-

u ct i o n p , 4
I nt rod

t eachingnot es't ips,and addit ionalact ivit ies

BackgÍ ound,
1 T e ch n o l o gayn d so ci e t YP. 6 9 H i g hl i v i n gsk
: y sc r a Pe r P.
s 38

2 St u d y i n g t e c h n o l o gP.
Y 1o 1 0 Medi caI t ech no I o g Y P- 4 2

3 De si g n p . t 4 1 1 Pe r so n a l e n t e r t a i n m e P.
n t4 6

4 T e ch n o l o giyn sPo r t P. 1 8 L2 I n f o r m a t i otne c h n o l o g YP. so

5 Ap p r o p r i a t tee chn o l o g Y P. 2 2 1 3 T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o nP.sss

6 Cr i m e - f i g h t i nagn d se c u r i t yp . 2 6 L4 Ca r e e r si n t e ch n o l o g YP. s9

7 M a n u f a c t u r i n gP. 3 0 1 5 T h ef u t u r eo f t e c h n o l o g YP. 6 2

8 T r an sp o r t p . 3 4

act ivit ies

Gr am m art est sand com m unicat ion
I n st r u ct i o nf so r co m m u n i ca t i oanct i v i t i e s?' 6 6
l T e c h n o l o g y a n d so c i e P.
t Y7 a 9 H i g hl i v i n gsk
: y sc r a Pe r P.
s 86

2 St u d y i n gt e chn o l o g Y P. 7 2 1 0 M e d i c atl e c h n o l o g YP. 8 8

3 D e si g n p . 7 4 1 1 Pe r so n ael n t e r t a i n m e n tP. 9 o

4 T e ch n o l o g yi n sPo r t P. 7 6 L2 I n f o r m a t i otne chn o l o g Y P. e 2

5 Ap p r o p r i a t e t e c h n o l o gP:Y8 u n i c a t i o sn P. 9 4
1 3 Telecom m

6 Cr i m e - f i g h t i nagn d se cur i t y p . 8 0 L4 Ca r e e r isn t e c h n o l o g YPs6

7 Ma n u f a ct ur i n g P. 8 2 1 5 T h ef u t u r eo f t e ch n o l o g YP. e 8

8 T r a n sp o r tp . 8 4
Gr a m m a rt e st sk e YP. r o o
4lnt r oduct ion
Tech n ologyis aim ed at pr epar in g st u den t sw h o in t en d t o
g et a j o b i n t ech n o l o g y . l tp r esen t st h em w i t h En g l i sh
f r om a w ide var iet y of t ech n ological f ields an d sit u at ion s,
d ev el o p st h ei r co m m u n i cat i o n sk i l l s,an d p r o v i d est h em
w l t h b ack g r o u n di n m aj o r t ech n o l o g i calco n cep t s.
Sw i t cho n
Th is is design ed as a w ar m - u p act ivit y t o t h e u n it . I t
u su ally con sist sof a n u m ber of pict u r es,an d of t en
i n t r o d u cesk ey v o cab u l ar yo r co n cep t s. I tsh o u l d b e u sed
t o g et st u d en t st o f o cu s o n t h e t o p i c.
I t 'sm y j ob
Th eseo ccu r r eg u l ar l y ,ei t h er as a r ead i n g o r l i st en i n g
ex er ci se.Th ey ar e al l b ased o n au t h en t i ci n t er v i ew san d
so u r cesan d ar e d esi g n edt o b e o f i n t er estt o t h e st u d en t s
as t h ey st an d w i t h o n l y m i n i m al t ask s.St u d en t sw i l l r ead
abou t a var iet y of you n g people in dif f er en t t ech n ology
en v i r o n m en t san d g ai n i n si g h t i n t o t h e sk i l l s r eq u i r ed .
Gen er al f ocu s qu est ion s f or I t 'sm y j ob ar e: Wh at do you
t h i n k h i s / h erj o b i n v o l v es?W h at sk i 1 l san d ex p er i en ced o es
h e / sh e n eed ?W o u l dy o u l i k e t o d o i t ?
As an o n g o i n g p r o j ect ,en co u r ag et h e cl asst o b u i l d u p a
por t f olio of ot h er lt 's m y j ob f eat u r es.For exam ple,if
st u den t s kn ow som eon e w h o w or ks in t ech n ology,t h ey
can w r it e t h eir ow n / t , sm y j ob ar t icle or in t er ví ew ,w it h
p h o t o s.
Cu st o m er CaÍ e
I n cr easin glyin t ech n ology,it is n ot en ou gh t o h ave
t ech n ical skills, qu alif icat ion s,an d kn ow ledge of t h e f ield.
Th e abilit y t o w r it e clear ly an d pr esen t ideas in speechis
also im por t an t . A h igh pr opor t ion of com m u n icat ion w ill
be w it h f ellow specialist s,bu t t h er e w ill be t im es w h en
st u den t sw ill h ave t o com m u n icat e abou t t ech n ical
m at t er sw i t h n o n - sp eci al i st ssu ch as cl i en t s,v i si t o r s,an d
cu st o m er s.Th i s can b e m u ch m o r e d em an d i n g .Th e
Cu st om ercar e f eat u r e gives st u den t spr act ice in t h is
i m p o r t an t ' so f t sk i l l ' .
Pr o b l em - so l v i n g
Th i s en co u r ag esst u d en t st o w o r k t o g et h ert o so l v ea
p r o b l em - a k ey sk i l l i n t ech n o l o g y I. t i s d esi g n edt o
st im u lat e discu ssion ,an d of t en in volves r an kin g exer cises
or evalu at in g t h e pr act icalit y of a var iet y of solu t ion s t o a
par t icu lar pr oblem .
To pm ar g i n
Th i s t o p p ar t o f t h e p ag e co n t ai n sf act s,st at i st i cs,an d
q u o t es.Th esear e o p t i o n al ex t r asan d can b e u sed t o ad d
var iet y an d in t er est t o you r lesson s,or pr ovide addit ion al
, f ast
m at er ialf or st r on g st u den t sw h o ar e f Í n ish er s'.Ways
of exploit at ion in ciu de askin g w h et h er you r st u den t s ar e
su r p r i sedb y t h e f act san d st at i st i cs,o r w h et h er t h ey
ag r ee,d i sag r ee,o r can i d en t i f y w i t h t h e q u o t es.
I t al so co n t ai n sGad g etb o x : i n t er est i n go, f t en q u i r k y ,
t ech n o l o g i cali n n o v at i o n sr el at edt o t h e u n i t t o p i c.Each
Gadget boxh as an associat edqu est ion ,an d ailow s you t o
t ake t im e ou t f r om t h e f low of t h e lesson in or der t o
p r o m o t e a m o r e o p en - en d edd i scu ssi o n .
Th er e ar e also def in it ion s f or dif f icu lt w or ds or ph r ases
w h ich ar e im por t an t t o u n der st an d a t ext w h ich appear s
o n t h e sam e p ag e ( W o r d so r p h r asesi n t h e t ex t ar e
h i g h l i g h t edi n b o l d . )
Vo cab u l ar y
St u den t sm eet a lar ge am ou n t of vocabu lar y du r in g t h e
co u l se.i t i s í m p o r t an tt o en co u r ag eg o o d l ear n i n g sk i l l s
f r om t h e st ar t ,f or exam ple:
or gan izin g vocabu iar y in t o w or d set s an d w or d gr ou ps
r at h ert h an sÍ m p l eal p h ab et i call Í st s
u n der st an din g t h e con t ext of vocabu lar y an d w h et h er
i t i s a k ey w o r d n eed edf o r p r o d u ct i o no r f o r
co m p r eh en si o n
ch eck i n gan d l ear n i n g t h e p r o n u n ci at i o no f a w o r d
o r p h r a se .
Lan g u ag esp o t
Th i s f o cu seso n t h e g r am m ar t h at i s g en er at edb y t h e
t o p i c o f t h e u n i t an d co n cen t r at eso n i t s p r act i cal
ap p l i cat i o n .
I f y o u r st u d en t sn eed r ev i si o n af t er co m p l et i n gt h e
Lan g u ag esp o t , d i r ectt h em t o t h e Gr am m ar r ef er en ce,
w h Í chpr ovides a h an dy ch eck.
Th er ei s al so o n e p h o t o co p i ab l eGr am m ar t estf o r each
u n i t i n t h i s Teach er ' sReso u r ceBo o k .

Li st en i n gRead
, ing,
Speaking I Pait w or k,Wr it in g
Th eseact ivit ies give r ealist ic an d com m u n icat ive pr act ice
o f l an g u ag esk i l l s n eed edÍ nt ech n o I o g y .
I n t h e list en in g act ivit ies st u den t s ar e exposedt o
sit u at ion sr elat ed t o t ech n ology,in clu din g dialogu es,
t ech n icalexplan at ion s,an d in t er view s. Th ey also h ear a
v ar i et yo f En g l i sh accen t s,b o t h n at i v e- sp eak eran d n o n -
n at ivespeaker .
I n t h e r ead i n g sect i o n sst u d en t sm eet a v ar Í et yo f
t ech n o l o g y - b ased t ex t s ( seeRead i n gb an k ) .
I n t h e sp eak i n gan d p ai r w o r k sect i o n s,t r y t o en su r eu se
of En glish du r in g act ivit ies,par t icu lar ly t h ose in volvin g
so m ed i scu ssi o n En . co u r ag et h i s b y t each i n g o r r ev i si n g
an y f u n ct ion ai lan gu age st u den t sm ay n eed.Th er e is also
o n ep h o t o co p i ab l eCo m m u n i cat i o nact i v i t y f o r each u n i t
i n t h i s Teach er ' sReso u r ceBo o k .
W r i t i n g p r act i cei n t h e u n i t s i s d esi g n edas
co n so l i d at i o nan d ex t en si o no f t h e t o p i c w i t h st r u ct u r ed ,
m ean in gf u l w r it in g t asks.
Pr o n u n ci at i o n
Th is pr act isesaspect sof pr on u n ciat ion w h ich ar e of
m axim u m im por t an ce f or in t elligibilit y.
Yo u can r ep eatt h e r eco r d i n g si n t h e Pr o n u n ci at i o nas
of t en as you like u n t il you an d you r st u den t sf eel
con f iden tt h ey h ave m ast er eda par t icu lar sou n d or f eat u r e.
Pr oj ect/ Webqu est
Th eseen cou r agest u den t st o t ake an act ive r ole in t h e
l ear n i n gp r o cess,b o t h i n t er m s o f t h ei r En g l i sh l an g u ag e
w or k an d t h e su bj ect of t ech n ology it self .
Pr oj ect scan be set as h om ew or k assign m en t s,bu t it is
w o r t h sp en d i n gt i m e i n cl assp r ep ar i n gst u d en t sf o r t h e
t ask .I n W eb q u est st s u d en t sar e u su al l y r eq u i r edt o u se
sear chen g i n essu ch as w w w . g o o g l e. co m t of i n d
in f or m at ion ,as w ell as w ebsit es dedicat edt o
t ech n o l o g i cali ssu es.Hel p can al so b e g i v en b y
b r ai n st o r m i n gso m e st an d ar dp l acesw h er e t h ey can
gat h er in f or m at ion .
Ch e ck l i st
Th is ailow s st u den t st o ch eck t h eir ow n pr ogr ess.You m ay
w an t t o g et st u d en t st o g r ad eo r assessh o w w ei l t h ey can
p er f o r m each o f t h e' Can d o ' st at em en t s,e. g . ' easi l y ' , ' w i t h
dif f icu lt y',or 'n ot at all'.Th ey can also t est each ot h er ln
' Can
p ai r s,b y g i v i n g ex am p l esf r o m t h e u n i t o f each o f t h e
d o ' st a t e m e n t s.
Keyw or ds
Th esear e t h e m ain it em s of t ech n ology vocabu lar y
in t r odu ced in t h e u n lt . A def in it lon of each of t h ese w or ds
I n t r o d u c t i o n5
ap p ear sl n t h e Gl o ssar y . Yo ush o u l d cer t ai n l ych eck
st u d en t s' p r o n u n ci at i o ni ,n cl u d i n g t h e st r ess,o f w o r d s
likely t o be u sed or ally.
Th is sect ion also pr ovides st u den t sw it h t h e oppor t u n it y
t o look back t h r ou gh t h e u n it an d n ot e an yt h in g abou t
h ow En glish is u sed in t ech n ology t h at is n ew t o t h em . I n
addit ion t o en cou r agin g st u den t st o bu ild t h eir ow n
per son al vocabu lar y,t h is act ivit y en cou r agest h em t o
r ef lect .
Re a d i n gb a n k
Th i s i s i n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e b o o k an d g i v essp eci f i csk i l l s
pr act Í cein r eadin g.Th e abilit y t o r ead an d u n der st an d
t ext s in En glish h as n ever been m or e im por t an t in
t ech n ology t h an it is t oday w it h t h e am ou n t of w r it t en
in f or m at ion available on t h e I n t er n et ,t h e m aj or it y of
w h i ch i s i n En g l i sh .Th e r ead i n gt ex t s ar e acco m p an i edb y
p r e- r ead i n gt ask san d co m p r eh en si o nq u est i o n s.Th ey can
b e u sed t h r o u g h o u t t h e co u Í Se, el t h er i n cl ass,o r as sel f -
st u dy or h om ew or k. Th er e is also an An sw er key in t h e
St u d en t ' sBo o k t o en co u r ag est u d en t st o ch eckt h ei r w o r k .
Pair w or kact ivit ies
Th i s sect Í o nco n t ai n so n e o I m o I e p ar t s o f t h e i n f o r m at i o n
g ap act i v i t i esf r o m t h e m ai n u n i t s ( seeSp eak i n g/
Pai r w o r k ) .
Gr am m ar Í ef eÍ en ce
Th i s can b e u sed t o g et h erw i t h t h e Lan g u ag esp o t ,as a
h an dy ch eck or r evisÍ onI. t sh ow s t h e f or m of a par t icu lar
gr am m ar poin t , br ief ly explain s it s u se, an d pr ovides
exam ple sen t en cesas w ell as in dicat in g likeiy st u den t
CT I O I S.
Li st en i n gscr i p t s
Th i s i s a co m p l et et r an scr i p to f al l t h e r eco r d i n g s.Di r ect
st u den t st o Í tf or ch eckin g an Sw eI Saf t er t h ey h ave
co m p l et edaLi st en i n gt ask ,o r al l o w w eak er st u d en t st o
r ead i t as t h ey l i st en t o a p ar t i cu l arr eco r d i n g ,p er h ap sf o r
a f in al t im e.
Gl o ssar y
Th í sis an alph abet ical list of al] t h e Key w or ds.Each w or d
is f ollow ed by t h e pr on u n ciat ion in ph on et ic scr ipt ,t h e
p ar t o f sp eech ,an d a d ef i n i t i o n i n En g l i sh .
Th e sect lon begin s w it h a ph on et ic ch ar t ,w it h an
exam ple w or d f r om t ech n ology t o illu st r at e each of t h e
so u n d s.
6 U n i t1

Back g r o u n d h ealt h - laser sin eye su r ger y,m edicin es

saf et y an d secu r it y - ABS br akes,air bags,sen sor s,
Th e pu r pose of t ech n ology is t o pr odu ce applicat ion s
w h ich im pr ove ou r m at er ial en vir on m en t . Th e people sm oke det ect or s
f ood - f ood pr ocessin g,agr icu lt u r e
w h o design ,t est , an d m ake t h ese applicat ion s ar e called
in f or m at ion m an agem en t - com pu t er dat abases,
t ech n i ci an s,t ech n o l o g i st s,an d en g i n eer s.Th ey w o r k i n
sear chen g i n es,b u si n essso f t w ar e
ar eas su ch as civil, m ech an ical, elect r ical,elect r on ic,an d
in f r ast r u ct u r e - r oads,bu ildin gs, sew er age,w ast e
m ar in e en gin eer in g,an d in n ew er f ields su ch as
dÍ sposal, w at er su pply
in f or m at ion t ech n ology ( lT) .Th ey u se scien t if ic
m an u f act u r in g - r obot icsin m ass pr odu ct ion
kn ow iedge an d t ech n ological exper ien cein t h eir w or k.
( m an u f act u r in g an it em in ver y iar ge n u m ber s)
Th ey o f t en ad ap t o l d er ex i st i n gt ech n o l o g y( e. g . r ad i o
w av es) t o cr eat en ew ap p l i cat i o n s( e. gm . o b i l e p h o n es) . Becau set ech n ology is so im por t an t in societ y,
Tech n ology is all ar ou n d u s an d af f ect sever y aspect of ou r t ech n ician s,t ech n ologist s,an d en gin eer s alw ays h ave t o
t h in k abou t valu es,t h at is, w h et h er som et h in g is good or
l i v es.Her e ar e so m e ex am p l es:
bad. Un f or t u n at ely,som e t ech n ology h as bot h posit ive
t r an spor t - r oad, sea,an d air t r avel; space explor at ion
an d n egat ive ef f ect son societ y'Usin g m í n er alssu ch as oil,
t elecom m u n icat ion s - m oblle ph on es,f ibr e- opt ics,
coal,ir on , an d u r an iu m im pr oves ou r st an dar d of livin g,
i n t er n et ,sat el l i t es
bu t can aiso pollu t e t h e air , w at er , an d gr ou n d. Th e sam e
t r ade - cr edit an d debit car ds,ban k ATM m ach in es,
r ocket st h at allow spaceexplor at ion can car r y n u clear
Bu si n ess- t o - b u si n ess( BzB)i n t er n et t r ad e
w eapon s. Road veh icles an d plan es allow f ast t r avel bu t
-
w or k ef f icien cy w ash in g m ach in e s,m Í cr ow aveoven s,
also cau se acciden t al deat h s an d cr eat eglobal w ar m in g.
com pu t er sof t w ar e
Th e ch al l en g ef o r t ech n o l o g yi s h o w t o i n cr easet h e
pow eÍ _ h eat ln g, ligh t in g, air con dit ion in g
posit ive ef f ect son societ y bu t r edu ce or elim in at e t h e
per son al en t er t ain m en t - DVDs, iPods,digit al TVs,
n egat ive ef f ect s.
digit al cam er as

Sw it ch on
En cou r agea sh or t dlscu ssion abou t each pict u r e,an d h ow t h e t ech n ology
af f ect sou r lives.

x Tip Ref er st u den t sagain t o Pict u r e A, t h e r ocket .Ask: Does t h is h ave a m ain ly
effectvalfect posit ive or n egat iveef f ecton ou r lives?En cou r agea sh or t discu ssion ,an d get
T h e sese n t e n c e m s e a nt h e Sáf f i e : st u den t st o con sider bot h sides,see exam ple - Posit ive ef f ect :space
'l
W h a t i s t h e e f f e cto f t e ch n o l o g yo n explor at ion ,n egat iveef f ect :n u clear m issiles. Th enget st u den t st o do t h e
so ci e t y ? m at ch in g exer cise.
2 Ho w d o e st e chn o l o g ya f f e ctso ci e t y T
He r e , e f f e cti s a n o u n a n da f f e ct i st h e O. r Pict u r e Posit ive Negat ive
r e l a t e dv e r b . B 1t 6
C 5 10
D + 2
n
E I 7
F 12 9

En co u r ag est r o n g erst u d en t st o p r o d u cef u l l er an sw er s.Fo r ex am p l e:

 T e c h n o l o g ya n d s o c i e t y 7

O'r lt em Posit ive ef f ect s Negat ive ef f ect s

1 r ocket s p a c ee x p l o r a t i o n n u c l e aw r e a p o n sa, r m s
sa t e l l i t e lsa u n ch e df o r r a ce p , o l l u t i o ni n sp a ce ,
w e a t h e rf o r e ca st i n g , h u g ee x p e n d i t u r feo r
g l o b aI p o si t i o ni n g ,e t c. l i t t l er e sul t
n u cl e a rd e t e r r e n t

x Tip
lnt ernet v Í nt ranet
l n t e r n e t a- w o r l d - w i d e
c o m p u t e rn e t w o r k . List ening
i n t r a n e t a- c o m p u t e rn e t w o r ki n a si n g l e
Tech n o l o g an
y dw o r k
o r g an i za t i o n .
f i Bef or elÍ st en Í n g, discu sst h e m ean in g of t h e f oI low in g t er m s w it h
x Tip st u d en t s:I n t er n etan d í ' n t r an et( seeI I p ) .Sh o w a cr ed i t o r d eb i t car d t o el i ci t
cr edit car d an d debit car d ( seeTí p) .
Pl ast i cm o n ey
Cr editcar dsan ddebitcar dsar eof t encalled PI ayt h e w h ole r ecor din gt h r ou gh on ce an d ask st u den t st o m at ch t h e
'p l ast i c'
i n ev er y d ay
Eng li sh . p eo p l et o t h e j o b s.

O. r t b 2d 3a 4c
x Tip
Sp e l l i n gr u l e s
Ru l e 2 ( l f eU st u den t st o list en again an d decide if t h e speakert h in ks t h e
Si m p l e Co m p a r a t i v e
t ech n ology is posit ive,or n egat ive,or bot h .
Sh or tad j ect iv es
Ad d- er nr riat nt rialor
O'r Speaker Posit ive Negat ive
Sh o r ta d j e ct i v ees n d i n gi n e
I Ver a
Add -r wide w ider
Sh o r ta d j e ct i v eesn d i n gi n v o w e l +co n so n a n t
2 Ch r i s t i n e
Doublef inal thin t hinner 3 Cu p t a / ,/
r n da d d - e r
l et t ea 4 An t o n ,/
Sh o r ta d j e c t i v eesn d i n gi n y
Ch a n g ef i n a l- y h eavy h eavier ( J llay t h e r ecor din g of j u st t h e sh op ow n er again , an d pu t st u den t s in
t o - i a n da d d - e r pair s t o w r it e dow n w h at h e says.Th en let t h em ch eck t h eir an sw er s w it h
g ood , b ad , f ar
t h e I Í st enin g scr ipt in t h e St u den t , sBook on p. I 24.
Ch a n g et h e w o r d g o o d bet t er
( i r r e gluar )
Lon gad j ect iv es
Usem or e ex p en si v e m o r e
Languagespot
ex p en si v e Co m p ar i so nw
s i t h ad j ect i v esan d ad v er b s
Ch eck st u den t su n der st an d t h e dif f er en cebet w een adj ect ivesan d adver bs.
x Tip Ask t h em t o m ak e si m p l e sen t en cesu si n g / ast, ear l y , h i g h ,an d l at e as b o t h
At u r b o f a ni s a j e t e n g i n e adver bsan d adj ect ives.For exam ple: 7h Í sis af ast t r ain ( adj ect í ve) , an dTh e
A New t onis a u n it of f o r ce t r aí ngoesver yf ast ( adver b) .

Bef or e doin g t h e exer cise,ask st u den t st o say w h ich adj ect ivesw ill ch an ge
x Tip t h ei r sp el l i n gacco r d i n g t o t h er u l es i n Ti p t ab l e ( I ar g e, b i g , h eav y ) .
N u m b e r sa n d u n i t s
3 9 7 , 2 4 6 . 0 5iks9sa i d a s: O' r 2 f ast er 6 sm aller 1 0 m o r eso p h i st i ca t e d
t h r eeh u n d r edan d n in et y - sev en t h ou san d 3 lar ger 7 ch eap er 1 1 m o r eef f i ci en t l y
t w o h u n d r edan d f or t y - sixp oin t oh f iv e 4 bigger 8 low er
kilogram s 5 l essh eav y 9 b et t er
Po i n to u t :
t h e c o mm a i s n o t sp o k e n
t h ed e c i m a p l o i n ti s sa i da sp o i n t 2 Ch eck st u den t su n der st an d t h e in f or m at ion in t h e t able. Th en get st u den t s
t h e n u m b e r sa f t e rt h e p o i n ta r eg i v e na s t o m ake som e sen t en cesor ally com par in g t h e t w o plan es u sin g
se p a r a t de i g i t s com par at Í veadj ect ives.Fin ally, set t h e exer cise.
0 a f t e rt h e p o i n tc a nb esa i da so h o r a sze r o
a l t h o u g hk g i s w r i t t e na s si n g u l a ri t, i s Or t l o n g er 3 heavier 5 f a r t h e r/ f u r t h e r 7 m o r ep o w e r f u l
s p o k e na s p l u r a l 2 sh o r t e r 4 f ast er 6 higher 8 m o r e r ecen t l y
8 U n i t1

El Ad d i t i o n a l a ct i v i t y 3 I f n ecessar ydo t h is or ally f ir st ,t h en get st u den t st o w r it e t h eir sen t en ces.

( w eak erst u d en t s)
Pu t w eak er st u d en t sin t o t w o g r ou p s.
St u d en t st ak e it in t u r n s t o r ead ou t t h e Reading
r aw d at a. ( Th isis a u sef u l ch eck t h at t h ey
can ' t r an siat e't h e w r it t en n u m b er s an d
Br an ch eso f t ech n o l o g y
u n i t a b b r e v i a t i o n si n t o w o r d s. )I f a Fir st ch eck t h at st u den t su n der st an d t h e f ollow in g w or ds in t h e n ew s
st u d e n t r e a d si t co r r e ct l yh, e / sh e g e t s
st o r i es( seeTr p ) .
on e p oin t . I f t h e op p osit e g r ou p t h in k t h e
st u d en t h as m ad e a m ist ak e,an d cor r ect O' r t a Z g 3b 4c 5f 6d 7h 8e
it , t h ey g et t w o p oin t s.

El Ad d it ion alact iv it y
( st r on g erst u d en t s)
En cou r ag est u d en t st o p r od u cead d it ion al
Vocabular y
se n t e n ce su sr n g a w i d e r r a n g eo f Recor d in g n ew w or d s
st r u ct u r es,f or exam p le:
Th eset asks in t r odu ce st u den t st o t w o u sef u l w ays of lear n in g an d
T h eBo e i n gh a s a sm a l l e rca p a ci t yt h a n
t h eAí r b u s. r em em ber in g key t ech n í calvocabu iar } :Wor d set s an d w or d car ds.
T h eAi r b u s h a s t h e sa m e n u m b e ro f En cou r agest u den t st o keep a r ecor d of n ew t ech n ical vocabu lar y in special
e n g i n e sa s t h eBo e í n g . n o t eb o o k san d o n w o r d car d s.
Th eAir b u s is slig h t lyslow ert h an t h e
t Ask st u den t st o pr odu cet h e w or d set sin pair s.
Boein g .
2 Ask st u den t st o pr odu cew or d car dsin dividu ally, w it h a good dict ion ar y. lf
x Tip p o ssi b i e,u se t h i s as an o p p o r t u n i t yt o en co u r ag eu se o f an En g l i sh - En g l i sh
dict ion ar v.
t e x t m e ssa g e- w r i t t e nw o r d sse n t v i a
m o b i l ep h o n e( a l s oc a l l e d5 M S)
m i cr o w a v e- a h i g h - f r e q u e n cy
e l e c t r o m a g n e twi ca v e ,u se di n
Gadget box
m i cr o w a v eo v e n s
oT | nco r r Í d o rnse a rb e d r o o m s
h a c k -g a i ni l l e g aal c c e s tso a c o m p u t e r
Ap p l e- t h e n am e o f a co mp u t e rco mp an y
Wh en st u den t sh ave com plet edPr oj ect :classsu r vey ask t h em if t h ey w er e
su r p r i sedt h at t h e sm o k e d et ect o rw as t o p o f t h e UK su r v ey l i st .Ask t h em
x Tip w h y t h ey t h i n k i t w as t o p ( p o ssi b i ean sw er : I tsav esal o t o f l i v esan d I sf o u n d
Se n so r s i n m an y h o m es. )
i o n i z a t i o n :g i v i n g a n a t o m a n
elprt rir r F' t r a a

o p t i c a l :u s i n g l i g h t w a v e s Pr onunciat ion
r 1pfpr f í rl\ - < en< p í rl\

d e t e ct o (r n )= se n so r( n )
Word st ress
6 ) Cet st u d en t st o l i st en t o t h e w o r d s an d m ar k t h e st r essedsy l l ab l es.
El Ad d it ion alact iv it y
Tel lt h em t o n o t i cecasesw h er e t h e st r essch an g esacco r d i n gt o t h e p ar t o f
( st r o n g est
r u d e n t s)
Pu t st u d en t sin t o g r ou p s t o p r od u cea
sp eech Fo . r ex am p l e, r n m ach i n ean d m ach i r y er yt h er e i s n o ch an g e,b u t i n
lar g e- scalesim p le d iag r am of eit h er i) t h e f eg l n i cal an d t ech n j ci ant h e st r essedsy l l ab l ech an g es.
o p t i ca ld e t e ct o rsm o k e a l a r m ,o r 2 ) t h e
ol t m ach í n e 5 m ech an ical 9 e l e ct r o n
ion izat ion d et ect orsm ok e alar m . Th is can
b e p r ep ar ed as h om ew or k . Th ey can t h en 2 m ach in er y 6 t ech n ical l 0 e l e ct r o n i cs
'11
p r esen t t h elr d iag r am t o t h e class an d g iv e 3 m ech an ics 7 t ech n ician e l e l t r i ca l
a sh or t or al exp lan at ion of h ow it w or k s. 4 m ech an ic 8 t e ch n o l o g y l2 elect r ician

Vocabulary
Wor d gr ou ps
Th is exer cisein t r odu cesst u den t st o an ot h er w ay of lear n in g an d
r em em ber in g key t ech n ical vocabu lar y.
II
T e c h n o l o gayn d s o c i e t y

O* Su bj ect s Pe o p l ea n dj o b s Things Adj ect ives

m ech an ics m ech an ic m ech an i sm m ech an ical
e l e ct r o n i cs e l e ct r o n e l e ct r o ni c
t e chn o l o g y t e c h n i c i an t e chn i caI
e l e c t r i c i an e l e ct r i ci t y e l e ct r i caI

Pairw oÍ k
Bef or e dividin g st u den t sin t o pair s f or t h is t ask, br ief ly discu sst h e h eadin gs
in t h e lef t - h an d colu m n of t h e t able an d ch eck t h eir u n der st an din g.Payload
m ean s paid car go. Geost at ion ar ysat elllt esor bit t h e Ear t h at t h e speed of
t h e Ear t h ' sr o t at i o n ( an d so ap p ear st at i o n ar yf r o m Ear t h ) .Th er ei s m o r e
in f or m at ion abou t sat ellit esan d or bit in Un it 13. p. 96.

x Tip Proiect :classsuÍ vey

So m e i n n o v a t i o n s
ABS ( An t i l o ck Br ak i n g Sy st em ) - p r ev en t s a
v e h i c l ef r o m s k i d d i n gw h e n y o u b r a k e .
a i r b a g - t h i s i n f l a t e sw h e n a c a r c r a s h e s ,
a n d p r o t e c t st h e d r i v e r .
D N Á _ t h e m a t e r i a Ii n s i d ec e | | st h a t c a r r i e s
g e n e t i ci n f o r m a t l o n .
l a s e r - a n a r r o w ,i n t e n s e b e a m o f l i g h t
w h i c h i s p o w e r f u l e n o u g ht o c u t t h i n g s .
Pu t st u den t sin t o sm all gr ou ps.Ask st u den t st o or der t h e it em s in dividu ally
f i r st ,an d t h en d i scu ssw i t h t h ei r g r o u p an d ag r eea f i n al o r d er ( see
W eb q u estk ey ) .Ask g l o u p s Í ft h ey W eI esu r p r i sedb y t h e UK su r v ey f i n d i n g s.
Di scu sst h e i n n o v at i o n sb r i ef l V,an d ch eckt h at st u d en t su n d er st an dal 1 t h e
t er m s ( seeTr p ) .
2 Tell st u den t st h ey can ch oose Som e Í n n ovat ion sf r om t h e list in I or ch oose
dif f er en t on es.Get each gr ou p t o decide on f ou r or f ive in n ovat ion s, t h en
h av e a cl assd i scu ssi o nt o d eci d et h e t o p t en .

Webquest
Set t h i s t ask as h o m ew o r k .Ask st u d en t st o d o t h ei r o w n r esear ch an
, d t h en
co m p ar et h ei r an sw er sw i t h t h ei r g r o u p i n t h e n ex t cl ass.

O E ( N o t ea: n u m b e ro f a n s w e r sa r ep o s s i b l e b e c a u s es o m ei n n o v a t i o nhsa v e
d i f f e r e n st
t a g e si n t h e i rd e v e l o p m e n t . )
ln n ovat ion Or d e r Year
Sm o k ed e t e ct o r I 1969
M o b i l ep h o n e 2 1946
Mi cr o w av eo v en 1945/ 46/ 48
Digit alcam er a 4 1987
D NAt e st i n g 5 1985
.l970s
La se re y esu r g e r y 6
Ai r b a g s e a r l y1 9 7 Os
Cr e d i tc a r d s 8
' r 9 sr
L o n g - l i f e , l o w - e n e r g y l i g h t b u l b s9 unknown
A BSb r a k e s 10 l a t e1 9 8 0 s

E Ad d i t i o n a l a ct i v i t y
( st r on g erst u d en t s)
Ask st u d en t st o t h in k of w ay s of g r ou p in g Key w oÍ ds
som e of t h e Key w or d sw it h r elat edw or d s
Go t h r o u g h t h e l i st o f w o r d s t o ch eck st u d en t s' p r o n u n ci at i o nan d
For exam p le: af f ect ( v )w it h ef f ect( n ) ;
u n d er st an d i n g Ref
. ert h em t o t h e Gl o ssar yi f n ecessar y .
d o w n l o a dw i t h i t s o p p o si t eu p l o a d ;
exp lor at ion( n ) w it h exp lor e( v ) ;
i n n o v a t i o n( n ) w i t h i n n o v a t e( v ) ;
p o l l u t i o n( n )w i t h p o l l u t e ( v ) ; t a k e - o f(fn )
w i t h t a k eo Í Í $ )a n d i t s o p p o si t el a n d ( v ) '
l O U n i t2

Back g r o u n d w eek t o allow t h em t o st u dy at a college.Th is is called a

Wh at is t h e dif f er en cebet w een a t ech n ician , a
t ech n oiogist ,an d an en gin eer ?Th e m ain dif f er en ceis in
I evel of edu cat ion an dt r ain in g. En gin eer sh ave t h e m ost
advan cedt r ain in g an d n or m ally h old u n iver sit y degr ees.
I n ever yday con t ext s,t h e t it les t ech n ician an d t ech n ologist
ar e som et im es u sed in t er ch an geably,m ean in g a
specialist w or kin g in t ech n ology below t h e level of
en gin eer .I n t r ain in g con t ext s,t ech n ologist is n or m ally
u sed f or som eon e at a h lgh er level ( u su ally t r ain e df or 2- 3
year s) t h an a t ech n ician ( u su allyt r ain ed f or l- Zyear s) .
You can pr ogr essf r om t ech n ician t o t ech n ologist an d
t h en t o en gin eer by f ollow in g cou r sesat collegesan d
u n iver sit ies.Collegesof f er cer t if icat esan d diplom as
( a diplom a is a h igh er level qu alif icat ion t h an a
cer t if icat e) .Un iver sit ies of f er degr ees.
As an exam ple, in t h e UK syst em ,m ost you n g people w h o
w an t a car eer in t ech n ology st ar t by st u dyin g at a coliege
of f u r t h er edu cat ion or u n iver sÍ t y.Th ey w ou ld n or m ally
f ollow t h e r ou t e: HNC ( High er Nat ion al Cer t if icat e) )
HND ( Hi g h erNat i o n al Di p l o m a) ) B. En g/ b i : en d 3 /
( Bach elorof En gin eer in g degr ee) .Som e u n iver sit ies allow
st u den t s t o t r an sf er t o a degr eecou r se ear ly,af t er
com plet in g on ly on e year of a diplom a cou r se.
I t is also possible f or st u den t st o leave sch ool at sixt een
an d w or k as an appr en t ice w it h a com pan y.Th e com pan y
can t h en r eleaset h em f r om w or k f or som e t im e ever v
p ar t - t i m e,d ay - r el easeo r ' san d w i ch 'co u r se.
I n t h is u n it , t h er e Í san exam ple of a st u den t ,Alec, w h o is
f ollow in g an HND dipiom a cou r se in civil en gin eer in g in a
collegein Scot lan d.Civil en gin eer sw or k in t h e plan n in g
an d con st r u ct ion of air por t s,br idges,h igh w ays, h ar bou r s,
et c.Th e cou r se syllabu s in clu des t h e f ollow in g su bj ect s:
, Con st r u ct ion su r veyin g. Th is t each esh ow t o m easu r e a
sit e,an d m ar k ou t lin es an d poin t s f r om t h e plan s on
t h e gr ou n d.
Con st r u ct í onm an agem en t . Th is t each esh ow t o en su le
t h at a bu ildin g pr oj ect is com piet ed on t im e, w it h t h e
cor r ect m at er ials,w it h in bu dget ,an d saf ely.
, Flu id m ech an ics. Th is t each esh ow liqu ids an d gases
m ove an d af f ect st r u ct u r es.Th is is im por t an t in
con st r u ct in g pipelí n esan d dam s.
Geot ech n ics.Th is t each est h e m ech an ical pr oper t iesof
soil an d r ocks.Th is is im por t an t in con st r u ct Í n gt u n n els,
pipelin es,an d f ou n dat ion s.
. Com plexcom m u n Í cat ion s ( som et im escalled sim ply
co m m u n i cat i o n ,o r co m m u n i cat i o n sk i l l s) .Th i s t each es
h ow t o com m u n icat e on t ech n ical m at t er s.Wor kin g in
t ech n ology you n eed t o be able t o speak an d w r it e
ef f ect ivelyt o clien t s,w r it e clear r epor t s,an d give or al
p r esen t at i o n st o co l l eag u es.
, , CAD ( Co m p u t er - assi st ed d esi g n ) .Su r v ey o r san d
archit ect s use com put er sof t w aret o help t hem draw plans
an ddesign s.

Sw it ch on
t set t h is f ir st as a Scan n in g exer cÍ se.
Give st u den t s a f ive_m in u t et im e lim it
t o r ead qu ickly an d silen t ly t o an sw er t h e qu est ion s.Th en allow t h em t o
r e- r eadt h e t ext m or e slow ly if n ecessar yt o ch eck t h eir an sw er s.

Or t Tw o y ear s
2 Ma n a g e r , t e ch n o l o g i st , atnedch n i ci a ni n t h e co n st r u ct i o n
i n d u st r y
3 Yes

2 Discu sst h e an sw er s w it h st u den t s an d ch eck t h at t h ev kn ow w h at all t h e

su b i ect sar e.

Or t Ci v i l e n g i n e e r i nmga t e r i a l s 4 Ma t h s
7tT 5 Co m m u n i c a t i o n s
3 Me ch a n i csa n d st r u ct u r e

El Ad d it ion alact iv it y
( st r on g er
st u d en t s)
Her ear e som e ad d it ion al q u est ion st o ask
b asedon p ar t 2 of t h e in t er v iew :
, ' Ho w i s t h eco u r sea sse sse d ?
" , Wh atp r oj ectis h e w or k in g on ?
' I n Co m p l e xco m m u n i ca t i o n s, w h ai ts h e
w r it in gh is r ep or tab ou t ?
, How can a st u d en tt r an sf erf r om an
HND t o a BEn g d eg r ee?
x Tip
Topm ar gin
Askst u d e n t tso | o o ka t t h e st a t í st iacn d
com p ar e i t t o t h e p e r c e n t a g eosf m a l e sa n d
s n t h e i rc o u r sel.f a p p r o p r i a t e ,
f e m a l eo
d i sc u ssw h y m e n se e mt o b e m o r ea t t r a c t e d
t o t e c h n o l o gtyh an w o m e n .
St u d y i n g
t ech n olog y
3 Ch ooseon e or t w o pair s t o give t h eir an sw er st o t h e qu est ion s.Ref ert o Wh at
can l d o n ex t ?f o r t h e an sw eÍ t o t . Di scu ssh o w en g i n eer i n gco u I sesar e
dif f er en t in t h eir ow n cou n t r y an d ask st u den t s'opin ion s abou t t h is cou r se.
List ening
Th eco u r se
I Oo t h is exer cisebef or e st u den t slist en . Th e exer cisew ill h elp f am iliar ize
t h em w í t h t h e t í m et able.
O'r t 09. 00 3 B.D a v i s
2 4.5 4 Sel f - st u d y
2 f ) llay par t 1of t h e in t er view . I f n ecessar y, playt h e r ecor din g m or e t h an
on ce,bu t play t h e com plet e sect í oneach t im e if possible,pr ef er ably
w it h ou t pau sin g.
O* t Se co n dse m e st e o
r f h i sf i r stv e a r 4 Cr a p h i c o m m u n i c a t i o n
2 Non e 5 Ar ch i t e ct u r aTle ch n i ci a n
3 Sev en t een
3 Q llay par t 2 of t h e in t er view ' Use t h e sam e pr ocedu r eas í n 2. Not e t h at t h e
gaps do n ot occu r on t h e t ape in t h e n u m ber ed or der .
O' r l , 2 Th eo r yo f st r u ct ur es
3 , 4 Co m p l e x c o m m u n i c a t i o n s
5 Fl u i dm e c h a n i c s
6 , 7 , 8 Pr o j e ctw o r k
4 f i) Fir st get st u den t st o pr edict t h e an sw er s t o t h e qu est ion sw it h ou t
piayin g t h e r ecor dÍ n g.Do n ot ch eck or cor r ect t h eir an sw er s at t h is poÍ n t .
Th en play par t 3 of t h e in t er vieq u sin g t h e sam e pr ocedu r eas in 2. ( Not e:
t h e Fr r t h of For t h is a lon g ch an n el of t h e Nor t h Sea,j u st n or t h of t h e
Scot t ish capit al,Edin bu r gh . )
Or t T a k ea d e g r e ei n St r u ct u r aEn
l gineer ing
2 B En g
3 Fo u r y e a r s
4 Bi g st r u ct u r e s
5 Get st u den t st o w r it e t h eÍ row n t im et able in En glish . Tell t h em t o u se t h e
on e in t h e St u den t 'sBook as a m odel.
Languagespot
Pr esen t5 i m p l ev PÍ esenCo
t nt inuous
Elicit t h e an sw er t h at sen t en ces1- 4 u se t h e Pr esen t Con t in u ou s becau se
t h ey descr ibea t em por ar y sit u at ion . I n 1,AI ec is cu r r en t ly doin g an HND,
bu t w ill soon com plet e h is cou r se an d st ar t doin g som et h in g else.I n 2- 4,
t h e pr oj ect sw ill last a lim it ed t im e an d t h en com e t o an en d. Sen t en ce5
u sest h e Pr esen tSi m p l e b ecau sei t d escr i b esa w eek l y r o u t i n e.Sen t en ces
6- 8 h ave ver bs of t h in kin g an d f eelin g ( en j oy, I ike, w an t ) .
1 2 U n i t2

t Bef o r est u d en t sd o t h i s ex er ci se,ch eckt h at t h ey k n o w w h i ch t en sest o u se.

For exam ple, elicit t h at sen t en ce1 sh ou ld be Pr esen t Sim ple becau seit
expr essesa daily or w eekly r ou t in e. I n sen t en ce10,poin t ou t t h at t h e
Pr esen tSÍ m p l ei s al so p o ssi b l e- u si n g t h e Pr esen tCo n t i n u o u si n d i cat est h e
sit u at ion is t em por ar y u n t il a n ew br í dgeis bu ilt .
'1
Or t each es 5 st u d i es 9 think
2 st ar t 6 w an t s 1 0 i sc a r r y i n g
3 i s/ ' st a k i n g 7 i s/ ' s w o r k i n g
4 i s/ ' s s t u d y í n g 8 d o n o t / d o n ' tl i k e

Get st u d en t st o w r i t e d o w n t h e an sw er t o t h ese q u est i o n sb ased o n t h ei r

ow n t im et ables.

I n p ai r s,g et st u d en t st o ask an d an sw er q u est i o n su si n g t h ei r o w n

t i m et ab l es.

4 Get st u den t st o com plet et h e t ext in dividu ally, based on t h eir ow n

t i m et ab l es.Gap 5 ,af t er I w i l l g et a . . . , t s f o l l o w ed b y t h e n am e o f t h e
. am p l e: 1 w /i 1g et a d i p l o m a.
q u al i f i cat i o n Ex

x Tip Pr onunciat ion

Au x i l i a r yv e r b s St r o n gan d w eak f o r m so f au x i l i ar yv er b s
Co m m o n au x i | ír ayv e r b si n cl u ed:d o d
, o e s,
h as, h av e, am , i s,ar e, d i d , w as, w er e, can , w i l l , f i l i ay t h e r eco r d i n gan d d i scu sst h e ex am p l es.
a n d t h e i r n e g a t i v e sd o n ' t , e t c .
Do esAI ec l i k e m at h s?( Do esi s n o t st r essedw : eak f o r m )
Yes, h ed o es.( Do esi s st r essedh er e:st r o n gf o r m ) .
I s h e in h í sf ir styear ? ( I sis n ot st r essed:w eak f or m )
Yes,h e í s.( I sis st r essedh er e: st r on g f or m ) .

Explain t h at w h en you an sw er a qu est ion t h at expect st h e an sw er Yesor No,

w e do n ot n or m aliy r epeat t h e f u ll ver b of t h e qu est ion ,bu t u su ally
su bst it u t e an au xiliar y ver b. For exam ple QDo you lÍ kesw im m in g?A Yes,
I d o .I No , l d o n ' t .Th e w o r d s d o an d d o n ' t ar e au x i l i ar y v er b s.W h en au x i l i ar y
v er b s ar e u sed i n t h i s w ay ( an sw er i n gaYes/ No q u est i o n ) t, h ey ar e st r essed
- t h is is called t be st r on gf or m . Wh en t h e au xiliar y is u sed in t h e qu est ion
it self ,it is n ot n or m ally st r essed- t h is is cailed t h e w eak f or m .

2 I n p ai r s,g et st u d en t st o ask an d an sw er each o t h er .Mak e su r et h at st u d en t s

u se t h e w eak f o r m i n t h e q u est i o n s,an d t h e st r o n gf o r m i n t h e an sw er s.

O'r t Yes,h e ! 5. 3 Yes,it { oes. 5 Yes,h e h ps. 7 Yes,i t W _ ! ! 1 .

2 No , t h e r ea r e n 1 . 4 Ye s,h e sa Ü. 6 Ye s,h e d q q . 8 Yes,h e f ; as

El Ad d it ion alact iv it y 3 í , f uFir st ,ask st u den t st o w r it e t h eir an SWer Sn ext t o t h e qu est ion sin l above.
( w eak erst u d en t s)
Th en play t h e r ecor din g an d get st u den t st o u n der lin e t h e st r on g f or m s.
Pr ep ar ea set of 8- 10 car d s,each on e w it h a
( Th est r on g f or m s ar e u n der lin ed in t h e keyt o 2 above) .
j o b t i t I e ,f o r e x a m p l e : EI e ct r i ca
Enl gí n eer ,
Ma r i n e En g í n eer ,I T T ech n i ci a n Me , cha n i c, 4 t n pair s get st u den t st o ask an d an sw er t h e qu est ion s u sin g in f or m at ion
Ar ch it ect ,et c. ln t w o g r ou p s,each m em b er abou t t h em selvesan d t h eir cou r se.
of g r ou p A t ak es a car d .St u d en t sf r om
g r ou p B t r y t o g u esst h e p er son ' sj ob b y
ask in g Yes/ No q u est ion ssu ch as Do y ou
d e si g nh o u se s?Ch e ckt h a t t h e a n sw e r su se
Pairw oÍ k
t h e st r o n gf o r m o f a u x i l i a r i e s, e . g . Ye s,dl o . Get st u d en t st o w o r k i n p ai r s,ask i n g each o t h er q u est i o n san d co m p l et i n g
t h e t im et able.Walk ar ou n d an d ch eckt h at t h ey ar e u sin g t h e Pr esen t Sim ple
s ch as W h at su b j ectd o esh e / sh e h av eo n W ed n esd ay s?
t o ask q u est Í o n su
 St u d y i n g
t ech n olog y

Pr oblem - solving
1 Cet st u d en t st o d o t h i s i n d i v i d u al l v f i r st .an d t h en t o d i scu sst i r ei r d eci si o n s
w it h t h eir gr ou p.

O' r A8 B5 C4 D3 E1 F6 C7 H2

2 Get st u d en t st o d o t h l s t ask i n sm al l g r o u p s.En co u r ag est u d en t st o u se

sen t en ces1 - 8 as m o d el sf o r t h ei r ex p l an at l o n s.

Webquest
t Cet st u d en t st o r ead t h e co u r sed escr i p t i o nas q u i ck l y as p o ssi b l ean d
com plet et h e t able in dividu ally.

O* Collegeor Un iver sit y Hor n by Collegeof Tech n ology

Co u r se Fo u n d a t i odne g r e ei n Co m p u t i n g- W e b
t e chn o l o g y
En t r yq u a l i f i c a t i o n s A - l e v ebl u t o t h e rq u a l i f i c a t i o ni ns c l u d i n g
w ork
e x o e r i e n cwe i l l b e c o n s i d e r e d
Len g t h Th r eey ear s
Car eerp r o sp ect s Jo b si n m o s t s e c t o r a s s w e l la s w e b
d e v e l o p m e nat n, i m a t i o na,n d c o m p u t e g r am es

2 Get st u d en t st o w o r k i n sm al l g r o u p st o p l an t h e w o r k . Each g r o u p m em b er
t h en sear ch esa dif f er en t w ebsit e an d w r it es t h e in f or m at Í onin a slm ilar
w ay t o t h at in 1.

, Get st u d en t st o r ej o l nt h ei r g r o u p san d ag r eeo n t h e m o st i n t er est i n g

co u l se.Th ey t h en d escr i b et h e Co u r se,an d t h e r easo n sf o r t h ei r ch o Í ce, to
t h e r est o f t h e cl ass.

l'- E Ad d i t i o n a l a ct i v i t y Key w oÍ ds
I ( st r on g er
st u d en t s)
Go t h r o u g h t h e l i st o f w o r d s t o ch eck st u d en t s' p r o n u n ci at i o nan d
Get st u d en t st o w r it e at least on e ot h er
I
u n d er st an d i n g Ref
. ert h em t o t h e Gl o ssar yi f n ecessar y .
f or m of t h esew or d s in t ab les,con t in u in g
t h eirw or d st u d y f r om Un it 1:
ar ch itect u re,co n st r t tct i o n , m an u f a ct u r ing ,
q u alif icat ion , r esear ch ,st r u ct u re.
Fo re x a m p l e a: r ch i t e ct ur e ( su b j e ct ) ;
ar ch it ect( p r of essionor p er son ) ;
ar ch it ect u r al ( ad j ect iv e)
1 4 U n i t3

Back g r o u n d t h ey cost ?Do t h ey h ave t h e r igh t pr oper t Í es( su ch as

Design is at t h e h ear t of t ech n ology.Th is is w h y m ost
t ech n ology cou r sesin clu de design in t h eir syilabu s.Look
at an y m an u f act u r ed pr odu ct ,an d you w ill see eviden ce of
design . lt m ay be beau t if u l, bu t appear an ceis on ly on e
asp ecto f d esi g n . l t m u st al so f u n ct i o n w el l . Th e d esi g n
p r o cessi s a ser i eso f st ag es,o r st ep s. I tb eg i n sw h en
so m eo n en o t i cest h at t h er e i s a n eed o r p r o b l em i n so ci et y
w h ich m u st be solved. I t en ds w h en a pr odu ct is
m an u f act u r ed w h ich m eet s or f u lf iis t h at n eed.
Th esear e t h e st ag eso f t h e d esi g n p r o cess.
I den t if yt h e pr oblem . For exam ple: Wh en a cer t ain
co o k i n gp o t i s h eat ed ,t h e h an d l e b eco m est o o h o t t o
t ou ch . Som et im es t h e design er m ay h ave t o in ven t a
n ew pr odu ct t o solvet h e pr oblem .At ot h er t im es h e or
sh e m ay m odif y, or ch an ge,an exist in g design t o
im pr ove it .
Wr it e t h e design br ief ( alsocalled t h e design
specif icat ion ) .Th is is a sim ple, clear st at em en t of w h at
i s t o b e d esi g n ed .Fo r ex am p l e:Desi g n a h an d l e t h at
r em ai n s co o l w h en t h e p o t i s h eat ed .
Do an in vest igat ion . Th e design er asks qu est ion s an d
f in ds ou t in f or m at ion t o h elp design a good pr odu ct :
Wh o w ill u se t h is pr odu ct TWh at w ill it do7How w ill it
I ook?Wh at m at er ials ar e available?How m u ch w ill
du r abilit y) ?How w iil t h e pr odu ct be m ade? How can it
b e m ad e saf eT
Develop alt er n at ive solu t ion s. Her e,t h e deslgn er t h in ks
of dif f er en t ideas,w r it in g t h em all dow n w it h ou t
eva] u at Í n gt h em at f ir st . He or sh e w i] ] t h en pr odu ce
sket ch es,or sim ple dr aw in gs, of t h e dif f er en t design s.
Ch oose t h e best solu t ion . Her e,t h e design er ch oosest h e
design w h ich best solvest h e pr obiem . He or sh e also
con sider scost ,t im e, available m at er ials,
m anuf act urabilit y ( t hat is, w het her it can be
m an u f act u r edu sin g available skills,t ools, an d
m ach in er y) .
Make a m odel or pr ot ot ype. ( a1socalied t h e r ealizat ion
st ag e,w h en a d esi g n i s r eal i zedo r m ad e i n t o a r eal
obj ect ) A. det ailed dr aw in g is m ade, pr obably u sin g CAD
sof t w ar e.Th en a m odei or pr ot ot ype ( = f ir st w or kin g
ver sion ) is m an u f act u r ed ( or a com pu t er sim u lat ion
m ay b e u sed ) .
Test an d evalu at e.Th e pr ot ot ypeis ph ysically t est ed an d
t h en evalu at edt o an sw er t h ese qu est ion s:Does it w or k?
Doesit m eet t he designbrief ?Can it be im provedin any
way?
Man u f act u r e. lf t h e f in al evalu at ion is posit lve, t h e
com pan y m ay decidet o m an u f act u r e t h e pr odu ct .

