area of the region
shaded.
A) 16 m 2
B)12 m 2
C) 8 m 2
D) 14 m 2
Solution :
First we calculate what the cell phone would cost us:

1) Plot BH

Reply:
SOFIA REQUIEM
2) R PBQ (notable 75° and 15°)

PQ = 4 BH
3) E ABC:
AC = 4(5a) = 20
a= 1
4) A PQRS = 16

SOFIA REQUIEM
2. The figure shows a garage ABCD of a house where the shaded area is reserved for a
garden of area 15 m 2 . If BE = CE, find the area of the garage.
A) 50 m
2
B) 60 m
2
C) 80 m
2
D)70 m
2
Solution :
Plot EF ( EF 1 AB)
Plot EH ( EH 1 CB)
BH = CH = EF
AB.BH
A ABE =
A =
ABCD
AB(2BH)
A ABCD =
60 Reply:
B
In the figure, AOE is a quadrant. If AB = DC, OC = 3 m and CE = 2 m, find the area
from the shaded region
A) 10m
B) 14m
C) 9m
D) 12m
Solution :
1) ABCD is rhomboid
2) Plot OB ^
OB = 5
3) E OCB
BC = 4
(Pythagoras)
Shaded A=3 • 4 = 12 Reply:
D
SOFIA REQUIEM
4. In the figure, A BFC = 9 m and A EFD = 4 m 2 . Find the area of the parallelogram
2
ABCD. region
A) 25 m 2
B) 20 m 2
C) 30 m 2
D) 35 m 2
Solution :
1) Plot BE
2) BCDE: Property
A BEF = A CDF = S
S2
•
=9 4
S= 6
.. AABCD = 30
Reply:
C
5. In the figure, AOB is a quadrant. If DM = MC =
trapezoidal OBCD
A) 36m
B) 60m
C)48m
D)54 m
Solution :
1) N ADM (notable 45°)
2) Plot OC
3) To ODC: Teo.
Pythagoras a = 6
4) A ODCB = ( 10 + 8 )6 = 54
Reply:
D

SOFIA REQUIEM
6. In the figure, AB = 6 m, CD = 8 m and mAB + mCD = 180°. Find the area of the circle.
TO
A) 24T m 2 c
B) 25n m 2
C) 20 T m 2
D) 26 A m 2
Solution :
1) 2 a + 2 P = 180
= a + P = 90°
2) N AMO = N OQC =R = 5
Q2P
Ae = 25 A m 2
Reply: B
7. The figure shows a circular crown-shaped gasket whose largest and smallest
diameter measure 7cm and 5cm respectively. The gasket has four holes congruent
and tangent to the circumferences. Find the area of the shaded region.
A) 2 A m 2
B) 3 A m 2
C) 4 A m 2
D) 6 A m 2
Solution :
1) r = 1
75
2) Shaded A = AI(2)2 - (2)2 - 4 ]
A shaded = 2 T
Reply: A

SOFIA REQUIEM
8. In the figure, AOB is a quadrant. If AO = 12 m and mBC = 80°, find the area of the
shaded region.
A) 2 A
m2
B)3 T m
2
C)4 T m
2
D)5T m 2
Solution :
1 Plot OC
A HOF = A
CFB
Shaded A = AA AOC
7.122.10
A shaded =
Reply:
C
In the figure, AB is diameter and T is point of tangency. If MT = MQ = 2 3 m, find
the area of the shaded region
A) 9 (T- 2 )
m
B) 2 (T- 2 )
m
C) 4 ( A 2 )
m
D) 3 ( A- 2 )
m
Solution :
Plot OT
2) mAN = 90°
n .6 2 6.6
3) A shaded =
4 – 2
A shadow = 9( A
–2)
Reply:
A

