NUTRIENT

MANAGEMENT

JENNILYN V. PABLO
Training of Trainers on Corn Production and Management
March 11-22, 2024 | ATI-Cabagan Center, Cabagan Isabela DA ATI-RTC 02
Table of Content
01 Essential Nutrients

02 Nutrient Deficiencies

03 Soil Analysis

Balanced Fertilization and

04 Integrated Nutrient
Management
 NUTRIENT
MANAGEMENT
Nutrient Management Climate

Feeding
Step 1:
Establish an
crop
attainable yield
level – the crop’s
needs!
total needs

Step 3:
Fill deficit
between total
N P K
needs and
Inorganic indigenous
fertilizer supply
Step 2:
Effectively use
existing nutrients
P
Soil K N P
Indigenous P K N
K N
nutrient supply
Nutrient Management

Nutrient
• any substance that can be metabolized by an
organism to give energy and build tissue →
growth and development
• source of nourishment, especially a nourishing
ingredient in a food
• providing nourishment
Plant Nutrients
• Categories
–Essential
–Non- essential
• Sources
–Natural
•Atmosphere/ Air (O, N, C)
•Rhizosphere/ Soil
•Organic Fertilizers
–Synthetic/ Artificial/
•Fertilizers
•Nutrient Salts
Nutrient Management

For a Nutrient To be Considered Essential….

• If the nutrient is absent → the plant

is unable to complete its life cycle
• The nutrient is a plant constituent or
7

metabolite
• The nutrient must act directly in the
metabolism of the plant
Nutrient Management

The Essential Nutrients

• Macronutrients:
–Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca),
Sulfur (S), Magnesium (Mg), Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), &
Hydrogen (H)
• Micronutrients: 8

–Iron (Fe), Boron (B), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Manganese

(Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Chlorine (Cl), Nickel (Ni)
–(sodium, silicon, cobalt, selenium)
Nutrient Management

How different nutrient forms are taken

up by the plant
Unavailable form Available form

Soil
Inorganic
form/ ionic
Organic
manure

Inorganic fertilizer
Nutrient Management

Essential Nutrients
Available
Macronutrient Micronutrient Available Form
Form
Nitrogen (N) NH4+ , NO3- Iron (Fe) Fe+2 Fe+3
H2PO4 ,HPO4-2
Phosphorus (P) PO4-3
Boron (B) BO-3

Potassium (K) K+ Manganese (Mn) Mn+2

Calcium (Ca) Ca+2 Zinc (Zn) Zn+2
Magnesium (Mg) Mg+2 Copper (Cu) Cu+2
Molybdenum (Mo) MoO5-
Sulfur SO4-2
Chlorine Cl-

Available Forms → Ionic Forms, Inorganic Forms

Nutrient Management

Element Available form

• Carbon ( C ) CO2
• Hydrogen (H) H2O, H2
• Oxygen (O) O2
• Nitrogen (N) NH4+, NO3-
• Phosphorus (P) H2PO4-, HPO4-2, PO4- 3
• Potassium (K) K+
• Calcium (Ca) Ca+2
• Magnesium (Mg) Mg++
• Sulfur (S) SO4-2
Nutrient Management

Element Available form

• Iron (Fe) Fe+2

• Manganese (Mn) Mn+2
• Zinc (Zn) Zn+2
• Copper (Cu) Cu+2
• Boron (B) BO3-2
• Molybdenum (Mo) MoO4-2
• Chlorine (Cl) Cl-
• Nickel (Ni) Ni+2
Nutrient Management

FUNCTIONS and
3/19/2024 .
DEFICIENCIES
13
Nutrient Management

Macronutrients
➢ are those elements used in
great quantities by plants.
➢ Those used in the largest
amounts are called primary
macronutrients. They are
Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus
(P), and Potassium (K).

MACRO = BIG
Nutrient Management

Nitrogen
• Nitrogen determines a crop’s overall growth

• Constituent of all proteins, chlorophyll, and in

coenzymes and nucleic acids.

