Group 3 - Final Pre-Design Submission

Research on contemporary architecture
Arba Minch Institute of Technology

AMU
Department Of Architecture and Urban Planning
G4-section-b
Research on Contemporary Architecture
Group Members
1. Gadissa Temesgen ……………Ramit /602/10
2. Henok Yeshidinber …………..Ramit/714/10
3. Marta Ayal …………………....Ramit/852/10
4. Nardos Girma…………………Ramit/1039/10
5. Nesima Seid……………………Ramit/1074/10
NOV.25/2021GC.
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Acknowledgement
The completion of this project could not have been possible without the participation and
assistance of a lot of individuals contributing to this project. However, we would like to express
our deep appreciation and indebtedness to our teachers for their support, kindness, and
understanding during the project duration.
Also, we would like to thank all who supported us in one way or another during the project work.
Above all, we would like to thank the Great Almighty for always having his blessing on us.
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Executive summery
This research proposal contain five parts; The first part deals about contemporary architecture and
trends, the second part reviews different on the need assessment and project justification of our
semester task; The third part deals with literature review on the selected theme and project; The
fourth part deals about site selection for the given project and analysis of the site; The fifth and the
last part shows the program development of the project and overall findings and conclusions about
the functions on the project.
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List of figures
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Figure 3-11 Figure 3-12 ................................................. 95
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Figure 3-24 .................................................................................................................................. 103

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Figure 3-51 Figure 3-52 122
Figure 3-53 Figure
3-54 ............................................................................................................................................. 122
Figure 3-55 South elevation ........................................................................................................ 123
Figure 3-56 WEST ELEVATION .............................................................................................. 123
Figure 3-57 NORTH ELEVATION .......................................................................................... 123
Figure 3-58 SECTION A-A ........................................................................................................ 124
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List of Table
Table 1-1 ....................................................................................................................................... 17

Table 1-2 ....................................................................................................................................... 33
Table 2-1 ....................................................................................................................................... 49
Table 2-2 ....................................................................................................................................... 49
Table 2-3 ....................................................................................................................................... 50
Table 2-4 ....................................................................................................................................... 50
Table 2-5 ....................................................................................................................................... 54
Table 2-6 ....................................................................................................................................... 56
Table 3-1 - National Average Source Energy Conversion Factors ............................................... 78
Table 3-2 ....................................................................................................................................... 95
Table 3-3 ..................................................................................................................................... 110
Table 4-1 ..................................................................................................................................... 143
Equation 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 78
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................... 2
Executive summery ......................................................................................................................... 3
List of figures .................................................................................................................................. 4
................................................................................................................................. 11
1. CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL THEMES AND TRENDS ................................ 11
1.1 ARCHITECTURAL TRENDS ....................................................................................... 11
1.1.1 Industrial Style in the Housing Architecture. .......................................................... 11
1.1.2 Home Automation and Smart Homes ...................................................................... 11
1.1.3 Open and Multipurpose Spaces ............................................................................... 11
1.1.4 The Kitchen Is the New Protagonist… & …. And The Bathroom Is a Space for
Relaxation ......................................................................................................................... 11
1.1.5 Protagonist of Floors and Walls. .............................................................................. 12
1.1.6 Risky Combinations. ................................................................................................ 12
1.1.7 White, Always White ............................................................................................... 12
1.1.8 Reform, Rehabilitate, Remodel................................................................................ 12
1.1.9 The New Minimalism. ............................................................................................. 12
1.1.10 The Contract Concept ............................................................................................ 12
1.1.11 Enjoy the Outdoors All Year ................................................................................. 13
1.1.12 Less Noise, More Light.......................................................................................... 13
1.1.13 Tests With Novel Constructive Methods ............................................................... 13
1.1.14 Passive houses ........................................................................................................ 13
1.2 ARCHITECTURAL THEMES ....................................................................................... 13
1.3 CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL THEMES ..................................................... 14
1.3.1 Definition ................................................................................................................. 14
1.3.2 History of Contemporary Architecture .................................................................... 15
1.3.3 Characteristics of Contemporary Architecture ........................................................ 16
1.3.4 Features of Contemporary Architecture................................................................... 17
1.3.5 Contemporary Architecture VS Modern architecture .............................................. 17
1.3.6 Contemporary Architecture Philosophy .................................................................. 18
1.3.7 Contemporary Architecture Styles ........................................................................... 19
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1.4 CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL MATERIALS .............................................. 19

1.5 Recent innovation on contemporary architecture In terms of technologies .................... 24
1.6 Typology of Contemporary Architectural Theme ........................................................... 26
1.6.1 Sustainable Architecture .......................................................................................... 27
1.6.1.1 The 3 Keys to Sustainable Architecture............................................................ 27
1.6.1.2 Characteristics of Sustainable Architecture ...................................................... 28
1.6.1.3 Spiritual Aspects of Sustainable Architecture .................................................. 29
1.6.2 Low Cost Architecture ............................................................................................. 29
1.6.3 Green Architecture ................................................................................................... 33
1.6.3.1 Common Characteristics of a "Green" Building ............................................... 34
1.6.3.2 Some benefits of Green Architecture ................................................................ 35
1.6.3.3 Different Types Of Green Building Technologies............................................ 35
1.6.3.4 Green Architecture Case Studies ...................................................................... 36
1.6.4 Bioclimatic Architecture .......................................................................................... 37
1.6.4.1 Objectives ......................................................................................................... 37
1.6.4.2 Bioclimatic Strategies In Architecture .............................................................. 38
1.6.4.3 Elements Of Bioclimatic Design ...................................................................... 39
1.6.4.4 Bioclimatic principles design ............................................................................ 40
1.6.4.5 Advantages Of Bioclimatic Architecture .......................................................... 40
1.6.4.6 Case studyfor bioclimatic architecture.............................................................. 41
1.6.5 Energy Efficiency/ Energy efficient buildings/ ....................................................... 42
1.6.5.1 Why Energy Efficiency Buildings? .................................................................. 43
1.6.5.2 How to Make Energy Efficiency Building ....................................................... 45
1.6.5.3 What Is Zero Energy Building? ........................................................................ 45
1.6.5.4 How to Adopt Zero Energy? ............................................................................. 46
................................................................................................................................. 48
2. NEED ASSESSMENT AND PROJECT JUSTIFICATION ................................................ 48
2.1 MATERNITY CENTER ................................................................................................. 48
2.1.1 Need assessment and problem identification ........................................................... 48
2.1.2 Project Justification of Women and Birth (Maternity) Center................................. 50
2.1.3 Why we choose this project as a solution for the former problem;- ........................ 51
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2.2 PUBLIC LIBRARY ........................................................................................................ 54

2.2.1 Need assessment and project identification ............................................................. 54
2.2.2 Project Justification of Public Library ..................................................................... 55
2.2.3 Some reason why we proposed public library project ............................................. 58
2.3 HOTEL ............................................................................................................................ 59
2.3.1 Need assessment and opportunity identification...................................................... 59
2.3.2 Project justification .................................................................................................. 61
................................................................................................................................. 63
3. LITRATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................ 63
3.1 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING ......................................................................................... 63
3.1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 63
3.1.1.1 Definition .......................................................................................................... 64
3.1.1.2 Typologies of NZEB Performance ................................................................... 64
3.1.1.3 NREL classification of Net Zero Energy Building ........................................... 66
3.1.1.4 Design Philosophies .......................................................................................... 66
3.1.1.5 NZEB Design Features/principles .................................................................... 67
3.1.1.6 Alternate Building Materials for Zero Energy Buildings ................................. 72
3.1.1.7 Measurement and implementation guide line ................................................... 75
3.1.1.8 Advantages and disadvantages ......................................................................... 79
3.1.1.9 The Performance Standard ................................................................................ 81
3.1.2 Zero energy on hospital buildings ........................................................................ 81
3.1.2.1 The main energy consumption system .............................................................. 82
3.1.2.2 Energy analysis by item .................................................................................... 84
3.1.2.3 Design challenges for health facilities .............................................................. 85
3.1.2.4 Energy saving suggestions ................................................................................ 86
3.1.2.5 Some Key strategy which make the systems work more efficiently to improve
comfort for the occupants and reduce energy usage: .................................................... 87
3.1.2.6 Successfully implemented innovations ............................................................. 88
3.1.2.7 Case Studies for zero energy............................................................................. 90
3.2 MATERNITY CENTER ................................................................................................. 93
3.2.1 Defination ................................................................................................................ 93
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3.2.2 .Hospital Vs Maternity Center ................................................................................. 94

3.2.3 Functional areas ....................................................................................................... 94
3.2.4 Environmental considerations ................................................................................ 109
3.3 CASE STUDIES............................................................................................................ 115
3.3.1 Local case study ..................................................................................................... 116
3.3.2 International Case study 1 ...................................................................................... 119
3.3.3 International case study 2....................................................................................... 121
............................................................................................................................... 133
4. SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS ............................................................................... 133
............................................................................................................................... 145
5. PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................... 145
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1. CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL THEMES AND TRENDS
1.1 ARCHITECTURAL TRENDS
The architectural trends for 2020 and 2021 have one thing in common: the commitment to
sustainable development and sustainable architecture. Society in general is evolving towards
environmental commitment and architectural trends, as a social manifestation, too. But there are
more trends in architecture that we tell you below.
1.1.1 Industrial Style in the Housing Architecture.

It is defined by asymmetrical forms in construction, both in residential buildings and in other
urban infrastructures. It is characterized by the combination of iron, wood, aluminum and even
recycled plastic, which means a reduction in construction costs. Simple lines and absence of
surface elements are also characteristic of the industrial style.
1.1.2 Home Automation and Smart Homes

It is an upward trend, both for new buildings and for rehabilitated buildings. Automated systems
are increasingly in demand to control the temperature, light or security of homes.A smart building
offers its users greater comfort and reduces consumption bills. Demotic Architecture is a reflection
of social awareness for the care of the environment and the need to consume the right.
1.1.3 Open and Multipurpose Spaces

Use building materials that serve as a link between the rooms and decorate the entire room in a
consistent way, to gain space and light. An irrefutable proof of how the concept of a room and
architectural interest is changing to redefine spaces.
1.1.4 The Kitchen Is the New Protagonist… & …. And The Bathroom Is a Space for Relaxation
On this occasion, we have also used the Heritage series to create this kitchen environment. That
is why the trends in architecture for 2020 give prominence to the kitchen, increasing its
dimensions and connecting it with the dining room and the living room. If you have that
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possibility, place a central island that serves as water zone and a breakfast bar and that visually
separates the lounge area.
1.1.5 Protagonist of Floors and Walls.

These decorative elements acquire a greater prominence in the architectural trends of 2020. The
coverings with quality tiles that imitate different materials are imposed by their functionality.
1.1.6 Risky Combinations.

The market offers such a variety of styles and colors in all building materials that it is difficult to
choose a single option. That is why in this year the spaces with a multitude of shapes and materials
will be trends, combined properly
1.1.7 White, Always White

White in its different shades continues to be the protagonist in interior design, alone or combined
with other colors such as black, mustard or gray. In addition, it reflects all the light received, so it
is recommended in the case of dark or interior rooms. Used in its proper measure, for example, in
bathroom tiles, white will provide an excellent aesthetic result.
1.1.8 Reform, Rehabilitate, Remodel

The principle of achieving the best results by minimizing the works is a trend during 2020.
Rehabilitating old buildings, and historical in many cases, to give them a new usefulness is a
process that we have been observing in our cities for several years. Also the reform of the houses
to adapt them to the new social demands and to endow them with greater comforts. These actions
have the advantage of a lower economic cost than the construction from scratch of the house or
building.
1.1.9 The New Minimalism.

The trend towards minimalism in architecture translates into a commitment to simple forms using
modern and avant-garde materials. It is a tendency to use quality materials to ensure thermal and
acoustic insulation that will result in economic savings and an environmental benefit.
1.1.10 The Contract Concept

The contract concept is transferred to the houses to create multi - functional spaces without
partition walls between some rooms and with rooms limited by glass walls.
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1.1.11 Enjoy the Outdoors All Year

The terraces and balconies can be enjoyed throughout the year if you condition them properly.
They are a trend in architecture glass enclosures without profiles, so-called glass curtains, which
allow you to open the space fully when the good weather arrives. If you have an outdoor space,
however small, you can place mobile stoves to combat the cold
1.1.12 Less Noise, More Light

Noise is a pollutant to which we are exposed inside and outside our homes. Using distributions
and materials that minimize noise inside the buildings. At the same time, architectural
technology is developed so that buildings take advantage of the natural light they receive from
the sun. And, also, there are trends that integrate artificial lighting in the most natural way
possible, either with foci stolen between the furniture or in the form of indirect warm light
1.1.13 Tests With Novel Constructive Methods

Structures made of recycled materials, such as plastic, or traditional construction methods will
be implemented to curb environmental destruction and fight against climate change. An example
of this trend can be found in the Kräuterzentrum de Ricola, designed byHerzog & de Meuron,
winners of the 2001 Pritzker Prize.
1.1.14 Passive houses

What emerged as a trend in architecture, the passive house, has become a philosophy of life and
a way of understanding how the relationship with the environment should develop. The
architectural design in these homes has the primary objective of using available resources,
maximizing energy savings. The use of less polluting materials and sustainable buildings is
increasingly an objective of individuals and public administrations in construction of buildings.
1.2 ARCHITECTURAL THEMES
Theme is an idea or topic expanded in a discourse, discussion, etc. A unifying idea, image, or
motif, repeated or developed throughout a work. The theme in architectural design is a
representation of the overall abstract design as a common thread of the architectural planning and
design process which will eventually become the spirit or soul of the architectural work.
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✓ What is a theme in design?
Theming refers to “the use of an overarching theme…to create a holistic and integrated spatial
organization of a consumer venue. Theming is the process of designing and constructing an object
or space so that “the particular subject or idea on which the style of something is based” is made
clear through the “synthesis of recognizable symbols with spatial forms.” Historically, most large-
scale themed environments were primarily designed for entertainment, so the industry that creates
these venues is known as themed entertainment.
Examples: - include theme parks, water parks, museums, zoos, visitor centers, casinos, theme
restaurants, and resorts. Theming is also increasingly used on smaller scale projects, including
parties and product launches, to make these events more impactful.
The theme in architectural design is a representation of the overall abstract design as a common
thread of the architectural planning and design process which will eventually become the spirit or
soul of the architectural work.
1.3 CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL THEMES
1.3.1 Definition
While there is no clear definition of what constitutes contemporary architecture, it comprises a
range of present day building styles that often possible in all its infinite iterations. Contemporary
Architecture isn’t an architectural movement nor a school of thought. It does not adhere to a
particular style or set of standards. But it is architectural style based on a principle that is shared
by all those who have the desire and the will to design and build things that are different from what
was done in the past and what is usually done in present.
Contemporary Architecture refers to the design, landscaping, and architectural features being
used right now in the 21st century. It includes all the latest innovations, new trends, as well as
thoughtful improvements and changes to architectural features from prior eras. An Architectural
Movement is particular architectural choices that claims to act as the precise reflection of a society
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and are always associated with a precise historical period. Since contemporary architecture is not
an architectural movement, it is not subject to this constraint.
Contemporary Architecture isn’t defined by a single style but is unified in its imperative to be
unconventional and offer a multitude of architectural choices, It aim to break away from the
standard way of thinking and doing and strives for innovative and advanced technologies. Can be
defined as the new style of architecture or architecture that reflects the futurism in it.
1.3.2 History of Contemporary Architecture

While there is debate as to the dates, contemporary architectural style is generally considered to
have originated in the 20th century’s second half. It is distinguished from the modernist
architecture of the early 20th century. After World War II, international cooperation grew rapidly.
This had a notable impact on all forms of art around the world. Hence, contemporary architecture
style is marked by trans-continental’s, an endeavor to create structures that are integral to their
environments, and a sense of “place - lessens”. Since contemporary architects have access to
innovative methods and materials, they are not restricted to creating linear forms. For example,
they can use 3D printing and BIM technology to create more precise, challenging and interesting
forms.
Contemporary architecture isn’t defined by a single style but is unified in its imperative to be
unconventional, to break with the past using innovation and imagination rather than replicating
older styles The era of contemporary architecture is generally thought to have begun sometime
after the modern period of the roughly first half of the 20th century and the postmodern period that
was a reaction to it beginning in the 1960s and continuing through to the 90s. Therefore, buildings
from the late 20th century to the present moment might be referred to as works of contemporary
architecture.
Examples of contemporary design include the New Museum of Contemporary Art in New York
City, the Heydar Aliyev Center in Baku, the Shard in London, the Sydney Opera House in Sydney,
and the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto. Some notable contemporary 21st century architects
include Frank Gehry, Jean Nouvel, Tadao Ando, Shigeru Ban, Santiago Calatrava and the late
Zaha Hadid
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1.3.3 Characteristics of Contemporary Architecture

• Contemporary architecture is a free-for-all, but here are some key elements (features) that
might help you identify a contemporary building in the wild:
• Curved lines
• Rounded forms
• Unconventional volumes
• Asymmetry (Placeholder1)
• Free-form shapes
• Open floor plans
• Large, abundant windows
• Green roofs, living walls
Figure 1-1
• Eco-Friendly Building Materials(Bamboo, timber,
Recycled Steel, Reclaimed Wood, Green Concrete, etc.)
• Integration into the surrounding landscape
• Integrated smart home technology Integrated
Customizable LED lighting
Figure 1-2
Figure 1-3
Figure 1-4 Figure 1-5
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1.3.4 Features of Contemporary Architecture

Geometric Simplicity - Contemporary Architecture, including contemporary homes, often have
a clean, non-fussy aesthetic.
Unconventional Materials - By its nature, contemporary architecture is inventive and unexpected.