Sw it ch on
Get st u den t st o discu sst h e pr odu ct sin pair s.Th en get t h e pair s t o r epor t
t h eir ideas t o t h e w h ole class.Gu ide discu ssion sf r om appear an cet ow ar ds
ot h er aspect sof design su ch as ease of u se, saf et y,sim plÍ cit y,an d ef f icien cy.

oÍ Po ssi b | ean sw er s
A h e a d p h o n e-s a l m o sta n y o n e- l i g h t n e ss, co m f o r t
B co r d l e ss - sa
e l e ct r i cd r i l l - D I Ye n t h u si a st , t r a d e sp e r so n f e t yg, o o d
i n s u l a t i o ne ,a s yt o h o l da n d c o n t r o l
C r u ck sa ck / b a ck p a ck - w a l k e rsk
, i e r- l i g h t n e ss,w a t e r p r o o co
f, mfort
D sp o r t sd r i n k sb o t t l e sp o r t sp e o p l e- e a syt o ca r r ye, a syt o d r i n kf r o m
-
E ca n o p e n e r - a n y o n e - sh a p e , co m f o r t a b l eht oo l da n d u se , e f f e ct i v e
F st eer i n g w h ee - cl a r d r i v e r - s h a p ea l l o w s y o ut o s e ed i a l s

List ening
Th edesignpr ocess
f i Bef or elist en in g, discu ssan it em f r om Sw it chon . Ask st u den t s h ow t h ey
w ou ld design it an d w h at st agest h ey w ou ld f ollow . Ask t h em t o pr edict
so m e o f t h e an sw er st o t h e ex er ci se.

* Ti p
T oe x p l a i nt h e d i f f e r e n ce
b e t w e e nt e st i n g
a n de v a l u a t i n g , r e m i n
t hde m o f t h e i r
exper iena ce s st u d e n t s. Fi r stt h e ya r e t e st e d
i na n e x a ma n dt h e nt h e ya r ee v a l u a t e d
w h e nt h e ya r eg i v e na g r a d e .
* Ti p
Qu e st i o nesx p e ct i n ga Ye s/ No a n sw e r
y a v ea r i si n gi n t o n a t i o n .
u su a l l h
Qu e st i o nesx p e c tni g i n f o r m a t i o n( w h -
q u e st i o n s)
u su a l l yh a v ea f a l l i n qi n t o n a t i o n
E Ad d i t i o n a l a ct i v i t y
( alllevels)
Af t er st udent shave done exercise l get
t h em t o d o a f ew in p air s as q u est ion an d
an sw eru, sin g sh or t f or m s as in Un it 2,e. g .
1 A I si t sa f e ?B Ye s,i t Í s.
Af t er st u d en t sh av e d on e exer cise2 g et
t h em t o d o a f ew in p air s as q u est ion an d
an sw eru, sin g sh or t f or m s in t h e an sw er ,
e . g . 1 AW h e r ed o e ssh e w o r k ?B I n Lo n d o n .
Desi g n 1 5
Th en set t h e list en in g an d ch eck t h eir an sw er s.Af t er t h e t ask, ch eck t h eir
u n der st an din g of t h e key desÍ gnvocabu lar y.Ref er t o t h e Backgr ou n df or
t h e m ean Í n g so f d esi g n b r i ef ( o rsp eci f i cat i o n ) , an d t h e
m ean i n g o f
r ealí 'zat ion( = m akin g som et h in gr ealby pr odu cin g a pr ot ot ype or m odel) .
O. r St ag el e- / st ar t w i t h a b r i ef- a d escr i p t i o n otf h e p r o b l eml ' m g o i n g t o
solve. lnt h is case it 'st o designa backpackf orcr oss- cou n t r skier y s.
St age 2 c- Th en I do som e r esear chabau t cr ass- cou n t r skier y s, t h et h in gs
t h ey n eedt o car r yan d t h e w eigh t t h eyf in d com f or t able. also l t h in k abou t
t he best choiceof m at erial- w at erproof ,hard-w eoring,easy t o w ork w it h.
St ag e4 a - I . . . ch o o sew h at I t h i n k i s t h e b estso l u t i o n .
St age 5 d - I t ransf erm y sket cht o a com put er t o m ake o proper draw ing
w it h all t h e dim en sion sin place. Th enI ask a com pan yt o m ake u p som e
prot ot ypes.
St age7 b - Fin allyI com par et h e pr odu ct w it h t h e br ief .Doesit m eet all t h e
r equ ir em en t s? Can I m ake it an y bet t er ?
2 Get st u d en t st o d i scu sst h e q u est i o n si n p ai r s,an d r ep o r t b ack t o t h e cl ass.
Di scu sst h ei r an sw er s.
O' r aZ b6 cl d7 eZ f 4 g3 h5 i7
Languagespot
Qu est iont ypes
Get st u d en t st o i o o k ag ai n at t h e q u est i o n st n Li st en i n q .Ask : W h i ch o n es
expectt h e an sw er Yesor No?( b, f, i) .Ask st u den t sw h at t h ey n ot ice abou t
t h eir st r u ct u r e ( t h eyall h ave t h e st r u ct u r eau xiliar y ver b + su bj ect ) .Get
st u den t st o br ain st or m ot h er au xiliar y ver bs an d w r it e t h em all on t h e
boar d: is,can ,does, w ill,ar e, et c.Get t h em t o ask Yes/ No qu est ion s abou t t h e
r u cksack,t h e pow er dr ill, et c.
Now get st u den t st o look at t h e r em ain in g qu est ion sin List en in g. Askt h em
w h at kin d of an sw er t h ese qu est ion s expect ( in f or m at ion ,n ot j u st Yes/ No) .
Poí n tou t t h at t h e l4lh - qu est ionw or d com eSat t h e begin n in g, even w h er e it
is t h e obj ect of t h e sen t en ce.
1 Ask st u den t sw h ich sen t en cesalr eady h ave an au xiliar y ver b in t h em ( 1,3, 5,
7,9) .Ask t h em w h at t h ey w ill do in t h e case of sen t en ce 2,w it h n o au xillar y
- t h ey h ave t o pr ovide an appr opr iat e au xiliar y. I t w or ks) Does it w or k?Do
t h Í sexer ciseor ally an d ch eck t h at t h ey u se a r isÍ n gin t on at ion .
O'r t ls it saf e?
2 D o e si t w o r kw e l l ?
3 Ca ny o u m o u l ds o m ep l a s t i c es a s i l y ?
4 D i d s h em a k ea m o d e l ?
5 H a s h e d e si g n e da l o t o f p r o du ct s?
6 D o y o u d e si g nsp o r t se q u i p m e n t ?
7 A r et h e m a t e r i a las v a i l a b l e ?
8 D i d h e b u i l da p r o t o t y p e T
9 Hav et h ey d r aw n a l o t o f sk et ch es?
10 D o e ssh et h i n k n y l o ni s t h e b e stch o i ce T
1 6 U n i t3

El Ad d it ion alact iv it y 2 Af t er st u den t sh ave com plet ed t h e qu est ion s,get t h em t o say t h em alou d.
( all levels) Ch eck t h ey u se a f allin g in t on at ion .
Play a v er sion of t w en t y q u est ion s.I n t w o
t eam s,a st u d en t f r om Team A h as t o t h in k Or t . . . d o e ss h ew o r k ? 6 . .. d o y o u u s ep l a s t i c ?
of a g ad g et or p iece of eq u ip m en t ( f r om 7 . . . d i d s h em o v et h e r e ? 7 . . . m u c hd o e si t w e i g h ?
t h is or ear lier u n it s) .St u d en t sf r om Team 3 . . . d o e ss h ed e s i g n ? 8 . . . m u c hd o e si t c o s t ?
B can on ly ask Yes/ iVo q u est ion s.Th ey ar e 4 . . . d o y o uw o r kw i t h ? 9 . . . m a n yf u n c t i o n sd o e si t h a v e ?
n ot allow ed t o ask w h at t h e it em is 5 . . . d o y o uu s e ? 1 0 . . .c a nl b u y i t ?
d ir ect ly .Ch eck t h ey u se t h e cor r ectf or m s
a n d a r i si n g r n t o n a t i o n .

x Tip Cust om eÍCaÍ e

Top m ar gin Usi n gn o n - sp eci al i st
l an g u ag e
Po i n to u t t h e q u o t a t i o nf r o m Sh a w a t t h e
t o p o f p . 1 9Ask
. st u d e n t sw h a t t h e yt h i n ki s Discu sst h is w it h t h e class.Non - specialist sw ou ld pr obably n ot kn ow t h e
t h e m o st i m p o r t a n tq u a l i t yo f a d e si g n e r . m ean i n g o f su ch t er m s as TFTXGA, 1 0 2 4b y 7 6 8p i x el s,an d h i g h - r eso l u t i o n .
( Po ssib l e á f lSW e Í S: , ag i n a t io n ,
cr e a t i v i t yi m
2 Di scu sst h i s an d g et st u d en t st o ex p l ai n w h y t h i s ex p l an at i o ni s cl ear er
m u stb e a d r e a m e r . ) T h eanskt h e m w h y
t h e y t h i n kt h e d e si g nb r i e fi s so i m p o r t a n t .
t o n o n - sp eci al i st s( t ech n i calt er m sar e ex p l ai n edan d r eco m m en d at i o n s
( Po ssí b áf I ei SW CÍt o: m a k esu r et h a t t h e g i v en ) .
d r eam sar e r ealist ican d r eallysolv et h e
Get st u d en t st o ch o o seo n e o f t h e t o p i cs,o r a t o p i c i n t h ei r o w n f i el d .Ch eck
pr oblem . )
t h at t h ey ar e t r yin g t o c1ar if yt h e specÍ alistt er m s.

x Tip I t 'sm yj ob
m o ss- p r o d u ce - t o m a n u f a ct u r ei n v e r y
Rem i n d st u d en t so f t h e d esi g n b r i ef f r o m Li st en i n g. Ex p l ai n t h at t h e i t em s
l a r g eq u a n t i t i e s
in t h e lef t - h an d colu m n in t h is exer cisef or m t h e design br ief f or t h e n ew
d u r a b l e- a b l et o l a sta l o n gt i m e
g ar d ench ai r .Ch eck t h at t h ey u n d er st an dt h e t er m s.Th en g et t h em t o d o
t h e ex er ci se.
'74
Or 2 c 3 a 4g 5b 6h I U 8f

E Ad d i t i o n a l a ct i v i t y 2 Bef o r est u d en t sr ead t h e t ex t ,r ev i set h e st ag eso f t h e d esi g n p r o cess.Th en

( w eak erst u d en t s) ask t h em w h at t h ey t h in k Ken n et h 'sf ir st act ion w ou ld be as par t of t h e
Get st u d en t st o m ak e sh or t sen t en ces í n v est Í g at r ostnag e.W h at w o u l d h e d o d u r i n g t h e r eal i zat i o nst ag e?Nex t
u si n g t h e m o d a l s sh o u l do r r n u st Fo
. r g et t h em t o r ead t h e t ex t an d co m p ar et h ei r su g g est i o n sw i t h Ken n et h ' s
e x a m p l e :T h ech a i r sh o u l d b el í g h t w e i g h t , act ion s.Fin ally,set t h e exer cise.
b u t i t m u st b e st r o n a .
Or t d u r ab le 2rival 3 su p p o r t 4 sk et ch es 5 m o u ld 6 prototype

Get st u den t st o m ake a list of qu est ion s,an d ch eck t h at t h ey h ave pr odu ced
a m ixt u r e of Yes/ iVo an d in f or m at ion qu est ion t ypes. Ch eck also t h at t h eir
qu est ion sr elat et o som e in f or m at ion in t h e t ext .

4 Get st u den t st o ask an d an sw er in pair s,w it h on e st u den t t akin g Ken n et h 's

par t an d an sw er in g w it h cor r ect in f or m at Í onf r om t h e t ext .

Gadget box
Ask st u den t sw h at is su r pr isin g abou t t h is in f or m at ion ( t h epr odu ct h as
l ar g esal es,ev ent h o u g h i t w as d esi g n ed ' f ofru n ' ) . Di f f er en t i d eas ar e p o ssi b l e
f or w h y it is su ccessf u l( í tlooksgood,it is u n u su al,an d it is easy t o u se) .

E Ad d i t i o n a l a ct i v i t y
( alllev els)
I f y ou h av ea n u m b er of CD p lay er s,d iv id e
t h eclassin t o g r ou p san d g iv e each g r ou p
a p iay erSt. r on g erst u d en t san sw er all
q u est ion s.Weak erg r ou p s or in d iv id u als
an sw eron ly select edq u est ion sf r om on e
or t w op ar t s.A st u d en t f r om each g r ou p
r ep or t sb ackt h e an sw er st o t h e class.
Fin allyp, lay all p ar t s t o t h e w h ole class
an dch eckf or u n d er st an d in g ,p au sin g
w h er en ecessar yt o d iscu sst h e cor r ect
an sw er s.
E Ad d i t i o n a l a ct i v i t y
( st r on g er
st u d en t s)
Get st u d en t st o or g an izet h ese w or d s an d
r elat edf or m s in t ab les,con t in u in g t h eir
w o r dst u d yf r o m Un i t I : e v a l u a t i n g ,
í n vest igat in g ,m an u f act u rer , m ass-
p r od u ce.( Possib lean sw er s:ev alu at eI
e v a l u a t i o n/ e v a l u a t o r i; n v e st i g a t i o n/
í n v est í g at/ ein v est ig at or m ; an u Í act u r e/
m a n u f a ct u r i n;gm a ss- p r o d u ct i o n/ m a ss-
p r od u cer . )
Desi g n 1 7
List ening
Wo r k i n gw i t h d esi g n
Get st u den t st o do t h is exer cÍ sein dividu ally, u sin g t h e G/ ossar yt och eck
t h eir an sw er s.
2 f t l t ay each o f p ar t sA, B, an d C t o t h e cl assan d g et t h em t o n o t e d o w n t h e
an sw er s t o t h e qu est ion s.
Or n I Pr o d u ct fso r h o m eu se ,e sp e ci a l l iyn t h e k i t ch e n
2 T h ef u n ct i o no f t h e o b j e cta n d h o w p e o p l ew i l l u se i t
3 Sk e t c h i n g t hseh a p e
B 4 Ma ss- p r o d u cepdr o d u ct s
5 W h a t p e o p l en e e da n dw h a t i t ' sp o s s i b l teo m a k e
6 A sk e t ch
C 7 Pr o d u ctd e v e l o p e r
8 D e s i g n e rasn d m a n u f a c t u r e r s
9 T h eco st i n g s
3 f t f t ay par t A again on ce t o r ef r esh t h eir m em or ies, an d t h en ask st u den t s
in pair s t o w r it e dow n w h at t h ey can r em em ber .Th en get t h em t o ch eck
t h ei r o w n v er si o n sw i t h t h e I í st eni n g scr i p to n p . 1 2 5 .
Ploblem - solving
Ask t h e w h o l e cl assw h at t h e d esi g n b r Í efi s ( d esi g na ch ai r f o r u se i n a r o o m
i n t en d edb o t h f o r l ect u r esan d f o r i n d o o r sp o r t s) . Askeach g r o u p t o l i st t h e
ad v an t ag esan d d i sad v an t ag eso f each m o d el ,an d d eci d eo n t h e b est
d esi g n .Get g r o u p st o r ep o r t b ack t h ei r d eci si o n st o t h e cl ass.
Each g r o u p w r i t es t h e d esi g nb r i ef f o r t h e n ew ch ai r .Th en t h ey b r ai n st o r m
ideas an d dr aw sket ch esf or dif f er en t possible design s.Fin ally,t h ey decide
o n t h e b est d esi g n an d sk et ch ,an d p r esen tt h eset o t h e w h o l e cl ass.Th e
cl asscan t h en v o t e o n t h e b est d esi g n .
Pairw ork
Ch eck st u den t su n der st an dt h e t ask: St u den tA com plet est h e t able by askin g
St u den tB qu est ion s.Th en St u den t B h as t o do t h e sam e by askin g St u den t A.
2 St u den t scan do t h is pr oj ectin pair s as a h om ew or k assign m en t ,eit h er u sin g
a l i b r ar y o r a co m p u t ert er m i n al w i t h i n t er n et access.So m e b asi c
in f or m at ion is given in t h e key below , bu t st u den t s m ay f in d sligh t ly
dif f er en t in f or m at ion .
O' r Al e x l ssi g o n i s( ' 1 9 0 6 - 1 9 8 8Bo) .r ni n Sm y r n aa, t t h a t t i m e Cr e e k ,b u t m o v e d
t o t h e U K i n 1 9 2 3M . o t o rc a rd e s i g n e b r ,e s tk n o w nf o r t h e M o r r i sM i n i
.l958.
i n t r o d u ce d
in
Ph i l i p p eSt a r c k( 1 9 4 9 )- .Fr e n c hi n t e r i odr e s i g n e a
r ,r c h i t e c at ,n d d e s i g n e r
o f a w i d e r a n g eo f co n su m e rp r o d u ct sf r o m t o o t h b r u sh etso co m p u t e r s.
Ci u g i a r o( 1 9 3 8)-.l t a l i a nd e si g n eor f Ni k o nca m e r a s,
Ci o r g e t t o Se i k ow a t ch e s,
t h e Vo l k s w a g eCo n l f , t h eFi a tU n o a n d Pa n d a , a n m d a n yo t h e rc a r s .
Key w oÍ ds
Go t h r o u g h t h e l i st o f w o r d s t o ch eck st u d en t s' p r o n u n ci at i o nan d
u n d er st an d i n g Ref
. ert h em t o t h e Gl o ssar yi f n ecessar y .
1 8 U n i t4

Back g r o u n d
Moder n spor t s m at er ials ar e su bj ect edt o pow er f u l f or ces.
Wh en a r acket h it s a ball, t h e im pact cau sescom pr ession
( = sQu eezi n g an
) d t en si o n ( = st r et ch i n g )an
, d m ay cau se
ben din g ( = com Pr ession + t en sion ) .Repeat edf r ict ion
m akes clot h in g w ear ( = er ode)aw ay.A bicycle pedal m ay
br eak becau seof f at igu e ( = w eaken in g) if it is t u r n ed t h e
sam e w ay r epeat edly.
Spor t sm at er ialsm u st h ave pr oper t ies( = ch ar act er ist ics) t o
r esist ( = f igh t again st ) t h esef or ces.Equ ipm en t m u st be
im p act - r esist an t ,f at igu e - r esist an t ,an d t ou gh ( = dif f icu lt
t o br eak) .Clot h in g m u st be w ear - r esist an t ,f it t h e body
t igh t ly an d be aer odyn am ic ( = able t o m ove sm oot h ly) .
Som e m at er ialssh ou ldbe r igid ( =u n ben dable) ot , h er sn eed
t o be f lexible ( = able t o ben d) ,or elast ic ( = abiet o ch an ge
sh ape an d r et u r n t o t h eir or igin al sh ape) Som . eequ ipm en t
m ust be hard ( = able t o cut ,but not be cut by, ot her
m at er ials)For
. f ast spor t s,equ ipm en t n eedsa h igh st r en gt h -
t o- w eigh t r at io ( com bin in gst r en gt h w it h ligh t n ess) .
Special m at er ials ar e u sed f or m akin g m oder n spor t s
equ ipm en t an d clot h in g:
plast ics - t h ese ar e ligh t an d can be m ou lded in t o
sh ap e.Ex am p l es:p o l y car b o n at e( g o g g l es)p, o l y u r et h an e
( f oot balls) an
, d polyst yr en e ( in sidebike h elm et s)
f ibr es - m at er ials su ch as lycr a an d Kevlar ar e u sed f or
spor t s clot h in g.
com posit es- t h ese com bin e f ibr es an d plast ic an d h ave
a good st r en gt h - t o- w eigh tr at io.Exam ples:f ibr eglass
( boat s) gr
, aph it e,an d car bon - f ibr e( bicyclef r am es)
lam in at es - t h ese ar e f or m ed f r om t w o or m or e layer s of
plast ic or com posit em et als su ch as t it an iu m , an d
alu m in iu m , an d alloys su ch as ch r om e- m olybden u m
( cr o- m oly)com bin e ligh t n ess,st r en gt h ,an d cor r osion -
r esi st an ce.

* Tip
Be f o r ey o u b e g i nt h i s u n i t ,a sky o u r
st u d e n t st o b r i n gso m eo f t h e i ro w n sp o r t s
e q u i p m e nitn t oc l a s s . Yocua nt h e ns p e n da
f e w m i n u t e sb e f o r eSw i t cho n d i scu ssi n g
t h e i t e m sa n dt h e m a t e r i a ltsh e ya r em a d e
o f a sa n i n t r o d u c t i o n .
El Ad d it ion aI act iv it ies
( all levels)
St u d en t sd escr ib et o t h e w h ole classt h e
it em s of sp or t seq u Í p m en tor clot h in g
t h ey h av e b r ou g h t in ( if y ou h av e n ot
alr ead y d on e t h is) .You can ask st u d en t st o
d escr ib et h e it em s,t h e m at er ials t h ey ar e
m a d e o f ,a n d t h e i r p r o p e r t i e s.
( st r on g erst u d en t s)
St u d en t scan ask each ot h er q u est ion s
ab ou t t h e it em s, an d exp lain w h y cer t ain
p r op er t iesar e im p or t an t f or t h e sp ecif ic
sp or t in g act iv it iest h ey ar e u sed f or .
Sw it ch on
t pu t st u den t sin t o sm all gr ou ps t o do t h is t ask. Make su r e t h ey u n der st an d
t h e w or ds in t h e t able. Explain or ask t h em t o gu ess an y u n kn ow n it em s.
Wh en t h ey do t h e t ask, r ef er t h em t o t h e Glossar y. Wh ent h ey h ave f í n ish ed
t h e t ask, get som eon e f r om each gr ou p t o give t h e gr ou p'san sw er s.Ask
st r on ger st u den t st o expiain t h eir r eason sf or m at ch in g com pon en t s w it h
m at er i al san d p r o p er t i es.
Or t sh o eso l e s 4 b r a k ec a b l e s 7 f r am e
2 helm et 5 w h e e lb e a r i n g s 8 s a d d l e
3 p ed al s,t y r es 6 rims
I t 'sm yiob
Pu t st u den t sin t o pair s t o discu sst h Í squ est ion bef or e lookin g at t h e t ext ,
an d n ot e dow n t h eir ideas in dividu ally. Th en let t h em r ead t h e t ext on ce
an d ch eckt h ei r n o t es.
2 Af t er st u den t sh ave f in ish ed r eadin g in dividu aliy,t h ey can com plet e t h e
t able in dividu ally or in pair s.Af t er t h e t ask, discu sst h e m ean in gs of key
t er m s su ch as cor r osion - r esist an tst, r en gt h - t o- w eighrt at io, an d elast icit y.
 T e ch n o l o g iyn sp o r t 1 9

*_ Tt ri yn Or Mat er ial Advan t ages Di sad v an t ag es

st eel n o t e x p e n si v est, r o n g , n eavy
- h ow m u ch f or cey ou n eedt o
y ieldst r en g t h
g o o de l a st i ci t y
b e n da m a t e r i a l t ao p o i n tw h e r ei t c a n ' t
alum inium l i g h t st
, rong f lexible
r e t u r tno i t so r i g i n ash
l ape
e l o n g a t i ostn r e n g t -h h o w m u ch a m a t e r i a l
t it anium g o o d st r eng t h - t o - w ei g h t e x p e n si v e
w í | | b e nodr st r e t chb e f o r ei t b r e a k s r a t i oco
, r r o si o n - r e si st n ta
ca r b o nf i b r e v e r yl i g h t v, e r yst r o n g e, a syt o sh a p e e x p e n si v e

* Tip Language
spot
m a d eo f i sn o r m a l l uy se dw h e n o n l yo n e
used t o, usedfor, made oÍ ,madefrom
m a t e r i a lmi se n t i o n eadn dt h e m a t e r i a l h a s
n o tb e e np r o ce sseodr ch a n g e di n a n y w a y . Brief ly discusst he dif f erencesbet w een t hese st ruct ures.Ref ert o t he Cram m ar
m adef r om i s n o r m a l l yu se dw h e n m o r e r ef er en ceon p. 117. Th er e is n o dif f er en ceÍ nm ean in g or u se bet w een
t h a no n em a t e r i a l ims e n t i o n e d , a n/ do r Ti t an i u m i s u sedt o m ak e t h ef r o n t f o r k an d Ti t an i u m i s u sedf o r m ak i n g t h e
l sa v eb e e nn r o c e sseodr
t h em a t e r i a h
f r on t f or k How ever , m ade of an dm adef r om ar e u sed dif f er en t ly ( seef t p) .
ch a n g e idn so m ew a y .
t t n pair s, st u den t sdiscu sst h e m ist akes in t h e st r u ct u r esu sed in t h e
sen t en cesan d co r r ectt h em .
* Ti p
of Br Ef ib r Am
e Ef ib er Or t Ru b b e ri s u se df o r m a k i n gt h e t y r e s.
can also b e w r it t en y ' b r eg loss
Fib r e- g lass 2 T h ef r a m ei s m a d eo f t i t a n i u m .
andf ibreglass. 3 Ke v l a ri s u se dt o m a k et h e r i d e r ' scl o t h i n g .
Br Ealu m in iu mAm Ealu m in u m 4 Be ca u sei t i s v e r yst r o n g b, r a i d e dst e e li s u se dt o m a k eb r a k eca b l e s.
5 Ca r b o nf i b r ei s u se dt o m a k er a ci n gb i k ef r a m e s.
6 St e e li s m a d ef r o m i r o na n d ca r b o n .

2 St u den t sm ake sen t en cesf r om t h e t able on p. 22.

o.r t T h e r i d e r ' ssh o r t sa r e m a d eo f Ke v | abr e ca u sei t í sw e a r - r e si st a n t .

2 T h esh o eso l e sa r e m a d eo f r u b b e rb e ca u sei t p r o v i d e sa g o o dg r i p .
3 T h e h e l m e ti s m a d ef r o m p o l y st y r e naen d p o l y ca r b o n a tbee ca u set h e y
ed
a r est r o n ga n d l i g h t w e i g h t .
4 Ru b b e ri s u se df o r t h e p e d a l sa n d t y r e sb e ca u sei t p r o v i d e a s g o o dg r i p .
5 Br ai d edst eeli s u sedf o r m ak i n gt h e b r ak ecab l esb ecau sei t i sv er yst r o n g .
6 St e e li s u s e df o r m a k i n gt h e w h e e lb e a r i n g b s e c a u s ei t i s h a r d .
7 T h er i m sa r em a d eo f a l u m i n i u ma l l o yb e c a u s ei t i s l i g h ta n d s t r o n g .
8 T i t a n i u mi s u se dt o m a k et h e f r a m eb e ca u sei t i s l i g h t e ra n d st r o n g e r
t h a n st e e la n d h i g h l yco r r o si o n - r e si st a n t .
9 T h esa d d l ei s m a d eo f n y l o nb e ca u sei t i s l i g h t a n d f l e x i b l e .

3 Tell st u den t st o u se t h eir ow n kn ow ledge t o com plet et h e ch ar t in dividu ally.

Or Po ssi b l ea n sw e r s
I a l u m i n i u m/ w o o d ( a s h )
2 l e a t h e r/ p o l y u r e t h a n e
3 f i b r e - g l a ss
4 a l u m i n i u m/ g r a p h i t e/ c a r b o n - f i b r e
5 g r a p h i t eco m p o si t e s
6 f i b r e - g l a s/ sa l u m i n i u m/ p l a s t i cl a m i n a t e s
7 h i g h ca r b o nst e e l
8 p l ast i c
9 s t e e /l a l u m i n i u m
1 0 a l u m i n i u ma n d p o l y e s t e r
2 0 U n i t4

x Tip Pr onunciat ion

Top m ar gin In t on at ionf or qu est ion s
D i sc u sst h e st a t i st i ca b o u t t h e g o l f b al l .
f ) Rem Í n dst u den t sof t h e dif f er en cebet w een w h - qu est í on s( expect in g
Ask st u d e n t si f t h e yc a n t h i n ko f o t h e r
in f or m at ion ) an d Yes/ No qu est Í on s( expect in gon ly a Yesor lVo an sw er ) .
sp o r t sw h e r en e w t e c h n o l o g yh a sh a d a
Poin t ou t t h at t h ese exam ples ar ew h - qu est ion s,an d dr aw t h eir at t en t ion t o
si m i l a re f f e c t( g r a p h i t rea c k e t isn t e n n i s,
n e w sp o k e sa n d f r a m e si n c y c l i n g ) .
t h e f allin g ar r ow s t h at sh ow t h e dir ect ion of t h e in t on at ion .

2 j Vo qu est ion s,an d dr aw t h eir

f t loin t ou t t h at t h ese exam ples ar eYes/
at t en t i o nt o t h e r i si n g ar r o w s.

f i Cet st u den t st o m ar k t h e cor r ect ar r ow s on t h e em ph asized w or d in t h e

q u est i o n s.

o T l o j l r at t i n g )Lq ( f al l i n s)p ] l r i si n o ) LOI( r al l i n g )

4 Get st u den t st o w or k in pair s an d ask qu est ion s abou t t h e t able in Lan gu age
sp o t ?. Ch eckt h at t h ey ar e u si n g t h e co r r ecti n t o n at i o n .

* TiP Vocabular y
Op p o si t e s Descr i b i n gm at er i al s
t o u g h+ b r i t t l e( = e a sYt ob r e a k )
h a r d* so Í t( = e a syt o cu t í n t o ) Bef o r ey o u set t h i s t ask ,r ef erb ack t o t h e u se o f so m e o f t h eset er m s i n
r ig id + f lexib le( = s^ t , t o b en d ) pr eviou s exer cises.Tell st u den t st o ch eck t h eir w or k u sin g t h e Glossar y.
Si m i l a rb u t d i f f e r e n t Dr aw t h ei r at t en t i o nt o t o u g h l t , t fI an d t o u g h n ess.Po i n t o u t t h at t n p l ast i c
e l a st i c= a b l et o c h a n g esh a p ea n d a b l et o an delast ict h e f in ai sou n d / k/ ch an gest o / s/ w h en f or m in g t h e n ou n s
r e t u r nt o i t so r i g i n a l s h a p e plast icit y an d elast icit y.
p l a s t i c= a b l et o c h a n g es h a p eb, u t u n a b l e
t o r e t u r nt o i t so r i g i n a l s h a p e Or 2 p l a st i c 6 b r i t t l e n e ss
3 st r en g t h I h ar d
El Ad d it ion alact iv it y
4 co r r o si o n - r e si st a n t 8 t o u g h n ess
( st r on g erst u d en t s)
Play a v er sion of t w en t y q u est ion s 5 w e a r - r e si st a n ce 9 f lexible
d iv id in g st u d en t st n t o t w o t eam s,A an d B.
On e st u d en t f r om Team A say s h e or sh e is 2 Get st u den t st o do t h is in dividu ally. En cou r aget h em t o u se t h e Glossar y
t h in k in g of a p iece of sp or t seq u ip m en t or w h er e n ecessar v .
clot h in g ,w it h ou t n am in g it . St u d en t s
f r om Team B t r y t o g u essit b y ask in g Yes/ Or t f lex ib le 5 elast ic
No q u est ion son ly ab ou t p r op er t y or 2 co r r o si o n - r e si st a n t 6 h ar d
m a t e r i a l su se d ,e . g . I st h e m a t e r í a l Jl e x i b l e ? 3 h ar d 7 brit t le
Do e st h e m a t e r Í ast l r e t cha n d r e t u r n t o í t s 8 w e a r - r e si st a n t
4 e l a st i ci t y
l a p e ?I s i t m a d ef r o m r u b b e ra n d
o r í 9 í ' n ash
st e e l ?Ch e ckt h a t t h e y a r e u si n g t h e
cor r ect in t on at ion .

El Ad d it ion alact iv it y
Gadget box
( w eak erst u d en t s) I n sm ail gr ou ps ask st u den t st o br ain st or m as m an y ideas as t h ey can t o
PI ay a sim p ier v er sion of t h e t w en t y im pr ove t h e gadget .Wh en t h ey h ave f in ish ed, ask on e st u den t f r om each
q u est ion sg am e in t h e p r ev Í ou sact iv it y . g r o u pt o p r esen tt h ei r i d east o t h e r est o f t h e cl ass.Get t h e w h o l e cl asst o
Lim Í tt h e lan g u ag e t o t h e f ollow in g
vot e on t h e best t h r ee im pr ovem en t s.
q u est ion t y p es: Can y ou b en d it ? Can y ou
b r eak it easily ?Yes,y ou can / No,y ou can ' t . o.Í Po ssi b | ean sw er
Lim it t he verbs t o t he f ollow ing: bend, o r sp eed .
A n L EDd i s p l a yo n t h e s h o ec o u l ds h o wd i s t a n c e
st ret ch ,b r eak , cu t ,t ear , b u r n , an d ot h er
sim ilar v er b s w h ich t h ey k n ow . You can
l i m Í tt h e o b j e ct st o t h i n g s i n t h e
cl a ssr o o m( su cha s w i n d o w p , a p e r )o r t o
an y ev er y d ayob j ect s( su ch asf oot b all,
newsp ap er, w at er b ot t le) .

Or
E Ad d i t i o n a l a ct i v i t y
( alllev ek )
Askst u d en t st o t h in k of a sp or t or h ob b y
t h at t h eyk n ow som et h in g ab ou t .PaÍ r
t h e mw l t h a ' b e g i n n e r ' a n dg e t t h e m t o
m a k er e co m m e n d a t i o n s.
T e c h n o l o gi yn s p o r t 2 1
Sp eak in g
Sk at eb o ar dv sn o w b o ar d
Ch eck st u d en t su n d er st an dt h e t ask : St u d en tA l ab el st h e d i ag r am an d
com plet est h e t able by askin g St u den t B qu est ion s.Th en St u den t B h as t o
do t h e sam e by askin g St u den t A. I f on e of a pair is w eaker t h an t h e ot h er ,
h e / sh e sh ou id be St u den t B, w h o h as less in f or m at ion t o give.
List en in g
Ex ch an g i n gi n f o r m at i o n
f i Cet st u den t st o list en t o t h e con ver sat ionan d t h en ch an ge r oles an d
r ep eatt h e act i v i t y r n Sp eak i n g .
f u Cet st u den t st o list en t o t h e secon d par t of t h e con ver sat ionagain an d
f ill in t h e gaps.
t m ad eo f 5 a b o u t i, s i t
2 H o w co m e 6 When
3 o n b o t hsi d e s 7 a r et h e y
4 it called
Cu st om eÍCaÍ e
Mak i n g r eco m m en d at i o n s
Explain t h at t h e ph r asesin lt alics ar e dÍ f f er en tw ays of r ecom m en din g
so m et h i n g .Get st u d en t st o p r act i sesh o r t p h r ases,e. g . I ' dg o f o r a
w ooden deck.
I n pair s,t ell t h e st u den t m akin g t h e r ecom m en dat ion t o f in d ou t w h at t h e
ot h er st u den t n eeds by askin g a f ew qu est ion sf ir st . For exam ple, St u den t A
asksDo you w an t t o skat e in par ks,st r eet s,or on h ills?Af t er get t in g
in f or m at ion , St u den t A m akes I ecom m en dat ion s.For exam ple You 'r equ it e
t all, so you r best bet f or sí zeis 60 m m size.You w an t t o do h ills,so I , dgof or
874.
Key w oÍ ds
Go t h r o u g h t h e l i st o f w o r d s t o ch eck st u d en t s' p r o n u n ci at l o nan d
u n der st an dln g.Ref er t h em t o t h e Glossar yif n ecessar y.
Z Z U n i t5

Back g r o u n d em er g en ci eso r i n ar easw h er e n o m ai n s p o w er i s

Appr opr iat e t ech n ology is t ech n ology w h ich u ses locaily
available m at er í alsan d exper t iset o pr ovide in expen sive
solu t ion s t o pr oblem s in cou n t r ies in t h e developin g
w or ld, par t icu lar ly in poor er r u r al ar eas.Th e w in d pu m p
is a t ypical exam ple _ it is r elat iveiy sÍ m plet o con st r u ct
an d m ain t ain , an d does n ot r equ ir e f u el. lt con t ain s a
sim ple m ech an ism , a cr an ksh af t ,w h ich con ver t st h e
r ot ar y ( r ou n d an d r ou n d) m ovem en t of t h e blades in t o a
r ecipr ocat in g ( u p an d dow n ) m ovem en t w h ich , in t u r n , is
lin ked t o t h e pist on of a pu m p.
Th e clockw or k r adio is a m or e soph ist icat edexam ple. lt
consist sof a clockw ork m ot or w hich drives a sm all
generat or.This producesenough pow er t o run t he radio.The
st ep- u p gear sin cr easet h e speedof r ot at ionof t h e m ot or .
The radio is cheap t o use becauseit doesnot need m ains
pow er or bat t er ies,w h ich can be ver y expen sive.Th e
ciockw or k com pu t er descr ibedin t h e Gadget box u sest h e
sam e f orm of pow er.I t s cost is kept low becauset he
com pu t er is n ot adver t ised,an d it u sesopen - sou r ce
sof t w are, w hich is avaiiablef ree t o anyone ( unlikeMicrosof t ,
f or exam ple,w hich requiresuSeÍ S t o payf or a licence) .
Por t able gen er at or scom bin e an en gin e,u su ally diesel,
w it h an elect r ic gen er at or .Th ey pr ovide pow er in
available,bu t ar e of t en ver y n oisy. Noise is m easu r ed in
decibels ( dB)- t h e h igh er t h e n u m ber , t h e n oisier t h e
m ach in e. At h om e, t h e gen er at or m ay be u sed t o pow er
dom est ic applÍ an cessu ch as ket t les,f r eezer s,w ash in g
m ach in es, an d air - con dit ion er s.Th e am ou n t of elect r icit v
t h ey u se is m easu r ed in kilow at t s ( kW) Ligh t in g u ses
m u ch less elect r Í cit y.
Car en gin es ar e n or m ally f ou r - st r oke. I na f ou r - st r oke
pet r ol en gin e t h er e is a cycle ( or ser ies)of even t sw h ich is
com plet edin f ou r st r okes( orm ovem en t s) of t h e pist on : on
t h e Í n du ct ionst r oke,t h e f u elis dr aw n in t o t h e cylin der ,on
t h e com pr essionst r oke,t h e f u el is com pr essedan d ign it ed
by t h e spar k piu g, on t h e pow er st r oke,t h e pist on is dr iven
dow n t h e cylin der by t h e expan din g gas f r om t h e bu r n in g
f u el, on t h e exh au st st r oke,t h e r isin g pist on pu sh est h e
exh au st gas ou t of t h e en gin e.
Tw o- st r okeen gin esar e u sed in por t abledevicessu ch as
ch ain saw s.Th ey can be u sed at an y an gle.Pu t sim ply,in t h e
t w o- st r okecycle,pow er an d exh au st ar e com bin ed in on e
st r oke,com pr esSionan d ign it ion Í nt h e ot h er .Th er eis n o
requirem ent f or inlet and out let valves f or ent ry of t he f uel
or exit of t he exhaust gas.This sim plif ies const ruct ion and
r edu cest h e cost of t w o- st r okeen gin es.How ever ,t h ey ar e
n oisy an d pr odu cem or e pollu t ion t h an f ou r - st r okeen gin es.

Sw it ch on
En cou r agest u den t s,w or kin g in palr s,t o discu sst h e diagr am f r eely f or a
sh or t t im e, an d t h en t o an sw er t h e qu est ion s.Ask t h em t o w r it e dow n t h eir
an sw er s br ief ly in n ot e f or m .

f i f et i st u den t st o look at t h eir ow n n ot es an d m ake an y ch an ges

n ecessar y,as t h ey list en .

or t A w í n dp u m p
2 l t p u m p sw a t e r f r o mu n d e r t h eg r o u n d .
3 T h ew i n dt u r n st h e b l a d e s. T h ri so t a r ym o v e m e n it sco n v e r t e idn t oa n u p -
an d - d o w nm o v em en tb y a cr an k sh afco t n n ect edt o t h e p i st o no f a
pump.
4 l n t h ed ev el o p i n gw o r l d ,f o r e x a m p l ei,n I n d i aa n d Af r i ca
5 I n e x p e n s i vmea t e r i a l s
 Ap p r o p r i at teechn o l o g y 2 3

lI Ad d it ion alact iv it y Reading

( st ronger
st udent s)
Selecton eor t w o st u d en t st o com e ou t Th ei n v en t o r
t ot hef ront of t he classand give a brief
1 cet st u den t st o cover t h e r eadin g t ext ( exceptf or t h e ph ot ogr aph of t h e
explanat ionin t heir ow n w ords ( w it hout
lookingat t he reading t ext ) of how t he in ven t or ) an d discu ss an yt h in g t h at t h ey alr eady kn ow abou t t h e in ven t or .
r ad iow or k s. Th ey sh ou ld n ot e dow n an y poin t s. lf t h ey n eed h elp, you can ask t h em w h y
a clockw or k r adio m igh t be u sef u l in t h e developin g w or ld ( becau seit
doesn , tu se expen sí vebat t er iesor elect r icÍ t y)Th . en get t h em t o r ead t h e f ir st
* Tip par agr aph an d com par e it w Í t h t h eir n ot es.
Askst u d e n tws h a t k i n do f e n e r g yt h e
w o u n dsp r i n gh a s( p o t e n t i aeln e r g y ) .hf e 2 Tell st u den t st o r ead t h e r est of t h e t ext in dividu aliy an d label t h e diagr am .
m a ch i nco
e n v e r tps o t e n t i a
I e n e r g yi n t o En cou r aget h em t o discu sst h e t ext w it h t h eir par t n er if n ecessar y.
e l e ct r i ca
Ien er gy. Af t er w ar ds,you can h ave a br ief discu ssion w Í t h t h e w h ole class abou t h ow
v t h e device w or ks.
* Ti p Or lc 2 e 3d 4a 5b
3 V= I Vo l t s
J0 m A= 3 0m i l l i A m p (s1m A = 0 . 0 0 1
Am p s)
Not et h e sm allm an d t h e lar g eA.
? Get st u den t st o do t h is exer cisein dividu ally.
)n
)n
Ot a cl o ck w o r kr a d i o si n u sea l l o v e r t h ew o r l d
:d
x Tip b t u r n st o w i n d u p t h e s p r i n gf u l l y
:n Topm ar g in c v o l t ag eo f el ect r i ci t yg en er at ed
Closed sourcesof t w areis sof t w areow ned d h o w l o n gt h e r a d i ow i l l r u n
b yo n ec o m p a nayn dso l dt o t h e p ub l i cf o r e w h e n Ba y l i sh e a r da b o u tt h e p r o b l e mo f h e a l t hi n f o r m a t i o ni n Af r i ca
p r o f i t . T hso
e u r ceco d e( o rp r o g r a m i)s k e p t f e l e ct r i cacu
l r r e n tg e n e r a t e d
se cr e t . T h soe f t w a r em a y b e t o o e x p e n sÍ v e
f o rm a n yp e o p | ien d e v e I o p i ncgo u n t r í e s. 4 Cet st u den t st o do t h is exer cisein dividu ally.
he
) p ensou r ce sof t w ar eí sp r od u cedb y g r ou p s
o fco m p u t esp r e ci a l i stasn d g i v e nt o t h e Or t y o u w i n d u p a sp r i n g . 4 y o u h a v et o w i n d í tu p a g a i n '
p u b l i c f r e e . Tso
h eu r c ec o d ei s m a d ep u b l i c . 2 t h eg ear sen g ag e. 5 y o uw a l k .
W i - f i n e t w o rakl sl o wco m p u t e r st o co n n e ct 3 i t g en er at esel ect r i ci t y ,
w i r e l e ssl( uysi n gr a d i osi g n al s)t o t h e
l n t e r n e t . T ihsiusse f u l i na r e a so f t h e
d e v e l o p i nwgo r l dw h e r et h e r em a y b e n o
cab lein f r ast r u ctrue.Wi- f i st an d sf or Gadget box
w ireless f idelit y.
Pu t st u den t sin t o sm all gr ou ps of 3- 5 t o discu ss t h e an sw er s t o t h e
E Ad d i t i o n a l a ct i v i t y qu est ion sabou t t h e clockw or k com pu t er ( seelr p) .
( st ronger
st udent s)
Ask on eor t w o st u d en t st o exp lain h ow
: lf t h ey t h in kt h e clock w or kcom p u t er w or k s Languagespot
( itu sesa sÍ m Í I m arech an ismt o t h e
clockw ork
radio) . Ti m ecl au ses
Ref er st u den t st o t h e Gr am m ar r ef er en cep. 117f or a f u ll explan at ion of t h e
l an g u ag ep o i n t s i n t h i s u n i t . Di scu sst h e ex am p l esw i t h t h e cl ass.W h en
sh ow s a ver y closer elat ion sh ip bet w een t h e t w o act ion s.Th e secon d act ion
h appen s ver y qu ickly,alm ost im m ediat eiy, af t er t h e f ir st ( of t enbecau set h e
f ir st act ion cau sest h e secon dt o h appen ) .Bef or e an d af t er sim ply sh ow t h e
sequ en ceof even t s,bu t t h er e m ay be a lon g per iod of t im e bet w een t h e t w o
even t s. Ásis u sed w h en t w o act ion s t ake place at t h e Sam et im e.

I Discu sst h e f ir st t h r ee it em s w it h t h e class.I n 1 an d 2,dif f er en t an sw er s ar e

possible.Wh en is best in 1t o sh ow t h at t h e blades h ave t o t u r n bef or e t h e
pist on m oveS.Ás is best in 2 t o in dicat e t h at t h e r ot at ion an d t h e pu m pin g
h appen at t h e sam e t Í m e.I n 3, af t er is u sed t o sh ow t h e sequ en cgof even t s.
I n 6 , w h en su g g est st h at sh e b ecam ean en g i n eeri m m ed i at ei y af t er i eav i n g
college.
2 4 U n i t5

Or I W h e nt h e w i n d t u r n st h e p u m p b l a d e s , t hpei s t o nm o v e su p a n d d o w n .
2 As t h e b l a d er o t a t e s, w a t e ri s p u m p e df r o m t h e w e l l .
] Af t e rBa y | í isn v e n t e dt h e c| o ck w o r k r a d i o , hi nev e n t e dt h e e | e ct r i sh
c oe.
4 T h e l n t e r n e te x i st e db e f o r et h e W o r l dW i d eW e b b e ca m ep o p u l a r .
5 As t h e g e n e r a t otru r n s,i t p r o d u ce se l e ct r i ci t y .
6 W h e n / Af t e rsh e l e f t co l l e g esh , e b e ca m ea n e n g i n e e r .
7 W h e n / A s y o u a p p l yt h e b r a k e s , t hcea rs l o w sd o w n .
8 W h e n / Asy o up r e sst h e a cce l e r a t o r , t hca e r sp e e d su p .

2 Have a br ief discu ssion w it h t h e class abou t h ow t h e t w o- st r oke en gin e

w o r k s.Th en set t h e ex er ci se.Th e ex er ci secan b e d o n e ei t h er i n d i v i d u al i y o r
i n p ai r s d i scu ssi n gt h e b est an sw er s.

Or t Bef or e 3 As 5 When 7 b ef o r e
2 When 4 Asi W h e n 6 As 8 af t er

Pr oblem - solving
I f n ecessar y,ask st u den t sw h ich sen t en cecom es f ir st an d discu ss it if t h er e
is an y dif f er en ceof opin ion . Th en let t h em com plet e t h e t ask in dividu aliy.

oÍ f

2 Get st u d en t st o d i scu sst h e q u est i o ni n p ai r s.

oÍ d

3 Get st u d en t st o d i scu sst h e q u est i o ni n p ai r s.

Or Po ssi b l ean sw er s
An e f f i ci e n w
t a y o f p o w e r i n gg e n e r a t o r s
Fu t ur ecar s
Po w e r i n gm o v i n gm a c h i n e r iyn s p a c e

Pairw oÍ k
Get st u d en t st o d í scu sst h e q u est i o ni n p ai r s.Th ey sh o u l d b e ab l e t o w o r k
o u t f r o m t h e d l ag r am an d t h ei r g en er alk n o w l ed g et h at t h e d ev i ceu sest h e
su n 's r ays t o dist iil pu r e w at er f r om dir t y w at er t h r ou gh evapor at ion .

Get st u d en t s,i n p ai r s,t o ask each o t h er q u est i o n su n t i l t h ey u n d er st an d

h ow t h e devicew or ks, an d can label t h eir ow n diagr am com plet ely.
( , t )f ir st get t h e pair s t o discu ssan d agr eeh ow t h e device w or ks. Th en get
t h em t o list en t o t h e r ecor din g.Ask t h em w h at n ew in f or m at ion ( if an y)
t h ey h ave lear n t f r om t h e r ecor din g.

Sp eak in g
I Get st u den t st o do t h ls in dividu ally.

2 Make su r e st u den t sar e u sin g t h e Usef u !lan gu age

 A p p r o p r i a ttee c h n o l o g y2 5

Pr on u n ciat ion
Nu m b e r sa n d q u a n t Í t i e s
f i f or each it em , get t w o or t h r ee st u den t sin dividu ally t o r ead ou t t h e
. scu ssan y m i st ak es.Get t h e w h o l e cl ass( o r
i t em ,t h en p l ay t h e r eco r d i n g Di
sm al l g r o u p s)t o r ep eatt h e i t em co r r ect l yTh
. en m o v e o n t o t h e n ex t i t em .

f i l t ay al l t h e Í t em st o g et h eran d g et st u d en t st o w r i t e t h em d o w n . Th en
play t h e it em s again an d allow st u den t st o com plet e t h eir w or k.