• Found in both inorganic and organic forms in

the plant, and combines with C, H, O and
sometimes S to form amino acids, amino
enzymes, nucleic acids, alkaloids, and
purine bases
Nutrient Management

Deficiency Symptom/s
❑General chlorosis
❑Chlorosis progresses from light green
to yellow
❑Entire plant becomes yellow under
prolonged stress
❑Growth is immediately restricted and
plants soon become spindly and drop
3/19/2024 . 16

older leaves
Nutrient Management
Nitrogen deficiency
Nutrient Management

Nitrogen Deficiency
Nutrient Management

Phosphorous
➢ Phosphorus is particularly important in root
development, flowering, and grain
formation and development
➢ Component of certain enzymes and
proteins, adenosine triphosphate (ATP),
ribonucleic acids (RNA), deoxyribonucleic
acids (DNA), and phytin
➢ P availability is limited in acidic soils
Nutrient Management

Deficiency Symptom/s
❑Leaves appear dull, dark green, blue green, or red-
purple, especially on the underside, and especially at
the midrib and vein.
❑Petioles may also exhibit purpling. Restriction in growth
may be noticed.
Nutrient Management
P deficient corn plant

. 21
Nutrient Management

Phosphorous Deficiency
Nutrient Management

• Potassium is important for crop’s vigor,

resistance to pests and diseases, fruit quality,
strength of fiber, and synthesis of oil, sugar and
starch

• Functions in regulatory mechanisms as

photosynthesis, carbohydrate translocation,
. protein synthesis, etc.
23

Potassium • Required for turgor buildup in plants and

maintains osmotic potential of cells, which in
cells governs the opening of stomata.
Deficiency Symptom/s
❑Leaf margins tanned, scorched, or
have necrotic spots (may be small
black spots which later coalesce).
❑Margins become brown and cup
downward.
❑ Growth is restricted and die back
may occur.
❑ Mild symptoms appear first on
recently matured leaves.
Nutrient Management

K deficiency

3/19/2024 . 25
Nutrient Management

Potassium deficiency
Nutrient Management

• Three macronutrients used to a lesser degree than nitrogen,

phosphorus, and potassium are Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg),
and Sulfur (S).
• Calcium, magnesium, and sulfur are said to be secondary
macronutrients because moderate amounts are needed.
Nutrient Management

28
Nutrient Management

Calcium
• Maintenance of cell integrity and membrane
permeability

• Enhances pollen germination and growth

• Enzyme activation for cell mitosis, division

29

and elongation
Nutrient Management

Deficiency Symptom/s

❑Growing points usually damaged or dead

(die back).
❑Margins of leaves developing from the
growing point are first to turn brown.

.
Nutrient Management

Calcium Deficiency

3/19/2024 . 31
Nutrient Management

Magnesium
➢Constituent of chlorophyll
➢Enzyme activator

.
Nutrient Management

Deficiency Symptom/s
q Marginal chlorosis or chlorotic
blotches which later merge.
q Leaves show yellow chlorotic
interveinal tissue on some species,
reddish purple progressing to
necrosis on others.
q Younger leaves affected with
continued stress.
. 33 q Chlorotic areas may become
necrotic, brittle, and curl upward.
q Symptoms usually occur late in the
growing season.
Nutrient Management

Magnesium deficiency symptoms

.
Nutrient Management

Sulfur
➢ Involved in protein synthesis
➢Major component of the
amino acids cysteine and
methionine and B vitamin
3/19/2024 . 35
thiamine
 Nutrient Management

Deficiency Symptom/s

. 36
Nutrient Management

Micronutrients
Those nutrients that are needed in smaller
amounts by the plants, but are still essential
to plant growth are called micronutrients.

3/19/2024 .
The micronutrients are boron (B), copper
37

(Cu), chlorine (Cl), iron (Fe), manganese

(Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn).
 Nutrient Management

Iron

❑ Iron is important in chlorophyll formation and is a

component of enzymes involved in photosynthesis,
respiration, and nitrogen fixation. Young leaves yellow first.
The veins remain green
❑ Distinct yellow or white areas appear between veins, and
veins eventually become chlorotic.
3/19/2024 . 38
❑ Symptoms are rare on mature leaves.
Nutrient Management

Iron deficiency

. 39
Nutrient Management

MANGANESE
• Oxidation-reduction process in the photosynthetic
electron transport system
• Formation of O2 in photosynthesis

3/19/2024 . 40

Mn deficiency
Nutrient Management

ZINC

➢ Involved in the enzyme

systems that regulate
various metabolic
activities.

