CHAPTER-4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Quadratic Equation:
A second-degree polynomial equation is called quadratic equation.
Standard Form:
A quadratic equation is an equation that can be written in the form of ax2  bx  c  0 , where a, b
and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0.
How to Solve a Quadratic Equation? Remember that:
The graph of a quadratic function
There are three basic techniques to solve a quadratic equation: represents a parabola opening
(i) By factorization either upwards or downwards
(ii) By completing squares, extracting square roots.
b  b2  4ac
(iii) By applying the quadratic formula i.e. x 
2a
Types of Equations Reducible to the Quadratic Equation:
There are certain types of equations, which do not look to be of degree 2, but they can be
reduced to the quadratic equation. Some of those forms are given below:
ax 2 n  bx n  c  0, a  0
Type I
Put x n  y and get the given equation reduced to quadratic equation in y.

Type II
 x  a  x  b  x  c  x  d   k
Where a  b  c  d
Equations in which the variable occurs in exponent are called exponential
Type III
equations. 22 x  3.2x2  32  0 is an example of exponential equation.
1
An equation, which remains unchanged when x is replaced by is called a
x
Type IV reciprocal equation. In such an equation the coefficients of the terms
equidistant from the beginning and end are equal in magnitude.
ax4  bx3  cx2  bx  a  0 is an example of reciprocal equation.
Equations involving radical expression of the variable are called radical
Type V equations. Following are some of the types of radical equations.
 ax 2
 bx   m ax 2  bx  c  n , ax  b  cx  d  ex  f

a c e
 
Type VI xb xd x f
x  b, d ,  f
b
Type VII ay   c, y  0
y

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Three Cube Roots of Unity

1  3i 2 1  3i
The three cube roots of unity are; 1,   ,  .
2 2
From the above results we can write
Do you know?
1  3i  2 1  3i  2 2
 Sum of cube roots of any real
1  3i  2 1  3i  2 2 number is zero.
1  3i 1  3i  Product of cube roots of any real
    2 number is real number itself.
2 2
Properties of Cube Roots of Unity:
 The sum of all the three cube roots of unity is zero i.e. 1+ ω + ω 2
=0  1     2 ,
1   2   ,    2  1
 The product of all the three cube roots of unity is unity i.e. 3  1
 Each complex cube root of unity is reciprocal / multiplicative inverse of other
1 1
  2, 
 2
 Each complex cube root of unity is square of the other.
i.e.     2 ,  2   
2 2

For any n ,  n is equivalent to one of the Do you know?

cube roots of unity.  Sum of four fourth roots of any
positive integer is zero.
 n   n 1   n  2  0,  n  Z
 Product of four fourth roots of
Four Fourth Roots of Unity: any positive integer is the
Four fourth roots of unity are 1, 1, i, i . additive inverse of that integer.

Properties of Four Fourth Roots of Unity:

 Sum of all the four fourth roots of unity is zero.
i.e. 1   1  i   i   0
 Product of all the four fourth roots of unity is 1 .
i.e. 1.  1 . i .  i   1
 The real fourth roots of unity are additive inverse of each other.
 The complex/imaginary fourth roots of unity are conjugate of each other.
Polynomial Function:
A function of the form P  x   an x n  an 1 x n 1   a1 x  a0 , an  0 , where n is a non-negative
integer and the coefficients an , an1 ,, a1 , a0 are real numbers. It can be considered as a
polynomial function of x.
Degree of the Polynomial:
The highest power of x in a polynomial P  x  is called the degree of polynomial
So degree of polynomial P  x   an x n  an 1 x n 1   a1 x  a0 , an  0 , is n.

