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ொதும் ஊகே ொவரும் கேளிர் ! தீதும் நன்றும் பிைர் தே வொேொ

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HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR

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NAME :

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CLASS : 11 SECTION:

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.k SCHOOL :
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EXAM NO :
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கேடில் விழுச்rசெல்வம் ேல்வி ச ொருவற்கு

மொடல்ல மற்றை றவ
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. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed.,

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
CUDDALORE DIST
MOBILE - 9940814079

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UNIT - 1
1. Define one radian (S.I standard for plane angle)
• It is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by
an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle.
180°
1 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = = 57.27 °
𝜋
2. Define one steradian (S.I standard for solid angle)
• It is the solid angle subtended at the centre of a
sphere, by that surface of the sphere, which is
equal in area to the square of radius of the sphere.
3. Write a note on parallax method.
• Parallax is the name given to the object with
respect to the background, when the object is seen
from two different positions.
• The distance between the two positions is called
basis (b)
• This method is used for measuring very large
distance such as distance of a planet or star
4. One Light Year.
• It is the distance travelled by the light in vacuum
in one year. (i.e.) 1 Light Year = 9.467 X 1015 m
5. Define one astronomical unit (AU).
• It is the mean distance of the Earth from the Sun.
• 1 A.U = 1.496 X 1011 m
6. Write a note on absolute errors.
• The difference between the true value and the
measured value of a quantity is called absolute
error.
7. Define mean absolute error.
• The arithmetic mean of the magnitude of absolute
errors in all the measurements is called the mean
absolute error.
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8. Define relative error.
• The ratio of the mean absolute error to the mean
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value (true value) is called relative error (or)
fractional error.
9. Define percentage error.
• The relative error expressed as a percentage is
called percentage error.
10. Define dimensional variables.
• Physical quantities which possess dimensions and
have variable values are called dimensional
variables. (e.g) length, velocity, acceleration etc.,
VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed.,
Please send your Materials & Question Papers to kalvikadal.in@gmail.com (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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11. Define dimensionless variables 19. Give the applications of the method of dimensional
• Physical quantities which have no dimensions but analysis.
have variable values are called dimensionless • To convert a physical quantity from one system of
variables. (e.g) strain, specific gravity, etc units to another.
12. Define dimensional constants. • To check the dimensional correctness of a given
• Physical quantities which possess dimensions and physical equation.
have constant values are called dimensional • To establish the relation among various physical
constants. (e.g) Gravitational constant, Plank’s quantities.
constant etc. 20. Give the limitations of dimensional analysis.
13. Define dimensionless constants • This method gives no information about the
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• Physical quantities which have no dimensions but dimensional constants in the formula like
have constant values are called dimensionless numbers, , e, etc
constant. (e.g) numbers, , e, etc., • This method cannot decide, whether the given
14. What do you mean by propagation of errors quantity is a vector or scalar.
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• The method of transferring errors from • This method is not suitable to derive relations
individual observation in to final result through involving trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic
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series of calculations is called propagation of functions.
errors. 21. Explain the propagation of errors in power.
15. What is mean by significant figures? • Error in A = A
• It is defined as the number of meaningful digits • Measured value of A = A  A
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which contain numbers that are known reliably • Consider the power ; Z = An
and first uncertain number. • Let Z be the error in Z, then,
16. How will you measure the diameter of the Moon A 𝑛
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using Parallax method? Z  Z = (A  A)𝑛 = A𝑛 (1 ± )
A
• Diameter of Moon ; AB = d A
; AOB =  Z  Z = 𝑍 (1 ± n )
Parallax angle A
a
Distance of Moon from Earth ; [∵ (1 + 𝑥)𝑛 ] ≈ (1 + 𝑛𝑥)]
.k OA = OB = D • Divide by Z on both sides,
• Hence, Z A
𝐴𝐵 𝑑 1 ± = 1±n
𝜃= = 𝑍 A
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𝑂𝐴 𝐷 𝐙 𝑨
𝒅=𝑫𝜽 (𝒐𝒓) = 𝒏
𝒁 𝑨
17. Define accuracy and precision . • The fractional error in the nth power of a quantity
• Accuracy refers to how far we are from the true is n times the fractional error in that quantity.
value
• Precision refers to how well we measure.
18. Explain the principle of homogeneity of dimensions.
• It states that the dimensions of all the terms in a
physical expression should be the same.
• For example, consider the following expression
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2 𝑎 𝑆
• By substituting the dimensions,
[L T −1 ]2 = [L T −1 ]2 + [L T −2 ][L]
[𝐋𝟐 𝐓 −𝟐 ] = [𝐋𝟐 𝐓 −𝟐 ] + [𝐋𝟐 𝐓 −𝟐 ]
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10. Give the equations of motion of a body thrown 19. Define centripetal acceleration. Give the
UNIT - 2 vertically upwards (against gravity). expression for it.
1. Define frame of reference. • Here 𝑎 = − 𝑔 . Then • In an uniform circular motion, the acceleration is
• The co ordinate system by which the position of an 𝑣 = 𝑢 − 𝑔𝑡 − − − − − − (1) acting towards the centre of the circle along the
object is described relative to it is called frame of 1 2 radius. This is called centripetal acceleration.
𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑔 𝑡 − − − − − (2)
reference, 2 𝒗𝟐
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 − 2 𝑔 𝑦 − − − − (3) 𝒂 = − = − 𝝎𝟐 𝒓
2. State triangle law of vectors. 𝒓
• It states that, if two vectors are represented by 11. Define projectile. Give examples. 20. Define non - uniform circular motion.
the two adjacent sides of a triangle in same • When an object is thrown in air with some initial • If the speed of the object in circular motion is not
order, then the resultant is given by the third velocity and then allowed to move under the constant, then the object is said to be in non -

