Conduction

Similar generalized equation for heat conduction can be developed for cylinder and sphere to estimate the
temperature profile

Rate of heat input at radial position 𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿 𝑞𝑟 ȁ𝑟

Rate of heat output from shell at radial position = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿 𝑞𝑟 ȁ𝑟+∆𝑟

At steady state and no heat generation,

2𝜋𝑟𝐿 𝑞𝑟 ȁ𝑟 − 2𝜋𝑟𝐿 𝑞𝑟 ȁ𝑟+∆𝑟 = 0

Dividing by ∆𝑟 and taking limits ∆𝑟 → 0

2𝜋𝑟𝐿 𝑞𝑟 ȁ𝑟 − 2𝜋𝑟𝐿 𝑞𝑟 ȁ𝑟+∆𝑟
=0
∆𝑟
𝑑 𝑑
we get, − 2𝜋𝑟𝐿𝑞𝑟 = 0 or, − 𝑟𝑞𝑟 = 0
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟

Integrating, 𝑟𝑞𝑟 = 𝐶1
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝐶1
Now, 𝑞𝑟 = −𝑘 Putting this in the previous equation, −𝑘𝑟 = 𝐶1 or, =−
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑘𝑟
𝐶1
or, 𝑇=− 𝑙𝑛𝑟 + 𝐶2
𝑘

BM-CHE-S204-Heat Transfer, UIET, CSJM University, Kanpur

Putting boundary conditions, at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑖 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑖 and at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑜
𝐶1 𝐶1
𝑇𝑖 = − 𝑙𝑛𝑟𝑖 + 𝐶2 and 𝑇𝑜 = − 𝑙𝑛𝑟𝑜 + 𝐶2
𝑘 𝑘

Solving the two equations, we get,

𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 𝑘 𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 𝑙𝑛𝑟𝑖
𝐶1 = 𝑟𝑜 and 𝐶2 = 𝑇𝑖 +
𝑙𝑛 ൗ𝑟𝑖 𝑙𝑛 𝑟𝑜ൗ𝑟𝑖

Substituting these values of the constants, we get,

𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑟𝑜 𝑙𝑛 𝑟ൗ𝑟𝑖
𝑙𝑛 ൗ𝑟𝑖

This is the temperature profile in a hollow cylinder

𝐶1
Rate of heat conduction, 𝑄 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿𝑞𝑟 or, 𝑄 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿
𝑟
2𝜋𝐿 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑘 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 This is identical to the equation
𝑄= 𝑟 = 𝑟
𝑙𝑛 𝑜ൗ𝑟𝑖 𝑙𝑛 𝑜ൗ𝑟𝑖 developed earlier for steady
2𝜋𝑘𝐿 state heat conduction in hollow
cylinder

BM-CHE-S204-Heat Transfer, UIET, CSJM University, Kanpur

Temperature profile in a sphere

Rate of heat input at radial position 𝑟 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 ȁ𝑟

Rate of heat output from shell at radial position = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 ȁ𝑟+∆𝑟

At steady state and no heat generation,

4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 ȁ𝑟 − 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 ȁ𝑟+∆𝑟 = 0

Dividing by ∆𝑟 and taking limits ∆𝑟 → 0

4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 ȁ𝑟 − 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 ȁ𝑟+∆𝑟
=0
∆𝑟
𝑑 𝑑
we get, − 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 = 0 or, 𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 = 0
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟

Integrating, 𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 = 𝐶1
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝐶1
Now, 𝑞𝑟 = −𝑘 Putting this in the previous equation, −𝑘𝑟 2 = 𝐶1 or, =−
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑘𝑟 2

𝐶1 1
or, 𝑇= . + 𝐶2
𝑘 𝑟

BM-CHE-S204-Heat Transfer, UIET, CSJM University, Kanpur

Putting boundary conditions, at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑖 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑖 and at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑜
𝐶1 1 𝐶1 1
𝑇𝑖 = . + 𝐶2 and 𝑇𝑜 = . + 𝐶2
𝑘 𝑟𝑖 𝑘 𝑟𝑜

