TOURISM PLANNING

PLANNING BACKGROUND
TOURIST BY THE STATES.
X France, first Five Year Plan of the equipment
Tourist for the period 1948/1952.
X Spain, Preliminary Draft of the National Tourism Plan, 1952.

X Throughout the 60s, most European countries with vocation

and tourist interests were generalized.
X In the 1970s it also began to become widespread in Latin

America.
X Mexico, First National Plan for Tourism Development, July

1963.
X Argentina, First Working Document for Tourism Planning in

Argentina, 1968.
X Peru, First Regional Development Plan for Cuzco and Puno,

1969.
X Brazil, TURIS Project between 1972 and 1973
 APPROACHES TO TOURISM PLANNING.

X Developmental Approach: refers to the dominant tradition

of tourism planning and is characterized by having a
favorable and uncritical position on tourism; offers
forecasts of tourist demand for primarily promotional
purposes.

X Economic approach: conceives tourism as an export

activity, with potential contribution to economic growth,
regional development and productive restructuring; It
gives priority to economic purposes - over environmental
and social ones - without analyzing how the benefits of
tourism are socially distributed.
 APPROACHES TO TOURISM PLANNING.
x Spatial approach: also called urban or physical, it is
considered the most prolific in Tourism Planning. Its purpose is the
physical construction of tourist centers, considering optimal elements
for air transportation, hotel complexes, marine vessels, golf courses,
luxury subdivisions, etc. It is also considered one of the representative
models of American-oriented urban planning and is based on an
exhaustive analysis of the physical environment, emphasizing the
available tourist resources, to culminate in the preparation of a master
plan that establishes the exploitation and use of the floor.

X Strategic Approach: It offers tourism planning the possibility of enriching

its methodological approach and introducing characteristics such as
the definition of a philosophy, of future scenarios (articulated with a
normative planning), of medium -term objectives and goals, of choice
of priorities , analysis of the environment to identify opportunities and
threats, diagnosis and programming, and participation of social actors,
among others.
X The approaches presented are not mutually exclusive, and
their integration is frequent. Burns (cited by Ivars, 2003:
109) notes that third world countries have continued to
develop their planning in a traditional way, with a
fundamentally macroeconomic purpose and limited
attention to social or environmental considerations, so
developmental and economic approaches They have
presented themselves unified.
Models of the Developmental Approach
ELO MODEL COMPREHENSIVE TOURISM PLANNING. MOLINA
(1982)

— Superstructure
Demand ]
Attractions Tourist
Tourist activities:
System — - Infrastructure
—Plant and
Ins lalations

Diagnosis __Community
receiver ra
Forecast
0 targets Goals
P
Ian Strategies Assessment
Programs
Budgets
Projects
ELO MODEL COMPREHENSIVE TOURISM PLANNING. MOLINA
(1982)

The author considers that it is a comprehensive model,

because it establishes that the analysis must consider a
series of variables that condition the way and level of life
of the human group, such as: cultural, social,
psychological, political, legal, ecological and economic. It
considers tourism as a manifestation of leisure and free
time and not merely as an economic activity; it additionally
establishes the community as elements of the system.
recipient and to the
superstructure, it that I don't know presents
in others
proposals. This model served as the basis for the study of
tourism planning from a sectoral perspective at local or
regional levels, and marked an entire generation in the
1980s; however, at the moment it appears limited in the
face of new planning models. strategic and planning of
sustainable tourism.
 PLANNING MODEL FOR THE
DEVELOPMENT OF HERNÁNDEZ DÍAZ (1982)
 PLANNING MODEL FOR THE
DEVELOPMENT OF HERNÁNDEZ DÍAZ (1982)

Described as a model for development, Hernández proposes following this

methodological scheme to define the planning of the tourism sector at a
national level from an economic planning perspective. His model raises two
aspects to distinguish: the first is that it starts from the definition of the
desired image as a first step, bringing it closer to a prospective paradigm, the
second lies in the importance it gives to strategy as a fundamental element
in the process.
COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING MODEL
IAn A T n FATHIH\ <1111 IA%. I A IAI A IIAI r AM I I\ -I TT r F