3/19/2024 . 41
 Nutrient Management

COPPER
➢ is involved in many metabolic functions

Respiration
Photosynthesis
Protein metabolism

Copper deficiency
Nutrient Management

MOLYBDENUM
➢ Conversion of nitrates to amino acids
➢ Conversion of inorganic P to organic
forms

➢ Symbiotic N2
3/19/2024 . 43 Molybdenum deficiency
fixation
Nutrient Management

BORON
▪Structural roles (cell walls)
▪Membrane function
▪Assimilate transport to
actively growing regions/
developing fruits

Boron
deficiency
Nutrient Management

CHLORINE

➢ Involved in controlling stomatal

opening and closing
➢ is involved in light reactions of
photosynthesis.
➢ It aids root and shoot growth.

Chlorine deficiency
Nutrient Management
Nutrient Management

3/19/2024 . 47
Nutrient Management

. 48
Nutrient Management
Nutrient Management

3/19/2024 . 50
Nutrient Management

3/19/2024 . 51
Nutrient Management
Nutrient Management

Methods of Correcting Nutrient Deficiencies

Nutrient/Element Corrective Action
Nitrogen (N) - Add organic matter to the soil
- Apply N fertilizers
- Including legumes in crop rotation
- Use foliar spray of 0.25-0.50% solution of urea.
Phosphorus (P) - Adjust/ correct for low soil pH
- Apply phosphorus fertilizers
- Use microbial inoculants that improve P uptake (e.g.
mycorrhiza)
Potassium (K) - Apply potassium fertilizers
- Incorpore crop residues
Calcium (Ca) - Add lime to acidic soils
- Add gypsum (hydrated calcium sulfate)
- For acute cases, spray with 0.75% calcium nitrate solution
Nutrient Management

Nutrient/Element Corrective Action

Magnesium (Mg) - Apply dolomitic (calcium magnesium carbonate) limestone
- Apply foliar spray of 2% magnesium sulfate solution
Sulfur (S) - Use fertilizer salt containing sulfur, such as ammonium sulfate
and single superphosphate
- Apply gypsum or elemental sulfur

Zinc (Zn) - Add zinc sulfate to soil

- Spray with 0.1-0.50% solution of zinc sulfate
54

Iron (Fe) - Spray with 2% iron sulfate or 0.02-0.05% solution of iron chelate
- Use efficient cultivars
Boron (B) - Apply to soil boron source or spray with 0.1-0.25% solution of
borax
Nutrient Management

Nutrient/Element Corrective Action

Copper (Cu) - Apply to soil copper source of fertilizer or spray plants with
0.1-0.2% solution of copper sulfate

Molybdenum (Mo) - Lime acid soils

- Apply sodium or ammonium molybdate
- Spray with 0.07-0.1% ammonium molybdate
Manganese (Mn) - Spray with 0.1% solution of manganese sulfate
Aluminum (Al) and - Apply of lime
Manganese (Mn) - Use tolerant species or cultivars
. .
Toxicity

In summary, correction of deficiencies require:

1. Addition of lacking nutrient directly to soil or as foliar spray
2. Use of tolerant cultivars
3. Alteration of the soil properties/ conditions
Nutrient Management

SOIL SAMPLING
&

SOIL ANALYSIS
3/19/2024 . 56
Nutrient Management
Soil Profile

Soil depth
Nutrient Management

SOIL SAMPLING
3/19/2024 . 58
Pagkuha ng Lupang Ipa-susuri
(Soil Sampling)

By

Soil Conservation and Management Division

Bureau of Soils and Water Management
Diliman, Quezon City
 Ano ba at gaano ba
karaming pataba ang
aking kailangan?
 Ang mabisang paraan
upang malaman ang
tamang uri at dami ng
patabang kinakailangan
ng anumang alagang
halaman ay malalaman
sa pamamagitan ng pag
papasuri ng lupang
tinataniman.
 Mga Hakbang sa
Pagkuha ng Lupang
Ipasu-suri
(Steps in Soil sample Collection)
 Mga Hakbang sa Pag-kuha ng Lupang
Ipasu-suri

1. Ihanda ang mga sumusunod:

- Pala
- Timba o balde
- Itak
- Supot na plastik
- Panukat
- Panulat
Mga Hakbang sa Pag-kuha ng Lupang Ipasu-
suri … karugtong
2. Paghati-hatiin ang lawak ng inyong bukirin ayon sa lugar na iba-
iba ang:
a. Kulay ng lupa (maitim o mapula);
b. Kapinuhan o kagaspangan ng lupa
Lot 2 gaya ng mabuhangin, malagkit (clayey)
o tumana
Lot 1 Lot 3 c. Uri ng mga pananim at itatanim;
d. Bilis ng pagka-agnas ng lupa dahil sa
ulan at hangin.
 Mga Hakbang sa Pag-kuha ng Lupang Ipasu-suri
… karugtong
Sa bawat pitak o hati na pare-pareho ang pananim, uri ng lupa at kaanyuan
(topography) ay nanga-ngailangan ng 1-kilong pinag-sama-samang
sample ng lupa.