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Types of Polynomial on the Basis of Degree:

NAME DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Constant Polynomial A polynomial whose degree is 0 a
Linear Polynomial A polynomial whose degree is 1 ax  b
Quadratic Polynomial A polynomial whose degree is 2 ax  bx  c
2

Cubic Polynomial A polynomial whose degree is 3 ax  bx2  cx  d

3

Quartic Polynomial A polynomial whose degree is 4 ax 4  bx 3  cx 2  dx  f

Quintic Polynomial A polynomial whose degree is 4 ax 5  bx 4  cx 3  dx 2  ex  f
Types of Polynomial on the Basis of Number of Terms:
NAME DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Remember that:
Monomial A polynomial having only one term ax 0 is a polynomial
Binomial A polynomial having two terms ax  by with arbitrary degree
Trinomial A polynomial having three terms ax2  bx  c
Remainder Theorem:
When a polynomial P  x  of degree n  n  1 is divided by x – a ,
Then the remainder is a constant P  a  .
Note:
Dividend = (Divisor) (Quotient) + Remainder.
Factor Theorem:
The polynomial x  a is a factor of the polynomial P  x  of degree n  n  1
If and only if P  a   0 .
Synthetic Division:
Outline of the Method:
(i) Write down the coefficients of the dividend f(x) from left to right in decreasing order of
powers of x. Insert 0 for any missing term(s).
(ii) To the left of the first line, write the value of a from the divisor  x  a  .
(iii) Use the following patterns to write the 2nd & 3rd line:
Vertical pattern    add terms
Diagonal pattern   multiply by a.
Relations Between the Roots and the Coefficients of a Quadratic Equation:
If  ,  are roots of quadratic equation ax2  bx  c  0 then
b coefficient of x
Sum of the roots = S =   
a coefficient of x 2
c constant term
Product of the roots  P  
a coefficient of x 2
Difference of roots = S 2  4 P
For an equation an xn  an1x n1   a1x  a0  0 , an  0 ,

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an1
Sum of roots  
an
a0
Product of roots   1
n

an
Formation of an Equation Whose Roots Are Given:
Let S = sum of the roots and P = product of the roots of a quadratic equation
Then the required equation will be; x2 – Sx  P  0
Some Useful Results:
 2   2       2
2


a3   3       3    
3


 3   3            
2

 

 2   2           4
2


        4
2


  2   2   2   2         2   2 

  4   4          2   2 
Important Results about Roots of Quadratic Equation:
For the quadratic equation ax  bx  c  0
2

(i) One root will be reciprocal of the other if a  c

(ii) One root is zero if c  0
(iii) Roots are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, if b  0
(iv) Both roots are zero if b  c  0
c
If a  b  c  0, then 1, are the roots of the equation ax  bx  c  0 . And if
2
(v)
a
c
a  b  c  0, then the roots are –1 and 
a
If ax  bx  c  0 , where a , b, c  R , has one root p  iq , then the other root will be
2
(vi)
p  iq . Hence, the imaginary roots occur in conjugate pair.
If ax  bx  c  0 , where a , b, c are rational, has one root p  q then the other root
2
(vii)
will be p  q . Hence irrational roots occur in conjugate pair if the coefficients are
rational.

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Nature of Roots of a Quadratic Equation:

The roots of quadratic equation ax2  bx  c  0 depends on the value of the expression b2  4ac ,
which is called its Discriminant i.e. disc = b 2  4ac

System of Two Equations Involving Two Variables:

To determine the value of two variables, we need a pair of equations. Such a pair of equation is
called a system of simultaneous equations.
No specific rule can be laid down for the solution of such equation. Simply, one of the variables
is eliminated and the resulting equation in one variable is solved.
Homogeneous Equation:
An equation is said to be homogeneous if every term in the equation is of the same degree.
A second degree homogeneous equation is of the form ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0
The solution of simultaneous equations gives the points of intersection of their graphs.