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side of the triangle in opposite order. action of gravity alone, the object is known as a uniform circular motion.
3. Define scalar or dot product of two vectors. projectile. The path followed by the particle is Example : Bob attached to a string moving in
called its trajectory.
• Let ⃗⃗⃗𝐴 and ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 be inclined by an angle , then vertical circle
Examples : (1) A bullet fired from the gun 21. Define speed and velocity.
⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗

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𝑨 𝑩 = 𝑨 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝑪 (𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒓) (2) A ball thrown in any direction Speed Velocity
4. Define vector or cross product of two vectors. 12. Define time of flight. The rate of change of The rate of change of
• Let ⃗⃗⃗𝐴 and ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 be inclined by an angle , then • The time taken tor the projectile to complete its

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distance is called speed displacement is called
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑿 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 𝑩 = 𝑨 𝑩 𝐬𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒏 ̂ = ⃗𝑪 (𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓) trajectory or time taken by the projectile to hit the (i.e.,) velocity (i.e,)
5. How will you prove that two vector are orthogonal? ground is called time of flight (𝑻𝒇). 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝒅𝒓 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝒅𝒓 ⃗⃗
𝒗= = ⃗ =
𝒗 =
• If two vectors are orthogonal (perpendicular) to 13. Define horizontal range. 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒕 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒘𝒏 𝒅𝒕
• The horizontal distance covered by the projectile

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each other, then their scalar product is zero or It is scalar It is vector
vector product is maximum from the point of projection to the point where the 22. What is the relative velocity? Discuss its various cases.
6. State right hand rule in vector product. projectile hits the ground is called horizontal • The velocity of one object with respect to another

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• If the curvature of the right hand fingers range (𝑹). is called relative velocity.
represents rotating direction of 𝐴 and 𝐵 ⃗ then the 14. Give the angle of projection for which the range relative velocity of A with
stretched thumb points out the direction of become maximum. respect to B 𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗

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resultant vector 𝑪 ⃗ • If the particle is projected at 𝜋/4 𝑜𝑟 45° with relative velocity of B with
7. Define acceleration (instantaneous acceleration). .krespect to horizontal, it attains maximum and it is respect to A 𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑉
𝐵𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 𝑉𝐴
𝒖𝟐
• The rate of change of velocity at any instant is given by ; 𝑹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = relative velocity of A with
𝒈
called acceleration. It is a vector quantity. Its unit
15. Define angular displacement. respect to B ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴 + 𝑉𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗
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is m s-2 and its dimensional formula is [𝑳 𝑻−𝟐` ] relative velocity of B with
• The angle described by the particle about the axis
8. Define deceleration or retardation.
of rotation in a given time is called angular ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
respect to A 𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐴 = − (𝑉𝐴 + 𝑉𝐵 )
• If the velocity decreases with time, then the
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displacement . Its SI unit is radian (rad)

acceleration becomes negative. The negative 23. Give the equations of motion under gravity
16. Define angular velocity.
acceleration is called deceleration or retardation • Here, 𝑎 = 𝑔
• The rate of change of angular displacement is
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9. Write the equations of uniformly accelerated 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑔𝑡 − − − − − (1)