Hence, it often features unconventional building materials.
Harmony with Nature - Large glass walls, overhanging roofs, clerestory windows, large windows
and skylights all help to create a sense of harmony and unity between structures and their
environment.
Bright, Airy Interiors - Multiple openings, panoramic views, larger windows, and uncommon
positioning make full use of natural light.
Flat Roofs - Flat, overhanging roofs are not just a visual choice, but also serve a function. They
provide shade while protecting a building from the elements.
Environmental Considerations - Sustainable design architecture has become increasingly

popular, and is here to stay. It aims to use materials and processes that minimize damage to our
natural environment. For example, one may use reclaimed wood, metal or concrete.
There is also a focus on HVAC systems, which take up a lot of energy. Energy-efficient design
may include passive solar design, cool roofs (that is, reflective or light-colored material on the
surface), solar panels, double glazed windows, and sustainable landscaping.
1.3.5 Contemporary Architecture VS Modern architecture

Typically points to a type of style built between the early 1900s and the 1950s. It's a very distinct,
defined style and it doesn't change.
Table 1-1
Modern architecture Contemporary architecture
Typically points to a type of style built The contemporary design essentially

between the early 1900s and the 1950s. It's means "the style of today." It's not
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a very distinct, defined style and it doesn't something that can be pinpointed exactly,
change. because styles and fashions and trends
put down roots in nature and simplicity change so quickly.
refers to an era that has passed looks at what is going on right now.
features wood and earthier elements all about the now and the future
Based up on new technologies of features state-of-the-art materials, glass
construction Materials; glass, steel, and and metals
reinforced concrete No single style is dominant; includes
Form follow function elements from modern and vernacular
Embrace of minimalist architecture
Rejection of ornament Resembles on an enormous scale
Some Architects' are: Designed to be noticed and to astonish
• Charles Eames Some Architects are:
• Philip Johnson • Frank Gehry
• Ludwig Mies van der Rohe • Peter Pennoyer
• Rick Joy
To put it simply, "modern" refers to a specific time period in American history and
"contemporary" refers to the ever-changing trends in house design of today.
1.3.6 Contemporary Architecture Philosophy

Though it is a new form of architecture, It influence some designs from modern architecture like
the lines and neatness in the design, the extensive use of curved lines made it to look more stylish
and advanced.
The materials being used in the contemporary architecture are apart from the core architectural
materials like bricks, glass, and steels.
Example: Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao is constructed using titanium along with limestone and
glass, natural light and innovative design made to shine while comparing with other architectural
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styles, the highly imaginative design is the core feature of contemporary architecture and it made
it to look the peak of the trend.
With more similar to the futuristic and modern architecture but with highlighted design concept
the contemporary architecture globally used to attract and to create an impact in its design, the
recycled materials being used made it to be quickly adaptable and energy saving with an efficient
one.
It all comes to space in contemporary architecture, how the architecture handles the space inside
the building is what matters most, usually, this architecture has wider space inside the building to
make it look quite peaceful and yet attractive at the same time.
1.3.7 Contemporary Architecture Styles

The architectural form focuses more on the functionality of the architecture rather than style,
bright and open interiors are also being used as the core features of contemporary architecture
style. Being the 21st-century architecture style it had its own space to occupy and own design
concepts to attract more people to it, though it is widely spread across the world United States and
the central European region holds more contemporary architecture than anywhere in the world.
1.4 CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL MATERIALS
Contemporary architectural feature open, flexible floor space, minimalist decorative elements,
and extensive use of modern or “industrial” mixed materials throughout. Stripped down, sleek,
and elegant. Contemporary floor plans also emphasize open, flexible spaces, allowing the
homeowner to tailor the home’s functionality. Modern or “industrial” mixed materials such as
concrete, vinyl, and glass are used extensively throughout the home. The relationship between
architecture and materials had been fairly straightforward until the Industrial Revolution. Materials
were chosen either pragmatically
➢ For their utility and availability or they were chosen formally.
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➢ For their appearance and ornamental qualities. Locally available stone formed foundations
and walls, and high-quality marbles often appeared as thin veneers covering the rough
construction. Indeed, the history of modern architecture can almost be viewed through the
lens of the history of architectural materials. Materials used under those architecture are:
A. Self-Healing Concrete
The greatest downfall of concrete the world’s most widely used building material is unavoidable
cracking caused by exposure to water and chemicals.
B. Nanomaterial
Nanotechnology is pushing materials science beyond the limits of what once seemed impossible.
When combined with ultra-high-strength concrete, nanomaterial’s such as Carbon Nanotubes
(CNTs) create a material so strong in both tension and compression that steel rebar is no longer
needed in construction, therefore expediting the building process. The possibilities don’t stop
there. Other developments include ultra-lightweight (super-strong) materials as well as another
form of self-healing concrete.
C. Solar Panel Innovations
Nanotechnology could also greatly improve the efficiency of solar panels, making it possible to
embed a single panel with a huge array of individual solar cells. This would greatly reduce the cost
of the technology, finally making solar energy a viable alternative to fossil fuel.
D. Rammed Earth
The rammed earth construction mainly based in Ghana is a locally available material used in a
construction system in which earth is compressed into wooden boxes. The abundant clay is then
placed in layers of 15cm height and compacted with tools to achieve the resiliency and durability.
This material has been highly observed as an aesthetic material in Sub-Saharan continent along
with its ecological and economic benefits in constructing housing for 1.
E. Pigmented Concrete
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Concrete is an achromatic symbol of strength that triggers harsh and roughness with human
feelings when exposed. However, when appropriate pigmented admixtures added to cement,
gravel, sand and water can result in colored concrete mixtures. Other than aesthetics, it adds a
sense of perspective and contrast with surroundings while reducing the dependence on paints and
sealants.
F. The Cabkoma Strand Rod
It is a thermoplastic carbon fiber composite used in the exteriors of the building solely for
resiliency purpose and protecting the structures from earthquakes mainly in Japan. It is the lightest
seismic reinforcement, delicate and hence extremely strong adding aesthetics to the structure.
G. Light Generating Cement
An interesting yet notable invention where the cement absorbs the sunlight in the day and emits
it in the night time. This technique allows the materials crystallization properties to break up and
allow the light to pass through making it opaque. This highly energy efficient material rules over
the architecture industry and is expected to be used in – bathrooms, swimming pools, facades,
roads, parking areas and kitchens. It could also be used in road signs because of the light emitting
properties. This material is composed of silica, river sand, industrial waste, alkali and water.
H. Cigarette Butt Bricks
About 1% of the butts must be used in the production that would result in more sustainable,
lighter and energy efficient building material. The result is an even fair product which increases
the insulation properties of the material and solving the problems of the future.
I. The Hollow Clay Bricks
The unusual shape of this brick helps majorly in blocking the sun and letting the building breathe
through its hollow cores in letting the air pass. This structure helps in noise intrusion from the
exteriors in the building in contributing to the thermal comfort of the building users.
J. Transparent Wood
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We all love the wood finish on the floors, as a structural material and on our ceilings. This
material being one of the oldest is on its way to get a makeover when researchers are experimenting
with making it transparent. Being a great alternative to glass and plastic, transparent wood is
environmental-friendly and energy efficient. In the production process, the lignin is replaced with
polymers to make it transparent.
K. Modular Bamboo
Modular Bamboo fits for the most versatile building construction material. Being light weight,
availability in abundance and stronger than steel, this material can take any shape in construction
and also act as a major earthquake resistant structure in various parts of the world.
L. The Aluminum Foam
These panels are formed through air injection in molten aluminum and at a certain temperature,
when air bubbles stabilize forming foam panels which create intriguing patterns and layers for
opacity, texture, transparency and brightness.
M. 3D Grapheme
3D grapheme is coming to replace steel. Steel is not only heavy but also expensive to buy. 3D
grapheme is only 5 percent of the weight of steel but offers up to 200 times the strength of steel.
N. Transparent Aluminum
One of the new building materials for homes is a ceramic alloy that is almost 2x harder than
sapphire. The material does not corrode and is resistant to radiation and oxidation. You can use it
in the creation of stronger windows for homes, and domes for space and undersea vehicles.
O. Bioreactors
As the world moves towards renewable sources of energy, new building materials for houses are
all geared towards sustainability. These bioreactors are algae-infused wall panels that undergo
synthesis to create energy. The new sustainable building materials are ideal when you need to
create buildings with great thermal regulation and which are more self-reliant.
P. Invisible Solar Cells
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You can generate energy at home without having huge solar panels. Invisible solar cells produce
power by pushing wavelengths of light to cells at the edges. You can use these new home building
materials to generate energy from any component of a building, including doors and windows. It
is one of the new building materials in architecture that will save you money on electricity bills.
Q. Nanocrystal
Nanocrystal comes to make smart windows even smarter. The new home building materials are
made with crystalline nanoparticles, which allow in natural light while blocking heat. The
materials are ideal when you need to have more light into your home but reduce HVAC costs.
R. Hydro Ceramic
Hydro ceramics are the self-cooling walls of the future. These walls are made from two layers of
ceramic, fabric, and hydrogels. These new building materials in architecture can absorb up to 400x
its volume in water. When used in buildings, it cools a building temperature and saves greatly on
HVAC costs.
S. Biochar
Biochar is one of the new building materials made from waste products. The material provides
high insulation qualities that come when tree debris burns in pyrolysis kilns. When used in
buildings, the new building materials for homes provide thermal regulation and create structures
that do not rely on HVAC to stay warm.
T. Illuminating Concrete
When used on buildings, illuminating concrete will glow at night, making your building look
aesthetically pleasing. The non-flammable concrete is engineered with minuscule glass balls that
glow when they reflect light. You can use the concrete to create signage systems, lighting
underground spaces, marking dangerous areas, and on artistic buildings.
U. Wool Brick
Instead of using conventional earth bricks, you can use wool bricks, which are 37x stronger but
lighter. The bricks are a fusion of wool and seaweed polymer. When used in buildings, the bricks
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reduce the emission of greenhouse gases as they do not need firing as is required with traditional
bricks.
Most of the new building materials for houses are relatively affordable. However, some are more
expensive than conventional materials, thanks to the high production costs. Nevertheless, the new
building materials are more affordable in the long run as they last longer than traditional materials.
In the future, more sustainable materials will be engineered.
1.5 Recent innovation on contemporary architecture In terms of technologies
Future and technology always go hand in hand and give ever shining results. There are
many new applications and technologies making the jobs of architects easier at the same time
more challenging. There is a need to adapt and get adhered to the upcoming technologies in the
best way to thrive in a challenging future. There are various divisions in the types of work which
are performed or catered by these technologies. From site study to final virtual experience before
hand, everything is now possible with technology. And also new innovations in these
technologies are coming simultaneously. However, many of these technologies are further in
stages of exploration and experimentation and may need time to be used as widespread
architectural tools. But undoubtedly, they are the future of architecture and there is much more to
it as we study more and more about them.
Some of the technologies that are creating buzz in the architectural world are listed below. Some
of them have been invented since quite a time but are sure to gain popularity in the coming time.
a. BIM; The popularity of BIM (Building Information Modelling) is on new heights with all
these trends allows the perfect distribution of work in all stages of construction process and
hence enables proper execution with lesser inaccuracies. It thus allows the work of several in a
single shared process. Revit, ArchiCad and Allpaln are some of the most renowned BIM
compatible software’s.
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b. Artificial intelligence; AI has started replacing much of the manual work and increasing
optimization by efficiently considering all respects from weather and site conditions to
experiencing virtual walkways. Robots, automation and internet of things have fairly started
helping in creating and designing buildings with increased efficiency and can work wonders in
future.
c. Big Data; Big data is definitely the big thing. It has created waves in architecture in various
ways. Architects are designing buildings that store big data servers and warehouses and not
humans with users demanding smarter buildings and data performances. With the greater
availability of data and Internet of things, architects are able to access more data that helps them
in designing unique and more efficient buildings.
d. Generative Design; It uses artificial intelligence to generate design options using a set of
algorithms. It gives multiple design options according to specific design requirements like
materials, budget and building techniques. This can give a thorough start to a certain concept
with greater possibilities.
f. Additive Design in the form of 3D and 4D printing; Additive design involves both human
and artificial intelligence in building and designing process. It is no sooner that more robots and
humans will work together to build a project with greater efficiency. 3D printing has not only
enabled the building of prototype models of actual structures, but now this technology can build
whole of a structure by itself.
g. Architectural Apps; Architectural apps like Revit, Grasshopper, Rhino are being adapted by
various firms worldwide and there is no stopping in more advanced versions of the existing ones
or the launching of newer ones with services that are tremendously needed and are time saving
and organized.
h. Virtual Reality; VR allows the architects to better explain their ideas and concepts to their
clients in a real life like experience. VRs are the majorly hitting trend among the clients and
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designer groups and can help create more efficient and user specific designs because of the
experiences it offers.
i. Augmented reality; AR adds to the real life experience by overlaying of 2D over 3D.It works
like the giving 3D effects of sound and touch to 2D plan so that the user or the designer can even
feel the materials being put into design.
j. Mixed reality; Mixed Reality on the other hand allows the interaction between physical spaces
and virtual spaces giving rise to concepts like vertical cities due to rapid urbanization and lack of
spaces.
k. Sam100 and Hydrian X; Sam100 and Hydrian X are mechanical brick laying robots and can
be programmed to change various brick laying patterns and layouts. They work with greater
efficiency than the manual labor.
l. Finch 3D; Finch 3D is a software, yet to be launched.it will be launched as a plug in to Rhino
or Grasshopper. It will help in leveraging designs in the starting phases of construction. Similar
products and software’s like Archicad, Revit, Fuzor, Jaunt Vr and much more are the types of
technologies that are gearing up in the current scenario, having a wide variety.
1.6 Typology of Contemporary Architectural Theme
The are many Architectural Themes and some of them are listed in the below
✓ Sustainable Architecture
✓ Green Architecture
✓ Low - Cost Architecture
✓ Net – Zero Energy Buildings
✓ Globalizations
✓ New Minimalist Architecture
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1.6.1 Sustainable Architecture

Sustainability is an important feature of contemporary architecture, with the use of recycled and
natural materials and attention to eco-conscious water and temperature control building systems
that are ever more seamlessly integrated and considered. Sustainable Architecture is a general term
that refers to buildings designed to limit humanity's impact on the environment.
An eco-friendly approach to modern-day building encompasses every aspect of the planning and
construction process, including the choice of building materials; the design and implementation of
heating, cooling, plumbing, waste, and ventilation systems; and the integration of the built
environment into the natural landscape.
This practice is an integral part of safeguarding our natural environment. it has become an
important element of contemporary architecture. Environmental standards such as BREEAM
and LEED offer guidelines for sustainable building. Responsible architects strive to meet these
standards and gain the associated certifications for their projects. Despite all the advances in
knowledge and awareness, truly sustainable architecture is still more the exception than the rule.
The operating concept is that structures so designed "sustain" their users by providing healthy
environments, improving the quality of life, and avoiding the production of waste, to preserve the
long-term survivability of the human species.
1.6.1.1 The 3 Keys to Sustainable Architecture

There are three primary factors required in sustainable architecture for a building to be considered
green.
A, Environmental Sustainability
This means the structure must accommodate human life within the limits of the surrounding eco-
structure.
B, Economic Sustainability
Economic sustainability means the building should be able to support itself financially without
harming the culture, society, or environment.
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C, Social Sustainability
This idea refers to how the business impacts employees, local communities, customers, and others
with whom your company does business. For a building to be socially sustainable, it needs to
contribute to the well-being of the society around it.
1.6.1.2 Characteristics of Sustainable Architecture

Here are some common characteristics of sustainable architecture
✓ Overall focus on reducing human impact on the environment.

✓ Minimal wasteful, harmful energy consumption thanks to the use of renewable energy
sources, such as solar panels and natural heating, cooling, and ventilation systems.
✓ Buildings that produce at least as much energy as they consume for a net zero effect.
✓ Water conservation systems, such as rainwater collection and recycling gray water.
✓ Integration into the surrounding landscape.
✓ Use of renewable materials, such as bamboo, hemp, cork, flax, and soy.
✓ Replacement of conventional materials like concrete with sustainable alternatives, such as
hemp Crete (made from hemp, lime, and water) or conventional plastics with innovative
bio plastics made from algae
✓ Use of recycled and up cycled materials.
✓ Adaptable, modular spaces made from natural materials that can be easily broken down
and repurposed or recycled.
✓ Tiny houses, micro apartments, and other small structures that help address the appetite for
more sustainable housing and use less land mass and energy
✓ Alternative housing solutions, such as homes and apartment buildings constructed from
recycled shipping containers as well as floating architecture on waterways around the
world that address housing shortages in dense coastal areas
✓ Incorporation of plants and nature via living walls, tree-covered residential towers, and
green roofs to help cool existing buildings and create healthy barophilic environments for
humans
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1.6.1.3 Spiritual Aspects of Sustainable Architecture

A spiritual viewpoint is that sustainable architecture is "stewardship," a recognition and celebration
of the human environment as a vital part of the larger universe and of humankind's role as
caretakers of the earth. Viewed in this way, resources are regarded as sacred. Another perspective
is that the creation of a building in the likeness of a living system is somewhat religious, as a divine
entity creates a living order.
1.6.2 Low Cost Architecture

Low cost Architecture is all about construction that optimizes the various aspects of construction
without changing the quality of the final product. It involves strategies intended to optimize
resource, technologies, material utilization, and maximize efficiency of the structure. “Cutting
costs can be achieved in various ways without losing sight of utility or aesthetics," say B S
Bhooshan,A an architect and planner. The issue of cost-effective material and technology has been
a topic of debate in the construction industry. A design for low-cost building does not have to be
strictly functional.
The ultimate objective of architectural design is to create enjoyable living spaces. It takes
dedication, vision, and passion to establish cost-effective and environment-friendly architecture.
Low cost housing can be achieved by use of efficient planning and project management, low cost
materials, economical construction technologies and use of alternate construction methods
available. Low-cost housing projects are characterized by an increasing demand mainly due to
urbanization.
The selection of building materials should meet the needs of local circumstances to improve
value of life for the most desired ones by building innovative structures and/or by refining existing
structures. Sustainability regarding urban housing intends to progress new approaches to succeed
human settlements and integrate energy and environmental issues. To achieve a sustainable
housing project is required a balance of environmental, economic and social issues with technical
issues. Findings show that up to 60 % of the total cost of a low-income housing project is allocated
to engineering project and construction materials.
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Housing is one of the basic needs of mankind in terms of safety, security, self esteem, social
status, cultural identity, satisfaction and achievement. The best method to adopt is using natural
materials, renewable materials, eco friendly building materials used, using locally available
materials and minimizing the resource allocation and innovative methods can implemented to
reduce the cost and to achieve sustainable and Green building.
➢ Advantage of Low cost building material

✓ Pollution Prevention
✓ Reduce Energy Consumption And Use Of Natural Materials
✓ Use Local Materials
✓ Energy Efficiency
✓ Use Of Non-toxic Building Materials
✓ Longitivity
✓ Durability And Maintenance Of Building Materials,
✓ Recyclability Of Building Materials, And
✓ Biodegrability.
➢ The Principles of Building A Low Cost House.
Some simple tips that will help you to build a low cost home are;
✓ Choose An Economical Building Lot

✓ Build Small And Tall
✓ Invest In Quality And Postpone Frills,
✓ Use Recycled Materials
✓ Hire An Expert On Low Cost House Design
➢ Criteria of Low Cost Houses In Low Cost Architecture.
The six criteria of sustainable housing principles are:
✓ Energy Efficiency
✓ Internal Environmental Quality
✓ Site Planning and management of suitable
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✓ Material and resource

✓ Water efficiencies and
✓ Innovation.
➢ Low Cost Architecture Case Studies
M1 House.
✓ Location: Every Where.