O'r a - 273. 15" C e 1,048,576 i 13.5%

b 9 5 . 8M H z f 1: 8 i 2 5 6CB
c 1 ' l 0 VAC g 16mm
d 2'o h 0.0r

Ref er st u d en t st o t h e Sy m b o l san d ch ar act er st ab l e o n p . 1 1 4 .

x Tip
Br Ean t i- clock w Í se Vocabular y
Am Ecou n t er - clock w ise
Descr i b i n gm o t i o n
E Ad d i t i o n a l a ct i v i t y
( w eak er
st u d en t s) t Bef o r et h ey l o o k at t h i s ex er ci se,ask st u d en t si f t h ey can r em em b er an y
Dlv id est u d en t sin t o g r ou p s of ar ou n d adj ect ivesdescr ibin g dir ect ion of m ot ion f r om t h e r eadin g t ext s in t h is u n it .
f ou r .Wr it e ou t a n u m b er of in st r u ct ion s I f t h ey m en t ion an y w or ds, su ch as clockw ise,ask t h em t o sh ow w it h t h eir
o n st r i p so f p a p e r ,o n e i n st r u ct i o np e r h an d s w h at t h ev m ean .Th en set t h e ex er ci se.
st r i pMa
. k e su r et h e y a r e a l l si m p l e
p r act icalact ion sw h ich st u d en t scan car r y Or t F Z E 3C 4D 5B 6A
o u t .Fo re x a m p l e :Mo v e y o u r h a n d i n a
r ot ar ym ot í onab ov ey ou r h ead .Mov e y ou r
2 Get st u d en t st o t est each o t h er i n p ai r s.
lef tlegf or w ar d s an d b ack w ar d s.Also w r it e
ou tt h e w or d s as, b ef or e,an d af t er , each
w or don a sep ar at est r ip . Giv e ab ou t six
in st r u ct ionst r ip s,an d on e each of t h e as /
Cu st om eÍCaÍ e
b ef or e/ af t er st r ip s t o each m em b er of t h e Ex p l ai n i n gt h e d i f f er en ceb et w eenp r o d u ct s
g r o u pEa
. chst u d e n ti n t u r n ch o o se s
an ot h erst u d en t an d r ead s ou t a p air of Pu t st u d en t si n p ai r s,St u d en tA an d St u d en tB. Th e st r o n g erst u d en t o f t h e
j oin ed w it h on e of t h e
in st r u ct ion s, pair sh ou ld be St u den t A ( t h e Plan t Hir e Tech n ician ) .Give t h em a lit t le t im e
se q u e n cew o r d s.Fo r e x a m p l e :Mo v e y o u r t o pr epar et h eir par t .St u den t B w ill m ain ly pr epar e qu est ion s,bu t aiso som e
h a n d i na r o t a r ym o t i o n a b o v ey o u r h e a d - an sw er sb ased o n t h ei r n eed s.St u d en tA w i l l h av e t o p r ep ar eq u est i o n st o
as- y ou m ov ey ou r lef t legf or w ar d s an d f i n d o u t w h at k i n d o f g en er at o r t h ecu st o m ern eed sb ef o r er eco m m en d i n g
b ack w ar d s.Th e ot h er st u d en t h as t o car r y t h e b est ch o i ce.W h en t h ey h av e p r ep ar edt h ei r p ar t ,g et t h em t o d o t h e r o l e
o u tt h e d u a l i n st r u ct i o n . play.

x Tip
Po i not u t t h a tp u m p c a n b e b o t h n o u na n d
Key w oÍ ds
. t h e m t o g i v ea n e x am p l eo f e a c h .
v e r bAsk Go t h r o u g h t h e l i st o f w o r d s t o ch eck st u d en t s' p r o n u n ci at i o nan d
Po ni t o u t t h a t ch a r g ea n d e n g a g e( in t h e u n der st an din g.Ref er t h em t o t h e Glossar yif n ecessar y.
co n t e x tgsi v e nh e r e )can b e b o t h t r an si t i v e
a n di n t r a n si t i vEx
e . a m p l e s: Hceh a r g e dt h e
b at t er y( t r ) . Th e
b at t er yis ch ar g in g( in t r ) .
Th ed r iv eren g ag edf ir st g ear ( t r ) . Th e g ear s
en g ag edw it h a lou d n oise( in t r ) .
2 6 U n i t6

Back g r o u n d can be u sed t o m on it or t h e m ovem en t of a t ag f ast en ed t o

Tech n ology is becom in g ver y im por t an t in cr im e- f igh t in g
an d secu r it y.At t h e sam e t im e, cr im in als ar e f in din g n ew
w ays t o u se t ech n ologyt o com m it cr im es su ch as cr edit -
car d f r au d ( st ealin gm on ey f r om ot h er people'scr edit
car ds)an d h ackin g ( br eakin gin t o com pu t er n et w or ks) .
Th e t h r eat of t er r or ism h as becom e gr eat er in r ecen t
year s.To com bat t h is, devicesh ave been developedt o
pr ot ect air por t s an d ot h er pu blic places,an d t o ch eck
iden t it ies.
Th e p i ct u r eso n p . 3 4sh o w t h e eq u i p m en t car r i ed b y a
t ypical police of f icer in t h e UK. Th is special equ ipm en t
pr ovides pr ot ect ion again st at t ack,an d h elps t h e of f icer t o
car r y ou t h is or h er du t ies.Han dcu f f s ar e u sed t o r est r ain
of f en der s ( pr even tt h em f r om m ovin g) .Fir ear m s or gu n s
ar e n ot n or m ally car r ied in t h e UK. I n st ead police ar e
ar m ed w it h n on - let h al ( n on - deadly)w eapon s su ch as an
ext en dable bat on . Th is is m an u f act u r ed f r om
polycar bon at ew h ich can be u sed t o pr odu ce ver y st r on g
m ou idin gs. Police m ay also u se CS gas t o in capacit at e ( or
w eaken ) violen t of f en der s.Som e police f or cesar e
exper im en t in g w it h Taser gu n s w h ich f ir e a dar t at t ach ed
t o elect r ical w ir es. Taser sdeliver a h igh volt age bu t low
cu r r en t sh ock t o t h e of f en der ,w h ich cau sest em por ar y
par alysis bu t does n ot cau se lon g- t er m h ar m .
Per son al I den t if icat ion Nu m ber s ( PI N)in com bin at ion
w it h elect r on ic ch ips in ser t ed in cr edit car ds ( ch ip an d
PI N) h ave r edu ced car d f r au d. Global Posit ion in g Syst em s
( GPS) w, h ich can accu r at elyiden t if y a locat ion t o w it h in a
f ew m et r es u sin g sign als f r om ear t h - or bit in g sat eilit es,
an of f en der 'sleg. Th is is m u ch ch eaper t h an sen din g
people t o pr ison f or cer t ain of f en ces.
Ot h er cr im e pr even t ion m easu r es in clu de t h e u se of
r em ot e sen sor sw h Í chcan det ect oI m easu le ch an ges in
t h e en vir on m en t , su ch as m ot ion , sh ock,sm oke,et c.High
r esolu t ion cam er as,like Flash cam ,can be u sed t o m on it or
an ar ea con t in u ally.I f t h e pict u r e ch an ges,t h e sen sor ( in
t h i s casea cam er a) t r i g g er san al ar m .Th e cam er ascan b e
r ot at ed ( t u r n ed)an d t ilt ed ( m ovedu pw ar ds an d
dow n w ar ds) by an oper at or ,som et im es m an y kilom et r es
aw ay,u sin g r adio sign als,so t h at a com plet e ch eck of t h e
su r r ou n din gs can be m ade.
Th e scien ceof biom et r ics, t h e abilit yt o iden t if yt h e
in dividu al by som e u n iqu e pr oper t y su ch as voice or f ace,
is beh in d t h e developm en t of ir is scan n Í n g( w h ich
r ecogn izessom eon e'seyes) an d dyn am Í cgr ip r ecogn it ion
( w h i ch r eco g n i zest h e sh ap eo f a g u n - o w n er ' sh an d ) . I r i s
scan n in g is u sed t o iden t if y f r equ en t - f lyin g passen ger s
on air lin es t o speed u p t h eir passaget h r ou gh secu r it y
con t r ols.Th e USA h as in t r odu ced biom et r ic passpor t st o
gu ar d again st iden t it y f r au d ( t h e cr im e of st ealin g
an ot h er pelson 'Siden t Í t y) .
Robot sar e u sed,in secu r it y, eit h er becau set h ey can
per f or m t asks m oÍ ech eaply or w it h ou t r isk t o h u m an lif e.
Th ey ar e pr ogr am m ed t o per f or m an act ivit y w h en t h ey
r eceivea sign al.Th e sign al m ay com e f r om sen sor sin side
or ou t side t h e r obot .I n t h e case of Rot u n du s,t h e sen sor s
( cam er as,m icr oph on es,h eat det ect or s,an d sm oke
det ect or s)ar e all in t er n al.

Sw it ch on
Ask st u den t st o at t em pt t o n am e it em s of t h e police of f icer 'sequ ipm en t
f r om t h eir gen er al kn ow ledge.

O. r t o r ch ,h an d cu f f s,b at o n ,r ad i o , CSg as can i st erk, n i f ev est

x Tip
Lo w - t e ch( l o wt e ch n o l o g y r) e f e r st o o l d e r ,
List ening
si m p l e rt e c hn o l o g ysu c ha st o r c h e s, Cr i m e- f i g h t ign equ i p m en t
h a n d c u f f s, g u a r d s,a n d d o g s.
b a t o n s,
Hi - t e ch( h i g ht e ch n o l o g y r) e f e r st o n e w e r , ( - ) elay t h e com plet e r ecor din g on ce w it h ou t pau sin g,w h ile st u den t s
m o r ec o m p l e xt e c h n o l o g oy f t e nu si n g com plet e colu m n A. Discu sst h eir an sw er s an d ch eck t h at t h ey h ave t h e
e l e c t r o inc s.su c ha st a se r s. cor r ect it em s of equ ipm en t bef or e doin g t h e n ext exer cise.
 Cr i m e - f i g h t i nagn d s e c u r i t y2 7

2 ( n l llayt h e com plet e t ext again w h iie st u den t s com plet e

coj u m n B.
O* n lt em B Fu n ct i o n
h an d cu f f s r e st r a i nso m e o n e
bat on k e e pp e o p l ea t a sa f ed i st a n ce
CSg a s i n ca p a ci t a t ae v i o l e n tp e r so n
k ni f e- p r o ovf est s b o d ya r m o u r
x Tip t a se r g i v ea p o w e r f u l e l e ct r ishc o ck
r adí o co n t a cte a cho t h e ra n d p o l i ceh e a d q u a r t e r s
r e st r a i m
n e a n st o t i e so m e o n eu D
not ebook
( w i t hr o p e o
, r h an d cu f f s)so t h a t t h e y
can n om t ove
r n ca p a ci t a m
t ee a n st o m a k eso m e o n e
u n a b l teo d o a n y t h i n gd a n g e r o u s , f o r
exam ple b y sp r a y i n gw i t h g a so r f i r i n ga
Languagespot
s t u ng u n . T h issh o u I dn o t k i I ol r í n j u rteh e Descr ibin gf u n ct ion
p e r so np e r m an e n t l y .
Ref er t o t h e Gr am m ar r ef er en cep. 118f or a f u t l explan at ion
of t h e lan gu age
El Ad d it ion alact iv it y poin t s in t h is u n it . Discu ss t h e exam ples w it h t h e class.
Cor r ect st u den t s
( w eak erst u d en t s) w h o om it is or ar e in expr ession ssu ch as h an dcu f f sar e u sed
t o r est r ain
I n sm all g r ou p s of 4- 6, st u d en t s m ak e a so m e o n ea n d a t a se r i s u se d t ost u n so m e o n e . T h feo r m u se d
a s+n o u n i s
sm allp ile of ob j ect son a d esk in t h e com m on ly u sed w h en t h e n ou n ( expr essin gt h e f u n ct ion )
m id d leof t h e g r ou p .Th ey sh ou ld p u t as is sligh ily
u n expect ed.For exam ple,you expect a belt t o be u sed, f or
m an y t h in g s as t h ey can f in d , su ch as w ear ilt g, bu t
som et im es it is u n expect edly u sed as a w eapon .
p r ot r act or s,
r u ler s,p en cil cases,et c.Tr v t o
b r in gsom e u n u su ai ob j ect sin t o class,an d l cet st u den t st o do t h is exer cÍ sein divÍ du aiiy.Ch eck t h at t h ey
h ave t h e
g iv ea f ew t o each g r ou p .Th en g et cor r ect an sw er s bef or e doin g t h e n ext exer cise.
st u d en t st o t ak e t u r n s t o p ick u p an y
ob j ectan d ask it s f u n ct ion ( u sin g a r an g e O E2 g 3h 4e 5f 6i 7d 8a 9 i t Oc
of f or m s) :Wh at ' st h isf or ? Wh at , s t h isu sed
as?Wh at ' st h is u sed f or l w it h ot h er
2 En cou r agepair s t o var y t h e lan gu age f or m s t h ey u se in
st u d en t st ak in g t u r n s t o t r y t o an sw er . bot h qu est ion an d
an sw er .

* Ti p
Th ew or ds w at erp r oof an d
f oo Ip r oof ar e
n o r m a l lw
y r i t t e nw i t h o u t h y p h e n s,b e ca u se
t h e y a r eso c o m m o n l yu se d M
. o st o t h e r
w o r d se n d i n gi n - p r o o f ca nb e w r i t t e nw i t n
o rw i t h o u ta h y p h e n .
T h e r ei s a sl i g h td i f f e r e n cei n d e g r e e
Det w eenw at erproof and w at er_resistnt a,
w h er e- p r oof is m or e ef f ect iv et h an
_ r e si st a nBu t . t í nm o st co n t e x t s
t h e y m e an
e s s e n t i a tl lhye s a m et h i n g .
Vocabulary
.prooÍ ,. resÍst ant , .t Íg ht
t Discu sst h e exam plesw it h st u den t s.
2 Dj f f er en t w or din gs ar e possible.Poin t ou t t h at som e of t h e
it em s ar e in t h e
plu r al, so t h at st u den t sw il h ave t o u se t h e plu r al f or m s,
f or exam ple ( in 5)
ar en ' t d am ag edb y i n st ead o f i sn , td am ag ed b y .
O' r t a se a lw h i ch g a sca n ' t p a sst h r o u g h
2 p a i n tw h i ch i sn ' td a m a g e db y w e a t h e r
3 m a t e r i a |ws h í cha r e n , td a m a g e db y h e a t
4 a r eco r d í nst g u d i ow h i ch í sp r o t ect ed f r o m( ex t er n also ) unds
5 ca r b o d i e sw h i ch a r e n ' td a m a g e db y r u st
6 a d e v i cew h i ch ca n ' t b e d a m a g e db y f o o l s( i . ei.s e a syt o
u se )
7 a co a tw h i ch w a t e rca n ' t p a sst h r o u g he a si l y
8 a co n t a í n ewr h í chw a t e rca n , tp a sst h r o u g h
2 8 U n i t6
E Ad d i t i o n a l a ct i v i t y
( all st u d en t s)
Ask st u d en t sw h at r u les t h eir cou n t r y h as
m ad e ab ou t h av in g t h eir p assp or t
p h ot og r ap h t ak en . Get t h em t o r ead t h e
in f or m at ion at t h e t op of t h e p ag e.Th ese
r u les ar e d esig n edt o ailow f ace- r ecog n it ion
se cu r i t yd e v i ce st o w o r k p r o p e r l y .
x Tip
Top m ar gin
Ask st u d e n t si f t h e y k n o w a n yo t h e rr u l e s
a b o u t p a ssp o r p t h o t o s.Fo re x a m p l en, o t
w ear in ga h at , et c.
El n ad it ion alact iv it y
( st r o n g e st
r u d e n t s)
Ask st r on g er st u d en t sf r om t w o g r ou p s
w it h d if f er en t solu t ion st o h old a sh or t
d e b a t ei n f r o n t o f t h e cl a ss.En co u r a g e
t h em t o g iv e a f u ller accou n t of t h eir
d e ci si o n ,g o i n g t h r o u g h t h e r e a so n sf o r
a cce p t i n g/ r e j e ct i n ge a ch d e v i ce ,a n d
a d d i n g so m e r e a so n so f t h e i r o w n .
Pairw ork
I Tell t h e pair s t o discu sst h e t it les w it h ou t lookin g at t h e t ext s.
2 Get each st u d en t t o r ead t h ei r o w n t ex t .W h en t h ey h av e f i n i sh ed r ead i n g ,
get t h em t o f in d ou t abou t t h e ot h er st u den t 'sdevice by askin g t h e
qu est ion s an d n ot in g dow n t h e an sw er s.
Or St u den t A
1 D y n a m i cg r Í pr e c o g n i t i o n
2 l t s t o p sa n y o n ef i r i n ga g u n w h o i s n o t t h e o w n e ro f t h e g u n .
3 T h eh a n d l eo f t h e g u n i sf i t t e dw i t h s e n s o r ws h i c hm e a s u r eg r i p
p r e ssu r e . T hper e ssu r ei s t h e n co m p a r e dw i t h t h e o w n e r ' s.
4 l n N e w Je r s e y
5 Ea r l yr e su l t ssh o w t h a t i t w o r k s.
St u d en tB
I Fl a s h c a m
2 l t g i v e sw a r n i n g sa n dt a k e sp i c t u r e isn a r e a sw i t h c r i m ep r o b l e m s .
3 l t ' sf i t t ed w i t h a m o t i o n sen so r ,
4 | na r e a sw h i c hh a v ea c r í m ep r o b l e m
5 l t h a sh a d a p o si t i v ee f f e cti n so m e p a r t so f Lo n d o n .
W h en t h ey h av e f i n i sh ed ,g et t h em t o r ead each o t h er ' st ex t an d ch eckt h e
in f or m at ion t h ey h ave n ot ed dow n .
4 Let st u d en t sr em ai n i n p ai r s f o r a f ew m i n u t est o d i scu sst h ese q u est i o n s.
Th en b r i n g t h e cl asst o g et h erf o r a sh o r t cl assd i scu ssi o n .
Pr oblem - solving
I n sm al l g r o u p s,g et st u d en t st o d i scu sst h i s p r o b l em an d ag r eeo n t h e b est
solu t ion .Tell t h em t h ey h ave t o give r eason sf or t h eir decision .Bef or et h ey
st ar t d i scu ssi n g g, et each g r o u p t o ap p o i n t a ch ai r p er so nt o l ead t h e
, d a r ep o r t erw h o w i l l n o t e d o w n al l t h ei r d eci si o n s.W h en
d i scu ssi o n an
t h ey h av e f i n i sh ed ,g et each g r o u p t o t el l t h e r est o f t h e cl asst h ei r d eci si o n .
Gadget box
Di scu ssRo t u n d u sw i t h t h e w h o l e cl ass.Ch eckt h at t h ey u n d er st an dt h e
m ean i n g o f asen so r .Th i s i s a d ev i cew h i ch sen d sa si g n al w h en i t d et ect s
ch an gesin t h e en vir on m en t .Ask t h em h ow an in t r u der can escapef r om
t h e device ( on ean sw er by r u n n in g u p or dow n st aí r s) . Advan t ages of
Ro t u n d u so v er h u m an an d an i m ai g u ar d s:i t i s sm al l an d can f o l l o w
in t r u der sw it h ou t bein g seen or h ear d;it can f ollow t h em over all t ypesof
, r i b ed ,d r u g g edp, o Í so n edo,r k i l l ed .
su r f ace;an d i t can n o t b e i n j u r ed b
 Cr i m e - f i g h t i nagn d s e c u r i t y2 9

x Tip Wr it ing
Al t h o u g h Sh o r t Í ePo Í an
t d | i n k i n gw o t d s
alt h ou g h= in sp it eof t h ef act t h at
Fi r st d i scu sst h e l an g u ag ep o l n t s an d ex am p l esp r o v i d ed .Po i n t o u t t h e
1 Al t h o u g h
t h e sec a m e r a sd e t e rt h i e v e s,
dÍ f f er en tu ses of h ow ever an d alt h ou gh .How everÍ n t r odu ceS a w h ole
t h ei m a g em a y n o t b e c l e a r .
2 T h e sec a m e r a sd e t e rt h i e v es,a l t h o u gh sen t en cew h i ch co n t r ast sw i t h t h e p r ev i o u ssen t ence.Al t h o u q h co n t r ast s
t h ei m a g em a y n o t b e c l e a r . o n e cl au seo r p ar t o f a sen t en cew i t h an o t h er p ar t o f t h e sam e sen t en ce.
Ex a m p l1ee m p h a s i z etsh e d i s a d v a n t a g e .
2 Di scu sst h e w r i t Í n gw i t h t h e w h o l e c] ass.TeI lt h em t o u se t h e m at er i al i n
Ex a m p l2ee m p h a si zetsh e a d v a n t a g e .
. t h i s as i n d i v i d u al w o r k . W eak er st u d en t scan w o r k i n
Pr o b l em - so l v i n gSet
pair s an d t ake r espon sibilit y f or w r it in g a sh or t er par t of a j oin t r epor t .

Cust om eÍCaÍ e
Usi n gi n f o r m a Il a n g u a g e
Get st u d en t st o r ead ab o u t t h e t h r ee h o m e secu r i t ysy st em sq u i ck l y an d
silen t ly.Th en get t h em t o n ot e dow n som e advan t agesan d disadvan t ages
o f each sy st em .

Ex p l ai n t h e t ask .Tel l st u d en t st o w o r k i n p ai r s,w i t h o n e st u d en t t ak i n g t h e

par t of t h e salesper sonan d t h e ot h er t h e par t of a cu st om er w h o w an t s t o
b u y a h o m e secu r i t ysy st em .Bef o r et h ey b eg i n ,d i scu sst h e l an g u ag e i n t h e
b o x es.Th e t o p r o w i s m o r e f o r m al ,an d t h e seco n dr o w i s l essf o r m al .
Pr act i set h ese p h r asesw i t h st u d en t s.Th en ex p l ai n t h at t h e sal esp er so nh as
t o u se t h e appr opr iat elevel of f or m alit y or in f or m alit y depen din g on h ow
f or m al or in f or m al t h e cu st om er appear st o be. Br in g a pair of st r on ger
st u den t st o t h e f r on t of t h e class an d get t h em t o per f or m t h e r ole- play.
Tr eat t h e cu st om er 'slevel of f or m alit y / in f or m alit y w it h t act an d h u m ou r .

Key w ords
Go t h r o u g h t h e l i st o f w o r d s t o ch eck st u d en t s' p r o n u n ci at i o nan d
u n d er st an d i n g Ref
. ert h em t o t h e Gl o ssar yi f n ecessar yCh . eck t h at t h ey
r em em ber w h at GPS( GlobalPosit ion in g Syst em )an d PI N ( Per son al
I den t if icat ionNu m ber ) st an df or . Rem in d t h em t h at t h e n ou n r elat ed t o
( el ect r o n i c) t ag g i nrgs ( el ect r o n i c) t ag . Thweo r d t r i g g ercan b e a n o u n ( t h e
t r igger of a gu n ) an d a ver b ( t h esen sort r igger san alar m ) .
7
3 O U n i t7
Back g r o u n d
Man u f act u r in g m ean s ch an gin g r aw m at er ials in t o
p r o d u ct su si n g a r an g e o f p r o cesses.Fo r ex am p l e,i n b r ead
m an u f act u r in g, you st ar t w it h t h e r aw m at er ials:f lou r ,
w at er , yeast , an d f at . Th ese m at er ials ar e ch an ged in t o a
f in al pr odu ct : a loaf of br ead w r apped in plast ic f oÍ l.Th ey
ar e ch an ged in t o t h e pr odu ct by a n u m ber of pr ocessesor
act ion s:f or exam ple m ixin g, cu t t in g, pu t t in g in t o t in s,
bakin g, coolin g,t akin g ou t of t in s, spr ayin g,slicin g, an d
w r appin g.
I n t h e past ,t h ese plocesSeSWeÍ em ain ly don e m an u ally
( by h an d) ,bu t n ow m an u f act u r er s w an t t o keep cost slow ,
avoid w ast e, an d m ake h igh - qu alit y pr odu ct sas qu ickly as
possible.I n cr easin glyt h ese j obs ar e don e au t om at ically,
u sin g com pu t er - con t r olledau t om at ion .Food pr ocessin g
is an im por t an t ar ea of au t om at ed t ech n ology.Th e br ead-
m akin g f act or y í n t h is u n it h as m or e in com m on w it h a
car assem bly plan t or w it h st eel- m akin gt h an a
t r adit ion al baker y in t h e past w h er e br ead w as m ade by
h an d. ( Assem blym ean s f ixin g t oget h er par t s w h ich h ave
alr eady been pr odu ced. )I t r u n s f . or24h ou r s a day an d ver y
x Tip
a p r o ce ssi s a se q u e n ceo f a ct i o n sw h i ch
c h a n g e sm a t e r i a l os r a sse m b l ep a r t si n t oa
co m p l e t e dp r o d u ct
a p r o d u cti s a co m p l e t e df,i n i sh e di t e m
w h i c hc a n b e s o l d
x Tip
e x t r u si o n( n )i s r e l a t e dt o t h e v e r b
e x t r u d ew h i c h m e a n st o p u sh( o rsq u e e ze )
a su b st a n c e ou t of a con t ain er . Wh en
y o u sq u e e zea t o o t h p a st e t u b e , y o ue x t r u d e
t h e t o o t h p a st e .
i n j e ct i o n( n )i s t h e o p p o si t ep r o ce ss, r elat ed
t o t h e v e r bi n j e c tw h i c h m e a n st o p u sha
su b st a n c e i n t oa c o n t a i n e Dr . o c t o r sa n d
n u r se si n j e c tm e d i c i n e isn t oa p a t i e n t ' s
arm .
lit t le is don e by h an d. Th e w or k f or ce is sm all so cost sar e
low . A lot of m ass- pr odu cedf ood an d dr in k com es f r om
f act or ieslike t h is.
Ever y t ype of m an u f act u r in g h as it s ow n special pr ocesses.
An illu st r at edlist of som e of t h e m ost com m on pr ocessesis
pr ovided in t h e Readin g ban k pp. 56- 58of t h e St u den t 's
Book. I nm et al m an u f act u r in g,im pact ext r u sion is a
pr ocessby w h ich a sh eet of m et al is pu sh ed or dr aw n u p
int o shape.Alum inium cans are m ade in t his w ay. Bonding
is j oin in g m at er ials u sin g adh esives.Weldin g j oin s m et als
by h eat in g t h em t o m elt in g poin t . Plat in g is applyin g a
t h in layer or coat of m et al t o an ot h er m et al t o im pr ove it s
appeaÍ an ceor t o pr ot ect it f r om cor r osion .
I n plast ics m an u f act u r in g, in j ect ion m ou ldin g is a
com m on w ay of m akin g plast ic it em s su ch as bot t le t ops,
caps,an d CD cover s.Th e h opper is a con t ain er or r eser voir
w h ich f eedspeilet s ( sm all pieces)of plast ic in t o t h e bar r el
of t h e m ach in e. Th e r am is like a pist on . lt pu sh es t h e sof t
w ar m plast ic alon g t h e bar r el in t o t h e m ou ld. Th e m ou ld
is u su ally w at er - cooledt o allow t h e m olt en plast ic t o set
quickly.
Sw it ch on
Ask t h e classw h at t h ey t h in k is m ean t by am an u f act u r in g pr ocess.Ask
t h em t h e dÍ f f er en cebet w e en apr ocess an d apr odu ct . Ask t h em w h at w ou ld
be a good h eadÍ n gf or t h e lef t - h an d colu m n ( Pr odu ct ) . Gett h em t o w r Í t e
m at er ials f r om t h e lÍ stin t h e cen t r e colu m n . Discu ss t h eir an sw els'
Discu sst h eir an sw er s,t h en get t h em t o w r it e pr ocessesf r om t h e list in t h e
r igh t - h an d colu m n . Discu sst h eir an sw er s.
O' r An sw er sf o r I an d 2
Mat er i al s Pr ocesses
dr in kscan alu m in iu m alloy colou r - pr in t in g, im pactext r u sion
m o u n t ai nb i k e st eel , t i t an i u m , , en d i n g m
cu t t i n g b , oulding,
r u bber w eldin g,pain t in g, assem bly
CD case plast ic in j ect ionm ou ldin g
I t 'sm yiob
Th is act ivÍ t ypr epar esst u den t sf or t h e list en in g act ivit y w h ich f ollow s'
I n pair s,get st u den t st o an sw er as m u ch as possible f r om t h eir gen er al
kn ow ledge.Each st u den t sh ou ld n ot e dow n h is / h er ow n an sw er s t o
t h e q u est i o u s.

2 ( 6} lt ayt h e w h ole r ecor din g w it h ou t pau ses an d get in dÍ vidu alst o ch eck
x Tip
f o p r o v ed o u g hi st o g i v ee n o u g ht i m e t o
a l l o w t h e y e a tsot f o r m s m a l l a i rb u b b l e isn
t h ed o u g h . T h it sa k e sp l a c ei n t h ep r o v e r .
? Q llayt he w hole recording again, and get individuals t o com plet e t he t able.
) s.
:^
15
'|
' to
S
,T
rl
I ch eck st u den t s'u n der st an din g by doin g it em l t oget h er .Ask t h em w h y
E Ad d lt ion alact iv it y
( w eak er
st u d en t s)
Giv est u d en t sm or e p r act icein u se of t h e
Passiv eu sin g sim p le v ocab u lar y . I nsm all
g r ou p seach g r ou p t h in k s of a sim p le,
ev er y d ayp r ocesst h at h as n o m or e t h an
f iv eor six st ep s,all d on e b y h an d . Tell t h e
g r ou pt o com e u p w it h sen t en ces
con sist in gof You + v er b + ob j ect .For
exam p le:To f r y an eg g :l You h eat t h ep an .
2 Get st u den t st o w r it e a sen t en cef or each st age in t h e f or m of a sim ple
2 Youp ou r t h e oil. 3 You b r eak an eg g .4 You
f ryt he egg.5 You serve t he egg.Check t he
g r ou p ' sw or k . Tr y t o g et t h em t o av oid
p h r a savl e r b s( e . 9u. se p o u r t h e o l l i n st e a d
ofp u t in t h e oil) . Wh ent h ey h av e a set of
sen t en ces,
t ell each st u d en t in d iv id u ally
t o w r it e t h e p r ocessÍ nt h e Passiv e,
om it t ing t he subj ect y ou. Exam ple: 1 The
p an is h eat ed '2 Th e oÍ Iisp ou r ed .3 An eg g
isb r ok en . 4Th e eg g isf r ied .5 Th e eg g is
served.
M a n u f a c t u r i n g3 1
t h eir ow n an sw er s,n ot in g dow n ch an ges as n ecessar y.
Or t m a k i n ga n d m i x i n gd o u g h ,cu t t i n gi n t o l o a v e s,p u t t i n gi n t ot i n s,
w a i t in g f o r y eastt o w o r k i n p r o v erb, ak in g ,co o li n g , t a k in g o u t o f t i n s,
sp r ay i n w g i t h c h e m i c a sl ,l i c i n gw, r a p p i n g
2 M a n u f a c t u r i nEn g gineer
3 a w e i g h to f i n g r e d i e n t s,
b m i x i n g ,c i n p r o v e rd, b a k i n g e, co o l i n g ,
f l o av esm ad e p er h o u r ,g l o av esm ad e p er d ay
Gr t t h e i n g r e d i e n tasr e m i x e d , 3t h e l o a v e sa r e b a k e d ,
5 t h e l o a v e sa r esp r a y e dw i t h a ch e m i ca l , 6t h e l o a v e sa r esl i ce d ,
7 t h e l o a v e sa r ew r a p p e da n d se n tt o t h e su p e r m a r k e t s
Languagespot
Pr esen tPassive
Ref er st u den t sback t o t h e t able in t h e pr evlou s exer clsew it h all t h e st ages
of t h e br eadm akin g pr ocess.EI Í cÍt h t e f or m of t h e ver b u sed in each box
( Passive f or m , Pr esen tSim ple,an d / or Pr esen t Passive) . Take on e of t h e
sen t en cesan d sh ow h ow it r elat est o t h e Act ive f or m : ( som et h in g)m ixes t h e
in gr edien t s) t h e in gr edien t sar e m ixed.Explain t h at t h e Passiveis u sed in
descr ipt ion sof pr ocessesbecau set h e f ocu s of at t en t ion is on t h e act ion ,n ot
on t h e t h in g, or per son doin g t h e act ion .
Readt h r ou gh t h e explan at ionof t h e Pr esen tPassivein t h e St u den t 'sBook,an d
discu ssit w it h t h em . Not ice t h at t h e qu est ion s w h er e? w h y? an dHow ? ar e
on ly an sw er ed w h er e n ecessar y. I nt h e exam ples gÍ vent,h e r eader pr obably
n eeds t o kn ow t h e in f or m at ion con t ain ed in t h e w or ds in a st eel m ixer ,t o
m ake dou gh ,an dby u sin g su ct ion , becau seit is n ot obviou s f r om t h e con t ext .
t h ey t h in k t h e Passivef or m is u sed,an d ask t h em w h y t h ey t h in k n o
in f or m at ion is given t o t h e How ? qu est ion ( pr obablybecau sem ixin g is an
o b v i o u sact i o n ) .
Or t i n a st e e lm i x e r t; o m a k ed o u g h
2 in apr over
3 i n g i a n t g a so v e n s
4 u s i n gs u c t i o n
5 t o k e e pt h e m f r e shl o n g e r
6 i n a h i g h - s p e esdl i c e rw; i t h g i a n ts a w b l a d e s
7 b y t h e w r a p p i n gm a c h i n e
par agr aph based on t h e above in f or m at ion . Tell t h em t o u se a var iet y of
sequ en cew or ds ( f ir st ,t h en , n ext ,af t er ,et c) .
O' r T h e nt h e d o u g hi s cu t i n t o l o a v e s, p u t i n t o t i n sa n d l e f t i n a p r o v e r f o r t h e
y east t o w o r k .
Af t e r t h a t , t h el o a v e sa r e b a k e di n g i a n t g a so v e n s.
Ne x t , t h el o a v e sa r el e f tt o co o l ; t h e nt a k e no u t o f t h e i r t i n sb y u si n gsu ct i o n .
T h e nt h e l o a v e sa r esp r a y e dw i t h a ch e m i ca l t ok e e pt h e m f r e shl o n g e r .
Af t e r t h a t , t h leo a v e sa r esl i ce di n a h i g h - sp e esl d i ce r w i t hg i a n tsa w b l a d e s.
Fi n a l l y , t h leo a v e sa r ew r a p p e da n d se n tt o t h e su p e r m a r k e t s.
3 2 U n i t7
x Tip
A s ks t u d e n t w s h a t s h a p et h e yt h i n kt h e
h o p p e irs . l tl o o k st r i a n g u l ai rn t h e 2 - D
d i a g r a mb, u t i t ' sc o n e - s h a p e d , l ai kf eu n n e l .
T h e p i e c e so f r a w p l a st i ca r ep o u r e di n t o i t ,
c o l l e c t etdh e r eu n t i ln e e d e da, n dt h e n
p a sse d( o r f e d ) t h r o u giht i n t ot h e b a r r e l .
xTip
Top m ar gin
Ask st u d e n t st o r e se a r c o
h t h e rp r o d u c t s
a n d t h e c o mp an i e st h a t a r et h e l ar g e st
m an u f a c t ur e r so f t h e sep r o du c t s.W h e n
t h e y h a v ea l i sto f f i v eo r si x p u t t h e m i n
p a i r st o q u i zt h e i rp a r t n e r s .
Wr it ing
Sh o r tseq u en ce
1 DÍ scu ss t h e diagr am of t h e in j ect ionm ou ldin g m ach in e w Í t ht h e class.Get on e
or t w o st r on ger st u den t st o explain ver y br ief ly in t h elr ow n w or ds h ow it
w orks ( w it hout reading t he exercise) Now . get t hem t o do t he t ask individually.
Or t T h e h o p p e ri s f i l l e dw i t h p l a st i c.
2 e T h e p l a st i ci sf e d i n t ot h e b a r r e l .
3 a T h e p l a st i ci s ca r r i e dt h r o u g ht h e b a r r e b l y t h e r o t a t i n gscr e w .
4 d T h ep l a s t i ct r a v e l tsh r o u g ht h e b a r r e l .
5 c T h e p l a st i ci s m e l t e db y t h e h e a t e r s.
6 f T h e r ei s e n o u g hm e l t e dp l a s t i ci n t h e b a r r e l .
li T h escr e wi s p u sh e df o r w a r db y t h e r a m .
8 b T h eh o t p l a s t i ci s i n j e c t e dq u i c k l yi n t ot h e m o u l d .
t h T h e p l a st i ci s l e f tt o se t b e f o r et h e p r e ssu r ei s r e m o v e d .
1 0 g T h em o u l di s c o o l .
ll T h ef i n i s h e dm o u l d i n gi s r e m o v e d .
2 Rem in d st u den t s of t h e t im e w or d s: w h en ,as, bef or e,af t er .Get t h em t o
co m b i n e p ai r s o f sen t en cesi n t o l o n g er sen t en ces.
Or d + c As t h e p l a st i ct r a v e l st h r o u g ht h e b a r r e li,t i s m e l t e db y t h e h e a t e r s.
f + i W h e nt h e r ei s e n o u g hm e l t e dp l a s t i ci n t h e b a r r e lt ,h e s c r e wi s
p u sh e df o r w a r db y t h e r a m .
g + 1 1 W h e nt h e m o u l di s c o o l , t h ef i n i s h e dm o u l d i n gi s r e m o v e d .
Pairw oÍ k
I n p ai r s,g et st u d en t st o st u d y t h e d i ag r am t o g et h eran d d l scu ssh o w CDs
ar e m ad e.
Tell A an d B t o look at t h eir sh or t t ext s.Wor kin g in dividu ally, A an d B m at ch
t h ei r sh o r t t ex t st o st ag eso n t h e d i ag r am .
Tell A an d B t o discu sst h eir in f or m at ion w it h each ot h er an d agr ee on t h e
co r r ecto r d erf o r al l o f t h e t ex t s.
O' r t B 2 E 3A 4D 5C 6F
Sp eak in g
Most f ood an d dr in k pr odu ct st h ese days ar e m an u f act u r ed on a lar ge scale,
so st u den t scan n am e alm ost an y f ood or dr in k.
2 En cou r agest u den t st o ch ooset h e f ood or dr in k t h ey kn ow m ost abou t .
3 En cou r agest u den t st o collabor at eas m u ch as possible,u sin g t h e Usef u l
I an g u ag et o m ak e su g g est i o n s.
4 Make su r e t h at ali st u den t sin each gr ou p h ave given an explan at ion of a
p r o cesseach .
 M a n u f a c t u r i n g3 3

Reading
Mo d er n m an u f act u r i n g
p r o cesses
I n gr ou psof t h r ee,get each st u den t t o r ead a dif f er en t t ext ,t h en
t eli t h e r est
of t h e gr ou p h ow t h eir pr ocessw or ks, it s advan t ages,an d exam ples
of it s
u se .

Get st u den t st o w or k in divÍ du allyan d com plet e t h e t able f or t h e

t h r ee t ext s.
Or Pr ocess Advan t ages Ex a m p l eo f u se
El e ct r o f o r m i n g ca n m a k ev e r yf i n e co m p o n e n t s CD s
w i t h p r e c i sd
e i m en si o n s
w a t e rj e t ca n cu t a r m o sta n y k i n do f m a t e r i a r cu t sa r m o sta n y
a b r a si v ecu t t i n g a n d d o e sn ' tch a n g et h e p r o p e r t i e s m at er ials
o f t h e m a t e r i a l ist c u t s
H y d r o f o r m i n g f e w e ro p e r a t i o n tso p r o d u ce low w eight ,
: o m p l i ca t e d
par t s h i g hst r e n g t hca r
b o d yp a r t s

Vocabular y
Co m p o u n dn o u n s
Poin t ou t t h at t h e f ir st n ou n in a com pou n d is n ever plu r al, e. g.
bodiesof car s
b eco m escar b o d i es.

O' r t co v er so f co m p u t er s 5 m i x e rm a d eo f st e e l
2 f o r m i n gb y v a c u u m 6 p u m pw h i c hu s e sw i n d
3 p i p e sm a d eo f p v c 7 b e a r i n g sm a d eo f st e e l
4 w i n g so f p l a n e s 8 r a d i o w h i c hu s e sc l o c k w o r k

Webquest
Get st u d en t st o d o t h i s ex er cÍ se
i n d i v i d u al l y ,o r i n sm al ] g l o u p s.
El Ad d it ion alact iv it y
( st r on g er
st u d en t s) OF Po ssi b l ean sw er s
Get st u d en t st o m ak e a list of all t h e
I s t a m p i n gw, e l d i n g
p r o ce ssem s e n t i o n e di n t h i s a n d e a r i i e r
2 í n j e c t i om
n oulding
u n it s,an d m ak e a t ab le, sh ow in g r elat ed
v e r b sa n d p r o ce ssn o u n s, l i k et h i s 3 s t a m p i n gr,i v e t í n g
a s, s e m b l y
Ver b Pr ocessn ou n 4 v a c u u mf o r m i n g
b on d b on d in g 5 e x t r u si o n
ext r u d e ext r u sion
p lat e p lat in g
w eld w eld in g
co o l co o l i n g
Key w oÍ ds
Go t h r ou gh t h e list of w or ds t o ch eck st u d. en t s'pr on u n ciat ion
an d
u n d er st an d i n g Ref
. ert h em t o t h e Gl o ssar yi f n ecessar y .
3 4 U n i t8

Back g r o u n d m at ch t h e kin d of dr ivin g r equ ir ed at an y t im e. For

exam ple,w h en t h e car is m ovin g slow ly in a t r af f ic j am it
Tr an spor t t ech n oiogy is con cer n edw it h all t ypes of
can sw it ch t o elect r icit y,an d w h en acceler at ionis
t r an spor t as w eil as r oads,r ailw ays, air por t s,an d sea
r equ ir ed it can sw it ch back t o pet r ol again . Hybr id car s
por t s.En gin eer s ar e in volved in t r an spor t at ali levels,
also h ave a w ider r an ge:t h ey can t r avel 30% f u r t h er t h an
f r om h ow t o m ake f u els m or e ef f icien t t o design in g
con ven t ion al car s on t h e sam e am ou n t of f u el.
l o n g er an d st r o n g erb r i d g es.
Hydr ogen f u el cells u se t h e w or ld's m ost com m on
A m aj or ch alien ge f or en gÍ n eer sis t o design saf er veh icies.
elem en t t o gen er at eelect r icit y.Hydr ogen st or ed u n der
Advan ced Saf et y Veh icles u se sen sor st o pr ovide
plessu Í eis com bin ed w it h oxygen pu m ped f r om ou t side
in f or m at ion t o an on boar d com pu t er on all possible
t h e car .Th e ch em ical en er gy gen er at edby t h is r eact Í onis
d an g er s.Th e sen so r scan d et ecto b st acl esn ear t h e car ,
con ver t edin t o elect r icalen er gy t o pow er elect r icm ot or s.
su ch as ot h er car s,pedest r ian s,or w alls; t h ey can det ect
Th e on iy by- pr odu ct is st eam .Th Í sm ean s t h at it is an
ch an ges in t em per at u r e,speed,acceler at ion t, yr e
ecologicallyclean f u el, w h ich can r edu ce em ission s of
pr essu r e,an d r oad su r f ace.Th ey can also sen sech an ges in
gr een h ou segases.Bu t u n f or t u n at ely it h as som e
t h e dr iver 'scon dit ion , su ch as eye blin kin g t h r ou gh
disadvan t agesat pr esen t :t h e f u el cells ar e expen sivet o
t i r ed n ess.Th e sen so r ssen d a si g n al t o t h e co m p u t er ,
m an u f act u r e,en er gy is con su m ed pr odu cin g pu r e
w h ich is pr ogr am m ed t o t ake cer t ain act ion s.For
h ydr ogen ,an d it m ay be dan ger ou st o st or e su ch an
exam ple, if a t yr e su dden ly losespr essu r e,or t h e car is t oo
expiosivegas in cit y cen t r es.
closet o an ot h er veh icle, t h e com pu t er sou n ds an alar m .
Th e com pu t er can t ake con t r ol of t h e car if n ecessar y,an d Cit y au t h or it ies ar e in cr easin gly con cer n ed at t h e poor
can cu t t h e en gin e or apply t h e br akes. qu alit y of air in cit y st r eet sbecau seof veh icle exh au st s.
LPG ( liqu ef iedpet r oleu m gas) pr odu ces50% less pollu t ion
En gin eer s ar e also at t em pt in g t o design car s w h ich r u n on
'ecologicaily t h an t h e aver agediesel veh icie.Biogas or m et h an e, f r om
f r ien dly'f u eis, r at h er t h an pet r ol or diesel.
h u m an or an im al w ast e, can be collect edan d pr ocessedt o
Hybr id ( m ixed) car s com bin e t h e in t er n al com bu st ion
f ir e elect r icit y gen er at in g st at ion s.I n som e cou n t r ies,
en gin e an d t h e elect r icm ot or . Th e aim is t o r edu cef u el
par t icu lar ly Br azil,biof u els ar e pr odu ced f r om su gar can e
con su m pt ion an d exh au st em ission s by sw it ch in g
o r m ai ze as an ad d i t i v et o d i esel .
bet w een t h e t w o pow eÍ sou r cesor com bin in g t h e t w o t o

x Tip Sw it ch on
T h e b u l l e tt r a i n( o rsh i n k a se nl )i n k sT o k y o
t Cet st u den t st o iden t if y t h e f or m s of t r an spor t ,an d h ave a br ief discu ssion
w i t h so u t h e r nc i t i e st r a v e l l i n a
g t sp e e d s
o v e r3 0 0 k m i h .
abou t som e of t h eÍ rin t er est in g f eat u r es.
T h eAu st r a l i a nr o a dt r a i ni s a o o w e r f u l
Gr n bullet t r ain D Am e r i ca nsp a cesh u t t l eo n i t sca r r i e r
t r u c kw i t h a n u m b e ro f t r a i l e r sa t t a c h e d .
T h eso l a r - p o w e r ecda r i s a n e x p e r i m e n t a l
B ( Au st r a I i a nr o) a dt r a í n E so l a r - p o w e r eca
d r
p r o t o t y p e . lht a sa l a r g esu r f a c ea r e a C h e l i co p t e r F oil- t anker
c o v e r e di n so l a rp a n e l s,w h i c ha b so r b
m a x i m u me n e r g y f r o m t h e s u n . l ti s a l s o I n sm all gr ou ps,get st u den t st o br ain st or m a list of ot h er t ypes of t r an spor t ,
m a d ea s l i g h ta s p o s s i b lteo m i n i m i z et h e gr ou ped u n der t h e h eadin gs:lan d, sea,an d air . Th en br ief ly get each gr ou p
p o w e rr e q u i r e d t o d r i v ei t . t o r epor t back t o t h e w h ole class.
T h esp a c esh u t t l ec a n o n l y b e
t r a n sp o r t e idn t h i sw a y i n g o o dw e a t h e r O'r Possiblean sw er s
, d n e e d sa n o t h e p
c o n d i t i o n as n r l a n et o | a n d : b í k eb, u s,m o t cr b i k ev, a n
f l y a h e a dt o w a r n o f c h a n g i n gw e a t h e r .
se a : h o v e r cr a f m
t , o t o rb o a t ,sa i l i n gsh i p
air : ai r b u s, ai r sh i p , g l i d er
 T r a n s p o r t3 5

Reading
Th ecar o f t h e f u t u r e
I Bef or e st u den t slook at t h e r eadin g t ext , get t h em t o st u dy t h e diagr am an d
discu sst h e f ou r qu est ion sin pair s an d n ot e dow n t h eir an sw er s.

Or t l t i s m u ch saf er .
2 Ad v an cedSaf et y Veh i cl e
3 To p r o t ectt h e d r i v eran d o t h er r o ad u ser s
4 Po ssi b l ean sw erSen so rt o d et ect r o adt em p er at u r ei n caseo f i ce

Af t er t h ey h ave r ead t h e t ext , get st u den t st o ch eck t h eir an sw er s t o t h e

pr e- r eadin gqu est ion sÍ n1.

x Tip Get st u den t st o do t h is exer cisein dividu ally, an d t h en com par e t h eir
h ybr i=
d m i x e d . Ah y b r i dc a r e n g i n e an sw er s in pair s.
c o m b i n easp e t r o e
l n g i n ew í t hso m eo t h e r
t y p eo f e n g i n esu , c ha s e l e c t r i co r h y d r o g e n O'r Advan t ages Di sad v an t ag es
r ange = t h e d i st a n c ea c a r c a nt r a v e o l na el ect r i c ef f i ci en t n, o p o l l u t i o n h eav yb at t er i es, l i m i t ed
r an g e
f u l lt a n ko f f u e l h y b r i d( p et r o l sav eab o u t l s% o f f u el , n eed b at t er i es
a n d e l e ct r i c) b a t t e r i eds o n ' t h a v et o
b e ch a r g e do v e r n i g h t
LPC ca r sca n b e co n v e r t e d o n l ycu t sd o w n p o l l u t i o n
easi l y a lit t le
h y d r o g e nf u e l ce l l p r o v i d ecl e a np o w e r e a chce l l i s v e r ye x p e n si v e

Gadget box
Discu sst h is w it h t h e w h ole classan d en cou r ageh u m or ou s su ggest Í on s
( at t ach i n ga so u n d sy st em w h i chp l ay s t h e so u n d o f a m o t o r b i k een g i n e) .

I t 'sm yiob
| f i Playt h e r ecor din g on ce an d get st u den t st o n ot e dow n as m an y an sw er s
as possible.Play t h e r ecor din g again an d get t h em t o com plet e t h e exer cise.

O' r t Na t u r a l g a s- f u e l l ebdu se s
2 l t i m p r o v e sa i r q u a l i t y .
3 Ca s- p o w e r e d g e n e r a t o r s
4 Bi o - g a s
5 H i sc o m p a n yi s p l a n n i n gt o e x p o r t o o t h e rEU c o u n t r i e s .

Languagespot
Pr edict ions3 w Í ll,f f ioy, m Í ght
Ref er t o t h e in f or m at ion in t h e Gr am m ar r ef er en cep. I I g. Discu sst h e u se of
w iI I ,m ay, an d m igh t Poin t ou t t h at t h e sh or t f or m s w on 't an d m igh t n 't ar e
n ot u sed in f or m al, w r it t en En glish .

I Cet st u den t st o do t h is exer cisein dividu ally.