Solving the two equations, we get,

𝑘 𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑜 𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑜 𝑟𝑜
𝐶1 = and 𝐶2 = 𝑇𝑖 −
𝑟𝑜 −𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑜 −𝑟𝑖

Substituting these values of the constants, we get,

𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑖
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑖 − 1−
𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖 𝑟

This is the temperature profile in a sphere

Rate of heat conduction, 𝑄 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑞𝑟 or, 𝑄 = 4𝜋𝐶1
4𝜋𝑘 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑜 4𝜋𝑘 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜
𝑄= =
𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖 1 1
−
𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑜
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜
𝑄=
𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖
4𝜋𝑘 𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑜

BM-CHE-S204-Heat Transfer, UIET, CSJM University, Kanpur

Steady state heat conduction with heat generation
From the generalized equation for heat generation
𝑑2𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑘 + 𝑞ሶ = 𝜌𝐶𝑝
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑇
At steady state, 𝑘 2 + 𝑞ሶ = 0
𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑 𝑇 𝑞ሶ
or, = −
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑘
𝑑 𝑑𝑇 𝑞ሶ
or, =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑘
𝑑𝑇 𝑞ሶ
or, =− 𝑥 + 𝐶1
𝑑𝑥 𝑘
𝑞ሶ 2
Integrating we have, 𝑇 = − 𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
2𝑘

Now at, 𝑥 = 0 𝑇 = 𝑇1 and at 𝑥 = 𝑙 𝑇 = 𝑇2

𝑇2 −𝑇1 𝑞𝑙ሶ
Therefore, 𝐶2 = 𝑇1 and 𝐶1 = +
𝑙 2𝑘
Putting the values of the constant, we have
𝑇2 −𝑇1 𝑥 ሶ
𝑞𝑥
𝑇 = 𝑇1 + + 𝑙−𝑥 Temperature profile in the wall will be parabolic
𝑙 2𝑘

BM-CHE-S204-Heat Transfer, UIET, CSJM University, Kanpur

Rate of heat loss from the surfaces

Rate of heat loss from unit area at the surface at 𝑥 = 0

𝑑𝑇 𝑞𝑥𝑘
ሶ 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑘 𝑞𝑙ሶ
− 𝑞𝑥 𝑥=0 = − −𝑘 =− + 𝐶1 𝑘 = + − 𝑞ሶ 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0
𝑘 𝑙 2
𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑘 𝑞𝑙ሶ
− 𝑞𝑥 𝑥=0 = +
𝑙 2

Rate of heat loss at 𝑥 = 0 occurs in the opposite direction to that of increasing 𝑥, hence negative sign

Rate of heat loss from unit area at the surface at 𝑥 = 𝑙

𝑑𝑇 𝑞𝑥𝑘
ሶ 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑘 𝑞𝑙ሶ
𝑞𝑥 𝑥=𝑙 = −𝑘 = − 𝐶1 𝑘 = − − + 𝑞ሶ 𝑙
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝑙
𝑘 𝑙 2
𝑞𝑙ሶ 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝑘
𝑞𝑥 𝑥=𝑙 = −
2 𝑙

BM-CHE-S204-Heat Transfer, UIET, CSJM University, Kanpur

Average temperature of a solid
• For a solid undergoing heat transfer, there is a temperature distribution in the solid (plane wall, cylinder, sphere)
• It is sometimes necessary to determine the average temperature of a solid

Plane wall

For a plane wall of thickness, 𝑙, area, 𝐴, specific heat, 𝐶𝑝 , and density, 𝜌 and having a
temperature distribution, 𝑇 = 𝑇 𝑥
Amount of heat energy contained in an element of thickness, 𝑑𝑥 is = 𝐴𝑑𝑥 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑇
Total energy in the wall can be obtained by integrating this quantity
Again, if 𝑇𝑎𝑣 is the average temperature of the wall, the total amount of heat energy in it
is = 𝐴𝑙 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝑎𝑣
𝑙 𝑙
∴ 𝐴𝑙 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝑎𝑣 = න 𝐴𝑑𝑥 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑇 𝑥 = 𝐴𝜌𝐶𝑝 න 𝑇 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0

