PRACTICE N° 01

INTRODUCTION TO LABORATORY WORK

ANALYTIC CHEMISTRY

1. BASIS:
Analytical Chemistry is the science that improves and develops methods and
instruments to obtain information about the composition and chemical nature of
matter.

2. COMPETENCES:

2.1. GENERAL:
We are going to get to know the Analytical Chemistry laboratory, its
distribution, the instruments with which it is implemented and the
various reagents with which we will then do the following laboratory
practices. We will also touch on the topic of the security measures that
must be in place in the laboratory.

2.2. SPECIFICS:
In this experience we will see how the Analytical Chemistry laboratory is
made up, the services it has and all the equipment available. These will be
the support of the experiences we will do.

3. LABORATORY MATERIALS:
3.1. Laboratory notebook
3.2. Rule squad

Experiment N°1.- Design of a chemistry laboratory.

1.1. Definition of Chemistry Laboratory:

The chemistry laboratory is the place where the validity of chemical
principles is tested through the application of the scientific method
through experiments generally planned and organized for a group of
students who actively participate or as observers in their preparation.
1.2. Parts of a Laboratory:
1.2.1. Physical infrastructure:
The laboratory has 3 large tables and their chairs, it has work space for
6 students per table, these are a little worn due to the display of
reagents, they are missing some drawers, but they are well distributed
throughout the space.
The reagents are found in plastic bottles which are exposed to the
environment. You could also see gas cylinders, ovens, scales, a
refrigerator, these equipment are old. There are concrete tables which
support heavy instruments, they have drawers to store equipment that
can be carried.
It has a small warehouse where most of the reagents and various things
are kept.

1.3. Services that the laboratory has and their use

1.3.1. Tap water or raw water:
It is the raw material with which we can obtain distilled water, it is also
used to wash the materials that we will use.

1.3.2. Distilled water:

It is that which, like all types of water, is composed of two hydrogen
atoms and one oxygen atom, whose molecule is chemically represented
by the formula H 2 O and which through the distillation process has
eliminated impurities and ions.

1.3.3. Drainage and disposal of waste reagents:

From what was observed in the laboratory, the only drain it has is the
one in the sink, which is worn out due to constant exposure to waste
reagents.

1.3.4. Electric power:

- Warm-up and attack teams
- For equipment operation
- Lightning
 1.3.5. Industrial Gases
- Combustible gases:
In the laboratory there is propane, acetylene, H 2 , O, NO 2
gas.

- Inert or oxidizing gases:

In this class of gases is air, CO 2 , N 2 .

1.4. Laboratory materials

1.4.1. Calibrated volumetric glassware

NAME ABILITY DRAWI

APPLICATIONS NG

Burette 10, 25, 50, 100ml

Qualifications

Graduated pipette 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 25 ml Measure volumes

exact

Volumetric pipette 25ml measure volumes

Fiola from 25 ml to Prepare solutions

2000ml
 1.4.2. Volumetric glass materials:

NAME ABILITY APPL DRAWI

ICATI NG
ONS
Graduated 5 to 2000 measure volumes
cylinder ml

Beaker 20 to 2000 measure

ml volume

Desiccator prevents solutes from

taking up ambient
humidity

Glass funnel transfer liquids from

one container to
another

Watch glass container to collect a

solid precipitate
 They separate liquids
immiscible
Separating funnels Serves to make
small essays

Erlen Meyer flask solutions can be stirred and

heated

Test tubes

1.4.3. Other Laboratory Materials

NAME APPL DRAWI

ICATI NG
ONS
Mortar crush solids until
they become
powder

Rack in this they are

introduced
test tubes
Brush Cleaning tubes, burettes,
beaker, etc.

Washing bottles It is used to contain

distilled water

1.4.4. Devices, equipment,

etc.
NAME PROPERTY THAT DRAWI
MEASURES NG

Balance
measures the mass of a
body

Stove is used for drying

of solids

Fridge keep in good condition

fluids and substances
CHEMICAL RECEPTIVES

- Definition:
They are chemical products that are used for analytical or research purposes.
They have a guarantee bulletin that allows reliable results to be obtained in the
quality control analysis of raw materials, intermediate products and finished
products.