called angular velocity. Its SI unit is rad s-1 1
motion? 2
𝑦 = 𝑢 𝑡 + 𝑔 𝑡 − − − − − (2)
17. Define angular acceleration.
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 − − − − − − (1) 2
The rate of change of angular velocity is called 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2 𝑔 𝑦 − − − − (3)
1
𝑠 = 𝑢 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡2 − − − − − − (2) angular acceleration. Its SI unit is rad s-2 • Suppose the particle start from rest, then 𝑢 = 0
2 18. Define uniform circular motion.
2
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 2𝑎𝑠 2
− − − − − − (3) 𝑣 = 𝑔𝑡
(𝑢 + 𝑣)𝑡 • When an object moving in a circular path covers 1
𝑠 = − − − − − − (4) equal distances on the circumference in equal 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑡2
2 2
interval of time. then the object is said to be in
𝑣2 = 2 𝑔 𝑦
uniform circular motion.
VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
Please send your Materials & Question Papers to kalvikadal.in@gmail.com (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

24. Obtain an expression for tangential acceleration 26. Derive the expression for total acceleration in the
experienced by the object in circular motion. non-uniform circular motion. Write down the UNIT - 3
• Radius of the circular path = 𝒓 expression for angle made by resultant 1. State Newton’s first law of motion.
In time 𝒅𝒕 , displacement on acceleration and radius vector in the non uniform • Newton’s first law states that, Every object
the object = 𝒅𝒔 circular motion. continues to be in the state of rest or of uniform
• Then angular displacement is • In non- uniform circular motion unless there is external force acting on it.
𝑑𝑠 motion, the speed of the 2. State Newton’s second law of motion.
𝑑𝜃 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑟 object is not the same in all • Newton’s second law states that, the force acting
• Divide both sides by ∆𝒕 time. on an object is equal to the rate of change of its
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝜃 • Whenever the speed is not
=𝑟 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒅𝒑⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒅(𝒎𝒗⃗⃗⃗ ) = 𝒎 𝒂
𝑭 ⃗⃗⃗

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momentum.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 same in circular motion, the 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒗 = 𝒓𝝎 − − − − − − (𝟏) particle will have both 3. Define force. How force is measured. Give the unit
• Differentiate equation (1) w.r.to time. we get centripetal acceleration (𝑎𝑐 ) and tangential of force.
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝜔 acceleration (𝑎𝑡 ). • The force is a physical quantity which change or

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=𝑟 • The resultant acceleration (𝑎𝑅 ) is obtained by tends to change the state of the body
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝒂𝒕 = 𝒓 𝜶 vector sum of centripetal and tangential • Force is measured as the product of mass and
• This is the expression for tangential acceleration acceleration. (i.e.) ⃗⃗⃗
𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 ⃗⃗

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accelerations. (i.e.)
and it is in direction of linear velocity 2 • The S.I unit of force is newton (N)
𝑣2
25. Derive the expression for centripetal acceleration. 𝑎𝑅 = √𝑎𝑡2 + 𝑎𝑐2 = √𝑎𝑡2 + [ ] 4. Define one newton (1N).
𝑟 • One Newton is defined as the force which acts on
•

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The resultant acceleration makes an angle with the 1 kg of mass to give an acceleration 1 m s -2 in the
radius vector and it is given by direction of the force.
𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒕 5. State Newton’s third law of motion.
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = = 𝟐

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𝒂𝒄 𝒗 • Newton’s third law states that for every action
[ ]
𝒓 there is an equal and opposite reaction.
27. Give the kinematic equations of circular motion. 6. What are the steps followed in developing the

a
𝝎 = 𝝎𝟎 + 𝜶 𝒕 free body diagram.
• From figure, ∆𝑟⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗𝑟2 − 𝑟⃗⃗⃗1 𝟏 • Identify the forces acting on the object
∆𝑣
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑣⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣1
.k 𝜽 = 𝝎𝟎 𝒕 + 𝜶 𝒕𝟐
𝟐 • Represent the forces acting as a point
∆𝑟 ∆𝑣 𝝎𝟐
= 𝝎 𝟐
+ 𝟐𝜶𝜽
• Hence, 𝜃= = − 𝟎 • Draw the vectors representing the forces action
𝑟 𝑣 (𝝎𝟎 + 𝝎) 𝒕
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𝜽= on the object
• Here the negative sign implies that ∆𝑣 points 𝟐 7. What is concurrent forces and coplanar forces?
radially inward, towards the centre of the circle. 28. Obtain the angle of umbrella should hold with the
∆𝑟 • The lines of forces acting at a common point are
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∆𝑣 = − 𝑣 [ ] vertical by a person moving horizontally in a rain called concurrent forces.

