Bonding, Structure and

the Properties of Matter

Revision Workbook
Contents
• Chemical bonds / ionic bonding / ionic compounds /
covalent bonding / metallic bonding.
• 3 states of matter
• properties of ionic compounds, small molecules /
polymers / giant covalent structures
• Structure and bonding of carbon / diamond / graphite /
graphene and fullerenes.
• nanoparticles / sizes of particles and properties / uses of
nanoparticles.

Top Revision Tips

• Find a quiet place to work (no TV, Xbox, Netflix ect…)
• Use your class book, revision guides, textbooks, Doddle, BBC Bitesize,
Youtube, to make revision notes, flash cards & concept maps
• Summarise information using bullet points & diagrams
• Try to revise with another student, and explain concepts to each other
• Put up posters with key points around your home
• Look at & work through past papers from www.AQA.org.uk
• Take regular breaks & get enough sleep
Bonding, Structure & the
Properties of Matter Revision
Solids
• has a high density as the particles are Revision Tip
very close together Don't just read your notes
• cannot be compressed as there is very
little empty space between particles If you just read you notes you’ll take in
• has a fixed shape as the particles are about 5% of what you are reading! You
held together tightly need to do something with your notes in
• cannot diffuse as the particles are not order for them to make any difference
able to move
• does not exert any pressure as the
particles cannot move around.
Temp in degrees

55 Liquids
45 has a fairly high density as the particles are close together
cannot be compressed as there is very little empty space
35
between particles
25 takes up the shape of its container as the particles can move
0 2 4 6 8 can diffuse as the particles are able to change places can
Time in mins exert some pressure
as the particles are able to move and hit the sides of the
Describe what a cooling curve shows: container.
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Gas
• has a low density as the particles are
far apart
• can be compressed as there is space
between particles
• has no fixed shape as the particles Describe how one state turns into another:
move about rapidly in all directions ______________________________________________
• can spread out as the particles are ______________________________________________
able to move in all directions ______________________________________________
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Complete the diagrams below ______________________________________________

Solid Liquid Gas

Bonding, Structure & the
Properties of Matter Revision
Covalent bonds Draw a diagram to show how atoms covalently bond
A covalent bond forms when two atoms share
a pair of electrons. The atoms involved are
non-metals such as carbon, oxygen and
hydrogen. They join together to form
molecules.

Draw a diagram to show how atoms ionicly bond

Ionic bonds
Atoms can lose or gain electrons in chemical
reactions. When they do this they form charged
particles called ions.
• Hydrogen atoms and metal atoms can lose
electrons to form positively charged ions.
• Non-metal atoms can gain electrons to form
negatively charged ions.
Ionic bonds are the forces of attraction between
oppositely charged ions in a compound.
Metallic bonds
Draw a diagram to show how atoms metallically bond
Metals form giant structures in which electrons
in the outer shells of the metal atoms are free
to move. The metallic bond is the force of
attraction between these free electrons and
metal ions. Metallic bonds are strong, so metals
can maintain a regular structure and usually
have high melting and boiling points.

