Ki09 Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Ministry of popular power for education

Rafael Ángel Rondón Márquez Bolivarian High School
Mucujepe State of Merida

Fermentation of Blackberry Juice as a Technique for

Prepare Medicinal Wine and benefit the population
student at the Rafael Ángel Bolivarian High School
Rondon Marquez.

TEACHER:

Portillo.

Integrates:

Naybeth.M
Daniela.M
Norexi.M
Wendy.R
Marvi.A
Iczabeth.G
Eliannys L

Index
 INTRODUCTION

There are natural wines for diabetes and circulation problems that are
based on the power of fruits and in combination with sugar. These home remedies
for wine making have been passed down from generation to generation until they
reach us. There are even natural wines that combat ailments as common as joint
pain. In this case, this type of homemade preparation is used to calm the pain and
reduce blood sugar, thereby improving the conditions of patients affected by
diseases such as diabetes or poor circulation. These wines, with the doctor's consent,
can constitute an alternative or a complement to conventional treatments. Many
people mistakenly believe that all natural medicines for diabetes are recommended,
in the same way that today inflation is so high that we find ourselves in need. to take
hunting medicine as an alternative
 CHAPTER I

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

As Hernández, Fernández and Baptista (1997) indicate, “posing the problem is nothing
more than refining and structuring the research idea more formally” (p. 59). However,
this will depend on how familiar the researcher is with the topic of study, the complexity
of the ideas outlined and the existing background of the research. It is imperative that
great clarity and mastery of the topic under investigation is achieved.
In the world, agriculture has been used as a method of growing food for the sustenance of
both humans and animals since ancient times, which is why soils must be cultivated to
consume and thus strengthen the primary economic sector. of the countries, since in this
environment it is a determining factor in financial and nutritional growth and therefore
for the subsistence of the development of people, promoting food security and boosting
the economy of developing countries.

As indicated by Hernández, Fernández and Bautista (1997). "Posing the problem is

nothing more than refining and structuring the research idea more formally." (p. 59).
However, this will depend on how familiar the researcher is with the topic of study, the
complexity of the ideas outlined and the background that exists for the research. It is
important that great clarity and mastery of the topic is achieved.

In such a way, in agricultural production specifically in Venezuela, there are fruits that
have a greater diffusion and that are therefore consumed permanently throughout the
year; While others are more special and are reduced to the production of certain products,
the blackberry is certainly spoken of as one of the fruits that is useful and is very
important in the field of wine production, being one of the same. Blackberries provide
endless healthy and natural elements.

Since blackberry wine would be a very healthy option for those who suffer from diabetes,
it has the ability to reduce blood sugar levels due to its antioxidant power and the health
benefits of its components. For this reason, the 5th Year Section B students decide to
work with the production of medicinal wine based on blackberries, in order to benefit the
community. Will the fermentation process allow alcohol to be extracted from blackberry
juice?
Will blackberry wine help fight diabetes?

PROBLEM FORMULATION

"The formulation of the problem is specifically the issue that is going to be investigated"
(Hurtado and Toro, 2007 page 80), which is why it constitutes its creation in defined,
clear and precise terms. Generally the formulation of the problem is a question that
 condenses the entire approach.

How to transform blackberry juice into an exquisite and refreshing wine?

1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

GENERAL OBJECTIVE:

Produce wine experimentally through the fermentation method and publicize the results
of the work

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

• Acquire the necessary ingredients to make blackberry wine

• Carry out the experiment through the fermentation method for a period of 60 days
• Determine the healing properties of blackberry
• Prepare medicinal wine and publicize its healing properties

1.3 JUSTIFICATION

In the justification of the research, we proceed to define why and for what or what is
sought and for what, the topic of study considered is developed. In addition to this,
questions must be formulated and answered about the possibility that the study has of
being efficient in relation to a certain problem.

Firstly, the wine production project was chosen due to the marked interest in encouraging
the development of communities through self-management and self-sufficiency through
the production of their own products (such as blackberry-based wine). From the natural
raw material from which these resources are obtained in a simple and practical way.

In addition, the project will benefit research, because the production of blackberry-based
wine is another option for growth in the community's economy, it not only promotes the
production of a liquor, but also promotes the healing benefits contained in the blackberry
and the benefits of consuming wine.

Delimitation
In Mérida, Alberto Adriani municipality, Héctor Amable Mora Mucujepe parish, specifically
Carlos Andrés Calle 5 sector, the research project titled production of a blackberry-based wine
will be developed from October 2018 to June 2019.
 Limitations
During the research of the project, the following limitations were presented: Little access to the
internet, we do not have access to the institution's computers, the strong economic crisis, the
electricity failure, the lack of knowledge about the healing properties of blackberry.

Chapter II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The theoretical framework of the research or referential framework can be defined as

the compendium of a series of conceptual elements that serve as a basis for the
investigation to be carried out, according to Hernández, Fernández and Baptista (1998)
point out: “When constructing the theoretical framework , we must focus on the research
problem at hand without digressing into other topics unrelated to the study.” (p. 50)

Research background

wine production through artisanal fermentation and distillation procedures as a means of

production for economic development in the students of the "Carlos del Pozo y Sucre"
national high school, 5 year section "C" Santa Bárbara Parish, Ezequiel Zamora
municipality, Barinas state, year 2017, which refers to the fact that the production of
wine brings economic well-being, since its production is easy to prepare. Likewise,
putting it into practice, it turns out to be an element of great importance and even more
so if we have a homemade production, whose preparation is simple and fast.

According to Centurión, Requena and Caballero, they carried out a work entitled:
Preparation of passion fruit wine at the School of International Business Administration
in 2007. The main objective of this work was to propose, through this study, a viable and
profitable investment alternative that allows the growth of local winemaking and Take
advantage of the socioeconomic and cultural level of the project's area of influence.