SOFIA REQUIEM
10. The figure shows a plank of wood, ABCD is a rectangle and DOC is a
circular sector (O € AB). If AB = OC = 6 m, find the area of the shaded region.
A) (9 •3+ 6 A ) m 2
B) (9 /I 3+ 3 A ) m 2
C) (5 /3+ 6 A ) m 2
D) (7 3-5A)m2
Solution :
1) Shaded A = A COD + 2 A DAO
1
2) A CODE = 'A- 6 2 = 6 A
6
3-33
A DAO =
2
3) A shaded = 9 3 +6 A
Reply:
A
11. A farmer has a piece of land of square shape ABCD, he fixes two stakes at P and Q
to enclose the shaded region. If AP = 6 m and AQ = 4 m, find the area of the shaded
terrain. b______________
l
2
A) 360 m
B) 204 m 2
C) 324 m 2
Q
D) 125 m 2
AQ d
Solution :
1) PAQ ~ \ CBP
BC = 3k and BP = 2k
2) 3k = 2k +6 (equal sides)
k=6

SOFIA REQUIEM
3) Shaded A = 324 – 12 – 108= 204
Reply:
B

SOFIA REQUIEM
12. In the figure, ABCD is a rhomboid and MN // BC. If the area of the triangular region
APQ is 4 m 2 , find the area of the quadrangular region ECNQ.
A) 8 m 2
B)5 m 2
C)7 m 2
D)6 m 2
Solution :
1) A AQD = A+B + 4 (Property)
2) A+S+B + A ECNQ = A+B+S + 8
.. AECNQ = 8 A+B+
4
Reply: A
13. In the figure, AOB is a quadrant, E and F are points of tangency. If AO = 9 m and PQ
= 2 7 m, find the area of the circle.
A) 16 % m 2
B)18 % m 2
C) 14 % m 2
D)20 % m
Solution :
Teo. Pythagoras:
T
R2 = a + 72
O
(9 - R) 2 = R 2 + a 2
.. A © = 16 %
Reply: A

SOFIA REQUIEM
14. In the figure, O and O' are midpoints of the diameters DE and AB respectively and Q
point of tangency. If OQ = 2 m and QC = 8 m, find the area of the shaded semicircle.
A) 6T m 2
B)8n m 2
C) 10n m 2
D)9n m 2
Solution :
• Plot OO'
- OO' I AB
• Rel. metrics:
R2
= 2. 8
=R = 4
72
.. A a= — = 8n
2
Reply: B
PROPOSED EXERCISES
1. In the figure, M and N are midpoints of BC and CD respectively. If the area of the
rectangular region is 48 m 2 , find the area of the shaded region.
A) 4 m 2
B)5 m 2
C)6 m 2
D)3 m 2
Solution :
1) MP = (Base half)
BE = 2 EP
2) 3S = 6 S=2
.. Asomb = 5
Reply:
B

SOFIA REQUIEM
2. In the figure, we want to place a rug in the shaded part. If BP = 2 m, PQ = 3 m, QA = 4

m, BC = 9 m and AD = 11 m. If a square meter of carpet costs S/ 50, find the cost to
carpet the shaded region.
A) S/ 1550
B)S/ 2250
C) S/ 2700
D)S/ 2950
Solution :
b
1) A PBC = 9m 2 and A QAD =
2
22m 2
P
2) A ABCD = ( + 11)
2 ■• 9=90 3
3) A shadow = -31 =
90
At Cost = S/. 2950
Reply:
D
3. In the figure, the inradii of triangles ADE and FGC measure 2 m and 3 m
respectively. Find the area of the circle inscribed in the polygon BDEFG.
A) 25 A m
2
B) 24 A m
2
C) 36 A m
2
D)30 A m
2 •
Prop. of tangency:
QF = 3 and EQ = 2
= PE = 2 and FT = 3
Solution :
A Yes
N R-3 R=6
D
Ae = 36 A m
2
Reply:
C
SOFIA REQUIEM
4. In the figure, A and B are centers, P, Q and T are points of tangence . If AP = 8 m

and BQ = 2 m, find the area of the shaded circle of diameter PQ.
A) 9 A m
2
B)16 A m
2
C) 14 A m
2
D) 18 T m
2
Solution :
PQ = 2 V AP .
P.B.
PQ = 8
To circle
A circle = 16 A
Reply:
B
In the figure, O is the center and T is the point of tangency. If AB = 3 2 m, find
the areacircular
crown of the
A) 18T
B) 14T
C) 16 T m
2
D) 10 T m
2
Solution :
1) Trace AF
F is point of tangency
2) AF 2 = AC. AT (Theo of Tangent)
AB 2 = AC. AT (Rela. Metric)