𝑟 fall to save himself from the rain.
∆𝑣 𝑣 ∆𝑟 𝑣 • The lines of forces they are in the same plane are
∴ 𝑎= = − [ ]= − [𝑣] • Then the relative velocity of
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∆𝑡 𝑟 ∆𝑡 𝑟 called coplanar forces.

rain with respect to the man is ;
𝒗𝟐 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
8. What is meant by frictional force?
𝒂 = − = −𝝎 𝒓 𝟐
[ ∵ 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔] 𝑉 𝑅𝑀 = 𝑉𝑅 − 𝑉𝑀 • The force which always opposes the relative motion
𝒓 • Its magnitude is
• This is the expression for centripetal acceleration. between an object and the surface where it is placed
𝑽𝑹𝑴 = √𝑽𝑹𝟐 + 𝑽𝑴𝟐 − 𝟐 𝑽𝑹 𝑽𝑴 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟗𝟎° = √𝑽𝑹𝟐 + 𝑽𝑴𝟐 is called frictional force
9. What is meant by static friction?
• Its direction with vertical is, • Static friction is the force which opposes the initiation
𝑽𝑴 𝑽𝑴 of motion of an object on the surface.
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = (𝒐𝒓) 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 [ ]
𝑽𝑹 𝑽𝑹 • The condition for static friction is 𝟎 ≤ 𝒇𝒔 ≤ 𝝁𝒔 𝑵

VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
Please send your Materials & Question Papers to kalvikadal.in@gmail.com (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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10. What is meant by kinetic friction? 13. State Lami’s theorem. Proof :
• When an objects slides, the surface exerts a frictional • Lami’s theorem states • From figure, resultant force
force called kinetic force. that, if a system of 𝑅⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑁 ⃗ (𝑜𝑟) 𝑅 = √(𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 )2 + 𝑁 2
• The magnitude of kinetic friction is 𝒇𝒌 = 𝝁𝒌 𝑵 three concurrent and 𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
11. Define inertia. Explain its types. coplanar forces is in & tan 𝜃 =
𝑁
• The inability of objects to move on its own or equilibrium, then each • When the object begins to
change its state of motion is called inertia. Inertia force is directly slide, the maximum static
means resistance to change its state. proportional to sine of friction is given by,
• There are three types of inertia, angle between the 𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁
(1) Inertia at rest : other two forces 𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥

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(𝑜𝑟) 𝜇𝑠 =
• The inability of an object to change its state of |⃗𝐹1 | ∝ sin 𝛼 𝑁
rest is called inertia of rest. |⃗𝐹2 | ∝ sin 𝛽 • Compare the above equations we get
Example : When a stationary bus starts to 𝝁𝒔 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
|𝐹⃗ 3 | ∝ sin 𝛾
move, the passengers experience a sudden • Thus the coefficient of static friction is equal to

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backward push due to inertia of rest. |𝐹1 | |𝐹2 | |𝐹3 | tangent of the angle of friction
Hence, = = = 𝐾 (𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕)
(2) Inertia at motion : sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 sin 𝛾 16. Define angle of repose. Show that in an inclined

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• The inability of an object to change its state of 14. Distinguish the salient features of Static friction and plane, angle of friction is equal to angle of repose.
uniform speed (constant speed) on its own is Kinetic friction. Angle of repose – Definition :
called inertia of motion. Static friction Kinetic friction • The angle of repose is the angle of inclined plane
Example : When the bus is in motion, and if It opposes the starting of It opposes the relative with the horizontal such that an object placed on it

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the brake is applied suddenly, passengers motion motion of the object with begins to slide.
move forward and hit against the front seat respect to the surface
due to inertia of motion. Independent of surface Independent of surface

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(3) Inertia at direction : area of contact area of contact
• The inability of an object to change its 𝝁𝒔 depends on the nature 𝝁𝒌 depends on nature of
direction of motion on its own is called inertia of materials in mutual materials and