- Classification:

Analytical grade reagents that are commercially produced to a high degree of

purity are used in the analysis laboratory. The maximum limits of impurities
allowed by the specifications for the quality of the reagent or the results of the
analysis for the different impurities are listed on the bottle labels. Within the
analytical reagents three different qualities can be distinguished:

• Reagents for analysis (PA): These are those whose impurity content does not
exceed the minimum number of substances determinable by the method used.

• Very pure reagents: These are reagents with a higher degree of purity than
reagents for analysis.

• Special reagents: These are reagents with specific qualities for some
analytical techniques, such as liquid chromatography (HPLC),
spectrophotometry (UV).

1.5. Design proposal for a Chemistry laboratory

- Work group: 14 students, 1 teacher and 1 laboratory technician per

session
- On the plan of the experimental work room, locate the location of the
experiment by numbers and indicate in the legend which equipment it
corresponds to.
Workshop Work N°2.- Safety Measures in the Laboratory

2.1. Identify sources of danger for laboratory operator(s)

- The sinks are worn out and contaminated, they have scale from so much
contact with reagent waste.
- The reagents are stored in plastic bottles that are in contact with the
environment, emanating various polluting gases.
- The tables are worn with continuous exposure to reagents, causing clothing to
stain.

2.2. Symbols on the reagent label

Pictograms , R-phrases for RISK and S-phrases for SAFETY appear on

product labels informing about the danger of the product.
 HAZARD PICTOGRAMS

R Phrases Specific risks attributed to dangerous substances

R1. Explosive in dry state
R10. Flammable
R23. Toxic by inhalation
R38. Irritates the skin

S Phrases Precautionary statements regarding dangerous substances

53. Keep in a cool place
522. Do not breathe dust
529. Do not throw waste down the drain
550. Do not mix with (specify product)

551. Safety measures in the laboratory

 2.3.1. Criteria:

Due to the characteristics of the work carried out in the laboratory,

various accidents can occur, such as fires, explosions, poisoning and
burns. Therefore, appropriate action elements must be available so that
these effects can be controlled.

2.3.2. Classification of security measures

• Rulespersonal
• Rulesfor the use of productschemicals
• Rulesfor the use of instrumentation
• Rulesfor waste
• Rulesof emergency

PERSONAL RULES

• During the stay in the laboratory, the student must wear safety glasses and a gown .
Contact lenses can be very dangerous. Gloves should be used when handling caustic
products.

Individual Protection Equipment

• Long hair should be worn up.

• Backpacks, coats, bags... will not be left in the laboratory, use the lockers.
• Smoking or consuming food or drinks is strictly prohibited in the laboratory.
 • You should not put any chemical products in your mouth to know their taste, nor
should you touch them with your hands.
• You must wash your hands and remove your gown before leaving the laboratory.

RULES FOR THE USE OF CHEMICALS

Avoid contact of chemicals with the skin. Do not pipette with your mouth, use
funnels to transfer liquids and pipettes.
If an acid or other corrosive chemical is accidentally spilled, the teacher should be
consulted.
To detect the smell of a substance, you should not place your face directly over the
container: using your open hand as a screen, it is possible to make a small amount
of vapor reach your nose. Jars should be closed immediately after use.
When preparing solutions, it must be shaken gently and controlled to avoid
splashing.
Acids require special care. Handle them with caution and in the display case .
When we want to dilute them, we will never pour water on them; always the
opposite, that is, acid over water.

Fume cupboard

• Before using any product, we must look at the safety pictograms on the label, in
order to take the appropriate preventive measures.
• When heating a substance in a test tube, the open end of the tube should not be
directed at anyone nearby to avoid accidents. Take extreme precautions when
lighting the lighters, keeping the flame on for the time strictly necessary.
• In principle, if there is no other reliable information, it should be assumed that all
chemicals are toxic, and that all organic solvents are flammable and should be kept
away from flames.