✓ Architect: Passion Smart Design Houses.
✓ Source: www.passionhouses.com
✓ Photos: © Passion Smart Design Houses
✓ Prefabricated building was chosen here for two
reasons:
✓ To keep construction time
✓ Environmental impacts to a minimum Figure 1-6
✓ Was to avoid having any construction delays due

to the weather .Done & dusted – this home which
stands out for its use of wood, was completed in
less than a week.
Figure 1-7
Figure 1-8
Figure 1-9
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The interior wall can be adjusted according to people and the time of day. The bed can be
folded during a day, so as to take up less.
The basic features of the M1 House are:
✓ Energy efficient and Cool LED lights.

✓ No worries and Groovy
✓ Intelligent and Relax fully furnishing
✓ Easy sanitary ware and pipping
✓ Low maintenance and Durable
✓ Long lasting terrace
✓ Nordic standards
✓ Sorting foundations
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1.6.3 Green Architecture
Green Building is Green building is the practice of creating structures and using processes that
are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle from
siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction. Green
Building is also known as a Sustainable or High Performance Building.To explain in the simplest
terms, Green building is environmentally-conscious construction and operation of a building
structure.
Green architecture, or Green Design, is an approach to building that minimizes the harmful
effects of construction projects on human health and the environment. The “Green Architect or
Designer” attempts to safeguard air, water, and earth by choosing eco-friendly building materials
and construction practices. Different stakeholders look for the opportunity to become more
involved with promoting these concepts, several green building technologies have been developed
to pave the way and ease the process for long-term practices in green & sustainable construction.
Incorporating eco-friendly elements into architectural designs has continued to grow in popularity
over the years. From protecting the environment to saving on energy costs, the benefits of green
architecture are endless.
Table 1-2
Aspects of Built Consumption: Environmental Ultimate Effects :

Environment: Effects:
Siting Energy Waste Harm to Human

Health
Design Water Air pollution
Environment
Construction Materials Water pollution
Degradation
Operation Natural Resources Indoor pollution
Loss of Resources
Maintenance Heat islands
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Renovation Storm water runoff
Deconstruction Noise
Here are three of the top sustainable building trends you should be sure to adopt in to your
building design in 2021.
A. Green Energy and Energy Efficiency
An increased focus on green, renewable energy is becoming more important in architectural

designs. Instead of relying on traditional energy sources, more architects are looking for ways to
create sustainable buildings that run on (or create) either solar, hydro or wind energy.
B. Healthy, Renewable Building Materials
Homeowners are becoming more conscious of the negative environmental impact and health
hazards that some of these materials can cause. In turn, healthy, sustainable building materials,
such as low volatile organic compound (VOC) paints, are becoming more widespread and
requested when renovating or building new spaces. Along with being healthier, these materials are
also more environmentally friendly, helping reduce the structure's carbon footprint.
C. Storm water Management
These designs help prevent damage from flooding, and the basin method specifically provides
homeowners with the option of recycling and reusing all the rainwater that has collected inside.
This water can then be used to water plants or irrigate the lawn.
1.6.3.1 Common Characteristics of a "Green" Building

The highest goal of green architecture is to be fully sustainable. Simply put, people do "green"
things in order to achieve sustainability. While most green buildings do not have all of the
following features, green architecture and design may include:
Ventilation systems designed for efficient heating and cooling, Energy-efficient lighting and
appliances, Water-saving plumbing fixtures, Landscaping with native vegetation and planned to
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maximize passive solar energy. Minimal harm to the natural habitat, Alternative renewable energy
power sources such as solar power or wind power, Non-synthetic, non-toxic materials used inside
and out, Locally-obtained woods and stone, eliminating long-haul transportation, Responsibly-
harvested woods, Adaptive reuse of older buildings, Use of recycled architectural salvage,
Efficient use of space, Optimal location on the land, maximizing sunlight, winds, and natural
sheltering, Rainwater harvesting and grey water reuse.
1.6.3.2 Some benefits of Green Architecture

Efficient use of energy, water and other resources. Use of renewable energy, such as solar energy.
Pollution and waste reduction measures. The enabling of re-use and recycling. Good indoor
environmental air quality. Use of materials that are non-toxic, Ethical and sustainable. Recycled
content products are used in green architecture on account of their resource efficiency.
1.6.3.3 Different Types Of Green Building Technologies

The below list strikes a perfect balance between eco-friendly building materials which can be
used to sustainable building structures and more advanced green technologies like solar which can
go long way in cutting down energy consumption. These materials and technologies are being
actively used by builders and developers across the world. Let’s know them:
Those Green Building Technology Types are:
a. Net Zero Concepts
b. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning)
c. Low-Emitting Materials
d. Cool Roofs
f. Green Insulation
g. Solar Power
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h. Smart Appliances
i. Water
1.6.3.4 Green Architecture Case Studies

B. Bee’Ah Headquarters in the UAE
Bee’Ah’s located in the middle of the desert, new headquarters will need to withstand some harsh
environmental conditions. That’s why the green building has been designed with its locale in mind:
the rolling, the wind-resistant dune-like structure is clad with materials that can reflect the sun’s
rays, minimizing the amount of cooling that’s needed during the day.
Figure 1-14
Some Features of Bee’Ah Headquarters are:
• Waste heat generated by air conditioning the 7,000m2 structure will be used to provide hot
water.
• A central courtyard welcomes natural light into the interior, and adjustable openings in the
facade allow cooler air in for natural ventilation when weather conditions are favorable.
• The green building’s design is unique,
• It’s been kept to standard dimensions so much of the material used to build it can be
recovered from construction and demolition waste.
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• The green building will produce some of the power required to run it through photovoltaic
panels, and through energy produced at the waste management facility
• Finally, the environmental benefits of Green construction are obvious, but there are other
compelling reasons to implement green building technologies which may not immediately
come to mind. Use of Green building technology aids the green efforts, benefiting
workforce and society as a whole, reducing operating costs and elevating your brand value.
1.6.4 Bioclimatic Architecture

Bioclimatic architecture is a way of designing buildings based on the local climate, with the aim
of ensuring thermal comfort using environmental resources. They must also blend into their natural
surroundings. This is nothing new, because it is fair to say that traditional architecture is
intrinsically bioclimatic. All you need to do is look at the shapes of roofs and the sizes of windows
in different countries and regions. it has passive design solutions adapt to climatic conditions to
create indoor comfort, satisfying better demands of building occupants. Bio climatic architecture
Moto is looking back at the past to build the future. Bio climatic theme combines traditional
solutions developed for hot and humid climate zones with most contemporary technology and
knowledge.
1.6.4.1 Objectives
The main aims of bioclimatic architecture are to create healthy, comfortable homes for the
inhabitants of these buildings, while respecting the environment. To do this, it is essential to avoid
using polluting materials, ensure the wellbeing of local biodiversity and make efficient use.
Bioclimatic design aiming at the construction of buildings that are in harmony with the natural
surroundings and local climate, ensuring conditions of thermal comfort inside. The bioclimatic
design of the buildings serves four main objectives:
• Saving conventional energy. Thrift in oil consumption through renewable energy sources
(RES), that leads to energy saving.
• Saving money. Using inexpensive solar energy for heating and / or cool wind for cooling.
This is an economic challenge resulting in cutting down heating and cooling expenses by
50%, possibly more.
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• Protection of the environment. Less usage of fossil fuels and electricity reduces the waste
which harms the environment and cause air pollution.
• Improvement of the indoor living conditions. Bioclimatic design ensures thermal comfort
and air-quality thus creating a healthy living environment. of energy, building materials,
water and other resources.
1.6.4.2 Bioclimatic Strategies In Architecture

Bioclimatic buildings are based on design and daily use strategies that contribute to reducing their
energy costs. These are the most common: Bioclimatic, efficient design. Designing buildings that
adapt to the local climate to minimize energy expenditure and resources used, avoiding leaks and
wastage.
Control and smart use of space. Buildings and their rooms should be of a suitable size as to
optimize energy use. Sustainable materials. Sustainable materials like wood, stone, natural fiber
and recycled materials minimize the impact of the building.
Use of renewable energies. Bioclimatic buildings use different types of renewable energies —
solar, geothermal, wind and hydraulic — to reduce their consumption. Use of smart materials. For
Figure 1-15
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example: window panes that automatically darken tiles that store the heat of the sun and smart
materials that repair themselves to lengthen their useful life.
1.6.4.3 Elements Of Bioclimatic Design

Bioclimatic buildings require the use of a series of elements and building techniques that help to
reduce their energy consumption and environmental impact:
✓ The orientation, size, height, layout, and even the color of these houses is planned before
they are built to make the best use of energy.
✓ The buildings are kept compact to reduce their surface area, with the main windows face
the to make the most of passive solar energy.
✓ The materials surrounding the outside of the house (walls, doors, roofs, etc.) must be
properly insulated to avoid heat loss through transference.
✓ Ventilation systems ensure that the heat in the air that is removed from the building is
transferred to the fresh air that is brought in through heat exchangers to avoid thermal
losses.
✓ Water and plants are also important in hotter climes, using trees, climbing plans, vertical
gardens, green roofs and other techniques to create cool areas that protect from the heat of
the sun.
✓ Thermal accumulators such as heat exchangers and pumps make it possible to capture and
store the heat generated by the heating system or the sun and avoid losses.
✓ The air tightness of the building is essential. Leaks through gaps should be minimal with
respect to the total volume of the house.
✓ Thermal bridges must be avoided: edges, corners and joints must be created carefully to
avoid heat loss through these bridges.
✓ Hydrothermal comfort can be achieved by efficiently controlling air currents, evaporation
caused by the sun or by reducing condensation, particularly in warm climates.
✓ installations including aero thermal heating, renewable energy and electrical self-
consumption.
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1.6.4.4 Bioclimatic principles design

The following diagram shows a section of a bioclimatic building shell and its function during
winter and summer period.
✓ The design of the building must comply with the following bioclimatic principles of
operation:
✓ The building as a natural solar collector in winter:
✓ The proper location of the building - Orientation (the largest face of the house facing
SOUTH)
✓ Shape of the building,
✓ Size of the openings are depended on the orientation of the building,
✓ Interior design according to bioclimatic principles of orientation
✓ The building serving as a heat trap:
✓ Protection from cold winds,
✓ Thermal protection - insulation
✓ The building serving as a heat storage:
✓ Thermal mass - heat capacity
✓ The building serving as a natural cooling trap / storage:
✓ Sun protection of the building and its openings,
✓ Color and texture of the outer surfaces,
✓ Sufficiency of thermal mass,
✓ Thermal protection – insulation,
✓ Natural ventilation,
✓ Outgoing heat radiation during night,
✓ Microclimate
1.6.4.5 Advantages Of Bioclimatic Architecture

Bioclimatic architecture and eco efficient buildings are beneficial to both building companies and
their users, as well as taking care of the environment and society at large:
✓ Saving on bills due to better energy management and integration with their surroundings.
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✓ Optimal thermal comfort to keep temperatures stable in any climate and season of the
year.
✓ A lower carbon footprint due to reduced greenhouse gas emissions (GGE) and water
footprint by optimizing water consumption.
✓ Less noise pollution by using insulation.
✓ Improved sustainable habits by making sparing use of energy and other resources.
Investment in innovation by using
1.6.4.6 Case studyfor bioclimatic architecture

A. The conventional skyscraper
The conventional skyscraper is a closed, inhospitable environment little better than a stack of
concrete trays -- or so says Malaysian architect Dr. Ken Yeang, whose defining metaphor of the
high-rise as a “tea strainer” has influenced an entire generation of buildings throughout Southeast
Asia. His designs allow sun and wind to flow through a building, embracing the natural climate as
an advantage rather than sealing it out as an enemy. He enhances this open dynamic of permeable
boundaries with many transitional areas -- such as recessed balconies, large sky courts, and open-
Figure 1-16
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air atriums with louvered coverings -- further blurring the distinction between inside and outside
space. Living vegetation often bolsters his structures in a system of hanging, vertical, or spiraling
gardens used for shading and filtering.
The principle of “bioclimatic architecture,” or using external conditions for internal climate
control, informs all of Yeang’s work; his buildings contribute to their own environment, producing
energy rather than merely consuming it. they support sustainable development and the emotional
well-being of those who live and work in them.
Creates vertical continuity with connected ramps that allow pedestrians to ascend the tower along
a climbing internal "street" lined with sky gardens, terraces, exhibition and performance spaces,
cafés, shops, and offices. Bridges to adjoining buildings reinforce the lower levels as public
territory, ensuring a steady flow of people (and their social energy) upward into the building. An
integrated arrangement for sun shades, window glazing, light shelves, rainwater catchment
scallops, and photovoltaic panels combine to reduce solar load on the windows, collect water,
bounce light onto the ceilings and back into the building, and reduce overall energy demand and
cooling load.
1.6.5 Energy Efficiency/ Energy efficient buildings/
Energy efficiency means utilizing the minimum amount of energy for heating, cooling,
equipment and lighting that is required to maintain comfort conditions in a building. An important
factor impacting on energy efficiency is the building envelope. This includes all of the building
elements between the interior and the exterior of the building such as: walls, windows, doors, roof
and foundations. All of these components must work together in order to keep the building warm
in the winter and cool in the summer. In general energy efficient means the goal to reduce the
amount of energy required to provide products and services.
The amount of energy consumed varies depending on the design of the fabric of the building
and its systems and how they are operated. The heating and cooling systems consume the most
energy in a building; however controls such as programmable thermostats and building energy
management systems can significantly reduce the energy use of these systems. Some buildings
also use zone heating and cooling systems, which can reduce heating and cooling in the unused
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areas of a building. In commercial buildings, integrated space and water heating systems can
provide the best approach to energy-efficient heating.
Energy audits can be conducted as a useful way of determining how energy efficient the building
is and what improvements can be made to enhance efficiency. Tests should be undertaken to ensure
that the heating, cooling, equipment and lighting all work together effectively and efficiently.
Buildings also produce Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions, but this sector receives less attention
compared to other pollution contributors such as the transportation and industry sectors. In addition
to energy conservation and energy efficiency measures introducing renewable energy would be an
advantage to the building sector as it will reduce the carbon dioxide emissions, and the energy
generated from the renewable energy could be used for heating, cooling, ventilating or lighting.
Energy efficient buildings do not cost necessarily more to build than normal buildings, if they are
well maintained and manage energy effectively, they are set to be very reliable, comfortable and
as productive as a normal building.
Buildings are the largest energy consumers in the world economy, accounting for over one-
third of final energy use and approximately 30% of global carbon emissions. Although they are
far less visible consumers of energy (and emitters of CO2) compared to similarly energy intensive
sectors, such as transport or industry, buildings have a major role to play in any corporate strategy
that aims to tackle climate change. This is why the World Business Council for Sustainable
Development (WBCSD) has selected Energy Efficiency in Buildings (EEB) as one of the key
business solutions needed to address the challenge of climate change.
1.6.5.1 Why Energy Efficiency Buildings?
Governments have a responsibility to ensure that there is secure supply of energy to ensure
economic growth. In many developing countries there is normally very little margin between
existing power supply and electricity demand. With increasing electricity use from existing
consumers and new connections, new generation needs to be brought on line to meet increasing
demand. In addition, due to changing climate patterns and the increasing risk of drought, countries
that are highly dependent on electricity from hydro as their main source of electricity are losing
much of their generation capacity resulting in intensive power rationing. Although renewable
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sources of electricity such as hydro, geothermal or wind provide electricity at a much lower cost
than electricity generation from petroleum, their capital outlay is large, they are complex and take
much longer to implement. Petroleum-based generation is usually brought in in the short term to
meet this demand, which results in increased cost of electricity, over dependence on petroleum
and subsequently vulnerability to oil price fluctuations.
The main benefit from measures to improve energy efficiency buildings is lower energy costs
but there are usually other benefits to be considered too. Energy efficiency measures are meant to
reduce the amount of energy consumed while maintaining or improving the quality of services
provided in the building. Among the benefits likely to arise from energy efficiency investments in
buildings are:
• Energy efficiency measures are meant to reduce the amount of energy consumed
while maintaining or improving the quality of services provided in the building.
• Reducing energy use for space heating, cooling and water heating.
• Reduce electricity use for lightning, office machinery domestic type appliance.
• Lower maintenance requirement
• Improved comfort.
• Enhanced property value.
Buildings, as they are designed and used today, contribute to serious environmental problems
because of excessive consumption of energy and other natural resources. The close connection
between energy use in buildings and environmental damage arises because energy intensive
solutions sought to construct a building & meet its demands for heating, cooling, ventilation &
lighting cause severe depletion of invaluable environmental resources.
However, buildings can be designed to meet occupant’s need for thermal and visual comfort at
reduced levels energy & resources consumption. Energy resource efficiency in new constructions
can be affected by adopting an integrated approach to building design. The primary steps in this
approach would be to:-
• Incorporate solar passive techniques in a building design to minimize load on conventional
systems (heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting) Passive systems provide thermal and
visual comfort by using natural energy sources and sinks e.g. solar radiation, outside air,
sky, wet surfaces, vegetation, internal gains etc. Energy flows in these systems are by
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natural means such as by radiation, conduction, convection with minimal or no use of

mechanical means.
• Design energy-efficient lighting and HVAC systems (heating, ventilation and air-
conditioning) Once the passive solar architectural concepts are applied to a design, the load
on conventional systems (HVAC and lighting) is reduced.
• Use renewable energy systems (solar photovoltaic systems/ solar water heating systems)
to meet a part of building load the pressure on the earth’s non-renewable resources can be
alleviated by judicious use of earth’s renewable resources i.e. solar energy. Architects can
Some common design elements that directly or indirectly affect thermal comfort conditions
and thereby the energy consumptions in a building are:-
(a) Landscaping,
(b) Ratio of built form to open spaces,
(c) Location of water bodies,
(d) Orientation,
(e) Platform, and
(f) Building envelope and fenestration.
1.6.5.2 How to Make Energy Efficiency Building
Energy efficiency in building can be achieved using many ways starting from designing
passive buildings, using a recycled material in construction and use of latest energy saving
technologies during operation. On our next task of project we decided to work on one of the
energy an efficient method which is the net-Zero Energy Building.
1.6.5.3 What Is Zero Energy Building?