AF = AB
3) A crown = A .AF 2
To crown = 18T
Reply:
A

SOFIA REQUIEM
6. In the figure, AB is diameter and AO = OB = 6m. If mAC = mBD = 60°, find the area
of the shaded region.
A) nm 2
B) | m2
C) 2n m 2
3Q 2
D) m 2
Reply:
A

SOFIA REQUIEM
and
Algebra
Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) and Least Common Divisor
EXERCISES , 2, .. . . . ...
1. Let d(x) = ax + bx + c be the greatest common divisor of the polynomials p(x) = x 3 - x 2 -

4x - 6 and q(x) = x 4 - 10x 2 - 20x - 16, in R [ x ] . Indicate the sum of the 4 2,3,, _r
prime factors of the polynomial t(x) = ax 4 — cx 2 — b 3 , by factoring it into R [ x ] .
A) x 2 + 2x B) x 2 + 2 C) x 2 + 2x + 2 D) x 2 - x + 2
Solution :
1. Factoring p(x) and q(x)
q(x) = x 4 - 10x 2 - 20x - 16 = (x - 4)(x + 2)(x 2 + 2x + 2)
p(x) = x 3 - x 2 - 4x - 6 = (x - 3)(x 2 + 2x + 2)
2. Then d(x) = (x 2 + 2x + 2) = (ax 2 + bx + c)
by data
— a = 1, b = 2, c = 2
3. So t(x) = x 4 - 2x 2 - 8
— t(x) = (x 2 - 4)(x 2 + 2) = (x - 2)(x + 2)(x 2 + 2)
=we observe that t(x) has 3 prime factors in R [ x ] .
4. Sum of its prime factors of t(x) : x - 2 + x + 2 + x 2 + 2 = x 2 + 2x + 2.

Reply: C
2. In order to distribute his guinea pigs by race and color, Carlos will divide his land
rectangularly into square plots (all of the same size) so that they have the maximum possible
surface area and no space is wasted. If the ... . ,, 32 dimensions, in meters, of said land are
given by p(x) = x - 2x —4x + 8 y 43
q(x) = x + 4x —16x—16, with x €Zy 3 < x < 10, indicate the polynomial that represents
the area of said plots.
A) (x 2 + 2)2 m 2 B) 2(x 2 - 2) m 2 C) (x 2 - 4) m 2 d) (x 2 — 4) 2
m2
Solution :
1. Factoring

SOFIA REQUIEM
p(x) = X 3 — 2x — 4x + 8 = (x + 2)(x — 2)
2 2
q(x) = x 4 + 4x 3 — 16x — 16 = (x + 2) 3
(x — 2)
2. GCD [ p(x),q(x) ] = (x + 2)(x — 2) = (x — 4)m is the side of the plot
2
3. Maximum possible area of square plots: (x 2 — 4) 2

m2
Reply: D
3. The prime factors of the greatest common divisor of the polynomials p(x) = (x — 3)(x 2 +
2x — 1) 4
(x 2
— 2x — 1) and q(x) = (x — x 3 2
+ 3 )(x — 3) + 21x — 7x 2
in R[ x ],
represent the measurements in centimeters of the dimensions of a parallelepiped when
we make x=4. What is the measurement of the radius of the largest sphere that can be
placed inside the parallelepiped?
A) 1cm B) — cm C) 2cm D) 5 —N2 cm

24 2 2
Solution :
1. Factoring the polynomials:
P(x) = (x — 3)(x 2 + 2x — 1) 4 (x 2 — 2x — 1)
— 3)(x + 1 — / 2) (x + 1 + /2)4(x — 1 — 2)(x — 1+ 2)

