Cell Cycle

Interphase
Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle, encompassing the period between cell
divisions. It is divided into three distinct stages: G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), and G2 (Gap 2).
G1 Phase (Gap 1): During G1 phase, the cell grows in size, increases its organelles, and
synthesizes proteins necessary for cellular functions. It is a period of intense metabolic
activity and preparation for DNA replication.
S Phase (Synthesis): In the S phase, DNA replication occurs. The cell's DNA is duplicated to
ensure that each daughter cell produced during cell division receives an identical copy of the
genetic material. This process is crucial for maintaining the genetic integrity of the cell.
G2 Phase (Gap 2): Following DNA replication, the cell enters the G2 phase. During this stage,
the cell continues to grow and prepares for cell division. It synthesizes additional proteins
and organelles needed for cell division, such as microtubules and other components of the
mitotic spindle.

Meiosis
Meiosis I:
Prophase I: This is the longest phase of meiosis. It begins with the condensation of
chromosomes and the pairing of homologous chromosomes. Crossing over occurs during
this phase, where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, leading to genetic
recombination. The nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers start to form.
Metaphase I: Homologous chromosome pairs line up along the metaphase plate, with one
chromosome from each pair facing opposite poles of the cell. The orientation of
chromosomes is random, contributing to genetic diversity.
Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles of the
cell, guided by the spindle fibers. Sister chromatids remain attached.
Telophase I and Cytokinesis: Chromosomes reach the poles of the cell, and the nuclear
envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis divides the cell into two
daughter cells, each containing half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell.
Meiosis II:
Prophase II: The nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers begin to form.
Chromosomes condense again, similar to mitotic prophase.
Metaphase II: Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate of each daughter cell, with
sister chromatids facing opposite poles.
Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase II and Cytokinesis: Chromatids reach the poles of the cell, and nuclear envelopes
form around them. The cell undergoes cytokinesis, resulting in the formation of four haploid
daughter cells, each with a unique combination of chromosomes due to crossing over and
random assortment during meiosis I and II. These daughter cells are genetically diverse,
contributing to genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms.