PHYSICAL SCIENCES – P2

ESSIP A TRAINING 2024

TOPIC: REACTIONS OF ORGANIC

MOLECULES
FACILITATOR : MAMBURU MASHUDU
DATE: 28 JANUARY 2024
 TEACH ASSESS
SBA and tests
Syllabus Coverage Assessment, Project &
assignments

CURRICULUM
MANAGEMENT
AND
DELIVERY

REMEDIATE DIAGNOSE
Re-teach, Re-test, Re-
assess, Re-diagnose
2
Diagnostic Analysis
Internal Moderators report
Question 4 (NSC 2021) – IM’s Report
Addition: Hydration
Addition (USA)

No water must be present

Elimination: Dehydration
 Activity
• Draw the structural formula of two products formed during the dehydration of the
organic molecule below

• Write down the name of the catalyst for the above reaction
• Write down the name of the minor product, and give a reason for your choice.
 Elimination (SUE)
.

Thermal Cracking High Temperature&

High Pressure
Catalytic cracking - Catalyst
 Cracking
The chemical process in which longer chain hydrocarbon molecules are
broken down to shorter more useful molecules.
Thermal cracking and catalytic cracking
The products are an alkane and an alkene
One or more alkenes + H2

C2H6 → C2H4 + H2
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 → CH4 + CH2=CH-CH3
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 → CH3 –CH3 + CH2=CH2
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 → CH3-CH=CH-CH3 + H2
 Activity
Butane (C4H10) is produced in industry by the THERMAL cracking of
long-chain hydrocarbon molecules, as shown in the equation below. X
represents an organic compound that is produced.
C10H22 → X + C4H10
7.1 Write down:
7.1.1 ONE condition required for THERMAL cracking to take place (1)
7.1.2 The molecular formula of compound X (1)
7.1.3 The homologous series to which compound X belongs (1)
 Substitution (SSS)
.
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
• Start by carefully reading the question.
• Underline the KEY words in the question.
• Pay attention to words that are CAPITALIZED.
• Decide whether you are required to recall or use a fact,
phenomenon, definition, unit, formula.
• FIRST, eliminate the answers that are obviously incorrect
• Allocate sufficient time for MCQs
 Combustion / Oxidation
The complete combustion of ONE MOLE of butane needs at least

A. 13 mol of O2
B. 25 mol of O2
C. 6,5 mol of O2
D. 19 mol of O2

C2H6 → CO2+ H2O + Energy

𝟑𝒏+𝟏
CnH2n+2 + 𝟐
O2 → nCO2+ n+1H2O
 Combustion of Propane
• Propane is the gas used in Bunsen burners in the laboratory.
Propane burns as follows:

C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O + energy

 Combustion of Butane
• Butane is the fuel in “Bic” Lighters

2C4H10 + 13O2 → 8CO2 + 10H2O + energy

 Combustion of Hexane
• Hexane, a liquid alkane and one of the forms of petrol,
reacts with oxygen as follows:

2C6H10 + 19O2 → 12CO2 + 14H2O + energy

 Practice 1
.
 Practice 2
.
Practice 3
 Practice 4
.
 Senior Certificate June 2021
.
Marking Guideline
9.1 Define homologous series. (2)

9.2 Identify the homologous series to

which compound A belongs. (1)

9.3 Identify the GENERAL TYPE of reaction

represented in reaction 1. (1)

9.4 Identify the GENERAL TYPE of reaction

represented in reaction 4. (1)

9.5 Identify the SPECIFIC TYPE of reaction

represented in reaction 2. (1)
9.6 Identify the SPECIFIC TYPE of reaction represented
in reaction 3. (1)
9.7 Write down the IUPAC name for compound B. (3)

9.8 Write down the IUPAC name for compound C. (3)

9.9 Which one of the compounds B and C would have

the higher boiling point? Fully explain. (5)

9.10 Alcohol B is again heated with a few drops of

concentrated H2SO4 but with the addition of a
carboxylic acid. Identify the homologous series of the
product that results. (2)