= (x 4
q(x) = (x — x + 3)(x — 3) + 21x — 7x

3 2 2
= (x — x + 3)(x — 3) — 7x(x — 3)
3 2
= (x — 3)(x — x — 7x + 3) = (x — 3) (x + 2x — 1)
3 2 2 2
= (x — 3) (x + 1 — 2)(x + 1+2)
2
2. Thus GCD [ p(x),q(x) ] = (x — 3)(x + 1 — / 2)(x +1+ /2)
= for x = 4, the dimensions of the parallelepiped are : 1, 5 — N/2 and 5 + N/2.

3. As the sphere must be inside the parallelepiped, the diameter must not
1 exceed the smallest of the
sides, therefore the radius is cm.
Reply: A
4. Benjamín has a certain number of panettones at his market stall. It's known that
......... . . , ,,4_2
For said number of panettones he paid an amount of Q(X) = x - 7x - 6x soles.
Benjamín commissioned the sale of the panettone to his grandfather, he sold a
few,.,32.,
panettones obtaining P(x) = x + 3x —10x— 24 soles and charging for each panettone

SOFIA REQUIEM
the same price that he had cost his grandson. If the price of these panettones was the
highest possible, find how many panettones Benjamín still has left.
A) xC - 4 B) 3x 2 + 1 C) x 2 + 4 D) 2x + 5
Solution :
1. Q(x) = (Number of panettones you bought)(cost price of each panettone) P(x) =
(Number of panettones you sold)(sale price of each panettone) by data: cost price of
each panettone = selling price of each panettone
2. We factor
Q(x) = x 4 - 7x 2 - 6x = (x - 3)(x + 1)(x + 2)x
P(x) = xD + 3x 2 - 10x - 24 = (x - 3)(x + 4)(x + 2)
3. By data, the price of each panettone must be as high as possible, so the cost price of
each panettone = sales price of each panettone
= GCD [ Q(x),P(x) ] = (x - 3)(x + 2)
4. Therefore, the number of panettones that Benjamín has left is equal to
(Number of panettones you bought) - (Number of panettones you sold) =
= x(x + 1) - (x + 4)
= x 2 + x - (x + 4) = x 2 - 4.
Reply: A
_K................................................3 .2, ,322 . .
5. Given the polynomials p(x) = (x - 1) (x - 2) and q(x) = (x - 5x + 6x) , with respect to
LCM [ p(x),q(x) | in R [ x ] , indicate all the propositions that are true:
i) It has a quadratic prime factor.
ii) The largest independent term of its linear prime factors is zero.
iii) The sum of its linear prime factors is 2(2x–3).
iv) The remainder of dividing the LCM [ p(x),q(x) | times (x+1) is 576.
A) Only iv B) i) and iii) C) All D) i) and iv)
Solution :
Factoring the polynomials p(x) and q(x):
p(x)= (x 3
-1 )(x-2)=(x-1) (x 2
2
+ x + 1 )" (x-2)
2
q ( x ) = (x 3 − 5x 2 + 6x) 2 = (x 2
− 5x + 6 ) 2
x2=(x−2)2(x−3)2x2
It is observed that the LCM [ p(x),q(x) ] in R [ x ] , has 5 prime factors, of which . ,,.2 . .
■■ .
There is one that is quadratic: x 2 + x + 1 , and four are linear: x–2, x–1, x–3, x.
Thus, the sum of its linear prime factors is 2(2x-3) and the linear prime factor with the
largest independent term is x.
C
D= LCM [ p(x),q(x) ] = (x - 2) 2 (x - 1) 2 (x 2
+x+1 )(x-3) 2x2

SOFIA REQUIEM
By the remainder theorem, if m(x) = LCM [ p(x),q(x) ] then m(–1) = 576.
Therefore all propositions are true.