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EXERCISE
(1) If  ,  are the roots of x  x  a  0 and   2 then value of  is:
2

(a) 1 (b) – 2
(c) 2 (d) insufficient data
(2) If x  1 is a factor of x  x  ax  1 then value of a is:
3 2

(a) 3 (b) 3
(c) 0 (d) 1
2 2 x
(3) The value of x if   1.
x x
(a) – 1 (b) 4
(c) 0 (d) 1
(4) If x2  4x  a is divided by x  1 has a remainder 2, what is the value of a ?
(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) – 2 (d) None
(5) Which one is factor of x  x  x  x  x  1?
5 4 3 2

(a) x  1 (b) x  2
(c) x  1 (d) x  3
(6) If  x  y  x  y   24 then the value of xy is:
(a) 4 (b) 1
(c)  4 (d) 5
(7) What is the least value of x for which y  100 in the equation 3x  4 y  5  0 ?
(a) 100 (b) 200
(c) 300 (d) 250
1  3i
(8) For what value of n ,  n   where   ?
2
(a) 10 (b) 4
(c) – 23 (d) All of these
(9) Product of roots of x  2 x  3  0 is:
2

(a) 1 (b) 2
1
(c) 3 (d)
3
(10) Complex fourth roots of unity are:
(a) Multiplicative inverse of each other
(b) Additive inverse of each other
(c) Multiplicative and additive inverse of each other
(d) None of these
(11) If x  2  x  2 then the value of x is:
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 0
(12) Two positive integers whose product is 56 are:
(a) 7,8 (b) 7, 8
(c) 7, 8 (d) 7,8

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(13) If 3x  2  1 , then:
1
(a) 1  x   (b) 1  x  3
3
(c) x  2 (d) None
(14) If the roots of a quadratic equation are 1 and 2, then equation is:
(a) x2  3x  2  0 (b) x2  3x  2  0
(c) x2  3x  2  0 (d) x2  3x  2  0
(15) One of the solutions of x  2 y  0 and x  y 2  5 is:
2

 1
(a) 1, 2  (b)  1, 
 2
1 
(c)  ,1 (d)  2,1
2 
(16) x2   x  ? at x  3
(a) 3 (b) 6
(c) 9 (d) 0
(17) What is the product of complex cube roots of unity?
(a) 2 (b) – 1
(c)  6
(d) None
(18) What are the fourth roots of 16?
(a) 1, 1, i, i (b) 2, 2, 2i, 2i
(c) 4, 4, 4i, 4i (d) None
x x2  y 2
(19) If  0.5 then value of is:
 xy 
2
y
(a) 8 (b) 2
(c) 8.4 (d) 0.4
(20) Given that a quadratic equation x   ln1 x  1  0 then its roots are:
2

(a) Real (b) Equal

(c) Complex (d) Do not exist
(21) Given that a quadratic equation x  bx  c  0 , which of the following is correct
2

condition when one root is double of the other?

(a) 2b2  c  0 (b) 2b2  9c  0
(c) 2b2  9c  0 (d) b2  c  0
(22) What are two parts of 12 whose sum of squares is greater than twice their product by 4
(a) 6,6 (b) 7,5
(c) 8,4 (d) 9,3
(23) If x  1 is a factor of x  mx  0 then m  ?
2

(a) 1 (b) – 1
(c) 0 (d) None
(24) The value of 1     2 is:
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) – 2

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(25) If  ,  are the roots of x2  7 x  10  0 , then the value of  2   2 is:

(a) 29 (b) 29
(c) 10 (d) 7
(26) 1        ...    ?
2 3 100

(a)  (b)  2
(c) 0 (d) 1
(27) If log 5 5  log 5 5  x  1 then x  ?
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 5 (d) 10
(28) What is the value of  x  2x 1 at x  2?
2

(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) – 7 (d) – 9
(29) Sum of squares of cube roots of unity is:
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c)  (d)  2
(30) The roots of the equation x 2  2  ln 2  x  1  0 are:
(a) Real (b) Rational
(c) Complex (d) Equal
(31) 2  3.2  4  0 then x  ?
2x x