Díaz Jiménez carried out a research entitled pharmaceutical preparations made based
on natural products health regulation. The main objective of this work was to carry out a
serious investigation that would mean a contribution to those who are called to regulate
the sector of natural products with medicinal properties and preparations.
pharmaceuticals prepared based on them, as well as for those who in one way or
another are interested in it. For these purposes, the historical evolution of natural
medicine was studied, its evolution of regulations in our country and the current
regulations, field research was carried out, and the experience of other countries was
studied in relation to the production, marketing and consumption of pharmaceutical
preparations made based on natural products.

Due to the aforementioned, they are closely related to our research since by producing
a product such as a blackberry-based medicinal wine we seek to improve people's
health. In this work the authors present the research into the creation of a product that
satisfies our needs. and that can be made at home with ingredients that are quickly on
hand in order to combat inflation.

Theoretical Bases:

Blackberry Cultivation

The blackberry is a fruit belonging to the group of berries; It is very perishable, rich in vitamin C and with a
high water content. It is native to the tropical highlands of America.

GENERALITIES.

Known as blackberry or blueberry, it is the most commercially important and the most cultivated in regions
between 1,200 to 3,000 meters above sea level. Economically, the blackberry is one of the most valuable
fruits grown in the entire world.

The blackberry is a fruit belonging to the group of berries; It is very perishable, rich in vitamin C and with a
high water content. It is native to the tropical highlands of America, mainly in Colombia, Ecuador,
Panama, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and Salvador. The genus Rebús is one of the genus with the
largest number of species in the plant kingdom. They are spread throughout almost the entire world
except in desert areas.

Numerous species of blackberries or blackberries are known in the high areas of Tropical America, mainly
in Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, the countries of Central America and Mexico.

The blackberry plant begins to bear fruit 6 or 8 months after transplanting. Depending on the management
and care of the plantation, the plant has a production period of 10 or more years, which increases as the
crop grows and advances in age.

Origin of blackberry

It is native to Central America, it grows throughout the American tropics; although similar species have
been reported in Africa. It is a plant used as a vegetable alone or combined with other foods, mainly its
tender leaves and stems after cooking. It also has medicinal properties: emollient, anti-neuralgic and
analgesic, externally. The leaves applied in the form of a poultice exert a notable analgesic effect.
Family: Rosacea
Scientific Name: Rebús glaucos

It is an annual herbaceous plant with the following characteristics:

Root: It has a main pivoting root, it can be considered a typical root, the secondary roots do not go deep
and are between 10 and 20 centimeters in loamy soils. Stem: The stem is straight herbaceous and
branches into secondary, tertiary, etc.
Leaves: Elliptical, entire oblong, pointed, long petiole, lighter underside, alternate, with entire or discreetly
toothed and wavy edges.
Flowers: White, small, in lateral inflorescences, 6-11 millimeters wide, short peduncle, five-part calyx,
lanceolate, linear, corolla with five lobed segments, unequal stamens, simple long style.
Seed: They are tiny, light brown, pubescent, whose polar diameter ranges from 1.2 to 1.3 millimeters; the
equatorial diameter of 1.0 to 1.1 millimeters. The seed is classified within the orthodox group. A well-
developed plant can produce up to 130,000 seeds.
Fruit: Dark blue globose berry or black when ripe, 5-7 millimeters in diameter, five to eight fruits in
segments, their individual weight is 0.2 grams on average, each fruit has numerous tiny seeds (about 65
seeds) . A well-developed plant can have up to 3,600 fruits.

Given these characteristics, the fruit is highly perishable, so the harvest must be done once the fruit has
reached commercial maturity, that is, scarlet color with sufficient hardness and texture to prevent the
product from deteriorating.

EDAFOCLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS.

Climate.

- Temperature: relatively cool and sunny climate with an average temperature of 25°C and an average
low temperature of 16°C.
- Altitude: For optimal development the blackberry should be grown between 1,200 and 2,000 meters
above sea level, although it can tolerate a wide range of altitudes.
- Rainfall: between 1,500 and 2,500 mm. per year well distributed.
- Relative humidity: 80 to 90%.

Floors.

The blackberry develops best in clay loam soils, so that it allows an adequate water reserve and the
excess is easily evacuated, with a high content of organic matter rich in phosphorus and potassium. They
must have good internal and external drainage, since it is a plant highly susceptible to waterlogging.

PH: 5.2 and 6.7 with 5.7 being optimal.

VARIETIES.

The success of the blackberry industry in Central America will depend on the selection of the appropriate
varieties, with acceptance in the international market and their good adaptation to the region.

It is considered that there are more than 300 species of relative importance according to their commercial
acceptance in various countries and a large number of varieties, many of them are found in the high areas
of South America, mainly in Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, Central America and Mexico.

Recommended blackberry varieties in Central America

Originally from Texas and released in 1959. The plant is erect, very vigorous and produces high
Arms
yields over a long period. The fruit is large, firm and shows good quality.

Originally from Texas and released in 1977. The canes grow moderately erect. Adapted to a wide
Robo
range of climatic and soil conditions, excellent option for dry and hot areas, large, firm, sweet fruit,
rough
smaller seeds than those of Brazos.

Originally from Texas and released in 1977. The canes have moderate, erect growth, firm, sweet
Brison
fruit and small seeds.

Woma Originally from Texas and released in 1977. The canes have moderate growth, firm fruit,
ck sweet and small seeds.

The genera Rebús and Rosa, belonging to the Rosaceae, are very similar; Hence, the blackberry plant is
quite similar to wild or guiding rose plants, with thorns and leaves composed of three to five leaflets. The
difference between these genera is in the fruit, since blackberries have the appearance of an oblong or
thimble strawberry and their color is black, red and purple when ripe.

SPREAD.

The blackberry can be propagated sexually or asexually, but the commercially recommended method is
the asexual method because it is cheaper and has better results. Sexual reproduction is not used except
experimentally because the seeds have a low germination power. The seedlings that manage to emerge
and grow do so very slowly.

The asexual propagation used

For the stake and layer, it is recommended to use the female branches of the plants, however, in practice,
producers use the male branches because they are more vigorous and so as not to reduce the fruit
production of the existing plantation. The soil should be loose and free of weeds.