O'r 1 w on 't 5 will

2 will 6 m a y/ m i g h t
3 m a y/ m i g h t 7 will
4 w on't 8 m a y/ m i g h t
3 6 U n i t8
El Ad d it ion alact iv it y
( w eak erst u d en t s)
in g r ou p s,each st u d en t in t h e g r ou p
w r it es d ow n t w o or t h r ee sí m p le
p r e d i ct i o n sa b o u t sp o r t ,t h e n e x t
Oiy m p ics, sp acet r av el,in v en t ion s,or
som e ot h er t op ic t h at in t er est st h em .
Ch eck t h at t h eir sen t en cesar e sh or t an d
si m p l e ,f o r e x a m p le : I t h í n kEn g l a n dw Í I l
w i n t h e n e x t W o r l d Cu p .T h e n g e t e a ch
st u d en t t o say h is / h er p r ed ict ion s,an d
an ot h er st u d en t t o d isag r eean d m ak e a
n ew p r ed ict ion ab ou t t h e sam e t op ic.
( Rem in dt h em t o st r esst h e n ew w or d , in
it alics b elow . )Exam p le:
A I t h i n k En g l a n d w i l l w i n t h e W o r l d
cu p .
B . g l a n dw o n ' fw i n t h e
I d i sa g r e e En
Wor ld Cu p . I t h in k Gr eecew ill w in it .
2 Get st u d en t st o w r i t e f i v e si m p l e p r ed i ct i o n su si n g w i l l , m ay , o r m i g h t , o t
t h eir n egat í Ves. Wh en t h ey h ave f in ish ed, get t h em t o w or k in pair s an d
d i scu sst h ei r p r ed i ct i o n su n t i l t h ey ag r eeo n t h e sam e p r ed i ct i o n s.Th en
sel ecta f ew p ai r s an d ask t h em t o r ead o u t t h ei r p r ed i ct i o n st o t h e cl ass.
Pr onunciat ion
Cor r ect ivest r ess
l ( '] Play t h e exam ple, an d ask st u den t st o t ell you w h ich w or d is st r essedÍ n
t h e seco n dst at em en t( ar e) . Askt h em w h y t h ey t h i n k t h i s w o r d i s st r essed
( b ecau sei t ex p r esses
t h e d i sag r eem en t ) .
2 Get st u den t st o cor r ectt h e st at em en t sin dividu aily Í npr epar at ion f or t h e
n ext exer cise.Th ey can sim ply cr ossou t t h e w r on g w or d an d w r it e t h e
cor r ectw or d in .
Or t No ,h y b r i dca r sh a v ea p e t r o l e n g i n e a n d a n e l e ct r i cm o t o r .
2 No ,h y d r o g en f u el cel l s ar e ex p en si v e.
3 No ,m o st ca r d r i v e r a
s r e u n h a p p y/ a r e n ' th a p p yt o u sep u b l i ct r a n sp o r t .
p o l l u t i o na l i t t l e .
4 No ,LPC cu t sd o w n
5 No ,ASVsar esaf er f o rp ed est r i an s.
6 No ,so l a r - p o w ei rs n o t t h e a n sw e rt o o u r t r a n sp o r tp r o b l e m s.
7 No ,a i r t r a v e li s b a d/ i sn ' tg o o df o r t h e e n v i r o n m e n t .
8 No, t r aina s n db u s e sa r ee x a m p l e o s f p u b l i ct r a n s p o r t .
? Get on e st u den t t o r ead ou t a st at em en t ,an d an ot h er st u den t t o con t r adict
t h e st at em en t Mak
. e su r et h at t h e seco n dst u d en t st r esseso n l v t h e w o r d
ex p r essi n gt h e d i sag r eem en t .
4 m Get st u d en t st o l i st en an d p r act i sew h er e n ecessar y .
5 I n p ai r s,g et o n e st u d en tt o ch o o sea t o p i c an d m ak e a st at em en tab o u t i t ,
ex p r essi n gan o p i n i o n .Th e o t h er d i sag r eesan d m ak es a co n t r ast i n g
st at em en t( w i t h r easo n sf o r d i sag r eem en t )W . al k ar o u n d t h e p ai r s an d
ch eckt h at t h ey ar e u si n g co r r ect i v est r essas i n t h e p r ev i o u sex er ci ses.
Pr oblem - solvinB
t Cet st u d en t st o d i scu sst h i s i n p ai r s.
Or n m i cr o l i t e D M a r se x p l o r e r
B aquat ic ar E q u a db i k e
C Se g w a yh u m a nt r a n s p o r t e r
2 Get st u d en t st o co n t i n u ed i scu ssi n gi n p ai r s.
Or Po ssi b l ean sw er s
m icr olit e M u s t b e l i g h t w e i g hst t, r o n ga, e r o d y n a m i c .
a q u a t i cca r Mu st b e w a t e r - t i g h tb,u o y a n ta, b l et o t r a n sf e rp o w e r
f r o m w h e e l st o a p r o p e l l e ar ,b l et o st e e ri n w a t e r .
Seg w ay M u s t b e a b l et o r e m a i nu p r i g h t .
Ma r s e x p l o r e r Mu st b e a b l et o o p e r a t er e m o t e l yi n e x t r e m eco n d i t i o n s.
q u adb i k e Mu st b e a b l et o o p e r a t esa f e l yi n o f f - r o a dco n d i t i o n s.

x Tip
Topm ar g in
Co m p a rteh eJCBw i t h o t h e rl a n ds p e e d
r e co r s:
d t
r o w e r e dc a r- 4 8 . l 1 m p h( 1 9 8 8 )
So l a p
Bi c y c l-e1 6 1 . O4 m 3 ph( 1995)
El e c t r icca r- 2 4 5 . 5 2 3m p h
L a n dc a r- 7 6 3 . 0 5m 5 ph
l f s t u d e n tws a n t s p e e d si n k p ht e l l t h e ma n
e a syw a yf o r a r o u g hc o n v e r si o inst o d i v i d e
b yf i v ea n d m u l t i p l yb y e i g h t .
E Ad d i t i o n aal ct i v i t y
( st r on g erst u d en t s)
Wh en t h ey h av e w r it t en t h eir em ail, g et
st r on g erst u d en t sin p air s t o r ole p lay a
t e l e p h o n eca l l i n w h i ch t h e y p l a y t h e
p a r t so f t h e cu st o m e ra n d t h e p e r so n
uirit ino t hp prnril
Th e em ail w r r t er p h on es t h e cu st om er
t w o d ay s lat er t o ch eck if h e / sh e
r eceiv edt h e last air - con d it ion in gu n it .
Th e cu st om er say s h e / sh e h as r eceiv ed
it . Th e w r it er t h en ap olog r zesag ain f or
t h e d elay .
Th e cu st om er ack n ow led g est h e
ap olog y an d t h an k s t h e w r it er f or
m ak in g su r e t h at t h e p r ob iem w as
r esolv edso q u ick ly .
T r an sp o r t 3 7
Cust om eÍCaÍ e
Mak i n g an d ack n o w l ed g i n gap o l o g i es
Di scu sst h e i m p o r t an ceo f ap o l o g i zi n gt o cu st o m er san d ex p l ai n t h at i t i s
al so i m p o r t an t t o ack n o w l ed g eap o l o g i es.Get st u d en t st o p r act i set h e
p h r asesan d d i scu sst h e ex am p l eso f w r i t t en ap o l o g i es.
Get st u den t sin pair s t o pr act ise apologizin g an d ackn ow ledgin g,u sin g t h e
si t u at i o n s.Rem i n d t h e f i r st sp eak eri n each d i al o g u et o ex p i ai n t h e
si t u at i o nf i r st .Th ey can ai so su g g estso m e si t u at i o n sf r o m t h ei r o w n
t ech n i calf í el dan d t h en p r act i sem o l e ap o 1 o g i es an d ack n o w l ed g em en t s.
Vocabular y
g n ew ex p r essi o n s
Reco r d i n
Rem in d st u den t s abou t gr ou pin g n ew vocabu lar y by su bj ect s( Un it 1) .
Explain t h at it is aiso u sef u l t o gr ou p expr ession sby f u n ct ion .
2 Get st u d en t st o co m p l et et h e t ab l e.
oÍ Fu n ct i o n Ex p r essi o n
O p e n i n ga l e t t e ro r e m a i l H i. . .
Dear...
Cl o s i n ga l e t t e ro r e m a i l Re g a r d s . . .
B e s tw i s h e s. . .
Re f e r r i n tgo p r e v i o u co
s n t a ct I w r o t et o y o u o n ( d at e)
W e sp o k e( l a stw e e k )
Ci v i n gr e a s o n s l ' m w r i t i n gt o y o u b e c a u s e. . .
T h er e a s o nI ' mg e t t i n gi n t o u c hi s . . .
Pr o m i s i n a
gc t i o n W e w i l l. . .
W e ' r eg o i n gt o . . .
I ca n a ssu r ey o u t h a t . . .
Get st u den t st o w r it e t h e em ail, u sin g som e of t h e ph r asespr act ised an d
. eckt h eÍ rw o r k i n d i v i d u al l y .
d i scu ssedCh
Or Po ssi b l ean sw er
Dear Mr / Ms X,
Th er easo nl ' m g et t i n gi n t o u chi s t o a p o l o g i zef o r sen d i n gy o u t h e w r o n g
n u m b er o f a i r - co n di t i o ni n g u n i t s.\ Nev er ym u ch r eg r ett h e m i st ak e i n y o u r
o r d er .W esp o k ey est er d ayan d I h av ef o u n d o u t t h e r easo nf o r t h e er r o r .
T h i sw a s d u e t o t h e f a ct t h a t w e o n l y h a dt h e f i v e u n i t si n st o ck .W e w i l l
r e ce i v ea n e w b a t cht o m o r r o wa n dl ca n a ssu r e y o ut h a t t h e r e m a i n i n g
u n i t w i l l b e se n t b y e x p r e ssd e l i v e r y .
Regards,
Webquest
St u d en t scan w o r k i n sm al l g r o u p so r p ai r s t o d o t h i s r esear ch .
Key w oÍ ds
Go t h r o u g h t h e l i st o f w o r d s t o ch eck st u d en t s' p r o n u n ci at i o nan d
u n d er st an d i n g Ref
. ert h em t o t h e Gl o ssar yi f n ecessar y .
3 8 U n i t9
Back g r o u n d
High bu ildin gs, of t en called skyscr aper s,allow u s t o m ake
m axim u m u se of t h e lim it ed an d of t en expen sivebu ildin g
lan d in cit ies.Th ey can also dem on st r at et h e con f Í den ce
an d im por t an ce of a com pan y,cit y,or cou n t r y,an d lead t o
n ever - en din g com pet it ion t o bu ild t h e h igh est t ow er .
Wh en w e look at a skyscr aper ,w e see t h e sh in in g m et al or
glass ext er ior .Bu t t h is is on ly t h e ou t er cover in g.AI l t h e
I oad- bear in gst r u ct u r e is in side t h e bu ildin g. A h igh
bu ildin g is like a h u m an or an im ai body: it con sist sof a
st r u ct u r al skelet on in side an d an ou t er skin or cover in g.
Th e st r u ct u r alsk el et o no f t h e sk y scr ap eri s m ad e o f st eel
an d co n si st so f v er t i cal co l u m n s,h o r i zo n t alg i r d er s,an d
( som et Í m es)diagon al br acest o give ext r a st r en gt h .Th ese
ar e all m ade of st eel beam s ( lon g n ar r ow bar s) ,w h ich ar e
j oin ed t oget h er u sin g bolt s an d r ivet s.To m ake t h e gir der s
m oÍ er igid an d pr even t t h em f r om bu cklin g ( or ben din g) ,
t h ey ar e of t en m ade w it h a cr oss- sect ionin t h e sh ape of
t h e l et t er I ( l - sh ap edg i r d er s) .
Wh en t h e colu m n s an d gir der sf or on e st or ey or level ar e
i n p o si t i o n ,t h e co n cr et ef l o o r i s m ad e.Th i s i s d o n e b y
layin g m et a] deckin g ( f lat m et alsh eet s lÍ ket h e deck of a
boat ) acr osst h e gir der s an d f illin g t h em w it h liqu id
con cr et e.Th e deckin g act s as a f or m er ,w h ich f or m s or
m o u l d s t h e co n cr et et o t h e co r r ectsh ap e.Du ct s ( l o n g
n ar r ow con t ain er s) ar e placed u n der t h e f loor s t o car r y t h e
cab l esan d p i p es o f t h e el ect r i calan d p l u m b i n g ser v i ces.
Mo st h i g h b u i l d i n g s ar e co n st r u ct edu si n g t h e p r o cesso f
pr ef abr icat ion ,in w h ich com plet e sect ion sor f loor s ar e
x Tip Sw it ch on
So m ef am o u ssk y scr ap er an
s d Do t h is act ivÍ t yw it h t h e w h oie class.Get st u den t st o br ain st or m t h e n am es
t h e i r ci t i e s: of f am ou s skyscr aper san d t h eir cit ies.
Taipeil0l,Taipei
Pe t r o n a sT o w e r s ,Ku a l a L u m p u r
2 Discu sst h e dÍ agr amw it h t h e w h ole class,t h en get st u den t st o discu ssin
Se a r s T o w e l Ch i c a g o
pairs and not e dow n as m any w ords as t hey can f rom t heir general know ledge.
. l i nM a o T o w e r ,Sh a n g h a i
O.r t e 7 d
f abr icat ed ( bu ilt )bef or eh an d at gr ou n d level,t h en lif t ed
by cr an esan d f it t ed in t o posit ion .
Wh en t h e st eel st r u ct u r e is com plet ed,t h e ou t side of t h e
bu ildin g is cover edw it h it s ou t er skin , called t h e claddin g
or cu r t ain w ali. Th is con sist sof pan els m ade of a var iet y of
m at er i al s,su ch as g l ass,al u m i n i u m , o r st aÍ n l ess
st eel .
Skyscr aper slm pose a m assively con cen t r at edI oad on
t h eir f ou n dat ion s. Wh er e poor gr ou n d con dit ion s exist ,
h u ge ef f or t is pu t in t o cr eat in g su it able f ou n dat ion s
t h r ou gh t h e u se of piles an d con cr et er af t s.Piles ar e lon g
colu m n s m ade f r om st eel or r ein f or ced con cr et e.St eel
piles ar e dr iven ver t ically in t o t h e gr ou n d by a pile- dr iver
u n t il t h ey r each bedr ock ( a layer of r ock deep in t h e
gr ou n d) or a st able layer of h eavy clayw h ich is con sider ed
su it able t o bear t h e w eigh t of t h e bu ildin g. Rein f or ced
con cr et epiles ar e m ade by dr illin g t o t h e cor r ect dept h ,
in ser t in g a n et w or k of st eel r ods,t h en f illin g t h e h ole w it h
con cr et e.A con cr et er af t is a f lat base or plat f or m of st eel-
r ein f or ced con cr et e,w h ich is f or m ed above t h e piles an d
at t ach ed t o t h em . Th Í sspr eadst h e w eigh t of t h e bu ildin g
over a w ide ar ea an d t h r ou gh t h e pÍ lest o t h e bedr ock.
An ot h er w ay of spr eadin g w eigh t is by u sin g t h ick bases
called pier s w h ich ar e splayed ( or expan ded ou t w ar ds)
like sm all pyr am ids.
I n ear t h q u ak ezo n es,sp eci alf o u n d at i o n sar e co n st r u ct ed
w h ich per m Í tt h e t ow er t o r ock backw ar ds an d f or w ar ds,
an d absor b t h e f or ce of t h e sh ock w it h ou t ser Í ou sdam age.
I n w Í n dy con dit ion s,a skyscr aperw ill sw ay by as m u ch
as f if t een cen t im et r es.
ib 4c 5a 6f
 sk y scr a p e r s3 9

I t 'sm yiob
t f i Play t h e r ecor din g an d get st u den t st o n ot e dow n t h e an sw er s
individually.

O' r t f o u r g u y s,i n cl u d i n gLe o n

2 Af ew w eek st o a y ear
3 Su p e r m a r k e tw s,a r e h o u se s,
a n d m u l t i - st o r eby u i l d i n g s
lA 4 Pr ef ab r i cat ed
5 t w e l v eh o u r s
e
18 2 f i llay t h e r ecor din g again an d get st u den t st o n ot e dow n t h e an sw er s
rof individually.

Or 1 l t d e p e n d so n t h e s i z eo f t h e b u i l d i n g .
2 Fo rf i n i s h i n ga h e a do f s c h e d u l e .
3 T o m a k esu r ee v e r y t h i n gr e a ch e ys o u i n t h e r i g h to r d e r .
4 l t ' st o o m u ch t i m e a n d ef f o r tt o m a k et h e j o u r n eya n d ev er y t hi n g y o u
n e e di s u p t o p .
5 T h e y c a nc r u s h y o u .

ed x Tip
co l u m nasr ev e r t i ca l Reading
g i r d e rasr eh o r i zo n t a l
How skyscr aper aÍ
s ebu i| t
.t h b r a ceasr ed i a g o n a l
I- s r el o n gh o l l o wc o n t ai n e r sf o r h o l di np
d u ct a I Fir st get st u den t st o w r it e t h eir an sw er s in dividu ally w lt h ou t lookln g at t h e
I w ir eas n dp i p e s t ext . Th en , in sm ali gr ou ps get t h em t o com par e t h eir an sw er s.Do n ot ch eck
p i l e sa r est e e lo r co n cr e t ev e r t i caI or cor r ectt h eir an sw er s at t h is poin t .
f oundat ions

t
Or 2 g 3c 4a 5e 6f 1b 8h
* Ti p
st orey= f lssY 2 Teil st u den t st o r ead t h e t ext an d ch eck t h eir an sw er s.
1 I nBr i t a i n
a n d m o st o f Eu r o p et h e st o r e ya t
t h eg r o u n dl e v e li s ca l l e dt h e g r o u n d f l o o r ,
Í P
a n dt h ef l o o ra b o v ei st h e f i r st f l o o r . Languagespot
I nt h eUSA,Ru ssi aa,n d so m ee a st e r n
Saf et ysign san d saf et yadví ce
Eu r o p e acno u n t r i e s, t hf el o o ra t t h e g r o u n d
l e v eils u su a l l yca l l e dt h e f i r st f l o o r a, n d t h e Get st u den t st o t ell you t h e m ean Í n gof an y of t h e sign s in t h e ph ot o.Th en
f l o o ra b o v ei s t h e se co nd f l o o r . get t h em t o br ain st or m ot h er saf et y sign s t h ey m igh t see on a bu ildin g sit e.
Th ey can com e ou t an d dr aw t h e sign s on t h e boar d.
x Tip Poin t ou t t h e dif f er en t w ays of expr essin g saf et y in st r u ct ion s:No - in g,
T o pm a r g i n D o n o t . . . , Yo tmt u s t n o t . . . , W e a r m u s t b e w o r n . Re f e r t o t Gr
h ea m m a r
Co m p a rteh e H o m e I n su r a n cbeu í | d i nw git h ref erencep.779f or f urt her inf orm at ion.
t h eSe ar sT o w e rn, o w t h e t a l l e stb ui l di n g i n
Ch i c a g o
w,h i c hh a s' 1 0 st
8 o r e y sa n d w a s t cet st u den t st o m at ch sign s an d m ean in gs Í n dividu ally.
c o m p l e t ei dn 1 9 7 3 .
Gr t d 2c 3 b 4a 5f 6 e

I n p ai r s,g et st u d en t st o t ak e t u r n s: o n e st u d en t i s a t r ai n ee an d t h e o t h er
st u den t is an exper ien cedw or ker explain in g t o t h e t r ain ee w h at t h e sign s
m ean . Th e w or ker f ir st givest h e f or m al m ean in g, f r om l, t h en explain s it in
si m p l er l an g u ag e,as i n t h e ex am p l e.

Get st u den t st o do t h Í st ask in dividu ally.

4 0 U n i t9

O'r Possiblean sw er s
1 Al w a y sm a k esu r ea m a ch i n eh a sst o p p e db e f o r er e m o v i n gt h e g u a r d s.
2 N e v e ru s em o b i l ep h o n e si n b u s yw o r k i n ga r e a s .
3 Al w a y sw e a r e y ep r o t e ct i o n
w h e n u si n gg r i n d e r s.
4 N e v e rs m o k en e a rf l a m m a b l es u b s t a n c e s .
5 Al w a y sw e a r a h a r d h a t w h e n w o r k i s g o i n go n o v e r h e a d .
6 Ne v e ro p e r a t ech a i nsa w sw i t h o u t e a r p r o t e ct i o n .
7 Al w a y sm a k esu r et h e m a i n ssu p p l yi s d i sco n n e ct e bd e f o r ew o r k i n go n
elect r icaleq u ip m en t .
8 Al w a y sst o r ech e m i ca l si n a l o ck a b l er o o m o r co n t a i n e r .

Cust om eÍGa] e
El Ad d it ion alact iv it y Sh ow in gvisit or sr ou n da Gon st r u ct Í on
sit e
( all I ev eI s)
I n sm all g r ou p s,st u d en t sb r ain st or m a list Get st u d en t st o w o r k i n p ai r s.Af t er t h ei r d i scu ssi o nt h ey can m ak e a l i st o f
of it em s of saf et y clot h in g or eq u ip m en t saf et y r u les w h ich t h ey t h in k t h e people in t h e pict u r e ar e br eakin g.
( saf et yh elm et / h ar d h at , saf et yg og g les,
saf et y boot s,ear m uf f s, saf et y harness,
2 Get st u den t st o w or k in dividu ally, u sin g t h e t ext an d t h eir ow n gen er al
I if elin e)Get
. t h em t o com p ile a list of
k n o w l ed g e.W eak er st u d en t scan w o r k l n p ai r s.
sa f e t yi n st r u ct i o n su si n g t h e sa m e
O'r Ru le Reason
st r u ct u r es,f or exam p le:Alw ay s w ear / u se
( saf et ygoggles) in / on t he ( w orkshop) .Get
Ma k e su r et h e h a r dh a t f i t s. l t ' su se l e ssa n d d a n g e r o u si f i t f a l l so f f .
st r on g er st u d en t st o u se t h is st r u ct u r e: W e a r b o o t s. T h e r em a y b e n a í l so r sp i | | as nyw her e.
( Har d h at s) m u st alw ay s b e w or n / u sed in / D o n ' tca r r yl o o sep a p e r s. I d o n ' tw a n t p a p e r sb l o w i n gr o u n dt h e si t e .
o n t h e ( b u i l d i n gsi t e ) . T h e ym a y ca u sea cci d e n t s.
No f l a sh p h o t o g r a p h y I t ca n d i st r a ct .
El Ad d it ion alact iv it y o n t h e f l o o r l e v e l s.
( w e a k e rst u d e n t s)
D o n ' tp i c ka n y t h i n gu p . I t m i g h tc u t o r b u r n .
in sm ali g r ou p s,st u d en t s b r ain st or m a list
of it em s or act iv it iesw h ich m u st b e
a v o i d e d( sm o k i n g m, o b í l ep h o n e s,r u n n i n g ,
e a t i n g ,sh o u t i n g d
, i v i n g ) . Ge t h e m t o
Pr onunciat ion
com p ile a list of saf et y in st r u ct ion s u sin g St r essin lon g w or ds( 1)
t h e sam e st r u ct u r es,f or exam p le:
7 Nev er . . ( e. gNev er sm ok e in t h e 1 Ex p l ai n t o st u d en t st h at h ear i n g t h e st r esso n t h e co r r ectsy l l ab l ei n a l o n g
w or k sh op .Nev er r u n alon g t h e aí sles. ) w or d is ver y im por t an t t o u n der st an din g m ean in g. Ch eck t h at t h ey
2 No . in g ( e, gNo . sm ok Í n gNo . eat in g at u n d er st an dt h e m ean i n g o f sy l l ab l e.
w o r k .No d i v i n g i n t h ep o o l ) ( r ? Oo t h e f ir st t w o or t h r ee w or ds w it h t h e w h ole classbef or e t h ev do t h e
exer cisein dividu ally.
xTip
O- . r b ) c3 d3 e2 f 1 93 h5 i3 j3 k4l5
Top m ar gin
D i sc u sst h i sf a c t .l t i s su r p r i si n tgh a t su c ha
b i g p r o j e c ct a m ei n a l m o st2 0 %u" n d e r Ch eckt h at st u d en t scan h ear w h i ch sy l l ab l ei s st r essedi n t h e w o r d s i n l .
b u d g e t Co. m p a r et h i sw i t h r e c e n tp r o j e c t s Play t h e w or ds f r om I again an d get in dividu al st u den t st o t ap ou t t h e
s u c ha st h e n e wW e m b l e ySt a d i u mw, h i c h sy l l ab l eso n t h e d esk ,st r essi n gt h e co r r ectsy l l ab l ew i t h a l o u d er t ap .
i s f 4 0 0 m o v e rb u d p e t .
2 I n p ai r s,g et st u d en t st o co m p ar eh o w t h ey t h l n k t h e sy l l ab l esar e st r essed
an d co m p l et et h e t ab l e.Do n o t ch eckt h ei r an sw er sy et .
 ().,.. .•..
appropriate
••••
automatic
• •••
designated
developing exploration generator
emergencies horizontal helicopter
kilometre polystyrene operator
regulation supermarket
unfamiliar

3 g Tell students to listen and check their answers, correcting them as

necessary.

Pairwork
In pairs, first tell each student to work individually to match each text to the
correct diagram. Check that they have done this correctly before they begin
the pairwork. Then get each student to explain to the other how they think
each type of foundation works.

C Additional activity
(stronger students) Webquest
Get small groups of students to work
together to produce a short oral Students can work in small groups or pairs to do this research.
presentation on how skyscrapers are
built. Each group can focus on one famous
building they have researched in the Keywords
Webquest, and use this as an example of
Go through the list of words to check students' pronunciation and
the general process (which will be close to
understanding. Refer them to the Glossary if necessary.
the information given in this Unit). Each
group member can be responsible for a
different stage of the process. When they
are ready, get the groups to come out and
give their presentation.
4 2 U n i t1 0

Back g r o u n d body at h igh speed cr eat in g im ages or pict u r es f r om a

Medical t ech n ology applies en gin eer in g pr in ciples t o t h e
f ields of biology an d m edicin e, f or exam ple in t h e
developm en t of aids or r eplacem en t sf or def ect iveor
m issin g body par t s.Bioen gin eer in g com bin es biological
sci en cew i t h en g i n eer i n g .
On e pr odu ct of bioen gin eer in g is t h e ar t if icial h ear t ,
w h ich can ext en d an d im pr ove t h e lives of pat ien t s w h o
m igh t die of h ear t f ailu r e w h ile w ait in g f or a t r an splan t of
a n at u r al h ear t . Th is device h as been design ed t o h ave as
f ew m ovin g par t s as possible an d yet it h as elect r icm ot or s
and a pum ping syst em w it h hydraulic f luid and hydraulic
valves. lt h as ext er n al an d in t er n al par t s ( t h at is, ou t side
an d i n si d e t h e b o d y ) .I n si d et h e b o d y i s a r ech ar g eab l e
bat t er yw h ich pow er s t h e pu m pin g syst em .Th is in t er n al
bat t er y is r ech ar gedby an ext er n al bat t er y u sin g a sim ple
elect r ical coil,w h ich in du ces a cu r r en t .Th is cu r r en t t h en
r ech ar gest h e in t er n a1bat t er y.Th e w h ole syst em Í s
con t r olled by a m icr opr ocessor ( aisocalled a con t r oller )
in side t h e body.Of cou r se,biological saf et y is ver y
im por t an t , so t h e plast ics u sed in t h e vaives an d h ydr au lic
m em br an es of t h e ar t if icial h ear t ar e du r ableen ou gh t o
w it h st an d loo, ooo beat s ( or st r okes)of t h e'h ear t 'per day,
an d design ed n ot t o dam age blood cells or cau se clot t in g.
Th er eis also a h ear t pacem aker ,w h ich is im plan t ed u n der
t h e sk i n an d p r o d u cesel ect r i calp u l sest o cau set h e h ear t
t o b eat at a r eg u l ar an d r el i ab l ep ace o r sp eed .
An ot h er pr odu ct of m edical t ech n ology is scan n in g
equ ipm en t . Th is scan s in t er n al or gan s,m ovin g r ou n d t h e
lar ge n u m ber of dif f er en t an gles,u sin g X- Rays,
u lt r asou n d,an d n u clear m agn et ic r eson an ce.Th e CAT
scan n er u ses special X- r ay equ ipm en t . ( CATis r eally CT,
w h ich st an dsf or Com pu t ed Tom ogr aph y. ) Acom pu t er
p Í o cesseS t h e i m ag est o b u i l d u p an d d i sp l ay a cl o Ss
sect ion of t h e t issu e an d or gan s of t h e body.CT im ag1n g Í s
par t lcu lar ly u sef u l becau seit can sh ow sever alt ypes of
sof t t issu e w it h gr eat clar it y,h elpin g r adiologist st o
d i ag n o secan cer san d h ear t p r o b i em s.
Elect r on icAssist iveTech n ologyor EAT ( an exam ple of
m ech at r on ics,w h ich com bin es m ech an ical en gin eer in g,
elect r on ics,an d I T)developsaids f or sever elydisabled
p eo p l e.A h o u sef o r so m eo n ew i t h v er y i i m i t ed
m ovem en t , like t h e f or m er Su per m an ,Ch r ist oph er Reeve,
can be equ ipped w it h devicesw h ich per m it h im or h er t o
co n t r o ld o o r s,l i g h t s,ai r - co n d i t i o n er s,
t el ev i si o n s,
com pu t er s,et c.w it h eye m ovem en t s or by pn eu m at ic
sw it ch es,act ivat edby su ckin g or blow in g air .
Ul t r acan e,as t h e n am e su g g est s,u ses u i t r aso u n d( so u n d
ab o v et h e l ev el o f h u m an h ear i n g ) t o h el p b l i n d p eo p l e
det ect obst aciesar ou n d t h em so t h at t h ey can w alk w it h
m o r e co n f i d en ce.I t h as b een n i ck n am ed t h e' b at can e' as
bat s also u se u lt r asou n d t o n avigat e.( FÍ n din gyou r
locat ion ,as bat s do,by ech oesf r om sou n d w aves is called
ech o l o cat Í o n . ) Thr oe b o t d o ct o rÍ nGad g et b o x i s an
exper im en t al device on t r ial at St Mar y's Hospit al in
Lon don .Robot su r geon sar e also u sed f or keyh ole su r ger y.
A r obot 'sh an d is slow er t h an a su r geon 'sh an d, bu t it h as
n o vibr at ion .

x Tip Sw it ch on
i n d u c t i o no f a n e l e c t r i c u r r e n t a k e so l a c e I Cet st u den t st o discu sst h e diagr am an d qu est ion s1n pair s,w it h ou t r eadin g
w h e nt h e c u r r e n it n o n ec o i l c r e a t e( so r t h e t ext . Do n ot cor r ectt h eir an sw er s u n t il af t er t h e r eadin g exer cisein 2.
i n d u c e s)a n e l e c t r i c u r r e n ti n a n o t h e r
n e a r b yc o i l . T h e
f i r stc o i ld o e sn o t t o u c ht h e Or 1 Pa t i e n t w
s a i t i n gf o r a t r a n sp l a n t
se c o n d . 7 Ah y d r a u l i cp u m p a n d v a l v e
I T h ee x t e r n a bl a t t e r yp o w e r st h e sy st e m . T h ien t e r n a b
l a t t e r yh a s
e n o u g hp o w e rt o co v e rt h e t i m e n e e d e dt o ch a n g ee x t e r n a b l at t er ies
o r t o h av ea sh o w er .
4 By i n d u c t i o n
5 T od e ci d et h e b e st h e a r tr a t ea t a n v t i m e

2 Get st u den t st o r ead t h e t ext an d ch eck t h eir an sw er s.Wh en t h ey h ave

f i n i sh ed ,d i scu sst h ei r an sw er sw i t h t h e w h o l e cl ass.

x Tip
l f st u d e n t scan n o t g u e ssp n e u m a t i c,
r em ind t h e m t h a t t h e w o r dw a s u se di n
t Jn i t S( p n e u m a t isec n so r ) . lits a n
a d j e ct i vm
e e a n i n go p e r a t e db y a i r
p r essur e ( seeCIossar y ) .
x Tip
u l t r a so u n m
d e a n sso u n dw a v e sw h i ch
h a v ea h i g h e r f r e q u e n c y t htahne h u m a n
e a rc a n n e a r .
E Ad d i t i o n a l a ct i v i t y
( w eakerst udent s)
I n sm all g r ou p s,ask st u d en t st o p u t a
v ar iet y of ob j ect son t h e d esk in t h e cen t r e
of t h e g r ou p .You can also ad d som e
sim p le ob j ect s,su ch as a calcu lat or ,a
p r ot r act or a, r u ler ,an d so on . I n t u r n s, on e
st u d en th old s u p an ob j ect an d t h e n ext
st u d en th as t o m ak e a sh or t d ef in it ion
w it h ou t n am in g it . For exam p le,St u d en t
A h old s u p a calcu lat or .St u d en t B: Th r sí sa
d ev icew h Í chcalcu lat essu m s.Wr it e t h ese
w or d s on t h e b oar d :d ev ice, t ool,or
Í n st r u m e natn d t e l l t h e m t o u se t h e m i n
t h eÍ rd ef in it ion s.
M e d i c a l t e c h n o l o g4y3
I t 'sm yj ob
t cet st u d en t st o d i scu sst h e q u est i o n si n p aí I sb ef o r et h ey l i st en .Do n o t
cor r ectt h eir an SWeI Su n t il af t er t h e list en in g exer ciseÍ n2.
O' r t El ect r o n i cAssi st i v eTech n o l o g y
2 M o v i n gt h e i rc h i n ,b l o w i n gd o w n a t u b e ,o r s p e a k i n g
3 Me ch a n i ca le, l e ct r o n i cs,a n d so f t w a r ee n g i n e e r i n B
4 l t t u r n st h e p a g e so f a b o o k .
5 By s u c k i n go r b l o w i n gd o w na t u b e
2 í ') ast st u den t st o list en an d ch eck t h eir an sw er s.
Language
spot
Rel at i v ecl au ses
Ref ert o t h e cr am m ar r ef er en ceon p. 120f or a f u ll explan at ion of t h Í s
lan gu age poin t . Th er e is ext r a in f or m at ion abou t n on - deJin in g r elat ive
clau sesbu t allt h e r elat ive clau sesin t h Í sLan gu agespot at e def in in g r elat ive
clau ses, t h atis, t h ey give essen t ialin f or m at Í onw h ich SeI VeSt o def in e t h e
p er so n o r t h i n g b ei n g d escr i b edTh
. ey sh o u l d n o t b e p r eced edb y a co m m a.
Discu sst h e in f or m at ion an d exam ples w it h t h e w h ole class.
I Oo t h is or ally as a w h ole class exer cise.
Or 2 A n X- r a y t e c h n i c i ai sna p e r s o nw h o s p e c i a l i z ei n
s t a k i n ga n d
p r o ce ssi n X-
g r a y s.
3 An X- r a yca m e r ai s a d e v i cew h í cht a k e sp i ct u r e so f b o n e sa n d o r g a n si n
t he body.
4 Al a b t e ch n i ci a ni s a p e r so nw h o w o r k si n a sci e n t i f i cl a b o r a t o r y .
5 A k i d n e ym a ch i n ei s a d e v i cew h i ch h e l p sp e o p l ew i t h d a m a g e dk i d n e y s.
6 A p e r s o n aal l a r mi s a d e v i c ew h i c h p e o p l ec a n u s et o c a l l f o rh e l pi n a n
em er g en cy .
7 A b i o e n g i n e ei sr a p e r s o nw h o a p p l i e se n g i n e e r i n pgr i n c i p l etso
m e d i c apl r o b l e m s .
8 A CATsca n n e ri s a d e v i cew h i cht a k e s3 - Di m a g e so f t h e b r a i na n d o t h e r
o r g an s.
9 A p a c e m a k ei rs a d e v i c ew h i c hh e l p sp e o p l ew i t h h e a r tp r o b l e m s .
1 0 A w h e e l c h a iirs a d e v i c ew h i c hh e l p sp e o p l ew h o c a n n o tw a l k .
Get st u d en t st o d i scu sst h ese q u est i o n sab o u t t h e Ul t r acan ei n p ai r s.Do n o t
ch eck t h eir an sw er s.
Get st u den t st o w r it e t h e an sw er s Í n dividu ally.
Or t w hof 3 w h ich c 5 w h i c hg 7 whoa
2 w h i c he 4 w h ich b 6 whod
4 4 U n i tl 0

El Ad d it ion alact iv it y Gadget box

( st r on g erst u d en t s)
I n sm all g r ou p s,st u d en t sim ag in e Ask st u den t sw h et h er t h ey w ou ld llke t o be exam in ed by t h e RP6 r obot
t h ey ar e d esig n er sof r ob ot ic d ev icesf or doct or .Get t h em t o j ot dow n som e advan t agesan d disadvan t agesf or a f ew
d isab led g r ou p s.Fir st ask each g r ou p m i n u t es,t h en d i scu sst h e t o p i c w i t h t h em . ( So m ead v an t ages: t h ep at i en t
t o ag r ee on on e sp ecif ic d isab ilit y ( su ch h as accesst o t h e m ost exper t doct or seven t f t h ey ar ef ar aw ay; it st opsdoct or s
as d eaf n ess)an d t h em t ell t h em t o
f r o m w ast i n gv al u ab l et i m e o n t r av el l i n g So
. m e d i sad v an t á$ eS:p at í en t sm ay
b r ain st or m id eas f or n ew r ob ot ic d ev ices
f eel t h e d o ct o ri s n o t a r ealp er so n ; t h eym ayf eel u n easyab o u t b ei n gf i l m ed ;
t o h e l p t h e m . La t e r ,g e t g r o u p l e a d e r st o t h ey m ay n ot t alkf r eely t o a cam er a. )
r e p o r t t h e i r i d e a st o t h e w h o l e cl a ss.

Pr oblem - solving
Get st u den t st o w or k in dividu ally at f ir st , decidin g on t h e best or der .Th en
i n sm al l g r o u p s co m p al e t h ei r an sw eÍ San d t r y t o ag r eeo n a si n g l eb est
o r d er .En co u r ag et h em t o u se t h e Usef u ll an g u ag ew h en t h ey ar e ex p r essi n g
ag r eem en t ,d i sag r eem en tan , d p er su asi o n .

Vocabular y
Opposit es
Th is exer ciseext en ds st u den t svocabu lar y st u dy by pr act isin g an ot h er w ay
t o r eco r dan d r em em b er n ew w o r d s.En co u r ag est u d en t st o n o t e d o w n
o p p o si t es,w h er e ap p r o p r i at e,w h en t h ey r eco r dv o cab u l ar y .

Or a f o r w ar d s 3 int er nal e c l o s e/ s h u t g unwind

2 cl o ck w i se d out put 6 s t e p - u pg e a r

Cu st om er
car e
Gi v i n gcl eari n st r u ct i o n s
I n paÍ r s,get st u den t st o r ead t h e in st r u ct ion s an d decide w h et h er t h ey ar e
clear an d easy t o f oilow , an d if so,w h y. Discu ss t h is w it h t h e w h ole class an d
el i ci t t h ese p o i n t s:t h e u se o f n u m b er ed st ep s,t h e u se o f t i t l es f o r g r o u p so f
st eps ( su ch as Get t í n gr eady) ,an d t h e u se of sim p1eim per at ive ver bs su ch as
t ake of f , b r eat h e,h old,cou n t .

Br ief ly discu sst h e bat t er y- ch ar gin gin st r u ct ion s w it h t h e class.Ask t h em

h ow t h ey cou ld im pr ove t h e Í n st r u ct ion st o m ake t h em easier t o
u n d er st an d Th
. en g et st u d en t st o w r Í t ea cl ear erset o f i n st r u ct i o n s,u si n g
n u m b er ed st ep s.

O'r Possiblean sw er s
1 W h e n y o u se et w o r e d l i g h t sf l a sh i n ga t t h e t o p o f t h e j o y st i ckt,h i s
m e a n si t i st i m et o c h a r g et h e b a t t e r i e s .
2 Ch o o sea w e l l - v e n t i l a t epdl a cet o ch a r g et h e b a t t e r i e s.
3 Co n n e c t t h ceh a r g e r t o t hceh a i ra n dt o t h e m a i n s .
4 W h e nt h e c h a r g e irs c o n n e c t eydo u w i l l s e ea y e l l o wl i g h to n t h e
co n t r o p l an el.
5 L e a v et h e c h a r g ecr o n n e c t e ud n t i l y o us e ea g r e e nl i g h t . T h im
s e a n st h e
s r ef u l l ych a r g e d .
b a t t e r i ea

Get st u d en t st o ex ch an g et h ei r i n st r u ct i o n sw i t h o n e an o t h er t o ch eckt h e
clar it y an d su ggest im pr ovem en t s.
 M e d i c a l t e c h n o l o g4y5

x Tip Pr onunciat ion

To pm ar g i n Li n k i n gw o r d s
A s ks t u d e n t ost h i n ko f e x a m p l eosf n e w
( f u Discu ss an d playt h e exam ple.Th e lin kin g of t h e f in al con son an t of on e
m e d i c a tl e c h n o l o g yt h a t m i g h t b e
w or d t o t h e vow el sou n d of t h e n ext h elps a speakert o sou n d m or e f lu en t
c o n s i d e r e d ' m i r a c luo u s ' ,e . g .t h e r e c e n tf a c e
t r a n s p l a n tp e r f o r m e d í n Fr a n c e .
an d cl ear .

Get st u den t st o dr aw lin es sh ow in g w h er e a f in al con son an t lin ks w it h an

i n i t i al v o w el .Th en ask t h em t o r ead t h e co m p o u n d n o u n s al o u d .

Or 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , a n8ds h o u l db e r e a dw i t h a c l e a rl i n kb e t w e e nf i n a lc o n s o n a n t
a n di n i t i a l v o w e l

3 f i cet st u d en t st o l Í st enan d r ep eat w h er e n ecessar y .

Wr it ing
Sh o r td escr i p t i o n
1 Set t h is as an in dividu al w r it in g t ask.

Or 1 m a k ei m a g e so f i n t e r n a pl a r t so f t h e b o d y
2 pr int er
3 p i e zo e l e ct r i ccr y st a l s
4 p r od u ce s o u n dw a v e sw h e n c u r r e n ti s a p p l i e da c r o s st h e m
5 p r o ce ssetsh e d a t af r o m t h e t r a n sd u cetro p r o d u cea n i m a g e
6 a n L CDm o n i t o r
7 s t o r e st h e i m a g ea l o n gw i t h p a t i e n td e t a i l sa n d o t h e ri n f o r m a t i o n
8 k ey b o ar d

2 Eit h er in dividu ally or in sm all gr ou ps,get st u den t st o f in d ou t abou t CAT

scan n er s.Tell st u den t st o w r it e t h e descr ipt ion in dividu ally.

Pairw oÍ k
I I n p ai r s g et st u d en t st o d i scu sst h e t o p i c an d l i st t h ei r o w n i d eas.

2 Get st u den t st o w or k in dividu ally, n ot in g in t h e t able w h at t h ey t h in k each

device is f or , an d h ow it w or ks. Th en t eii A an d B t o w or k t oget h er an d
d escr i b et h ei r d ev i cest o each o t h er .

3 Get each pair t o decide on t h e sÍ xm ost im por t an t devices ( ou t of t h e t w elve)

t o en su r ea saf een v i r o n m en t f o r an ei d er i yp eÍ so ni i v i n g ai o n e. I ft h er e Í s
t im e, h ave a sh or t class discu ssion ,in w h ich pair s of st u den t s explain t h eir
ch o i cest o t h e r est o f t h e cl ass.

Key w oÍ ds
Go t h r o u g h t h e l i st o f w o r d s t o ch eck st u d en t s' p r o n u n ci at i o nan d
u n d er st an d i n g Ref
. ert h em t o t h e Gl o ssar yi f n ecessar y .
l-

4 6 U n i t1 1

Backgr ou n d sam e w ay. At r ack is an y sh or t com plet e m u sical it em

su ch as a son g or Í n st r u m en t alpiece,a c1Í pis a sh or t piece
Th e en t er t ain m en t in du st r y is on e of t h e f ast est gr ow in g
o f v i d eo o r f i i m . I l l eg alsh ar i n g o f t r ack sd am ag est h e
ar eas of t ech n ology.Man u f act u r er s h ave developeda
m u sic in du st r y,becau seif ever yon edow n loads t r acks f r ee
r an ge of per son ai en t er t ain m en t devicesdesign ed f or u se
of ch ar ge,t h e in du st r y w ill m ake n o m on ey an d
by people on t h e m ove as w ell as lar ger h om e
even t u ally n o- on e w ill w an t t o pr odu ce an y m u sic or
en t er t ain m en t devices.Ali of t h is h ar dw ar eden en dson
f ilm s. To pr even t t h is, t h e in du st r y is t akin g a ver y h ar d
digit al elect r on ics.
iin e on an yon e w h o is cau gh t illegally dow n loadin g.
Per son al devices ( w h ich ar e of t en sm all en ou gh t o be
Vi d eo g am esh av e b eco m eb i g b u si n ess.Co m p an i essu ch
h an dh eld) in clu de m u sic player slike Apple's iPod,
as Elect r on icAr t s em ploy lar ge t eam s t o develop t h e
por t able m edia cen t r esw h ich can play video an d au dio,
sof t w ar e f or n ew gam es.Th e t eam s in clu de com pu t er
an d por t able gam es con solessu ch as Son y'sPlayst at ion
pr ogr am m er s ( w h o pr odu ce t h e pr ogr am code f or t h e
Por t able.Hom e en t er t ain m en t devices in clu de HD ( h igh -
gam es) ,an im at or s, an dar t ist s.Th er e ar e m an yt ypes of
def in it ion ) t elevision s,h om e gam es con solesw h ich ar e
video gam es in clu din g r acin g gam es,FPS( Fir st per son
plu gged in t o a t elevision an d h ave con t r oller sf or a
sh oot er s)RPG , ( Role- playin ggam es) ,sim u lat ion s( im it at ion s
n u m ber of player st o play again st each ot h er ,an d
of r eal. I if esit u at í on s)su ch as f ligh t sim u lat or sor r acin g car
dom est ic cin em as w h ich com bin e DVD player sw it h h i- f i
( h igh - f idelit y)sou n d syst em s an d f lat pan el LCD ( Liqu id sim u lat or s,adven t u r egam es,an d spor t sgam es.
cr yst al dispiay) scr een s.in cr easin gly,devicescom bin e a Som e gam es ar e f or in dí vidu alu se,ot h er s ar e t eam gam es
n u m ber of f u n ct ion s. Som e m obile ph on es can piay m u sic, an d som e ar e f or playin g on lin e w it h player s ar ou n d t h e
sh ow videos, iden t if y you r exact posit ion t h r ou gh t h e w or ld. MMOG ( Massivelym u lt iplayer on lin e gam in g) is
gI obal posit ion Í n gsyst em , an d pr ovide w ir eless pr ovin g ext r em ely popu lar becau se of t h e ext r a speed
con n ect ion st o t h e I n t er n et . pr ovided by br oadban d in t er n et con n ect ion s,an d t h e
possibilit y of r eceivin g sof t w ar e u pdat es ( n ew er ver sion s)
Popu lar m u sic is n ow com m on ly sold by dow n loadin g
qu ickly on lin e. Som e gam es h ave a m or e ser iou s pu r pose.
t r acks ( copyin gt r acks t o you r h ar d disk) f r om I n t er n et
Th e US m ilit ar y u se video gam es an d sim u lat ion s in t h eir
pr ovider s su ch as Napst er .I n t h e f u t u r e it m ay be possible
t r ain in g.
t o dow n load clips of f ilm s an d TV pr ogr am m es in t h e

x Tip Sw it ch on
p o r t a b l eh a r dd i sk d e v i ceisn cl u d eMP3 I n sm all gr ou ps,ask st u den t st o f in d ou t h ow m an y in t h eÍ rglou p u se each
p l a y e r s,
i Po d s,a n d si m i l a rp o r t a b l ed e v i c e s device f or list en in g t o m u sí c'Th en get on e or t w o m em ber s f r om each
w h i c hc a nd o w n l o a dm u s i cf r o mt h e gr ou p t o qu ickly collat et h e n u m ber s,w or k ou t per cen t agesf or t h e w h ole
in t e r n e t cl ass,an d r ep o r t t h e p er cen t ag est o t h e cl ass.
MP3 st an d sst an d sf or MPEGAu d io Lay er3.
I t i s a c o m p r e ssedd i g i t a lso u n df i l ef o r m a t .
M P3 f i l e sa r eo n l ya r o u n do n e - t e n t h t h e si ze List ening
o f a n o r i g i n aCD
l f i l e ,b u t t h e s o u n dq u a l i t y
i st h e sa m e .l t i s t h e m o st p o p u l a rm e a n so f Op i n i o n s
t r a n sf e r r i nm
g u si co n t h e I n t e r n e t .
f i cet st u den t st o list en an d do t h e t ask Í n dividu ally.Telt t h em on 1yt o
list en f or t h e w avs Max an d Sam list en t o m u sic.

Or Max 5am
live CD s
o n l i n ef r o m Na p st e r album s
MP3 p l a y e r
m i n i d i sk s
online

ElAd d it ion alact iv it y
( w eak erst u d en t s)
Get each st u d en t t o b r ain st or m a list of
act ivit iest hey w ould like t o do one day, no
m at t er how silly, dif f icult , or dangerous
t h ey m ig h t b e ( su ch as clim b Ev er est ,g o
, iv e t o t h e Tit an ic
b u n g ee- j u m p in g d
. en , r n sm all g r ou p s,t ell each
w r eck ) Th
st u d en tt o m ak e st at em en t ssu ch as 17
lik et o d iv e t o t h e Tit an icon e d ay .Sh ou ldI
d o it 2Ot h er st u d en t sh av e t o m ak e
p oslt Í v eor n eg at iv e ad v ice,d ep en d in g on
t h e st u d en t ' ssk ills,p er son alit y ,et c: Yes,
y o u sh o u l d .Yo u ' r ea g o o d sw i m m e r ,o r I
d on ' t t h in k y ou sh ou ld . I t ' st oo d eep .
Pe r s o n ael n t e r t a i n m e n 4
t7
in dividu aliy. Ch eck
f i Cet st u den t st o list en an d n ot e dow n an sw els
an d
t h eir an SWeÍ S t h en play t h e r ecor din g again , if n ecessar y,t o con f ir m
t hoiv a Y- \ ( 1 i r r p Yq
Or t Nap st e r
7 Yo uca n m a k ey o u ro w n m u si cl i b r a r ya n d p l a y l i st s. Yoca u n e x ch a n g e
t r a ck sw i t h f r i e n d s.
3 Se v e nm i l l i o n
4 I t ' st h e f to n a h u g es c a l e . l dt a m a g e st h e m u s i ci n d u s t r ya n d c h e a t s
m u si ci an s.
5 Pe o p l eb u yf e w e rCD sso t h e i n d u st r yl o se si n co m e .
. a f t e ra n y o n ew h o
6 Se t u p t h e i ro w n s i t e sf o r s e l l i n go n l i n em u s i cCo
d o w n l o a d isl l e g a l l y .
7 CDsar eo v er - p r i ced I d. o n ' tseew h y w e sh o u l d n ' sh t ar et r ack sw i t h f r i en d s.
Languagespot
should / shouldn't
Ref er t o t h e Gr am m ar r ef er en ceon p. 120f or f u iler in f or m at ion . Like ot h er
m odals,t h e qu est ion f or m of sh ou ld is a sim ple in ver sion I sh ou ld . . .
b eco m esSh o u l d l . . . ?Th e au x i l i ar y d o / d o esi s n o t u sed w i t h m o d al s.Th e
n eg at i v ef o r m si m p l y ad d s n o t : Yo u sh o u l d . . .b eco m esYo ush o u l d n o t /
s h o u l d n ' .t . . .
No t e t h i s ex p r essi o nI: d o n ' t t h i n ky o u sh o u l d . .. . Th i s m ean s t h e sam e as
I t h i n k y o u sh o u l d n ' t. . . b u t i s m u ch m o r e co m m o n l y u sed .
Get st u den t st o do t h is in dividu allv.
O. r t Yo ush o u l d n ' d t ow n load 5 y o u s h o u l db u y
2 Yo ush o u l d 6 Yo ush o u l d n ' tg i v e
3 y o u s h o u l d n ' bt u y 7 Yo ush o u l du p d a t e
4 y o u s h o u l d n 'st h a r e 8 Yo us h o u l d n 'tto u c h
2 Rem Í n dst u d en t st h at sh o u l d an d sh o u l d n , tar e u sed w h en g i v i n g so m eo n e
advice.Ask t h em w h at dif f er en ceit w ou ld be Í ft h ey u sed m u st / m u st n , t
in st ead ( t h isw ou ld ch an ge it f r om advicet o an or der or in st r u ct ion ) .
Or t Yo ush o u l d n ' tb e l a t e .
2 Yo ush o u l dd r e sssm a r t l y .
3 Yo ush o u l dp r a ct i sea n sw e r i n gq u e st i o n sw i t h a f r i e n d .
4 Yo ush o u l db e h o n e st . Yo sh u o u l d n ' te x a g g e r a t e y o usk
r i l l s.
5 Yo ush o u l dp r e p a r eso m eq u e st i o n so f y o u r o w n .
6 Yo us h o u l dr e a du p a s m u c ha s y o uc a n a b o u tt h e c o m p a n y .
7 Yo ush o u l d n ' tl o o ka t t h e f l o o rw h e n y o u sp e a k .
8 Yo ush o u l dl o o ka t a l l t h e i n t e r v i e w e r s.
9 Yo ush o u l d n ' tl e a nb a cka n d l o o kb o r e d .
1 0 Yo ush o u l dsi t st r a i g h ta n d l o o kco n f i d e n t .
4 8 U n i t1 1

I t 'sm yj ob
1 Bef or e st u den t sr ead t h e t ext , ask t h em if an yon e h as an am bit ion t o w or k
in gam es design .Ask w h at qu alif icat ion s an d exper ien cem igh t be n eeded.
Hav e a sh o r t d i scu ssi o n an
, d t h en set t h e t ask b ef o r et h ey r ead t h e t ex t .

Or Job
Ca m e sT e st e r
Ca m e sD e s i g n e r
Co n ce p tAr t i st
3 - DA r t i s t
3 - DA n í m a t o r
Pr o du ce r
Pr o g r a m m e r
CCl e x p e r t
Wor k
p l a y sg a m e st o f i n d f a u l t s
cr e a t e si d e a sf o r g a m e s
m a k e s2 - Dd r a w i n g so f t h e c h a r a c t e r s
m a k e s3 - Dd r a w i n g s
a n i m a t e st h e ch ar a ct e r s
o v e r s e easn d m a k e ss u r ed e a d l i n eas r ek e p ta n d w o r k
g o e st o b u d g e t
w r i t e st h e p r o g r a mco d er e q u i r e df o r t h e g a m e
cr e a t e sr e a l i st i sl
c o w m o t i o na ct i o n

) Get st u o el \ t s t o I eao t l l e t ex l aBa\ n d l \ O. r . r tr\j i c i l t c áI t Sv uc | > ' , , . * ; u ' * * . a, . y .

Dr aw t h eir at t en t ion t o t h e m ean in gs of CGI an d dem o in t h e Top m ar gin .