Highlight key words or phrases
A dot and cross diagram
models the transfer of
electrons from metal atoms to
non-metal atoms. The
electrons from one atom are
shown as dots, and the
electrons from the other atom
are shown as crosses. For
example, when sodium reacts
with chlorine, electrons
transfer from sodium atoms to
chlorine atoms. The diagrams
show two ways of
representing this electron
transfer.
• Use the periodic table to work out how many electrons each of t
he atoms has in its outer shell (the group no.) and therefore how
many electrons each atom needs to gain for a full outer shell.
• Work out how many electron pairs each atom needs to share. If
an atom needs 1 more electron for a full outer shell it needs to s
hare 1 pair; if it needs 2 electrons it needs to share 2 pairs etc.
• Use this to work out how the atoms are arranged. Draw the elect
ronic structures of all the atoms, interlocking the outer shells of t
he atoms that are bonded together but leaving them empty of el
ectrons.
• Draw in the shared pairs of electrons where the outer shells are i
nterlocked, ensuring that there is one dot and one cross in every
pair.
• Fill in the rest of the outer shell electrons for each atom outside
the interlocking area, ensuring that the total number of crosses
or dots in the outer shell is the same as the group no.
Bonding, Structure & the
Properties of Matter Revision
Use the instructions to draw dot & cross diagrams
Compound
Dot & cross diagram
NO2
H2O
CO2
Describe, as fully as you can, what happens when
sodium reacts with fluorine to make sodium
fluoride.
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A covalent compound is made when two or
more nonmetal atoms bond by sharing
valence electrons. The shared valence
electrons between two nonmetal atoms is
called a covalent bond. Covalent bonds are
formed when two atoms begin sharing
electrons. The electrons are attracted to the
positively charged nuclei of the atoms.
An ionic compound is a giant structure of
ions. The ions have a regular, repeating
arrangement called an ionic lattice. The
lattice is formed because the ions attract
each other and form a regular pattern with
oppositely charged ions next to each other
- -
+ +
+ - + -
- -
+ +
Describe the properties of giant ionic
compounds
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Bonding, Structure & the
Properties of Matter Revision
Giant covalent structures contain a lot of non-
metal atoms, each joined to adjacent atoms by
covalent bonds. The atoms are usually arranged
into giant regular lattices - extremely strong
structures because of the many bonds involved.
The graphic shows the molecular structure of
diamond and graphite: two allotropes of
carbon, and of silica (silicon dioxide).
Describe the properties of giant covalent
molecules
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Diamond
Diamond is a giant covalent structure in which:
• each carbon atom is joined to four other
carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds
• the carbon atoms form a regular
tetrahedral network structure
• there are no free electrons
Compare the structure of graphite & diamond
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Silicon dioxide (often called silica) is the main
compound found in sand. It is an example of a
substance with a giant covalent structure. It
contains many silicon and oxygen atoms. All the
atoms in its structure are linked to each other by
strong covalent bonds. The atoms are joined to each
other in a regular arrangement, forming a giant
covalent structure. There is no set number of atoms
joined together in this type of structure.
Silicon dioxide has a giant covalent structure which
is solids at room temperature. It has very high
melting points and boiling points. This is because
large amounts of energy are needed to overcome
their strong covalent bonds to make it melt or boil.
Most substances with giant covalent structures have
no charged particles that are free to move. This
means that most cannot conduct electricity.
Explain why silicon dioxide is a suitable material
for lining furnaces.
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Graphite
Graphite has a giant covalent structure in which:
• each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds
with other carbon atoms
• the carbon atoms form layers of hexagonal
rings
• there are no covalent bonds between the
layers
• there is one non-bonded - or delocalised -
electron from each atom
Bonding, Structure & the
Properties of Matter Revision
Highlight key words or phrases Simple molecular substances consist of
molecules in which the atoms are joined by
Fullerenes strong covalent bonds. However, the
Fullerenes are molecules of carbon atoms with molecules are held together by weak forces
hollow shapes. Their structures are based on so these substances have low melting and
hexagonal rings of carbon atoms joined by covalent boiling points. They do not conduct electricity.
bonds. Some fullerenes include rings with five or
seven carbon atoms. Two examples of fullerenes are Draw a diagram showing the interaction
buckminsterfullerene and nanotubes. between water molecules
Buckminsterfullerene was the first fullerene to be
discovered. Its molecules are made up of 60 carbon
atoms joined together by strong covalent bonds.
Molecules of C60 are spherical.
There are weak intermolecular forces between
molecules of buckminsterfullerene. These need
little energy to overcome, so buckminsterfullerene
is slippery and has a low melting point.
A nanotube is like a layer of graphene, rolled into a
cylinder. The length of a nanotube is very long
compared to its width, so nanotubes have high
length to diameter ratios.
Nanotubes have high tensile strength, so they are 150
strong in tension and resist being stretched. Like
graphene, nanotubes are strong and conduct 100
electricity because they have delocalised electrons.
These properties make nanotubes useful for 50
Boiling point (°C)

nanotechnology, electronics and specialised

materials. 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
-50
Highlight key words or phrases
-100

Polymers have very large molecules. The atoms in a

polymer molecule are joined together by strong
covalent bonds in long chains. There are variable
numbers of atoms in the chains of a given polymer.
One example of a polymer is poly(ethene).
The intermolecular forces between polymer
molecules are strong compared to the
intermolecular forces between small molecules.
This means that polymers melt at higher
temperatures than substances with small
molecules. They are solids at room temperature.
-150
-200
Carbon length
Using the graph above, describe how the
size of the molecule affects it’s boiling point
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Bonding, Structure & the
Properties of Matter Revision
Sizes of atoms and simple
Key word Definition
molecules
A small molecule contains only a
few atoms, so atoms and small
boiling point
molecules have a similar range of intermolecular
sizes. They are very small,
forces
typically around 0.1 nm or 1 × 10-
10 m across.
melting point
Individual atoms and molecules
are too small to see even with properties
the most powerful light
microscope. Some electron
microscopes can produce images molecule
of atoms and simple molecules.

Draw the general polymer structures for the monomers in the

table below:

Monomer Polymer n

n
n

n
n

n
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Nanoscience refers to structures that are 1–100 nm in size, of the order of a few hundred atoms. Nanoparticles
are smaller than fine particles (PM2.5), which have diameters between 100 and 2500 nm (1 x 10-7 m and 2.5 x
10-6 m). Coarse particles (PM10) have diameters between 1 x 10-5 m and 2.5 x 10-6 m. Coarse particles are often
referred to as dust. As the side of cube decreases by a factor of 10 the surface area to volume ratio increases by
a factor of 10. Nanoparticles may have properties different from those for the same materials in bulk because of
their high surface area to volume ratio. It may also mean that smaller quantities are needed to be effective than
for materials with normal particle sizes. Nanoparticles have many applications in medicine, in electronics, in
cosmetics and sun creams, as deodorants, and as catalysts. New applications for nanoparticulate materials are an
important area of research