MAIN THEORIES

OF NURSING

Mg. Sick Cecilia Arias Flores

CALLISTA ROY THEORY
- Callista Roy's Adaptation theory (1976)
considers the patient as a system that adapts. Nursing
care occurs when a patient cannot adapt
to internal and external environmental
conditions.
- Callista Roy points out that to achieve
adaptation a patient must adapt in the
following aspects:
- Cover basic physiological needs.
- Develop a positive self-concept.
- Carry out social functions.
- Achieve a balance between
dependence and independence.
- Nursing care helps the
patient adapt.
 PEPLAU THEORY
■ Hildrgarde Peplau focuses her theory on the interpersonal
relationships that people establish as they move through
the stages of development.
■ The nurse becomes the person to whom the
patient turns, counselor and representative. When
the patient needs help, the nursing professional
comments on the nature of the problem and
explains the available services, thus helping the
patient determine the problem and possible
solutions.
■ The therapeutic relationship develops around four
phases: orientation, identification, use and
resolution.
HENDERSON'S THEORY
■ Involves the needs
basics of the person
human as a whole.
It identifies the 14 basic needs,
which highlight a safe and
healthy lifestyle, together with
good hygiene, an active social
life and personal development.
IMOGENE KING THEORY
■ It focuses on the interpersonal relationship
between the patient and the nurse. The Nurse-
Patient relationship is the vehicle for the
Nursing process, a dynamic
interpersonal process in which the
nursing professional and the patient
mutually affect each other through their
behavior and the health care system. It
is the responsibility of the Nursing
Professional to help the patient
reestablish or maintain a positive
adaptation to the environment.
DOROTHEA'S THEORY
OREM
SELF-CARE THEORY (1971)
■ Orem points out that self-care is the various
activities that people do to stay healthy. When
the person cannot perform self-care, it is the
nurse who provides care. Furthermore, he
points out in his theory three systems of care
that nursing carried out:
■ System of Total compensation
■ System of Partial compensation
■ System of Support or guide
■ The nursing professional determines the
reasons why the patient is unable to satisfy his or
her self-care needs, the actions that will enable him
or her to cover them, and the patient's capabilities.
 BETTY NEWMAN THEORY

She conceives a model of the total person

incorporating the integral concept and the
consideration of open system. Newman

It considers the person as a composite of

physiological, sociocultural and developmental
variables, acting as an open system. Its Nursing
objective is to help individuals, families and
groups to achieve and maintain a maximum
level of total well-being.
 BETTY NEWMAN THEORY

■ The Nursing professional assesses,

directs
and evaluates the patient's systems and
looks at the factors that affect the reaction

of the patient to the causes of stress.

Nursing actions are in

one of the levels of primary, secondary

and tertiary prevention.
 MYRA LEVINE THEORY
■ Myra Levine's theory (1973) considers the
patient as an integrated being who interacts
with the environment and adapts to it.
■ Health is considered in terms of energy
conservation in the following areas that Levine
calls the four conservation principles of nursing:
Conservation ofthe patient energy.
Conservation ofthe integrity
structural
Conservation ofthe integrity
staff.
MYRA LEVINE THEORY

Conservation ofthe integrity

social.
“The hardest lesson to learn is that
learning is a continuous process.”
DAVID GERROLD