Or t Yo un eedex p er i en ce t o g et a j o b an dy o u can ' t g et ex p er i en ce w i t h o u to n e.

2 A d e g r e ei n Co m p u t e sr c i e n c e a n da M a s t e r ' s ( p o s t g r a d u a t e ) d e g irne e
Co mp u t e rg am e st e chn o l o g Y.
3 He w as p ar t o f a st u d en tt eam w h o w o n a p r i zef o r a n i d eaf o r a v i d eo
g am e .T h e p r i zea l l o w e dt h e t e am t o d e v e l o pt h e g am e .
4 O n l i n eg a m i n gw i l l e x p a n d . Yo u b' lel a b l et o p l a yg a m e so n m a n y
n o t j u st co n so l e s.
d e v i ce s,
5 M e d i c a al n d m i l i t a r ys i m u l a t i o n s

Webquest
St u d en t scan w o r k i n sm al l g r o u p so r p ai r s t o d o t h i s r esear ch .

Vocabular y
New v o cab u l ar y
I Cet st u den t st o m at ch t h e w or ds w it h t h eir m ean in g. Th en discu ssbr ief ly
w h at i s m ean t b y a n ew u sef o r o l d w o r d s. Askt h em f o r t h e o l d m ean i n g o f
bqr n , r ip, an dt ag ( t o r ip an en velope open m ean s t o t ear it open r ou gh ly; t o
t ag som et h ln g m ean s t o at t ach a t ag, or iabel,t o it ) .Ask t h em w h at t w o
w or ds ar e com bin ed t o f or m podcast ( it com bin espod, as in iPod an d
El Ad d it ion alact iv it y b r o ad cast \ .
( st r on g erst u d en t s)
in g r ou p s,g et st u d en t st o sim u lat e a O. . r lb 2a 3 d 4c
m eet in g at w or k , w h er e t h eY h av e t o
an aly ze t h e r eason sw h y cer t ain g en r es 2 St u den t sbr ain st or m a f ew w or ds in dividu alt y an d w r it e t h em dow n . Th en
sell w ell an d ot h er s sell b ad ly .Teil t h em g et t h em t o ex p I aÍ nt h ei r m ean i n g t o t h ei r p ar t n er s.
t h at t h eir com p an y cu r r en t ly p r od u cesall
t h e g am es list ed in 2 in r ou g h ly eq u al
n u m b er s.Tell t h em t h e p u r p ose of t h eir
m eet in g is t o ag r eea ch an g e of sales
Pr oblem - solving
st r at eg yf or t h eir com p an y .Wh en t h ey l cet st u den t st o do t h is in dividu ally or Í npair s.
h av e f in ish ed t h eir m eet in g , g et on e or
t w o g r o u p m e m b e r st o p r e se n tt h e i r Or t St r at egy
d e ci si o n st o t h e cl a ss. 2 Sp o r t s
3 A g a m ew h e r e y o ua r ei n c h a r g eo í f o re x a m p l ea, n a r m yo r a n a t i o n , a n d
h av et o d eci d et h e b estw ay t o d ef eatt h e en em yo r ad v an cey o ur co un t r y .
 Pe r s o n ael n t e r t a i n m e n 4
t9

2 Get st u den t st o do t h is t ask in pair s.

Or 2 Fa m i l y a n d c h i l d r e n ' s 6 Sh o o t e r
3 Act i o n 7 Sp o r t s
4 Ro l e - p l a y 8 Ad v e n t u r e
5 St r at egy

* Ti p
To pm ar g i n Cust om e]CaÍ e
Askst u d e n ti fst h e yca nt h i n ko f a n yo t h e r
n a m e sf o r a f f l i c t i o n sc a u s e d b y h a n d h e l d Mak i n g su g g est i o n s
e l e c t r o n i cd e v i c e s .
Get st u den t st o r ead t h e cu st om er , sem aÍ l.Poin t ou t h er u se of t h e ph r ase
Dear Cu st o m ersu p p o r t b ecau sesh e d o esn ' tk n o w t h e n am e o f t h e su p p o r t
st af f .Th e t ext of h er em ail is ver y sh or t an d sim ple - sh e st at est h e pr oblem
sim piy an d asksf or h eip.

Get st u den t st o r ead t h e r eply.Poin t ou t t h at t h e w r it er gÍ vesa sim ple

explan at ion ,f ollow ed by a su ggest ion ( Tr y- ir g) . Poin t ou t t h at t h e
ex p r essi o n Th atsh o u l d w o r ki s d í f f er en ti n m ean Í n gf r o m t h e u se o f sh o u l d
as ad v i ce.Her e i t m ean s I t h i n k ( o r h o p e) t h at i t w i I I w o r k .Men t Í o nt h e u se o f
Regar ds, w h ichis com m on ly u sed in em ails, som et im es abbr eviat edt o
x Tip Rgds.

Ce t st u d e n t tso p r a c t i se sa y i n ge m a i l Get st u den t st o r ead t h e em ail an d t h en com pose a r eply.Poin t ou t t h e

a d d r e sseosu t l o u d : f riendly use of Hí and Cheers( w hich can m ean Thanks) .
su p p or tat lou d p layd ot com
samf at b lu eg r assd ot com O'r Possiblean sw er s
I illyq at soj om aild ot com To :Ii Il y q@so j o m ai Lco m
a n d s p a c i n g( w h i c hi s
T oc l a r i f y t h sep e l l i n g Fr o m: sup p o r t @l o u dp l a y . co m
v e r yi m p o r t an t i n e m a i la d dr e sse s)
the D e a rL i l l y
sp eak erm ay say A l l o u r c l i p sa r ei n W i n d o w sM e d i af o r m a ts o c h e c k y o uh a v eW i n d o w s
samf - t h at ' son e w or d - at b lu eg r ass- all
Me d i a Pl a y e ri n st al l e d .l f y o u ' r esu r ey o u h a v ei t ,ch e cky o ur sy st e mso un d
on ew or d- d ot com
se t t i n g s. T rt yu r n i n gu p t h e so un d .l f t h a t d o e sn ' tw o r k ,t r y t u r n i n gu p t h e
lillyq - on e w or d - at soj om ail- t h at ' sS- O- J-
so u n do n y o u r m e d i ap l a y e r .
O- m ail- all on e w or d - d ot com
Re f est
r u d e n t st o Reg ar ds
Sy m b olsan d ch ar act er st ab leon p . 114. Cu s t o m e sr u p p o r t

Pairw oÍ k
I n p ai r s,g et st u d en t st o co m p l et et h ei r t ab l e b y ask i n g each o t h er
qu est ion s.Wh en t h ey h ave f in ish ed, get t h em t o ch eck t h eir an sw er s by
lookin g at each ot h er 'sin f or m at ion .

Key w ords
Go t h r ou gh t h e list of w or ds t o ch eck st u den t s'pr on u n ciat ion an d
u n d er st an d i n g Ref
. ert h em t o t h e Gl o ssar yi f n ecessar y .
5 0 U n i t1 2
Back g r o u n d
I n f or m at ion Tech n ology ( lT)is t h e applicat ion of
com pu t er s t o all aspect sof t ech n ology.I n t h is u n it , t h e
f ocu s is on applicat ion s in car m an u f act u r in g. Com pu t er s
ar e in volved in ever y st age of car m an u f act u r e,in clu din g
design , m ach in in g, assem bly,or der in g of par t s,qu alit y
con t r ol,an d dist r ibu t ion of t h e f in ish ed veh Í cie.To t est
veh icle saf et y,com pu t er s can sim u lat e t h e ef f ect of a
cr ash t est ,w h i ch i s m u ch ch eap ert h an cr ash i n gr eal
veh icles. Com pu t er s can also sim u lat e dif f er en t assem bly
m et h ods so t h at t h e best can be pu t in t o pr act ice.Th ey
allow design s t o be ch an ged an d def ect s( f au lt s)cor r ect ed
easily an d qu ickly.Th ey aiiow desÍ gn st o be cu st om ized
( m an u f act u r edf ollow in g a cu st om er 'sin dividu al
sp eci f i cat i o n s) .
CAD ( Com pu t er - aided design ) h as r eplacedw or kin g w it h
paper an d m akin g m odels f r om w ood, clay,or polyst yr en e
( seeUn it 3) .CAD pr ogr am s allow 3- D ( t h r ee- dim en sion al)
i m ag es t o b e p r o d u cedo n scr een .Di m en si o n scan b e
caicu lat ed easily an d t h e f or cesact in g on dif f er en t par t s
of t h e st r u ct u r e can be sh ow n . Th e dat a can be sen t t o a
r apid m odellin g device w h ich w ill pr odu ce a solid m odel.
On ce t h e design h as been appr oved, t h ecom plet e CAD f ile
is im por t ed in t o a CAM ( Com pu t er - aidedm an u f act u r e)
pr ogr am , w h er e t h e m ach in in g oper at ion sar e plan n ed.
Th is dat a is t h en con ver t edin t o a set of in st r u ct ion s w h ich
can be r ead by a CNC ( Com pu t er n u m er ical con t r ol)
Sw it ch on
I Get st u den t st o w or k in pair s an d br ain st or m ideas.
2 Get st u den t st o do t h e m at ch in g exer cisein dividu ally or in pair s.
Os 7 , 1 4 , 8a
6 , , l 3 ,b5
.l,8,5
c 9f
3 Get st u den t st o w or k in dividu ally t o m ake a list of u ses f or com pu t er s in
t h eir ar ea of t ech n ology,t h en sh ar e t h eir ideas w it h t h e r est of t h e class.
con t r oller .Th is au t om at esali t h e m ach in e t ools w h ich
m an u f act u r e t h e pr odu ct .Th is w h ole com pu t er ized
pÍ ocesS f r om design t o m an u f act u r e is kn ow n as
CADCAM.
Th e t er m CI M ( Com pu t er - in t egr at ed m an u f act u r in g)
in clu des CADCAM bu t t akes t h e pr ocesseven f u r t h er . I n
CI M, all aspect sof m an u f act u r in g in clu din g t h e su pply of
p ar t st o q u al i t y assu r an cei s co m p u t er co n t r o l l ed Th
. is
per m it s f ast er pr odu ct ion t im es, a dr am at ic decr easein
t h e n u m ber of w or ker s r equ ir ed,an d a low er r isk of
h u m an er r or .CI M also allow s m an u f act u r er s t o m ove par t
of t h eir oper at ion t o cou n t r ies w h er e cost sar e low er . For
ex am p l e,d esi g n m ay t ak e p l ace i n o n e co u n t r y an d
m an u f act u r in g in an ot h er .Wh er e in t er n at ion al
coilabor at ionin volvesdif f er en t n at lon al com pan ies in a
sin gle pr oj ect ,su ch as t h e Air bu s, CI M en ables par t s t o be
design ed an d m an u f act u r ed in dif f er en t cou n t r ies t h en
t r an spor t edt o an ot h er locat ion f or f in al assem bly.
I n ever yday per son al com pu t in g, com pu t er s ar e at t ach ed
t o a r an g e o f p er i p h er al s( ex t er n ald ev i ces) So
. m e o f t h ese
ar e in pu t devices( w h í chf eed in f or m at ion in t o t h e
co m p u t er ,su ch as scan n er ,w eb cam er a,j o y p ad ,m o u se,
an d so on . A w i- f i m ou se com m u n icat es w ir elessly w it h
t h e com pu t er ) .Ou t pu t devices ( w h ich car r y in f or m at ion
ou t of t h e com pu t er ) in clu de pr in t er s ( laser ,in kj et , or dot -
m at r i x ) ,an d f l at scr eenm o n i t o r s.So m e p er i p h er al sar e
bot h in pu t an d ou t pu t , su ch as voice- overin t er n et
p r o t o co l( Vo l P)p h o n es.
3 , 1 0d 2 , 1 6h
4 , 1 5e 12, 8i
11j
 I n f o r m a t i otne c h n o l o g y5 1

* Ti p Reading
Br Esp e l l i n g p r o g r a mi s o n l y u se d CADCAM
o a c o m p u t e rp r o g r a m( c o d e )
r e f e r r i nt g
I Cet st u den t st o discu sst h is br ief ly w it h t h eir par t n er .Th en ch eck t h e
Br Esp e l l i n g pr ogr am m e i s u se df o r o t h e r
an sw er s w it h t h e w h ole class.
c o n t e x t sus, c ha s a st u d yp r o g r a m m e
( c o u r se o r) a T V o r r a d i op r o g r a m m e
Or 2 - Da n d 3 - DCAD CAM
Am Eu se st h e sp e l l i n gp r o g r a mf o r a l l
si m u l at edc r a s h CI M
con t ext s

2 Ask each st u den t ,w or kin g in dividu ally,t o n ot e dow n w h at t h ey t h in k t h e

t er m s m ean . Th en get t h em t o scan t h e t ext qu ickly t o f in d t h e an sw er s.

Or t Co m p u t e r - a i d edde si g n
2 Co m p u t e r - a i d emd a n u f a ct u r i n g
3 Co m p u t e r - i n t e g r a t m
e da n u f a ct u r i n g
4 Co m p u t e r - n u m e r i ca col n t r o l

Teli st u den t st o r ead t h e t ext m or e car ef u lly an d w r it e a set of sh or t n ot es,

each on e begin n in g w it h a ver b as in t h e exam ple. Th en discu ss an sw er s
w it h t h e class.

Or cal cu l at ef o r cesf r o m a d esi g n o r d e rn e w s u p p l i e s

sim u l a t ecr a sh - t e st i n g
s i m u l a t ea s s e m b l y
co n t r o ml a ch i n et o o l s
co n t r o tl h e a sse m b l yl in e
m o n i t o rs u p p l i e s
co n t r o lr o b o t s
i n s p e ct h e f i n i s h e dv e h i c l e
c h e c kp a i n tt h i c k n e s s
ch e ckh o w w e l l t h e d o o r sf i t

El Ad d it ion alact iv it y
( st r on g er
st u d en t s)
I nsm all g r ou p s,ask st u d en t st o con sid er
t h isq u est ion :How ar e com p u t er sÍ n v olv ed
i n t h esa l e s, l i ce n si n g
d ,a i l y u se ,se r v i ci n g ,
an dscr ap p in gof car s?As a r esu lt of t h e
d iscu ssiont,h ey sh ou ld p r od u cea list of
u sesin n ot e f or m , an d t h en som e
m em b er sof t h e g r ou p sh ou ld g iv e a sh or t
exp lan at iont o t h e r est of t h e class,
r ef er r in gon ly t o t h eir n ot es.( Tellt h e
g r ou p sn ot t o w r it e ou t t h e w h ole
exp lan at ion . )
4 Cet st u den t st o r ead t h e t ext again an d do t h is t ask in dividu alt y.Do t h e f ir st
on e w it h t h e classas an exam ple.
Or Past
1 d e si g n sp r o d u ce do n p a p e r
2 d i m e n s i o ncsa l c u l a t ebd y
m easu r i n g
3 m o d e l sm a d eb y h a n d
4 r e a lca r scr a sh - t e st e d
5 w e l d i n gd o n eb y h a n d
6 ca r si n sp e ct e db y p e o p l e
7 su p p l i e so r d e r e db y st a f f
8 p a i n t i n gd o n eb y w o r k e r s
Pr esen t
d e si g n sp r o d u ce db y CAD p r o g r a m s
d i m e n s i o n csal c u l a t e db y
CAD sof t w ar e
m o d e l sm a d eb y r a p i dm o d e l l i n gd e v i ce s
sim u l a t e dcar scr a sh - t e st e d
w e l d i n gd o n e b y r o b o t s
car si n sp ect edb y r o b o t s
su p p l i e so r d e r e db y co m p u t e r
p a i n t i n gd o n e b y r o b o t s

x Tip Languagespot
To pm ar g i n
t h e qu ot e.Ask st u den t st o f in d ou t
Discu ss
Past Passive
h ow ot h er I n f or m at ion Tech n olog y Ref ert o Gr am m ar r ef er en cep. 7} I f orm or e backgr ou n d in f or m at ion abou t
com p an iescam e u p w it h t h eir n am es,e. g . t h e u se of t h e Past Passive.Poin t ou t t h at t h e Passiveis u sed becau set h e
t h en am e Goog le or ig in at ed f r om a
speaker or w r it er w an t s t o f ocu s ou r at t en t ion on t h e pr ocessor act ion
m issp ellin gof g oog ol w h ich r ef er st o 10' ' -
r at h er t h an w h o or w h at car r iesou t t h e act ion .
( al f ollow ed b y on e- h u n d r edzer os) .
Get st u den t st o do t h is exer cisein dividu ally in w r it in g based on t h e t able in
Read i n g4 .
5 2 U n i t1 2
El Ad d it ion alact iv it y
( w eak erst u d en t s)
Get st u d en t s in g r ou p s t o b r ain st or m a list
of sim ple act ivÍ t iesw hich have changed
ov er t im e. Tell t h em t o w r it e sh or t n ot es
ab ou t t h e p ast an d p r esen t in t w o
colu m n s. ( Th isw ill b e sim ilar t o t h e on e in
Read in g 4, b u t u sin g ev er y d aycon t ext s. )
For exam p le:
Past Present
r id e h or ses d r iv e car s
cook m eals on f ir es cook m eals Í nov en s
Th en t h ey t ak e t u r n s t o say sim p le
d ialog u es b ased on t h e t ab le:
A I n t h ep ast ,p eop le r od e h or ses.
B Bu t n ow , t h eyd r iv e car s.
Wh er e ap p r op r iat e,t h ey sh ou ld u se t h e
Past Passiv e:
A I n t he old days, m eals w ere cooked
on f ir es.
B Bu t n ow , t h ey ' r ecook edin ov en s.
Ch eck t h e g r ou p s' list sf or sim p licit y
b ef or e t h ey b eg in t h e d ialog u es.
O' r 1 Desi g n sw er e p r o d u cedo n p ap er .
2 D i m e n s i o nws e r ec a l c u l a t ebd y m e a s u r i n g ,
3 Mo d e l sw e r em a d eb y h a n d .
4 Re a lca r sw e r ecr a sh - t e st e d .
5 W e l d i n gw a sd o n eb y h a n d .
6 Ca r sw e r ei n sp e ct e db y p e o p l e .
7 Su p p l i esw er eo r d er edb y st af f .
8 Pa i n t i n gw a s d o n eb y w o r k e r s.
2 Get st u den t st o do t h is in dividu ally in w r it in g. Tell t h em t o add t h e secon d
h alf t o each sen t en cet h ey w r ot e in t h e pr eviou s exer cise.
Or 2 D i m e n si o n w s e r eca l cu l a t e db y m e a su r i n gb u t n o w t h e ya r eca l cu l a t e d
by CAD sof t w ar e.
3 Mo d e l sw e r em a d eb y h a n d b u t n o w t h e ya r e m a d e b y r a p i d
m o d e l l i n gd e v i ce s.
4 Re a l ca r sw e r ecr a sh - t e st ebdu t n o w si m u l a t e dca r sa r ecr a sh - t e st e d .
5 W e l d i n gw a s d o n eb y h a n d b u t n o w i t i s d o n e b y r o b o t s.
6 Car sw er e i n sp ect edb y p eo p l eb u t n o w t h ey ar e i n sp ect edb y r o b o t s.
7 Su p p l i esw er o e r d er edb y st af fb u t n o w t h ey ar eo r d er ed b y co m p u t er .
8 Pa i n t i n gw a s d o n eb y w o r k e r sb u t n o w i t i s d o n eb y r o b o t s.
List ening
Descr i b i n gch an g es
f i ast st u den t st o r ead t h e in f or m at ion abou t Lau r a San t in i, an d get t h em
t o su ggest an y ch an gesw h ich t h ey t h in k h ave t aken place in t h e f ood
in du st r y.Th en get st u den t st o list en an d n ot e dow n t h e six ch an ges
m en t ion ed.
Or t Ca n sm a d e f r o m t w o p i e ce s, n o t t h r e e 4 Pu l lt a b so n a l l o u r r a n g e
2 Fast erp r o cess 5 La b e l sp r i n t e do n t ot h e ca n
3 Le ssm e t a lu se d 6 H a l ft h e w o r k f o r ce
f ) Wf r en t h ey h ave all com plet ed t h eir n ot es,get t h em t o com par e t h eir
an sw er s w it h t h eir par t n er ,an d m ake an y n ecessar ych an ges.Th en play
t h e r ecor din g again w h ile t h ey look at t h eir n ot es.
I t 'sm yj ob
I n pair s get st u den t st o discu sst h e qu est ion s.Do n ot cor r ectt h eir an sw er s
bu t get t h em t o ch eck t h eir an sw er s in t h e r eadin g t ext .
Get st u den t st o w r it e t h e an sw er s t o t h e ou est ion s.Ch eck t h eir an sw er s.
o.Í 1 Th r o u g han ag en cy
2 Yo uh av et o d ealw i t h p eo p l e' em s o t i o n si n ad d i t i o nt o t ech n i calp r o b l em s.
3 Fr u st r a t eadn d a n g r y
4 Yo ul e a r np e o p l e - h a n d l i ns kg i l l sa n d q u i c kt h i n k i n g .
5 l t ' sn o t w e l l p a i d .
6 l t ' sb e t t e rp a i d , y o ud e a l w i t hp e o p l ef a ce - t o - f a ce
a n, d t h e w o r k i s
m o r ei n t e r e st i n g .
7 Ma n u f a ct u r e r s' w esi b t e sa n d n e w sg r o u p s
8 l t ' sg o o d f o r h er f u t u r ecar eer .
 l n f o r m a t i otne c h n o l o g y5 3

3 Do t h is or allvw it h t h e w h ole class.

Or a so f t sk i l l s c f a ce - t o - f a ce
b t r o u b l e - sh o o t i n g d t a k i n gc a l l s

Cust om eÍCaÍ e
Wo r k i n go n a h el pd esk
1 Ch eck t h at st u den t su n der st an d t h e f u n ct ion s of t h e t er m s on t h e f or m .
Next t o Advice given t h ey w r it e a br ief n ot e explaln in g w h at advice t h ey
h ave given t o t h e cu st om er .I f t h e pr oblem is solved on t h e ph on e, t h ey
delet eA/ on ext t o Clear edby ph on e. I f n ot , an d a t ech n ician n eeds t o visit t h e
cu st om er ,t h ey delet e1Von ext t o Requ ir esvisr t .

2 6) Cet st u den t st o list en an d com plet e t h e f or m . lf t h ey can n ot com plet e it

w it h a sin gle list en in g, playt h e r ecor din g again .

Or l t em Pr i n t er
Lo cat i o n Acco un t s
Ma k e HP
Mo d el Laser j et2 4 OO
Pr o b l e m No t p r i n t i n gf o l l o w i n ga p a p e rj a m
Ad v i ceg i v e n Ch e ckSt a t u sa n d Pu r g ePr i n tD o cu m e n t
Cl ear edb y p h o n e Yes
Req u i r esv i si t No

Get t h em t o r o l e- p l ayt h e h el p d esk t ech n i ci an an d t h e cu st o m er ,u si n g

t h e f or m .

4 Wh en t h ey h ave f in ish ed 3,get t h em t o r ead t h e llst en in g scr ipt on p. 128

an d n ot e dow n an y u sef u l ph r ases.

x Tip Vocabular y
T o pm a r g i n
Co l l o cat i o n s
D i sc u sst h e q u o t e .Re a dt h e m t h e seo t h e r
qu o t e sa b o u t In f o r m a t i o nT e chn o l o g yt h a t 1 Cet st u den t st o m at ch A an d B.
w e r ea l soi n a c c u r a t e .
'Ther e Or c l i c ko n + a n i c o n s c r o l ul p / d o w n+ a p a g e
i s n o r e a so nf o r a n y i n d i v i d u a l t o
h a v ea c o m p u t eirn h i sh o m e . ' K eO nl sen , ca l cu l a t e+ co st s su r f+ t h e W e b
Pr e s i d e nDti g i t aEq
l uipm ent d i sp l a y+ i n f o r m a t i o n se l e ctf r o m + a m e nu
'640k
o u g h tt o b e e n o u g hf o r a n y o n e . ' Bi l l c r e a t e + an e w d o c u m e n t
Ca t e s
'lt hink
t h e r ei s a w o r l d m a r k e tf o r m a y b e
2 Tell st u den t st o u se w or ds an d ph r asesf r om 1.
f i v ec o mp u t e r s. ' T h o m J.a sW a t so n ,
Pr e si d e nf to, un d e rI BM
Or 1 in f or m at ion 4 co st s 7 a n ew d ocu m en t
2 i co n 5 t h e page 8 m enu
3 p i ct u r e s 6 t heWeb

Pr on u n ciat ion
- ed Í or mof ver bsan d w or dsw it h silen t let t er s
Give a f ew exam ples w h en explain ln g abou t t h e t h r ee w ays of
p r o n o u n ct n g - ed .( Fo rex am p l ep u sh edl t l ; cl o sedl d l ; m o u l d ed l f i l . )
5 4 U n i t1 2

f ) Cet st u den t st o w r it e t h e w or ds in t o t h e cor r ect colu m n s as t h ey list en

eT ltl ldl ltdl

f i n i sh ed co n t r o l l ed co n st r u ct ed
m i x ed cu st o m i zed i n t eg r at ed
p r o d u ce d dam aged invent ed
se a r ch e d d i sa b l e d oper at ed
w o r k ed p l an n ed r ef l ect ed

f i Cet st u den t st o list en an d ch eck t h eir an sw er s. I ft h ey m ake m an y

ch an ges, lett h em list en on ce m or e t o con f ir m t h eir an sw er s.

x Tip Let st u den t sdiscu sst h is f or a sh or t w h ile w it h t h eir par t n er s an d t h en t ake

v e r b se n d i ng i n a l t l o r / d / so u n dt a k e/ r cl / su ggest ion sf r om t h e class.Tr y t o elicit t h ese r u les f r om st u den t s ( seelt p) .
v e r b se n d i n gi n a n u n v o i c e cdo n s o n a n t
4 Get st u den t st o do t h is t ask Í n dividu allv.Ch eck t h eir an sw er s.
s u c ha s / s ti a k e r t /
v e r b se n d i n gi n a v o i c e dc o n so n a n ot r v o w e l Or t l i st e n i n g 4 pn eu m at ic 7 w ou{ d
t a k ei d l
2 m ight 5 sh o u l d
3 m odellin g 6 veh icle

5 f ) Cet st u den t st o list en an d ch eck t h eir an sw er s.

Speaking
Co m p u t eÍp eÍ i Ph er a| s
Ch eck st u den t su n der st an d t h e m ean Í n gof per iph er alsby askin g f or
exam pies (pr in t er ,scan n er , m ou se,speaker s).

Wh en bot h st u den t sh ave com plet edt h e t ask, t h ey can look at each ot h er 's
page t o ch eck t h at t h ey h ave iden t if ied t h e per iph er alscor r ect iy.

x Tip Get st u den t st o w or k in pair s t o do t h is t ask.

l n p u t - e q u i p m e n t h a t d i r e c t si n f o r m a t i o n
Or I n pu t Ou t pu t I nput Ou t p u t
I n t ot h e c o m p u t e rsu
, c ha s a m o u se
Ou t p u t- e q u i p m e n t h a t p r o c e sse s
j oypad pr in t er Vo l Pp h o n e( b o t h ) Vo l Pp h o n e( b o t h )
inf or m at ion c o m i n go u t o f t h e c o m p u t e r , w i f i m o u se m onit or scann e r
s u c ha s a p r i n t e r w e b ca m e r a so e a k e r s

Webquest
t t cTip Get st u den t st o com plet e t h e t able in dividu ally an d t h en t o com par e t h eir
I n m e a su r i n gc o m p u t e rsp e e d st h e t e r m an sw eÍ san d discu sSan y dif f er en cesw Í t h ot h er s in t h e glou p.
, , 2, : : lT m ean s t r ilt ionop er at ion sp er
I n 2005,t h e f Í vef ast est com pu t er SWCI C:Blu e Gen e,BGW Colu m bia, Ear t h
k i l o = t h o u sa n d Sim u lat or ,Mar e Nost r u m . Bu t t h e sit u at ion ch an gesr apidly: f or exam ple,
r h ela = m illion Ch in a is bu ildin g a 100t er af lop com pu t er an d Japan h as plan s f or a 10
g ig a = b illion pet af lop ( 10qu adr illion ) m ach in e by 2011.
t er a = t r illion
p ct a = q u ad r illion
Key w oÍ ds
Go t h r ou gh t h e list of w or ds t o ch eck st u den t s'pr on u n ciat ion an d
u n der st an din g.Ref er t h em t o t h e Glossar yif n ecessar y.
 U n i tl 3 5 5

Barkground Digit al syst em su se a st r eam of ON or OFFsign als,w h ich is

Telecom m u n icat ion is as ver y im por t an t ar ea of
in a w or ld w h er e t h e f ast t r an sm issÍ onof
t ech n ology
lar geran dlar geram ou n t s of in f or m at ion ( or dat a) is
t o t h e sm oot h r u n n in g of bu sin ess,gover n m en t ,
essen t ial
an dsociet y. Globalizat ionm ean s t h at m u ch of t h is
f low is in t er n at ion al.Th e in f or m at ion
in f or m at ion
can be sou n d,im ages, docu m en t s,dat a
t lan sm it t ed
com pu t er s,an d r eadin gs f r om m easu r in g
ou t pu t f r om
an d in st r u m en t s.
devices
Teiecom m u n icat ion insclu des t eleph on y,r adio,t elevision ,
em ail,f ax,t elem et r y ( m easu r in g qu an t it ies at a dist an ce) ,
an ddat at r an sm issionf r om on e com pu t er t o an ot h er in a
Dat ais t r an sm it t ed in t h e f or m of sign als,w h ich
n et w or k.
cant aket h e f or m of elect r icalpu lses ( car r iedby copper
or w ir e) , ligh tpu lses ( car r iedby f ibr e opt ic cable,
cable
m adeof glassor plast ic) ,or r adio w aves ( t r an sm it t ed
an t en n ason t h e gr ou n d, or bet w een sat ellit e
bet w een
dish es on t h e gr ou n d an d sat ellit esin or bit ar ou n d t h e
ear t hFibr
) . eopt ic cablesof f er m an y advan t agesover
copper cables.Th e capacit y of copper w Í r est o car r y
sign als is lim it ed.Wit h f ibr e opt ic cables,m an y f ibr es can
bebu n dledt oget h er allow in g m u ch m or e dat a ( w h et h er
ph on ecalls,TV ch an n eis,or in t er n et dat a) t o be car r ied.
Radio t r an sm ission sh ave t h e advan t ageof cover in g w ide
ar eas,an d n ot r equ ir in g t h e expen se an d t r ou ble of layin g
an dm ain t ain in g cables.
Mor ean d m or e in f or m at ion Í sn ow sen t in digit al f or m at ,
w h ilean alogu esyst em s ar e likely t o dÍ sappealSoon .
An alogu esyst em su se a con t in u ou slyvar yin g sign al an d
ar em or elikely t o su f f er f r om n oise an d in t er f er en ce.
m ore accurat eand resist sint erf erencef rom ext ernai
sou lces.Digit al r adio an d h igh - def Í n it iondigit al t elevision
pr ovideh igh er qu alit y sou n d an d pict u r est h an an alogu e
f or m at s.Th e sou n dsan d im agesw e h ear an d seein r eal lif e
ar e an alogu e,an d t h er ef or em u st be con ver t edin t o digit al
f orm at bef oret hey can be t ransm it t ed digit ally. Older
an alogu edevicessu ch as t eleph on esn eed an ext r a device,
an an alogu et eieph on eadapt or ( af A) t o adapt or con ver t
an alogu esou n d in t o digí t alsign als,an d an alogu eTV set s
n eed a specialadapt orboxt o con ver tdigit al TV sign alsin t o
an alogu epict u r es.Recen tdevices,su ch as I Pph on es an d
digit al TV set salready have t he adapt orsbuilt in.
Voice over I n t er n et Pr ot ocol ( VoI P)ailow s t h e in t er n et t o
be u sed f or t eleph on e com m u n icat ion . Dat a is
com pr essedby t h e caller 'scom pu t er ,an d sen t in t in y
u n it s ( cailedpacket s) ,each t r avellin g by dif f er en t r ou t es,
decided by a device called a r ou t er .Each packet h as it s
ow n u n iqu e iden t if icat ion an d addr ess,so t h e m essage
can be r eassem bledby t h e r eceivin g com pu t er .VolP of f er s
m u ch ch eaper calls t h an t r adit ion al t eleph on e syst em s.
Mobile ph on es ( Am E cell ph on es) h ave becom e essen t ial
it em s f or m an y people.Th ey ar e,in ef f ect ,sm all r adio
t r an sm it t er s:t h ey con ver t sou n d in t o digit al r adio w aves
w h ich ar e t h en t r an sm it t ed via t h eir an t en n as t o t h e
n ear estm o b i l e p h o n e t o w er s.New m o d el s ar e i n t r o d u ced
ever y year w it h addit ion al f eat u r es.Text an d ph ot o
m essag i n gar e u su al l y st an d ar d .Mo st m o b i l e p h o n es
allow I n t er n et con n ect ion s,in clu de digit al cam er as,
per m it MP3 m u sic f iles t o be played,an d h ave bu iit - in
n avigat ion syst em s.

Sw it chon
I n sm all gr ou ps,get st u den t st o br ain st or m an d ch oose on e t eam m em ber
t o w r it e dow n all t h e possiblew ays of sen din g an d r eceivin g m essages.
En cou r aget h em t o t h in k of u n u su al w ays, su ch as car r ierpigeon s,t w o can s
j oin ed by st r in g, sm okesign als,sem aph or e,Br aille,sign lan gu age,t appin g on
aw at er p i p e i n a p r i so n cel l , an dso o n . Get each g r o u p t o r ep o r t b ack t o t h e
w h o l e cl ass.

Get st u den t st o do t h is t ask in dividu allv.

Or A f ib r eop t iccab le D sp a cesa t e l l i t e

B sa t e l l i t ed i sh E 3 Cp h o n e
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3 I n pair s,get st u den t st o ch ooseon e device each an d explain t o t h eir par t n er

w h at it does.Not e t h at t h is is a dem an din g t ask, an d you w ill n eed t o h elp
w eaker st u den t sw it h Í deasan d lan gu age.Give w eaker st u den t svocabu lar y
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Or n Ca r r i e sl a r g ea m o u n t so f d a t a
B Re c e i vaen dt r a n s m i st i g n a l so n e a r t h
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T V p i ct u r e
D Or b i t st h e e a r t h .Re ce i v easn d t r a n sm i t ssi g n a l s
E Re ce i v easn d t r a n sm i t st e l e p h o n eca l l sa sw e l l a s l i v ev i d e oa n d p i ct u r e s
F Re c e i v edsi g i t a rl a d i ot r a n s m i s s i o n s

I t 'sm yj ob
f i f et t st u den t st o list en an d n ot e dow n t h e an sw er st o t h e qu est ion s.

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f i b r e - o p t i nc e t w o r k s, Vo lpPh o n e s,a ( t e l e p h o n el i)n e ,a ( sa t e l l i t ed)i sh .
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f , ) f et t st u den t st o list en again , an d n ot e dow n t h e an sw er s t o t h e

q u est i o n s.Di scu sst h ei r an sw er s,an d p l ay ag ai n w h er e n ecessar y .

oÍ 1 | nt h e a r m y
2 Ch an g ef r o m co p p ercab l est o f i b r e- o p t i ca c b l es.Ch an g et o Vo l Pp h o n es
3 T h ee q u i p m e n ht a sg o t m o r ec o m p l e xa n d a l s ol i g h t e r .
4 Be i n ga b l et o e x p l a i nt o c l i e n t sq u i t ec o m p l i c a t etde c h n o l o g iyn
s i m p l et e r m s
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language spot
Past Sim plev Pr esen tPer f ect
Dí scu sst h i s q u est i o nw i t h t h e w h o l e cl ass'E] i ci tt h e an sw er t h at sen t en ces
1- 3 u se t h e Past Sim ple becau set h e speakeris t alkin g abou t t h in gs t h at
h appen ed du r in g h is t im e in t h e aÍ m y,a per iod of t im e t h at en ded eigh t
year s ago.Sen t en ces4- 6 u se t h e Pr esen tPer f ect becau set h e speaker is
r ef er r in g t o even t sw h ich t ook place du r in g a per iod of t im e u p t o t h e
pr esen t .Sen t en ce4 r ef er st o h is t Í m ein t h e com pan y,w h ich is st Í I I
con t in u in g. Sen t en ces5 an d 6 r ef er t o h is w h ole w or kin g lif e, w h ich is also
st ill con t in u in g.

Get st u den t st o do t h is in dividu ally in w r it in g. Discu ss t h eir an sw er s.

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Discu sst h e DocoMo n et w or k. Ask t h e st u den t sh ow lon g u n t il t h is
t ech n ology w ill be availabie in t h eir cou n t r ies.Th e f in ger pr in t scan n er is a
pr ot ect ion f r om f r au d, on ly t h e r egist er edu ser can u se t h e elect r on icw allet .

Pr onunciat ion
Past Sim plev Pr esen tPer f ect
E Ad d l t i o n a l a ct i v i t y Qu ickly r evise t h e dif f er en ceÍ nf or m bet w een t h e Pr esen t Per f ect an d Past
( w eak erst u d en t s) SÍ m ple.Bef or eplay1n gt h e t ext , discu sst h e f ir st it em an d elicit t h at 1ais t h e
I np air sor sm all g r ou p s,st u d en t sask Pr esen t Per f ect an d lb is t h e Past Sim ple. lf t h ey ar e in an y dou bt , discu ssa
eachot h er q u est ion sb eg in n in g Hav e y ou f ew m or e exam ples in t h is w ay bef or e playin g t h e t ext .
ev er. . . 7 St u d en t sr ep ly t r u t h f u lly : No,1
h av en ' tor Yes, Ih av e. lf t h ey an sw er y es, 1 f i r h en get st u den t st o lí st enan d t ick t h e sen t en cet h ey h ear .
h av e, t h eq u est ion er ask s a f ollow - u p
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B I d iv edf r om af ish in g b oat t w oy ear s ag o.
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Get A an d B t o ask each ot h er qu est ion s an d com plet e t h e t able. Wh en t h ey
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x Tip
ch eck t h eir an sw er s.
T o pm a r g i n
D i sc u ss
t h e q u o t e s.Ask st u d e n t st o
r e se a r coht h e rf i r st s,su c ha s r a d i oa n dT V
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l ct i v i t y
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I n p air s,g et st u d en t st o r ole- p laya Volp
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act as if h e / sh e k n ow s v er y lit t le ab ou t it , O. r 2 b 3f 4a 5g 6d tc
an d t o k eep ask in g q u est ion st o clar if y
p oin t s.

Cust om eÍGaÍ e
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Ex p l ai n i n gi n si m p l et er m s
Am Esp e l l i ng i s a n a l o g 1 set t h i s ex er cÍ se
b ef o r et h e I esso n an
, d ask each st u d en t t o sear chf o r
T h et w o r e c o m m e n d ew d e b si t e sa r e
in f or m at ion on t h e device or pr ocesst h ey h ave been given . Th en in t h e
A m e r i c aann d s o t h e A m e r i c a ns p e l l i n g
of
I esso n g, et t h em t o ex p l ai n i t t o each o t h er i n p ai r s.
a n a l o gi s g í v e ni n t h e e x e r c i se .
5 8 U n i t1 3

2 ( , r )llayt h e r ecor din g t w ice, an d ask st u den t st o m ake n ot es,as f ollow s:

f ir st , m ake n ot es abou t con t en t ; secon d,n ot e dow n u sef u l w or ds an d
p h r ases.Ask st u d en t st o r ead o u t t h ei r n o t es,an d g i v e t h em so m e f eed b ack
on w h at t h ey h ave n ot iced.

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Ce o st a t i o n a r oy r b i t m o v e sa t t h e sa m e Sat ellit ecom mu nicat ion ssyst em s
sp e e da s t h e Ea r t h ' sr o t a t i o nso, t hat it
I Get st u den t st o st u dy t h e diagr am s an d an sw er t h e qu est ion s.Get w eaker
a p p e a r st o b e st a t i o n a r ay t t h e sa m e
l o c a t i o na b o v et h e Ea r t h Co
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st u d en t st o d o t h i s t ask i n sm ai l g r o u p s.Ch eckt h at w eak er st u d en t sk n o w
e eans
t h e a r e ao f t h e Ea r t h ' su
s r f a c ew h i c hc a n t h e m ean in gof or bit .
r e c e i v ea si g n a l f r o mt h e sa t e l l i t eCl
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2 Th r ee
st u d e n t sf o r e x am o l e so f o t h e rw o r d sw i t h 3 l t i se a si e tr o l a u n cht h e m i n t ot h e i ro r b i t i n gp o si t i o na r o u n dt h e Eq u a t o r .
t h e p r ef ixg eo- ,m ean in gt h e Ear t h ( g eolog y , 4 T V r a d i o , t e l e p h o nbyr,o a d b a n dse r v i ce s, m i l i t a r yco m m u n i ca t i o n s,
geography,geom et ry) . v i d eo - co n f er enncig ,et c.

Get st u d en t st o r ead t h e t ex t an d t h e t ab l e.Ch eckt h at t h ey u n d er st an dt h e

dif f er en cebet w een geost at ion ar y( seeTip) an d geosyn ch r on ou s( explain ed
i n t h e St u d en t ' sBo o k ) .

Get st u d en t st o ch o o seo n e o f t h e sy st em sm en t i o n ed an d co m p l et et h e
f o r m i n t h e sam e w ay . St r o n g erst u d en t scan d o al l t h r ee sy st em s.W eak er
st u den t scan w or k in sm all gr ou ps,ch eckin g dif f er en t w eb sit es an d
sh ar Í n gt h e Í n f or m at ion .

O'r Syst em SESAst r a

Use df o r Dí g it alTV an d r adio
Nu m b ero f sat el l i t es Tw el v e
Al t i t u d e 3 6 , 0 0 0k m
Or b i t g eo st at i o n ar y
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Syst em Eu t eIsat
Used f or T V a n d r a d i o b, r o a d b a n db, u si n e ssT Vv i d e o -
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Al t i t u d e
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t h e Am e r i ca s

Syst em W o r l d Sp a ce
Used f or r a d i ot,e l e p h o n y
Nu m b ero f sat el l i t es Two
Al t i t u d e 4 1 , 2 0 0k m
Or bit g e o sy n ch r o n o u s
Coverage Af r i ca m, o st o f Asi aa n d Eu r o p e

Key w oÍ d'
Go t h r o u g h t h e l i st o f w o r d s t o ch eck st u d en t s' p r o n u n ci at i o nan d
u n d er st an d i n g Ref
. ert h em t o t h e Gl o ssar yi f n ecessar y .
 U n i t1 4 5 9

Back g r o u n d En v i r o n m en t aiEn g i n eercan al so r ef er t o an en g i n eer

Th ej o b s d escr Í b ed i n t h i s u n i t ar e t y p es o f en g i n eer san d
t ech n i ci an s.Th e d i f f er en ceb et w een an en g i n eeran d a
t ech n ician ( seeUn it z) r elat est o qu alif icat ion s an d
En g i n eer ssh o u l d h av e a b et t er
r esp o n si b i l i t i es.
u n d er st an d i n go f t h e p r i n ci p l esan d t h eo r i esb eh i n d t h ei r
d i sci p l i n e,an d ar e m o r e l i k el y t o b e i n v o l v edl n d esi g n an d
p r o j ectm an ag em en t ,o r r u n n i n g an i n d u st r i al co m p l ex .
Tech n i ci an sr eq u i r ea p r act i calu n d er st an d i n go f t h ei r
sp eci al i sm an , d h av et h e p r act i calsk i l l s an d
u n d er st an d i n go f eq u i p m en t t o co n v er tt h e en g i n eer s'
t h eo r et i caid esi g n i d easi n t o w o r k i n g so l u t i o n s.
Mo st en g i n eer sw i l l w o r k as a m em b er o f a t eam
i n cl u d i n g en g i n eer sf r o m o t h er d i sci p l i n es.Th i s i s w h y
em p l o y er st r y t o r ecr u i t p eo p l ew h o ar e g o o d t eam p l ay er s
an d h av e g o o d co m m u n i cat i o nsk i l l s,i n ad d i t i o nt o t h ei r
en g i n eer i n gsk i l l s an d q u al i f i cat i o n s.Each en g Í n eerw i l l
h avet ech n Í cÍ anw s or kin g f or t h em t o m ake par t s or
assem b l i es,co n d u ctt est s,an d p er f o r m o t h er t ask sas p ar t
o f t h e t eam . Her e ar e so m e ex am p i eso f en g i n eer i n gan d
t ech n i ci anj o b s:
En vir on m en t al En gin eer s w h o w or k in a
m an u f act u r in g in du st r y w ill kn ow w h at con dit ion s ( or
en vir on m en t ) a pr odu ct w ill h ave t o su r vive an d
oper at ein , f or exam ple t h e ext r em esof t em per at u r e
an d h u m idit y t h at it w ill be exposedt o. Th ey m u st also
b e ab l e t o d ev i set est st h at w i l l en su r et h at t h e p r o d u ct
w ill be saf e f or u se.Th ey m u st m ake su r e t h at t h e
p r o d u ct an d i t s p ar t s can b e r ecy cl edo r saf el yd i sp o sed
of af t er t h ey ar e n o ion ger in u se.Th e t er m
w h o w or ks dir ect ly in en vir on m en t al pr ot ect ion ,u sin g
t ech n ology t o pr even t or r edu ce pollu t ion an d ot h er
dan ger st o t h e lif e or h ealt hof h u m an s,plan t s,an d an im als.
Pet r o l eu m En g i n eer ssp eci al i zei n t h e ex p l o r at i o nan d
pr odu ct ion act ivit ies of oil com pan ies.Th ey h ave t o
im plem en t h igh t ech n ology plan s in of t en ver y
d an g er o u sco n d i t i o n s,r an g i n g f r o m Ar ct i c t o d eser t
t em p er at u r es,an d f r o m l an d t o t h e d eep o cean .
Sou n d Tech n ician s h ave a w or kin g kn ow ledge of m an y
d i sci p l i n esi n cl u d i n g el ect r i calen g i n eer i n g ,el ect r o n i cs,
an d so u n d r eco r d i n geq u i p m en t st u d i o s.
Aer ospaceEn gin eer sapply en gin eer in gpr in ciplest o
spacecr af t ,air cr af t ,sat ellit es,an d r ocket s.Th eir w or k
i n v o l v est h e co n t r o lo f f l i g h t , aer o d y n am i cs,j et en g r n es,
et c.
Agr í cu lt u r al En gin eer s design agr icu lt u r al m ach in er y
an d eq u i p m en t .Th ey ar e co n cer n edw i t h w ay s t o
i m p r o v et h e p r o cessi n go f ag r i cu l t u r aip r o d u ct san d
w it h con ser vin g soil an d w at er .
Biom edical En gin eer s apply en gin eer in g pr in ciples t o
t h e developm en t of pr ost h et ic ( ar t if icial)devices,t o
r ep i aceo r su p p o r t d am ag ed o r g an so r l i m b s. Th ey al so
d ev el o pd Í ag n o st i an
c d t r eat m en t d ev i cessu ch as
scan n er s.
Ch em i cal En g i n eer sap p l y ch em i st r y ( co m b i n edw i t h
m at h s an d eco n o m i cs)t o t h e p r o cesso f co n v er t i n g
m at er ials or ch em icals t o m or e u sef u l or valu able f or m s,
f or exam ple,con ver t in gn at u r aigasin t o a r an geof plast ics.

x Tip
j o b t i t l e- t h e t i t l e( o rd e sc r i p t i o n ) ot hf e
p e r so nd o i n gt h ej o b ,f o r e x am p l eCi v i i
En g i n e e r .
a r e a sc o v e r e d -a l l t h e t e c h n i c asul b j ect o
f i e l d sw h i c ht h e p e r s o nw i l l w o r ki n , f o r
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r e qu Ír em en t s- t h e q u aIi f i c a t i o n s, sk i|| s,a n d
e x p e r i e n cweh i c ha n a p p l i c a nm
t u s th a v e ,
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Sw it ch on
1 Ask st u den t st o w or k in dividu ally f or a f ew m in u t es, ch oosin g j obs f r om t h e list .
2 I n sm al l g r o u p s,g et st u d en t st o t el l each o t h er w h i ch j o b s t h ey h av e ch o sen ,
an d t h e r easo n sf o r t h ei r ch o i ce.
Reading
Jo b d escr i p t i o n s
sr
I n gr ou ps of t h r ee,get each st u den t t o ch oose a dif f er en t j ob descr ipt ion ,r ead
it , an d m ake n ot es abou t t h e j ob u sin g t h e f ou r poin t s given .Wh en t h ey h ave
f i n i sh ed m ak i n g t h ei r n o t es,t el l t h em t o t ak e t u r n s t o d escr i b et h ei r j o b t o t h e
gr ou p.Ch eck t h at t h ey ar e r eadin g f r om t h eir ow n n ot es,an d n ot dir ect ly
f r o m t h e t ex t s.
6 0 U n i t1 4
xTip
Top m ar gin
Ask st u d e n t si f t h e y
D i sc u sst h e sa l a r i e s.
w o u l dl i k et o e a r nt h i sa m o u n to f m o n e y ,
a n d a l sot o co n si d e rt h e l i f eo f a n Of f sh o r e
Pe t r o l e u mEn g i n e e r .
x Tip
T h i n g st o d o w h e n h u n t i n g f oar j o b :
sca nj o b a d v e r t i se m e n ti n
s n e w sp a p e r s,
m a g a z i n e as ,n dt h e I n t e r n e t
c o m p l e t ea CV
w r it e a let t erof ap p licat ion
o b t a i nt h e a g r e e m e n ot f o n eo r m o r e
referees
l f y o u a r esh o r t l i st e d( se l e ct e da s a su i t a b l e
c a n d i d a t e ) , y ocua n e x p e c t o b e
i n t e r v i e w eb d y a p a n e l , sop r e p a r e f o r t h e
in t er v iew .
x Tip
CV ( cu r r i cu l u m v i t a e ) - a f u l l d e scr i p t i o no f
y o u rw o r k i n gl i f e ,i n c l u d i n gp r e v i o u ws ork
e x p e r i e n c eq ,u a li f i c a t i o n s,
a n d sk i l s
r e f e r e e -a p e r so n( su cha s a f o r m e r
e m p l o y e ro r t u t o r )w h o c an r e c o mm e n d
y o u a s a p o t e n t i a l lgy o o de m p l o y e ea, n d
w r it e a r ef er en cef ory ou
E Ad d i t i o n a l a ct i v i t y
( w eak erst u d en t s)
I n g r ou p s,st u d en t sb r ain st or m a list of
w ell- k n ow n j ob s an d sp or t in g an d ot h er
act iv it ies,su ch as f oot b aller ,Oly m p ic
sw im m er , air iin e p ilot , p ar ach u t ist .I n
t u r n s, on e m em b er of t h e g r ou p say s on e
of t h e act iv it ies,an d ot h er m em b er s m ak e
st at em en t sab ou t j ob r eq u ir em en t s.
Exam p le: St u d en t A: a p ilot . St u d en t B: He
m u st h av eg ood ey esig h t St
. u d en t C: Sh e
sh ou ld lik e t r av ellin g .St u d en t D: He
m u st n , t b e af r aid of h eí g h t s.
Languat espot
Jo b r eq u i r em en t s
Ref er back t o t h e t ext s f r om Readin g.Ask st u den t s if t h ey kn ow t h e
dif f er en cebet w een essen t ialan d desir abler equ ir em en t sf or a j ob. ( Essen t ial
- applican t s w h o do n ot h ave t h em w ill n ot get t h e -
lob. Desir able
applican t s w h o h ave t h em ar e m or e 1ikelyt o get t h e j ob. )Explain t h at m u st
i s u sed f o r essen t i alo r n ecessar yr eq u i r em en t s,an d sh o u l di s u sed f o r
desir ableor pr ef er r edr equ ir em en t s.PoÍ n tou t t h e n egat Í vef or m : You
m u st n ' t b e co l o u r - b l i n d= I t ' sa r eq u i r em en tn o t t o b e co l o u r - b l i n d .
1 Cet st u den t st o do t h is exer cisein dividu ally in w r it in g.
Or t Yo um u st h a v ea d i p l o m ai n e n g i n e e r i n g .
Yo u m u st b e a g o o d t eam p l ay er .
Yo us h o u l dh a v eg o o dc o m m u n i c a t i osnk i l l s .
Yo ush o u l db e p h y si ca l l y f i t .
Yo u m u st n ' t b e af r ai do f h ei g h t s.
Yo u m u st n ' tb e co l o u r - b l i n d .
2 Yo u m u st h a v ea ce r t i f i ca t oe r d i p l o m ai n e n g i n e e r i n g .
Yo u m u st h a v eg o o d m a t h e m a t i caal n d co m p u t i n gsk i l l s.
Yo us h o u l db ew i l l i n gt o t r a v e l .
Yo us h o u l db e a b l et o e x p l a i nc o m p l e xr e q u i r e m e n ti ns c l e a rt e r m s .
3 Yo um u s t h a v ea d i p l o m ao r d e g r e ei n p e t r o l e u m engineer ing.
Yo u m u st b e w i l l i n gt o t r a v e l .
Yo u m u st b e w i l l i n gt o sp e n dl o n g p e r i o d si n d i f f i cu l te n v i r o n m e n t s.
Yo ush o u l db e a g o o dco m m u n i ca t o r .
Yo ush o u l db e a b l et o su p e r v i se o t h e r s.
2 Get st u den t st o w r it e n ot es u n der t w o h eadin gs:Essen t ialr equ ir em en t san d
Desi r ab l er eq u i r em en t s.
O' r Esse n t i a Pr l : e p a r e tdo w o r k i r r e g u l ahr o u r sa n d t o t r a v e l
D e si r a b l eCe : r t i f i ca t oe r D i p l o m ai n e l e ct r i cael n g i n e e r i n ge,l e ct r o n i cs,
or
a u d i o - v i s u ca ol m m u n i c a t i oonr o t h e rt e c h n i c aal r e a s
Pr a ct i cask l i l l si n ca r p e n t r ya n d co n st r u ct i o n
T h e a t r ee x p e r i e n ce
3 Ask st u den t st o do r esear chabou t t h e j ob r equ ir em en t s of a car eert h ey ar e
in t er est ed in . ( Th econ n exÍ on sslt e gives car eels in f or m at ion t o you n g
p eo p i ean d st u d en t si n t h e UK. )
Wr it ing
CV
1 Di scu sst h e CVw i t h st u d en t s.
2 Get st u den t st o com plet et h eir ow n CV w it h r eal in f or m at ion abou t
t h em selves.
 Ca r e e r isn t e c h n o l o g y6 1

x Tip
Eur o p e an CVf o r m a t - a p r o p o se dst an d ar d
f o r u sew i t h i nt h e Eu r o Pe a nUn i o n
comp et en ces( coun t ab len oun ) - sp ecif ic
sk i l lo s r b e h a v i o u rwsh i c ha r en e c e s s a r y t o
q u a l i f yso m e o n et o d o a j o b
comp et en ce ( un cou n t ab le n ou n ) - Sen er a
a b i l i t yt o d o a j o b w e l l
x Tip
Top m ar gin
t h e m i st a k e si n t h e n o t ea t t h e t o p
D i sc u ss
of p.101 Ask. st u d e n t si f t h e y k n o w a n yo t h e r
w ords t h a t o f t e nf o o l t h esp e l lc h e c k e r .
xTip
Top m ar gin
D i sc u sst h e r u l e s.Ex p l a i nt h a t t h e m o r ey o u
p r e p a r feo r a n i n t e r v i e wt h e m o r ey o u w i l l
i m p r e ssy o ur i n t e r v i e w e r s.
Pairw oÍ k
Ch eck t h at st u d en t sk n o w t h e m ean i n g s o f w o r d s su ch as am b i t i o u s,
or der ly,et c.in t h e qu est ion n air e.
I n pair s, get st u den t st o ask each ot h er qu est ion sf r om t h e qu est ion n air e,
an d t h en ch ooset h e best adj ect ivef r om t h e list ( r ealist ic,et c. )t o descr ibe
t h eir par t n er .
Get st u den t st o ch oosea good j ob or car eerf or t h eir par t n er .Th eir par t n er
can d i sag r eel
4 Now st u den t sh ave t o t h in k abou t t h em selves.Get st u den t st o ch ooset h e
t er m s ( f r om t h e list ) w h ich best descr ibet h eir ow n qu alit ies.
Get st u den t st o w r it e a sh or t per son al st at em en t abou t t h em selves,u sin g
t h e exam pie as a m odel. Wh en t h ey h ave f in ish ed, pair s r ead t h eir
st at em en t st o each ot h er an d t r y t o im pr ove t h eir st at em en t st oget h er .
Pr onunciat ion
St r essin lon g w or ds( 2)
( ) 2 syllablesc, l, 3 syiiablesa, d, g, k, 4 syllables f , h,
5 syllables b, e, i, 7 syllables j

l oOoo 2 o o Oo 3 Oooo

capacit y ant iclockw ise an im at or

depen dable en er get ic en t er pr isin g

developm ent ent ert ainm ent in dicat or

environm ent inf orm at ion m ot ivat ed

per iph er al sim ulat ion ven t ilat ed

Speaking
El Ad d it ion alact iv it y Job in t er view
( st r on g erst u d en t s)
Get st u den t st o w or k in pair s,A ( in t er view er s)an d B ( j ob applican t s) .Pu t
I n g r ou p s,st u d en t sp r ep ar e a set of
t h e As in on e glou p, an d t h e Bs in an ot h er glou p. Tell t h e As t o pr epar e
g u id elin es ( in n ot e f or m ) f or b ein g a
su it able qu est ion sf or t h e applican t an d an t icipat e qu est ion sf r om t h e
su ccessf u lin t er v iew ee.Th ey sh ou ld
in clu d e b ot h essen t ialp oin t s ( su ch as
can didat e.At t h e sam e t im e t ell t h e Bs t o list t h e qu est ion st h ey m ay be
never be lat ef or t he int erview ) and asked an d t o plepale an sw er s.Wh en t h ey ar e r eady,in pair s,As an d Bs,
d esir ab lep oin t s ( su ch as w ear clot h in g r ole- playt h e Í n t er vÍ ew .
t h at is sm ar t b u t n ot t oof or m al) . Wh en
t h eir n ot es ar e r ead y ,ask t h e g r ou p st o
Q llayt h e in t er view an dt h en get t h e pair s t o sw it ch r oles.Role- playt h e
in t er view w it h A as t h e applÍ can tan d B as t h e in t er view er .
p r esen t t h eir r ecom m en d at ion st o
t h e cl a ss.