(a) 1 (b) 4,1

(c) 2,1 (d) 2
(32) If m is divided by 7, then remainder is 2. What is the remainder when 4m is
divided by 7?
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) insufficient data
(33) If 3x  5  2 x  5 then value of x is:
(a) 0,1 (b) 1,2
(c) 0 (d) – 2
(34) The roots of x4  1 are:
(a) 1, 1, i, i (b) 1,0, i, i
(c) 1  i, 1  i (d) i  1, i  1
(35) Solution of inequality 3  2 x  5 is:
(a) 5  x  5 (b) 4  x  4
(c) 0  x  5 (d) None
(36) What is the value of  if x  1 is divided by x3  2x2   leaves remainder 2?
(a) – 2 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) – 1
(37) What are the four fourth roots of the equation x5 16 x  0 ?
(a) 1, 1, i, i (b) 2, 2, 2i, 2i
(c) 0, 2, 2, 2i, 2i (d) None

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(38) What is the value of  x  2   x 2  4 x  2   x  2  x  3 at x  2?

(a) 48 (b) 36
(c) 54 (d) 0
(39) 1      2 2
?
(a) 9 2 (b) 9
(c) 9 (d) None
1
(40) If x  then value of x is:
x
(a) 1, 1 (b) i, i
(c) 0 (d) – 1
(41) x  5 xy  4 y is made from which of the following pairs?
2 2

(a)  x  y  x  4 y  (b)  x  y  x  4 y 
(c)  x  5 y  x  4 y  (d) None
(42) The point of intersection of lines 2 x  y  4  0 and 5x  y  11  0 is: 2016
(a) 1, 2  (b)  6,1
(c) 1, 6  (d)  5,14 
(43) Given that x2  ax  4  0 , for what value of a , roots are equal?
(a) 4, 4 (b) 2
(c) –2 (d) None
1 1
(44) If  ,  are the roots of x2  x  1  0 then the equation whose roots are and is:
 
(a) 0 (b) 2
(c) – 2 (d) – 1
(45) For what values of b does the quadratic equation y  ax 2  2bx  a intersects
x  axis at a single point?
a
(a) b   (b) b  a
2
(c) b  2a (d) None of the above
(46) Solution of x  1  5 is:
(a) 4  x  6 (b) x  6
(c) x  4 (d) 1  x  5
(47) Line y  x  2 intersects the curve y  4 x at:
2

(a)  0, 2  (b)  0, 2 
(c)  2,1 (d) None of these
(48) When x  ax  bx  1 is divided by x 1, gives remainder 3 and when divided by 4
5 3 2

gives remainder  2 then values of a and b are:

(a) (b)
(c) (d)

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(49) 378  3x  3  99 is equivalent to:

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(50) Asim is now three times as old as Irfan. After 10 years, Asim will be twice as old as
Irfan. Asim’s age at this time is:
(a) 10 (b) 20
(c) 30 (d) 10
(51) Let f  x   6 x  x  4 x  1 then,
3 2

(a) x  2 is a factor of f  x  (b) x  1 is a root of f  x   0

(c) x  1 is a factor of f  x  (d) x  2 is a root of f  x   0
(52) Solving the equation x 2   a  b  x  ab  0 for x gives,
(a) x  a, x  b (b) x  a, x  b
(c) x  a, x  b (d) x  a, x  b
(53) Solution of equation 22 x  3  2x2  25  0 for x yields,
(a) 1, 4  (b)  2,3 
(c)  8, 4  (d)  5,9 
(54) Which of the following are valid roots of 3x3  8x2  5x  6  0
(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 1 (d) Both (a) and (b)
x2 6 x 1
(55) If 3  9  0 then the valid values of x are,
(a) 4, 2 (b) 2,1
(c) 0,1 (d) 3, 3
(56) The equation with roots 2  3 is,
(a) x2  4 x 1  0 (b) x2  4 x  1  0
(c) x2  4x  1  0 (d) x2  4x 1  0
(57) Which of the following statements is true?
1 1 1 1 1
(a) 16 16  4
3 6
(b) 9  9  81
3 6 8

1 1 1
(c) 9  9  9
3 6 18
(d) All of these
(58) Find the set of all values of m for which the equation 2x2  mx  2  0 have real
roots.
(a) m  4 (b) 4  m  4
(c) m  4 (d) m  4 and m  4
(59) Which of the following is point of intersection of x 2  y 2  8 and straight line
2x  y  2  0 ?
(a)  2, 2  (b)  2, 2 
(c)  0.4, 2.8  (d)  0,1

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(60) Which of the following statements is true?

