MAIN CONCEPTS OF LIFE SCIENCE

உய யலி கியேகா பா க
 CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING WORLD
உய உலகி வைக பா

• Theophrastus -- “Father of
Botany” used the morphological
characters to classify plants into
trees, shrubs and herbs.

• Aristotle classified animals into

two groups.
• Enaima (with red blood)
• Anaima (without red blood)
 KINGDOM MONERA
ெமான ரா உலக

• All prokaryotes belong to the Kingdom Monera.

• Do not posses true nucleus.
• Cells of prokaryotes do not have a nuclear membrane
and any membrane bound organelles.
• Most of the bacteria are heterotrophic, but some are
autotrophs.
• Examples : Bacteria and Blue green
 KINGDOM PROTISTA
ேரா டா உலக

• The Kingdom Protista includes unicellular

and a few simple multicellular eukaryotes.
• Two main groups
• The plant like protists are
photosynthetic and are commonly called
algae.
• Examples: Chlamydomonas and volvox.
• Animals like protists are often called
protozoans.
• Examples: Amoeba and Paramecium.
 EUGLENA
ள னா
• Euglena, a protozoan possesses chloroplast
and make their food by photosynthesis.
• Two modes of nutrition.
• Autotrophic- In the presence of sunlight
• Heterotrophic- In the absence of sunlight
• This mode of nutrition is known as myxotrophic
 KINGDOM FUNGI
ைசக உலக

• Fungi are eukaryotic, and mostly are

multicellular.

• Body is made up of filamentous hyphae

- mycelium.
• Cell walls, made of complex sugar -chitin.

• They secrete enzymes to digest the

food and absorb the food (Lack the green
pigment chlorophyll).
• Fungi saprophytes as decomposers
(decay –causing organisms) or as parasites.
• Mode of nutrition- Heterotrophic
• Examples: molds, mildews, mushrooms & yeast.
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
ைசகள வைக பா
 PENICILLIUM

ெப சிலிய

• Penicillium is a fungus.

• It lacks chlorophyll.

• It lives as saprophyte.

• The body consists of filamentous structures.

• The antibiotic penicillin is extracted from it.

• The Penicillin is also known as “the queen க ப தவ : அெல சா ட
of drugs”. ஃ ெளமி 1928
• Dicovered by: Alexander Fleming in 1928.
• Nobel prize in 1945. ேநாப ப : 1945
• The symbiotic association between fungal
mycelium and roots of plants is called as
mycorrhizae.

The symbiotic association between algae

and fungi is called lichens.
• Bio indicator of environmental
contamination
KINGDOM PLANTAE
தாவர உலக
THALLOPHYTA(தாேலாைப டா)
Algae (பாசிக )

• Algae is a latin word (Algae - Sea weeds).

• They are chlorophyll bearing primitive

plants -autotrophs.

• Algae belongs to thallophyta (the plant

body of algae is called thallus.) i.e. the
plant body is not differentiated into root, stem
and leaf.

• Some of the algae are symbionts (Algae

living with fungi and they both are mutually
benefitted). E.g. Lichen

• The branch of study of algae is called

phycology or algalogy.
Algae (பாசிக )

• Reproduction – 3 Types • இன ெப க -3 வைக

• Vegetative reproduction takes place
by fragmentation.

E.g. Spirogyra.

• Asexual reproduction takes place by

spore formation.

E.g. Chlamydomonos.

• Sexual reproduction takes place by

means of fusion of gametes.

E.g. Spirogyra, Chara.

KINGDOM ANIMALAE
வல உலக
GENETICS
மரப ய
 Mendel’s Laws of Heredity

• Law of Dominance

• Law of Segregation or Law of purity of

gametes

• Law of independent assortment

Centromere : The centromere is the region where spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes during cell
division.
ெச ேராமிய : ெச ப வ ேபா இைழக ேராேமாேசா க ட
இைண க ப ப தி ெச ேராமிய ஆ .
Types of Chromosomes based
on the position of centromere
Types of Chromosomes based on function
• In human, each cell -- 23 pairs of chromosomes (22 • மன தன , ஒ ெவா ெச லி -- 23 ேஜா
pairs are autosomes and the 23rd pair is the
allosome). • ேராேமாேசா க (22 ேஜா க ஆ ேடாேசா க ம
• 23 வ ேஜா அ ேலாேசா ).

• Diploid (2n)
• The chromosomes generally occur
in pairs.

