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SECOND YEAR REVISION

PHARMACOLOGY
(Q/A Based)

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 Table of Contents :
Page No.
1. General Pharmacology ................................................................................. 04

2. ANS ........................................................................................................................ 25

3. Autacoids ........................................................................................................... 40

4. Antimicrobial Drugs 1 .................................................................................. 70

5. Antimicrobial Drugs 2 ................................................................................ 100

6. CVS Drugs ........................................................................................................ 128

7. Anaesthesia ...................................................................................................... 151

8. CNS ..................................................................................................................... 166

9. Hematology .................................................................................................... 196

10. Respiratory System .................................................................................... 209

11. Kidney .............................................................................................................. 224

12. GI Tract ............................................................................................................. 234

13. Endocrinology ............................................................................................... 245

14. Anti Cancer Drugs ...................................................................................... 276

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Genera l Pha rmacolo gy
Q . Describe Routes of Drug Administration .

Am : Routes
of Drug administration in
classified as
:

( is local Route

iii. Systemic Route

&
( skin )
1- Topical
mucous

°
local Routes include
-
Intra - articular ( as hydrocortisone
L Intrathecal ( as
Amphotericin B)

Systemic Routes
•

1
I 1

Para enteral
Enteral T

T -

Intravenous
-
Oral ( High First Pass
Metabolism )
-

Intramuscular
-

Rectal
Subcutaneous
( avoids First Pass
by
-

50% )

( Dizepam in children )
-

Sublingual
- Nasal
Transdermal ( High
'

Inhalation as lipid
Sol .
)

Q .
Discuss
Bioavailability . Vd .

Ans :
Bioavailability :

It is
fraction of administered
drug that reaches

the
systemic circulation in
unchanged form .

•
The
drug first absorbed into portal circulation

and reaches the liver .

 • Some of drug gets metabolised here ,
and
circulation
rest reaches
systemic .

F-
%
Bioavailabity
0L FEI =
Quantity 7 Dry Reaching Systemic Circulation
Quantity , Drug Administered

Can be calculated the

•

by comparing Auc

( area under concentration time

plasma curve ) .

""

Plasma
comet
"

: →

Tmax

Time →

Volume of Distribution ( rd ) :

It is the volume that would be

required to contain
•

the administered dose if that dose was

evenly
distributed at the comet measured in
.

plasma .

If amount of drug is
entering the tissues it
•

more .

has a
higher Hd -
•

After drug reaches the blood .

it
may
be distributed to other
Tissues determined Volume Distribution ( ✗ d)
→

by y

Id = Dose administered ( mg )
t
plasma Concentration ( mgh )
How
extensively
a medication is

distributed
~ ✓
d < 3L ( Mainly remain in Plasma )
in the
body
~ Vd > 16L ( Distributed from Plasma
•
Vd is more
,
it means more to ECF )

amount 7
drug is in tissue
-
Vd > 46 L ( Drug is distributed
and less in
plasma .

to all
compartments
7 Body )
•
Chloroquine in the
drug with
highest
Hd ( 1300L / )
Ky

'
'

Q .
Discuss Half life of a
drug .

Ans 1- the amount time

required to reduce the
is
of
:
112

value
plasma concentration to
half ( 50%3 of Original
.

t
1,2 = 0.693 ✗ Yd
CL

kinetics
•

If drug follows First order ,

its half life in

constant .

100

p
Plasma 50

cone -1.25 - - -
i
-

?
-

,
s
K
!
- -

I
:[
- - -
- - -

Time →
I 3
 Q .
Explain Drug Response Curve ( DRC ) .

Discuss its types .

between the dose of administered ( ✗

It is
graph drug )
•
a a -
axe 's

and
effect produced by drug ( Y-axis ) .

Consists components Dose Plasma Concentration Curve

of Two : (a)
•

(b) Concentration
Plasma
Response
Curve
Concentration
.

related to
•
As Plasma in more
closely
the between Plasma concentration and
Response ,
graph
response
in
usually called DRC .

• Two
types of DIC :

in Quanta DRC

(2) Graded DRC

[A] Quanta DRC ( cumulative )

When the in '

all
'

phenomenon
response
•
an or none .

•
As -
Antiemetic
drug stopping vomiting or not .

9T shows Population responding to done

% of Dose
log
•

or .

•
It in med to calculate E- Dso and l☐
so

Median Effective Dose ( ED ) dose that

so
:
It in the will
produce
the
half of maximum ( 50 %)
response .

• More in ED so ,
lower in the
potency & vice a versa .
Median lethal Dose ( LD so ) : It is the dose that will result

death of
in 50%
of animals
receiving the
drug .

•
More in LD
so ,
safer in the
drug .

Therapeutic In den G. ) I : It is the measure

of safety og

drug It is Ratio of
.
LD
go
to ED
go
.

low
Drugs having high TI
safer and 71 to be Toxic
°
are .

T .
L .
= L D 50
-

E D
so

Fie
[B ] Graded DRC
( Quantitative )

Plots of ( dose ) Versus

Done
log Response for drugs
°

or
.

.
It can Reveal Information about
Affinity Potency
.
&
Efficacy .

¥4
 Q .
Discuss Drug Elimination in Detail .
Also brief
about
steady state .

• Elimination =/ Excretion
Medication and done
•
It is removal
of from the
body can be

by Metabolism or Excretion .

•
Most common route is Urination .

Various ways :

(1) Urine

(2) Faeces

(3) Exhaled Air

(4) Saliva & Sweat

(5)
Milk

•
Excretion
through kidney occurs
by glomerular filtration .

tubular reabsorption & tubular secretion .

•
Glomerular Filtration depends on Plasma Protein
Binding
&

Renal blood
flow .

•
Tubular
Reabsorption depends on
lipid solubility 9-1 .
a
drug is

lipid soluble , money

it will be Reabsorbed and leis will be

excreted .
 • Tubular secretion does not depend on
lipid solubility /
Plasma Protein
Binding .

Kinetics of Elimination :

•
Rate of Elimination in the amount
of drug eliminated per unit

time . 9T can be determined in clearance ( cc )

CL =
Rate of Elimination
Plasma Concentration

Order a kinetics :

can be Zero Order or first Order kinetics .

order
Kate x [ Plasma Concentration ]

Rate Elimination Rate Elimination

g q
constant
what t depends
in
' '

on

cow conch . .

t Yz t 112
r p
got I 50%
- - - - -
-

y
. - -
- -

l
l
l
l

! :
time time
 }
order
-
drugs showing Zero
elimination .

steady state :

If fixed dose of administered

drug is
after regular
•
a

intervals its concentration starts

,
plasma increasing .

rate Elimination
•
As plasma Comet A , a
A

•
Inlhen Rate q Administration =
Rate q
Elimination ,

th

steady state .