1 1 1 1 1
(a) 9 .9  3
3 6
(b) 9 .9  81
3 6 18

1 1 1
(c) 9 .9  9
3 6 18
(d) None of these
(61) The value of x that satisfies log10  x  5  2  log10 x is,
5  425 5  425
(a) (b)
2 2
5  425 5  425
(c) (d)
2 2
(62) The solution to x  2   3  2 x  is,
5
(a) 1  x  (b) x  1
3
5
(c) x  1 (d) x 
3
18 1
(63) If   4 , then real value(s) of x is,
x4 x2
(a)  2 (b) 2
4
(c) (d) All of these
9
(64) If mx 2  1  x  x  3 has no real roots, then the range of m is,
13 13
(a) m  (b) m 
4 4
13 13
(c) m  (d) m 
4 4
(65) Sum of two numbers is ‘9’ and sum of their square is 41, the numbers are:
(a) (-5, -4) (b) (5, -4)
(c) (4, 5) (d) All
(66) If y  3  3 y  5 , then value of y 
(a) 4 (b)  4
1
(c) (d) None of these
4
(67) If 2 y  5  4 y  3 , then range of y is,
(a) y  4 (b) y  4
(c) y  4 (d) y  4
2 x 3 32
(68) If  x , then x 
8 x
42
8 8
(a)  (b)
5 5
5 8
(c)  (d) 
8 5
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 CHAPTER-4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

(69) The coordinates of the points at which the straight line y  2x  0 intersects the
curve y 2  xy  6 are
(a) 1, 2  &  1, 2  (b) 1, 6  &  1,6 
(c) 1, 2  &  1, 2  (d)  1, 6  &  1,6 

 
1
(70) If a  b 3  13 4  3 then values of a & b are:
(a) –19 and 8 (b) 19 and –8
(c) –19 and –8 (d) 19 and 8
(71) The solution of 125  25  5  and 7 49  1 is
x y x y

2 4 4 2
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
5 5 5 5
2 4  2 4
(c)  ,   (d)   , 
5 5  5 5
The set of values of x for which  x  6   x are:
2
(72)
(a) x  4 or x  9 (b) x  9 or x  4
(c) x  4 or x  9 (d) x  9 or x  4
4
 1  3i 
(73)   
 2 
2
1  3i  1  3i 
(a) (b)  
2  2 
1  3i
(c) (d) None
2
(74) Solution set of 41x  41x  10 is
1 1  2 1
(a)  ,   (b)  , 
2 2 3 2
 1 3  3 1
(c)   ,  (d)  ,  
 2 2  2 2
(75) When x  2x  kx  3 is divided by x  2 and leaves a remainder 1, then k 
4 3 2

(a) 13 (b) 8.5

(c) 12.4 (d) 6
(76) The roots of x  1 are
4

(a) 1,i (b) 1, i

(c) i,1 (d) 1,i
(77) If roots of the equation ax  b  0 are real and unequal then;
2

(a) ab  0 (b) a  0
(c) ab  0 (d) ab  0

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1
(78) The conditional equation  x holds if x  ?
x
1
(b)  1
13
(a)
3
1
(c) (d) None of these
2
(79) If f  x   x 2  4 x  1 then it is a/an
(a) Trigonometric function (b) Exponential function
(c) Logarithmic function (d) Algebraic function
(80) If x  2  2  2  ... then x  ?
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) None of these
(81)  9002   9004   9006 
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d)  2
(82) The value of p for which the roots of equation 5 x 2  9 x  p  0 are reciprocal of
each other is
(a) 9 (b) 9
(c) 5 (d) 5
7
(83) If product of roots of equation  k  1 x 2  x   k  1  0 is then k  ?
4
11 11
(a) (b)
2 3
11 11
(c) (d)
4 5
(84) If x 2  y 2  13 and 3 x 2  2 y 2  30 then solution set is
(a)  2,3 ,  2, 3 ,  2,3 ,  2, 3 (b)  3, 2  ,  3, 2  ,  3, 1 ,  3, 2 
(c) 1, 2  ,  1, 2  ,  1, 2  , 1, 2  (d)  0, 4  ,  4,0  , 1, 2  ,  2,1
5
 2 34 
 x 3   
  