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of direction. contact temperature of the surface
Example : When a stone attached to a string is
in whirling motion, and if the string is cut
suddenly, the stone will not continue to move
.k
Depends on the magnitude Independent of magnitude
of applied
force
of applied force
Proof :
• Here 𝑚𝑔 can resolved into components parallel
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in circular motion but moves tangential to the It can take values from It can never be zero and
circle due to inertia of direction. zero to 𝝁𝒔 𝑵 always equals to 𝝁𝒌 𝑵 (mg sinθ ) and perpendicular (mg cosθ ) to the
12. Distinguish between inertial frame and non-inertial 𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙 > 𝒇 𝒇𝒌 < 𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙 inclined plane
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𝒔 𝒌 𝒔
frames. 𝝁𝒔 > 𝝁𝒌 𝝁𝒌 < 𝝁𝒔 • When the object just begins to move,
Inertial frames Non-inertial frames 15. Define angle of friction. Prove that the coefficient 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 − − − − − (1)
𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 − − − − − (2)
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The frame in which object The frame in which object of static friction is equal to tangent of the angle of and
moves with constant get accelerated is called friction. • Divide equation (2) by (1),
velocity or remains at rest non - inertial frame. Angle of friction – Definition : 𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃
= = tan 𝜃 − − − (3)
is called inertial frame • The angle of friction is defined as the angle 𝑁 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃
It obeys Newton’s laws of It obeys only Newton’s between the normal force (N) and the resultant • We know that,, 𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 , Thus
motion third law of motion force (R) of normal force and maximum friction 𝝁𝒔 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 − − − − − (𝟒)
force (𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒔 ) • From the definition of angle of friction, we have
𝜇𝑠 = tan 𝜃 in which 𝜃 is the angle of friction. Thus
the angle of repose is the same as angle of friction.