RULES FOR THE USE OF INSTRUMENTATION

When determining masses of chemicals with a balance, a suitable container will be

used.

• The place where any instrument with electrical contacts is located must be kept
perfectly clean and dry. Read the instructions for use of the instruments.
 • Glassware should be checked for cracks, especially before use under vacuum or
pressure.
• When heating with a heating blanket, a jack or wooden block must be used
underneath to be able to cool quickly if necessary. You should never run blankets or
heating plates without a container to heat them.
• In the reflux and distillation setups, the boiling seed (porous plate) must be added
cold, the ground joints must be well adjusted. Never leave the workplace while any
reaction, distillation or measurement is being carried out.

WASTE STANDARDS

• In the laboratory there are properly labeled containers where the waste generated
will be introduced, if applicable.

EMERGENCY RULES

• If you have to evacuate the laboratory, turn off the gas and leave in an orderly
manner, following at all times the instructions given by the Professor. At the
beginning of the practice session, locate the different emergency equipment in the
corresponding laboratory: D-Showers and eyewashes, E-Fire extinguishers, M-Fire
blankets, B-First aid kit, AB-Absorbent for spills, AL-Emergency alarm, S-
Emergency exit and V- Container for broken glass

7.3. Work standards

• Smoking, eating and drinking are prohibited in the laboratory.

• Do not fill the test tubes more than 2 or 3 cm.
• Heat the test tubes on their side, using tongs and without directing the open end
towards other people.
• Always use racks and supports.
• Do not carry glassware or products in the pockets of your gown.
• Do not work apart from the laboratory table.
• Never inhale a chemical product.
• Do not touch with hands or taste chemicals.
• Do not pipette with your mouth.
• Handle chemicals that may release toxic or corrosive vapors in the fume cupboard.
• Do not heat liquids in completely closed containers. If the liquid is flammable,
avoid using flames.
• Ensure the cooling of the heated material before holding it by hand.

• Make sure the devices, water and gases are disconnected when finished.
• When completing a task, collect materials, reagents and equipment.
• Before leaving the laboratory, wash your hands with soap and plenty of water.
Workshop Work N°3.- Obtaining analytical information from analytical reagents

3.1. Carefully read the information that the chemical reagent has on its label.

3.2. Formulate the analytical information of 2 chemical reagents, one solid and the
other liquid.

SOLID REAGENT:

1. NAME: Di Sodium Oxalate

2. FORMULA: C2Na2O4
3. MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 134,00
4. CONCENTRATION: 99,8 %
5. DENSITY, PE :

LIQUID REAGENT:

1. NAME: Hydrochloric acid

2. FORMULA: HCl
3. MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 36.46 g/mol
4. CONCENTRATION: 35%
5. DENSITY: at 15/4: 1,180 – 1,185

CONCLUSIONS

V The recognition of the laboratory helps us to know what equipment we

have at our disposal to be able to experiment.
• Laboratory materials are mostly glass
• He laboratory presents big deficiencies in how much
to the
storage of reagents, lack of equipment and also in infrastructure.
V With this experience we can now see the characteristics presented by the
reagent label.
V Being in the laboratory implies complying with rules which are
established to prevent any mishap.

RECOMMENDATIONS

V The distribution of laboratory equipment should be improved.

V We must be careful when disposing of chemical reagents.
 V Don't forget to wear the protective equipment that we have at our
disposal.
V Various laboratory equipment should be renovated.
V The reagents should be stored better and not left in the environment.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- http://www.uv.es/gammmm/Subsitio%20Operaciones/7%20normas%2 0de
%20seguro.htm
- http://www.archivos.ujat.mx/dacb/programas_sinteticos/quimica/area_
general/F0203_laboratoriobasicodequimica.pdf
- http://www.quimicaweb.net/ciencia/paginas/laboratorio/material.html
- http://www.wiseupkids.com/informacion/quimica/laboratorio.pdf