A zero energy building energy is a building with zero net energy consumption. It generates more
energy than it consumes. It is also known as ZERO NET ENERGY BUILDING (ZNE), NET
ZERO ENERGY BUILDING (NZE) & NET ZERO BUILDING (NZ).
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Buildings contribute less overall greenhouse gases to the atmosphere than a similar none zero
energy building. Reduce carbon emissions and depends on fossil fuels which is the zero net
energy consumption principle.
Why zero energy building?

• To overcome energy crisis.
• To reduce energy consumptions.
• To reduce greenhouse gases (carbon emissions) & global warming.
• Reduce depends on fossil fuels.
• To protect our environment for future generation.
1.6.5.4 How to Adopt Zero Energy?

• Site selection & orientation.
• Reduce heating, cooling and lighting loads through climate responsive and
conservation practices.
• Employ renewable or high energy sources.
Site selection and orientation: - orientation layout and location on site will all influence the
amount of sun a building receives and there for it’s a year-round temperature and comfort. Be flat
and north slopping. Be free of obstruction to the north. Be able to accommodate a building with a
relatively large north facing wall for maximum solar gain.
Passive solar design: - in passive solar design, windows, walls and floors are made to collect,
store and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat on the
summer. This is passive solar design because, unlike solar heat systems, it doesn’t involve the use
of mechanical and electrical devices. Use of thermal mass and phase change material for slowing
indoor air temperature swing, solar cookers, the chimney for enhancing natural ventilation, and
earth sheltering.
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Building envelope design:- use high performance building envelops select wall roofs and other
assemblies based on long term insulation, air barrier performance and durability requirements.
Damp proof, water proof membranes, insulation materials, water stop and drainage pipe.
Employing renewable energy sources: - renewable energy is energy, which is generated from
natural sources i.e. sun, wind, rain, tides and can be generated again and again when required. Use
of renewable energy can increase energy security and reduce dependence on important fuels, while
reducing and eliminating greenhouse gas emissions and associated with energy use.
Sun as a renewable source of energy: - zero energy homes should be deigned to use the sun
energy as much as possible for such things as : generating electricity, heating hot water and
utilizing passive space heating. Solar panel are placed on the roof top or window of the buildings,
or anywhere when maximum solar energy is received throughout the year. The energy generated
can be used for cooking, heating, generating electricity.
Wind as a renewable source of energy : - in some extreme areas where wind energy is abundant
and high, small windmills can also be used to generate electricity for running small equipment.
Net zero energy building connected to grid :- building connected to power grid can be termed
as “ net zero “ if there energy consumption is equal to their energy production over a year.
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2. NEED ASSESSMENT AND PROJECT JUSTIFICATION
2.1 MATERNITY CENTER
2.1.1 Need assessment and problem identification
As we know in Arba Minch city there is rapidly increasing population by the cause of giving
birth and immigration. When we came to giving birth a big ratio of women's are on the process
of it and there is one hospital and around 31 private clinics. From this all health centers only the
hospital gives this service. It’s not comfortable for both the mother and child also the parents
come with the mother in its service because it also giver another sectors of sickness. There are a
lot of crowdedness unfamiliar lack of basic needs and instruments. It’s also used to increase
infant and mothers mortality during birth. Since the 1999 census Arba Minch city administration
population was 74879 of which 39208 were male and 35671 were females in 1999. According
to the 2007 Census the total population of Ethiopia has reached to 73,918,505 (Male=
37,296,657 and Female=36,621,848) where 11,956,170 are living in urban areas and
61,962,335 are in rural. Reports have shown that the population of Ethiopia has growing
from time to time with 2.6% annual rate of population growth. The total fertility rate was 4.8%
per reproductive age group women (15-49 years) and the crude birth rate was 34.5%. In relation,
the contraceptive prevalence rate of Ethiopia was found 29%, where as that of SNNP was 25.8%.
Among the respondents 35.3% of the women had 1-2 living children, 29.7 had 3-4 living
children, 22.8% had more than five living children and 23.4% had no child at all. Infant
mortality rate of Ethiopia for the five years (2006 – 2010) was 59 deaths per 1000 live births; the
child mortality rate was 31 deaths per 1000 children surviving to 12 months of age, while the
overall under five mortality rate for the same period was 88 deaths per 1000 live births.
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All reproductive age group women were asked for their place of delivery for their last child
and found that 8,125 (92.3%) of the women had delivered their last child at home, 581
(6.6%) either of Health center or Hospital and 55 (0.6%) were used Health Posts.
Table 2-1
From the total sampled population 22.2 % were found to have no education, 67.8% were
attended more than secondary education, 57.6% were attended secondary education, and
35.7 had attended primary education. This indicates that the percentage share of males is
relatively larger than to females. In 2010c.c Arba Minch city administration population estimated
was 125411.
Table 2-2
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Table 2-3
Table 2-4
2.1.2 Project Justification of Women and Birth (Maternity) Center
A maternity center specializes in caring for women during pregnancy and childbirth. It also
provides care for new-born infants, and may act as a center for clinical training in midwife and
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obstetrics. Formerly known as lying in hospitals, most of them, like cottage hospitals, have been
absorbed into larger general hospitals, where they operate as the maternity department. The birth
center is a health care facility for childbirth where care is provided in the midwifery and wellness
model. The birth center is freestanding and not a hospital.
Birth centers are an integrated part of the health care system and are guided by principles of
prevention, sensitivity, safety, appropriate medical intervention and cost-effectiveness. While the
practice of midwifery and the support of physiologic birth and new-born transition may occur in
other settings, this is the exclusive model of care in a birth center.
➢ Why do people choose to birth at a birth center?

❖ Desire for low-intervention birth
❖ Cultural or religious reasons
❖ Surrounded by family
❖ Inability to get to a hospital
❖ Cost
❖ Stress reducing
❖ More birthing positions
❖ Support people
2.1.3 Why we choose this project as a solution for the former problem;-
➢ Provide a relaxed, private, and familiar environment for mothers and families:-
Birth centers were designed for healthy, low-risk mothers and healthy babies. The atmosphere is
very relaxed and feels more like a nice country inn or somebody’s really well-kept home than a
hospital. The birth center offers much more privacy because of our lower volume; we don’t have
15 or 20 women giving birth at the same time. Because our birth center is also the place where
mothers come for all their prenatal care, it becomes familiar far before labor. They get to know the
staff who works here and the staff knows them. Mothers also become familiar with the birth rooms
since they have looked at them several times and shown them to their parents, friends and their
other children.
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➢ Provide educational training on what to expect and create a plan that is unique to each birth
:-
Through the educational program that goes on throughout the pregnancy, parents know what to
expect once the mother goes into labor. A mother knows that she can wear her own clothes and
that she can eat and drink in labor. She will be encouraged to get out of bed and walk around.
She is able to choose her support people – whether it’s her own mother, sister, partner or birth
doula. It’s up to the mother to decide who she wants to be there. This is her labor and whatever
makes her feel good is what the staff wants to do for her. The mother can labour in any position
that is comfortable for her. We know that babies come out better when the mother is relaxed, so
we try to provide an atmosphere where she feels confident and comfortable so that she will use her
body well.
➢ Promote breastfeeding and provide breastfeeding education and support
Birth centers promote breastfeeding. In fact, because we know that a baby is alert and will nurse
well in the first hour after birth, breastfeeding is encouraged immediately. In this way,
breastfeeding and the education and support of the mother in the breastfeeding process is
established early on.
➢ It have a different philosophy on routine and episiotomies:-
There are no routines in a birth center. There is no routine prep or enema or IV. We do not do the
continuous electronic fatal monitoring that keeps a mother tethered to a machine. The baby’s
heartbeat is monitored, but it is monitored intermittently with a handheld Doppler. Additionally,
birth center care reflects a difference in philosophy about episiotomies. We don’t cut routine
episiotomies. Instead, we use warm compresses to ease the passage of the baby so the mother
won’t tear. The episiotomy rate in our birth center and our referring hospital is less than 2 percent.
➢ Care for mother and baby together:-
The most important difference you will find in birth centers, (and a common reason that many
people choose a birth center) is that there is no separation of mother and baby. Anything that is
done for the baby – treatment or exam – is always done in front of the parents so that they may
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learn about their baby. The same staff takes care of the mother and baby together. The nurse-
midwives in the birth centre care for the family as a unit.
Anticipate any issues that may arise and have systems in place to transfer to the hospital if needed
now, what about problems? We know that some people may have problems, so there are systems
set up to deal with transfers to the hospital. We know that we are going to transfer about 12 per
cent of the women in labour and that the vast majority of these transfers are not emergencies. Only
about two per cent of women go to the hospital as emergency transports.
We recommend doing this project in green architecture because while mothers give a birth they
don’t only need physical treatment they also need psychological treatments. Natural spaces with
green area give a relief and refresh their mind that helps them to be treated well and fast. Plants
are a reason of refreshment.
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2.2 PUBLIC LIBRARY
2.2.1 Need assessment and project identification

The history of education in Arba Minch began in the early 1956 around Secha. The first school
was Tawula elementary school and now it also serve as Chamo secondary and preparatory school.
After this school the school was built around Sikela subcity in 1958 in order to satisfy the need of
secondary school. In that time this school was the only school which gives an education from.
Through a time another public and private elementary and high schools were built and at the
current time the number of educational facilities has increased as shown in the figure below yet
still there are no educational facility for the public mass and leisure time users like public libraries
Table 2-5
and recreational spaces with the appropriate facilities.
Even if there is very old histories on the educational back ground on the town there is high
illiteracy, high unemployment, poverty, high number of youth without work as a result there are
lots of drug addicts, gamblers, robbers, abductors…. In the town as our site analysis and researches
shows this problems are spreading too fast. According to a research done by architect Tonja Torora
/2015/ problems such as; unwanted pregnancy, under age pregnancy, rape, abortion, thieving,
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addiction, unemployment are spreading rapidly the rate is nearly doubled from year to year. If it
continues we are afraid it will change the towns name and creates a bad out look to the town and
the community. So it needs rapid and permanent solution. As the above research shows the
communities are facing many problems most of these problems are rooted from these two core
causes directly or indirectly. These are
1. Lack of awareness or lack of appropriate knowledge and
2. Absence of suitable spaces/areas/ to pass leisure time for youths and children after school. Our
aim or goal is to change community’s life to better and well advanced one by solving these two
crucial issues/causes/.
➢ As knowledge is a key to development and have power to change individuals as well as

community’s life. We primarily focus providing /addressing/ it to the community.
➢ We all know that the place where we spent our leisure ,the kind of peoples and the situation
we face in that areas have a great impact on our life styles, habits’, knowledge's and
behaviors. There for in order to advance the community /mostly the youth and children/
we must focus in advancing this areas.
If we solve these two core issues of the community the other problems will be solved by the
community itself. Because the knowledge and habits they develop enables them to change their
life styles, villages and their city’s as well. In other word we will solve the whole problems through
solving the above two. To solve this dangerous problems we propose a project which give a
permanent solution through deep analysis of problems and through evaluating different solution
alternatives and we propose “public library”.
2.2.2 Project Justification of Public Library
In the modern information society, libraries and information centers have a new role to play. This
is due to increasing use of web-based information sources and electronic services. Libraries are
also being managed in a more democratic way due to flexible communication system and efficient
work organization. Their services are also user-centric.
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Libraries play an important role in socio-economic, cultural and educational development of a

society. The libraries strengthen literacy among the people. Library services improve knowledge
and skills of people for positive productivity thereby contributing to national development. There
are many types of libraries throughout the world.
The word ‘Library’ is derived from the Latin word “libraria” meaning ‘a book place’. It originates
from the term ‘liber’ which means ‘a book’. According to the Oxford Companion to the English
Language – “Library is a collection of books, periodicals and/or other materials, primarily written
and printed.”
Table 2-6
Library Types Definitions (adapted from ISO 2789)

National library is a library that is responsible for acquiring and conserving
copies of all relevant documents published in the country in which the
National libraries
library is located. The definition of “national library” allows for more than
one national library in a country.
Academic library is a library whose primary function is to cover the
Academic
information needs of learning and research. This includes libraries of
libraries
institutions of higher education and general research libraries.
Public library is a general library that is open to the public (even if its
services are primarily intended for a particular part of the population to be
served, such as children, visually impaired persons, or hospital patients) and
Public libraries
that serves the whole population of a local or regional community and is
usually financed, in whole or in part, from public funds. Its basic services
are free of charge or available for a subsidized fee.
Community library is a library that is not part of an area’s statutory library
provision and is not managed or fully funded by a local or national
government authority. A community library provides library services to the
Community
population of a local or regional community and may be managed and
libraries
funded by community groups, charities, NGOs and others. However, they
may still receive some public funding from the local authority to provide
library services based on different funding models.
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School library is a library attached to all types of schools below the third
School libraries (tertiary) level of education whose primary function is to serve the pupils
and teachers of such a school, however it may also serve the general public.
Other libraries are all other libraries that do not appear in one of other
categories of libraries (national, academic, public, community and school
libraries) and are not included elsewhere in this survey. Other libraries may
Other libraries
include, for example, special libraries, government libraries, medical
libraries, industrial, commercial libraries and e-library and other libraries
that are not included elsewhere.
➢ Function of a library generally grouped in to four

(a) Education
Libraries provide means for self-development of the individuals and groups at various stages of
education. This closes the gap between the individual and recorded knowledge. As an
educational center, the libraries support and promote all types of education, i.e., formal, non-
formal, adult and life-long. This is achieved by stocking of books and other reading material for
the community.
(b) Information Dissemination

Libraries help to provide accurate and current information to individuals’ and groups,
particularly on the topics of their interest. The scope of information services is extended to
include information on socio-economic needs of the society. A library has to serve as an
information center or referral center for specialized sources of information. The employment
opportunities, public utility services, social awareness programs undertaken by various
departments are considered to be essential areas of information. Information about these areas is
collected and stored by libraries for dissemination to the general public.
(c) Promotion of Culture