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17. Give the applications of angle of repose.
(1) Antlions make sand traps in such a way that when
an insect enters the edge of the trap, it starts to
slide towards the bottom where the antlions hide
itself. The angle of inclination of sand trap is made
to be equal to angle of repose.
(2) Children are fond of playing on sliding board.
Sliding will be easier when the angle of inclination
of the board is greater than the angle of repose. At
the same time if inclination angle is much larger
than the angle of repose, the slider will reach the
bottom at greater speed and get hurt.
18. Write a note on rolling friction.
• When a object is sliding on a surface without
wheels, there is a relative motion between the
object and the surface which results large
frictional force. This makes very difficult to move.
• But when a object is sliding with wheel, there is no
relative motion and hence the frictional force is
very less.
• This minimal frictional force between the wheel
and the surface is called rolling friction.
19. How many ways a force can change the velocity of
a particle?
• A force can change the velocity in three different
ways. They are,
(1) The magnitude of the velocity can be changed
without changing the direction. (e.g.) freely falling
bodies
(2) The direction of motion alone can be changed
without changing its magnitude (speed) (e.g.)
uniform circular motion
(3) Both the direction and magnitude (speed) of the
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velocity can be changed. (e.g.) oscillation of simple
pendulum
20. What is called banking of tracks.
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• When a car moves in a leveled circular road, the
necessary centripetal force is provided by the
frictional force between the road and the tyres.
• If the frictional force is not sufficient, skidding
occurs. (i.e) skidding mainly depends on the
coefficient of static friction (𝝁𝒔)
• To avoid this, usually the outer edge of the road is
slightly raised compared to inner edge. This is
called banking of roads or tracks
VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed.,
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9. Define kilo watt hour.
UNIT - 4
• Electrical energy is measured in the unit called
1. Explain how the definition of work in physics kilo watt hour (kWh)
different from general perception. • 1 electrical unit = 1 kWh = 3.6 X 106 J
• In general, any activity refers work. It may be 10. Define elastic collision.
physical or mental work. • In a collision, the total initial kinetic energy of the
• But in physics, work is done by the force when the bodies is equal to the total final kinetic energy of
force applied on a body displaces it. the bodies, then it is called as elastic collision;
2. Define work. Give its unit and dimension. Examples :
• When a force 𝐹 acts on a body displace it by , then • Collision between atoms
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work done is defined as 𝑾 = 𝑭 . 𝒅 𝒓 = 𝑭 𝒅𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
• Collision between two billiard balls
• It is a scalar quantity. Its SI unit is joule (J) 11. Define perfectly inelastic collision.
3. Define Energy. • If the two colliding bodies stick together after
•
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Energy is defined as capacity to do work. collision such collisions are known as completely
• In other word work done is the manifestation of inelastic collision or perfectly inelastic collision.
energy. • For example, clay putty is thrown on a moving
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• Its SI unit is J or N m and its dimension is M L2 T-2 vehicle, the clay putty sticks to the moving vehicle
4. Define kinetic energy (KE). and they move together with the same velocity.
• It is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its 12. Explain with graphs the difference between work
done by a constant force and variable force.
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motion. (e.g.) All moving bodies have kinetic
energy Work done by a constant force :
5. Define potential energy (U). • When a constant
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• It is defined as the work done by an external force force F acts on a body,
in moving the object at constant velocity from initial the small work done
point to final point. It is the energy possessed by an (dW) is given by
a
object by virtue of its position. 𝒅𝑾 = (𝑭 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽) 𝒅𝒓
• .k
(e.g.) raised hammer, stretched string, etc., • The total work done in producing a displacement
6. Define work - energy theorem. from initial position ri to final position rf is,
• According to work - energy theorem, the work 𝑾 = (𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) (𝒓𝒇 − 𝒓𝒊 )
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done by the force on the body changes the kinetic • The area under the graph shows the work done by
energy of the body. the constant force.
(i.e) work done = change in kinetic energy Work done by a variable force :
7. Define power. Give its unit. • When the component
• Power is defined as the rate of work done or of a variable force F
energy delivered. acts on a body, the
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 (𝑊) small work done (dW)
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑡) is; 𝒅𝑾 = (𝑭 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽) 𝒅𝒓
• Its SI unit is watt (W). It is a scalar quantity. • The total work done is
𝒓𝒇 𝒓𝒇
8. Define one watt (1 W)
𝑾 = ∫ 𝒅𝑾 = ∫ 𝑭 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒅𝒓
• One watt is defined as the power when one joule of 𝒓𝒊 𝒓𝒊
work is done in one second. (1 W = 1 J s-1) • The area under the graph is the work done by the
• The higher units of power are, 1 𝑘 𝑊 = 103 𝑊 variable force.
1 𝑀 𝑊 = 106 𝑊 and 1 𝐺 𝑊 = 109 𝑊
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13. Give the relation between momentum and kinetic 7. Define moment of a couple or torque.
energy. UNIT - 5 • The magnitude of moment of couple is defined as
• Let kinetic energy be KE, then 1. Define centre of mass. the product of either of the forces of a couple by
1 1 • The centre of mass of a body is defined as a point the perpendicular distance between them.
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚 𝑣 2 = 𝑚 (𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗ )
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑣
2 2 where the entire mass of the body appears to be • Its unit is Nm
1 𝑚2 (𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗ )
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑣 1 (𝑚 𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗ ) . (𝑚 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗ ) concentrated. 8. Define mechanical advantage.
𝐾𝐸 = = • From the principle of moments,
2 𝑚 2 𝑚 2. What is mean by moment of force or torque ?
1𝑝 ⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑝
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑝2 • The ability of the force to produce rotational 𝐹1 𝑑2
𝐾𝐸 = = 𝐹1 𝑑1 = 𝐹2 𝑑2 (𝑜𝑟) =
2 𝑚 2𝑚 motion in a body is called torque or moment of 𝐹2 𝑑1
(𝒐𝒓) 𝒑 = |𝒑 ⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝟐 𝒎 (𝑲𝑬) force. (e.g) the opening and closing of a door about • If F1 is the load and F2 is our effort, we get

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the hinges and turning of a nut using a wrench.
14. Prove that linear momentum is conserved in all
collision processes.
3. Define moment of a force (or) torque. Give its unit.
• Torque is defined as the moment of the external
• During collision, the first body exerts a force ⃗⃗⃗𝐹21 applied force about a point or axis of rotation.
advantage when, d1< d2. This implies that F1> F2.
• Hence, we could lift a large load with small effort.
𝑑
The ratio [ 2 ] is called mechanical advantage of
𝑑1

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on the second body. From Newton’s third law, the the simple lever.
⃗⃗𝝉 = ⃗⃗𝒓 𝑿 ⃗⃗⃗𝑭 = (𝒓 𝑭 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽) 𝒏
̂
second body exerts a force ⃗⃗⃗𝐹12 on the first body. 9. Define centre of gravity.
• The S.I unit of torque is N m
• This causes a change in momentum ∆⃗⃗⃗𝑝1 and ∆⃗⃗⃗𝑝2 • The centre of gravity of a body is the point at which