Key w oÍ ds
Go t h r ou gh t h e list of w or ds t o ch eck st u den t s'plon u n ciat ion an d
u n der st an din g.Ref er t h em t o t h e Glossar yif n ecessar y.
6 2 U n i t1 5

Back g r o u n d st an dar d in all car s.Sat ellit esw ill pr obably be u sed t o
pr ovide in st an t an d accu r at ein f or m at ion on r oad
Lar g eco m p an i essu ch as Br i t i sh Tel eco mem p l o y t h ei r
con gest ion ,w h ich w ill be u sef u l f or dr iver st o be able t o
ow n f u t u r ologist s t o pr edict t h e m ost likely developm en t s
ch ooset h e qu ickest r ou t e t o t h eir dest in at ion .Th is
so t h at in vest m en t can be t ar get edon t h ese ar eas.How ever ,
t ech n ology w ill also allow pr ecise an d au t om at ic
it is ver y h ar d t o pr edict f u t u r e deveiopm en t sin t ech n oiogy
con gest ionch ar gin g, so dr iver s can be ch ar ged f or u sin g
w it h an y cer t ain t y,especially beyon d a h or izon of f ive t o
t h e b u si est r o ad s.I n o r d ert o d o t h i s, d ev i cesw i l l h av e t o
t en year s.On e w ay t o do t h is is t o look at cu r r en t
be in st alled in aii car s.I n t h e dist an t f u t u r e, r oad veh icles
t ech n ologicaldevelopm en t s,an d im agin e h ow t h in gs w ill
m ay co m e u n d er co m p u t erco n t r o lo n m ai n r o ad st o
be if t h ey con t in u e in t o t h e f u t u r e. Her e ar e som e
en su r esaf e sp eed sar e m ai n t ai n ed an d t h er e i s n o d an g er
p o ssi b i l i t i es:
of collision w it h ot h er veh icles.
I t is likely t h at in t elligen t m ach in es su ch as r obot s w ill be
I n all br an ch es of t ech n ology com pu t er sw ill play a
u sed m u ch m o r e t h an t h ey ar e at p r esen t .On e p o ssi b i e
gr eat er r ole an d t h ese com pu t er sw ill be f ast er an d m or e
ar ea is su r ger y w h er e com pu t er - con t r olledr obot ar m s
pow er f u l t h an t oday's.Th is w ill allow an d en cou r agen ew
can ,i n so m e cases,o p er at ew i t h m o r e p r eci si o nan d l ess
devicest o be in ven t ed,in t h e sam e w ay as m u ch of t oday's
chance of error t han a hum an surgeon.I nt elligent m achines
in n ovat ive t ech n ology ( su ch as CADCAM car m an u f act u r e
can al so b e u sed i n t el em ed i ci n et o h el p d o ct o r sd i ag n o se
an d w i r el esst el eco m m u n i cat i o n s) w er em ad e p o ssi b l eb y
an d t r eat pat ien t s at a dist an ce,even in dif f er en t cou n t r ies.
i n cr easedco m p u t erp o w er an d sp eed .
Nan ot ech n ology ( t ech n ologyin volvin g t in y par t icies)is
Un f or t u n at ely,n ot all n ew applicat ion sw ill ben ef it
alr eady bein g u sed t o cr eat em in iat u r e m ach in es sm all
societ y.Com pu t er cr im e, su ch as iden t it y t h ef t an d cr edit
en ou gh t o be in j ect ed in t o t h e body t o deiiver dr u gs t o t h e
car d f r au d w ill con t in u e.As m or e of ou r per son al
co r r ectp l ace o r t o d est r o yd an g er o u scel l s.Th i s w i l i
in f or m at ion is st or ed elect r on icallyw e w ill becom e m or e
pr obably be developedm u ch m or e in t h e f u t u r e.
vu ln er able t o h acker s.Appiicat ion s design ed t o m ake
I n t r an spor t ,f eat u r es su ch as sat eilit e n avigat ion alr eady
w ar f ar e m or e ef f icien t w ill con t in u e t o be f u n ded by
exist n ow in a sm ali n u m ber of car s,an d m ay becom e
gover n m en t s ar ou n d t h e w or ld.

Sw it ch on
I n sm all gr ou ps,get st u den t st o discu sst h e pr edict ion s an d n ot e dow n
eit h er specif Í cdat es or decades( e. g.t h e 2030s. )Discu sst h e dif f icu lt y of
r eally pr edict in g t h e f u t u r e.

x Tip List ening

l f y o u d o n o t h a v et h e f a c i I i t i etso d í v i d e Pr ed i ct i o n s
y o u rc l a ssa n d h a v et h e m l i st e nt o d i f f e r e n t
r e c o r d i n g s, t r e a t t Li
h est e n i negx e r c i se
a sa Br ief ly discu ssw h at af u t u r oloqist does.Ask st u den t s Í ft h ey t h in k it 's a
n o r m a l i s t e n i n eg x e r c i s e . 3
I nh a v ea r eal j o b .
g e n e r a l c l a sdsi s c u s s i oanb o u tw h a t w a s
s a i di n t h e r e c o r d i n g .
( ) Cet st u den t st o w or k in sm all gr ou ps,A an d B. Get all t h e A gr ou ps t o
list en on ly t o Lian n e'scom m en t s an d all t h e B gr ou ps t o list en on ly t o
St ef an 'scom m en t s. Get t h em t o t ick t h e boxes as t h ev list en .
 T h ef u t u r eo f t e ch n o l o g y 6 3

O'r Lianne St ef an Pr ed i ct i o nab o u t

( Gr oupA) ( Gr oupB)
,/ Tr an sp o r t
Healt h
,/ ,/ IT
,/ T e l e co m m u ni ca t i o n s
,/ Milit ar y
Cr i m e
,/ D o m e st i c
,/ / D e v e l o p i n co
g unt r ies

2 f ) Cet t h e sam e g r o u p st o l i st en t o t h e sam e sp eak erag ai n ( A t o Li an n e;

B t o St ef an )an d m ake sh or t n ot es abou t t h e pr edict ion s.

Tell each st u den t f r om t h e A gr ou ps t o w or k in pair s w it h a st u den t f r om

t h e B g r o u p s.Get t h em t o ex p l ai n t h ei r sp eak er ' sp r ed i ct i o n st o each o t h er ,
an d t h en d eci d ew h i ch p r ed i ct i o n st h ey accep t .Tel l t h em t o m ak e a sh o r t
list of t h e pr edict ion s.Wh en t h ey h ave all f in ish ed, br ief ly get som e of t h e
p al r st o r ep o r t t h ei r d eci si o n st o t h e w h o l e cl ass.

Languagespot
Ph r a sa l v e r b s
Ref ert o t h e Gr am m ar r ef er en ceo n p . 1 2 3f o r m o r e i n f o r m at i o n o n p h r asal
v er b s.Get st u d en t st o b r ai n st o r m so m e co m m o n p h r asalv el b s, su ch asp í ck
u p ,sw i t cho n , t ak eo f f, et c. , an dw r i t e t h em o n t h e b o ar d ,p o i n t i n g o u t t h e
st r u ct u r e ver b + adver b or pr eposit r on .Discu sst h e exam ple of t h e t w o
m ean in gs of look u p. Dr aw t h eir at t en t ion t o t h e w or d or der an d t h e
ex am p l es:a n o u n o b j ectcan t ak e t w o p o si t i o n s,b u t a p r o n o u n o b j ectcan
on ly appear bet w een t h e ver b an d t h e adver b.

Bef or e st u den t s do t h e exer cisein dividu allv, do on e or t w o exam ples w it h

t h e w h ole class.

Or t car r yo u t 5 w o r ko u t 9 p l u gi n ,s w i t c ho n
z g i v eu p 6 sh u t o f f 1 0 p r i n to u t
3 f i n do u t 7 se t u p 1 1 sw i t ch o f f
4 cu t d o w n 8 cl o sed o w n

E Ad d it ion alact iv it y Gadget box

( w eak erst u d en t s)
I n g r ou p s,st u d en t sd esig n an d w r it e an
ad v er t isem en ft or Wak am ar u t h e r ob ot .
Th ead v er t sh ou ld list all t h e h ou seh old
j ob st h e r ob ot can d o,u sin g som e of t h e
id easf r om t h e b r ain st or m in g in
Gad g etb ox.
Discu sst h e r obot w í t h t h e class,an d t h en h old a br ief br aÍ n st or m Í n g
session in w h ich st u den t s su ggest ot h er t asks t h ey w ou ld like a r obot t o
per f or m .Th en ask t h em w h at t asks t h ey w ou ldn ot like it t o per f or m , an d
whv.
Pr onunciat ion
Li n k i n gi n p h r asalv er b s
Explain t h at ph r asal ver bs can be dif f icu lt t o u n der st an d becau se ( a)t h e
w or ds ar e sh or t an d can be spoken qu ickly, an d ( b)t h e f in al con son an t of
on e w or d lin ks w it h t h e in it ial vow el of t h e secon d so t h at you can 't alw avs
t el i w h er e o n e w o r d en d s an d t h e o t h er b eg i n s.
 6 4 Un i t ' 1 5

( , 1 lt ay t h e exam ples an d ask st u den t sw h at t h ey t h in k t h e in dividu al

* Tip w o r d s ar e.
An e x t r ap r o b l e mw i t h sh o r tp hr a se ssu c h
a s cu t t h e m o f f o r l i n et h e m u p i s t h a t sh o r t 2 f i cet st u den t st o dr aw lin es t o m ar k t h e lin kÍ n g.Ch eck t h eir w or k, an d
p r o n o u n sl i k e t h e mo r h i m a r eo f t e n t h en p 1 ay t h ew o r d s ag aÍ n .
s h o r t e n etdo ' e m a n d ' i m :s o m ep e o p l em a y
O' r t Li n e t h e m u p . 5 Fi n { t _ o u t . gpluqjtin.
sa ycu t , e mo f f , w h í chca n so u n d | í k eo n e
w or d cu t em of f . Z Ci v e i ! l p . 6 Sh u l t d o w n . 1 0 T u r q j to n .
3 W o r ki t o u t .
llt
7 St a r ti t u o . I
\ / '\ ,

4 Sw i t chi t o f f .
\ i, V
8 Pr i n t t h e mo u t . L,
-'-'

Af t er t h ey h ave t r ied t h is on ce,r em in d t h em of t h e lin kin g exer cisein 2,

an d t h en seei f t h ey can i m p r o v e t h ei r sp eedt h e seco n dt i m e r o u n d .

4 Ch o o set h e f u n n i est t o n g u e- t w i st er s,an d ask p ai r st o d em o n st r at et h ei r

cr eat iveabilit y an d speed in f r on t of t h e class.

x Tip
Top m ar gin
D r a wst u d e n t s' a t t e n t i ot on t h e q u o t ea t
t h e t o p o f p . 1 o 7 , m a dí en1 B 9 0a, b o u tt h e
t e l e p h o n eA.s kt h e m w h a t t h i st e l l su s
a b o u tp r e d i c t i o n .
Pairw oÍ k
Get st u den t st o w or k in pair s,A an d B. Fir st w or kin g in dividu ally, get t h em
t o m ake n ot es of t h e m ain poin t s in t h eir t ext . Th en , lookin g on ly at t h eir
n o t eS,g et t h em t o ex p l aÍ nt h e m ai n p o i n t st o t h ei r p ar t n er .Tel l t h em t o
list en car ef u lly,an d t ake n ot es based on w h at t h eir par t n er h as t old t h em .
Fin ally,t ell t h e pair s t o get t oget h er an d com par e t h eir n ot es w it h t h e t ext s.

E Ad d i t i o n a l a ct i v i t y
( st r on g erst u d en t s)
I n sm all g r ou p s st u d en t st h in k of ( a)m or e
exam p ies of w or d s u sin g t h e af f ixes
given; and / or ( b) m ore af f ixes com m only
u sed in En g lish f or t ech n olog y ,w it h som e
exam p les of w or d s an d t h eir m ean in g s.
Vocabular y
Affixes
Expiain w h at is m ean t by af f ix. Ask st u den t sw h y t h ey t h in k it is u sef u l t o
lear n t h e m ean in gs of com m on af f ixes u sed in t ech n ical w or ds ( Í tw illh elp
t h em w or k ou t t h e m ean in g of an u n kn ow n w or d) .Tell t h em t o look at t h e
t able an d st u dyt h e af f ixes an dt h eir m ean in gs.

x Tip 2 Get st u den t st o do t h is exer cisein dividu at ly.Explain t h at t h ey h ave t o f in d a

w or d f or each m ean in g. At f ir st , som e st u den t sm ay t h in k t h at t h is is a ver y
So m ea d d i t i o n a l a f f i xceosm m o n l yu s e di n
dÍ f f icu ltexer cise.Tell t h em t h at in f act it is ver y sim ple if you u se af f ixes.Do
t ech n i cal w o r d s:
g e o ( t h eEa r t h )
on e or t w o exam ples:t ele ( an af f ix f r om t h e t able m ean in g at a dist an ce)+
so l ( t h eSun ) m ed i ci n e( g i v eni n t h e ex er ci se)= t el em ed i ci n e.
t h e r m( h e a t )
Or t t elem ed icin e 5 p r e st r e sseco d n cr e t e 9 co r d l e ssp h o n e
m on o\ on e)
m u lt i( m an y)
2 m icr och ip 6 su p e r co m p u t e r l 0 b i o m e t r i cs
3 p o l y ca r b o n a t e 7 m i cr o p r o ce sso r
4 m icr om et er 8 ex t r act o rf a n

Cust om eÍCaÍ e
Sayinggoodbye
Tr eat t h is exer ciseas a f u n w ay of f in ish in g t h e book.Discu ss t h e w ay t h at
so m e p eo p l e u se Seey o u l at er o r Lat er ev en w h en t h ey d o n o t ex p ectt o see
vou lat er .
 T h ef u t ur e o f t e chn o l o g y 6 5

Qu iz
Pu t st u d en t si n t o g l o u p s o f t h r ee.St u d en t so r g an i zet h e q u i z as ex p l ai n ed Í n
t h e St u d en t ' sBo o k .

Or n ( Un it s1- 5)
'l 1 3 h e a v yb a t t e r i e s, l i m i t er da n g e n, e e dt o r e ch a r g e
p o l l u t i o ne ,a s yc o m m u n i c a t i o n s
2 f ast erm , o r eef f i ci en t l y bat t er ies
3 l e n g t hw, i n g sPan ,w e i g h t ,caPa ci t Y 1 4 co n g e st i o n
4 An t i l o ckBr a k i n gSYst e m 1 5 ap o l o g i zi n g
5 eer 16 claddin g
6 Se et h e l i st o n P. 1 0 . 17 f ireproof ed
7 I l i k ec a l c u l u sSi. m p l ePr e s e nut s e dt o d e s c r i b e 18 burn
t h i n k i n ga n df e e l i n g . 1 9 Ey ep r o t e ct i o nm u st b e w o r n .
8 g en er at i n g an d su p p l y i n gp o w er( o rsi m i l ar ) . 20 m at
9 e l e ct r o n i cs 2 1 T oa l l o wt h e p a t i e n t o ch a r g et h e e x t e r n a l
1 0 D e si g nso f t w a r eu se db y ci v i le n g i n e e r asnd b a t t e r yo r u n p l u gi t t o h a v ea sh o w e r .
o t h e r s. 2 2 a p n e u m a t i csw i t ch
1 1 Se et h e l i st o n P. 1 7 . 23 w h ich h elpspeoplew it h h ear t pr oblem s.
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8 in j ect ion moulding 21 pr edict ion
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l l Ad v a n ce dSa f e t y Ve h i cl e s 24 an in t r an et
12 a hybrid 2 5 v e r ys m a l l

Key w oÍ ds
Ch eck t h at st u d en t sk n o w t h e m ean i n g o f t h e k ey w o r d s.
6 6 l n s t r u c t í o nf osr c o m m u n í c a t i oanc t i v i t i e s
ln st r u ct ion fsor com m un icat ionact ivit ies
Gen er ali n st r u ct i o n fso r i n f o r m at i o n
Bapact i v i t i es( 1 ,2 , 6 , 9 , 1 1 )
1 Divide st u den t s in t o pair s.
2 Give St u den t A w or ksh eet t o on e st u den t of each
pair , an d St u den t B w or ksh eet t o t h e ot h er .Do n ot
let t h em look at each ot h er 'sw or ksh eet .
3 St u den t A asks qu est ion s an d obt ain s in f or m at ion
f r om St u den t B an d com plet esh is / h er w or ksh eet .
4 Th e st u den t s sw it ch r oies,w it h St u den t B askin g
St u d en t A q u est i o n san d co m p l et i n gh i s / h er
w or ksh eet .
5 Wh en t h ey h ave bot h com piet ed t h e t ask,t h e t w o
st u d en t sl o o k at each o t h er ' sw o r k sh eetan d ch eck
Un i t 2
t h ei r an sw er s.
Gen er ali n st r u ct i o n fso r g r o u p
p r esen t at ionact ivit ies( 5,15)
1 Divide t h e ciass in t o gr ou ps of 3_6 st u den t s an d gÍ ve
al l t h e m em b er s o f each g r o u p t h e sam e
in f or m at ion . For exam ple, Gr ou p A m em ber s r eceÍ ve
t h e sam e Gr o u p A m at er i al .
2 Th e g r o u p sd i scu sst h e m at er i al an d p r ep ar et h ei r
p r esen t at i o n En
. co u r ag et h em t o ad d t h ei r o w n
in f or m at ion an d ideas,if t h er e is t im e t h ey sh ou ld
pr epar e a lar ge visu al. Each m em ber of t h e gr ou p
sh ou id be r espon sibief or a dif f er en t par t of t h e
p r esen t at i o n .
3 I f t h e gÍ ou psn eed h elp, sit w it h t h em an d discu ss
t h e t o p i c.
4 Wh en t h ey ar e r eady,get each gr ou p t o give it s
p r esen t at i o ni n f r o n t o f t h e cl ass.
5 Give f eedback on t h e clar it y of each gr ou p's
explan at ion .
Un i t 1
1 Follow t h e gen er al in st r u ct ion s f or in f or m at ion gap
act ivit ies.
2 Wh en t h ey h ave com plet edt h e í n f or m at iongap
act ivit y,st u den t s,w or k in dividu ally an d w r it e
sen t en cesu n der t h e Com par isoncolu m n
com par in g t h e t w o com pu t er s.
Or
Po ssi b l ean sw er s
T h ePa c e ri s s h o r t e r t h a tnh e Jo s h i b a .
T h eJo s h i b ai sw i d e rt h a n t h e p a c e r .
T h eJo s h i b ai st h i c k e tr h a n t h e p a c e r .
T h eJo sh i b ai s h e a v i e tr h a n t h e p a ce r .
T h es c r e e no f t h e Jo s h i b ai s l a r g e tr h a n t h e
( scr eeno f t h e) Pacer .
T h eJo sh i b ah a sa b i g g e rm e m o r yt h a n t h e p a ce r .
T h ePa ce rh a sa b i g g e rh a r dd i skt h a nt h eJo sh i b a .
T h ej o sh í b aí sm o r ee x p e n si v e t h a n t h e Pa ce r .
1 Follow t h e gen er al in st r u ct ion s f or in f or m at ion gap
act ivit ies.
2 I n t h is act ivit y,divide st u den t sin t o gr ou ps of t h r ee.
A i s a seco n dy ear p ar t - t i m een g i n eer i n gst u d en t ,B
is a f ir st year par t - t im e en gin eer in g st u den t ,an d C
i s t h e en g i n eer i n gco l l eg esecr et ar yC
. sh o u l d b e t h e
st r o n g estst u d en t i n t h e g r o u p .
3 W h i l e t h e p ai r s o f st u d en t sar e t al k i n g , g o ar o u n d
t h e g r o u p san d en co u r ag et h em , w h en ev er
ap p r o p r i at e,t o u se t h e Pr esen tSi m p l e w h en t al k i n g
abou t t h e n or m al t im et able an d t h e pr esen t
': ''.- ^ ''.: l': : .\ r t
-. e: ': J- - t S: .: ..i- S: ...f 11_.
o * : : - - 1.o.r 1.: .r
t im et able.
oÍ
St u d en tA: Mo n Th eo r y/ Pr act i cal ,Tu e Mat h s /
En g l i sh/ Pr o j ect
Lab o r at o r y , W ed
St u d e n tB: Mo n La b/ Ma t h s, T u eEn g l i sh/ Se l f -
st u d y , W edPr o j ect/ Pr act i cal
Un it 3
1 Divide st u den t sin t o pair s.
2 Give St u den t A w or ksh eet t o on e st u den t of each
pair , an d St u den t B w or ksh eet t o t h e ot h er .
3 Bef or et h e qu iz, st u den t sw or k in dividu ally f illin g
t h e gaps in t h e qu est ion s.Ch eck t h eir w or k ( seekey
below ) .Weaker st u den t s m igh t n eed h elp. Th is
w ou ld be a good oppor t u n it y t o go t h r ou gh h ow t o
f o r m q u est i o n so n t h e b o ar d .
4 Wh en t h ey ar e r eady,St u den t A qu izzes St u den t B
an d t ak esa n o t e o f t h e sco r e.
5 St u d en tB o u i zzesSt u d en tA an d t ak esa n o t e o f t h e
sco r e.
6 Th ey co m p ar esco r es.Th en t h e t each erf i n d s o u t
w h i ch st u d en t ( s)i n t h e cl assh ad t h e t o p sco r cs.

Un i t 4
For Tasks1- 4,divide st u den t sin t o sm all gr ou ps an d get
each gr ou p t o appoin t a ch air peÍ sonan ci a r epor t er
( w h o w ill t ake n ot es) .Task 5 is an in dividu al w r it in g
ex er ci seb ased o n t h e d eci si o n sm ad e b v t h e st u d en t ' s
g r o u p i n Task 4 .
Task l Tel l st u d en t st o u se m at er i al san d p r o p er t i es
t h ey h ave lear n ed abou t in t h is u n it . On e st u den t
sh o u l d act as r ep o r t eran d m ak e n o t eso f t h e m at er i al s
an d p r o p er t i es.Th e g r o u p sw i l l n eed t o r ef erb ack t o
t h e n o t esw h en t h ey ar e h o l d i n g t h ei r m eet i n g .
O. r Possiblean sw er s
a h e l m e t- p o l y ca r b o n a t-eh a r d ,i m p a ct - r e si st a n t
b p a ck- p o l y e st e-r w e a t h e r - r e si st a n t ot ,u g h
c g l o v es- n y l o n- d u r ab l e,w eat h er - r esi st an t
d r o p e- n y l o n- e l a st i c,st r o n gi n t e n si o n( =w h e n i t
i sp u l l e d )
e su n g l a sse -s p o l y car b o n a t e- l i g h t w e i g h t ,o u g h ,
har d
f j a ck e t - p o l y e st e r -l i g h t w e i g h tb, r e a t h a b l e
g t r o u se r s- Ke v l a -r st r e t ch a b l e , w e a r - r e si st a n t
h b o o t so l e s- p l a st i c- m o i st u r e - r e si st a g not ,o dg r i p
Task 2 Explain t h at t h is is par t of a m eet in g bet w een
t w o en gin eer sw h o w or k in a com pan y design in g
sp o r t seq u i p m en t .Th e en g i n eer s,Pet eran d Lo u i se,
h ave t o decide w h ich m at er ials t o u se f or som e n ew
clim bin g equ ipm en t . Th er e ar e t w o m ist akes in t h e
m em o . I n Deci si o n 1 ,Ch an g et h e w o r d l i g h t t o t o u g h . I n
Decision 2,ch an ge a m ixt u r e of n ylon an d Kevlar t o
Kevlar .
Task 3 Each glou p h as a m eet in g sim í lart o t h e on e in
Task 2,bu t cover in g t w o or m or e dif f er en t it em s of
equ ipm en t / clot h in g f r om Task 1.Th e r epor t er t akes
n o t es o f t h e d eci si o n san d t h e Í easo n s.
Task 4 Th is t ask is opt ion al an d cou ld be don e f or
h om ew or k. St u den t sw r it e m em os Í n divÍ du allyu sin g
t h e n ot es of t h e decision st aken in t h eir gr ou p's
m eet i n g .Tei l t h em t o u se t h e m em o i n Task 3 as a
m o d el .
I n s t r u c t i o nf os r c o m m u n i c a t i oanc t l v i t i e s6 7
Un i t 5
1 Follow t h e gen er al in st r u ct ion s f or gr ou p
pr esen t at ion act ivit ies.I n t h is act ivit y,all gr ou ps ar e
w or kin g on t h e sam e in f or m at ion .
2 I f t h e g r o u p sn eed h el p ,si t w i t h t h em an d d i scu ss
t h e t opic. Use t h is backgr ou n d in f or m at ion :
Nam e of syst em : Solar w at er h eat in g syst em .
Pu r pose of syst em : To pr ovide a su pply of h ot w at er
f or t akin g sh ow er s in a bu ildin g u sin g solar en er gy,
w it h ou t t h e n eed f or an elect r ical or gas h eat er .
Main com pon en t s an d w h at t h ey do:
so l arw at er h eat er p an el - h eat st h e w at er
w at er t an k - collect san d st or est h e w at er
h ot an d cold valve - t u r n s on h ot an d cold w at er . an d
m i x es t h em
sh o w er h ead - h eat edw at er co m eso u t t h r o u g h t h i s
con n ect in g w at er pipes - CaÍ Ty w at er bet w een t h e
co m p o n en t s
cold w at er in let - br in gs cold w at er in t o t h e syst em
How t h e syst em w or ks: Cold w at er en t er s t h e
syst em t h r ou gh t h e cold w at er in let . I t f low s
t h r ou gh t h e pipes via t h e w at er t an k an d in t o t h e
solar w at er h eat er pan el. Th e su n h eat s t h e w at er as
it passest h r ou gh t h e pan el. Th e h eat ed w at er f low s
f r om t h e pan el t h r ou gh t h e valve an d ou t t h r ou gh
t h e sh ow er h ead.Wh en t h e valve is closed,h ot w at er
f low s in t o t h e t op of t h e w at er t an k. I n t h e t an k, h ot
w at er st ays at t h e t op, an d cold w at er sin ks t o t h e
bot t om . Wh en t h e valve open s,pr essu r ef r om t h e
cold w at er in let pu sh es w ar m w at er ou t of t h e t op of
t h e t an k .
Un i t 6
1 Follow t h e gen er al in st r u ct ion s f or in f or m at ion gap
act ivit ies.
2 Explain t h e scen ar io,as given in t h e w or ksh eet .On e
o f t h e st u d en t si s a sal esp er so n an d t h e o t h er i s a
cu st o m er .Th e cu st o m erh as t o p h o n e t h e sal es
per son an d explain h is / h er secu r it y pr oblem s.Th e
sal esp er so nh as t o l i st en ,ask q u est i o n s,an d f i n al l y
r eco m m en dt h e b est d ev i ce.Th e cu st o m ert h en
w r it es t h e kev in f or m at ion in t h e t able. in n ot e
f or m .
Un i t 7
1 Divide t h e class in t o gr ou ps of t w o.
2 St u d en t sp r ep ar et h ei r p r esen t at i o n s.Gi v e t h em
h elp con ver t in g t h e act ive ver bs in t o passive.
3 St u den t sgÍ vet h eir pr esen t at ion st o t h eir par t n er s.
6 8 l n s t r u c t i o nf so r c o m m u n i c a t i oanc t i v i t i e s
Un i t I
1 Divide t h e class in t o gr ou ps of t h r ee.
2 Make on e ph ot ocopy per gr ou p an d cu t it in t o
sect ion s.Give t h e t op sect ion ( t h et ask an d t able of
advan t agesan d disadvan t ages)t o t h e w h ole gr ou p.
3 Give each st u den t a dif f er en t set of in f or m at ion . I f a
gr ou p h as f ew er t h an t h r ee st u den t s,give st r on ger
st u den t s t w o set s of in f or m at ion .
4 Bef or e t h e gr ou ps begin w or k, ch eck t h at t h ey all
u n d er st an dt h e m ean i n g o f t er m s i n t h e t ab l essu ch
as pow er ,ef f icien cy,an dr an ge. Th e h eadt n gssm oke
an d car bon r ef er t o sm oke poilu t ion an d em ission of
g r een h o u seg ases,r esp ect i v el y .
5 Wit h ou t sh ow in g t h eir in f or m at Í ont o t h e ot h er s,
st u den t s in each gr ou p discu ss t h e advan t agesan d
disadvan t agesof each f or m of f u el an d t h en
com plet e t h e ch ar t . On e st u den t in t h e gr ou p is
appoin t ed t o w r it e t h e gr ou p'sideas in t h e t able.
6 St u den t s sh ou ld t h en h ave a con ver sat ionabou t t h e
Un i t 1 1
im plicat ion s of u sin g t h ese f u els in t h e f u t u r e based
o n ex er ci se3 i n t h e Gr am m ar t est , i ft h i s h as al r ead y
b een u sed .Th ey sh o u l d u se t h e co r r ectm o d al v er b s.
Un i t 9
1 Foliow t h e gen er al in st r u ct ion s f or in f or m at ion gap
act Í vit ies.How ever ,t h er e is n o ch an ge of r oles at t h e
en d of t h is act ivit y.
Un i t 1 2
2 Explain t h e sit u at ion , as given in t h e w or ksh eet .
St u den t A is a saf et y in spect or ,con du ct in g a su r vey
of saf et y pr ocedu r esat Th r ee Valleys Con st r u ct ion
sí t e.St u den t B is t h e sit e m an agel of t h e Th r ee
Valleys Con st r u ct ion sit e.St u den t B sh ou ld be t h e
f ast er r eader of t h e pair .
OE
A 8, 87,
Un i t 1 O
Bef or e you st ar t ,go t h r ou gh t h e pict u r es t o r evise t h e
vocabu lar y.Ask st u den t sw h at t h e pict u r es r epr esen t
an d w h at t h e people / devicesdo. En cou r ager elat ive
cl au ses:I t ' sa h ear i n gai d ,a d ev i cew h i ch h el p sp eo p l e
w it h h ear in g pr oblem s. Exp) aint o t h e st u den t st h at t h is
is a m em or ygam e.
1 Di v i d e t h e cl assi n t o g r o u p so f 3 - 5 .
2 Give each gr ou p a sh eet ,cu t u p in t o car ds.
3 Each gr ou p sh u f f lest h e car ds an d t h en placest h em
u pside dow n in 7 x 4 f or m at ion .
4 Th e gr ou p play Th eMem or y Gam e:
Th e f ir st player t u r n s u p t w o car ds.
I f it is t h e sam e ( i. e.pict u r e m at ch es t ext ) h e / sh e
t akes bot h car ds aw ay an d keepst h em . He / sh e
t h en t u r n s u p an ot h er t w o car ds,again keepin g
t h em i f t h ey ar e t h e sam e,b u t . . .
I f t h ey ar e dif f er en t ,h e / sh e t u r n s t h e t w o car ds
f ace dow n .
Th e t u r n passest o t h e n ext st u den t ,w h o t u r n s u p
t w o car d s.
As t h e gam e pr ogr esses,t h e player sw ill h ave
seen m o r e car d san d sh o u l d t r y t o r em em b er
w h er e cer t aln w or ds an d pict u r es ar e placed an d
so sh ou ld be able t o locat e t h e car d t h at m at ch es
t h e on e t h ey h ave t u r n ed u p.
I n or der t o m ake t h e gam e m or e com m u n icat ive,
en co u r ag et h e st u d en t st o d i scu sst h e d ev i ces
t h ey h ave f ou n d, u sin g r elat ive ciau sesas m u ch
as p o ssi b l e.
1 Follow t h e gen er al in st r u ct ion s f or in f or m at ion gap
act ivit ies.
2 Th er e sh ou ld be a t ot al of f ou r calls as each st u den t
h as t w o p r o b l em s.On ce t h e f i r st p r o b l em h as b een
solvedt h e st u den t w ill en cou n t er a secon d pr oblem
t h at w ill r equ ir ea secon dcall t o t h e h ot lin et ech n ician .
1 Divide t h e classin t o gr ou ps.Th is is a gr ou p
collaborat ive act ivit y.
2 Each gr ou p st u diest h e keys ( w it h exam ples) an d
t h en so l v est h e co d edm essag esb y d eci d i n gw h i ch
k ey t o u se.
Gr
1 co m p u t er - ai d ed d esi g n- k ey : 1 2 3 4 5 6c7
4325767
2 c o m p u t e r - a i d emda n u f a c t u r i n gk- e y :
723456789e 583972146
3 co m p u t e rn u m e r i caco l nt r olled - k e y :m o v e
a l p h a b e t h r e ep l a ce sb a ckA C D ,B C E e t c.
4 co m p u t e r - i n t e g r a t m
e da n u f a ct u r i n g -k e y :
m o v ea l p h a b e t w o p l a ce sb a ckA c C, B c D
et c.
3 Each g r o u p Í n v en t sa co d ean d set sa p u zzl e f o r o t h er
gr ou ps t o solve.Tim e t h e gr ou ps,an d an n ou n ce t h e
f ast esto n e.
4 I f t h e secon dt w o par t s of t h e act ivlt y seem t oo
dif f icu lt f or you r gr ou p,ask t h em t o u se t h e codesin
t h e act i v i t y t o sen d each o t h er m essag es.
 l n s t r u c t i o nf so r c o m m u n i c a t i oanc t i v i t i e s6 9

Un i t 1 3 7 Wh en t h ey ar e r eady,get t h e gr ou ps t o r ole- play

t h eir in t er view s. Th ese can be don e sim u lt an eou sly,
1 As pr e- act ivit y h om ew or k, t eil st u den t st o f in d ou t
or if t h er e is t im e, gr ou ps can per f or m in f r on t of t h e
w h at t h ey can abou t t h e advan t agesan d
class.Give f eedback on t h e in t er view s.
dÍ sadvan t ages of u sin g VoI Pr at h er t h an n or m al
l an d l i n e t el ep h o n es.
Un i t 1 5
2 Di v i d e t h e cl assi n t o sm al l g r o u p s.
1 Follow t h e gen er al in st r u ct ion s f or gr ou p
3 Give h alf t h e gr ou ps t h e Gr ou p A in f or m at ion pr esen t at ion act ivit ies.
( advan t agesof VolP) .Give t h e ot h er gr ou pst h e
2 Divide t h e t h r ee dif f er en t ideas am on g t h e t eam s. lf
Gr ou p B in f or m at ion ( disadvan t agesof VoiP) .
possible,give t h ese ou t bef or et h e I esson ,an d ask
4 Tell t h e gr ou ps t o pr epar et h eir side of t h e ar gu m en t t h e g r o u p st o d o so m e r esear cho n t h ese i d eas.
i n a cl assd i scu ssi o n Tel
. l t h em t o d i scu sst h e
3 At t h e en d o f each p r esen t at i o nt, h e cl assq u est i o n s
in f or m at ion given ,an d t o add an y m or e poin t s t h ey
t h e t eam , asks abou t an y disadvan t agesof t h eir
h ave discover edf r om t h eir ow n r esear ch .
ideas,an d vot es t o give f u n din g t o t h e t eam w it h
5 Tell t h e gr ou ps also t o t r y t o gu essw h at t h e ot h er t h e m ost im pr essÍ vef u t u r e t ech n ology.
si d e' sp o i n t s w i l l b e,an d d Í scu ssh o w t o co u n t er
t h eir ar gu m en t s.
6 Wh en t h e gr ou ps ar e r eady,divide t h e classw it h ail
t h e A g r o u p so n o n e si d e an d a1 1 t h eB g r o u p so n t h e
ot h er .Tell st u den t st h ey ar e act in g t h e par t of sen ior
st af f in a com pan y t r yin g t o decidew h et h er t o
ch an ge f r om ian dlin es t o VolP in t h e com pan y.At
t h e en d of t h e discu ssion ,t h ey sh ou ld vot e w h et h er
or n ot t o m ake t h e ch an ge.
. d t h en h o l d t h e v o t e.
7 Ch ai r t h e d i scu ssi o n an

Un i t 1 4
1 Bef o r et h i s l esso n ,m ak e su r et h at each st u d en t h as
com piet ed h is / h er ow n per son al CV ( w or d-
p r o cessedi f p o ssi b l e)as ex p l ai n edi n t h e St u d en t ' s
Bo o k ,p . 1 0 1Tel
. l t h em t o b r i n g en o u g h co p i esf o r al l
g r o u p m em b er s.
Divide st u den t s in t o gr ou ps of t h r ee or f ou r , an d
ch o o seo n e st u d en t i n each g r o u p t o b e t h e
in t er view ee.Tell t h e in t er view ee t o give copiesof
t h ei r CV t o t h e o t h er st u d en t si n t h ei r g r o u p .Ch eck
t h at each gr ou p m em ber h as t h e CV of t h e per son
bein g in t er view ed.
Get each gÍ ou p,w or kin g t oget h er ,t o com plet e t h e
j ob adver t isem en t givin g det ails of a j ob w h ich t h ey
w ou ld like t o apply f or . Make su r e t h ey u se det aÍ I s
t h at ar e com pat ible w it h t h e CV of t h e in t er view ee.
Divide each gr ou p in t o su b- gr ou pA ( t h e
in t er view in g pan el, w or kin g t oget h er )an d su b-
gr ou p B ( t h ein t er view ee,w or kin g alon e) .
Tel l t h e i n t er v i ew i n g p an el ( A) t o p r ep ar eq u est i o n s
t o ask t h e i n t er v i ew ee,b asedo n h i s / h er CV an d t h e
j ob adver t .Tell t h em n ot t o sh ow t h eir qu est ion st o
t h e in t er view ee bef or e t h e r ole- play.
Teli t h e in t er view ee ( B)t o pr epar e ideas an d r eplies
t o ex p ect edq u est i o n sf r o m t h e p an el ,b ased o n h i s /
h er CV an d t h e j ob adver t .Tell h im / h er n ot t o sh ow
t h ese t o t h e pan el bef or et h e r ole- play.
7 O Ph o t o co p i a b lO
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss

I Gr am m aÍt est
Com plet e t h e t able w it h adj ect ivesf r om t h e list . Pu t on e sim ple adj ect iven ext
t o t h e cor r ect r u le. Th en w r it e Í t scom par at ivef or m .
bad co m b u st i b l e f ast por t able
big ear ly l ar g e sa f e
ch eap f ar n o i sy sl i m

Ru l e Si m p l e Co m p a r a t i v e Ru l e
- -
Ad d - er

Add - r
l quiet q ui e t e r t n ' . á. n ; - , t o. l- r , . , u y
an d add - er I -_7
l ; . ; i. ;
I --8

I
Ch an g et h ew or d g" " J
I n" t t .,
w ider
J-
( irregular) L- n l - - ' o
D o u b l ef i n a ll e t t e r t hi n t ) sem o r e
t hinner [ .; p; .; r. I ; ..rp.nriu.
and add - er
l L- : t t L _t t

2 Use t h e in f or m at ion in t h e t able t o com plet e t h e sen t en cescom par ln g t h e t w o

CA I S.

I sa l o o n Sp o r t s
l - p assen g er s
Si z e I b 2 p assen g er s
I
1 Ye a ro f m a n u f a ct u r e 2002 2004
)
2 M a x i m u ms p e e d ] r sot p t 1 8 0k p h

5 Acce l e r a t i otno 8 0 k p h l - 5 se c o n d s 1 0 se co n d s

4 Fu e l c a p a c i t y 70lit res 40lit res

5 Pr i ce e 40,000 g 25,000

EXA M PT E Th e saloon car is design ed f or a f am ily, so it is m u ch lar ger t h an

t h e spor t scar .
1 Th e spor t s car is abou t t w o year s
2 Wh en you dr ive at t h e m axim u m speed,t h e spor t s car is
3 Th e sal o o n car accel er at es
t o 80kpm
4 Th e spor t s car h as a - - f u ei capacit y
5 T h e sa l o o n ca r i s

Com plet e t h e sen t en cesw it h t h e cor r ectw or ds.

1 Th i s i s b r o k en ,so p l easecal l a t o r ep ai r i t .
m ech an ic / m ech an ical / m ech an ism
2 A- i s so m eo n ew h o h as b een t r ai n ed i n - .
t ech n ical / t ech n ology / t ech n ician
3 Af t er t h e - - in st allat ion ,t h e bu ildin g w ill h ave
elect r icit v / elect r ical / elect r ician
St u dy at u n iver sit y if you w an t t o becom e an -
en g i n e / en g i n eer/ en g i n eer i n g
He h as a diplom a in - - - an d n ow h e r epair s
equ ipm en t .
elect r on / elect r on ics/ elect r on ic
 Ph o t o co p i a b l@
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t y

I Com m u n icat ion

St u d en tA
Ask qu est ion st o f in d ou t t h e
specif icat ion sof St u den t B's lapt op E
N
com pu t er .Wr it e t h e specif icat ion sin a1

you r t ab1e.Th en ch eck you r an sw er s

by lookin g at St u den t B's diagr am .
Fi n al l y ,w r i t e sen t en cesco m p ar i n g
t h e t w o lapt ops.

2cm

t ffi
Pa ce rXJL0 0 Jo s h i b a8 5 0 7 Co m p a r i so n
t , 2 7 cm
lengt h T h ePa c e ri s s h o r t e tr h a nt h e Jo s h i b a .
t,
widt h 2 2 cm

t h i c k ne s s

w eight

sc r e e nsi ze T h e sc r e e n o f t h e . . .

m em or y

h a r dd i s k h a sa b i g g e m
r em ory...

i t lt t
p r i ce

Ss-
St u d en tB
Ask quest ionst o f ind out t he
specif icat ionsof St udent As lapt op E

com put er.Writ e t he specif icat ionsin ,:

a\

you r t able.Th en ch eckyou r an sw er sby

looking at St udent As diagram .Finally,
w rit e sent encescom paring t he t w o
lapt ops.
4cm
J-
+
I
3 3c m

PacerXJ1 0 0 Jo sh i b a8 5 0 7 Co m p a r i so n

lengt h T h e Jo s h i b ias l o n s e r t h a nt h e Pa c e r .

w idt h

t h i c kn e s s

w eight

SCr e e ns r z e T h e s c r e e no f t h e

m em or y

h a r dd i s k T h e- h a sa b i g g e m
r em ory...

p n ce
 e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss
7 2 Ph o t o co p i a b l@

2 Gr am m aÍ t est
I Join each sen t en cet o t h e cor r ect r u le, an d t h en t o t h e cor r ectt en se.

1 | cem e l t sa b o v eÍ r e e zi n pg o i n t .

2 Le sso n sst a r ta t 9 a . m .e v e r yd a y . \ - A a l w a v st r u e
3 T h e p o l a r i c e c a p s a r e r a p i d l ym e l t i n g .

4 Th e w eat h er f eels v er y cold t od ay .

5 W h e n y o u p r e s s t h e b u t t o n ,t h e a l a r m s o u n d s . B h a p p e n i n gn o w Pr e s e n Co
t nt inuous

6 T h e f i r ea l a r m i s r i n g i n g .

7 W h a t d o y o u l i k e a b o u t y o u r c o u r se t h i s y e a r ?
C r o u t i n ea ct i o n Pr e s e n Si
t mple
I I h a v e f o u r w e e k s' h o l i d a ye v e r y y e a r .

9 T h e o i l f l o w s i n t o t h e t a n k e rv i a t h i s p i p e .

10 W o r l d p o p u l a t i o ni s s t e a d i l yi n c r e a s i n g .
D t h i n k i n ga n d f e e l i n g
11 How of t en d o you g o t o t h e g ym ?

12 T h i s e x e r c i se n o w se e m s v e r y c l e a r t o m e .

2 Read t h e descr ipt ion of a pr ocessan d u n der lin e each ver b.Th en r ew r it e t h e ver bs t h at
ar e i n t h e i n co r r ectt en se.

T h i si s h o w t h e w a t e rs y s t e mo p e r a t e isn a h o u s eFi . r s ta, p i p e

b r i n g sw a t e ri n t ot h e h o u s eA. s t o pv a l v ej u s t i n s i d et h e b u i l d i n g
1 5 < C! t f q @t h e f l o w o f t h i s w at er .Fr o m h er e,p i p esar e car r y i n g co n t r o l s
t h e w a t e rd i r e c t o c o l dw a t e r t a p so n s i n k sa n d b a t h sa, n dt o
. p e sa l s ot a k e
v a l v e so n t o i l e t ss, h o w e r sa,n dw a s h i n gm a c h i n e sPi
t h e w a t e r t ot h e w a t e rh e a t e rH. e r ea h e a t i n ge l e m e n tn e a rt h e
b a s eo f t h e h e a t e ri s w a r m i n gu p t h e w a t e r . T h he o t w a t e rr i s e st o
t h e t o p o f t h e h e a t e ra, n d p a sse so u t i n t ot h e h o t w a t e rp i p e st o
. n a l l y , t hdei r t y
h o t w a t e r t a p so n s i n k sb, a t h sa, n d s h o w e r sFi
w a t e ri sf l o w i n go u t o f t h e s i n k s , t o i l esth, o w e ra, n d b a t ht h r o u g h
a sy st e mo f w i d e rw a st ep i p e s.

Com plet e t h e in t er view u sin g t h e Pr esen t Sim ple or Pr esen t Con t in u ou s f or m of t h e

ver bs in br acket s.
i --1 ( be)a st u den t an d I 'z( st u dy)elect r on icen gin eer in g.