Layering: The best method to obtain vigorous plants consists of rooting an area of the stem while the
branch continues attached to the mother plant.

Creeping layering: It is carried out on clumps of long stems, for which branches with good characteristics
are chosen, it is laid on the ground without removing it from the mother plant, and it is covered with soil
every 25 cm. until the entire branch is covered. From one branch you can obtain three to four layers and
the same number of plants. Roots grow from the section of the branch covered with soil, and after three
months the new plants are ready.

Tip layering: It is done by arching a branch and burying the tip 10 cm. on the ground or in covers with soil.
The roots grow from the buried tip and after a month it is cut to 50 cm. from the ground to the branch,
obtaining a plant ready for transplanting to the final location. The high vigor that these branches present
has made it possible to recommend this system, although one seedling is obtained per branch, which
makes it more expensive compared to the previous system.

Stakes: Propagation by cuttings consists of cutting 35 cm pieces. with vigorous stems and good
characteristics. The diameter of the stems should be 1 cm. and each cutting should have three to four
buds. In order to have good rooting, it is necessary to apply phytohormones to the lower part of the
cuttings, and paraffin to the upper part to reduce dehydration and the entry of pathogens. The sowing of
the treated cuttings is carried out directly in bags with prepared soil or in platforms.

This system is more expensive than the previous ones, but provides a greater amount of material.
Propagation by cuttings presents some characteristics such as rapid bud sprouting, forming twigs without
the root system yet existing, so this growth stops soon. In order to avoid this growth, the stem cuts should
be made close to the buds (top) and after planting keep the cuttings in a covered and dark place to
prevent the buds from sprouting.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PLANTATION.

Preparation of the land.

After selecting the appropriate planting site, take soil samples and prepare it properly. The sample should
be taken between 15 and 30 cm. deep in randomly chosen locations throughout the entire future
production area.

The soil analysis should include pH data, percentage of organic matter, soluble salts, phosphorus (P2),
potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), and include a nematode analysis. If the result indicates
a pH less than 5.5, enough lime should be incorporated three or four months before sowing to raise the
pH to 6.5.

Soils with little organic matter should be incorporated with chicken manure, compost, or a cover crop or
green manure should be planted prior to sowing. A commercial fertilizer will probably need to be applied,
according to soil test recommendations for the amount and type of fertilizer.

Before planting, eliminate perennial weeds with an application of Roundup (Glyphosate) with a
mechanized weeder or hoe.

It is absolutely necessary to fumigate with a nematicide if the results of the analyzes show the presence of
some nematodes such as: Xiphinema spp. (Dagger), longidorus spp., or if there are more than 100 root-
knot nematodes per pint of soil. Apply nematicides several months before sowing, locating them at 15 cm.
deep, when the soil temperature is between 16°C and 22°C. The soil should be well pulverized, with all
organic material decomposed and with the percentage of humidity recommended on the nematicide label.

Once the soil has been prepared, the sites where the holes will be made are delineated and laid out. The
delineation is carried out with ropes, which are tempered on the ground and with the help of a 2.0 to 3.0 m
rod, the place is marked with stakes for later drilling. The distances between rows and between furrows
depend on the topography of the land, the climate, the use of irrigation and the possibility of using
machinery and labor.

On sloping terrain, lines are drawn following contour lines so that water does not erode the soil. The holes
are 40 x 40 x 40 cm. It is recommended to place the arable layer on the right side of the hole and the
bottom soil on the other side. The soil from the arable layer is mixed with 5 pounds of well-decomposed
organic matter and chemical fertilizers in amounts consistent with the results of soil fertility analyses.

At the time of planting, the layer of soil prepared on the right side is placed at the bottom, the blackberry
plant in the center and filled with the soil on the left side.

Sowing.

At the time of sowing the soil must be completely prepared and moist but not flooded. Plants should be
placed in furrows and cultivated on both sides. Blackberry plants are planted at a distance of 1.2 to 1.5 m.
between plants and 1.7 to 2.0 m. between furrows and 3 m. if agricultural machinery is going to be used.

Planting is done in the rainy season or only if there is abundant irrigation. The seedlings that come from
platabandas are extracted with bare roots or with a layer of soil. In this case, it is necessary to cover the
layer of soil with newspaper during transport to the final location, so that the roots do not break. When
bare root seedlings are prepared, transport is carried out in packages of 10 units, which are wrapped in
newspaper, moistened and placed in plastic bags, this prevents the paper from breaking or the plants
from falling apart. dehydrate

If the stakes or layers are in plastic bags, these are transported in the same bags but are removed when
placing the plant in the hole. At this stage, irrigation is very important.

The blackberry requires approximately 3 cm for its optimal growth and production. of water per week. It is
profitable to water the blackberry in all types of soil and throughout almost the entire year.

Irrigation.

The blackberry requires approximately 3 cm for its optimal growth and production. of water per week. It is
profitable to water the blackberry in all types of soil and throughout almost the entire year. The increase in
yield results from a larger fruit size, as well as a greater number and larger diameter of the canes.

The critical time to water is during flowering and fruit growth.

The most recommended method is a drip system since it has the following advantages:

- It represents a considerable saving in labor for the producer.

- It adapts to any topographical terrain condition.
- The water resource is used to the maximum.
- There is no contact of irrigation water from one tree to another.
- It is important to keep in mind that if a plant is attacked by bacteria, fungi, nematodes, etc., in the neck
and roots of a tree, the irrigation water should not be allowed to go to other plants, because it spreads the
disease.

Weed control.

Weeds compete with blackberries for moisture, nutrients and light, are hosts for virus-transmitting insects
and interfere with air flow and fruit drying.

Weeds should be removed between and within the blackberry rows. Blackberry and perennial weed
sprouts should be removed by hand or by mechanical weeding, preferably with a rotary or hand hoe,
every 45 days in the winter and once every 2 or 3 months in the summer.

The roots of the blackberry are superficial and when weeding you should not use the hoe to avoid
damage.