• Haploid (n)
• The gametes produced by the organisms contain
a single set of chromosomes.
• Mutation is an inheritable sudden
change in the genetic material (DNA) of
an organism.
• The term mutation was introduced by
Hugo De Vries in 1901

• Two main types

• chromosomal mutation (ploidy)
• gene mutation.
Down’s syndrome
Patau's syndrome

• Patau's syndrome is a serious, rare ேசா 13 எ அைழ க ப

genetic disorder caused by having படா ேநா , ேராேமாேசா 13 இ
த நக இ பதா ஏ ப ஒ
an additional copy of chromosome அ ய மரப ேகாளா ஆ .இ த ைல
13 in some or all of the body's cells. ப ேவ உட ம அ சா
ைறபா க ம யஆ கால
• Trisomy 13 ஆ யவ வ வ ற .
EVOLUTION ப ணாம
• Eg: Giraffe , Kiwi • எ. கா: ஒ டக சிவ கி, கிவ
 NUTRITION, HEALTH AND HYGIENE
ஊ ட ச ,உட நல ம காதார
 CARBOHYDRATES

• Carbohydrates are organic compounds

composed of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen.
• Carbohydrate is an essential nutrient
which provides the chief source of
energy to the body.
PROTEINS
FATS
VITAMINS
MINERALS
 HUMAN DISEASES
மன த ேநா க

• Microorganisms • ய க

• கட திகளா தர ப ேநா க
• Vector Borne Disease

• பாலிய பர த ேநா க
• Sex Transmitted Disease
• மரப ய ைறபா க
• Genetic Disorder

• Non Communicable Diseases

• heart disease
• Cancer
• diabetes
Diseases transmitted by Animals
h

HIV SIZE IS ABOUT 100 - 140 nm

HIV அள மா 100 - 140 nm
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Plastids
• Responsible for preparation and storage of
food.

• There are three types of plastids.

Chloroplast - green coloured plastids

Chromoplast - yellow, red, orange coloured
plastids
Leucoplast - colourless plastids
 Structure of Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are green plastids containing green pigment called chlorophyll.

Stroma:

1. Matrix present inside to the membrane is called

stroma.

2. It contains DNA, 70 S ribosomes and other molecules

required for protein synthesis.
Thylakoids:

1. Photosynthetic pigments are present in

thylakoids.
2. Thylakoids forms a stack of disc like structures
called a grana (singular -- granum).

Grana:
1. Thylakoids arranged in the form of discs stacked
one above the other called granum.
2. Grana are inter connected by stroma lamella.

Functions of Chloroplast

1. Photosynthesis
2. Storage of starch
3. Synthesis of fatty acids
4. Storage of lipids
5. Formation of chloroplasts
 Photosynthesis

Photosynthetic Pigments

1. Primary pigments
• Chlorophyll a traps solar energy and converts it into electrical and chemical energy.

• Reaction centre

2. Accessory pigments

• Chlorophyll b and Carotenoids

• Harvesting centre
 Role of Sunlight in Photosynthesis

• The entire process of photosynthesis takes

place inside the chloroplast.

1. Light dependent(Light reaction)

2. Light independent (Dark reaction)

• Light dependent Reaction (Hill reaction / Light

reaction)

• Discovered by Robin Hill (1939).

• This reaction takes place in the presence of

light energy in thylakoid membranes (grana) of
the chloroplasts.

• Photosynthetic pigments absorb the light energy

and convert it into chemical energy ATP and
NADPH2
• Light independent reactions (Dark
reaction) (Biosynthetic phase)
• Dark reaction or biosynthetic pathway is
takes place in stroma.
• During this reaction CO2 is reduced into
carbohydrates with the help of light
generated ATP and NADPH2.
• This is also called as Calvin cycle and is
carried out in the absence of light.

• Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

a) Internal Factors:
(i) Pigments (ii) Leaf age
(iii) Accumulation of carbohydrates
(iv) Hormones

b) External Factors:
(i) Light (ii) Carbon dioxide
(iii) Temperature
(iv) Water v) Mineral elements
 MITOCHONDRIA

• Mitochondria are filamentous or granular

cytoplasmic organelles present in cells.

• The mitochondria were first discovered

by Kolliker in 1857.

• Mitochondria are organelles within eukaryotic cells

that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which
form the energy currency of the cell -- “Power
house of the cell”.
Inner mitochondrial membrane is semi permeable membrane and regulates the passage of materials into and
out of the mitochondria.

Cristae increase the inner surface area (fold in inner membrane) of the mitochondria to hold variety of
enzymes.

Oxysomes: Tennis racket shaped particles. They involve in ATP synthesis.

Mitochondrial matrix -Complex mixture of proteins and lipids. Matrix contains enzymes for Krebs cycle,
mitochondrial ribosomes(70 S), tRNAs and mitochondrial DNA
1. This exchange of gases is known as
external respiration. It is a physical
process.

2. Biochemical process occurs within cells

where the food is oxidized to obtain
energy, this is known as cellular
respiration