Libraries act as one of the principal centers of cultural life and promote participation,
enjoyment and appreciation of various arts. Promotion of culture has two aspects- firstly, reading
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and thinking, that widens mental horizon and develops creative capabilities of the individuals.
Secondly, the library has to contribute to the cultural enrichment of the society by organizing
extension activities like lectures, seminars, symposia, book exhibitions and cultural gatherings.
(d) Recreation
Libraries play an active role in encouraging the positive use of leisure time by providing
material for change and relaxation. Provision of scope for healthy or positive use of leisure time
is an important function of a library. Books of fiction, magazines, newspapers, etc. facilitate
recreational reading. Audio-visual materials such as films, television, radio, audio-video
cassettes, etc. increase the utility of a public library. Various forms of performing arts may also
be organized in the library to make them real community centers.
So we recommend to design a public library in order to solve these problems by
✓ To offer free educational resources to every one
✓ To provide more information making to all kinds of knowledge.
✓ To provide more opportunities for personal creative development
✓ To create and strengthen reading habits in children from an early stage.
✓ To provide a focus for cultural and artistic development in community and help them
shape and support the cultural identity of a community
✓ To be as a public space and meeting space.
✓ Can be as a key agency in local community for collection, preservation, and promotion of
culture in all its diversity.
Public Library is the place where every person that have interest to read used and doesn't have
any boundary just like Academic Library only for student means everyone can access or open for
public.
2.2.3 Some reason why we proposed public library project
There is not Public Library found in Arba Minch City except Arba Minch University Colleges
Libraries / It’s academic Libraries/. High Interest of library Users Absence of Youth Center’s
Existence of Higher Educations just like Arba Minch University and other private colleges
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Many youngers and youth were fall in drug uses due to economic related problem also due to
haven’t the place passed their time and get knowledge. Due to the city have many resources; that
attract many researchers and persons that research those resources and get many advantage for the
city also for all.
2.3 HOTEL
2.3.1 Need assessment and opportunity identification
Tourism in Arbaminch there are many natural and historical heritages. Among natural heritages
nechsar national park and 40 springs are the most visit able places. Nech sar national park includes
32km away from Arbaminch and covers 514 sq. km. in this national park there are more than 91
mammals,351 birds, and more than 1000 vegetation species. In addition Lake Abaya and Lake
Chamo have a direct relation with the economy of the town because they give a good view and
have highest fish production than other lakes in Ethiopia. Also there is a corocodile preserving
area which is used for tourist attraction.to satisfy the wants of tourists there are many lodges like
bekelemolla, paradiseadn others.
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Figure 2-1
Benefits to tourists
It provides assurance to both the local and the international tourists that an establishment has
been assessed and approved by an independent third party
It gives a reliable indication of expected services and offerings
It helps consumers to find hotels of a standard they require
Benefits to tourism industry
Allows for standard to be put in place
Assists travel agents to understand the product and match supply and demand
It encourages competition amongst establishments
It leads to overall improved service and reliability within the industry
It allows for monitoring of hotel inventory and accommodation standards
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Benefits to hotels
It allows for the design and target of training activities
It demonstrates commitment to quality
It’s an important marketing tool in both local and international economies
Independent assessment of offered services
2.3.2 Project justification
Key business differentiator as the quality of service offered is a determinant of consumer choice
Hotels are considered an important economic component to any community. In some cases,
cities and municipalities will offer incentives in order to stimulate hotel development. These
incentives can be in the form of tax breaks, favorable land leases, or assistance with
financing. Prior to establishing incentives for hotel development, a city or municipality
should conduct an economic impact study to estimate the economic benefits that results from
the development.
Direct Impact
Direct impact includes all projected revenues that will be generated from consumers at the
new hotel. This will include all rooms’ revenues, food and beverage revenues from
restaurants and banqueting, as well as other potential revenue sources such as spa or parking.
Direct impact also includes total payroll paid out to employees hired at the hotel as well as
all payroll paid out to temporary construction workers who construct the hotel.
Fiscal Impact
Fiscal impact refers to all federal, state, and local taxes that will be collected from the
development and operations of the new hotel. Taxes include all sales taxes collected in
association with the hotel generated revenues, as well as all payroll related taxes collected
from full-time hotel employees and temporary construction workers. Local governments will
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also collect new property taxes from the operation of the hotel. Many local governments will
also collect revenues through lodging taxes.
Indirect Impact
In addition to local governments and hotel owners/employees, contractors and suppliers to a
newly developed hotel will also benefit. Indirect impact includes all jobs and income
generated by businesses that supply goods and services to the hotel. Examples of businesses
that will indirectly benefit from the development of a hotel include suppliers of room’s
related goods (housekeeping supplies, room amenities, etc), telecommunication vendors
(internet, cable, etc.), utility companies, food and beverage suppliers, and other hotel related
vendors.
Induced Impact
Induced impact refers to economic effects generated when employees (full-time and
temporary) and suppliers re-spend their wages on local consumer purchases. For example, an
employee may purchase gas for their car on their way home from work.
Calculation of Impact
Pinnacle Advisory Group has conducted several economic impact studies as a result of hotel
development. In most cases, direct and fiscal impacts can be calculated with relative
confidence and accuracy. A hotel pro-forma will calculate the revenues in direct impact,
while full-time and temporary payroll projections can be calculated from the preparation of
staffing schedules combined with knowledge of local wages.
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3. LITRATURE REVIEW
3.1 ZERO ENERGY BUILDING
3.1.1 Introduction
More than 90% of our time is spent in buildings i.e. either in the office or at home. Energy
used in buildings (residential and commercial) accounts for a significant percentage of a country’s
total energy consumption. This percentage depends greatly on the degree of electrification, the
level of urbanization, the amount of building area per capital, the prevailing climate, as well as
national and local policies to promote efficiency.
In many countries, buildings consume more energy than transport and industry. The International
Energy Agency (IEA) statistics estimate that globally, the building sector is responsible for more
electricity consumption than any other sector, which is 42%. The building sector encompasses a
diverse set of end use activities, which have different energy use implications. Space heating, space
cooling and lighting, which together account for a majority of building energy use in industrialized
countries, depend not only on the energy efficiency of temperature control and lighting systems,
but also on the efficiency of the buildings in which they operate. Building designs and materials
have a significant effect on the energy consumed for a select set of end uses. On the other hand,
building design does not affect the energy use of cooking or appliances, though these end uses are
nonetheless attributed to the building sector. Appliance efficiency matters more for some end uses
than for others. Water heating and refrigeration each account for significant shares of building
energy use since they are in constant use.
The use of energy in buildings has increased in recent years due to the growing demand in
energy used for heating and cooling in buildings. Without energy buildings could not be operated
or inhabited. Improvements have been made in insulation, plant, lighting and controls and these
are significant features that help towards achieving an energy efficient building.
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3.1.1.1 Definition
Net Zero-Energy Buildings (NZEBs) have received high attention in recent years as
a result of constant concerns for energy supply constraints, decreasing energy resources,
increasing energy costs and rising impact of greenhouse gases on world climate. Promoting
whole, building strategies that employ passive measures with energy efficient systems and
technologies using renewable energy. Is energy-efficient building where, on a source energy
basis, the actual annual delivered energy is less than or equal to the on-site renewable exported
energy.
Zero-energy buildings aim for all new buildings should meet higher levels of performance than
before by exploring more the alternative energy supply systems available locally on a cost-
efficiency basis and without compromising the comfort in order to ensure that they are nearly
zero-energy buildings.
A “nearly zero-energy building” refers to a high energy performance building of which
annual primary energy consumption is covered to a very significant extent by energy
from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on-site or
nearby. Since the Directive does not specify minimum or maximum harmonized
requirements as well as details of energy performance calculation framework, it is up to
the Member States to define the exact meaning of “high energy performance” and
“amount of energy from renewable sources” according to their own local conditions and
strategic interests.
Nearly zero-energy performance derives from net zero-energy concept which in case of
buildings is usually defined as a high energy performance building that over a year is energy
neutral (i.e. net balance of primary energy is 0 kWh/(m² y)). Therefore, a possible way to assess
the nearly zero-energy performance is by analyzing the annual energy balance in Net Zero-
Energy Buildings.
3.1.1.2 Typologies of NZEB Performance
In the international context, there are four main types of NZEBs: - Net Zero Site Energy,
Net Zero Source Energy, Net Zero Energy Cost and Net Zero Energy Emissions.
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Net Zero Site Energy means that the annual balance is based on the grid interaction at the
boundary of the building site, i.e. the overall energy delivered to the building from the
utility grid has to be offset by the overall energy feed in to the grid. “Means a site creates at least
as much renewable energy as it uses in a year.”
Net Zero Source Energy definition, which is the one that matches the currently used by EPBD
recast in a nearly zero-energy context (EPBD 2010), the energy (delivered from and feed into the
grid) has to take into account primary energy conversion factors. “Means the site uses or purchases
as much renewable energy provided by the source. This includes the cost to extract, process,
generate, and deliver the energy to the site.”
Net Zero Energy Cost buildings definition is based on an economic balance (the energy bills of
a building are equivalent the amount of money the utility pays the owner for renewable energy the
building feeds to the grid).
Net Zero Energy Emissions is when buildings produce and export at least as much emissions-
free renewable energy as they import and use from emission-producing sources on an annual basis.
“Building uses either no emissions-resulting energy (carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur
dioxide, etc.) nor offsets the emissions by exporting emissions-free energy.”
Although there is no standard approach for designing and realizing a Net Zero Energy Building
(there are many different possible combinations of building envelope, utility equipment and on-
site energy production equipment able to achieve net-zero energy performance and also the balance
boundary, which defines which consumers are included in the balance differs in known
approaches) there is some consensus that zero energy buildings design should start from passive
sustainable design as this level of performance is achieved as a result of executing two fundamental
steps:
(a) Reduce building energy demand and
(b) Generate electricity or other energy carriers to get enough credits to achieve the desired energy
balance
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3.1.1.3 NREL classification of Net Zero Energy Building
The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) published a report called Net-Zero
Energy Buildings: This classification system identifies the following four main categories of Net
Zero Energy Buildings/Sites/Campuses:
• NZEB:A — A footprint renewables Net Zero Energy Building

• NZEB:B — A site renewables Net Zero Energy Building
• NZEB:C — An imported renewables Net Zero Energy Building
• NZEB:D — An off-site purchased renewables Net Zero Energy Building
Applying this US Government Net Zero classification system means that every building can
become net zero with the right combination of the key net zero technologies - PV (solar), GHP
(geothermal heating and cooling, thermal batteries), EE (energy efficiency), sometimes wind, and
electric batteries.
3.1.1.4 Design Philosophies
Zero Energy Design operates at the intersection of high design and high performance.
We are committed to innovative and ecologically sensible design and believe technical,
financial and aesthetic aspects must be considered holistically.
Renaissance Team. Our multidisciplinary design team spans the fields of architecture,
engineering and finance. We use this expertise to take a calculated and iterative approach
to designing high performance homes. We employ computer renderings to help clients
visualize different design directions and simulate the energy performance of several
insulation options to identify the optimal solution, empowering both clients and design
team to make informed decisions at every step in the process.
Inspired Architecture. Inspiration for each design draws upon the surrounding
landscape, our collaboration with the client and their environmental ideologies, as well
as the challenge of making energy efficiency beautiful. Within our design, we capture
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an experience; one that blends interaction with view, light form and aesthetics. The result
is an architecture that is uniquely informed by place, subject and ideals.
Client Advocacy. Our practice of architecture is both a calculated art and service. We
articulate designs on our clients' behalf, upholding their objectives, tailoring decisions
to their aesthetic preferences, budgetary goals and environmental ideology. We help the
client identify a qualified builder who can deliver quality construction within the project
budget, and we advocate for the client throughout construction .
Energy & Sustainability. We believe that global climate change is the biggest
environmental risk we face. Our highest priority is dramatically red ucing the energy
consumption of our homes, achieved through careful attention to the integrity of the
thermal enclosure, well-designed systems, efficient appliances and lighting, as well as
renewable energy. Further, healthy indoor air quality, water savin g strategies, non-toxic
materials, and sensitivity to the local site are all vital considerations to each of our
designs.
3.1.1.5 NZEB Design Features/principles
Following design standards is the first step in the design to achieve a net-zero energy building as
it is important to define the sources and inputs that would be necessary to quantify the outputs and
check what it needs to balance the net-energy consumed.
The next step is to simulate the energy consumption using various energy modeling techniques
and tools to optimize the following:
• Building orientation
• Glazing area, exposure, and shading
• Heat island reduction
• Lighting systems and capacities
• Temperatures, humidity, and relative humidity levels
• Landscaping
• Natural resources
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• The overall system efficiency
There are three principles to achieve a good net-zero energy building design:
a. Passive Approaches (Building envelope measures)
passive approaches play a fundamental role in NZEB design as they directly affect the loads put
on the buildings mechanical and electrical systems, and indirectly, the strive for renewable energy
generation. In general, passive solar energy concepts fall into three main categories /challenges
depending of the solar energy exploitation (heating, cooling, and lighting /appliances) and the
relative strategies used (prevention, modulation, rejection/collection, control).
The designer should consider passive heating or cooling strategies, such as
• Solar chimney
• Employs continuous insulation throughout its entire envelope without any thermal
bridging.
• Increasing the R-value in all roof construction.
• The building envelope is extremely airtight, preventing infiltration of outside air and loss
of conditioned air.
• Employs high-performance windows (double or triple-paned windows depending on
climate and building type) and doors.
• Solar gain is managed to exploit the sun's energy for heating purposes in the heating season
and to minimize overheating during the cooling season.
• Uses some form of balanced heat- and moisture-recovery ventilation.
• Uses a minimal space conditioning system.
Even though the buildings were designed to meet different energy performance levels (according
to national specific strategic needs), the first characterization focuses on envelope thermo-physical
characteristics and compactness. Which means the building should be oriented
• To minimize HVAC loads,
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• To reduce the direct sunrays; shades and overhangs should be used such as roof overhangs,
shades and awning, and vegetation.
• To reduce the heat gain through windows, the designer should avoid glazing on the
east/west façade.
• Other measures to reduce heat gains are
o To increase insulation on opaque surfaces,
o Use glazing with low solar heat gain coefficient values,
o Use double-skin façade, and
o Refine the building envelope to suit location conditions.
b. Energy efficiency measures
To lower building´s energy demand, in addition to implementing passive approach

strategies, buildings should also rely on improving energy efficiency of systems. Low power
lighting, energy efficient electrical equipment and load management system are also used as
strategies for lowering all building´s energy demand, despite of the fact that their clear advantages
The first utmost factor is selecting the right-size systems for the building. This can be achieved by
following ASHRAE Standard 90.1 safety factors in the design, applying factors to reasonable
baseline cases, and using simulation to model the design and predict the optimized requirements.
In the simulation, part load performance should be considered which would come useful when
using variable volume systems, variable speed drives, variable capacity boilers, variable capacity
chiller systems, and variable capacity pumping systems as well.
The designer should consider using high-efficiency lighting and control systems and energy
efficient strategies such as
• LED lights,
• High-performance ballasts,
• Dual circuited task lighting,
• Occupancy sensors, and
• Daylighting dimming sensors.
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• Using energy-efficient office equipment for commercial buildings and

• Energy-efficient utilities for residential houses and buildings.
The designer should shift electric loads during peak demand which would optimize the energy
consumption. Some recommendations for optimizing the HVAC loads are
(1) Using heat recovery chillers,
(2) Using underfloor air distribution systems,
(3) Using high-efficiency chillers,
(4) Using passive cooling,
(5) Applying thermal storage using phase-change materials (PCMs),
(6) Using combined heating and power (CHP), and
(7) Using natural ventilation.
At the end of the construction phase, commissioning is a crucial step to ensure the building is
performing as the intended design and is meeting its objectives. Commissioning phase verifies that
the building’s energy-related systems are installed and calibrated and perform according to the
owner’s project requirements, basis of design, and construction documents.
• The commissioning phase should cover at least

• The HVAC systems and controls,
• Lighting and daylighting controls,
• Domestic hot water system and any renewable system such as wind and solar.
Building commissioning can reduce energy use, lower operating costs, reduce contractor
callbacks, and improve occupant productivity. Successful implementation of the commissioning
process can yield 5–10% improvements in the energy efficiency.
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c. Renewable energy measures
After having performed all necessary steps towards lowering building´s energy demand,
the last step to be carried out is the integration of renewable systems for energy
generation. The renewable energy systems are needed to offset in large measure the energy demand
required for lighting, heating and cooling.
Maximizing the energy sources are done through the first two measures, the building envelope
which promotes using less energy and the efficient utilities and equipment measures. The
renewable energy measures are more expensive than these two measures, and for that designers
should start with the first two measures and optimize their design which would reduce the energy
requirement needed in this step. The designer should then implement
• life cycle analysis,

• net-zero water system,
• net-zero energy and
• Optimize the design as per occupancy levels.
There are various renewable energy resources, such as solar which can be used for generating
electricity, storing energy, and heating water, wind, biomass systems, and other sources.
Solar water heating systems include roof-mounted solar collectors that heat a fluid which would
be used to heat water stored in a cylinder. Two collector types are usually used: the flat plate and
the evacuated tube type. Flat plate collectors are usually cheaper. The solar water collectors heat
the water that would be stored in a cylinder directly or indirectly by heating another fluid that
would heat the water. Photovoltaic systems can be used to store energy and help in shifting the
peak load.
Wind systems provide energy a very effective cost if the wind is continuous and steady and its
speed above 10 mph (4.47 m/s), but it is recommended to be above 25 mph (11.2 m/s).
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Biomass systems could provide heat by burning the biomass material. Some examples include
forests, urban tree pruning, farmed wastes, wood chips, or pellets. However, the burners usually
require more frequent cleaning than oil and
gas boilers.
Geothermal systems provide good source

for both cooling and heating by running the
refrigerant pipes under the ground that
usually provide nearly constant
temperatures. These systems do not
produce emissions. Such systems can
provide coefficient of performance of 3 or
even higher.
Figure 3-1
3.1.1.6 Alternate Building Materials

for Zero Energy Buildings
Zero energy house generates energy from roof-integrated solar photovoltaic panels and roof-
mounted solar hot water panels. It’s time to rethink energy in the buildings. We have enough
energy from the sun, solar panels provide energy to meet all the electricity requirements and build
using alternate building materials an energy sources. You need to choose the right material for
getting the required efficiency.
Glue Laminated Timber; Zero energy house uses glue laminated timber (which has low carbon
footprint) as the main structural element in place of concrete and steel, so reduces the overall
weight of the structure and also less damage in case of any natural disasters.
Green Roof; Over the house you have a green roof with local plants, it’s used as part of insulation
as well as cooling system, and water is stored on roof in small tanks which is used to water the
plants.
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Hollow Blocks with Concrete; all the walls in house are built with hollow blocks and filled with
concrete. Block is a mix of concrete and wood which acts and anti-bacterial and has great
insulation properties. Insulation is provided inside the blocks to prevent energy loss.
Hollow blocks; are used to make a wall that handles moisture and insulates at the same time, the
blocks are filled with concrete (which is having 50 % fly ash replacement for the Portland cement)
and smaller rebar.
Fabrics on roofing; On the roof they put a fabric, gives an airspace between fabric material and
the roof, blow a foam under the fabric which expands on itself and takes shape of a cave like roof.
Foam has got insulation properties so air below roof becomes cooler during summer season.
Alternatively, for winter season, roofing system which is metal panel’s dark color, it absorbs heat
like any other dark color. Above the foam on the roof is a vapor barrier and above that is the air
space about 1.5 inch. Air is made to pass in the roof, making the area warmer and supple grilles
installed on the roof to pass the hot air making house warmer.
Floors are kept warm, such a system that hot or cold water can pass under the floors making it
warm or cooled, generally warm as western countries temperatures are often very low and the
warm water is coming via solar panels on the roof top.
The water pipes pass down the concrete floor, these piping system gets heated via solar panels
which produces warm concrete floor. In the house, sun tunnel skylight is given at selected
locations. All the heat from sun is directed via a system to the floor of the house which keeps it
always warm.
Rain Water Harvesting System; Rain water harvesting system is applied, the water from roof
top via a downspout collects in the storage outside the house as per the storage capacity of owner.
This collected water can be used for landscape as well as other domestic purpose except drinking,
so saving the cost to buy the water from outside source.
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Solar Integrated Roof Panels; Source of hot water is through solar integrated roof panels, but
sometimes when sun shines high, water becomes too hot, so a system is installed inside all sanitary
fixtures which mixes the cold water with the hot water thus making the temperature safe for use.
Similarly, when sun shines too low, scarcity of hot water comes, so it has a backup of hot water
which mixes with cold to make it safe for use. Water heater is installed which is gas operated
which comes on & off automatically, so lot of precaution is needed to operate the system.
Push buttons are installed at kitchen, toilets, whenever you want hot water, push the button, a
circulating system bring the hot water from the stored place to the toilets and kitchens which
reduces to the predetermined temperature at the receiving end like washbasin, shower, bathtub,
and all over the home where is required.
Natural Ventilation in Zero Energy Buildings; Zero energy home provides enhanced natural
ventilation, windows installed is the key, casement windows on wall top and at bottom provides
natural and healthy ventilation of air. In the front and back of the house all the windows open and
closes in reverse direction providing natural ventilation, skylight is given on the roof for natural
air and light.
Green Plaster; To maintain the comfortable humidity inside the house the walls are plastered with
a special plaster which is a green material, and it has the capacity to absorb the moisture from
air giving a maintained humidity inside the house.
The cooling system is also used as dehumidifying machine, in case we want to reduce the relative
humidity of house, the variable speed fan starts sending lesser air thru blowers further into the
house which results to low humidity.
Solar Panels on the Rooftop; converts the sunrays to electrical energy so the electric dept. is
amazed to see that the electric meter starts running backward, in fact you can ask tell your utility
companies to pay you is something extraordinary. There is inverter installed inside which converts
the direct current produced by solar panels to alternative current which is used in USA.
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Reduced consumption of electricity from lighting system, all are fluorescent lights or low voltage
lights which are generally advanced lighting package and very decorative lights it can give you a
very aesthetic and antique look.
HVAC System in Zero Energy Buildings; air is cooled by a chiller system that either chills or
heat water. The water is then sent thru copper tubes not under a high pressure to the coils which
gets cooled with chilled water and is connected to the blowers at various location in house, thus
the house gets chilled.
Sometimes 1.5 tons and 2 tons compressors are placed outside, both are factory charged with
refrigerant. Attach to each compressor is chiller system. So at a time when there is a single family
the 1.5 tons or 2 tons compressor is working automatically depending upon the weather and if
there is requirement of higher chilling like there is some function in the house then both compressor
starts working simultaneously in random and chills the house.
The windows overhang; are provided in such a way that during summer they protect the sun to
hit the windows and during winter the sun can reach the windows and also protection from the
rain. This system is designed based on the wind direction. Large overhang is provided in front
porch of house so avoids direct sun to heat the entrance.
Modern fire places; unlike traditional fire place where smoke goes out thru a chimney, in this
system there is no chimney and fire place is actually working as a heater and is heating the whole
house. The flu gas from fire place is going to heat exchangers and is converted to fresh air and
recycled into house. So to conclude, zero energy buildings are remarkable, a house which is
producing more energy than it is consuming.
3.1.1.7 Measurement and implementation guide line
The guidelines identify the methodology that supports applying the Zero Energy Building are.
• Measurement boundaries for all definitions
• Energy accounting and measurements
• Source energy calculations
• Using the “Zero Energy Building” designation
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• Using Renewable Energy Certificates
Boundaries
The definitions require the use of a defined site boundary. The site boundary represents a
meaningful boundary that is functionally part of the building(s). For a single building on a single
property, the site boundary is typically the property boundary. The site boundary should include
the point of utility interface. Figure 1 shows the site boundary of energy and how it forms from
building energy, on-site renewable energy production, delivered energy and exported energy.
The site boundary for a Zero Energy Building (ZEB) could be around the building footprint if the
on-site renewable energy is located within the building footprint, or around the building site if
some of the on-site renewable energy is on-site but not within the building footprint. Delivered
energy and exported energy are measured at the site boundary.
Figure 3-2
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Energy Accounting and Measurements