Pruning.

Pruning objectives

- Control vegetative growth between rows, thus facilitating access during field operations, especially
during harvest.
- Schedule harvesting to coincide with market windows when the best selling prices occur.
- Remove diseased plant parts and fruiting branches that have already produced.
- Produce good quality fruit instead of a lot of small or poor quality fruit.

Types and purposes of pruning cuts

- Training Pruning: It is done when the plant is growing and before the first harvest, it consists of
eliminating broken, twisted branches and those that are in excess, generally six to ten branches are left
per bush.
- Fruit Pruning: It is carried out after harvest by cutting the fruits from the branches that have produced
fruit and that have been harvested; This pruning stimulates the growth of lateral branches and the
formation of new productive branches. It is also necessary to prune the vegetative or male branches,
because these do not produce fruit, they are easily distinguished because the tip is closed and whip-
shaped.
- Renewal Pruning: It is carried out after ten years of life of the plant and consists of cutting all the stems
to 10 cm. of the soil, the cut is made diagonally and it is covered with paraffin in order to prevent rainwater
from penetrating and diseases from appearing. After a year of this practice, the plant will have a large
number of productive branches.

Training of trellises

The blackberry plant, under natural conditions, is stunted with branches and stems intertwined. It is
necessary to guide or support its growth to facilitate crop management tasks. The line trellis and the box
or box trellis are used.

In-line trellis: These are supports for all rows of plants, one support for each row of the plantation, these
supports can be made of different materials such as wood, PVC, nylon, wire, tubes, etc.

Simple in-line trellis: It is made by burying hardwood posts that can be chonta or eucalyptus, 2.5 m. long
and 10 to 15 cm. wide, the first ones go in the middle and the thickest ones at the ends, the posts are
prepared (immunized) before being buried so that they last longer. They are buried 50 cm. along the row
at a distance of two meters, the plant is placed in the middle of the posts. Once the posts have been
planted and the plants have been transplanted, the wire must be placed; it is important that it is ready
when the plants have reached 60 cm. and not when they are larger because the blackberries begin to
take on a naturally stunted shape, which makes it difficult to guide their stems and branches. Wire #14 is
tempered to 60 cm. from the ground, the first, the next three rows are done every 40 cm. In practice, only
three rows of wire are placed, this reduces costs, but harvesting is difficult since the plants begin to hang,
so this practice is not recommended.

Double in-line trellis: In this form of support, the blackberry stems and branches are kept between two
strands of wire. The wooden posts, with similar characteristics as in the previous case, are buried 50 cm.,
locating

Trellis in a box or box: It consists of individual supports of square or rectangular shape, the base and the
upper part are joined by the upper and lower angles with chaguarqueros.

Fertilization.

Applications are made every four months, so that the plant receives nutrients regularly. In the first months,
the soil must be provided with nitrogen and phosphorus for good formation of leaves, branches and roots.
Starting from the eighth month after the transplant, potassium is applied together with a second
application of the other elements. The implementation of minor elements such as iron and copper is
carried out through foliar sprays. For organic fertilizer, 3 to 5 lb. are used. per plant sprayed on the crown
applied during the foliage and then once a year.

When transplanting, triple fifteen formula is applied in bands at 5 cm. from the base of the stem, 5 cm.
deep. The second fertilization is carried out after the first cut (18 –21 days after transplanting) by applying
150 pounds of urea in the form of a band at 8 cm. from the base of the stem to 10 cm. deep.

Fertilizing and fertilizing is carried out following three practices: In crown, by blow and by broadcast.

Application in crown or coverage, weeding is first carried out, then a crown of 5 to 10 cm is formed. deep
and 20 cm. from the stem, the fertilizer or compost is applied and then covered with the soil that came
from the crown.

The application of fertilizer by blow consists of the formation of small 20 cm holes. deep with a bar around
the plant, the fertilizer is applied to these.

The broadcast application of fertilizers or manures consists of sprinkling them on the soil before preparing
the land. Of these three practices, application to the crown is mostly used.

PLAGUES AND DISEASES.

Pests and their control.

Mites ( Tetranychus spp. ) This spider is located on
- Control is carried out with sulfur (0.8 to 1.0 kg/ha)
the underside of the leaf, causing the formation of
among others.
brown and yellowish spots, the fruit acquires a rusty
- Apply predatory mites.
red color.

- Establish external security strips; prevent weed

flowering; maintain the planting density maintain the
Thrips ( Frankliniella spp. ) There are 2 types:
recommended planting density (no more than 3500
tubuliferous or that leave their eggs exposed outside
plants per hectare); carry out continuous weeding of
(not a pest) and telebranthia that lay their eggs
all weeds; use chromatic traps (colors) since they
inside the host and are a pest. They cause damage
cut the reproductive cycle.
by oviposition with bites that produce warts. The
- Possible biological controllers: Orius spp.,
larvae feed through the oral cone or by aspirating the
Amblyseius cucumeris, A. ibarberi.
food, causing petal drop, fruit deformation, flower
- Chemical: based on sequential monitoring,
abortion and virus transmission.
rotation of chemical groups and use of adjuvants
and feeding stimulants such as molasses.

- Harvesting in a timely manner, install McPhail

Fruit fly and worm ( Anastrepha spp ; Ceratitis
traps, prepared with 8 cubic centimeters of
capitata ) This insect basically attacks ripe fruits. The
hydrolyzed protein, 1 liter of water, 1 gram of boron
attack is caused by the larvae up to 2300 meters
and two cubic centimeters of an insecticide.
above sea level. It is common to see a small white
According to the sampling and the location of the
worm inside the fruit, leaving it completely unusable
traps that have the largest catches, some
commercially.
insecticide can be applied locally.

- Its control is based on chemical treatments with

Stem borer ( Epialus spp. ) This insect produces a
products insoluble in water (since the soluble ones
thickening in the stem at the level of the neck. It
evaporate quickly and have no effect). It is
penetrates the plant at the base and completely
important to keep the crown free of weeds and
bores into the stem, building galleries within it. It is
avoid all kinds of wounds to the plants. Chemical
manifested by chlorosis, necrosis and subsequently
products must be applied located at the site where
the death of the plant.
the insect enters.