Reply: C
6. Today Juan, Julio and Carmen went to visit their brother Rogger, who was very happy
with the visit. He wishes his brothers would visit him more frequently, although he knows
that due to work reasons they cannot do so often. It is known that Juan visits him every
p(x) = (x - 5)(x - 6)(x - 7) + (x - 5)(x - 6) - (x - 5) days, Carmen every r( x) = (x - 5)(x - 7)
days and July every q(x) = x 4 - 14x 3 + 60x 2 - 82x + 35 days. If Rogger realizes that his
sister visits him every 3 days, in how many days will he have his three brothers visit him
again together?
A) 414 B) 413 C) 147 D) 441
Solution :
Factoring
1. p ( x ) = (x - 5)(x - 6)(x - 7) + (x - 5)(x - 6) - (x - 5) = (x - 5) 2 (x - 7)

2. q ( x ) = x 4 - 14x 3 + 60x 2 - 82x + 35 = ( x - 5 ) (x - 7) ( x - 1 ) 2
3. r(x) = ( x - 5 ) (x - 7)
4. Then they will visit Rogger again in MCM [ p(x),q(x),r(x) ] = (x - 5) 2 (x - 7)(x - 1) 2

days
5. By data ( x - 5 ) (x - 7) = 3 - x 2 - 12x + 32 = 0
=x = 8 v x = 4 (it cannot be, since p(x) would be negative)
6. Asix = 8- LCM [ p(8),q(8),r(8) ] = (8 - 5) 2 (8 - 7)(8 - 1) 2 = 9(1)(49) = 441 days
7. In 441 days, Rogger will be visited by his brothers together again.
Reply: D
_ . ... 432
7. With respect to the polynomials p(x) = x + 4x + (n — 4)x — 5x —n + 6 y
4_3 2. . ____________________________________,
q(x) =x 4 + 5x 3 + (n - 3)x 2 - 13x + 10 - n, we know that the GCF [ p(x),q(x) ] in Q [ x ] is
a polynomial of second grade. Knowing that Sofia is n years older than Susana, and the
sum of their ages is 68 years, what is Sofia's age?
A) 32 B) 34 C) 36 D) 38
Solution :
Let d(x) = GCD[p(x),q(x)] be the polynomial of the second degree, then d(x) also divides
q(x) —p(x) , then:
= q(x) — p(x) = x 3 + x 2 — 8x + 4

SOFIA REQUIEM
= (x — 2)(x 2 + 3x — 2)
We observe that there are 2 prime factors in Q [ x ]

and as per data d(x) is of the 2nd degree
= d(x) = x 2 + 3x — 2
Dividing p(x) or q(x) by d(x) , using Horner's method, results in n=4 .
So if Susana is m years old, Sofia is m+4 years old, by data m+ (m+4)=68, so m=32,
therefore Sofia is 36 years old.
Reply: C
8. Given the polynomials p(x) = x 2 + mx — 6, q(x) = x 2 + nx + 12, d(x) = GCD [ p(x),q(x) ] and
LCM [ p(x) ), q(x) ] = x 3
+ 5x2 — 2x — 24 , in Z [ x ] . We have that d(20) represents the
total amount (in tens of soles) that Petra takes with her to buy fruit, reserving He charged 10
soles for his tickets. Since she is a retail merchant selling fruits, she will buy p(5) kilograms of
strawberries, whose price per kilogram is q(1) soles, and with the rest of the money she still
has left, she will buy the 10
maximum amount of kilograms of avocado that you can afford. If each kilogram of
avocado costs Ham soles. How many kilograms of avocado could Petra buy?
A) 57 B) 62 C) 53 D) 45
Solution :
1. Since p(x) and q(x) divide the LCM [ p(x),q(x) ] = x 3 + 5x 2 — 2x — 24, carrying
out the divisions by Horner's method, we find that m=1 and n= 7.
2. Thusp(x) = x 2 + x — 6 = (x + 3)(x — 2) and q(x) = x 2 + 7x + 12 = (x + 3)(x + 4) then

q(1) 20
bought p(5) = 24 kg of strawberries at ' == 2 soles per kg.
3. On strawberries he spent 24(2)=48 soles, if we add the 10 soles for tickets, up to

that point his expenses were 58 soles.
4. Since d(x)=x+3, then d(20)=23. Thus, Petra had 230 soles at the beginning.
5. To buy the avocados you have: 230 – 58 = 172 soles, and since a kilogram costs
nm = 3 soles, then it will be enough for 57 kilograms of avocados.
Reply: A