Lot 2
Ang isang (1) composite
Lot 1 1 KILO soil sample ay hindi dapat mas
1 KILO malaki sa 5 hektarya. Kung
ang isang lote ay 6 hektarya o
higit pa ito ay kailangang hatiin
sa 2 lote.
1 KILO
Lot 3
Mga Hakbang sa Pag-kuha ng Lupang Ipasu-suri …
karugtong

Lot 1
BANAYAD Lot 2
8-18 % SLOPE
MATARIK
18-30% SLOPE

Lot 3
PANTAYAN
0-8% SLOPE

Sa halimbawang ito 3 soil sample ang kailangang kolektahin dahil

magka-kaiba ang antas ng kanilang pagkaka-dahilig (slope)
Mga Hakbang sa Pag-kuha ng Lupang Ipasu-suri
… karugtong

Lot 1

Lot 2
Lot 3

Italaga kung saan kukuha ng mga sampling points (hindi bababa sa 10 points
bawat lote at magkaka-pareho ang layo sa bawat isa.
Mga Hakbang sa Pag-kuha ng Lupang
Ipasu-suri … karugtong

Sa pamama-gitan ng pala, humukay sa lupa ng humigit- kumulang na 30-

sentimetrong lalim, 2-sentimetro ang kapal at 5-sentimetro ang lapad.
Mga Hakbang sa Pag-kuha ng Lupang
Ipasu-suri … karugtong

Ilagay ang kimpal na lupa sa timba o balde.

Mga Hakbang sa Pag-kuha ng Lupang
Ipasu-suri … karugtong

Patuyuin ang kinuhang lupa sa lilim

Mga Hakbang sa Pag-kuha ng Lupang
Ipasu-suri … karugtong
Kapag tuyo na ang lupa,
ikalat ito sa malinis na
papel o plastik at hatiin sa
4 na bahagi (itapon ang
bahagi 1 at 3) at iwanan
ang dalawang bahagi
(bahagi 2 at 4).
Ulitin ito ng apat na beses
hanggang umabot ng
isang (1) kilo (Tingnan
ang nasa larawan).
Mga Hakbang sa Pag-kuha ng Lupang
Ipasu-suri … karugtong

Ilagay ang lupa sa supot (1-kilo bawat supot)..

 Mga Hakbang sa Pag-kuha ng Lupang
Ipasu-suri … karugtong

Sulatan ang BF Form No. 9-10 (revised) at ibigay sa teknisyan sa pinakamalapit na Regional Soil Laboratory o DA Regional Office.

Lagyan ng pangalan o tanda ang mga supot at dalhin ang mga ito sa
pinakamalapit na laboratoryo ng lupa sa inyong lugar upang malaman
ang taglay nitong mga elemento (N-P-K, pH at lime requirement).
 Mga dapat tandaan sa
Pag-kuha ng Lupang Ipasu-suri
(Tips on Soil Sampling)

✓Kumuha ng sample pag-katapos mag-ani o kaya’y

bago mag-abono.
✓Huwag kukuha ng sample ng lupa sa mismong lugar
na nilalagyan ng abono o kaya ay sa mga di-
tinatanimang lugar, tulad ng tudling na pina-bayaan na
 Mga dapat tandaan sa
Pag-kuha ng Lupang Ipasu-suri
(Tips on Soil Sampling) Karugtong….

✓ Hindi rin dapat kumuha ng sample sa

palikong hilera ng taniman o doon sa
malapit sa punongkahoy.
✓ Mas madaling kumuha ng lupang ipasu-suri
kapag ang lupa ay mamasa-masa (moist)
✓ Gawin ang pag-kuha ng lupang ipasu-suri
bawat 3 - 5 taon.
 Mga Sangay na Laboratoryo ng BSWM

Region 1 San Fernando, La Union Region 2 Reg,l. Soils Laboratory

Lingayen, Pangasinan Tuguegarao, Cagayan
Laoag City, Ilocos Norte CVRC, Ilagan, Isabela
Vigan City, Ilocos Sur

Region 3 San Fernando, Pampanga Region 4 SOILSEARCH, Q.C.