Cane worm ( Pegomya ) The adult resembles a

small house fly, the larva penetrates the reed
causing it to wither or break.

Cane borer ( Oberea spp. ) Drills downward into the

cane, causing the tips to wither, and also produces
galls in the lower part of the cane with cracks in the
bark.

Diseases and their control.

Fruit rot ( Botrytis cinerea ) Sometimes - Diseased parts must be cut and collected and
 It attacks the branches and leaves, it occurs due
they must be burned.
to excess or the environment.

Wilt ( Verticillium spp. ) Attacks the roots, rotting - Plant healthy material.
them, the interior of the stem acquires a brown - Fumigate the soil before sowing.
tone, and the symptom appears with a yellowing - Avoid soils where any nightshade has been
of the leaves. planted.

Leaf and cane rust

It attacks the leaves, manifesting itself with - It is controlled with cupric or sulfur-based
orange pustules that develop on the underside fungicides before flowering.
of the leaf and stems.

Crown gall ( Agrobacterium tumefaciens )

- Diseased plants should be eliminated, not
Produces galls and growths on the stem near
allowing the fruits to overripe on the plant.
the neck.

Root rot ( Phytophthora spp. ) Stunted canes, - Plant in soils with good drainage.
short, weak growth, rotten root system. - Plant in ridges.

- Virus-free plants.
Ring spot Pale green circles on new leaves - Nematicides to control the dagger nematode.
during the months of March to May, weak plants - Use soil free of Xiphinema , vector of the virus,
and slow growth, small and crumbly fruit. for planting.
- Eliminate plants with symptoms and those
nearby.
Vein chlorosis ( Aphis idaei ) Yellow or green-
yellow chlorosis of variable intensity in the small - Virus-free plants.
- Insecticides to control the aphid vector.
veins of the leaf.

- Good spacing between plants for air

Powdery mildew ( Sphaerotheca macularis )
circulation.
They vary from streaked spots to discolored
- Apply sulfur when the shoots measure 15 cm.
spots on the upper part of the whitish, twisted
and before the buds open or when the disease
and reduced leaves.
appears, repeat at intervals of 7 to 10 days.

HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST.

Harvest method.

The blackberry is a fruit that is very susceptible to bruising; Therefore, it must be harvested with great
care. A high rate of bruising can occur during harvest while the blackberry is being plucked and if the
picker holds several fruits in hand before they are transferred to a container.

When bruising the fruit, juice from the damaged ureas can leak. Blackberry juice contains sugars that are
a good substrate for the growth of the Botrytis fungus.

Blackberries intended for export should be picked by gently grasping the fruit with the thumb and index
finger, gently plucking it from the plant with a slight sideways movement.

The fruit must be placed very carefully in the export box, avoiding dropping it. If the fruit is succulent and
the pulp temperature is high (20-25°C), harvesters should be instructed that during harvest, they only
harvest berry by berry and not keep more than one berry on hand.

In the tray carried during harvest, there should be separate containers for separation in the field between
export quality, quality for the domestic market, and for processing or waste. This form of harvesting is only
recommended when the harvesters are well trained; otherwise, it is better to harvest the fruits and place
them in a single container, and then classify them in the packing house.

Post-harvest management of blackberries.

Packing in the field

Harvesters must be properly trained for packing in the field. This is a vital component in the blackberry
export operation. The objective of packaging in the field is to minimize bruising of the fruit, touching it only
once from harvest to container.

Only ripe, firm fruits should be placed in containers designated for export. Pickers should not put overripe,
underripe, rotten or insect-damaged fruit in export boxes.

A well-established harvest crew is able to select export fruit in the field, and avoids having to repackage
the fruit and handle it again. Handling the fruit once is ideal. The management of the harvesters and the
careful supervision of the field is extremely important for the success of the operation and the quality of
the export product. The performance of harvesters and sorters can be extremely variable. Workers should
be periodically reminded of care in handling fruit.

Bruising significantly reduces the quality of the fruit and the time available for marketing, due to softening,
discoloration and problems with gray mold. The sorters should not squeeze the fruit and should gently
place it in the 160 gram export containers in the field with the help of a tray on which the empty baskets
are placed.

Blackberries should not be placed in mesh baskets or containers with pointed edges. Fruits should not be
placed in more than 2 layers in the harvest container, to avoid compression bruising and subsequent
discoloration of the drupes.

Importance of health in the countryside

Good health in the field is an important aspect to maintain high percentages of quality export fruit
throughout the harvest season. All injured, defective, overripe or dead fruit must be removed from the field
during each harvest and placed in a separate container by the harvester or in a can tied around the
harvester's waist. This lower quality fruit can be selected at the packing house to determine which can be
used for the processing market.

Sick or damaged fruit should never be left on the plant, as it will only serve as a means of contamination
and spread of diseases to healthy fruits.
Inspection of fruit in the field

After filling each basket with fruit, the field loader should be taken to a shaded, covered location where the
baskets are removed and the quality of the product is inspected. When necessary, individual fruits that do
not meet export quality criteria should be removed and replaced. However, if field workers are well trained
to perform export fruit packaging in the field, individual replacement should be minimal.

Weight control

After quality has been adequately inspected, fruits should be weighed using electronic scales with digital
display, with an accuracy of 1 to 2 grams. The blackberries should have a net weight between 170-175 gr.
by clamshell after packaging, to arrive at the export destination with a minimum net weight of 160 gr. A
weight greater than 175 means that it is being given away as a poorly packaged product and is subject to
rigid monetary sanctions.

Accuracy in the weight of plastic (clamshell) trays is an important step in the quality control process. The
correctly weighed trays are covered and placed directly in the 2 Kg flat export cardboard box. to be cooled
by means of forced cold air.