TOURISM DE MOLINA AND RODRÍGUEZ

(1987)
Phase \ Activities (stages) Document
Diagnosis
Definition Prognosis
Establishment you define Plan
Strategy selection
Instrument Selection
Application Programming Budgeting Instrumentation
Evaluation
Project Program
 COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING MODEL
TOURISM BY MOLINA AND RODRÍGUEZ (1987)
The model recovers the integral elements already established but
points to the consideration of two phases of planning, which makes it
appear more coherent in its conception. It should be noted that the
model indicates as "ends" what are regularly called objectives and
goals. It also highlights that it separates the development of programs
and their budgeting as part of the application phase and outside the
plan document, which is operationally relevant. .

Although these models aimed at comprehensive proposals and with

the intention of contributing to a development process linked to the
leisure and free time needs of the internal population, their scope was
operationally limited. It is considered that his greatest contribution
consisted of providing conceptually clear and methodologically simple
schemes for studying tourism planning.
Economic Approach Models
With the First Five-Year Plan of French Tourist Equipment for the
period from 1948 to 1952 and the Preliminary Draft of the Spanish
National Tourism Plan in 1952, the constant growth of Intensive
Tourism gave shape to a particular model of carrying out this
activity called Industrial or Masses, which prevailed from the end
of the Second World War until the 1980s and whose distinctive
characteristics were, among others, the search for entertainment
and rest, heliotropic preferences, mass tourist destinations, high-
spending travel patterns, standardized products and
predominance of the use of chain services. From this approach,
tourism planning helped create polarized tourism developments in
Spain, Greece, Bermuda, Bahamas, Cuba, Miami, Hawaii, Bali,
Turkey, Tahiti, Mexico, Brazil, etc., generating mostly sun
products and beach that
led to an enclave tourism development model. Although this
way to do it tourism allowed theactivation
economic and job creation, also generated negative economic,
environmental and cultural impacts on local tourist spaces.
TOURISM PLANNING MODEL
ECONOMIC BY KAISER
PLANNING AND HELBER
MODEL (1983)
OF THE
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BOAT TOURISM (1990: 91)
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 More elaborate than the models of the
developmental approach, these have more
precise methodological contributions,
however the absence of consideration of the
receiving communities and the environmental
effects limits them compared to more current
models.
 SPACE FOCUS
-k*F to I
Also called urban or physical, this approach is considered to have
been one of the most prolific in tourism planning.

Due to their emphasis on territorial planning, the models are

diversified into works applicable to national, regional and/or local
contexts. To have a better appreciation of this approach, two
emphases are distinguished in the models that integrate it. The
first, with a markedly architectural position, is linked to the models
of the economic approach mentioned in the previous section. Its
purpose consists of the physical construction of tourist centers,
considering optimal elements for air transportation, hotel
complexes, marine vessels, golf courses, luxury subdivisions, etc.
 TOURIST PLANNING MODEL
Amális 3 <1 ntorne Tis co

+
BOULLON (1978)
Analysisofobjectives 4

Determining activities
to finish it

l
Phase A health □
Technical Prior finger S And national
Analysis and Diagnostics policies, estele les a pro iináe
Yo
es
Profitability analysis
economic
market study
Phase D ________________1___________________
Sirle 55 and solution with ce
Analysis of investment and funding sources ___Yo ;
ptu a I and technique
Preparation of the plan
de serró Me filler

Phase C
Evaluation and preparation of
the physical development plan
PLANNING MODEL AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL
DE PEARCE (1988)
 TOURIST PLANNING MODEL
GUNN REGIONAL (2002)
Phase 1
Goal setting