SOFIA REQUIEM
PROPOSED EXERCISES
1. With respect to the greatest common divisor in Z [ x ] , of the polynomials p(x) = x 4 + 5x

3
- 3xE - 17x - 10 and q(x) = x 5 + 12x 4 + 46x 3 + 60x 2 + 25x, it can be stated that:
A) the sum of its prime factors is 2x–5.

B) It has a quadratic prime factor.
C) The prime factor with the smallest independent term evaluated at –2 is 1.
D) The sum of their coefficients is 24.
Solution :
1. Factoring
p(x) = x 4 + 5x 3 - 3x 2 - 17x - 10 = (x + 1) 2 (x + 5)(x - 2)
q(x) = x 5 + 12x 4 + 46x 3 + 60x 2 + 25x = (x + 5) 2 (x + 1) 2 x
2. GCD [ p(x),q(x) ] = (x + 5)(x + 1) 2
3. It is observed that in the GCD [ p(x),q(x) ] , there are 2 linear prime factors in Z [ x ]
There are no quadratic prime factors.
The sum of the prime factors is 2x + 6 and the prime factor with the smallest
independent term is s(x) = x+ 1, therefore s(-2) — —1.
4. The sum of coefficients of the GCF is (1 + 5)(1 + 1) 2 = 24.
Reply: D
E Curly-haired (homozygous dominant) Curly-haired (heterozygous) Straight-haired

(homozygous dominant) Straight-haired (homozygous recessive)A) Increase the amount of N
2 .
B) Add catalyst.
C) Reduce system pressure.
D) Decrease the system temperature.In this regard, determine the action that increases the
production of nitric oxide (NO). Nitrogen oxides produced from nitrogen and oxygen in
the air are closely involved in the production of photochemical smog. For the following
reaction that takes place in a combustion process at high temperatures:
O
2(g) + N 2(g) + 181 kJ/mol 2NO (g) My grandfather has a rectangular piece of land, whose
dimensions, in meters, are represented by the polynomials:
,3 ____________ ,32. ____________________ _ _
p(x) = x 3 - 19x - 30 and q(x) = x 3 - 10x 2 + 31x - 30, with x €Zy5 < x < 10.
He wants to divide this land into square-shaped plots, all of equal size, and then rent
them out. Indicate the polynomial that represents the number of plots obtained, if they
have a maximum area.
A) x 4 - 36 B) x 4 + 13x 2 + 36
C) x 4 - 13x 2 + 36 D) x 4 - 10x 2 + 20

SOFIA REQUIEM
Solution :
1. Factoring the polynomials:
p(x) = X 3 - 19x - 30 - (x - 5)(x + 2)(x + 3)
q(x) - x 3 - 10x 2 + 31x - 30 - (x - 5)(x - 2)(x - 3)
2. The side of the square plot will have to be the largest common divisor.
from the sides of the land.
3. Thus the side is given by the GCF [ p(x),q(x) ] - x - 5
land area
4. Number of plots -
plot area
(x - 5) 2 (x 2 - 4)(x 2 - 9)
-M------—-------,---------- - (x 2 - 4)(x 2 - 9)
(x - 5) 2
- x 4 - 13x2 + 36
Reply: C
3. Jesús has severe pharyngitis and, as instructed by the doctor, he bought a syrup for the
price of ( - m + 15) soles and 15 pills of a certain antibiotic for the price of n soles. If x 2 -
5x + 6 is the greatest common divisor in Z [ x ] , of the polynomials p(x) - x 4 + mx - 9x 2
+ nyq(x) , what was Jesus' total expenditure on the purchase of the medical
prescription?
A) S/ 95 B) S/ 110 C) S/ 85 D) S/ 105
Solution :
1. Since x 2 - 5x + 6 divides ap(x) - x 4 + mx - 9x 2 + n,