Nor m ally, w e - - 3 ( at t en d)lect u r esan d - - a ( car r you t )

exper im en t s in t h e labor at or y.Bu t t h is w eek w e - - - t ( do)r eal w or k w it h

elect r on icen gin eer sÍ nvar iou s dif f er en t com pan ies. I _- 6 ( w or k) in a

com pan y called TeleNor t h ,w h ich ?( in st all)r adio- basedlocal ar ea

n et w or ks.I - s ( h elp)an en gin eer ,Fr ed Joh n son ,t o assessw h er e t o pu t t h e

( visit ) a com pan y t h at t o ( bu ild)
t r an sm it t er s.Today,w e - e
a n ew f act or y an d w an t s t o u se TeleNor t ht ech n ology f or it s n et w or ks.
 Ph o t o co p i a b l@
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss

2 Com m u n icat ion

St u den tA
W e e k l yt i m e t a b l e
Youar e a secon dyear par t - t im e en gin eer in g
st u den t .You seet h is n ot ice in you r college I og.oo-ro.: o i r r . o o - r z. r o
_ i
depar t m en t :
Mo n r h eo r y ,( r 9 : r ! r !
__l0r...'.r! --
TI METABLE CHANGED THI SWEEK Tue I rh.ory
I P+ eet { MATHS
eet
DUETO TW O, DAYHOLI DAY.
Wed ] Se l f - s t u d y - I Mat h s
JL_
PLEASEPH ONEENGI NEERI NG
Th u r H) L\ DAY ] t abo{ á+ of yH) L\ DAY
D EPAH T MENT ( x1 2 4 5 )
SECRET ARY tt
FORT EMPOH AH CH
Y ANGES Fri I t iqf .k5hHOLI DAY i P{ o{ ec+HOLI DAY
TOTI METABLES.
Usef u l lan gu age: do Mat h s st u dy En glish go t o t h e Lab
Phon e t h e depar t m en t secr et ar yt o f in d ou t do Self - st u dy w or k on m y Pr oj ect h ave Th eor y
r ch an gest o you r t im et able t h is w eek.
t he
Cor r ect you r t im et able
$-,
St u d en tB
Weeklyt im et able
You ar e a f ir st year par t - t im e en gin eer in g
st u den t .You seet h is n ot ice in you r college
depar t m en t :

TI METABLECHANGEDTHI SWEEK
DUETOTWO. DAY
HOLI DAY. - - ah.w - - -
w .a Pr a c t i c aI
PLEASEPHONE ENGI NEERI NG
En6f { 5h HOLI DAY
DEPARTMENTSECRETARY(x 12a5)
FORT EMPOBARYCHANGES 1 se| É { t{ JdyH)L\ DAY
TOTI METABLES.

Ph on e t h e depar t m en t secr et ar yt o f in d ou t Usef u l lan gu age: do Mat h s st u dy En glish go t o t h e Lab

t h e ch an gest o you r t im et able t h is w eek. do Self - St u dy w or k on m y Pr oj ect h ave Th eor y
Cor r ectvou r t Í m et able.
$s-
St u d en tC
Ch a n g e st o t i m e t a b l e so f a l l st u d e n t sf o r t h i sw e e k o n l y
You ar e t h e secr et ar yof t h e -'.^ ^ .^ -^
collegeen gin eer in g 1100-1230
depar t m en t .Fir st year an d ]
Mon La b o r a t o r yC N O CH AN CE La b o r a t o rC
y Ma t h s
secon d year ( Y1 an d Y2) st u den t s
ph on e you t o f in d ou t abou t T h e o r yC N O CH A N CE Pr act i cafC f t O
f Cf - l n fCe
tf
ch an gest o t h is w eek's
Tu e ^ En
T h e o r yC t - l t .gl "l i s h Pr a ct i ca
I C Se l f - st u d v
t im et able. Ask st u den t sw h ich
su bj ect st h ey n or m ally st u dy Pr a ct i ca l C
Ma t h s T h e o r yC La b o r a t o r y
an d t ell t h em t h e ch an gest o
W ed Th eo r yC Pr o j ect I Pr a c t i c a C
l N O CH A N CE
t h eir t im et able.
Se l f - St u dcy En g l i sh i Mat h s C Pr o j ect
Thur ( H o L | D A Y)j tEn
. \ a ^ l \ l / ' - t r l l Cn
Pr o j e cct CA N CEL L ED r^
( H o L | D A Y)
g | Í sch CA N CEL L ED
/ Ll/ / '\ l ln^ \ / \ I

( H O L I D A Y)
L a bC CA N CEL L ED

Yl ( Ho Ll o o t ) St u d yc CA N CEL L ED
Mat h cs cANCELLED ( H O L I D A Y)
_ l _ t j u d lt . o t 9 r t t t o ( t o t ' * !
( H O L I D A Y)
( H O L I D A Y) Pr o j e cct CA N CEL L ED
Y2 I En g l i s hc CA N CEL L ED
 e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss
Ph o t o co p i a b l@

3 Gr am m aÍ t est
Look at t h e pict u r e an d r ead t h e specif icat ion s.Th en com plet e t h e t able by
_lrlI w r it in g qu est ion sf or t h e an sw er s.

An sw er

Co l o u r ? T h e ya r eb I a c ka n d s í | v e r .

1 W e i g h t ?_ T h e yw e i g h1 9 5 9 .

j t ish ! t . ! g . s l
cab les?
t . Tdb'n14: 't 1! 1. ,
l_
4 W i d t he a rc u s h i o n ? I I t ' s7 . 6cm w i d e .

Sp eci f i cat i oonf s I t ' s1 . 5 ml o n g .

headphongs T h e yu se b o t h .

Co l o u r :si l v e a
r n db l a ck
He a d p h o n e : 9 H o w ca r r y ? I nt h e c a s e
1 9 . 5c m H x 1 6 . 5c m W
1 0 Co st ? T h e yco st f 1 5 0 .
Ea r cu sh i o n :
9 . 6 5c m H x 7 . 6c m W
2 Fin d t h e in f or m at ion you n eed an d com plet e t h e qu est ion s abou t t h e gadget .
Weig h tw it hcab les:
19 5 9
Head b an dad j u st ab le
to
7 . 5c m
Bo x co n t a i n s:
. 1 p a i ro Í h e a d p h o n e s
. 1 . 5 me x t e n si ocno r d
. St er eop h on ead ap t er
. Du a lp l u ga d a p t e r
. 'l AAA bat t er y
. Ca r r y i ncag se
Pr i c e :t 1 5 0

1 Wh o d esi g n ed t h eCDp l ay er ?
2 why
3 Wh en
4 How w id e
5 Ho w t h i ck
6 What
7 w hi ch com pany
8 Ca n
9 How m u ch
l_u
 e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss 7 5
Ph o t o co p i a b lO

3 Com m u n icat ion

Tech n o l o g yq u i z
St u den tA
Com plet e t h e qu est ion sw it h t h e cor r ectf or m of t h e ver bs in br acket s.Th en ask
St u den t B t h e qu est ion s an d ch eck h is / h er an sw er s.
L How t all - t h e w or ld's t allest bu ildin gT ( be)
a >500m b < 5 0 0b u t > 4 5 0 m c <450m
2 Wh at kin d of lever - t h is? ( be)
a f ir st class b seco n dcl ass c t h ir d class
3 Wh at 's t h is - ? ( call)
a b a r co d e b PI N c zip code
4 Wh o t h e f ir st ch em ical bat t er y in 1800?( pr odu ce)
a An dr é - Mar ieAm pé r e b Alessan dr o Vo1t a c Jam es Wat t

,llil
ililililil[
5 W h i ch o f t h ese Leo n ar d od aVi n ci ( 1 ' 4 5 2 -1 . 5 1 9 ) n o d
t esí g n ?( d o )
a h elicopt er b so eed b o at c su o m an n e

80 6 Who t he World Wide Web? ( invent )

a Bill Gat es b Pr esiden t Clin t on c Tim Ber n er s- Lee
7 Wh at t h e let t er sRÁ st an d f or in RÁDÁR? ( do)
a RAdio b Ref lect edAlt er n at e c Red Aler t
Who t h ef i r st y o - y o ?( m ak e)
a an cien t Japan ese b an cien t Kor ean s c an ci en t Ro m an s

J8 ' B L' ) 9 ' q S' q V' e E' q Z' e I : SI e / V\ SUV

$r
Tech n ology qu iz
St u den tB
Com plet e t h e qu est ion sw it h t h e cor r ect f or m of t h e ver bs in br acket s.Th en ask
St u den t At h e qu est ion san d ch eck h is / h er an sw er s.
1 Wh ich gas - a lÍ gh tbu lb con t aí n ?( do)
a oxygen b n it r ogen c ar gon
2 Wh at , st h Í sdevice - ? ( call)
a pr in t er h ead b ballpoin t pen c in kj et
3 W h o - t h ef i r st i n t er n al co m b u st i o n en g Í n ei n 1 8 8 5 7 ( p r o d u ce)
a Hen r y For d b Kiich ir o Tovoda c Got t lieb Daim ler
4 Wh at t h e let t er sI Á st an d f or in I ÁSER?( do)
a Lo sAn g el es b Lí ght Am piif icat ion c LAm p
5 Wh en t h e Wor ld Wide Web st ar t ?( do)
a 1990 b 198s c 1995
W h at an MP3 p l ay er d o ?( d o )
a t r an spor t speople b plays m u sic c plays gam es
7 Wh o t h e m er cu r yt h er m om et er ? ( in ven t )
a An der s Ceisiu s b Gabr iel Fah r en h eit c Bar on Kelvin
Wh o t h e f ir st scissor s?( m ake)
a an cien t Egypt ian s b an cien t Gr eeks c an cien t Ch Í n ese

e B'q l ' q 9 ' e S' q V'J E' q Z ' JT:s Je M s u V

 e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss
7 6 Ph o t o co p i a b l@

4 Gr am m aÍ t est
can be u sed m ole t h an
Com plet e t h e sen t en cesw it h of , f r om , f or ,oÍ t o. Each w or d
o n ce.
- cor r osion '
1 Alu m in iu m is ligh t w eigh t an d h as excellen t r esist an ce
alu m in iu m '
2 T h i si sw h y a l o t o f p l a n e p a r t sa r e m a d e
3 Car bon - f ibr eis u sed m akin g pr of ession albicycle f r am es'

4 por yu r et h an eis u sed m ake f oot bails becau seit is h igh ly r esist an t
im Pact .
5 Cr o- m oly is an alloy. I t is m ade a n u m ber of m et als'

6 Kevlar or n ylon is u sed m an u f act u r in g clim bin g r opes'

ar r ow s t o h elp you '

Make sen t en cesf r om t h e t able. u se t h e dir ect ion of t h e
EXAMPLE Po l y car b o n at ei s u sed f o r m ak i n g su n g l asses'
Fo o t b al l sar e m ad e o f p o l y u r et h an e'

polycar bon at e ] c
ryT: _: : __ -- r- - t1 t -t t g l t t t :
G
! gt t _ , f - - - - 1Po l Yu: -r e^t h a n e
^v 't n l : c f 1 6& m a n y f i b r e s
r'"-
| '" M'i1- h u l l so f s a i l i n gb o a t s
2 f i b r eg l ass C
I _l
3 s a i l so f s a i l i n gb o a t s G I p o l y est er
I

4 b i k eh e l m e t s I c I Po l Yc a r b o n a t e & Po l Ys t Yr e n e

m at er ials'
3 Com plet e t h e t able abou t t h e pr oper t iesof dif f er en t

w ell.
st icr ' sv er l w at er - r esist an t .i ] h it 1 | as! . t 1 t " t f 4 er
'
K" il" * - * il" " t " b " " t t y - - 1v er y elast ic f ev lar : lr * h es: : ! ^ "
l- r * r t t -
I - 1 ] ( r e t u r n ) t o i t s o w n s h a Pe '
--= f
a, t u n iu . G T ' t t * i u m- o co r r o si o n
Tt ,niu. hu,u.r ygood ..,^ tl
r cor r osion . cor r osion- --
r esist an ce I _ i " " q: L
ex cellen t i Poly u r et h an-e- 3 v er y Poly u r et h an e
oof v | . r r " t n u-*- 7 J
_ -r. ( b en d ) Vereasi|
y y.
í | ex ib i| it y

4 m ake pair s of sen t en cesu sin g t h e w or ds in t h e t able

is
EXAMPLE Po l y u r et h an eh as ex cel l en tel ast i ci t yan d w eat h er - r esi st an ce. Th í s
w h y i t i s u sed f o r m ak i n gf o o t b al l s'

Use s
Ma t e r i a l I Pr o Pe r t i e s

polyurethane _ .l1i citv,weat her-': a!I b1!

l-L !., 1f: "'
lr ib r eslass___Lt r yb le - - - i' i" l'
I b ik "ilt t t l! t ' 9 : t )
L pj [ t .y: 1.
] g : q eat - r esist an ce, lig h t n ess
t 5! tttt
r polycarbonat e_Lt r : nspar ent ,high scr at ch" : : ! 5- -.
sh i pp r o p e l l e r s
4 t it anium J h a r dc, o- r r o si o- n - r e si st a n c e )--
| ""-'-

I
 Ph o t o co o i a b lO
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t vPr e ss 7 7

4 Com m unicat ion

I n y o u r g r o u p ,d i scu sst h e an sw er st o t h ese q u est i o n s.
Wh at m at er ials do you t h in k t h e dif f er en t par t s of t h e
clim ber 'sequ ipm en t ar e m ade of 7
Wh at pr oper t iesdo you t h in k t h e m at er ials h ave?Wh y
ar e t h ey u sef u l?

Read t h is ext r act f r om a m eet in g an d cor r ectt h e

m ist akes in t h e m em o below .
Pet er Wh at m at er ial do you t h in k w e sh ou ld u se
f or t h e n ew h elm et ?
Lou ise I t h in k polycar bon at ew ou ld be best .
Pet er Wh yi
Lou ise Well, it 's t ou gh an d it r esÍ st sim pact '
Pet er Yes,you 'r e r igh t . OK, w h at abou t t h e n ew
r ope?Sh ou ld w e u se n yion f or t h at ?
Lou ise No, l don 't n yion is appr opr iat e. l t h in k w e
sh ou ld u se Kevlar .
Pet er Wh y?
Lo u i se W el l , l t ' sw ear - r esi st an t . I t ' sal so f at i g u e-
r esi st an t .
Pet er OK, l agr ee.Let 'su se Kevlar .

Mem o
To: Gen er al Man ager
Fr om : Design En gin eer
Dat e: 2O l0l,I 'ay
2O-
Su bj ect : Mat er ials f or n ew spor t s pr odu ct s

As you kn ow Lou ise an d I h eld a m eet in g t o discu ss m at er í alsf or ou r n ew Spor t s equ ipm en t .
We decided t h e f oilow in g:
1 We sh ou ld u se polycar bon at e t o m ake t h e n ew h elm et . Th is í sbecau se t h e m at er iai is iigh t
an d i m p act - r esi st an t .
2 We sh ou ld u se a m ixt u r e of n ylon an d Kevlar f or m akin g t h e n ew r ope. Th is is becau se it
w on 't w ear aw ay an d w ill r esist f at igu e.
I f you w ou ld like t o discu ss t h ese ideas, please let m e kn ow .

Have a m eet in g u sin g you r gr ou p'sideas abou t t h e best m at er ials f or clim bin g
eq u i p m en t .

4 Wr it e a m em o t o you r m an ager explain Í n gt h e decision syou Í gÍ ou pm ade in t h e

m eet i n g .
 Ph o t o co p i a b lO
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t vPr e ss

5 Gr am m aÍt est
1 m at ch pair s of act ion s.
a pr esst h e alar m bu t t on 1 t h en , t h e cam er a t akes a pict u r e
b t u r n t h e st eer in g w h eel 2 at t h e sam e t im e, t h e sou n d on
clockw ise t h e r adio becom es lou der
c click on t h e'save' bu t t on at t h e sam e t im e, it t u r n s t h e
d t u r n t h e st eer in g w h eel cam sh af t in a r ot ar y m ovem en t
an t i- clockw ise at t h e sam e t im e, t h e car m oves t o
t h e pen du lu m of t h e clock t he I ef t
o sci l l at es t h en , t h e pr ogr am st or esyou r
pu sh dow n t h e cam er a d at a o n t h e h ar d d i sk
bu t t on at t h e sam e t im e, t h e spr in g
t h e pist on m oves in a b eco m est i g h t er
r ecipr ocat in gm ot ion 7 t h en , a lou d bell r in gs
r ot at e t h e volu m e kn ob 8 at t h e sam e t im e, t h e car t u r n s t o
clockw ise t h e r igh t

Join t h e pair s of act ion sf r om 1 an d m ake sen t en cesu sin g w h en or as.

EXAMn LE a+T W h eny o u p r esst h e al ar m b u t t o n ,a l o u d b el l r i n g s.
b+8 As you t u r n t h e st eer in gw h eel clockw ise,t h e car t u r n s t o t h e
r igh t .

Com plet e t h e sen t en cesw it h bef or ean daf t er .

] - Yo u m u s t p u t o n y o u r h e 1 m e t - y o u c a n e n t e r t h e b u i l d i n g s i t e .
2 You can on ly en t er t h e sit e you pu t on you r h elm et .
3 Yo u m u s t w a s h y o u r h a n d s - y o u h a n d l e c h e m i c a l s .
4 You can on ly com e in t o t h e f act or y you sh ow I D at t h e En t r an ce.
5 Th ey m u st be t r ain ed t o oper at et h e m ach in e - t h ey can u se it .
6 He can o n l y b eco m e an en g i n eer h e co m p l et esh i s d eg r ee.

Look at t h e diagr am of a br ake syst em . loin each pair of sen t en cesu sin g w h en or as.
ExAMpt E Th e f oot pr essest h e br ake pedal.I m m ediat ely af t er t h is, t h e pist on
m oves dow n t h e m ast er cylin der .
W h en t h ef o o t p r essest h e b r ak ep ed al , t h ep i st o n m o v esd o w n t h e
m ast er cylin der .
1 Th e pist on m oves dow n t h e cylin der .At t h e sam e t im e, t h e oil in
t h e pipe t r an sm it s pr essu r et o t h e br ake pad.
Th e pr essu r eof t h e oil pu sh es t h e pad again st t h e disc.
I m m ediat ely af t er t h is, t h e w h eel slow s dow n an d st ops.
You r eleaset h e br ake pedal. lm m ediat ely af t er t h is t h e pist on
m oves u p t h e cylin der t ow ar ds t h e pedal.
Th e pist on r et u r n s u p t h e cylin der .At t h e sam e t im e, it r em oves
plessu r e f r om t h e oii Í nt h e pipe.
Th e pads m ove aw ay f r om t h e disc.I m m ediat ely af t er t h is, t h e
w heel is able t o m ove f reelv.
 Photocopiable © Oxford University Press 79

5 Communication
Your group is a team of designers and engineers who specialize in appropriate
technology for rural villages in developing countries. Your team has designed this
system for low-cost solar water heating. Discuss the system with your group and
make notes in the table. Then, with your group, give a brief explanation of how
the system works. sola r water heater pa nel

/
Name of system: Solar water heating system

Purpose of system:

Main components: I What the main components do:

I connect.ing water .
1
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
I

1 _ + ｾ pipes shower
I

1
ｾ head
-----------1-----------
- - - - - 1 - - - - -

-----------1-----------
I

t ｾ t
2 - - - - - 1 - - - - -

----------1----------
- - 1

hot and

+= o
- - 1

cold
ｾ
valve
3 -----1 1

t ｾ t t
- - - - - 1

I
-----------)
------1
I

4
I
I

I
1

I
1

t t
5 -----1
I
I

\
-cold
water water
t
I

-6------===---=----Ｍｉ｟ ］ ＺｾＭ _ tank inlet

1-----
I

-----1
----------1----------
How the system works: _

I
8 0 Ph o t o co p i a b lO
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss

6 Gr am m aÍ t est
t Rew r it e each sen t en ceu sin g t h e Pr esen t Sim ple f or m of t h e ver b in it alí cs.
EXAMPLE Th e X- r ay device at an aÍ r por tis u sed f ot det ect in g dan ger ou sit em s
in side lu ggage.
Th eX- r ay deviceat an air por t det ect sdan ger ou sit em s in side
I u ggage.
1 Th e pu r pose of t h e GPSn avigat ion syst em ist o locat e you r posit ion an yw h er e
o n ear t h .( Beg í nTh
: eGPSn av i g at Í o nsy st em. . .)
2 Th e Ro t u n d u ssp h er i calr o b o t i s u sed f o r p at r o l l i n g an d g u ar d i n g b u i l d i n g s an d
si t es.
'f h e
3 Flash cam is u sed t o w ar n people n ot t o com m it a cr im e.
4 Th e f u n ct ion of dyn am ic gr ip r ecogn it ion í st o allow a gu n t o be u sed on ly by it s
ow n eI .
5 A police of f icer 'sj ob is t o pr ot ect t h e pu blic an d t o cat ch cr lm in als.

2 Co m p l et et h e sen t en cesu si n g t h e w o r d s i n b r ack et s,m ak i n g an y n ecessar y

ch an g est o t h ei r f o r m .
1 An t i- vir al sof t w ar e is u sed f or - ( pr ot ect )com pu t er s.
2 T h e s e n s o r Si n t h e Ro t u n d u s a r e u s e d t o - ( d e t e c t ) m o v e m e n t
sm o k e,h eat ,an d so u n d .
3 A p o l i c e m a n , s Ke v l a r j a c k e t a c t s a s a - ( p r o t e c t ) a g a i n s t b u 1 l e t s .
4 T h ep u r p o seo f at aser i s- ( i n cap aci t at e) asu sp ect w i t h o u t i n j u r y .
5 An X- r ay m ach i n e i s u sed f o r - ( m o n i t o r )p assen g er s' l u g g ag e.
6 Sm oke alar m s ar e u sed t o - ( w ar n ) people abou t f ir es.

3 Com piet e t h e t ext w it h as, f or , or t o. Each w or d can be u sed m or e t h an on ce.

On an y passen ger aer oplan et h er e ar e sever alsaf et y devicesan d it em s of
eq u i p m en t w h i ch ar e u sed 1 p r o t ect i n gt h e p assen g eÍ an
s d
2pr even t acciden t sor deat h du r in g an em er gen cy.For exam ple,
ever y seat h as a seat belt .Th is is u sed 3h oldin g t h e passen ger s
secu Í edu r in g su dden an d violen t m ovem en t of t h e plan e. Th er e ar e Sever aldoor s
w h ich can be u sed - - 4 em er gen cy exit s if n ecessar y.Ever y plan e
car r iesf ir st aid kit s. Th e pu r pose of t h is equ ipm en t is - sallow cabin
cr ew t o t r eat an y in j u r y saf ely.Above ever y seat is an oxygen m ask, w h ich act s
6 a ven t ilat or if t h e air pr essu r ein t h e cabin su dden ly dr ops.An ot h er
im por t an t saf et y it em is t h e lif ej acket u n der ever y seat .Th is is design ed
7pr even t dr ow n in g. Wh en t h e lif ej acket is f illed w it h air , it f loat s in
w at er an d act s 8a su ppor t f or t h e passen gerin t h e w at er .

i
I
I
I

I
t
 Ph o t o co p i a b lOe Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss 8 1

6 Com m unicat ion

St u denA
t
t Youar ea salesper son w or kin g in
securit ydevice D" t : .t t _
a com pan yw h ich m an u f act u r es l_ _LrryI t t 4y1" l'_
secu r it ydevices.A cu st om er Heat - sen sit iv
f ireea' r y Pr ev en t s esb ef or et h ? t t t it _ _ _
] l: l __ _[
ph on esyou f or advice.Ask t h e
Op ] y ! ^ a r u d earl a r m I m o t i o n I Se n seasn i n t r u d ei n r t h eb u i l d i n g .
cu st om erqu est ion sabou t t h eir - ] - '- oá;
T
t h en r eco m m en dt h e
p r o b l em s, CPSlocat or r o* '* - ; ; p. ; y- " '; na r o" '. ' uy
b estd ev i ce.Use t h e sai es i sat el l i t e.
cat alogu et o h elp you .

I Youar et h e n ew h ead of secu r it y Pr ob lem Dev i cet o d et ect I g est d ev i ce

f ora gover n m en t bu ildin g. You
h av ea ser i eso f p o ssi b l esecu r i t y
p r o b l em s,so y o u p h o n e u p a
com panyt hat m anuf act ure s
secu r it ydevices.Explain you r
p r o b l em st o t h e sal esp er so nask
, t h e m a g a i n stse cu r i t yst a f f .
f or r ecom m en dat ion s,an d
com plet eyou r n ot es.
___l
i. r . nit t t r na. r - inuf , u; * n* t
m a d eo f p l a st i c,n o r m a lX- r a y s
f
l
c a n n o td e t e c t h e m .
Cr i m i n a lcsa n s t e a l t a s e rasn d u s e
l
-L
I n t r u d e rca
s n e n t e ro u r o f f i ce s
b e ca u set h e yca n st e a le n t r y
p a ssw o r d s,o r e v e nst e a ll D ca r d s.

St u d en tB
Youar e a salesper son w or kin g in
T y p i ca l a p p l i ca t i o n s
a com pan y w h ich m an u f act u r es
secu r i t yd ev i ces.A cu st o m er Pr e v e n t u s n au t h o r i se dp e o p l ef r o m
ph on esyou f or advice.Ask t h e h o l d i n gi t .
cu st om erqu est ion s abou t t h eir
D e t e ct sp l a st i cw e ap o n sa n d
p r o b l em s,t h en r eco m m en dt h e
e x p l o si v e s.
b estd ev i ce.Use t h e sal es
cat alogu et o h elp you . Pr e v e n tcsr i m i n a l fsr o m u s i n gs t o l e n
p a ssw o r d s.

You ar e t h e dir ect or of secu r it y f or

a com pan y t h at st or esgoodsin
w ar eh ou sesan d deliver st h em by
lor r y.You h ave som e secu r it y
p r o b l em s,so y o u p h o n e u p a
com pany t hat m anuf act ures
secu r it y devÍ ces. Explain you r
p r o b l em st o t h e sal esp er so nask
, o v e r h e a t s. W en e e d a d e v i c et o d e t e c t
f or r ecom m en dat ion s,an d
com plet e you r n ot es.
Pr o b l e m Dev i cet o d et ect i Best d ev i ce
l n t r u d e r sb r e a ki n t ow a r e h o u se s.
T h e nt h e y m o v ea r o u n du n d e t e ct e d ,
s t a ya l o n gt i m e ,a n d s t e a lg o o d s .
M a c h Í n e rcya t c h e fsi r ee a s i | yi í i t
h e a t b e f o r e a f i r e st a r t s.
l--
W e n e e dt o t r a cest o l e nco m p a n y
l o r r i e s . Wael s on e e dt o k e e pt r a c ko f
o u r s t a f f - t h e ys o m e t i m e u
s s ev a n s
f o r t h e i ro w n b u s i n e s s .
8 2 Ph o t o co p i a b l@
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss

7 Gr am m aÍ t est
l Wr it e a descr Í pt ionof t h e plocess f r om t h e n ot es.Use t h e Passivef or m of t h e ver bs
in it alicsan d Fr r st ,Th en ,N ext , Now .
1
o
. o OGi . Ex AMp LE Fi r st ,t h ep l u g i s i n ser t edi n t o t h e so ck etTh
. en ,t h e scar t. . .

Quick- st ar t guide f o your con n ectscar t cable bet w eenTV an d

DVD p l ay er
nerv TV and DVD player sw it chon pow er
p u sh p l u g i n t op o w erso ck et p r ess OPEN/ CLOSEb u t t o no n DVD
in ser tt w o AvAAbat t er iesin t or em ot econ t r ol p l ay ert o o p en d o o r
se Í T V ch a n n e | t o. AV' t o u chOPEN/ CLOSEb u t t o nag ai nt o
place disc on t o door cl o se d o o r

2 Wr it e sen t en cesf r om t h e in f or m at ion in t h e t able u sÍ n gt h e Pr esen t Passivef or m

of t h e ver bs,

( Not e:on ly in clu de t h e agen t w it h by if you t h in k t h e in f or m at ion is im por t an t . )

ExAM p t Es Car com pon en t sar e assem bledby r obot icm ach in esin m oder n f act or ies
Met al is sh aped u sin g a r an geof pr ocesses.

Ag en t Wher e/ When/ How / Why

r o b o t i cm a c h i n e s c a rc o m p o n e n t s i n m o d e r nf a ct o r i e s

peopr e u s i n ga r a n g eo f p r o c e s s e s

1 w elder s st e e lp l a t e s u s i n gd i f f e r e ntty p e so f w e l d i n g

2 su ct i o nd e v i ce s f r o mt h e i r t i n s

3 t hey mould p l a s t i cp a r t s o r o t h e rp r o c e s s e s
u s i n ge x t r u s i o n

4 h u g es a w b l a d e s lil* i n a h i g h - s p e e ds l i c i n gm a c h i n e

5 you f i r st

6 t hey f r o m t h e m o u l dw h e nt h e ya r ec o l d

Ch an g et h e d i al o g u esi n t o sen t en ces.

Ex AMPLE A Ho w i s p l ast í cl o ad edí n t ot h e m o u l d i n g m ach i n e?
B Th ey u se a h o p p er .
Pl ast i ci s l o ad edi n t o t h e m o u l d i n g m ach i n eu si n g a h o p p er .
1 A H o w Í st h ep l a st i cm e l t e d ? B T h e y u se h e a t e r s.
2 A Ho w i s t h e m el t ed p l ast i cp u sh ed al o n g t h e b ar r el ? B Th ey u se a r am .
3 A H o w i s d o u g h m a d e t o r i se ? B T h e y u se y e a st .
4 A Ho w ar et h e l o av est ak eno u t o f t h ei r t Í n s? B Th ey u se su ct Í o n .
5 A How ar e t h e loavessliced? B Th ey u se gian t saw blades.

4 Co m p l et et h e t ex t w i t h t o , b y ,i n , o r f r o m .Each w o r d can b e u sed m o r e t h an o n ce.

How is st eel m ade?I t , sm ade 1r em ovin g m ost of t h e Í m pu r it ies
2ir on . Wh y m u st t h e im pu r Í t iesbe r em oved?Th ey h ave t o be
r em oved 3m ake t h e m et al st r on ger an d less br it t le. Th e ir on is
ch an ged in t o st eel a an oxygen f u r n ace.Her e,t h e ir on Í sh eat ed t o a
ver y h igh t em per at u r e - sr em ove t h e im pu r it ies. Th e h igh
t e m p e r a t u r e i sa ch i e v e d - 6 b 1 o w i n g o Xy g e n i n t o t h e m o I t e n i r o n .
 Ph o t o co p i a b lOe Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss 8 3

l Com m u n icat ion

St u d en tA
You w or k f or a sw eet - m akin g f act or y.You r n ew j ob is t o give t ou r s of you r f act or y
t o vÍ sit or s.Bef or et akin g t h e visÍ t or son t ou r , you give t h em a sh or t pr esen t at ion
abou t t h e m an u f act u r in g pÍ ocessf or you r t op. sellin g pr odu ct t h e Explodin g
Bo m b sh el l s.Last w eek y o u i n t er v i ew edan d r eco r d edt h e Pr o d u ct i o nMan ag er
abou t t h e m an u f act u r in g pr ocess.Th is is w h at h e said:
St ep 1 We m ake t h e Explodin g Bom bsh ellsí n lar ge r ot at in g pan s. We h eat t h e pan s
w it h gas f lam es. We add su gar t o t h e pan , w e m ake a sw eet f r om each gr ain
of su gar .
St ep 2 Th e sw eet - m ak ero r p an n er ad d sl i q u i d su g art o t h e p an . Th e l i q u i d su g ar
st i ck st o t h e su g ar ,i t m ak es a h ar d sh el i .Th ep an n er r ep eat st h i s p r o cess1 0 0
t i m es.
St ep 3 Th e pan n er adds colou r an d f lavou r .
St ep 4 We pu t t h e sw eet sin t o a polish in g pan t o give t h em a f in al glaze.
St ep 5 We packaget h e Explodin g Bom bsh ellsin a baggin g m ach in e. We m easu r e
t h e am ou n t of sw eet san d w e piace t h e cor r ect am ou n t in each bag.
St ep 6 W e h eat sealt h e b ag st o k eep i n f r esh n ess.
St ep 7 A con veyorbelt car r iest h e bagst o t h e display con t ain er san d sh ippin g boxes.
Now pr epar e an d give a pr esen t at iont o you r par t n er as pr act icebef or e you f ace
t h e visit or s. Rem em ber t h at you sh ou ld u se t h e Passivew h en givin g a pr esen t at ion
abou t a m an u f act u r in g pr ocess.
St ar t you r plesen t at ion lÍ ket h is:
Th eEx p l o d i n gBo m b sh el l sar e m ad e i n l ar g e r o t at i n gp an s.

St u d en tB
You w or k f or a ch eese- m akin gf act or y.You r n ew j ob is t o give t ou r s of you r f act or y
t o visit or s.Bef or et akin g t h e visit or s on t ou r , you give t h em a sh or t pr esen t at ion
abou t t h e m an u f act u r in g pr ocessf or you r ch eeses.Last w eek you in t er view ed an d
r ecor dedt h e Pr odu ct ion Man ager abou t t h e m an u f act u r in g pr ocess.Th is is w h at
sh e sai d :
St ep L We collect t h e m ilk f r om locai cow s, an d w e in spect an d w eigh it .
St ep 2 Th en w e t r an sf er t h e m iik in t o st ain lessst eel sÍ iosan d w e h eat it .
St ep 3 We t h en pu m p t h e m ilk in t o en closedcookin g vat s an d w e add bact er ia.
St ep 4 Af t er t h at t h e m ilk f or m s a m ass w h ich w e cu t in t o loaf sh apesw it h kn Í ves.
St ep 5 We dr ain t h e loaves of w at er by pr essin g t h em .
St ep 6 Th r ou gh t h e w h ole pr ocessw e m in im ize t h e h an dlin g of t h e ch eeseby
u sin g sem i- au t om at icm ach in e oper at ion s.
St ep 7 Fin ally,w e packaget h e ch eesein t h e h igh - speed com pu t er - con t r olled
p ack ag er .
Now pr epar e an d give a pr esen t at iont o you r par t n er as pr act icebef or e you f ace
t h e visit or s. Rem em ber t h at you sh ou ld u se t h e Passivew h en givin g a pr esen t at ion
abou t a m an u f act u r in g pr ocess.
St ar t you r pr esen t at ion like t h is:

f r o m l o calco w s,an d i t i s i n sp ect edan d w ei g h ed .

Th e m i l k i s co l l ect ed
8 4 Ph o t o co p i a b lO
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss

8 Gr am m aÍ t est
Com plet e t h e sen t en cesw it h w t ll,m ay, m igh t , w ill n ot , or m igh t n ot . Each w or d or
p h r asecan b e u sed m o r e t h an o n ce.u se t h e w o r d s i n b r ack et st o h el p y o u .
1 car s of t h e f u t u r e be saf er t h an t oday'scar s.( cer t ain )
2 Fu t u r e spacet r avel discoverplan et s ou t side ou r solar syst em .
( p o ssi b l e)
3 So l ar p o w er p r o v i d eso m eo f o u r en er g y n eed s.( cer t ai n )
4 Bu t solar pow er m eet all ou r n eeds becau set h e su n doesn 't sh in e
ever yw h er e all t h e t im e. ( cer t ain )
5 Moder n car s h ave t w o br akin g syst em s becau sea sin gle br akin g syst em
- w or k in an em er gen cy.( possible)
6 A lot of lan d veh icles h ave h ydr ogen or h ybr id en gin es by 2 0 50.
( p o ssi b l e)

2 Wr it e qu est ion sf or t h e an sw eÍ S,u sin g t h e w or ds in br acket s.Do n ot r epeat t h e

w o r d s i n i t al i cs.
EXAMn TE St af f w i l i f i n i sh w o r k t o m o r r o w at 2 p . m . ( W h en )
Wh en w ill st af ff inish w ork t o m o r r ow ?
1 Th e of f ice com pu t er sw on 't w or k t oday becau seof avir u s. ( Wh y)
2 Th e boss w ill an n ou n ce a pay r í sen ext w eek. ( Wh at )
3 Th e h eat in g syst em w Í I ioper at eu sin g solarpow er .( How )
4 Win d f ar m s m igh t n ot pr ovide en ou gh pow er f or u s becau set h e w in d isn 't
st r on g h er e. ( Wh y)
5 Air t r avel w ill becom e m or e expen siveas f u el cost sin cr ease.( w h at )
6 Plan es w on 't n eed so m u ch f u el becau set h ey w ill u se m or e com posit esan d so be
I igh t er .( w h y)

Com plet e t h e dialogu e w it h m ay, m igh t , w iI I ,or w on 't .Each w or d can be u sed m or e
t h an o n ce.
A I t h in k t h e w or ld, st em per at u r e - 1 def Í n it elyr ise by 10 oCby t h e
year2050.
B I d i sag r ee.Th e t em p er at u r e z r i se b y 1 0 o C- t h at ' si m p o ssi b l e.
Bu t i t 3 r i seb y 2 o C o r p o ssi b l y 3 o C- t h at ' s p o ssi b l e.

A Well, m aybe you 'r e r igh t . Bu t on e t h in g is cer t ain .Oil - 4 r u n ou t in

t h e n ext 30 year s,becau set h er e'sver y lit t le oil lef t .
B Th at 'sn ot cer t ain at all. Th er e'splen t y of o11lef t . w e sh ave t o dig
-
deeper w ells f or t h e oil t h at 's possible.Bu t I 'm cer t ain t h at oii - 6
r u n ou t in t h at t im e.
A I j u st don , t agr ee.I t h Í n kWe - - - 7 h ave t o f in d alt er n at ive solu t ion s.
Wh at do you t h in k abou t solar pow er ? On e day w e - 8 dr ive solar -
p o w er ed car s.
B Th at - e be t h e an sw er ,especially in Br it ain ; t h er e ar en 't en ou gh
days of su n sh in e.I kn ow it 's dan ger ou sbu t t h er e'sa possibilit y t h at n u clear
pow er 10h elp.
 Ph o t o c o p i a b l e O U XÍ o r o U r l I V e l> | L yr l E> ) 9 J

I Com m unicat ion

I Discu sst h e advan t agesan d disadvan t agesof dif f er en t t ypes of f u e1.

2 Com plet e t h e f ollow in g t abie w it h you r gr ou p.

I Ad v an t ag es i lDi
l
Jl 5sad
d u v dv
Í lan t ag
( c| Bg > es
| ] : ] 1.: ! : ' -

Pet r o l I
-
l

Key t o sym bols on t ables:

Sc a i e : / / = Ex c e l i e n t / = Go o d 0 = Fa i r X= Ba d
( Not es:Ef f icien cy= low f u el con su m pt ion ; Ran ge = dist an ce t r avelled af t er
r ef u ellÍ n g)

3 Af t er you h ave com plet edt h e ch ar t s,h ave a con ver sat ionabou t t h e im plicat ion s of
u sin g t h ese f u els in t h e f u t u r e. You h ave som e ext r a n ot es t o h elp you w it h t h e
d i scu ssi o n .

St u den tA

I Ca r b o n s
-f-----

!: Tli: : ! ': 1110__

Not es: Exper t sbelleve t h at t h er e is n ot m u ch oil lef t Í nt h e w or ld. Th er e is m or e gas
in t h e w or ld t h an oil bu t it is n ot r en ew able.Th e on ly em ission f r om h ydr ogen is
w at er bu t u ses a lot of en er gy t o pr odu ce.
)r
St u d en tB

Not es: Exper t sbelieve t h at t h er e is n ot m u ch oii ief t in t h e w or ld. Th er e is m or e gas

in t h e w or ld t h an oil bu t it is n ot r en ew able.Th e on ly em ission f r om h ydr ogen is
w at er bu t u ses a lot of en er gy t o pr odu ce.
$r
St u d en tC

sm o k e Elk: l: I
l ca r b--I
o n-n
sI - - 1 -f f1n g e
Art "'".t i* ;V 7 ,,/ X
f u e l i l r [ Hy; ; ";

Not es: Exper t sbeiieve t h at t h er e is n ot m u ch oil lef t in t h e w or ld. Th er e is m or e gas

in t h e w or ld t h an oil bu t it is n ot r en ew able' Th e on ly em Í ssionf r om h ydr ogen is
w at er bu t u ses a lot of en er gy t o pr odu ce.
8 6 Ph o t o co p i a b lO
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss

9 Gr am m aÍ t est
Make t h e w ar n in gs m or e f or m ai. Use m u st be + Past Par t iciple ( e. g.don e) .
( Not e:on ly in clu de t h e agen t w it h by r f you t h in k t h e in f or m at ion is im por t an t . )

r xAMpLE You h ave t o w ear t h is w h it e coat in ever y par t of t h e f ood pr ocessin g

f act ory.
Thisw hit e coat m ust be w orn in everypart of t hef ood processingf act ory.
1 You n eed t o car r y t h ese ear pr ot ect or sever yw h er e Í nt h e air cr af t h an gar .
2 Specialist t ech n ician s sh ou ld r epair t h e com pu t er s.
3 Ex p er t t ech n i ci an ssh o u l d ch eckt h l s en g i n e.
4 You m u st leave t h e w et con cr et ef or sever aldays bef or e w alkin g on it .
5 You n eed t o lu br icat e t h ese gear s ever y day.

Rew r i t et h e i n st r u ct i o n su si n g t h e w o r d s i n b r ack et s.
ExAMpLE Alw avs kn ock on t h e door bef or e Vou com e in .
You ( m ust )
Yo u m u st k n o ck o n t h e d o o r b ef o r ey o u co m e i n .
1 Dr i v er sm u st ch eckt h e b r ak es, l i g h t s,t y r es,an d w at er b ef o r ea l o n g car j o u r n ey
( r equ ir ed)
2 Ap p r en t i cesar e r equ ir ed t o w ear over allsin t h e w or ksh op.
Ap p r en t i ces ( m u st i alw ays)
3 Repor t all acciden t s t o you r su per visor .
All acciden t s ( m ust )
4 Never w or k at a h eigh t w it h ou t a h ar n ess an d a lif elln e.
You ( m u st / n ot )
5 Alw ays w ear a saf et y h elm et in t h is bu ildin g sit e.
A saf et v h elm et ( m ust )

Rew r it e t h e in st r u ct ion s u sin g t h e w or d in br acket s.

ExAMpLE Fir st ch eck t h e gu ar d is on t h e m ach in e. Th en sw it ch it on . ( alw ays)
bef or e sw it ch in g it on .
Al w ay s ch eckt h e g u ar d i s o n t h e m ach i n eb ef o r esw i t ch Í n gi t o n .
1 I f you h aven 't closed dow n you r pr ogr am f ir st , don 't sw it ch of f you r com pu t er .
( n ever )
w it h ou t closin g dow n you r pÍ ogr amf ir st .
2 On ly en t er t h is w ar eh ou se af t er you ve pu t on t h is over all an d saf et y h elm et .
( don't )
w it h ou t pu t t in g on t h is over all an d saf et y h elm et .
3 You m u st n ot eat or dr in k at t h e sam e t im e as you oper at et h is m ach in er y.
( n ever )
w h ile oper at in g t h ls m ach in er y.
4 Fir st f ast en you r saf et y belt . Th en you can st ar t t h e car an d dr ive aw ay. ( on ly)
af t er f ast en in g you r saf et ybelt .
5 Sw it ch of f t h e pow er t o t h e video m ach in e. Th en you can t ake of f t h e cover .
( alw ays)
bef or e t akin g of f t h e cover .
 Ph o t o c o p t d u r t r v \ JA, v , e e .

9 Com m unicat ion

Accid en t su r v ey f or m St u d en tA
You ar e a Saf et y in spect or .You ar e
Nam eof sit e: ThreeValleysConst ruct ion Year:
car r yi. n gou t a su r vey on saf et y
A T o t anl u m b e ro f a c c i d e n tdsu r i n g y e a r pr ocedu r esat a con st r u ct ion sit e.
I n t er view t h e Sit e Man ager an d
B N u m b e or f i n i u r i e fsr o m a c c i d e n t
com plet e t h is su r vey f or m .
C N u m b e or f d e a t h sf r o m a c c i d e n t

D T o t anl u m b e ro f o b se r v e db r e a ch e o
s f sa f e t vr u l e

s f e a chsa f e t vr u l eb e l o w
E En t e rn u m b e ro f b r e a ch e o

I No sm o k i n gi s p e r m i t t e da n y w h e r eo n si t e .

2 H a r dh a t sm u s t b ew o r n a t a l l t i m e s .

3 Saf et yb o o t sm u st al w ay sb e w o r n o n si t e.

4 Sa f e t vn e t sm u st b e p l a ce db e n e a t hf l o o r sw i t h n o d e ck .

5 Sa f e t yh a r n e sse m
s u st b e w o r n a t h e i g h t s.

6 s u st a l w a v sh a v ea n a ssi st a n t .
Cr a n eo p e r a t o r m

7 Ca b l e sm u s t b e a t t a c h e dt o c r a n el o a d s .

8 r u s t c h e c kt h a t t h e g r o u n di s l e v e l .
Cr a n eo p e r a t om

( Not e:a br each of a saf et y r u ie m ean s br eakin g a saf et y r u le)

$tr

St u d en tB
3 FI N D I N GS You ar e t h e Sit e Man ager of a
T h e se a r e o u r m a i n f i n d i n g s a b o u t g e n e r a l sa f e t y a t t h e T h r e e Va l l e y s co n st r u ct i o nsi t e.Readt h i s
Co n st r u cÍ i o nsi t e' ext r act f r om a r epor t an d an sw er
1 W e sa w si x w o r k e r sw a l k i n ga r o u n dt h e si t e w i t h o u t sa f e t yh e l m e t s. t h e Saf et y I n spect or 'squ est ion s.
W e n o t e t h a t t w o a cci d e n t sh a p p e n e dd u r i n gt h e y e a r ,i n w h i ch t w o
w o r k e r sw i t h o u th e l m e t sh a d s e r i o u sh e a d i n j u r i e s .
2 Sa f e t ysh o e s w e r e a l so a p r o b l e m ,On e w o r k e r w e a r i n gn o r m a lsh o e s
h a d a se r i o u si n l u r yt o h i s f e e t w h e n a co n cr e t eb l o ckf e l l o n h i m .
3 T h e r ew e r e t w o f i r e sd u r i n gt h e y e a r ,b o t h ca u se d b y sm o k e r st h r o w i n g
ci g a r e t t e si n t o p a ck i n gm a t e r i a l s.On e su p e r v i so rw a s se r i o u sl yb u r n t .
4 O n e b u i l d e rl a s ty e a rf e l lf r o m a f i r s tf l o o ra n d b r o k eh i s l e g . H e h a d
f a i l e dt o f a st e na sa f e t yh a r n e ssa n d l i f e l i n eb e f o r est a r t i n gw o r k .
5 s e s a w t h r e eb u i l d e r sw o r k i n go n a h i g hs t o r e y
D u r i n gi n s p e c t i o n w
w i t h o u t a sa f e t yn e t b e l o w t h e m .
6 T w o m o n t h s a g o a cr a n et u r n e do v e r o n i t s si d e b e ca u set h e g r o u n d
r a s s l i g h t l yi n j u r e d .
w a s n o t l e v e l . T h eo p e r a t o w
7 I n a n o t h e ra c c i d e n t t, h e c r a n eo p e r a t o rh a d n o a s s i s t a n th e l p i n gh i m .
T h e cr a n e l o a d sw u n g o u t o f co n t r o la n d st r u cka n o t h e rw o r k e r ca u si n g
a s e r i o u si n j u r yt o h i s a r m .
8 l n a n o t h e ri n ci d e n tw i t h a cr a n e ,t h e r e w a s n o ca b l e a f i a ch e dt o t h e
l o a d ,a n d t h e cr a n e l o a d sw u n g t o w a r d st w o w o r k e r s.Fo r t u n a t e l tyh e y
w er e not iniur ed.

4 CONCLUST ONS
8 8 Ph o t o co p i a b lO
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss

r c Gr am m aÍ t est
t Jo i n each p ai r o f sen t en cesu si n g w h Í cho r w h o .
Ex. A. Mpt E A solar pan el is a device.Th is device con ver t ssu n ligh t in t o elect r ical
pow er .
A solarpan el is a devicew h ich con ver t ssu n ligh t in t o elect r icalpow er .
1 A n u r se is an em ployee.Th is em ployee looks af t er pat ien t s.
2 Aspir in is a m edicin e. Th Í sm edicin e r elievespain .
3 A set o f st ep - u pg ear si s a m ech an i sm .Th i s m ech an i sm i n cr easest h e r at e o f
r ot at ion .
4 Paediat r ician sar e doct or s.Th ese doct or st r eat ch ildr en .
5 An oper at in g t able is a piece of h ospit al equ ipm en t . I t su ppor t s pat ien t s du r in g
su r ger y.

2 Mat ch t h e oar t s of t h e t able.

it em f u n ct i o n

a a r t i f i ci aI h e ar t m a c hi n e t h e l pb l i n dp e o p l et o m o v ea r o u n de a s i l y

b X- r a yt e c hn i c i an sp e c i al i s t 2 cal cu l at et h e b est h ear t r at ef o r a o at i en t

c t h e A b i o Co rc o n t r o l l e r d evice 3 c o m b i n et h r e et y p e so f e n g i n e e r i n g

d RP6 robot 4 o p e r a t ea n d p r o ce ssX- r a y s

e u l t r a c an e d ev ice 5 e x a m i n ep a t i e n t rse m o t e l y

f m ech at r on ics f í eI d 6 p u m p b l o o da r o u n dt h e b o d y

Wr it e sen t en cesu sin g in f or m at ion f r om t h e t able.

EXAMp LE An ar t i f i ci alh ear t i s a m ach i n ew h i chp u m p s b l o o dar o u n d t h e b o d y .

4 Rew r i t et h e sen t en cesas d i al o g u es.

Ex AMp LE A can - o p en eri s a d ev i cew h i ch o p en sm et al can s.
AWh at 's t h isdevicef or ?B lt 'sf or open in g m et al can s.
1 Sen sor sar e com pon en t sw h ich det ect ch an gesin t h e en vir on m en t .
2 An in j ect ion m ou lder is a m ach in e w h ich m akes m olt en plast ic in t o pr odu ct s.
3 Ar t if icial h ear t s ar e devicesw h ich pu m p blood ar ou n d t h e body an d in t o t h e
1 u n g s.
4 A scan n er is a m ach in e w h ich con v er t s a v í su ai im ag e in t o d ig it al f or m .

5 A h ear in g aid is a m ech an ism w h ich in cr eases t h e v olu m e of sou n d w av es in

t h e ear .

Com plet e t h e t ext w it h w h ich ,w h o, f or , by,or t o.Each w or d can be u sed m or e t h an

o n ce.
A r adiologist is a specialist t ech n ician l pr odu cesX- r ay im ages of all

p ar t s o f t h e b o d y .He d o est h i s - 2 p o si t i o n i n gp at i en t s,o p er at i n gt h e

X- r ay m ach in e, an d pr ocessin gr adiogr aph icf i1m s.Th esef ilm s ar e t h en u sed by
d o ct o r s 3d i ag n o sem ed i cal co n d i t i o n s.Th e r ad i o i o g i sth as
4 w ear a lead apr on an d glovest o pr ot ect h im self f r om r adiat ion .Th e

lead apr on is a kin d of body ar m ou r s goes over t h e f r on t of t h e body.

Th e gioves ar e - -6 pr ot ect in g h is h an ds an d w r ist s again st t h e X- r ays.

 Ph o t o co p i a b lO
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t vPr e ss 8 9

r c Com m unicat ion

: WláT* llffi i
l. Ü] ilfu< ) | I
ihearingaid
o F. . . . . . . . . . . |
\@ ]i
(\ Y)( ( í' aia)k i d)i n ey m ach i n eii n . r r o n al al ari)m ax\
i$$ t !
V) / rtt\ .- !
l-
v: : ir _/ \ i
-:-
II I ri-I \- ,l
F - - - - - r - - - - -l- - - - - - - - - - - -!- - - - - - - - - - - -!- - - - - - - r r r r {

| . ^ , scan n er " alv e

,
r
|r
!
\\\\ \r N) \ NN\ - |rI , " , t ech n icÍ l,ran
|ilI WN \ I
I r r! \ \ --/ -tr r
- - - - - - - - - - -l- - - - - - - - - - - -!- - - - - - - - - - E -l- - - - - - - r r r r
F {

ti)

ar t if icí alh ear t | i , y r in g e

f f i|
r-Vi / i! ryJr
r obot doct or pacem aker

w heelchair X- r ay

h osp it al b ed oxygen m ask

9 0 Ph o t o co p i a b l@
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss

il Gr am m aÍ t est
Rew r i t et h e ad v i ceaSy o u r p er so n alo p i n Í o nu si n g I t h i n k o r I d o n , t t h i n k w i t h
sh o u l d .
Ex AMp LE Yo u ar e ad v i sedn o t t o l o o k at a co m ' o u t erscr eenf o r m o r e t h an 3 0
m Í n u t es.
I d o n ' t t h i n ky o u sh o u l d l o o k at a co m p u t erscr een f o rm o r e t h an 3 0
m i n u t es.
1 I t is advisablef or you t o sh u t dow n you r com pu t er an d r est ar t it .
2 I 'd r ecom m en d t h at vou don 't t ou ch t h at door f or at least f ive h ou r s af t er
pain t Í n git '
3 Tr y u sin g a socket w r en ch t o t ake t h ose w h eel n u t s of f .
4 lt 's n ot a good idea f or you t o ch an ge you r of f ice com pu t er syst em .
5 I su ggest you don 't u se t h is m ach in e u n t il you 've r ead t h e saf et y m an u al.