A ZEB is typically a grid-connected building that is very energy efficient. The premise is that
ZEBs use the electric grid or other energy networks to transfer any surplus of on-site renewable
energy to other users. ZEB energy accounting would include energy used for heating, cooling,
ventilation, domestic hot water (DHW), indoor and outdoor lighting, plug loads, process energy
and transportation within the building. Vehicle charging energy for transportation inside the
building would be included in the energy accounting.
On-site renewable energy may be exported through transmission means other than the electricity
grid such as charging of electric vehicles used outside the building. Delivered energy to the
building includes grid electricity, district heat and cooling, renewable and non-renewable fuels.
A ZEB balances its energy use so that the exported energy to the grid or other energy network
(i.e., campus or facility) is equal to or greater than the delivered energy to the building on an
annual basis.
A ZEB may only use on-site renewable energy in offsetting the delivered energy. On-site
renewable energy is energy produced from renewable energy sources within the site boundary.
Renewable fuels delivered to the site boundary are not included in this term, because they are
treated as delivered energy to the building, i.e. off-site renewables.
For example, wood chips or biofuel harvested on-site would be considered on-site renewable
energy, while wood or biofuel/biomass delivered to the site would not be considered on-site
renewable energy. The ZEB energy accounting does not allow non-renewable energy that is
exported from the site boundary to offset delivered energy.
Source Energy Calculations

the amount of energy consumed by a building is measured by utility meters. Site energy
consumption can be useful for understanding the performance of the building and the building
systems, but it does not tell the whole story of impacts from resource consumption and emissions
associated with the energy use. In addition, site energy is not a good comparison metric for
buildings that have different mixes of energy types, buildings with on-site energy generation,
such as photovoltaics, or buildings with cogeneration units.
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Therefore, to assess the relative efficiencies of buildings with varying fuel types, it is necessary to
convert these types of energy into equivalent units of raw fuel consumed in generating one unit of
energy consumed on-site. To achieve this equivalency, the convention of source energy is utilized.
When energy is consumed on-site, the conversion to source energy must account for the energy
consumed in the extraction, processing and transport of primary fuels such as coal, oil and natural
gas; energy losses in thermal combustion in power generation plants; and energy losses in
transmission and distribution to the building site.
Table 3-1 - National Average Source Energy Conversion Factors
Source Energy
Energy Form
Conversion Factor (r)
Imported Electricity 3.15
Exported Renewable
3.15
Electricity
Natural Gas 1.09
Fuel Oil (1,2,4,5,6,Diesel,
1.19
Kerosene)
Propane & Liquid Propane 1.15
Steam 1.45
Hot Water 1.35
Chilled Water 1.04
Coal or Other 1.05
Source energy would be calculated using the following formula:
Equation 1
Esource = ∑i(Edel,irdel,i) -
∑i(Eexp,irexp,i)
Where
Edel,i is the delivered energy for energy type i;
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Eexp,i is the exported on-site renewable energy for energy type i;

rdel,i is the source energy conversion factor for the delivered energy type i;
rexp,i is the source energy conversion factor for the exported energy type i;
Example Calculation for ZEB with Multiple Delivered Energy Types

A building has the following actual annual delivered energy types: 200,000 kBtu electricity,
60,000 kBtu natural gas and 100,000 kBtu chilled water. The on-site renewable exported energy
is 260,000 kBtu electricity from photovoltaics.
Using the formula above, the annual source energy balance would be:
Esource = [(200,000kBtu × 3.15) + (60,000kBtu × 1.09) + (100,000kBtu × 1.04)] -
(260,000kBtu×3.15)
= 799,400 kBtu - 819,000kBtu
= -19,600kBtu
Since Esource ≤ 0, the building would be a Zero Energy Building.
3.1.1.8 Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
• isolation for building owners from future energy price increases

• increased comfort due to more-uniform interior temperatures (this can be demonstrated
with comparative isotherm maps)
• reduced total cost of ownership due to improved energy efficiency
• reduced total net monthly cost of living
• reduced risk of loss from grid blackouts
• Minimal to no future energy price increases for building owners reduced requirement for
energy austerity and carbon emission taxes
• Improved reliability – photovoltaic systems have 25-year warranties and seldom fail during
weather problems – the 1982 photovoltaic systems on the Walt Disney World EPCOT
(Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow) Energy Pavilion were still in use until
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2018, even though three hurricanes. They were taken down in 2018 in preparation for a
new ride.
• higher resale value as potential owners demand more ZEBs than available supply
• the value of a ZEB building relative to similar conventional building should increase every
time energy costs increase
• contribute to the greater benefits of the society, e.g. providing sustainable renewable energy
to the grid, reducing the need of grid expansion
Disadvantages
• Initial costs can be higher – effort required to understand, apply, and qualify for ZEB
subsidies, if they exist.
• very few designers or builders have the necessary skills or experience to build ZEBs
• possible declines in future utility company renewable energy costs may lessen the value of
capital invested in energy efficiency
• New photovoltaic solar cells equipment technology price has been falling at roughly 17%
per year. It will lessen the value of capital invested in a solar electric generating system.
Current subsidies may be phased out as photovoltaic mass production lowers future price
• Challenge to recover higher initial costs on resale of building, but new energy rating
systems are being introduced gradually.
• While the individual house may use an average of net zero energy over a year, it may
demand energy at the time when peak demand for the grid occurs. In such a case, the
capacity of the grid must still provide electricity to all loads. Therefore, a ZEB may not
reduce risk of loss from grid blackouts.
• Without an optimized thermal envelope the embodied energy, heating and cooling energy
and resource usage is higher than needed. ZEB by definition do not mandate a minimum
heating and cooling performance level thus allowing oversized renewable energy systems
to fill the energy gap.
• Solar energy capture using the house envelope only works in locations unobstructed from
the sun. The solar energy capture cannot be optimized in north (for northern hemisphere,
or south for southern Hemisphere) facing shade, or wooded surroundings.
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• ZEB is not free of carbon emissions, glass has a high embodied energy, and the production
requires a lot of carbon.
3.1.1.9 The Performance Standard
North American building scientists and builders with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE) and the Canadian government were the first to pioneer passive building principles in the
1970s. In the late 1980s the German Passiv haus Institut (PHI) built on that research and those
principles and developed a quantifiable performance standard that continues to work well in the
Central European and similar climate zones.
However in practice, the PHIUS Technical Committee, PHAUS members, and project teams in
North America learned that a single standard for all North American climate zones is unworkable.
In some climates, meeting the standard is cost prohibitive, in other milder zones it's possible to hit
the European standard while leaving substantial cost-effective energy savings unrealized.
As such, in cooperation with Building Science Corporation under a U.S. DOE Building America
Grant, the PHIUS Technical Committee developed passive building standards that account for the
broad range of climate conditions, market conditions, and other variables in North American
climate zones. The result was the PHIUS+ 2015 Passive Building Standard – North America which
was released in March of 2015. That standard has been updated to PHIUS+ 2018. The PHIUS
Technical Committee will continue to periodically update the standard to reflect changing market,
materials, and climate conditions.
3.1.2 Zero energy on hospital buildings

A hospital building features a number of different functional areas. The equipment and systems
that serve the building and its medical needs are complex and require various forms of energy,
including electricity, gas, steam, hot water and chilled water.
Hospital buildings are energy-intensive buildings due to their all-weather high-cost operation,
sophisticated medical equipment as well as strict cleaning procedures and environmental
parameters. Compared with other types of buildings, hospital buildings have a particularly large
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impact on the full cycle of the environment. So Hospital buildings have great potential for energy
conservation.
The energy consumption structure of hospital buildings is also more complex than that of ordinary
public buildings. Its daily energy consumption is chiefly electricity, used for lighting, elevators,
air conditioning and ventilation equipment. Gas or fuel oil is used as the main source of energy for
steam, hot water, disinfection, washing, kitchens, etc. In addition, different types of medical
equipment feature various operating requirements as well as long operating hours, and require
flexible control.
Figure 3-3
With reference to ISO 12655 standard [4], the energy required for the construction of hospital
buildings and medical equipment is summarized in Figure 1.
3.1.2.1 The main energy consumption system
The main energy consumption system of the hospital comprises the central air conditioning
system, clean air conditioning system, ventilation system, lighting system, domestic hot water
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system, steam system, water supply and drainage system and kitchen system. The main energy
sources for the hospital are electricity and natural gas. Its daily energy consumption is mainly
electric power. The power feeding is realized via three 10kV high-voltage cables and the power
distributions uses 8 transformers with a diesel generator set for equipment use.
Electrical energy is mainly used for heating, air conditioning, ventilation, elevators, lighting, in-
patient departments, kitchens, logistics, and special power supply in medical buildings.
Natural gas is another types of energy source. Some of it directly burns to supply the energy for
the open flame, steam, and hot-water in the kitchen; some goes to hospital boiler systems,
including hot-water boilers and steam boilers.
Hot-water boilers usually produce domestic hot water (for patient departments, kitchens,
logistics, and laundry rooms), which in winter also supplies for heating.
Steam boilers mainly provide steam in the laundry room, operating room and supply room.
1) The heating and air conditioning system

the outpatient, surgical and inpatient areas employ water-circulated central air-conditioning,
whose designed cooling load for summer is 9,303 kW and designed heating load for winter 5,582
kW. The cold source is provided by a set of three 750-standard ton centrifugal units and a set of
one 360-standard ton screw conveyor, with a rated COP of 5.8.
The heat source is provided by a set of three 2,791 kW vacuum hot-water boilers. For the operating
room area, an air-cooled heat pump unit is installed at the top of the podium as a cleanroom air-
conditioner facilitating the cold and heating sources.
In local areas (such as the cafeteria), heat exchangers are installed to recover heat from exhaust
air. The air conditioners at the exits of the outpatient department and ward area employs
independently turn able fan coils, clean rooms such as the operating room adopts cleanroom air
conditioners, and the local areas such as the emergency room use interconnected air-conditioning
units. In other non-essential areas such as logistics complexes, duty quarters, control centers,
elevator rooms, etc., interconnected or split air conditioning units are separately installed.
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2) The domestic hot water system

Domestic hot water in the hospital comprises water used in the cafeteria and bathing water. A
part of the heat source comes from solar hot water, and part of it comes from the hot water boiler
shared with the heating system. The area of solar collector plates is approximately 750㎡, which
is designed to provide 39.3 tons of hot water per day, accounting for 13.3% of domestic hot
water consumption.
3) The energy consumption for lighting and sockets

the fluorescent lamps are used in consulting rooms, wards and garages, and energy-saving
fluorescent lamps are used in public areas such as entrance halls, walkways, and elevator halls.
According to the needs of use and natural lighting conditions, the artificial lighting adopts
section control.
4) The steam system

the operating room, supply room and laundry room of the hospital need steam for disinfection,
heating and humidification, etc. Therefore, a steam system has been set up to provide steam from
two gas-fired steam boilers with an evaporation capacity of 1.5 tons per hour.
5) The cafeteria energy consumption system

the open flames, steam and hot water energy used in hospital kitchens are all supplied by burning
natural gas. The chief equipment such as electric and steam rice cookers, electric and steam
steamers, and electric and steam heating sandwich pots are all independent and can be heated via
electricity directly.
3.1.2.2 Energy analysis by item
The hospital's major energy consumption is concentrated in the outpatient, surgical and inpatient
areas. Therefore, during analysis, the energy consumption of the auxiliary logistics area and
apartments is deducted from the total (the annual energy consumption of the hospital's logistics
area is 436563 kWh, on duty; the annual energy consumption of the apartments is 457182 kWh).
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Figure 3-4
3.1.2.3 Design challenges for health facilities
Healthcare building design presents both challenges and opportunities in the development of
sustainable facility. Some of the challenges are:
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•The 24/7 operation of the hospital.

• Infection control.
• Indoor air quality.
• High outside air ventilation rate.
• Stringent temperature and humidity requirement for critical areas.
• Room pressurization.
• Room supply air-changes per hour as required by code.
• High degree of systems reliability and redundancy.
3.1.2.4 Energy saving suggestions
According to the analysis of energy consumption data, air conditioning, boilers, and lighting
systems in medical buildings are the main directions for energy-saving transformation in
hospitals. This section proposes feasible energy-saving suggestions for these three key energy-
saving items.
1) Air conditioning system

The fresh air volume of the central air-conditioning system is constant, and it is not possible to
adjust the fresh air volume according to the actual flow of people. It is recommended to adjust
the amount of air supply according to the indoor CO2 level so as to save energy consumption for
fresh air treatment.
There is no distinction between 24-hour operation and operating time-only operation in the air-
conditioning hot and cold water transmission and distribution system. Therefore, the hot and cold
water in the main pipe requires 24 hours of continuous circulation, resulting in the waste of water
pump energy. It is recommended that reasonable divisions should be made according to usage
conditions, such as outpatient service, office work, etc., which only operate during working hours.
2) Boiler equipment
There is a need for domestic hot water all year round in the hospital's cafeteria and bathing room,
but the capacity is only about 20% of a single boiler. In the non-heating season, the boiler
operates at a low load rate and is thus less efficient. It is recommended to set up an air source
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heat pump unit that serves domestic hot water according to actual needs so as to improve energy
supply efficiency.
3) Lighting system
At present, the lighting of the medical building is mainly controlled by the personnel in each
functional area, and the lighting control circuit in the public area is integrated. It cannot be
adjusted according to the needs of the sub regions. It is recommended to use multiple channels to
independently control the lighting in each public area, to rearrange the lighting in the well-
lighted area, and to use the light sensor to automatically control the daylight switches to achieve
energy savings. In addition, it is found that the garage lighting is always on for 24 hours even if
in the period in which no car enters the garage. Besides, in the open area, the lights are turned on
during the day, resulting in the waste of energy. It is recommended to use microwave induction
system. Light sensing system is applied to the outdoor lighting of the garage, and the lighting is
automatically powered off in the daytime.
3.1.2.5 Some Key strategy which make the systems work more efficiently to improve
comfort for the occupants and reduce energy usage:
• Scheduling humidification and ventilation systems, and only humidifying and ventilating areas
when spaces are occupied by people.
• Turning off overhead lighting during the day, when daylight is available (such as in atrium
spaces).
• Using more external air to cool the building when temperatures meet what’s needed inside.
• Rebalancing airflows to spaces where occupancy function had changed from original design.
• Recalibrating sensors whose accuracy had drifted out of calibration.
• Adding control sensors to laboratory fan hoods to reduce the amount of air needed when systems
are not being used.
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To reduce energy costs, UW Health has also replaced older equipment with more energy-efficient
models, sealed ductwork, and replaced older lights with LEDs. Additionally, physicians have led
initiatives to reduce energy and waste in the operating rooms.
3.1.2.6 Successfully implemented innovations
The incessant drive to reduce energy consumption while maintaining all functions and achieving
goals of the mechanical systems spurned evolution of the energy reduction innovations in the
hospital design that has been successfully implemented by Ted Jacob Engineering Group
(TJEG).
Ventilated Double-skin Façade System
Double-skin façade has been used in buildings as a passive building technology to enhance the
energy efficiency and improve indoor thermal comfort at the same time. This includes the use of
passive double-skin where air is taken from the bottom of the double façade and plumed up
between the double façade layers. This concept has been used successfully in cold climates. The
passive double-skin facade would not work in hot and humid climate of the Gulf Region.
100 per cent Outside Air System with Run-Around Heat Recovery
This concept requires only two main duct systems – supply air and general exhaust air, thus
reducing first cost of the system as well as the maintenance cost. It is the most adaptable to the
space utilization changes. TJEG determined that when compared with the conventional, three-
duct, supply, return and exhaust systems, the two-duct, 100 per cent outside air system, not only
offered first cost and energy savings but also had lower life cycle cost. The most important
advantage of this concept is that it provides 100 per cent outside air and, as a result, the best
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) all year around.
Variable Air Volume (VAV) System

to implement VAV system local Code requires automatic modulating dampers in the room
supply/return/exhaust ducts. The two-duct, 100 per cent outside air system allowed for a
reduction in the number of the control dampers required and, thus, made possible the use of the
VAV system in the patient occupied areas. This innovative approach represents a departure from
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the conventional constant volume air conditioning system typically found in the healthcare
environment and greatly increases patient comfort control while reducing energy consumption.
Displacement Ventilation
Displacement ventilation is a well-known approach to the air supply used in all kinds of the
buildings, except healthcare. In order to respond to concerns related to the infection control and
space comfort, air velocity, temperature and stratification rigorous CFD analysis was undertaken.
A mock-up patient room was built in the laboratory to test performance of the displacement
ventilation and confirm validity of the CFD analysis. Through an extensive study of several
HVAC system options TJEG determined that when compared with other systems, the
Displacement Ventilation, VAV, two-duct, 100 per cent outside air system with run-around heat
recovery, offered energy savings and had the lowest life cycle cost.
Fan Array with Variable Frequency Drives