The fruit should always be kept under shade and protected to avoid dehydration by the wind after harvest.
An efficient system must be developed to allow frequent movement of export boxes from the covered field
site to the forced air cooler frequently.

Rapid forced air cooling

Blackberries are highly perishable and need to be chilled with cold forced air under high relative humidity
(90-95% RH), within 2 hours of harvest, to lower the internal temperature in the pulp to between 0-1°C.

A delay of more than 1 hour in cooling after harvest, or doing so inadequately, will result in softening, loss
of sweetness, a reduction in the brightness of the fruit and a greater degree of decay. Blackberries that
are left for 4 hours in the field after harvest, with a temperature of 30°C in the fruit pulp, will lose more than
1/3 of their commercial value. Investing in a cold room is an essential component of any operation aimed
at exporting blackberries.

It is not simply placing the packed berries inside a cold room without air circulation and letting them cool
gradually. The cooling process would take too long and the center of the fruit would not be able to cool
properly in a timely manner.

The cooling rate of fruit is 5 to 10 times faster using forced air, compared to static air.

Existing cold rooms can be adapted for forced air cooling by installing sufficient chillers.

Refrigerated Storage
It is extremely important to maintain the cold chain after forced air cooling. The forced air cooling room
should be designed so that there is an efficient flow of flats from the cooling area to the temporary
refrigerated storage area. In most cases, it is best to perform forced air cooling in an environment
separate from a large refrigerated storage room.

The blackberry should be stored between 0 and 1°C; It should not remain stored for more than 1 day if
they are fruits for export.

Packing material

Appropriate packaging materials are necessary to protect the quality of the blackberry after harvest and
improve the appearance of the product at the time of marketing. The two most important components of
the materials are plastic trays and flat cardboard boxes.

The blackberries destined for the North American market are packaged in 160-gram transparent plastic
trays. 12 trays are placed in the 2 Kg corrugated flats.

Additionally, importers usually require a white or purple pad placed at the bottom of the trays. This helps
prevent bruising of the fruits during transit and absorbs any juice release.

INDUSTRIALIZATION POSSIBILITIES.

Nectars and juices, frozen pulps, 65°Brix concentrates, jams and jellies, 33°Brix concentrates, wine, and
sulfated pulps.

LEGAL BASES

Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

• Article 102 Education is a human right and a fundamental social duty, it is

democratic, free and obligatory. The State will assume it as an unavoidable function of
maximum interest at all its levels and modalities, and as an instrument of scientific,
humanistic and technological knowledge at the service of society. Education is a public
service and is based on respect for all currents of thought, with the aim of developing
the creative potential of each human being and the full exercise of their personality in a
democratic society based on the ethical valuation of work and in active, conscious and
supportive participation in the processes of social transformation, consistent with the
values of national identity and with a Latin American and universal vision. The State,
with the participation of families and society, will promote the process of citizen
education, in accordance with the principles contained in this Constitution and in the
law.

• Article 103 Every person has the right to a comprehensive, quality, permanent
education, under equal conditions and opportunities, with no limitations other than those
derived from their abilities, vocation and aspirations. Education is compulsory at all
levels, from kindergarten to diversified secondary level. That taught in State institutions
is free up to university undergraduate. To this end, the State will make a priority
investment, in accordance with the recommendations of the United Nations
Organization. The State will create and sustain institutions and services sufficiently
equipped to ensure access, permanence and completion in the educational system. The
law will guarantee equal attention to people with special needs or disabilities and to
those who are deprived of their liberty or who lack basic conditions for their
incorporation and permanence in the educational system. Contributions from individuals
to public educational projects and programs at the secondary and university levels will
be recognized as income tax deductions according to the respective law.

In the aforementioned articles, mention is made that education is a right of every

person without distinction of race or gender, where the government guarantees a
free and dignified education for all Venezuelans. It contains the guiding lines for
the construction of a democratic, participatory, leading society,

multiethnic and multicultural.

ORGANIC LAW OF PROTECTION FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS (LOPNA)

Article 53. Education rights. All children and adolescents have the right to education.
Likewise, they have the right to be enrolled and receive education in an official school,
campus or institute, free of charge and close to their residence.
First Paragraph: The State must create and support official schools, establishments and
educational institutes, free of charge, that have the physical spaces, facilities and
pedagogical resources to provide a comprehensive education of the highest quality.
Consequently, it must guarantee a sufficient budget for this purpose.
Second Paragraph: The education provided in schools, establishments and official
institutes will be free in all cycles, levels and modalities, in accordance with the
provisions of the legal system.
In addition. Article 56. Right to be Respected by Educators. All children and adolescents
have the right to be respected by their educators.

Article 41. Right to health and health services.

All children and adolescents have the right to enjoy the highest possible level of physical
and mental health. Likewise, they have the right to health services, free of charge and of
the highest quality, especially for the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of their
health conditions. In the case of children and adolescents from indigenous communities
and peoples, traditional medicine should be considered to help preserve their physical
and mental health.

First Paragraph. The State must guarantee all children and adolescents universal and
equal access to health prevention, promotion, protection, treatment and rehabilitation
plans, programs and services. Likewise, it must ensure that they have access to
periodic, free and high-quality medical and dental services.
Second Paragraph. The State must ensure children and adolescents the free and
timely supply of medicines, prostheses and other resources necessary for their medical
treatment or rehabilitation.

Organic health law

Article 3.- Health services will guarantee health protection for all inhabitants of the
country and will operate in accordance with the following principles:

Principle of Universality: Everyone has the right to access and receive health services,
without discrimination of any kind.

Participation Principle: Citizens individually or in their community organizations must

preserve their health, participate in the programming of environmental promotion and
sanitation services and in the management and financing of health facilities through
voluntary contributions.

Principle of Complementarity: National, state and municipal territorial public bodies, as

well as the different levels of care, will complement each other, according to their
scientific, technological, financial and administrative capacity.

Principle of Coordination: Public administrations and health care establishments will

cooperate and harmoniously compete with each other, in the exercise of their functions,
actions and use of their resources.