9.11 If the organic acid in 9.10 ABOVE is Methanoic

acid, write down the IUPAC name of the product
formed. (2)
[22]
25 minutes
 Marking Guideline
9.1 A series of similar compounds which 9.7 Ethanol Eth ✓ an ✓ ol ✓ (3)
have the same functional group and have
the same general formula, in which each 9.8 bromoethane bromo ✓ eth ✓ ane ✓ (3)
member differs from the previous one by
a single CH2 unit. ✓✓ (2) 9.9 • Compound B has hydrogen bonds ✓
9.2 Alkenes ✓ (1) • Compound C has dipole-dipole interactions) ✓
9.3 Addition ✓ (1) • the hydrogen bonds are stronger than the London
forces ✓
9.4 Elimination ✓ (1)
• more energy is needed to overcome the
9.5 Dehydration ✓ (1) intermolecular forces in compound B ✓
9.6 Hydrolysis ✓ (1) • resulting in compound B having a higher boiling
point ✓ (5)
9.10 Esters ✓✓ (2)
9.11 Ethyl methanoate ✓✓ (2)
 NSC NOVEMBER 2021 (25 Minutes)
• Compound P is used as a starting reactant in 4.1.1 Name the type of reaction represented
each of two reactions as shown in the flow by I. (1)
diagram below.
4.1.2 Is 2-methylbutan-1-ol a PRIMARY,
SECONDARY or TERTIARY alcohol? Give a
reason for the answer. (2)
4.1.3 Write down the STRUCTURAL
FORMULA of compound P. (3)
4.1.4 Name the type of reaction represented
by II. (1)
• I, II and III represent organic reactions. 4.1.5 To which homologous series does
compound Q belong? (1) 4.1.6 Name the
type of reaction represented by III. Choose
from ADDITION, ELIMINATION or
SUBSTITUTION. (1)
4.1.7 Write down the IUPAC name of
compound R. (2)
 NSC NOVEMBER 2021
4.2 1,2-dibromopropane can be 4.2.1 Using CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULAE, write
prepared from but-2-ene by a three- down a balanced equation for step 1. Indicate the reaction
conditions on the arrow. (4)
step process as shown in the flow
diagram below. 4.2.2 Write down the type of reaction in step 2. (1)
4.2.3 Write down the IUPAC name of compound B. (2)
4.2.4 Using CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULAE, write
down a balanced equation for step 3. (3)
[21]
25 MINUTES

• I, II and III represent organic reactions.

 Marking Guideline
4.1.1 Substitution/Hydrolysis ✓ (1) 4.1.3
4.1.2 Primary (alcohol) The C-atom
bonded to the hydroxyl/OH /functional
group is bonded to only one other C-
atom. OR The hydroxyl/OH /functional
group is bonded to a C-atom which is
bonded to two hydrogen atoms. OR The 4.1.4Elimination/dehydrohalogenation/dehydrobro
hydroxyl/OH /functional group is mination (1)
bonded to a primary C atom ✓ ✓ 4.1.5 Alkenes/Alkene ✓ (1)
4.1.6 Addition ✓ (1)
4.1.7 2-bromo-2-methyl butane ✓ (2)
 Marking Guideline
4.2.1

4.2.2 Elimination/Cracking
4.2.3 Propene
4.2.4
 Activity
3.1 A mixture of 4 grams of ethanol (C2H5OH) and 25 dm3 of air is ignited at 25 ºC and
standard pressure. A reaction occurs according to the balanced equation:
C2H5OH(ℓ) + 3O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g)
3.1.1Determine, with the aid of a calculation, whether all of Compound will be used up at
the end of the reaction, if the molar volume of a gas at 25 ºC and standard pressure is
24,47 dm3. (ASSUME THAT AIR CONTAINS 21% OXYGEN (O2).) (5)

3.1.2 If the ethanol is not used up, calculate the mass in grams of ethanol that is not used.
(3)
 Marking Guideline
𝒎 𝟒 𝟏
3.1 n ethanol = = = 0.087 mol ✓ 3.2 n ethanol reacting = x (0.215)
𝑴 𝟒𝟔 𝟑
= 0.072 mol ✓
𝟐𝟏
V O2 in 25 dm3 of air = x 25 = 5.25 dm3 ✓
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽 𝟓.𝟐𝟓
n O2 = = = 0,215 mol ✓ n ethanol in Excess = n initial – n final
𝑽𝒎 𝟐𝟒.𝟒𝟕
n ethanol = m/M = 4 /46 = 0.087 = 0.087 - 0.072
Ratio from equation Ethanol: Oxygen 1: 3 0.087 = 0.015 mol ✓
mol ethanol too much for 0.215 oxygen (Ratio
0.087:0.215 = 1:2,5 required ratio 1:3) ✓ O2 is m ethanol
the limiting reagent ✓; Ethanol is in excess 𝒎
n= m=nxM
𝑴
m = 0.015 x 46
= 0.69 g ✓