Fan arrays or fan wall systems create uniform air flow across the coils and in the ductwork and
minimize noise and vibration. Multiple fans increase systems redundancy and reliability. Fan
array installations reduce overall length of the air handler’s cabinet due to shorter space
requirements downstream of the fans. Also, they eliminate the need for the sound eliminators,
thus further reducing the length of the cabinet as well as the fan horsepower. Multiple variable
frequency drives control fan operation to modulate air supply to fit building needs.
Bypass Dampers
Air handling units contain heat recovery and cooling coils that introduce resistance to the air
flow resulting in the pressure drop. By-pass dampers at all coils in the air handling units are
programmed to open when the coil is not in use. This measure presents a reduction in the air
pressure drop, and thus, a reduction in the energy consumption.
Heat Harvesting and Rejection

Heat is harvested from miscellaneous heat producing equipment, such as computer room air
conditioning units, refrigeration equipment condensers, medical and lab equipment, etc. and is
used for reheating coils and preheat domestic water. Heat recovery run-around system may be
used to reject the excess harvested heat into the system.
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Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) and Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB)
It anticipated future needs and identified potential energy efficiency strategies through the
engagement of many different participants during the project delivery. In addition to the project
coordination benefits of IPD, it provides a project delivery model that can better conceive and
implement the concept of the NZEB by encouraging building design to minimize energy
requirements and implementing renewable energy systems that meet these reduced energy needs.
3.1.2.7 Case Studies for zero energy

A. Bristol Community College John J. Sbrega Health and Science Building
Architect: Sasaki
Owner: Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Location: Fall River, Massachusetts
Project site: Previously developed land
type(s): Education–College/
Create a zero net energy lab science building where the application of class room skills and the
sharing of interdisciplinary knowledge coverage
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Figure 3-7
Bristol set ambitious goals of making its new science building not only elegant and inviting, but
also a model of sustainability. The 50,000ft2 building sets the standard as the first zero net energy
(ZNE) academic science building in the Northeast. Project goals: Replace outmoded labs with
hands-on learning environments for science and health. Science; provide student ‘soft’ space; build
sustainably; ‘gateway’ building; enhance existing landscape framework. Between the budget-
setting feasibility study and the beginning of SD, the college started a power purchase agreement,
building a 3.2 MW solar array over a parking lot.
This prompted a reassessment of the original "high-performance" design, which would not have
kept pace with BCC's climate commitment. The goal became to design for zero net energy (ZNE)
without increasing the budget. Which was accomplished. In the ‘high performance’ design, energy
demand was driven largely by 18 fume hoods that exhaust 100 percent outside air. Switching to
filtration fume hoods and air-quality monitoring unlocked a series of strategies that reduce the EUI
by roughly 80 percent, including:
✓ 33-67 percent reduction in air changes
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✓ Enthalpy wheel heat recovery

✓ Decoupling cooling/heating from ventilation
✓ Using fan coil units for local control
✓ 67 percent reduction in airflow
✓ High-performance envelope
For heating and hot water, the design integrates a dual-source heat pump and a solar-powered hot
water system. Together with the solar arrays (site and roof), carbon based energy sources have
been eliminated. Utility and daylight: Occupied by multiple disciplines shared daylight student
‘living, Walls are glazed, allowing for views into the labs. Outdoor rooms and space, visible storm
water management, landscape/building merge, Taken together, this approach provides triple
bottom, line benefits
✓ Social: access to job-focused education serving a growing sector of the state’s economy
✓ Economic: operational savings of $103,000 per year (not including grants/incentives/social
cost of carbon); supporting the renewable energy market
✓ Environmental: keeping
carbon in the ground,
reducing storm water run-
off, increasing habitat,
establishing new models
of sustainable lab design.
Figure 3-8
Figure 3-9
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Figure 3-10
3.2 MATERNITY CENTER
3.2.1 Defination
“As a home-like facility existing within a healthcare system with a program of care designed in
the wellness model of pregnancy and birth” By American Association of Birth Center. Provided
family-center care for health women before, during, and after normal pregnancy, labor, and birth.
Is the place for child birth ware care is provide in the midwifery and wellness model. Is a free
standing, or distinctly separate from a cute care service within a hospital. Respects and facilities a
women’s right to make informed choice about her health care and her baby’s health care based on
her values and beliefs.
Any health facility, place or institution which is not a hospital or in hospital and where births are
planned to occur a way from the mother’s residence following normal uncomplicated pregnancy
(AABS). “A Birth Center is a facility, other than hospital’s maternity facilities or a physician’s
office which provides a setting for labor, delivery, and immediate post-partum, care as well as
immediate care for new born infants” By CMS definition. A Maternity Hospital is specializing in
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a caring for women during pregnancy and child birth. It also provides care for new born infants,
and may act as a center for clinical training in midwifery and obstetrics.
The maternity unit provides facilities for antenatal care of mothers with complications during
pregnancy, assessment, management of labor, delivery and immediate post-delivery observation
of mothers, postnatal care of mothers following birth – complicated or uncomplicated deliveries,
neonatal care by mothers under supervision from nursing and midwifery trained staff, neonatal
care of newborns requiring special care from specialist neonatal medical and nursing staff.
The maternity unit incorporates, birthing unit, inpatient accommodation – antenatal, inpatient
accommodation, postnatal Facilities and requirements for assessment, delivery and immediate
postnatal care of mothers are Addressed in the separate birthing unit in these guidelines.
3.2.2 .Hospital Vs Maternity Center
Hospital
✓ Is a building designed to diagnose and treat the sick, injured or dying usually has a staff of
doctors or nurses to aid in the treatment of patients,
✓ A building founded for the long-term care of its residents.
✓ The place and state of being hospitalized.
Maternity
✓ It’s the state of being a mother: motherhood.

✓ The state of being pregnant: pregnancy.
✓ A ward or department in a hospital in which babies are born.
3.2.3 Functional areas

The maternity unit will comprise the following functional areas or zones:
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Table 3-2
#Entry/ reception area (may be shared with birthing unit or provided at the main entry)
#Reception area
The reception is the receiving hub of the unit and may be used to control the security of the unit.
A waiting area for visitors may be provided with access to separate male/female toilet facilities
and prayer rooms. If immediately adjacent to the unit, visitor and staff gowning and protective
equipment may also be located here for infection control during ward isolation.
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Figure 3-13
#Patient accommodation
Patient rooms may be grouped together in zones corresponding to different levels of dependency.
Antenatal accommodation will preferably be separated from postnatal beds and be provided in
singlebedrooms.
#Antenatal types
Antenatal care is the term we use to describe the care you receive from our team during your
pregnancy.
Figure 3-14
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Figure 3-15
Figure 3-16
#Recovery and postnatal types
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Figure 3-17
Figure 3-18
#Prenatal care room

Prenatal care is the health care you get while you are pregnant. It includes your checkups and
prenatal testing. Prenatal care can help keep you and your baby healthy. It lets your health care
provider spot health problems early. Early treatment can cure many problems and prevent others.
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Figure 3-19
Figure 3-20
Postnatal accommodation may be arranged to provide a more relaxed environment of mother care
rooms, where women can gather, breastfeed and participate in informal education groups, located
further away from the staff observation posts and more clinical acute care rooms situated close to
the staff station to allow for effective staff observation and ease of access from the support areas.
A small, discreet group of rooms should be provided for women who have lost their baby or have
given their baby up for adoption. These women require ongoing psychological care, post-natal
medical care and support which is best provided within a quiet area of the maternity inpatient unit.
A number of larger postnatal rooms should be available to cope with multiple births, bariatric
patients and people with disabilities that require additional equipment such as a wheelchair.
With regards to the different type of rooms:
Due to requirement for a high level of privacy, the use of two bed rooms should be avoided unless
specifically requested by the operational policy of the facility. Single bed rooms assist with
infection control and patient privacy. Single bedrooms are preferred particularly for antenatal
patients that may require additional rest and postnatal patients that may disturb other patients with
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baby care. Bedrooms for postnatal patients with babies rooming in should consider provisions for
baby bathing. Baby bathing may be undertaken within the room using a portable baby bath or a
built-in bathing area.
#Support areas
Support areas including utility rooms, disposal and store rooms should be located conveniently for
staff access. Meeting room/s and interview rooms for education sessions, interviews with staff,
patients and families may be shared with adjacent areas where possible.
#Staff areas
Staff areas will consist of offices and workstations, staff room, staff station and handover room,
toilets, shower and lockers. Offices and workstations will be required for administrative as well as
clinical functions to facilitate educational activities and will be provided according to approved
staffing levels for the unit. Staff areas, particularly staff rooms, toilets, showers and lockers may
be shared with adjacent units as far as possible.
#shared areas
In addition to the shared staff areas above, shared areas may include patient bathroom, treatment
room, public toilets, visitor lounge.
#Nursery areas
The general care nursery will accommodate well newborn babies as required for short term care.
The nursery will include a bathing/ examination area where newborn babies may be examined,
weighed and bathed, staff station with direct observation of all cots in the nursery and a
resuscitation trolley, close proximity; sterile stock and medications may be co-located with the
staff station, support rooms including cleaner’s room, utilities, linen holding and storage areas.
The special care nursery will provide facilities for short term care including the provision of
assisted ventilation, for babies who suffer from complications or awaiting transfer to a neonatal
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intensive care unit/facility, premature newborns who are ill or who are simply recovering due to
their prematurity and/or low weight, nursed in humid cribs and bassinettes.
#Isolation room/s
As required resuscitation and transfer to a neonatal intensive care unit, feeding, bathing, changing
and weighing the baby, darkening the area to allow babies to sleep during the day and dimmable
lighting, education of staff and parents, phototherapy
The intensive care nursery includes facilities for critically ill newborns requiring life support and
monitoring, nursed in open intensive car cots or humid cribs. Parent support facilities should be
available including lounge and overnight stay room with ensuite for parents who stay for extended
periods with a sick neonate. Nurseries will require access to public amenities for parents
#Feeding and formula room/s

The feeding room provides an area close to nurseries for mothers to feed under the supervision
of staff. The feeding room will include comfortable chairs suitable for breast feeding, provision
for use of breast pumps, privacy screening for patients, space for assistance from nursing
personnel, access to a formula room for milk storage.
The formula room should be located close to the nurseries and include facilities for holding milk
supplies, both breast milk and prepared formula milk.
The formula room will include bench with sink for rinsing equipment, cupboards for storage,
refrigerator with freezer, baby milk warmer or microwave oven.
Notes:
The maternity unit must not be located so that access to one component is via another.
A nursery must not open directly into another nursery.
#General care nursery incorporated with postnatal unit

In this model the postnatal inpatient unit and birthing unit are located in close proximity with
controlled access and entry from the public access areas. General care nursery is incorporated into
the postnatal inpatient unit for maximum convenience of mothers.
Special care nursery is collocated with nicu and located separately to the maternity unit.
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The advantage of this arrangement of neonatal care is that sick/ critical babies and specialist
neonatal trained staff are concentrated in one area. A disadvantage is that the location may be less
convenient for mothers who require frequent access for feeding and nursing sick babies.
#Separate general care nursery / SCN

In the model above the postnatal inpatient unit is a standard configuration located in close
relationship with birthing unit. The general care and special care nurseries are located together,
separate from the inpatient unit. The key advantage of standard configuration inpatient units is
flexibility of inpatient accommodation. Inpatient units that are suitable for any specialty allow
reassignment of specialties throughout a facility without significant alterations. The major
disadvantage of a separate general care nursery is lack of convenience for mothers who need to
access nursery staff and facilities for neonatal care and feeding support and milk storage.
#fully integrated general care, special care nursery and NICU

The fully integrated model provides for all components of maternity unit located in close
Juxtaposition. The general care nursery, special care nursery, NICU are accessible from the
postnatal inpatient unit with close access to the birthing unit. Access to NICU is also available via
a staff/ service corridor for admissions directly from birthing or emergency units.
#Delivery and surgery types
Figure 3-21
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Figure 3-22
Figure 3-23
#Patient treatment areas Figure 3-24
Antenatal accommodation may be provided in a quiet zone within the postnatal unit, preferably
Separated from postnatal patients. Single bedrooms are preferred for patients with high risk
Pregnancies that will require rest and quiet. Support areas may be shared with postnatal
Accommodation. Postnatal accommodation will generally include a combination of single and 2
bed rooms and may include communal areas where mothers can gather to socialise or attend
educational sessions.
Nursery areas, feeding room and formula rooms should be readily accessible to mothers in
postnatal accommodation,
#Isolation rooms
At least one 'class s - standard' isolation room shall be provided for each inpatient unit. The need
for negative pressure isolation rooms is to be evaluated by an infection control risk assessment and
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will reflect the requirements of the service plan. Negative pressure and standard pressure isolation
cot spaces may be required according to the service plan.
#Bathing
The bathing / examination area will be used for baby bathing, baby examinations, weighing and
baby bathing demonstrations for parents. The area may be located within or adjacent to the
neonatal general care or special care nursery. The bathing/ examination area will include a bench
with a baby examination area and baby weighing scales and a sink for baby bathing, storage. A
staff hand washing basin should be located within easily access.
Special considerations include Provision of heating over the examination/ bathing area, provision
of good lighting levels; lighting should permit the accurate assessment of skin color, the baby
bathing sink should be manufactured from a material that will not retain heat or cold, (stainless
steel is not recommended), staff will require access to an emergency call button for use in
emergencies.
#Bay - pneumatic tube

The bay - pneumatic tube should be located at the staff station/s under the direct supervision of
staff for urgent arrivals. The location should not be accessible by external staff or visitors.
Requirements include the bay should not impede access within staff station areas, lacks should be
provided for pneumatic tube canisters, wall protection should be installed to prevent wall damage
from canisters.
#Neonatal isolation room - negative/ positive pressure

The neonatal isolation room will be similar to an enclosed neonatal bay - special care or intensive
care, with appropriate air-conditioning - filtered, negative pressure or positive/ standard pressure
to comply with standards and guidelines applicable to isolation rooms. The room will require
additional 2m2 for door access.
The isolation room/s will require anteroom, for negative pressure isolation rooms, hand washing
basin, type a, within the room PPE located at the room entry - may be combined with the hand
washing bay, room fabric and doors to comply with standards and guidelines for isolation rooms.
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The quantity of negative pressure or positive pressure isolation rooms will be dependent on the
service plan for the unit.
Figure 3-25
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Figure 3-26
#Parent lounge/ dining/ kitchenette

The parent lounge is provided for the convenience of parents who may be visiting neonates in the
NICU for extended periods of time. The lounge should be located with convenient access to the
NICU inpatient area. The lounge will include comfortable seating, dining table and chairs,
kitchenette with facilities for preparing drinks and food reheating, (cooking facilities are not
included), television and telephone. An external outlook is essential. Acoustic treatment should be
provided to minimize noise transfer to adjacent areas.
#Ward
Figure 3-27
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#Storage
Figure 3-28
Figure 3-29
#Examine room
Figure 3-30
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#Rest Room
Figure 3-31
Nurse station
Figure 3-32
Community gathering area
Figure 3-33
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Figure 3-34
3.2.4 Environmental considerations

Acoustics
✓ Inpatient areas
Inpatient accommodation should be designed to minimize the ambient noise level within the unit
and transmission of sound between patient areas, staff areas and public areas. Consideration
Should be given to the location of noisy areas or activity, preferably placing them away from quiet.
Areas including patient bedrooms. Acoustic treatment will be required to the patient bedrooms,
interview and meeting rooms, treatment rooms, staff rooms, toilets and showers.
✓ Nursery areas
Sound levels within nursery areas should be minimized to prevent harm and stress to newborn
And sick babies. Sound levels for all services installed within the nursery areas, particularly special
care nurseries, should be controllable to provide minimal noise intrusion, ideally less than 40 db.
Within the nursery, sound absorption and insulation techniques should be applied to soften the
noise created by crying babies and their support equipment.
Natural light/ lighting
The use of natural light should be maximized throughout the unit. Windows are an important
Aspect of sensory orientation and psychological well-being of patients. Natural light must be
available in all bedrooms and is desirable in patient areas such as lounge rooms. Natural light
should be available in nursery areas. External windows will require shading and Babies must be
positioned away from windows to prevent excessive light and radiant heat gain.
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Artificial lighting must be color corrected to allow staff to observe natural skin tones and
dimmable for night lighting.
Observation and privacy
The design of the inpatient unit needs to consider the contradictory requirement for staff visibility
of patients while maintaining patient privacy. Unit design and location of staff stations will offer
varying degrees of visibility and privacy. The patient acuity including high dependency or
intermediate care will be a major influence.
Factors for consideration include use of windows in internal walls and/or doors, location of beds
that may affect direct staff visibility, provision of bed screens to ensure privacy of patients
undergoing treatment, location of sanitary facilities to provide privacy for patients while not
preventing observation of the bed area by staff. Nursery areas should consider privacy for babies
and the family, particularly from casual observation by passing traffic. Blinds and covers should
be provided to windows and door glazing bed screen curtains will be required to neonatal bays.
Interior décor
Interior decor includes furnishings, style, color, textures and ambience, influenced by perception
And culture. The décor of the unit should be of a standard that meets the expectations of the
Clients using the services and make every effort to reduce an institutional atmosphere.
Patient treatment and reception areas should be open and inviting with décor that is domestic and
Casual rather than institutional. Access to outdoor areas is desirable.
Space standards and components
Room capacity and dimensions
Maximum room capacity for maternity unit shall be two patients. minimum dimensions, excluding
such items as ensuites, built-in robes, alcoves, entrance lobbies and floor mounted mechanical
equipment are similar to general inpatient units as follows:
Table 3-3
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Minimum room dimensions are based on overall bed dimensions (buffer to buffer) of
2250 mm Long x 1050 mm wide.
Bed spacing / clearances

In all bed rooms there shall be a clearance of 1200 mm available at both sides and the foot of
Each bed to allow for easy movement of equipment and beds. In multiple-bed rooms, the minimum
distance between bed center lines shall be 2400 mm.
Figure 3-35
Figure 3-36
Accessibility
Design should provide ease of access for wheel chair bound patients in all patient areas including
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Lounge rooms and nurseries. Waiting areas should include spaces for wheelchairs. Within the
Inpatient accommodation one bedroom and ensuite should be provided with full accessibility
compliance the quantity of accessible rooms to be determined by the service plan. Accessible
Bedrooms and ensuites should enable normal activity for wheelchair dependent patients.
Doors
Doors used for emergency bed transfers within the unit or to the birthing or operating units must
Be appropriately positioned and sized. A minimum of 1400mm clear opening is recommended for
doors requiring bed/trolley access. Also refer to part c - access, mobility and OH&S of these
Ergonomics/ OH&S
Design of clinical spaces including bed rooms, treatment rooms, feeding rooms, formula
Rooms, nurseries and lounge areas must consider ergonomics and OH&S issues for patient, visitor
and staff welfare.
Size of the unit