Quality Principle: In medical care establishments, control mechanisms will be developed

to guarantee users the quality in the provision of services, which must observe criteria of
integrity, personalization, continuity, sufficiency, timeliness and adaptation to standards.
administrative procedures and professional practices.

Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

• Article 83 Health is a fundamental social right, an obligation of the State, which
will guarantee it as part of the right to life. The State will promote and develop policies
aimed at raising the quality of life, collective well-being and access to services. All
people have the right to health protection, as well as the duty to actively participate in its
promotion and defense, and to comply with the health and sanitation measures
established by law, in accordance with the signed international treaties and conventions.
and ratified by the Republic

• Article 84 To guarantee the right to health, the State will create, exercise
stewardship and manage a national public health system, of an intersectoral,
decentralized and participatory nature, integrated into the social security system,
governed by the principles of free, universality, integrality, equity, social integration and
solidarity. The national public health system will prioritize health promotion and disease
prevention, guaranteeing timely treatment and quality rehabilitation. Public health goods
and services are property of the State and may not be privatized. The organized
community has the right and duty to participate in decision-making on the planning,
execution and control of specific policy in public health institutions.
Health is a fundamental social right, an obligation of the State, which will
guarantee it as part of the right to life. The State will promote and develop
policies aimed at raising the quality of life, collective well-being and access to
services. All people have the right to health protection, as well as the duty to
actively participate in its promotion and defense, and to comply with the health
and sanitation measures established by law, in accordance with the signed
international treaties and conventions. and ratified by the Republic.
• Article 305. The State will promote sustainable agriculture as a strategic basis
for comprehensive rural development, in order to guarantee the food security of the
population; understood as the sufficient and stable availability of food at the national
level and timely and permanent access to it by the consuming public. Food security will
be achieved by developing and privileging domestic agricultural production, understood
as that coming from agricultural, livestock, fishing and aquaculture activities. Food
production is of national interest and fundamental for the economic and social
development of the Nation. For these purposes, the State will dictate the financial,
commercial, technological transfer, land tenure, infrastructure, labor training and other
measures necessary to achieve strategic levels of self-sufficiency. In addition, it will
promote actions within the framework of the national and international economy to
compensate for the disadvantages inherent to agricultural activity.

The purpose of this Law is to guarantee agri-food security and sovereignty in

accordance with the constitutional and legal guidelines, principles and purposes
regarding security and comprehensive defense of the nation, without prejudice to
the provisions contained in the legislation that regulates lands and agricultural
development.

MEDICINE LAW IN VENEZUELA

Article 2.- Objective

1 .- Establish in the food industry the application of a preventive control system, which
ensures the sanitary quality and safety of foods and beverages, based on the
identification, evaluation and control of significant dangers for each type of product.

2 .-Uniform the criteria for the preparation and application of HACCP Plans in food and
beverage manufacturing establishments.
ORGANIC HEALTH LAW

Article 14: The National Executive must guarantee the production of essential
medicines in their generic name, either through the Laboratories installed in the country,
or through agreements signed between individuals and the state or through international
agreements that are established by State policies. have carried out, supported by the
premises of social equity and quality.
First Paragraph: The Ministry of Health and Social Development must establish
mechanisms that guarantee that medications are dispensed in compliance with all
health standards.

Second Paragraph: The authorization process of the Health Registry for essential
medicines in their generic name will be exempt from the corresponding payment of the
pre-established rates for the right to evaluation of the file and analysis by the Health
Registry.

Therefore, these articles are related to the study on the production of a

blackberry-based wine that will provide knowledge to students, since they are an
integral part of the educational institution, whose facilities become spaces for
pedagogical innovation and for obtaining knowledge learning such as that which
is to be obtained with the scientific project on syrup production, both by
providing access to computer and telematic resources and by promoting
application models for educational projects, as in the present research,
fundamentally in the development of the activities and achievements of the
objectives proposed within it.

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

Research is defined mainly by the methodology it adopts, both by its processing and by
its execution and analysis, rather than by the truth or falsity of its results or by the topic
that was developed. For Sabino (2002),

“The methodology is a series of successive and organized activities, which must be

adapted to the particularities of each investigation, and which indicate the tests to be
carried out and the techniques to use to collect and analyze the data” (p. 57).
In this regard, it is a general strategy that the researcher will determine, once
sufficient theoretical clarity has been achieved and that guides and clarifies the stages
that had to be carried out subsequently; That is, the techniques and procedures that will
be used to carry out the investigation must be reflected.

Kind of investigation

The type of research due to its intention to design will be an experimental project,
which according to the Universidad Experimental Libertador UPEL (2003), consists of:
“the elaboration and development of a proposal for a viable operating model to solve
problems, monitoring or needs of organizations or social groups” (P.7).

This research is of an applied type since it will be carried out in a relatively short period
of time. Starting from October 2018 to May 2019.

According to your classification

This research is experimental, therefore it is quantitative, showing statistical data on the

operation and progress of lemon syrup in the community of Carlos Andrés.

Design of the investigation

Méndez (2001) notes: “field designs consist of the collection of data directly from the
reality where the events occur, without manipulating or controlling any variable” (p. 48).
The field will be used as a type of design, since the information and interest are
collected directly from reality, starting from original samples to later modify them and
provide a better benefit.

Population:
Population is a set of individuals of the same class, limited by the study. According to
Tamayo and Tamayo, (1997), "The population is defined as the totality of the
phenomenon to be studied where the population units have a common characteristic
which is studied and gives rise to the research data" (P.114)

This research will be carried out in the community of Mucujepe, Carlos Andrés sector,
Héctor kindly Mora parish, Alberto Adriani municipality, Mérida state, which has a
population of 856 inhabitants.