Cabanatuan City Pagbilao, Quezon
Tarlac, Tarlac BS-UP Los Baños, Laguna
Iba, Zambales Batangas City
Guiguinto, Bulacan Calapan, Or. MIndoro
Puerto Princesa, Palawan

Region 5 Naga City Region 6 Parola, Wharf Iloilo City proper

Legaspi City
Bacolod City
3/19/2024 . 77
Nutrient Management

Analysis: Analysis:
✓ Particle size (clay, silt, sand) ✓pH
➢ Pipette Method ➢ (KCl, 1:1)
➢ pH (H2O, 1:1)
✓ Soil Organic C
➢ Walkley & Black ✓ Available P
➢ Olsen-P (0.5 M NaHCO3, pH 8.5)
✓Total Soil N
➢ Bray P1 (0.03 M NH4F + 0.025 M
3/19/2024 ➢ Kjehldahl Method
. 78
HCl)
✓ CEC and exchangeable K, Na, ➢ Bray P2 (0.03 M NH4F + 0.1
Ca and Mg M HCl),

➢ 1 N NH4-acetate ✓ Exchangeable Al
Nutrient Management

Code pH % Avail P meq

(1:1, OM (Bray K/100g
water) P2,pp soil
m)
SS no. 6.09 2.12 14.59 1.17
3/19/2024 . 79
1
AKB
3/19/2024 . 80
Nutrient Management

❑INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

➢Combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers in right amounts
together with sound cultural management practices to adjust the
nutrient supply at an optimum level to maintain soil health and
sustain crop productivity.

3/19/2024 . 81

Sound Cultural
management
Nutrient Management

❑BALANCED FERTILIZATION
➢Applying just the needed amounts of nutrients in a field

10 bags of organic fertilizers

10 bags of inorganic fertilizers
3/19/2024 . 82

BALANCED FERTILIZATION
Nutrient Management

FERTILIZER
and
3/19/2024 .
FERTILIZER USE
83
Nutrient Management
History of Fertilizer

• Use of fertilizers in farming was believed to started about 2000-3000 years ago

• Recent findings, however, determined that it started 8000 years ago

• Manures were the first fertilizer used in farming

3/19/2024 . 84

• Babylonians, Egyptians, Romans and early German

are the first recorded users of mineral and manure
fertilizers
Nutrient Management

History of Fertilizer

• Superphosphate – first fertilizer developed through chemical reaction

• Potassium (K) fertilizer industry started in Germany in 1861 and modern K fertilizers are acquired
though physical means rather than chemical means

• Calcium nitrate is the first nitrogen (N) fertilizer developed in 1903

3/19/2024 . 85

• Discovery of ammonium nitrate in 1913 open the development of more nitrogen fertilizers
Nutrient Management

Why use fertilizers?

• Fertilizers are substances that provide a readily available elements (inorganic form) for plant
utilization or plant nutrition

• Reason: HIGH YIELD, MORE FOOD, MORE PROFIT

• Two kinds: Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers

3/19/2024 . 86
Nutrient Management

Remember:
Soil fertility is not a permanent feature in crop
production areas
• Nutrient elements are lost

• Crop nutrient requirements affect degree of nutrient loss

3/19/2024 . 87

• Some crops require more of specific nutrients than others

• Crop productivity is a direct result of soil nutrient status

• Soil nutrients have to be replenished

Nutrient Management

Nutrient uptake of corn at different yield levels

Yield level Nutrients (kg/ha)
(tons/ha) Plant Portion N P K Ca Mg
2.75 Whole Plant 51.6 20.4 30.9 13.2 14.0
(2.5 – 3.0) Grain 32.5 13.0 19.8 4.6 4.3
% in Grain 63.0 63.7 64.1 34.8 30.7
Whole Plant 76.8 24.3 46.6 18.3 20.1
3.7 Grain 51.1 19.0 21.7 5.1 6.4
(3.4 – 4.0) % in Grain 66.5 78.2 46.6 27.9 31.8
3/19/2024 . 88