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• The direction of torque is found using right hand
of the first body and second body respectively. the entire weight of the body acts irrespective of
rule.
Then the position and orientation of the body.
4. Define angular momentum.
∆⃗⃗⃗𝑝1 = ⃗⃗⃗𝐹12 ∆𝑡 • The angular momentum (L) of a point mass is
10. Define moment of inertia.
• In rotational motion, moment of inertia is a

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∆⃗⃗⃗𝑝2 = ⃗⃗⃗𝐹21 ∆𝑡 defined as the moment of its linear momentum.
measure of rotational inertia. 𝐼 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖 2 .
∴ ∆⃗⃗⃗𝑝1 + ∆⃗⃗⃗𝑝2 = ⃗⃗⃗𝐹12 ∆𝑡 + ⃗⃗⃗𝐹21 ∆𝑡 (i.e) 𝑳 ⃗ = ⃗⃗𝒓 𝑿 ⃗⃗⃗𝒑 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑳 = 𝒓 𝒑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 • Its unit is kg m2 and its dimension is [M L2]
∆⃗⃗⃗𝑝1 + ∆⃗⃗⃗𝑝2 = (⃗⃗⃗𝐹12 + ⃗⃗⃗𝐹21 ) ∆𝑡

lv
5. Find the relation between torque and angular 11. What are the rotational equivalents for the
• According to Newton’s third law, ⃗⃗⃗𝐹12 = −⃗⃗⃗𝐹21 . momentum. physical quantities, (i) mass and (ii) force?
∆⃗⃗⃗𝑝1 + ∆⃗⃗⃗𝑝2 = 0 • By definition of torque and angular momentum, • Moment of inertia is the rotational equivalent for

a
we have
∆ (⃗⃗⃗𝑝1 + ⃗⃗⃗𝑝2 ) = 0 mass
𝛕 = 𝐈  − − − − − − − (𝟏)
∴ ⃗⃗⃗𝒑𝟏 + ⃗⃗⃗𝒑𝟐 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 .k • Torque is the rotational equivalent for force
15. In which way inelastic collision is different from 𝐋 = 𝐈 𝛚 − − − − − − − (𝟐)
𝒅𝝎 12. Calculate power delivered by a torque.
elastic collision. Give few examples of inelastic • But angular acceleration is given by ;  = . • Power delivered is the work done per unit time.
𝒅𝒕
dω 𝐝 (𝐈 𝛚) 𝒅𝑳 𝒅𝑾 𝝉 𝒅𝜽
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Elastic collision Inelastic collision
∴ 𝝉 = I = = 𝑷= = = 𝝉𝝎
Total momentum Total momentum dt 𝐝𝐭 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
conserved conserved 6. Define couple. Give examples. 13. Obtain the relation between rotational kinetic
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Total kinetic energy is Total kinetic energy is not • A pair of forces which are equal in magnitude but energy and angular momentum .
conserved conserved opposite in direction and separated by a • Let a rigid body of moment of inertia I rotate with
perpendicular distance so that their lines of action angular velocity ω.
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Forces involved are Forces involved are non

conservative forces conservative forces do not coincide that causes a turning effect is • The angular momentum of a rigid body = 𝐿 = 𝐼 𝜔
Mechanical energy is
called a couple. • The rotational kinetic energy of the rigid body is,
Mechanical energy is not Examples : 1 1 2 2 1
dissipated into heat, light,
(1) steering wheel of a car KE = I ω2 = I ω = ( I ω)2
dissipated
sound etc., 2 2I 2I
(2) Opening and closing of water tap 𝟏 𝟐
Examples of inelastic collisions: 𝐊𝐄 = 𝐋
(3) Turning of a screw driver 𝟐𝐈
• Accident between two vechicles (4) Rotating pedals of the cycle
• Collision of soft mud ball on the wall
• Collision of bullet on the target
VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
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14. Obtain the relation between torque and angular 16. State principle of moments. centre of gravity. Here, reaction force acting at the
acceleration? point of suspension and the gravitational force
• Let a point mass ‘m’ in acting at the centre of gravity cancel each other
the body will execute a and the torques caused by them also cancel each
circular motion about a other.
fixed axis as shown in 18. Deduce an expression for work done by a torque.
Figure • Consider a light rod of negligible mass which is • Let us consider a rigid
• A tangential force ⃗⃗⃗𝑭 pivoted at a point along its length. Let two parallel body rotating about a
acting on the point mass forces F1 and F2 act at the two ends at distances d1 fixed axis. Here point P
produces the necessary and d2 from the point of pivot and the normal on the body rotating