Using Horner's method for dividing polynomials, we will obtain that m - - 20 and n -
60.
2. The price of the syrup — —m + 15 - 35 soles and the price of the 15 pills - n - 60.
3. Spent on the recipe: 35 + 60 - 95 soles.
Reply: A
4. In a cellar there are three barrels of wine that have
(x 2
(x 2
+ 2y 2 ( ( x + y )( x + y + 2z ) + z
2 2 2 2 2 4
+z )(y+z)
I liters of capacity. You want to) transport all the wine for sale,
)+( y 2 2
(x 2
+z 2
) - and 4
in bottles of the same size and model. What is the smallest number of bottles that will be
used in this transfer without the wine being wasted?
A) x 2 + y 2 - z 2 B) ( x 2 - z 2 ) 2
C) 2x 2 + 3y 2 - 4z 2 D) 3x 2 + y 2 + z
2

SOFIA REQUIEM
Solution :
1. x 2 ( x 2 +2y 2 ) + ( y 2 +z 2 ) ( y+z )( y - z ) = x4+2x2y2+y“ - z 4
= ( x 2 +y 2 ) 2 -(2 ) 2
= ( x 2 +y 2 +z 2 )( x 2 +y 2 - z 2 )
2. ( x 2 +y 2 )( x 2 +y 2 +2z 2 ) +z 4 = x 4 +x 2 y 2 +2x 2 z 2 +x 2 y 2 +y 4 +2y 2 z 2 +z 4 = x 4
+y 4 +z 4 +2x 2 y 2 +2x 2 z 2 +2y 2 z 2 = ( x 2 +y 2 +z 2 ) 2
3. ( x 2 +z 2 ) 2 - y 4 = ( x 2 +z 2 +y 2 )( x 2 +z 2 - y 2 )
^ GCD=x 2 +y 2 +z 2 (amount of wine in each bottle)
4. The number of bottles needed will be:
( x 2 +y 2 +z 2 )( x 2 +y 2 - z 2 ) ( x 2 +y 2 +z 2 )2 ( x 2 +z 2 +y 2 )( x 2 +z 2 - y 2 )
x 2 +y 2 +z 2 x 2 +y 2 +z 2 x 2 +y 2 +z 2
= x 2 +y 2 - z 2 +x 2 +y 2 +z 2 +x 2 +z 2 - y 2 =3x 2 +y 2 + z 2
Reply: D
5. A total of (2m + 3n + 30) students attended a promotion meeting at the Túpac Amaru
National School. After 2 hours , (3m - 4n + 18) students left. Given the polynomials p(x) =
x 4 + 7x 3 + 20x 2 + 30x + 12, r(x) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 6x and
A3. . .
q(x) = 2x + 11x + 24x + 21x - 18 How many students stayed at the meeting, knowing
that m is the product of the coefficients of the GCF [ p(x),q(x) ] in Z [ x ] yn is equal to
10% of the sum of the LCM coefficients [ p(x),r(x) ] in Z [ x ] ?
A) 44 B) 43 C) 53 D) 34

SOFIA REQUIEM
Solution :
1. p(x) = x 4 + 7x 3 + 20x2 + 30x + 12 = (x 2 + 3x + 6)(x 2 + 4x + 2)

2. q(x) = 2x 4 + 11x 3 + 24 x 2 + 21x - 18 = (2x 2 + 5x - 3)(x 2 + 3x + 6)
3. r(x) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 6x = x (x 2 + 3x + 6)
4. GCD [ p(x),q(x) ] = x 2 + 3x + 6 = product of coeff. = 1.3.6 = 18
5. LCM [ p(x),r(x) ] = (x 2 + 3x + 6)(x 2 + 4x + 2)x = sum of coeff. = 10.7.1 = 70