Whole Plant 102.9 35.4 69.2 22.2 20.9

4.6 Grain 70.0 29.8 35.3 7.6 9.8
(4.2 – 5.0) % in Grain 68.0 84.2 51.0 34.2 41.9
Whole Plant 129.9 38.7 87.5 24.9 23.4
6.0 Grain 85.6 33.9 42.8 8.4 10.3
(5.8 – 6.2) % in Grain 65.9 87.6 48.9 33.7 49.3
Nutrient Management

Organic Fertilizers
3/19/2024 . 89
Nutrient Management

General Characteristics of Organic

Fertilizers
• Contain all the essential elements
• Improve soil structure
• Low nutrient analysis
3/19/2024
• Slow availability
. 90

Common sources of organic fertilizers:

Farm manure Compost

Crop residues Green manure
Ipil-ipil Azolla
Nutrient Management
Average chemical composition of manures
Manure Chemical composition, %
Water N P K Ca Mg
Cattle (Fresh) 79.0 2.06 0.66 0.77 0.70 0.16
Old 71.4 2.41 0.75 0.88 0.81 0.12
Carabao (Fresh) 71.0 1.22 0.85 0.79 0.15 0.09
Old 67.8 1.09 0.82 0.70 0.19 -------
Swine (Fresh) 73.8 2.76 2.64 1.47 1.26 0.09
Old 70.5 2.11 2.41 0.91 0.35 0.04
3/19/2024 . 91

Broilers (Fresh) 82.1 3.17 3.25 2.35 0.52 0.25

Old 44.6 3.17 3.29 2.41 0.65 0.37
Pullet (Fresh) 79.6 2.60 4.42 3.06 3.38 0.09
Old 53.8 3.61 3.33 2.38 1.39 0.41
Layers (Fresh) 73.5 4.02 3.71 1.55 4.09 0.14
Old 52.2 4.22 3.82 2.00 4.12 0.48
Nutrient Management

Available microbial inoculants/ biofertilizers

3/19/2024 . 92
Nutrient Management

Benefits of Bio-N for Corn Production

- improves root growth of corn

- lessens the use of inorganic
fertilizer
- increases corn yield
3/19/2024 . 93

- safe to use…not an
environmental hazard
Nutrient Management

Inorganic Fertilizers
3/19/2024 . 94
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General characteristics
• Highly soluble
• Highly concentrated
• Nutrient elements are immediately available to plants

• However, being water soluble, inorganic fertilizers are easily washed out from the soil
3/19/2024 . 95
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3/19/2024 . 96
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Application of Inorganic Fertilizers in Corn

• What is the requirement for corn
– Calculate based on SSNM
– 120-60-60/ 120-90-90/ etc
• Split application of fertilizers
– Minimizes losses due to leaching
– At planting:
3/19/2024 • Basal application . 97

• Half of nitrogen requirement is given during or after seeds are sown

– After 1 month (plants are knee-high)
• Second application
• Applied as side dressing
• Usually, the other half of the nitrogen requirement is given
Nutrient Management

How to Apply Fertilizers Effectively

• Take care so that seeds or the roots will not come in contact with fertilizers
• Put the fertilizer two to three centimeters deep in the soil
• Cover the fertilizer with soil to avoid its volatilization
• Continuous use of inorganic fertilizers will increase the acidity of soil
– Highly acidic soils are not only harmful to crops, but also to ground water and rivers

3/19/2024 . 98
Nutrient Management

Grades and compounds in common N-P-K fertilizers and

experimental fertilizers
Fertilizer Compound Grade Solubility, %
N Sources
Anhydrous NH3 NH3 82-0-0 100

Ammonium chloride NH4Cl 26-0-0 100

3/19/2024 Am. Nitrate . NH4NO3

99 35.5-0-0 100
Am. Sulfate (NH4)2SO4 21-0-0 100
Ca-cyanamide CaCN2 22-0-0 100
Ca-nitrate Ca(NO3)2 15-0-0 100
Urea CO(NH2)2 46-0-0 100
Nutrient Management

Compound Grade Solubility, %

P Sources
Ord. Superphosphate Ca(H2PO4)2·CaSO4 0-20-0 85
T. Superphosphate Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O 0-45-0 87
Ca-Metaphosphate Ca-Polyphosp. 0-62-0 5
Basic Slag Ca-Silico-Cano 0-9-0 <2
Florida Phosphate Ore Carbonato Apatite 0-32-0 <1
K, NK, PK Sources
3/19/2024 . 100