Sample:
For Castro (2003), the sample is classified as probabilistic and non-probabilistic.
Probabilistic are those where all members of the population have the same option to
form it.
In the present investigation, a sample of 30 people was taken from the Carlos Andrés
sector, Héctor Amiable Mora parish, Alberto Adriani municipality, Mérida state.
 Technique and Instrument for Data Collection

The Technique and Instruments of data collection refers to the different forms or ways of
obtaining information and the instruments are material means that are used to collect
and store the information. In the procedures to collect the information, observation will
be selected as a technique and as an instrument the observation guide to record the
anecdotes of wine making, using paper, pencil and camera as an instrument; to make a
photographic record of the steps to follow to successfully carry out the investigation.

In this regard, the observation technique is defined by Hurtado (2003), “the first form of
contact or relationship with the objects that are going to be studied” (p. 54). Hence, it
constitutes a process of attention, collection and registration of information, for which the
researcher relies on his senses to be aware of events and analyze the events that occur
in a global vision, in an entire natural context. In this way, observation is not limited to
the use of sight.

On the other hand, the observation guide is defined by Hurtado (2003) as: “the tool to
record information within the development of the research” (p. 56);

The techniques that were used to verify the problem posed consisted of the use of:
direct observation, in which the evolution of the people who tried the lemon-based syrup
was observed. The survey where a group of people were interviewed to obtain the
average knowledge of wine.

Experimental methodology used:

For a gallon or 6 bottles of wine:

4 1/2 kilos of fresh blackberries.

2 1/2 kilos of sugar.

3 1/2 liters of water.

1 packet of red wine yeast.

Preparation:

Method 1

1. Mash the blackberries by hand in a sterilized plastic bucket.

Add a liter of cold distilled water and shake well, let mix for 2 hours

2. Boil one and a half liters of water with 1/3 of the sugar for one minute, then let the syrup cool
3. add yeast to four ounces of warm (not boiling) water and let it sit for 10 minutes

4. Pour the cold syrup into the blackberries and add the yeast.

5. Cover the bucket with a clean cloth and leave it in a warm place for 7 days.

Method 2

after 7 days

1. Strain the pulp through a fine cloth or sieve, leaving the material completely dry

2. pour the liquid into a vase

3. boil 1/3 of sugar in half a liter of water

4. Insert a piece of cotton into the vase and tie it around the neck

5. let it rest for ten days

Method 3
After 10 days

1. use a sterilized hose to place the wine in a container

2. Boil the remaining 1/3 of the sugar in half a liter of water and let it cool before adding it to
the wine

3. Close the vase again with the piece of cotton and let it rest until the wine stops fermenting.

Method 4

After fermentation

1. use a sterilized hose to remove the wine from the container

2. sterilize bottles for wine and a funnel

3. pour the wine into the bottles, filling them up to the neck

4. put a cork on them and store them

 Chapter IV

Analysis and interpretation of the results

The information collected, ordered and organized for presentation constitutes the fundamental
input to comply with another stage of the research process, which consists of analyzing the
results of the information. In this regard, Méndez (2001) notes: “the analysis of the results in the
process of converting the observed phenomena into scientific data so that valid conclusions can
be obtained from them” (p. 36), this is how said analysis involves the management of the
information obtained from each of the research objectives.

Hence, the presentation of the results must be clear, concise, and also with the purpose that,
through its ordering, it identifies what each one of them contributes. In this aspect, once each
specific objective has been developed, the group of authors of the research of the fifth year
Section “A” of Baccalaureate of the José Félix Ribas Educational Unit, located in the town of La
Fría, García de Hevia Municipality, Táchira State , I collect the information which will be
presented in a summarized way by objectives for greater interpretation of the results obtained.

In this sense, Balestrini (2003) notes: “The purpose of the analysis is to summarize the
observations carried out in such a way that they provide answers to the research questions”
(p.169).

4.1 Presentation of Results

The results obtained will be summarized and presented according to the research objectives, as
follows:

Goal 1 • Acquire the necessary ingredients for the production of blackberry wine

Goal 2 • Carry out the experiment through the fermentation method for a period of 60 days

Goal 3 • Determine the healing properties of blackberry

Goal 4 • Prepare medicinal wine and publicize its healing properties

Observation of lemon cultivation

In those carried out at a c located in Mucujepe, Los Anegados sector, in the Graciliano Rojas
cooperative, a small lemon crop was observed in it, the following characteristics of the plant
could be observed, it is very rarely greater than 4 meters in height , its branches are thin and its
branches have many thorns, the wood of this tree is yellowish in tone. The flowers are white,
with small violet spots, their petals are very thick, their fruits are circular and green when
immature and when ripe they turn yellow, their fruit is edible, extremely acidic and has a special
aroma, The leaves of the lemon tree are elliptical in shape. These leaves have a very bright green
color. The dimensions of the lemon leaves range between 5 and 12 centimeters in length. Which
end sharply with points and wavy edges. The land where this crop is grown is dry land since the
climate is hot. It should be noted that the plant is easy to grow since it does not require much
care, which makes it very feasible. Once planted, this tree begins to produce its fruits. Two years
from this moment the plant produces its crops several times a year.

Survey:

Do you know the blackberry?

The blackberry is very well known in the community since 99% of the inhabitants know the
lemon while 1% do not know the lemon.

Do you know the lemon plant?

The slime plant is known by 70% of the community while 30% said they did not know the plant
since it is better known by older people than by young people in the community.

Did you know that lemon has healing properties?

50% of the population knows the healing properties of lemon while the remaining 50% did not
know that lemon has healing properties

Have you used any lemon-based syrup?

70% of those surveyed have not taken lemon-based syrups, while the remaining 30% have taken
lemon-based syrups, which indicates that lemon-based syrups are little known and used by the
community.

Does lemon-based syrup relieve cough?

It was obtained 85% that the lemon-based syrup does relieve cough and 15% that the syrup does
not relieve cough.

Would you try our lemon-based syrup?

60% of those surveyed agreed to try the lemon-based syrup while the remaining 40% said no.
The community showed good receptivity to the syrup test.

4.2 Results analysis

1) Do you know the healing properties of blackberry?

2) Have you tried blackberry wine?

3) Do you believe that blackberries provide us with vitamins?

4) Is the serving temperature of a wine important?

5) Is it true that blackberry wine is good for your health?