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torque for this rotation. This force ⃗⃗⃗𝑭 is reaction force N at the point of pivot as shown in about an axis
perpendicular to the position vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒓 of the point Figure perpendicular to the
mass. • If the rod has to remain stationary in horizontal plane of the page.
• The magnitude of torque produced by the force on position, it should be in translational and • A tangential force F is applied on the body. It

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the point mass m about the axis is, rotational equilibrium. Then, both the net force produces a small displacement ds on the body.
𝜏 = 𝑟 𝐹 sin 90° = 𝑟 𝐹 = 𝑟 𝑚 𝑎 = 𝑟 𝑚 𝑟  and net torque must be zero. • The work done (dw) by the force is,
• For translational equilibrium, net force has to be 𝑑𝑊 = 𝐹 𝑑𝑠

ad
𝝉 = (𝒎 𝒓𝟐 ) 
• In vector notation, ; ⃗⃗𝝉 = (𝒎 𝒓𝟐 ) ⃗⃗⃗ zero (i.e.) = 𝐹 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 [∵ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑟 𝑑𝜃]
−𝐹1 + 𝑁 − 𝐹2 = 0 𝒅𝑾 = 𝝉 𝒅𝜽 [∵ 𝜏 = 𝐹 𝑟 ]
• The term 𝒎𝒓𝟐 is called moment of inertia (I) of the
𝑵 = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 − − − − − (𝟏) 19. Compare translational quantities and rotational
point mass.
• For rotational equilibrium, net torque has to be

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quantities.
• Hence, torque; , ⃗⃗𝝉 = 𝑰 ⃗⃗⃗
zero(i.e.) Translational motion Rotational motion
15. Obtain the relation between angular momentum 𝐹1 𝑑1 − 𝐹2 𝑑2 = 0 Displacement (𝑥) Angular displcement (𝜃)

lv
and angular velocity? 𝑭𝟏 𝒅𝟏 = 𝑭𝟐 𝒅𝟐 − − − − − − (𝟐) 𝑥 𝜃
• Let a point mass ‘m’ in the • The above equation represents the principle of Velocity (𝑣 = ) Angular velocity (𝜔 = )
𝑡 𝑡
body will execute a circular 𝑣 Angular acceleration
moments. Acceleration (𝑎 = )

a
motion about a fixed axis as 17. How will you determine centre of gravity of 𝑡 𝜔
shown in Figure (𝛼 = )
𝑡
uniform lamina of irregular shape.
.k
• Its linear momentum at any Mass (𝑚) Moment of inertia (𝐼)
• By pivoting the lamina
instant is tangential to the in horizontal plane at a Force (𝐹 = 𝑚 𝑎) Torque (𝜏 = 𝐼 𝛼)
circular path. Hence the
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point. When a body is Linear momentum Angular momentum
angle θ between ⃗⃗𝒓 and ⃗⃗⃗𝒑 in this case is 90o. supported at the centre (𝑝 = 𝑚 𝑣) (𝐿 = 𝐼 𝜔)
• The magnitude of the angular momentum L could of gravity, the sum of the torques acting on all the Impulse (𝐹 ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑝) Angular impulse
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be written as, point masses of the rigid body becomes zero. ( 𝜏 ∆𝑡 = ∆𝐿)
𝐿 = 𝑟 𝑝 sin 90° = 𝑟 𝑝 = 𝑟 𝑚 𝑣 = 𝑟 𝑚 𝑟 ω Moreover the weight is compensated by the Workdone by the force Workdone by the torque
𝑳 = (𝒎 𝒓𝟐 ) 𝛚 normal reaction force exerted by the pivot. The 𝑊=𝐹𝑠 𝑊 =𝜏𝜃
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• In vector notation, ⃗⃗⃗𝑳 = (𝒎 𝒓𝟐 ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝛚 body is in static equilibrium and hence it remains Kinetic enregy, Rotational kinetic energy
• The term 𝒎𝒓𝟐 is called moment of inertia (I) of the horizontal. 1 1
point mass. • Suspending KE = m v2 KE = I ω2
the 2 2
• Hence the angular momentum, ⃗⃗⃗𝑳 == 𝑰 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝛚 lamina from Power, P = F v Power, P = τ ω
different points like
P, Q, R as shown in
Figure, the vertical
lines PP', QQ', RR' all
pass through the
VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
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