Muriate of Potash KCl 0-0-60 100

Sulfate of Potash K2SO4 0-0-48 100
K, Mg Sulfate K2SO4·2MgSO4 0-0-23 100
Nitrate of Potash KNO3 13-0-44 100
K-Polyphosphate K-Polyphosph. 0-59-39 5
Nutrient Management

Substitution of Inorganic Fertilizers with

Organic Materials
Organic Materials (tons/ha)
Percent Kg Azolla Sesbania Compost Ipil-Ipil Poultry Swine Manure
Substitution N/ha Dung

10 6 3.8 1.2 2.0 1.2 0.6 2.0

3/19/2024 20 12 . 7.5 2.4 101 4.0 2.4 1.2 4.0

30 18 11.2 3.6 6.0 3.6 1.8 6.0

40 24 15.0 4.8 8.0 4.8 2.4 8.0

50 30 18.8 6.0 10.0 6.0 3.0 10.0

Nutrient Management

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
• For a desired yield level
– Know the nutrients needed by the crop
– Know the amount of nutrients from soil
• Choose the right kind and form of fertilizer to apply
• Identify
– the amount of fertilizer sources to be applied
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– timing of fertilizer application
. 102

– proper fertilizer placement

Nutrient Management

SOIL AMENDMENTS
• Anything added to the soil to improve its physical properties
• Organic and inorganic amendments
– lime, ashes and sand, vermiculite
– crop wastes: coir dust, hay, or rice hulls
• Some organic fertilizers also serve as soil amendments
• Should be well mixed into the soil for effectiveness
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Nutrient Management

SOIL ACIDITY AND

LIMING
3/19/2024 . 104
Nutrient Management

Soil Classes According to pH

Group pH
Extremely acid Below 4.5
Very strongly acid 4.5 – 5.0
Strongly acid 5.1 – 5.5
Medium acid 5.6 – 6.0
Slightly acid 6.1 – 6.5
6.6 – 7.3
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Neutral
Slightly alkaline 7.4 – 7.8
Moderately alkaline 7.9 – 8.4
Strongly alkaline 8.5 – 9.0
Very strongly alkaline 9.1 +
Nutrient Management
Optimum Soil pH Range
Crop Optimum range Crop Optimum range

Soybean 5.5 – 7.0 Cabbage 6.0 – 7.0

Snap bean 5.5 – 6.7 Eggplant 6.0 – 6.5
Peanut 5.3 – 6.6 Tomato 6.0 – 7.0
Sweet potato 5.5 – 7.0 Cucumber 5.5 – 7.0
Potato 5.0 – 6.5 Pumpkin 5.5 – 6.5
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Turnip 5.5 – 7.0 Watermelon 5.5 – 6.5

Carrot 5.5 – 7.0 Lettuce 6.0 – 6.5
Corn 5.3 – 7.3 Cauliflower 5.5 – 7.0
Chinese cabbage 6.0 – 6.5 Asparagus 6.0 – 8.0
Nutrient Management

Major Soil Fertility Groups in the Philippines

Soil
Description Area %
group
i Well drained, high fertility soils 6,326.9 21.09
Well drained, generally acid, high fertility
ii 528.0 1.76
volcanic soils
iii Well drained, deep, low fertility acid soils 20,670.9 68.90
iv Poorly drained, flood proned soils 487.2 1.62
v Poorly drained, moderate to high fertility soils 534.2 1.78
Heavy texture soils with high shrink-swell
vi 1,133.9 3.78
potential
vii Droughty, low fertility sandy soils 318.9 1.06
Nutrient Management

Reasons why you need to apply lime

• Soil pH decreases much below the optimum range for the growth of specific crop
variety
• When economically feasible

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When and How To Apply?
. 108

• 3-4 weeks before planting

• Lime requirement is broadcast and plowed under
Nutrient Management

Average amount (t/ha) of ground limestone (CaCO3 )

needed to bring soils of average O.M. content to pH 6.0

pH Sandy Sandy Loam Silt and Clay

Loam Clay
Loam
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4.0 .
2.0 3.5 109
4.5 6.0 7.5
4.5 1.5 2.5 3.2 4.2 5.2
5.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Source: Philippines Recommends for Soil Fertility and Management, 1982

Nutrient Management

How long will the effect of lime last?