Phase 2
Investigation

Phase 3
Synthesis and conclusions

Definition of development
concepts

Phase5
Recommendations
 In the 1980s, it was reported that mass tourism had
caused landscape change and ecological and social
degradation in the receiving communities. The interest in
promoting tourism under an environmentally friendly
scheme gave way to the conception of sustainable
tourism, which offers a plausible way to promote its
development and avoid its negative effects. Currently,
tourism planning has been conceived as the appropriate
instrument to carry out the detection, organization and
coordination of sustainable tourism development under a
participatory approach of local communities, incorporating
attention to aspects such as ecological sustainability,
analysis of the capacity of cargo, the estimation of
impacts and the territorial planning of tourist destinations
 PASOLP MODEL (SEQUENCE FOR PRODUCT ANALYSIS
FOR TOURISM AND RECREATION PLANNING)
LAWSON AND BAUD-BOVY (1977)

Phase A
Research -and Analysis

Phase E
Fixation of Tourism Policy and Determination of the main priority tourist flows
Yo____________
Phase D
I Impact Analysis

Phase C
Preparation of I plan d
of r isical development ¡ Master i Plan
Despite the year of development, this model presents
several important elements that stand out for its time: the
use of the tourism product as a key element of the
process, the analysis of the competition, the incorporation
of the preservation and protection of the environment and
the forecast of the economic and social impacts.

It reflects the effort to integrate territorial planning with

tourism planning, recovering elements of the work by
specific territorial units for diagnosis and subsequent
intervention as the first step of the process, and also
integrates the variables of environmental analysis,
incorporating components of ecological planning. . The
model is considered relevant for work of a regional and
local nature.
 MODEL FOR THE PLANNING OF THE
TOURIST SPACES OF VERA AND OTHERS. (1997)
 TOURISM PLANNING MODEL
NATIONAL AND REGIONAL UNWTO (1994)
Delenmrinación de los_m Studms Analysis

Study Development Objectives "PEvaluations Sintus E

(Eslucfia of (We must remember the [Eshr 5 de. puds amiemle=,

pevabiity and scdenibity and also cover in ooondli epormics, sodiumcuñuaes and
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□¿iu •T de
SWOT}

r ormukatin of the
Recommend dhz Elocution and management
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The previous model includes the first contribution made by the UNWTO to provide a
simple scheme to Latin American local authorities of the way in which a tourism
planning process should be carried out, placing special emphasis on the application of
the principles of the sustainability of tourism and the participation that the community
must have in the process. The model corresponds to 1994 and was included in the
Spanish version published for local administrations in a new text published in 1999
that also includes an execution and public management scheme for the tourism
sector.
 TOURISM PLANNING MODEL
ZAMORANO ALTERNATIVE (2002)
 STRATEGIC APPROACH

In 1999, the UNWTO provided planning models for municipal

and local levels, in which it deepens the process of strategic
planning applied to tourism, in its aspects of territorial planning,
tourism modalities (urban tourism, ecotourism, etc.),
management and creation of tourism products. Although this
guidance has been directed particularly at public organizations
responsible for tourism planning in developing countries, the
proposals made by experts and academics from other instances
and private and social institutions are not far from the general
methodological elements proposed by said organization. .
STRATEGIC PLANNING MODEL IN
ACERENZA TOURISM (1985)
MODEL FOR THE PREPARATION OF A STRATEGIC PLAN
UNWTO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT LOCAL
(1999)
PHASE

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Tama I

klemifcacem of Topics Falls or

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PHASE

Tamea 4

Inbermo Amálisis and Evaluaciom

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PHASE

Tamea E

PHASE

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Loca Pact I
BASIC MODEL OF TOURISM PLANNING
 C ONCLUSION S
X The centralization of decisions and the technocratic definition presented by the
models of the seventies and eighties is changed by participation schemes and
legitimation for the taking of
decisions in the models of the last decade, involving toactors
representing the
Destinations.
X - The process of creating and executing planning becomes more complex when
considering spatial, environmental and market aspects in the same model.
Likewise, execution, monitoring and evaluation phases are included as part of the
process.
X The inclusion of strategic planning in tourism planning models updated their basic
paradigms, changing from a rational perspective to a prospective one. This
enriched its process through the analysis of the external environment and the
preparation of the SWOT, although its elements are not yet fully integrated into the
models.

X Sustainability became the guiding principle of tourism planning in the most recent
models, which implied changing from a purely economic rationality to an
economic-environmental rationality.