6. So m = 18 and n = 10%70 = 7
7. Total number of students who attended the meeting: 87
8. Total number of students who left the meeting: 44
9. They stayed at the meeting: 87 - 44 = 43 students.
Reply: B
6. Dice the no. polynomials with coefficients whole

p(x) = ax + x + byq(x) = ax - 11x - b, where b < 0 < a .
Considering the LCM [ p(x),q(x) ] = 3x 3 - 5x 2 - 12x + 20 and the GCF [ p(x),q(x) ] ,
both in Q [ x ] , calculate the monic polynomial of the second degree whose roots are
a and b.
A) x 2 - 7x - 30 B) x 2 - 7x + 30
C) x 2 - 4x - 28 D) x 2 + 7x - 30
Solution :
1. LCM [ p(x), q(x) ] = 3x 3 - 5x 2 - 12x + 20 = (x + 2)(3x - 5)(x - 2)
2. Let us remember that: GCD [ p(x),q(x) ] . LCM[p(x),q(x)] = p(x).q(x) has degree3

dye grade 4
3. Then GCD [ p(x),q(x) ] must be of the 1st degree.

b.
4. How the GCD [ p(x),q(x) ] divides [ p(x) - q(x) ] => p(x) - q(x) = 12(x + -)
6
b b 5
5. Since b is a negative integer = x + — = x- 2 or x+—=X—
' 6 3;
=- b=-10

SOFIA REQUIEM
6. If b = - 12, p(x) = ax 2 + x - 12 and q(x) = ax 2 - 11x + 12 have as a factor

,. 5
a (x - 2), then a = — (which is contradictory since a e Z ).
7. Asib = - 10, p(x) = ax 2 + x - 10 and q(x) = ax 2 - 11x + 10 have as a factor
, 5
a (x - -), then a = 3 (which is fine, since a e Z).
8. Then the monic polynomial of the second degree whose roots are a and b:x 2 + 7x
- 30.
Reply:
D
12
1 4X + x - 6 1 p(x)
7. By simplifying the expression---3---------- 2-----------we obtain L,m-, where p(x) and
3x - 6 8 - 2x x+2 q(x)
q(x) have integer coefficients and GCD[p(x),q(x)] = 1, calculate p(x) + q(x) .
A) 7x + 13 B) 2x + 13 C) 7x + 3 D) 2x + 3
Solution :
1. We will find the LCM of the denominators in:
1, 1
Verbal Ability.............................................................................................................................1
Logical Mathematical Skill......................................................................................................24
POOL...............................................................................................................................................24
Arithmetic.................................................................................................................................38
Geometry..................................................................................................................................46
and Algebra.............................................................................................................................58
p ( x ) = ( x 3 - 1 ) ( x - 2 ) = ( x - 1 ) 2 ( x 2 + x + 1 )" ( x - 2 ).......................................60
- x 4 - 13x2 + 36....................................................................................................................64
Trigonometry............................................................................................................................70
2— 4— 8—.........................................................................................................................73
313173..................................................................................................................................73
— —...............................................................................................................................73
Tt — ... —..........................................................................................................................75
A) 3 +1 B) /3 -1 C) /2 +1 D) 3/2 -1........................................................................................75
x 3
\ ) \ )..................................................................................................................................78
M
=2= 3...........................................................................................................................80
cos2x = 1 ^ 2x— > 2 a = —................................................................................................80
nt Tt — 4 5nt........................................................................................................................80

SOFIA REQUIEM
sen to sen to.........................................................................................................................................84

- 3)2 = 0 9 tanx = • 3 = x = a= *.....................................................................................84
% % 5%.......................................................................................................................................86
Language..................................................................................................................................88
Literature..................................................................................................................................94
Psychology...............................................................................................................................98
Civic education.......................................................................................................................101
History....................................................................................................................................103
Geography..............................................................................................................................106
Economy.................................................................................................................................108
Philosophy..............................................................................................................................110
Physical..................................................................................................................................115
- kGHo................................................................................................................................115
I O—; SAINT............................................................................................................................116

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SOFIA REQUIEM

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