• The acid neutralizing effect of lime develops slowly and not as conspicuous as
fertilizer
– But does not wear off easily

• Studies show that the liming effect in corn-grown plots lasts for 4 cropping seasons

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• Lime application should be done as soon as pH decreases below optimum level

required for high yield
Nutrient Management

Liming Materials and Acid Neutralizing Value

Neutralizing Value,
Liming Materials CaCO3 Equivalent (%)
Calcitic lime – CaCO3 100
Burned lime – CaO 170
Hydrated lime – Ca (OH)2 134
Magnesium carbonate – MgCO3 119
Dolomitic limestone – CaCO3.MgCO3 95 – 108
Ground shells – CaCO. 3
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80 – 88
Calcium silicate slags – CaSiO3 71 – 80
Basic slag – CaSiO3 67 – 71
Flue dust 96
Marl 40 – 70
Rock phosphate 7
Wood ashes 40
Nutrient Management

Average yield of corn in the Philippines (2001-2019)

9

8
8
Attainable yield of hybrid maize in the Philippines

Attainable yield of improved OPVs 6

6

Yield gap
Yield, t/ha

5
4.09 4.08 4.17 4.15
3.97
4.22 4.14 4.17 →
3.82
4
3.3 3.39
3.57 3.61 3.68 3.63 opportunity
3.16
2.83 2.83
3.03 for improving
3
yield
1.72 1.75 1.72 1.79 1.86 1.88
3/19/2024 2 . 1.6 1.65 1.65 1.62
112 1.68 1.65 1.67 1.69
1.43 1.5
1.23 1.2 1.31

0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

White Corn Yellow Corn Attainable Yield, White Corn Attainable Yield, Yellow Corn

Data source: PSA

Nutrient Management
How do we determine the fertilizer
requirement of a crop?
Total nutrient uptake of a high-yielding crop

Fertilizers Nutrient deficit -- to 46-0-0 14-14- 0-0-60

be supplied by UREA 14 MOP
Complete
fertilizers

Native
nutrient Nutrient from the soil and organic
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sources
. resources
113 available on farm

0
 Nutrient Management

COMMON FERTILIZERS
• Complete 14-14-14
• Muriate of potash 0-0-60
• Urea 46-0-0
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• Solophos . 114
0-16-0
• Ammonium sulfate 21-0-0
• Ammonium polyphosphate 10-34-0
 Nutrient Management

What do the figures mean?

• Complete fertilizer – 14 - 14 - 14
N – P2O5 – K20
N– P– K
3/19/2024 –Means that : . 115

✓14% Nitrogen
✓14-% Phosphorus
✓14% Potassium
 Nutrient Management

Fertilizer Storage
3/19/2024 . 116

Taken from the University of Massachusetts Amherst Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment
accessed through https://ag.umass.edu/greenhouse-floriculture/greenhouse-best-management-practices-bmp-
manual/fertilizer-storage-handling on 10 August 2021
 Checklist: Fertilizer Storage
• Store fertilizers separate from other chemicals in dry conditions.
• Provide pallets to keep large drums or bags off the floor. Shelves for smaller containers
should have a lip to keep the containers from sliding off easily. Steel shelves are easier to
clean than wood if a spill occurs.

• Keep the storage area locked and clearly labelled.

➢ Prevents the unauthorized use of fertilizers
➢Reduces the chance of accidental spills or theft.
➢Labels on the windows and doors of the building give firefighters information about fertilizers and other
3/19/2024 . 117
products present during an emergency response to a fire or a spill

• Provide adequate road access for deliveries and use, and in making the storage area secure,
also make it accessible, to allow getting fertilizers and other chemicals out in a hurry.
• Never store fertilizers inside a wellhouse or a facility containing an abandoned well
Nutrient Management

Fertilizer Storage and Handling

▪ Fertilizers can cause harm if they reach surface or ground water.

➢Excessive nitrate concentrations in drinking water can cause health risks, especially in young children.
➢Phosphorus can be transported to surface waters and cause algae blooms and eutrophication;
resulting in poor water quality.

▪ The storage area should have an impermeable floor with secondary containment, away
from plant material and high traffic areas.
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▪ Storage areas should not contain pesticides, or other greenhouse chemicals; storage areas
may contain general greenhouse supplies; there should be no food, drink, tobacco products,
or livestock feed present.
Nutrient Management

Things to check

• Containment
• Fire Prevention and Suppression
• Inventory and Recordkeeping
• Lighting
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• Monitoring . 119

• Security
• Ventilation
 @atiinteractive
3/19/2024 . 120