(85)
  
2 5
(a) x 5 (b) x 2
2 3
(c) x 3 (d) x 2
 
3
(86) 7  7  7 2 
(a) 7 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d)  7

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 CHAPTER-4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

(87) Two integers x & y are less than zero, then

(a) x  y is positive (b) 2xy is positive
(c) x  y is positive (d) None
(88) For what value of k , the equation 9x  6kx  4  0 has equal roots?
2

(a) 2 (b) –2
(c)  2 (d) None of these
(89) If  ,  are the roots of x  x  1  0 , then the equation whose roots are  19,  22 is:
2

(a) x2  x  1  0 (b) x2  19x  22  0

(c) x2 19x  22  0 (d) x2  x  1  0
 
(90) If  ,  are the roots of x2  2x  2  0 then  2 
 
2

(a) 2 (b) – 2
(c) 1 (d) – 1
(91) If 3x1  27 y1 and x  y  2 then  x, y  
(a) 1,3  (b) 1,5 
(c)  5,3  (d)  3, 2 
(92) If 4x2 1 is a factor of 2x4  4ax3  bx2  1 then values of a & b are (respecting)
1
(a) 0,1 (b) 0,
2
1 9
(c) 0,  (d) 0, 
2 2
If  is a cube root of unity, then  1     2  
9
(93)
(a) 29 (b) 0
(c) 29
(d) 1
(94) The fourth roots of x  5x  4  0 are
4 2

(a) All real (b) All imaginary

(c) Two real and two imaginary (d) None of these
(95) If x  2 is a root of x  5x  6  0 then which of the following is a factor of
2

6 x2  5x  1 ?
(a) 2 x  1 (b) 2x 1
(c) x  2 (d) x  2
(96) If roots of equation ax  bx  c  0 are  ,  then find an equation whose roots are
2

2 2
, .
 
(a) ax2  bx  c  0 (b) ax2  2bx  4c  0
(c) 4cx2  2bx  a  0 (d) cx2  bx  4a  0
(97) Difference of roots of equation x2  ax  b  0 is:
(a) a 2  4b (b) a 2  4b
(c) 4a  b 2 (d) None of these

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 CHAPTER-4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

(98) Solution set of x  4  1 is,

(a) 2,6 (b) 3, 6
(c) 4,6 (d) 4,0
(99) Roots of equation x3  ax2  x  1  0 are 1, 1,2 then value of a is
(a) 1 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) None of these
(100) Three cube roots of 216 are,
(a) 6, 6 , 6 2 (b) 6, 6 , 6 2
(c) 6, 6 , 6 2 (d) None of these

ANSWER KEY

1 A 11 D 21 B 31 D 41 A 51 C 61 71 81 91 C
2 A 12 D 22 B 32 B 42 D 52 C 62 72 A 82 C 92
3 D 13 A 23 B 33 C 43 A 53 63 73 A 83 93
4 B 14 C 24 C 34 A 44 D 54 D 64 74 84 94 A
5 A 15 D 25 B 35 B 45 B 55 65 C 75 85 95 B
6 D 16 D 26 A 36 D 46 A 56 B 66 76 B 86 C 96 C
7 B 17 C 27 A 37 B 47 D 57 A 67 77 87 97 B
8 D 18 B 28 D 38 D 48 58 68 78 B 88 98 B
9 C 19 A 29 B 39 B 49 59 69 A 79 D 89 A 99
10 C 20 C 30 C 40 A 50 C 60 70 B 80 C 90 D 100 B

STEM ECAT PIEAS GIKI NET LUMS NTS 81