Read t h e ext r act f r om an in st r u ct ion m an u al, t h en w r it e som e advice f or a

problem# 4:
Gust om er cu st om er .Use each of t h ese w or ds an d ph r aseson ce on ly.
Mousedoesnotw ork
Yo u ca n . . . Tr y - in g. . . Yo u sh o u l d. . .
Suggest edsolut ions: I su g g e sty o u . . . W h y d o n ' t y o u . . .7 I t h i n k y o u sh o u l d . . .
1 Ch e ckt h a t h em o u sei s x x AMp Lx Sh u t d o w n an d r est ar ty o u r co m p u t er .
co n n ect edt ot h e W h y d o n ' t y o u sh u t d o w n an d r est ar ty o u r co m p u t er ?
co m p u t eur si n gt h e
cor r ectsocket . W r i t e t h e q u est i o n sf o r t h ese an sw er s.Beg i n :Do y o u t h i n k w e sh o u l d . . .?
2 Re - i n st a l l t hmeo u se EXAMPt E Yes,I t h in k w e sh ou ld h ir e a gu ar d.Th at w ou ld h elp t h e secu r Í t y
d r i v eu
r si n gt h eCD . pr oblem in t h e f act or y.
3 Mak esu r et h att h em o u se Do you t h in k w e sh ou ld h ir e a gu ar d?
i s co m p a t i b w
l ei t ht h e 1 No, l don 't t h in k w e sh ou ld ch an ge ou r com pu t er syst em . I t w ou ld be t oo
co m p u t er
o p er at i n g expen sive.
sy st em( e. 9 W . indow s 2 I don 't see w h y w e sh ou ldn 't open a n ew com pan y br an ch . I t m igh t in cr ease ou r
XP) . t u r n over .
4 Op e nCo n t r oPa
l n elan d 3 Yes,I t h in k t h e gr in din g m ach Í n esh ou ld be r epair ed. I t br eaks dow n f r equ en t ly.
ch eckt h e m o u seset t i n g s.
4 Yes,t h e r epor t sh ou id be w r it t en im m ediat ely.We can 't st ar t w or k u n t il t h e
5 I n st al l t h m
e o u sed r i v er r epor t is r eady.
f r o mt h e DOS p r o m p t .
5 No, l don 't see w h y w e sh ou ld r eplacet h e in j ect ion m ou lder . I t w or ks w ell an d
n ever br eaks dow n .

4 Gi v e ad v i ceo r i n st r u ct i o n su si n g sh o u l d ,sh o u l d n ' t ,m u st ,o r m u st n ' t .Use t h e w o r d s

in br acket st o h elp you .
ExAMPt E Never u sea n akedlÍ gh tsu chas a m at ch n ear t o pet r olor gas.( 1n st r u ct ion )
Yo u m u st n ' t Li sea n ak ed l i g h t su ch as a m at ch n ear t o p et r o l o r g as.
1 Place t h e t op of t h e m on it or at eye level w h en w or kin g at a com pu t er .( advice)
2 Alw ays w ear a h at an d h air n et w h en w or kin g in a f ood f act or y.( in st r u ct ion )
3 Use a ch air w it h good su ppor t f or t h e back an d n eck w h en sit t in g at a desk.
( advice)
4 Don 't f or get t o w ash you r h an ds t h or ou gh ly af t er h an dlin g an y ch em icals.
( in st r u ct ion )
5 Don 't piay com pu t er gam es f or m or e t h an an h ou r per day. ( advice)
 Ph o t o co p i a b lO
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss 9 1

f l Com m unicat ion

St u d en tA
You ar e a Com pu t er Hot lin e Pr o b l em :
Tech n ician .Read t h e ext r act f r om Th e in st allat ion CD does n ot st ar t au t om at icallv.
y o u r t r o u b l esh o o t i n gg u i d e.A
Solu t ion s:
cu st om er ph on es you w it h
Reco m m en d ed cl o se o t h er W i n d o w s p r o g r am s f i r st .
pr oblem s.Give t h e cu st om er
advice an d in st r u ct ion s. Essen t ial click START an d t h en click RUN. Tlr pe in
D: \ i n st a1 l . ex e.
You ar e t r yin g t o set u p a w ir eless
n et w or k t o iin k you r n ot ebook Pr oblem :
com pu t er t o a w ir eless r ou t er bu t Th e in st allat ion sof t w ar e can n ot locat e t h e w ir eless r ou t er .
you ar e h avin g pr obiem s.Ph on e
Solu t ion s:
t h e com pu t er h ot lin e t ech n ician
Recom m en ded close dow n an v f ir ew all an d an t i- vir u s
an d n ot e dow n t h e solu t ion sh e / pr ogr am f ir st .
sh e su g g est s.Fo r ex am p l e:
Essen t ial sw it ch of f pow er t o t h e r ou t er f or t en secon ds, an d
My n ot ebookcom pu t er can 't t h en sw it ch on again . Ch eck t h e pow er ligh t is on .
con n ect t o t h e I n t er n et w ir elessly. Recom m en ded sh u t dow n an d r est ar t com pu t er .
W h at sh o u l dI d o ?
Essen t ial r e- st ar t in st allat ion CD.
My n ot ebookcon n ect st o t h e
I n t er n et b
, u t t h e si g n al st r en g t hi s
v er y l o w . W h at ' st h e so l u t i o n ?

$r-

St u d en tB
You ar e t r yin g t o set u p a w Í r eless
n et w or k t o lin k you r n ot ebook
com pu t er t o a w í r elessr ou t er bu t
you ar e h avin g pr oblem s.Ph on e
t h e com pu t er h ot lin e t ech n ician
an d n ot e dow n t h e solu t ion sh e /
sh e su g g est s.Fo r ex am p l e:
W h en I p u t t h e i n st al l at i o nCD i n t o
t h e d r i v e, t h eCD d o esn ' tst ar t
au t o m at i cal l y .W h at can I d o ?
Th e in st allat ion sof t w ar eis
r u n n i n g ,b u t i t can ' tf i n d t h e
w i r el essr o u t er . W h atsh o u l d l d o ?
You ar e a Com pu t er Hot lin e
Tech n ician .Read t h e ext r act f r om
you r t r ou blesh oot in g gu ide.A
cu st om er ph on es you w it h
p r o b l em s.Gi v e t h e cu st o m er
advÍ cean d in st r u ct ion s.
Pr oblem :
Th e n ot ebook com pu t er is u n able t o con n ect w ir elessly t o t h e
I n t er n et .
Solu t ion s:
Reco m m en d ed cl o se d o w n w i r el ess p r o g r am an d r eo p en .
Ch eck if t h er e is a con n ect ion . I f t h er e is, m ove t h e n ot ebook
t o a locat ion w h er e t h e con n ect ion is m ade.
Essen t ial m ove n ot ebook n ear er r ou t er .
Pr o b l em 2 :
Th e n ot ebook com pu t er con n ect s t o t h e I n t er n et , bu t t h e
signal st rengt h is very low .
Solu t ion s:
Recom m en ded u se n ot ebook m ax. 30m f r om r ou t er .
Essen t i al u se n o t eb o o k m ax . 6 0 m f r o m r o u t er .
Recom m en ded m ove m et al cabin et s ou t of t h e w ay
Essen t ial m ove w ir eless t eleph on e h an dset s aw ay f r om r ou t er .
 e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t vPr e ss
9 2 Ph o t o co o i a b l@

l2 Gr am m al t est
Wr it e sen t en cesu sin g t h e Past Passivef or m of t h e ver bs in br acket s.
x XAMPLE em ai l ( sen d )
1 - g 7 l - Fi r st
Th ef i r stem ai l w as sen t i n 7 9 7 7 .
I 7973 Fir st m obile ph on e ( pr odu ce)
2 1 9 8 1 Fi r st sp acesh u t t l e( l au n ch )
3 1 9 8 5 Fi r st v er si o n o f Mi cr o so f t W i n d o w s ( sh i p )
4 1990 Fir st w or kin g ver sion of Wor ld Wide Web ( com plet e)
5 7996 Fir st ciockw or k r adio ( in ven t )

Ch an ge t h e sen t en cesf r om act ive t o passive.

EXAMp LE Bef o r ep en s,p eo p l ew r o t e l et t er su si n g f eat h er sd i p p ed i n i n k .
Bef or epen s, I et t er sw er ew r Í t t enu sin gf eat h er s dipped in Í n k.
1 Th ey co m p l et edt h e Ak ash i Kai k y o b r i d g e i n Jap an i n 1 9 9 8 .
2 Peo p l eb eg an w o r k o n t h e I n t er n at i o n alSp aceSt at i o n( l SS)i n 1 9 9 8 .
3 Sp acesh u t t i esb r o u g h t t h e f i r st cr ew m em b er st o t h e I SSi n 1 9 9 9 .
4 Th ey f l ew t h e f i r st su p er so n i caer o p l an e,Co n co r d e,i n 1 9 6 9 .

Mat ch Í t em sf r om t h e past w it h con t r ast in g it em s f r om t h e pr esen t .

Past Pr esen t

a Pa i n tc a r sU yf r a n d 1 g r a p h i t oe r t i t a n i u m

b Ca r r yp h o n e . . * g . , b yr . i. t * * , 2 i n k j e to r l a s e rp t n t . r -

c M a k e t e n n i s r a c k e t sf r o m w o o d 3 e m a i la n d i n t e r n e t

d Pr i n td o c u m e n t u
s s i n gd o t m a t r i xp r i n t e r s 4 c o m p u t e r - c o n t r o l sl epdr a y

e Pl a ym u s i cb y m e a n so f t a p er e c o r d e r s 5 f i b r e - o o t i cc a b l e s

U . , i d ' t k s , C?s , a n d i Po ! :

4 Wr it e sen t en cesu sin g in f or m at ion f r om t h e t able.

Ex A M p LE I n t h ep ast ,car sw er ep ai n t ed b y h an d ,b u t n o w t h ey ar ep ai n t ed u si n g
co m p u ter -co n t ro l l ed sp r ays.

5 Ask r elevan t qu est ion su sin g t h e qu est ion w or ds in br acket s.Do n ot r epeat t h e
w o r d s t n i t al Í cs.
Ex AMp LE Th e su sp en si o nb r i d g ew as b u i l t t o l i n k t o g et h ert w o i sl an d s.( W h y )
Wh y w as t h e su spen sionbr idge bu ilt ?
1 Th e f i r st t el ep h o n esw er e i n st al l ed i n t h e 1 8 8 0 s.( W h en )
2 Rad ar w as f i r st u sed o n sh i p ssaí l i n gt h r o u g h i ceb er g s'( W h er e)
3 Th e f ir st r adios w er e pow er ed by m ean s of lar ge bat t er ies.( How )
4 Televisionw as in ven t ed Í nt h e ear ly 20t h cen t u r y.( Wh en )
5 Th e space st at ion w as lau n ch ed t o allow scien t ist st o do exper im en t sin space.
( w hy)
 Ph o t o co p i a b lO
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss 9 3

l2 Com m u n icat ion

Read t h e gu ide t o codesan d discu ssit w it h you r gr ou p u n t il you ar e su r e you
u n der st an d h ow t h e t w o codesw or k.
Her e ar e t w o dif f er en t w ays t o codet h e sam e m essage.
Real m essag e: CARS ARE DESI GNEDBY COMPUTER
Coded m essageu sin g m et h od 1: EDE BYC UTE SAR OMP NED CAR RXY SI G
Coded m essageu sin g m et h od 2: XVMNV MZYZN DBI Zy WTXJH KPOZM
How do t h ey w or k?
Mqt Lr gdI Real m essage:CARSARE DESI GNEDBY COMPUTER

ü& K s3 Le. X$ } & s x# Mf f i * f f i Y* * Mp l.í xH RKY

3 " * 3 4 5 S?f f *
3 S* 2 ?5 3 * *
X* t r ffiy* 13xX s& e ÖMp Nf f in * A& & XY $: G

Key: 123456789( r ealm essage)c 368275194( codedm essage)

Pr o ced u r e:
1 Divide t h e m essagein t o gr ou ps of t h r ee let t er s.
2 Ad d ' d u m m y ' l et t er s( e g . X, Y, o r Z)at t h e en d t o co m p l et ea g r o u p .
3 Ch an ge t h e or der of t h e gÍ ou ps,u sin g t h e key.

Met bor l_2 Real m essage:CARSARE DESI GNEDBY COMPUTER

t r . $r f t $it K, t r 1 3 t r S T &Nf f i X} & YÜ$ M PT JYH R

Xv } ' í Nv $4trY X 3.7 SBXt r Y WY X; Yf f i Kp s x s {

Key: Move t h e alph abet f or w ar d by f ive ch ar act er s:

A B CD E F G H I J K L M N o P Q R S T U i V . W i Ú2 i ( r e a t m e s s a g e )
c . VW Xí z, : n B CD E F G H I JKLM N o P QR S T U ( c o d e d . m e ssa g e 7
Pr o ced u r e:
1 Divide t h e m essagein t o gr ou ps of f ive let t er s.
'du m m y'
2 I f n ecessar y,add iet t er s ( e. 9.X, Y,or Z) at t h e en d t o com plet e a gr ou p ( n ot
n eed edh er e) .
3 Ch an ge each let t er t o an ot h er let t er ,u sin g t h e key.

W i t h y o u r g r o u p ,so l v et h ese co d edm essag es.Each m essag eu ses o n e o f t h e t w o

m et h ods sh ow n above,bu t w it h a dif f er en t key.Th e m essagesaÍ eallt aken f r om t h e
r ead i n g p assag eo n p . 8 7o f t h e St u d en t ' sBo o k .Th ey ar e t h e n am es o f i t em s o f
equ ipm en t or pr ocessesu sed in t h e design an d m an u f act u r e of car s.
1 T sH f f i Kl L p { . } t r sp g Nx x $Í s C* i {
2 p f f i b { " ! & " Xg R' & l { sx &* T p{ 'í x * * M Í *& } st j s.
3 F f t p S X W ! $ T" I QXp l g { JT" F & * p R. Q W $ RG* } A* m& X
4 x Q * e ' W v & Y$ p v GI x * v&y* * p w x Í Ct r v v \ í T Kp r f i & g s

Wit h you r gr ou p,devise a n ew code syst em .Wr it e you r syst em ou t clear ly like t h e
on es in l. Make su r e you w r it e ou t t h e pr ocedu r ean d t h e key.

4 Wr it e a sh or t sen t en ce( appr oxim at eiy20- 25let t er s) in you r n ew code.Rem em ber t o

add. du m m y'let t er s if t h e last gr ou p of let t er sis t oo sh or t .Gí veyou r coded m essaget o
' cr ack ' t h e
o n e o f t h e o t h er g r o u p s,an d t i m e h o w l o n g t h ey t ak e t o co d e.Tak et h e
sen t en cef r om on e of t h e exer cisesin t h e St u den t 'sBook.
9 4 Ph o t o co p i a b l@
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t vPr e ss

| 3 Gr am m aÍ t est
Co m p l et et h e sen t en cesab o u t a b r o t h er an d a si st er ,Ro b er t oan d Ren at a,u si n g t h e
Pr esen t Per f ect or Past Sim ple f or m of t h e ver bs in br acket s.
1 Rober t o - - - ( be)a com pu t er t ech n ician f or t h e iast t h r ee year s.
2 Du r in g t h Í st im e, h e - - ( set u p) f ive n et w or ks f or lar ge com pan Í es.
3 Bef or e becom in g a com pu t er t ech n ician , h e ( be)a com pu t er
r epair m an in a sh op f or f ou r year s.
4 Du r in g t h ose f ou r year s h e - ( r epair )h u n dr eds of com pu t er s.
5 Sin ce 2006 h e - ( w or k)f or Dyn at r on , t h e biggest com pan y in t h e
r eg i o n .
6 Rober t oan d Ren at abot h ( becom e)in t er est ed in com pu t er s w h ile
t h ey w er e at sch ool.
7 I n Sept em ber 2006,Ren at a ( begin )a u n iver sit y cou r se in
co m p u t er sci en ce.
8 Over t h e last t h r ee m on t h s Ren at a ( t ake)t h r ee exam s.

2 Look at t h e t able. Com plet e t h e an sw er s w it h sin ceorf or , t h en w r it e t h e qu est ion s.

Be g i n H
: ow long...?
ExAMpLE A How lon g h as t h e I n t er n at ion alSpaceSt at ion ( I SS)been in space?
B I t h as been in space sin ce 1998.
A, How lon gdid { h , ^ on r ed m ission st o t h eMoon con t in u e?
B Th ey con t in u edf or t h r eeyear s.
1 Th ey h ave t r avelled t o space st at ion s 1981.
2 I t r em ain ed in space f if t een year s.
3 Th ey h ave f low n t o Mar s 1960.
4 Th ey h ave or bit ed Ear t h 1957.
5 I t h as b een i n sp ace 1990.
6 Th e m ission w as in space f ou r t een year s.

Pr oj ect Fi n i s h e d ?

I n t e r n a t i o nSp
a l a c eSt a t i o ni n s p a c e
_* o
M a n n e dm i s s i o ntso t h e M o o n

1 Sp a cesh u t t l e st o sp a cest a t i o n s

2 Ru s s i a nM i r s p a c es t a t i o ni n s p a c e

3 Sp a c em i s s i o n tso M a r s

4 Sa t e l l i t eosr b i t i n gEa r t h L957

5 H u b b l e T e l e s c o ipnes p a c e No

6 Ca l i l e oM i s s i o nt o p l a n e Ju
t pit er Ye s , 2 0 0 3
 Ph o t o co p i a b lO
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss 9 5

13 Com m unicat ion

Gr o u pA

* -lElx
Frequent ly aboutUolP
AskedQuest ions
Wh at ar e t h e m ain ad v an t ag es of VolP?

Vo I Pi s m u chch eap ert h ant e| ep h o nVo e. l Ph asa sm a| | Í | at - r at Voe l Pi s p o r t ab l-ey o ucancal lf r o man y w h erien t h ew o r l db y
ch ar g ef o ral lcal l s,i n cl u d i nlgo n g - d i st ananced i n t er n at i o n al . logging i n t oy o u racco u not n t h eco m p u t er . u rp h o n e
Yo
n u m b eri s t h esam eev er y w h er e.
Yo ucant a| kw i t hm an yp eo p | íend i f Í er en p |t aces at t h esam e
t i m e.On l i n em eet i n gar s eeasy . Th eh ar d w aries sm al an l dl i g h t w ei g-h ht ead seto r sm al l P
phone.
v i d eo s,m u si cÍ i | es
Pi ct u r es, canb e sen tat t h esam et i m e.
Vo l Ph asex cel l enco t v er ag ale lo v ert h ew o r l dCo
. m p ar e t his
On l r n e
cu st o m er su p p o ri ts q u i ck eran db et t er t h anw i t h
w i t hp o o rco v er ag oe f m o b i l ep h o n esi n so m ep ar t so Í t h ew o r | d .
t el eo h o nlean d l i n eso r m o b i l eo h o n es.

Ad dan yot h erad v an t ag yes iny ou row nr esear ch :

ouh av ed iscov er ed

Wh atar g u m endt soy out h in kGr ou pB w illm ak e?Not et h ep oin tysoucou ldm ak eag ain st
t h esear g u m en t s.

$r
Gr o u pB

_lnlx
Frequent ly
AskedQuest ions
aboutUolP
Wh at ar e t h e m ain d isad v an t ag es of VolP?

Vo l Po n l yw o r k si f y o u rco m p u t er
i s sw i t ch ed
o n an dt h e | Ít h er ei s a p o w ercu t ,y o ucan ' tu seVo l P( u n | ess
y o uh av e
so f t w aries r u n n i n gTh. eo t h erp er so nm u sth av et h esam e ) . d | i npeh o n est ay so n b ecau seo Í cu r r en t
b at t erby ack - u p Lan
so Í t w ar| e
o ad ed an dr u n n i nogn h i s/ h erco m p u t er . i n p h o n el i n e .
So m eVo l Pco m p an i es o n l yal l o wy o ut o cal lso m eo n e Di f f i cutlot u sef o rem er g en cy - t h eo p er at ocan
ser v i ces r not
su b scr i b i nt g
o t h esam eco m p an y . l o cat ey o u rad d r ess.
y b e p o o r- d el ayech
Th eso u n dq u al i t can , o ,si l en pt at ch es. Yo um u sth av ea seco n dco m p u t er set u p i Í y o uw an t o r u na
i n t er n et seco n do h o n el i n e.
| Ía co m p an ch
y an g es to Vo l P'
i t h asto b u yh ead set o
s r
p h o n es- ex p en si v e, Vo l Pcano n l yb e u sedw i t hb r o ad b anco
d n n ect i o n .

Ad dan yot h erd isad v an t agyes iny ou row nr esear ch :

ouh av ed iscov er ed

Wh atar g u m endt soy out h in kGr ou pAw illm ak e?Not et h ep oin tysoucou ldm ak eag ain st
t h esear g u m en t s.
9 6 Ph o t o co p i a b lO
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss

| 4 Gr am m aÍ t est
Rew r i t et h e st at em en t su si n g m u st , m u st n ' t , sh o u l do,r sh o u l d n ' t .
ExAMpLE A r equ ir em en t f or all applican t s f or t h is j ob is a degr eein
en g i n eer i n g .
All applican t sf or t h isj ob m u st h ave a degr eein en gin eer in g.
1 I t is essen t ialt h at can didat esf or t h e j ob ar e n ot over 6 5 year s old.
2 Pr ef er en cew ill be given t o applican t s w h o do n ot sm oke.
3 Applican t s f or t h is post ar e r equ ir ed t o be good t eam piayer s.
4 Speakin g a f or eign lan gu age by can didat esis pr ef er able.
5 I t 1sessen t ialt h at applican t s do n ot live m or e t h an t en m iles f r om Lon don .

Pu t a t ick in t h e cor r ectbox n ext t o each qu est ion .

W h a t t h e q u e st i o n eer x p e ct s. . .

lgrry+ r::1{
--l Lo n g e ra n sw e r

1 W h at ' sy o u r f u l l n am e? ,/
2 D o y o u h o l da d r i v i n gl i c e n c e ?

3 W h e nd i dy o ug e t y o u rd i p l o m a ?

4 W h e r ed i dy o u s t u d y f o r y o udri p l o m a ?

5 D i dy o u e n j o yt h e co u r se ?

6 W h a t w a s y o u r f a v o u r i tseu b j e c t ?

7 W h a t d i dy o u l i k ea b o u ti t ?

8 W h y d o y o uw a n t t h i sj o b ?

Com plet e t h ese qu est ion san in t er view er asked Aish a Ch et t y ( seeSt u den t 'sBook
p . 1 0 1 )Use
. t h e v er b si n b r ack et s.
1 Wh er e ( w ork) now 7
2 How lon g ( w or k) at West er n I T?
3 Have ( w or k) f or an y ot h er com pan ies?
4 Wh en ( g ai n ) y o u rHND?
5 Wh er e ( g o ) t oco l l e g e T
6 What su b j ect s ( st u d y ) atco l l eg e?
7 How I o n g ( st u dy)f or you r HNDT
ő VVn y ( or gan ize)a classvisÍ tt o Fr an ce Te] ecom 7

l4 Com m unicat ion
Wit h you r w h ole gr ou p,
com plet e t h is j ob
advert isem ent giving
det aiis of a j ob w hich you
w ould like t o apply f or.
Now divide your group
in t o t w o su b- gr ou ps:A is
t h e in t er view in g pan ei, B is
t h e in t er view ee.
Ss
Gr o u pA:
I n t er view in gpan el
Pr epar equ est ion st o ask
t h e in t er view ee in t h e j ob
int erview . Also m ake not es
on w h at you r com pan y
gives it s em ployees.
Sr
Gr ou p B: ln t er view ee
Pr epar e a list of poin t s you
w an t t o m ake, an d som e
qu est ion st o ask t h e
in t er view in g pan el, in t h e
j ob int erview .
Ph o t o co p i a b l@
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss 9 7
is lookin g f or a - Nam e of com pany:
( e.g.Net w ork Solut ions Co
t o j oin a t eam of - based in t h e
Lt d)
cit y of . Candidat es pref erably
Job t it le:
sh ou ld h ave a Cer t if icat e or Diplom a in ( e.g.SoÍ t ware Techn ic ia n)
, but ot her t echnical areas w í ll
Ot her j ob t it les in t eam :
be con sider ed. Addit ion al pr act ical skills in ( e.g.I T Specialist s)
w ou ld be an advan t age. Nam e of cit y:
Can didat es m u st be pr epar ed t o w or k
Field of st udy:
ir r egu lar h ou r s an d t o t r avel. Exper ien ce ( e.g.soÍ t ware engineering)
w or kin g in - is an advan t age Pr act ical skills:
bu t n ot essen t ial. Th e su ccessf u l can didat e ( e.9.elect ricol inst a llat ion)
w ill be able t o w or k w ell in a t eam , an d h ave Work experience:
good com m unicat ion skills. ( e.9.com put eror elect ronics
companies)
Ou est i o n s
su b j e ct sst u d i e d ? W h i c hs u b j e c t ds i dy o u s t u d yi n y o u rd i p l o m a ?
f av o u r i t esu b j ect s? W h i ch su b j e ct sd i d y o u e n j o ym o st i n y o u r co u r se ?
r e a so n s? W h y d i d y o u e n j o yt h a t su b j e ctm o st ?
w o r k e x p e r i e n ce ?
e n j o yw o r k e x p e r i e n ce ?
s k i l l sl e a r n e d ?
t r ai ni n g
sal ar y
b e n e f i t s( e . 9h. e al t h car e )
St at em en t s
f av o u r i t esu b j ect s My f av o u r i t esu b j ectw as - .
st r e n g t h s I e n j o y e dt h i s su b j e ctb e ca u se
w o r k e x p e r i e n ce My m a i n st r e n g t hi s - - .
w hatI lear ned
Not es
t r ai ni n g ? D o y o u g i v ea n yt r a i n i n gf o r t h e j o b ?
sal ar y ?
b e n e f i t s( e . gh. e al t h car e ) ?
9 8 Ph o t o co p i a b l@
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss

| 5 Gr am m aÍ t est
I Com plet e t h e t able, ch an gin g t h e n ou n ph r ase in it alics t o a pr on ou n ( / tor t h em ) .

Ph r a s a l v e r b u sed w it h a n ou n obj ect u sed w it h a pr on ou nobj ect

p l u gi n H a v e y o up l u g g e di n t h e a d a p t e r ? H a v e y o up l u g g e di t i n ?

p r i n to u t Pl e a sep r i n to u t t h e sed o cu m e n t fso r m e . Pl e a s ep r i n t t h e mo u t f o r m e .

1 sw i t ch o f f Di d y o u sw i t ch o f Í t h e m ach i n es?

2 set u p Let ' sset u p t h e co m p an yq u i ck l y . Le t ' s- q u i ck l y .

3 c l o se d o w n Cl o sed o w n t h e co mp u t er si m m ed i at el v . Cl o s e im m ediat ely.

4 car r yo u t l ' l lca r r yo u t t h esu r v e y t o m o r r o w .

2 Mat ch ph r asal ver bs w it h t h eir opposit es.Com plet e t h e ph r asal ver bs w it h on , oLt t ,
of f , t oget her,up, or dow n.

a p u s hi n t h e b u t t o n 1 p u t t h e m a c h i n e- again

b sw i t cht h e p o w e ro n 2 p i ck t h eh a m m e r

c t a k eo f f y o u r g o g g l e s 3 pu llou t t hp
elu g

d p u t y o u rt o o l sd o w n 4 c l o se t h e of f ice

e o p e nu p t h e s h o p 5 turn t helight s

f t a k et h e e n g i n ea p a r t 6 put- y o u rh e l m e t

Replacet h e ver b in it alics w it h t h e cor r ectf or m of .setu p, give u p, plu g in , f in d ou t ,

car r y o u t , w o r ko u t , p u t o n , o Í t ak e o f f.
ExAMpLE We h ope t o im plem en t t h e n ew plan in t h e n ext f in an cial year .
We h ope t o car r y ou t t h e n ew plan in t h e n ext f in an cial year .
1 Th e saf et y Í n spect or sh ope t o discover w h at cau sedt h e acciden t .
2 Th e video m ach in e isn 't w or kin g becau seyou h aven 't con n ect edt ot h e pow er .
3 We n eed t o cr eat ea n ew pr oj ect t eam t o design t h e n ew pr odu ct .
4 Th e in vest igat or sh ave st oppedt h eir sear chf or t h e m issin g docu m en t s.
5 on e of a t ech n icÍ an 'sj obs is t o calcu lat et h e cost sof a pr oj ect or n ew pr odu ct .

4 Wr it e in f or m al qu est í on s.Replacet h e ver bs t n it alics w it h t h e act ive f or m of cu t

dow n , w or k ou t , set u p, f in d ou t , or pu t t oget h er .
Ex AMp LE Th e sp eedo f t h e cr ashw as cal cu l at ed u si n g sen so r an
s d cam er as.
Ho w d i d y o u w o r k o u t t h e sp eedo f t h e cr ash ?
1 Man y Í n t er est in gf act s w er ediscover eddu r í n gt h e in vest igat ion '
2 Th e com pu t er par t s ar e assem bledin Wor ksh opD.
3 Th e pollu t ion f r om t h ese ch Í m n eysw as r edu cedby at t ach in g f ilt er s t o t h em .
4 Th is or gan izat ion w as st ar t edt o developyou n g bu sin ess w om en as
en t r ep r en eu r s.

15 Com m u n icat ion
You r gr ou p is a t eam of
in ven t or s t akin g par t
in a com pet it ion t o
f in d t h e best n ew
t ech n ology f or t h e
f ut ure. Wit h your
t eam , pr epar e an d give
a sh or t pr esen t at ion
abou t you r Í deaf or t h e
f u t u r e. Tr y t o per su ade
a f u n din g com m it t ee
t h at you r idea is t h e
b est .
$r
You r gr ou p is a t eam of
in ven t or s t akin g par t
in a com pet it ion t o
f in d t h e best n ew
t ech n ology f or t h e
f ut ure. Wit h your
t eam , pr epar e an d give
a sh or t pr esen t at ion
abou t you r idea f or t h e
f u t u r e. Tr y t o per su ade
a f u n din g com m it t ee
t h at you r idea is t h e
b est .
$=
You r gr ou p is a t eam of
in ven t or s t akin g par t
in a com pet it ion t o
f in d t h e best n ew
t ech n ology f or t h e
f ut ure. Wit h your
t eam , pr epar e an d give
a sh or t pr esen t at ion
abou t you r idea f or t h e
f u t u r e. Tr y t o per su ade
a f u n din g com m it t ee
t h at you r idea is t h e
b e st .
Ph o t o co p i a b lO
e Ox f o r dUn i v e r si t yPr e ss 9 9
Tech n ology of t h e Fu t u r eCom pet it ion Team
: I
New t ech n o l o g y Ca r b o nf i b r e+ n a n o t e ch n o l o g y
l n du st r y B r i d g eb u i l d i n g
Po ssi b l ed a t eo f u se 2040?
H o w i t w i l lb eu se d M i c r o s c o p it cu b e sm a d eo f p u r ec a r b o na, t h o u s a n dt i m e s
t h i n n e r t h a an h u m a nh a i r , t w i s t ei nd t oc a b l e s
Ad v an t ag es Ca b l e s1 0 0t i m e ss t r o n g etrh a n s t e e lo, n e - s i x t i e tt hh e w e i g h t
Mainap p licat ion U l t r a - l o n bg r i d g e su, p t o 2 0 0 k m l o n g
O t h e ra p p l i c a t i o n s Su p e r - sk y scr a p eorvse ra k m h i g h
To d ay ' tsechn o l o g y St e e l
Li mi t st o t o d a y ' st e chn o l o g y No t st r o n ge n o u g hf o r v e r yl o n g b r i d g e s( > 5 k m )
Tech n ologyof t h e Fu t u r eCom pet it ion Team
: 2
Ne w t e ch n o l o g y Act i v eco n t actl en ses
I n d u st r y Vi r t u a l r e a l i t y
Po ssi b l ed a t eo f u se 2020?
H o w i t w i l lb eu se d T i n yl a se r so n co n t a ctl e n se ssca n3 - Di m a g eo n t o r e t i n ao f e y e
Ad v a n t a g e s N o b u l k ye q u i p m e n (t h e a d s ect ,o m p u t e rn) e e d e d
M a i na p p l i c a t i o n n h i l et r a v e l l i n gs ,h o p p i n ge, t c .
I n s t a n itn f o r m a t i ow
O t h e ra p p l i c a t i o n s Re a l i s t icco m p u t e gr a m e sm e r g i n gw i t h r e a l w o r l d
To d ay ' tsechn o l o g y Co m p u t e rso f t w a r el,a r g eh e a d se tse
, n so r s,
co n t r o l s
Li m i t st o t o d a y ' st e ch n o l o g y H e a v yh e a d se tca u se sh e a d a ch ea n d e y est r a i n
Tech n ologyof t h e Fu t u r eCom pet it ion Team
: 3
Ne w t e ch n o l o g y Ci a n t m i r r o r sf l o a t i n gi n sp a ce
I n d u st r y A r t i f i c i Ial i g h t i n g
Po ssi b l ed a t eo f u se 2035?
Ho w i t w i l lb eu sed M i r r o r s( 6 0 md i a m e t e rr)e f l e c st u n l i g h t o Ea r t h
Ad v a n t a g e s Fr e en a t u r a rl e so u r cem, o r ep o w e r f u l t h a ne l e ct r i ci t y
Main ap p licat ion I n c r e a sger o w i n gt i m e i n a g r i c u l t u r e
O t h e ra p p l i c a t i o n s Li g h t i n gf o r e m e r g e n cyst a f fi n n a t u r a d
l i sa st e r s
T o d a y 'tse ch n o l o g y El e ct r i ci tfyr o m o i l ,g a s,n u cl e ar p o w e rst a t i o n s
Li m i t st o t o d a y ' st e ch n o l o g y d ,r a i n sn a t u r arl e s o u r c e s
N o t s t r o n ge n o u g he, x p e n s i v e
1 0 0 Cr a m m a rt e s t sk e y

Un it I Unit 3
I cheap / f ast 7 ear ly / n oisy t r Wh at do t h e h eadph on esw eigh ?
2 ch eaper / f ast er 8 ear lier / n oisier 2 Doest h e w eigh t in clu de t h e cablesT
3 lar ge / saf e 9 bad / far 3 I s t h e h eadban d adj u st able?
4 lar ger / saf er 10 w or se / f ar t h er ( or f u r t h er ) 4 How w ide is t h e ear cu sh ion ?
5 b i g / sl i m 1 1 com bu st ible / por t able 5 Does it ( t h ebox) in clu de an ext en sion cor d?
6 b i g g er / sl i m m er 1 2 m or e com bu st ible / m or e 6 How lon g is t h e cor d?
por t able 7 Do t h e h eadph on esu se bat t er ies or elect r icit y?
1 . . . o l d er t h an t h e sal o o n car . 8 How m an y bat t er iesdo t h ey u sel
2 . . . f ast ert h an t h e sal o o n car . 9 How do you car r y t h e h eadph on es?
3 . . . m or e qu ickly t h an t h e spor t s car . 10 Wh at / How m u ch do t h e h eadph on es cost ?
4 . . . sm a l l e r . . .t h a n t h e sa l o o nca r . 2 Possible answ ers
5 . . . m or e expen sivet h an t h e spor t s car . 2 W h y d i d h e d e si g n i t ?
1 m ech an ism , m ech an ic 3 Wh en w as t h e CD player design ed?
2 t ech n ician , t ech n ology 4 Ho w w i d e i s i t ?
3 elect r ical, elect r icit y 5 How t h ick is it ?
4 en g i n eer i n g , en g i n eer 6 W h at co l o u r i s i t ?
5 el ect r o n i cs, el ect r o n i c 7 Wh ich com pan y sells Í t ?
8 Ca n l b u y i t o n l i n e ?

Un it 2 9 Ho w m u ch d o est h e sh i p p i n g co st ?
1 0 I s f 8 3 . 9 5t h e t o t al p r i ce?
2 C- PS 6 B _ PC 1 0 B - PC
3 B _ PC 7 D - PS 1 1 C_ PS
4 D - PS 8 C- PS 1 2 D _ PS Unit 4
5 A - PS 9 A - PS I 1 to 2 of 3 f or 4 t o, t o 5 f rom 6 f .or
Th e ver bs t h at ch an gc ar e: 2 1 Com posit esar e m ade f r om plast ic an d m an y
is con t r ollin g O con t r ols is w ar m in g C w ar m s f ibr es.

ar e car r yin g C car r y is f low ing C f low s 2 Fibreglassis used for making the hulls of sailing boats.
3 Th e sails of sailin g boat s ar e m ade of polyest er .
1am 6 am w or kin g
4 Bicycle h elm et s ar e m ade f r om polycar bon at ean d
2 st udy 7 in st alls
polyst yr en e.
3 at t en d 8 am h elpin g
1 is 4 is 7 h as 1 0 b en d s
4 car r y o u t 9 ar e visit in g
2 r et u r n s 5 r esist an t 8 is
5 ar e doin g 10 is bu ildin g
3 to 6 r esist s 9 f lexible
 Cr a m m a rt e st sk e y 1 0 1

4 t Fibr eglassis t ou gh an d sligh t ly f lexibie.Th Í sis Unit 6

w h y Í tis u sed t o m ake ar r ow s.
t f Th e GPSn avigat ion syst em locat esyou r posit ion
2 Polyst yr en eh as good h eat - r esist an cean d
anyw here on eart h.
ligh t n ess.Th is is w h y it is u sed f or m an u f act u r in g
t h e in sides of cyclin g h elm et s. 2 Th e Rot u n du s sph er ical r obot pat r ols an d gu ar ds
bu ildin gs an d sit es.
3 Polycarbonat eis t ransparent and highly scrat ch-
r esist an t .Th is is w h y it is u sed t o m ake su n giasses. 3 The Flashcam w arns people not t o com m it a crim e.

4 TÍ t an iu mis h ar d an d h as cor r osion - r esist an ce. 4 Dyn am ic gr ip r ecogn it ion allow s a gu n t o be u sed
Th is is w h y it is u sed t o m ake sh ip pr opeller s. on lyby it s ow n er .
5 A police of f icer pr ot ect st h e pu blic an d cat ch es
cr im Í n ais.
Unit 5
L pr ot ect in g 4 t o in capacit at e
t and2
2 det ect 5 m on it or in g
a- 7 Wh en you pr esst h e alar m bu t t on , a iou d bell
3 prot ect ion 6 w arn
r in gs.
b- 8 As you t u r n t h e st eer in g w h eel clockw í se,t h e 1 f or 2 t o 3 f or 4 as 5 t o 6 as 7 I o 8 as
car t u r n s t o t h e r igh t .
c- 5 Wh en you ciick on t h e'save'bu t t on ,t h e Unit 7
pr ogr am st or esyou r dat a on t h e h ar d disk.
Possible answ er
d- 4 As you t u r n t h e st eer in g w h eei an t i-
clockw ise,t h e car m oves t o t h e lef t . Fir st ,t h e plu g is pu sh ed in t o t h e socket .Th en ,t h e
scart cable is connect ed bet w een t he TV and DVD
e- 6 As t h e pen du lu m of t h e clock oscillat es,t h e
player.Then, f ry6 f uA,A| at t eries are insert ed int o t he
spr in g becom est igh t er .
rem ot e cont rol.Next , t he pow er is sw it ched on. Then,
f- 1 Wh en you pu sh dow n t h e cam er a bu t t on , t h e t h e TV ch an n el is set t o AV.Now , t h e OPEN/ CLOSE
cam er a t akes a pict u r e. bu t t on on t h e DVD piayer Í spr essedt o open t h e door .
g- 3 As t he pist on m oves in a reciprocat ing m ot ion, Next , a disc is placed ont o t he door. Finally, t he
it t urns t he cam shaf t in a rot ary m ovem ent . OPEN/ CLOSEbu t t on is t ou ch ed again t o closet h e
h- 2 As you r ot at e t h e volu m e kn ob clockw ise,t h e door .
sou n d on t h e r adio becom eslou der . 1 St eel plat es ar e bon ded u sin g dif f er en t t ypes of
3 1 bef or e 3 art er 5 bef or e w eldin g ( byw elder s) .

2 af t er 4 af t er 6 af t er 2 Loavesar e r em oved f r om t h eÍ rt in s bv su ct ion

4 t As t h e pist on m oves dow n t h e cylin der ,t h e oil í n
t h e pipe t r an sm it s pr essu r et o t h e br ake pad.
2 Wh en t h e pr essu r eof t h e oil pu sh es t h e pad
again st t h e disc,t h e w h eel slow s dow n an d st ops.
3 Wh en you r eieaset h e br ake pedal,t h e pist on
m oves u p t h e cylin der t ow ar ds t h e pedal.
4 As t h e pist on r et u r n s u p t h e cylÍ n derit, r em oves
pr essu r ef r om t h e oil in t h e pipe.
5 Wh en t h e pads m ove aw ay f r om t h e disc,t h e
w heel is able t o m ove f reeiv.
devices.
3 Plast ic par t s ar e m ou lded u sin g ext r u sion or ot h er
p r o cesses.
4 Loavesar e sliced in a h igh - speed slicÍ n gm ach in e
by h u ge saw blades.
5 Th e h opper is f illed f ir st .
6 Plast ic par t s ar e r em oved f r om t h e m ou id w h en
t h ey ar e cold.
1 Th e p l ast i ci s m el t ed u si n g h eat er s.
2 Th e m elt ed plast ic is pu sh ed alon g t h e bar r el
u sin g a r am .
3 Dou gh is m ade t o r ise u sin g yeast .
4 The loaves are t aken out of t heir t Í nsusing suct ion.
5 Th e loavesar e sliced u sin g gian t saw blades.

1by 2from 3to 4in 5to 6bV

1 0 2 Cr a m m a rt e s t sk e y

Un it 8 Un it lO
I rwill 4 w ill not I f A n u r se is an em ployee w h o looks af t er pat ien t s.
2 may / might 5 m ay / m ight not 2 Aspir in is a m edicin e w h ich r elievespain .
3 w ill 6 m ay / m igh t 3 A set of st ep- u p gear sis a m ech an ism w h ich
í n cr easest h e r at e of r ot at ion .
2 1 Why w on't t he of f ice com put ers w ork t oday?
4 Paediat r ician sar e doct or sw h o t r eat ch ildr en .
2 Wh at w ill t h e boss an n ou n ce n ext w eek?
5 An oper at in gt able is a piece of h ospit al equ ipm en t
3 How w illt h e h eat in g syst em oper at e?
w hich support s pat ient s durÍ ngsurgery'
4 Why m ight w ind f arm s not provide enough
p o w er f o r u s7 2and3

5 Wh at w ill becom e m or e expen sive as f u el cost s b- 4 An X- r ay t ech n ician is a specialist w h o

i n cr ease? o p er at esan d p r o cessesX- r ay s.

6 W h y w o n ' t p l an es n eed so m u ch f u el ? c- 2 Th e Ab i o Co r co n t r o l l eri s a d ev i cew h i ch

calcu lat est h e best h ear t r at e f or a pat ien t .
3 1 w ill 6 w on 't
d- 5 An RP6 is a r obot w h ich exam in es pat ien t s
2 w on 't 7 w ill r em ot ely.
3 m ay / m ight 8 m ay / m ight e- 1 Ult r acan e is a device w h ich h elps blin d people
4 w ill 9 w on 't t o m ove ar ou n d easily.
5 m ay / m ight 10 m ay / m igh t f- 3 Mech at r on ics is a f ield w h ich com bin es t h r ee
t ypes of en gin eer in g.

Un it 9 4 1 A Wh at ar e t h ese com pon en t sf or T

1 Th ese ear pr ot ect or sm u st be car r ied ever yw h er e
in t he aircraf t hangar.
2 Th e com pu t er s m u st be r epair ed by specÍ alist
t ech n i cÍ an s.
3 Th ls en gin e m u st be ch eckedby exper t
t ech n i ci an s.
4 Th e w et con cr et em u st be lef t f or sever aldavs
bef or e w alkin g on it .
5 Th ese gear s m u st be lu br icat ed ever y day.
B Th ey'r e f or det ect in g ch an gesin t h e
en vir on m en t .
2 A Wh at 's t h is m ach in e f or T
B lt 's f or m akin g m olt en plast ic in t o pr odu ct s.
3 A Wh at ar e t h ese devicesf or T
B Th ey'r e f or pu m pin g blood ar ou n d t h e body
an d in t o t h e lu n gs.
4 A Wh at 's t h is m ach in e f or ?
B I t 'sf or con ver t in g a visu al im age in t o digit al
f orm .

l- Dr iver s ar e r equ ir ed t o ch eck t h e br akes, ligh t s, 5 A Wh at 's t h is m ech an ism f or ?

t yr es, an d w at er bef or e a lon g car j ou r n ey. B lt 's f or in cr easin g t h e volu m e of sou n d w aves in
t h e ear .
2 Appr en t ices m u st alw ays w ear over allsin t h e
w or ksh op. 51who 2by 3to 4to 5w hich 6for
3 All acciden t sm u st be r epor t ed t o you r su per visor .
4 You m u st n ot w or k at a h eigh t w it h ou t a h ar n ess Un it I l
an d a lif elÍ n e.
t f i t h in k you sh ou ld close dow n you r com pu t er an d
5 A saf et y helm et m ust alw ays be w orn in t his
r est ar t it n ow .
bu ildin g sit e.
2 I don 't t h in k you sh ou ld t ou ch t h at door f or at
1 Never sw í t ch of f you r com pu t er . . . I eastf ive h ou r s af t er pain t in g it .
2 Do n ' t en t er t h i s w ar eh o u se. . . 3 I t h in k you sh ou ld u se a socket w r en ch t o t ake
3 Nev er eat o r d r i n k . . . t h ose w h eel n u t s of f .
4 On ly st ar t t h e car an d dr ive aw ay . . . 4 I don 't t h in k you sh ou ld ch an ge you r of f ice
5 Alw ays sw it ch of f t he pow er t o t he video com pu t er syst em .
m ach in e. . . 5 I don 't t h in k you sh ou ld u se t h is m ach in e u n t il
you 've r ead t h e saf et y m an u al.

Possible answ eÍ s
1 I su ggest you ch eck t h at t h e m ou se is con n ect ed
t o t h e com pu t er u sin g t h e cor r ect socket .
2 You can r e- in st all t h e m ou se dr iver u sin g t h e CD.
3 I t h in k you sh ou ld m ake su r e t h at t h e m ou se is
com pat ible w it h Win dow s XP.
4 Tr y open in g Con t r ol Pan el an d ch eckin g t h e
m o u se set t i n g s.
5 You sh ou ld Í n st allt h e m ou se dr iver f r om t h e DoS
pr om pt .
Do y o u t h i n k w e sh o u l d . . .
1 . . . ch an g eo u r co m p u t er sy st em ?
2 . . . o p en a n ew co m p an y b r an ch ?
3 . . . r e p a i r t h eg r i n d i n g m a ch i n e ?
4 . . . w r i t e t h e r ep o r t i m m ed l at el y ?
5 . . . r e p l a ce t h e i n j e ct i o n m o u l d e r T
4 1 You sh ou ld place t h e t op of t h e m on it or at eye
level w h en w or kin g at a com pu t er .
2 You m u st w ear a h at an d h air n et w h en w or kin g
in a f ood f act or y.
3 You sh ou ld u se a ch air w it h good su ppor t f or t h e
back an d n eck w h en sit t in g at a desk.
4 You m u st w ash you r h an ds t h or ou gh ly af t er
h an diin g an y ch em icals.
5 You sh ou ldn 't play com pu t er gam es f or m or e t h an
an h ou r per day.
Un i t 1 2
1 Th e f ir st m obile ph on e w as pr odu cedin 1973.
2 Th e f ir st space sh u t t le w as lau n ch ed Í n1981.
3 Th e f ir st ver sion of Micr osof t Win dow s w as
sh i p p e di n 1 9 8 5 .
4 Th e f ir st w or kin g ver sion of t h e Wor ld Wide Web
w as co m p l et edi n 1 9 9 0 .
5 Th e f ir st clockw or k r adio w as in ven t ed in 1996.
1 Th e Akash i Kaikyo br idge in Japan w as com plet ed
in 1998.
2 Wor k on t h e I n t er n at ion al SpaceSt at ion w as
b eg u n i n 1 9 9 8 .
3 Th e f ir st cr ew m em ber s WeÍ ebr ou gh t t o t h e I SSin
1999 by space sh u t t les.
4 Th e f i r st su p er so n i caer o p l an e,Co n co r d e,w as
f low n in 1969.
b-5 c- 1 d-2 e-6 f-3
Cr a m m a r t e s t ks e y 1 0 3
4 b in t h e past ,ph on e m essagesw er e car r ied by
m et al w ir es, bu t n ow t h ey ar e car r ied by f ibr e-
o p t i c cab l es.
c I n t h e past ,t en n is r acket sw er e m ade f r om w ood,
bu t n ow t h ey ar e m ade f r om gr aph it e or t it an iu m .
d I n t h e past , docu m en t s w er e pr in t ed u sin g dot
m at r ix pr in t er s,bu t n ow t h ey ar e pr in t ed u sin g
in kj et or laser pr in t er s.
e I n t h e past ,m u sic w as played on t ape r ecor der s,
bu t n ow it is played on m in idisks, CDs,an d lPods.
f I n t h e p ast , l et t er sw er e sen t u si n g t h e p o st al
ser vice,bu t n ow t h ey ar e sen t u sin g em ail an d
in t er n et .
1 Wh en w er e t h e f ir st t eleph on esin st alled?
2 Wh er e w as r adar f ir st u sed?
3 How w er e t h e f ir st r adios pow er edi
4 Wh en w as t eievÍ sionin ven t ed?
5 W h y w as t h e sp acest at i o nl au n ch ed ?
Un it 13
t h a sb e e n 5 h as w or ked
2 h a s se t u p 6 b ecam e
3 w as 7 b eg an
4 r ep ai r ed 8 h a st a k e n
1 A How lon g h ave space sh u t t lest r aveiledt o
sp acest at i o n s?
B Th ey h ave t r aveiledt o spacest at Í on ssin ce 198] -
2 A How lon g did t h e Ru ssian Mir space st at ion
r em aÍ ni n sp ace?
B I t r em ain ed in spacef or f if t een year s.
3 A Ho w l o n g h av e sp acem i ssi o n sf l o w n t o Mar s?
B Th ey h ave f low n t o Mar s sin ce 1960.
4 A How lon g h ave sat ellit esor bit ed Ear t h T
B Th ey h ave or bit ed Ear t h sin ce 1957.
5 A Ho w l o n g h as t h e Hu b b l e t el esco p eb een i n
sp aceT
B I t h as b een i n sp acesi n ce 1 9 9 0 .
6 A H o w l o n g w a st h e Ga l i l e o Mi ssi o n i n sp a ce ?
B I t w as in spacef or f ou r t een year s.
104 Grammartests key

Unit 14 3 1 find out 4 given up

2 plugged in 5 work out
1 1 Candidates for the job mustn't be over 65 years old.
3 setup
2 Applicants shouldn't smoke.
3 Applicants for this post must be good team players. 4 Possible answers
4 Candidates should speak a foreign language. 1 What did you find out during the investigation?
5 Applicants mustn't live more than ten miles from 2 Where do they put together the computer parts?
London. 3 How did you cut down the pollution from these
chimneys?
2 2 yes / no 5 yes / no 8 longer
4 Why did you set up this organization?
3 info 6 info
4 info 7 longer

3 1 ... do you work ... 5 ... didyougo ...

2 ... have you worked ... 6 ·.. did you study ...
3 ... you worked ... 7 ·.. did you study ...
4 ... did you gain ... 8 ·.. did you organize ...

Unit 15
1 1 Did you switch it off?
2 Let's set it up quickly.
3 Close them down immediately.
4 I'll carry it out tomorrow.
2 b-5-off e-4-down
c-6-on f -l-together
d-2-up
O XFO RD EN CL I SH
t sBN 9 7 8 - 0 -91- 4 5 6 9 5-14

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