1 𝑙
∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑣 = න 𝑇 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0

BM-CHE-S204-Heat Transfer, UIET, CSJM University, Kanpur

Cylinder

For a cylinder of length, 𝐿, radius, 𝑅, specific heat, 𝐶𝑝 , and density, 𝜌 and having a temperature distribution, 𝑇 = 𝑇 𝑟
Amount of heat energy contained in the volume of an elementary shell of thickness, 𝑑𝑟 is = 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟𝐿 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑇(𝑟)
Total energy in the wall can be obtained by integrating this quantity
Again, if 𝑇𝑎𝑣 is the average temperature of the wall, the total amount of heat energy in it is = 𝜋𝑅2 𝐿 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝑎𝑣
𝑅 𝑅
2
∴ 𝜋𝑅 𝐿 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝑎𝑣 = න (2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟𝐿)𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑇 𝑟 = 2𝜋𝐿𝜌𝐶𝑝 න 𝑟𝑇 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
0 0

2 𝑅
∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑣 = 2 න 𝑟𝑇 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑅 0
Sphere
For a sphere, the average temperature can be estimated by,
3 𝑅 2
𝑇𝑎𝑣 = 3 න 𝑟 𝑇 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑅 0

BM-CHE-S204-Heat Transfer, UIET, CSJM University, Kanpur

 Problem
The steady state temperature distribution in a 0.3 m thick plane wall is 𝑇 = 600 + 2500𝑥 − 12000𝑥 2
where T is in oC and 𝑥 is measured from one surface of the wall. One dimensional steady state heat conduction occurs in
the wall along the 𝑥-direction. The thermal conductivity of the material of the wall is 23.5 W/m oC
(a) What are the surface temperatures and the average temperature of the wall?
(b) Calculate the maximum temperature in the wall and it’s location.
(c) Calculate the heat fluxes at the surface
(d) Do you think there is heat generation in the wall? If so, what is the average volumetric rate of heat generation?

(a) The temperature at 𝑥 = 0 (left surface) is, 𝑇 𝑥 = 0 = 600oC and

The temperature at 𝑥 = 0.3 (right surface) is, 𝑇 𝑥 = 0.3 = 600 + 2500(0.3) − 12000(0.3)2 = 270oC
1 𝑙 1 0.3
Average temperature of the wall, 𝑇𝑎𝑣 = ‫׬‬0 𝑇 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 600 + 2500𝑥 − 12000𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0.3
2 3
1 0.3 0.3 1 184.5
𝑇𝑎𝑣 = 600 × 0.3 + 250 × − 12000 × = 180 + 112.5 − 10.8 = = 615℃
0.3 2 3 0.3 0.3

𝑑𝑇
(b) Maximum temperature in the wall occurs when =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇
= 2500 − 24000𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥 = 0.1042 𝑚
𝑑𝑥
2
𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 = 600 + 2500(0.1042) − 12000 0.1042 = 730.2oC
BM-CHE-S204-Heat Transfer, UIET, CSJM University, Kanpur
 𝑑𝑇
(c) Temperature gradient in the wall = = 2500 − 24000𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇
Heat flux at 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑞𝑥 𝑥=0 =− 𝑘 = −23.5 × 2500 = −58750 𝑊/𝑚2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0
𝑑𝑇
Heat flux at 𝑥 = 0.3 , 𝑞𝑥 𝑥=0.3 =− 𝑘 = −23.5 2500 − 24000 × 0.3 = 110450 𝑊/𝑚2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0.3

(d) Heat flow at left wall is opposite to that in the right wall
As heat is conducted from both walls, there must be a source of heat in the wall
Total heat loss = 110450 + 58750 = 169200 𝑊/𝑚2
If surface area is 1 m2, volume per unit surface area is = 0.3 m3/m2
169200 𝑊/𝑚2
Therefore, average volumetric rate of heat generation = = 564000 𝑊/𝑚3
0.3 𝑚3 /𝑚2

BM-CHE-S204-Heat Transfer, UIET, CSJM University, Kanpur