The number of beds will be determined by the facility’s service plan. The preferred maximum
Number of beds in the maternity unit is 20-25 beds in order to accommodate additional rooms
Such as the general care nursery, feeding room, formula room and communal activities areas.
The number of cots in the nursery areas will be determined by the service plan dependent on the
Number of beds in the maternity inpatient areas and number of birthing rooms, expected numbers
of births and expected numbers of complicated deliveries resulting in babies requiring special or
intensive care. The number of cots in a newborn nursery should not exceed 16 cots.
Safety and security
The arrangement of spaces and zones shall offer a high standard of security through the control
over access and egress from the unit, the provision of optimum observation for staff and grouping
of like functions into zones.
All maternity unit areas including inpatient areas, nurseries and birthing unit must have restricted
access, and appropriate staff identification systems. Maternity units are increasingly adopting a
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baby tagging system. This involves a combination of the infant wearing a tag around the ankle and
sensor panels located at every access point to the unit (and perhaps the entire hospital or facility).
Drug storage
All components of the maternity unit will include lockable drug storage within the clean utility or
medication room/s. Refer to standard components clean utility/ medication and store-drugs data
sheets and room layout sheets for further details.
Note: storage for dangerous drugs must be in accordance with the relevant legislation.
Milk storage
To ensure the correct milk is provided to the right infant, breast milk storage freezers and fridges
should be lockable or located within a lockable formula room with access restricted to staff only
or to mothers under staff supervision.
Finishes
Finishes including fabrics, floor, wall and ceiling finishes, should be relaxing. The following
additional factors should be considered in the selection of finishes acoustic properties, durability,
ease of cleaning, infection control, fire safety, movement of equipment.
As clinical observation of patients and neonates is essential, colors should be chosen carefully to
avoid an adverse impact on the skin color, particularly for cyanosis and jaundiced babies.
Fixtures, fittings and equipment

#Privacy screens
In single and two bed rooms, visual privacy from casual observation by other patients and visitor
shall be provided for each bed space. The design for privacy shall not restrict patient access to the
ensuite or room entrance in two bed rooms. Feeding areas will require privacy screening with
sufficient space to allow a staff member to assist the mother.
#Curtains / blinds
Each bed room and the nursery areas shall have partial blackout facilities (blinds or lined Curtains)
to allow patients and babies to rest during the daytime.
Heating ventilation and air conditioning (hvac)
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Nurseries should be serviced by hvac systems that allow the temperature to be controllable
between 21 to 30 degrees Celsius. The temperature control devices should be located within the
Room and should only be accessible to the staff.
To ensure confidentiality and reduce noise the ventilation ductwork should minimize
transmission of sounds throughout the unit, particularly nursery areas.
Inpatient accommodation areas should be air-conditioned and maintain a temperature range
comfortable for mothers and babies.
Medical gases
Reticulated oxygen, medical air and suction will be required to each inpatient room and nurseries
in accordance with standard components and guidelines for installation.
Pneumatic tube systems
The inpatient unit and nursery areas may include a pneumatic tube station, as determined by the
facility operational policy. If provided the station should be located in close proximity to the staff
station or under direct staff supervision.
Hydraulics
Warm water supplied to all areas accessed by patients within the maternity unit and nursery areas
must not exceed 43 degrees Celsius. This requirement includes all staff hand wash basins and sinks
located within patient accessible and nursery areas.
Infection control
Hand basins
Hand-washing facilities in corridors shall not impact on minimum clear corridor widths. In the
Maternity unit at least one clinical hand washing basin is to be conveniently accessible to the staff
station and one should be located at the entry and exit to the unit. Each nursery should have a hand
basin at the point of entry for staff and parents. Within the nursery, a minimum 1 hand basin, type
b should be provided per 4 cots in general care nurseries and type a, 1 per 2 cots in special care
and intensive care nurseries; the distance between any point in the nursery to the close. basin
should not exceed 6 meters.
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Figure 3-39
Maternity program Program adjacency
Figure 3-40
Figure 3-41
3.3 CASE STUDIES
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3.3.1 Local case study
Woldya Maternity Center / Vilalta Architects
Figure 3-42
Located in Woldya, a town in the Amhara region in northeast Ethiopia, the new maternity care
center is placed at the entrance of the Woldya hospital becoming a new gathering area for future
mothers.
Maternity Hospital / dolmus Architekten Woldyia Maternity Center / Vilalta Arquitectura areas
that share an entrance space: the maternity unit and the mothers waiting area. The first one is the
functional and operational medical space and the second, a temporary hostel for upcoming patients
that need a place to stay before they enter in the final stage of their pregnancy. More images and
architects’ description after the break.
Figure 3-43
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The town elevation is 2112 m above sea level and has a favourable climate with temperatures that
range 12 to 27 ºC - and regular precipitation intensity during the whole year. Woldya is surrounded
by a beautiful landscape of mountains and a large abundance of greenery.
Maternity Unit
The maternity unit is composed by 3 rectangular concrete volumes that are connected by a central
corridor. The 3 volumes are the different areas of the maternity unit: Reception, Patient and
Operation areas. These are separated from each other to bring light inside the main circulation and
connected with the glass corridor.
Figure 3-44
Cultural Influence
Fractal designs appear frequently in cultural artifacts across the continent of Africa. They are
found in textiles, architecture, sculpture, village layout, etc. Continent wide studies conclude that
the high frequency of the use of fractals in Africa is by both conscious and unconscious design.
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Figure 3-45
Energy Systems
Energy Systems The maternity unit construction system and sustainability strategies are a
combination of traditional solutions, available resources and engineering systems that will improve
the building’s performance. The structure of the maternity is based on concrete brick walls and
slabs and on wood pillars and rattan panels on the mothers home. These incorporate insulation and
Figure 3-46
the main services. All the rooms of the maternity have natural ventilation considering the favorable
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climate of the region. The windows of the different rooms are built with wood and protected from
intrusion with a common metal frame shaped with a tradition Ethiopian pattern.
Electricity is generated with photovoltaic panels to make the building independent from the grid
and also serve the demands of the mothers waiting home. A network of water tanks is placed on
the roof to collect the rain water. This water will be heated naturally by the sun and its position
also provides pressure to the internal pipes.
Figure 3-47
Mothers Waiting Area
The mothers waiting area is inspired by the tukuls, the traditional Ethiopian huts and it is composed
by circular volumes connected by paths. Like a big house for new mothers, it has a day area with
an open air living room, the veranda, and a kitchen and a night area with 5 rooms and toilets.
3.3.2 International Case study 1
Project Detail
Location: Nyanza, Nyanza District, Rwanda
Year: 2011
Status: In Progress
Program: District Hospital

GROUP 3 Page 119
Clients: Rwanda Ministry of Health UNICEF
Figure 3-48
The Nyanza maternity hospital was originally built in 1931, and is in need of significant
renovation to meet the community’s maternal health needs. The construction will include
capacity for all maternity services, a pediatric ward, operating rooms, and a patient attendants’
area — doubling the capacity of the Nyanza Hospital.
The facility design features an innovative use of solar chimneys to increase airflow, exceeding
the World Health Organization’s recommendation for air changes per hour, all realized through
100% natural ventilation. Buildings are arranged to produce functional courtyards for patients,
visitors and staff. The material detailing is congruent with the existing structure, which will be
rehabilitated for continued use.
GROUP 3 Page 120

3.3.3 International case study 2
Royal Maternity Hospital
Figure 3-49
(Vision for the Royal Maternity Hospital Bahrain is as described)
This vision for the Royal Maternity Hospital can be brought to life by the Scott Tallon Walker
team which has a long history of healthcare design. It offer the Royal Maternity Hospital the best
hospital design that will create an open and capacious environment. cost effective and seamless
way, which will maximize the best skills and resources available worldwide and minimize cost
and disruption to the existing hospital, ensuring continuity of operations available. culture of
innovation through collaboration. Through our design approach we aim to cultivate such an
environment that will promote their development, which will, ultimately, assist in their recovery
GROUP 3 Page 121

Concept Design
Figure 3-50
FLOOR PLANS
GROUP 3 Page 122

ELEVATIOS
Figure 3-55 South elevation
Figure 3-56 WEST ELEVATION
Figure 3-57 NORTH ELEVATION
GROUP 3 Page 123

Figure 3-58 SECTION A-A
SectionA-A
GROUP 3 Page 124

Benefits
✓ Greatest expertise in the field of architecture,

✓ Medical planning,
✓ Engineering,
✓ Landscape and interior design available worldwide.
✓ A Wealth of Knowledge
✓ Passion for the Project
✓ Belief in Collaboration
✓ Familiarity with the Site
✓ Commitment to Quality and Excellence
✓ A Culture of Innovation
✓ Approach to Architectural Design
Our design embraces the core principles outlined in the Request for Proposal;
➢ Specialized Medical Facility

➢ Advanced healthcare services
➢ Comprehensive maternity services
➢ Highest level of luxury accommodation
➢ Designed in total compliance with Health Building notes and Health Technical
Memoranda
Future proofing of facility.
The following facilities have been included in our proposal as requested and are demonstrated in
our Schedule of Area:
Main Facilities
The hospital facilities will include the following: Neonates, NICU and SCBU, Gynecology and
Assisted Conception Unit /IVF, Diagnostics, Reconstructive/Cosmetics Surgery, Emergency
Services, OT Complex, Intensive Care, Inpatient rooms, Administrative Areas, Continence ,
Dispensing Pharmacy Spa, Retail, Stores, Central Medical Records, Medical Gas Supplies, Staff
GROUP 3 Page 125

area, Changing, Housekeeping, Security, Ambulance Drivers, Dining, Kitchen and related areas,
Waste recycling and disposal units and Facility Management control center
Most great buildings are elevated and approached by steps or a ramp as evidence by IM PEI’s
Majestic Islamic Museum in Doha which we had the pleasure of recently visiting.
As the general site level is approximately 2 meters below the Al Muasker Highway dual
carriageway level, this offers the opportunity to create an upper ground floor entrance level, which
would allow the building to be approached by a gentle ramp up and a lower ground floor service
level accessed by a ramp down.
The concept design proposes 2 blocks separated by an enclosed garden. The blocks are curved for
three good reasons:
1) The curved shape of the block accommodating the main A&E/outpatient entrance creates a
welcoming and embracing form.
2) The curved block form enhances the experience of the internal circulation routes.
3) The curved block form generates a dynamic internal garden space.
It is established and recognized – that good quality architecture enhanced and complimented by
good quality landscaping add significantly to the well-being of patients and considerably assists in
their recovery process and positive patient outcomes.
The key areas to our approach to Quality Management, can be outlined as follows:
• Fully integrated approach to Quality
• Design Quality Review Meetings
• Web based Portal to Electronic Quality System
• ISO 9001 Quality System
• ISO 14001 Quality System Design Innovation in Healthcare Environments
GROUP 3 Page 126

In order to achieve something extraordinary, something must be created that does not already
exist, this can only be achieved with innovative thought and creativity. There are core values which
champion innovation, these include:
• Trust
• No blame culture
• Drawing from a ‘Well of Experience’
• Collaboration
• Creating an Innovation Friendly Environment
Projects such as the National Maternity Hospital and St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Scott
Tallon Walker have developed examples of innovations which have arisen from our previous
design projects and have become part of our standard work practice. This illustrates our genuine
and strongly held belief that innovation is a cornerstone in progressing healthcare design. These
innovations include:
• Collaborative working methods within our Team
• Fresh approach to single room accommodation
• Off site production such as Pod bathroom’s
• Pre-engineered construction systems
• Reductions in construct systems
• Reductions in construction waste “Without change there is no innovation, creativity, or incentive

for improvement.
Approach to Mechanical & Electrical Design Concept
Completed which would enable the window design to be optimised to achieve good daylighting
levels while maintaining adequate heatgain levels.
Daylighting within internal corridors could be provided by using the SunPipe system, indicated
below. Renewable Energy Systems Detailed analysis and consultation would be required to
determine the most appropriate renewable energy system for the Hospital.
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Due to the relatively low cost of power and water within Bahrain, the payback on some systems
cannot be achieved within the system lifetime and therefore inclusion of these systems would result
from Client aspiration. Solar Thermal Panels Given the high hot water consumption within a
Hospital, provision of a solar thermal system would signifi cantly reduce the hot water heating
load and is likely to pay back within 8-10 years.
Solar energy is used to heat a transfer fl uid within the panels; this fl uid is then circulated to the
hot water calorifi er, where it is used in a heat exchanger to heat domestic water services.
Photovoltaic Panels Photovoltaic panels systems use solar energy to generate electrical power,
which can be used to reduce the consumption of grid supplied power within a building. As noted
above, these could additionally be used as shading above the glazed roof area. Given the high
capital cost of these it is unlikely that payback would be achieved within the lifetime of the system.
Water Consumption Where possible, potable water consumption would be reduced through use of
low fl ow showers and taps and dual fl ush toilets. However, clinical needs would govern. Use of
a grey water recycling system would be considered in conjunction with Hospital operators and
system suppliers .
Figure 3-59
GROUP 3 Page 128

Landscape Design Concept
The landscape of the Royal Maternity Hospital is an important and integral component of the
visitor’s experience. Throughout a visit to the hospital, one is in contact with nature and its healing
properties. Five different landscape character zones have been designed into the site. These
respond to the specifi c conditions of exposure, privacy, human interaction and environmental
impact.
Edge Transition
• Implies a division between public and private domains
• Provides controlled access points
Vehicular circulation and parking
• Initial experience when arriving at the hospital
• Shaded parking and walkways
• Colourful plantings to embellish site
• Highlights building and building entries
Central Garden
• Tropical infl uences, lush shaded areas, earth tones and natural fi nishes
• Unique niches, gathering areas and quiet water features
Private Gardens
• Tranquil retreats with calming water effects
• Colourful and fragrant planting
• Promotes healing relaxation
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• Exclusive and private
Royal Entry
• Private drive with luxury materials
• Colours and textures identifi es exclusive character
Edge Transition
The areas of the site boundary along the southern and western edges form important transitional
zones that lead from the public highway system into the quiet environment of the hospital. These
zones will buffer the views into the site while maximising the aesthetic appeal of the building and
maintaining a visual connection with the surrounding context.
Vehicular circulation and parking
The vehicular areas serve as the entry locations for the site and as such, become important in defi
ning the character of the hospital site and experience. This begins at the entry to the site, which
will escort people through a stately entrance onto a palm and tree lined avenue that sweeps around
to the parking and front entry.
Central Garden
Fundamental to the building’s design is the multi-storey Central Garden that resonates with health
and well-being. This is the central space that defi nes the experience of the hospital, whether one
is a patient or an employee. The Central Garden is infl uenced by lush tropical designs that
incorporate shade, terrace gardens and water that is associated with soothing and healing
properties. The Central Garden provides a series of spaces that range from public activity areas to
spaces that offer more privacy for visitors and employees.
Landscape Design Concept Private Gardens
The hospital is designed with a number of private gardens that relate specifi cally to certain rooms
and activities. Private Gardens are attached to certain rooms and will offer the inhabitant a place
of natural tranquility in complete privacy.
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Royal Entry Exclusivity and opulent
Describe the private entry reserved for royalty. The landscape here will promote privacy and
opulence befintting an elite member of society. It will parade the visitor through a stately
procession of trees and palms to a private entrance that is punctuated by water fountains and lush
planting.
Figure 3-60
Figure 3-61
GROUP 3 Page 131

Figure 3-62
GROUP 3 Page 132

4. SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS
Option 1
Site justification
We chose this site not only because of the benefits of the project proposal but also for the theme
that we are applying on the project:-
- Due to the theme selection of the project site orientation is the basic and essential thing to
consider it for better use of a passive solar radiation/ in a solar device panel.
- For the use of wind as one factor of for generating energy for the zero energy build
Checklist for maternity center Final site Optional site
Easy reach of captive population ✓ ✓

Free access ✓ X
sufficient land ✓ ✓
Soil condition suitable for ✓ X
construction
Proper drainage of rain water. ✓ X
have clear sunshine ✓ ✓
avoid big buildings, trees near by ✓ ✓
Less nearby noise ✓ ✓

No smoke making industries ✓ ✓
flow of fresh air ✓ ✓
orientation X X
Infrastructure ✓ ✓
Facility access ✓ X
Access to main road ✓ X
Topography ✓ X
Safety and security ✓ X
Zoning ✓ X
-
GROUP 3 Page 133

SITE SELECTION
• Availability of sufficient land depending on size of the hospital and its furniture
expansion.
• 25beds- 5acre(20,230m2), 100bed – 15 acre(60,690), 200 bed – 25

acre(101,150m2),500beds- 50 acre(202,300), 750 bed- 80 acre(323,680), 1000-
100acre(404,600m2) approx.
• Must have good approaching road.
• Soil condition suitable for construction, Not land fill area
• Proper drainage of rain water.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
• Area must have clear sunshine, avoid big buildings, trees near by
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• Climate should be moderate
• No near by noise, smoke making industries, flow of fresh air away from roads with heavy
traffic.
SUN AND WIND DIRECTION
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FIGURE GROUND
LEGEND
BUILT
UNBUILT
In the site the ratio between built-up and unbuilt is not proportional but almost all open
spaces are functional. There is more open space than the built one. Most of the existing buildings
are commercial around the site. Also there is some residential at the back side.
GROUP 3 Page 136

VEGITATION
Vegetation coverage and condition
Vegetation are:-
• Randomly planted
• Medium heighted
• Short &needle shaped
• Shorter canopy
• Shrubs & grasses are also exist
Recommendation:-
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• Some plants have to remove & replace
• Have to plant in appropriate & well designed way
• Medium & high heighted plants are recommended
• Plants with higher canopy are needed that used as a shade.
the vegetation coverage of the urban which is near or neighbor to our site is having small amount
but the vegetation coverage which is called highland forest have a good vegetation coverage and
it is filled with different species of plants like girar, wanza, weybeta and so on.
The size of the tress ranges between 2-9m.
Canopy around 2m to 6m diameter.
The most existing vegetation in the site are no. 1 have no. 3 and 4 on some areas but it is rear and
2.
Most of the area is covered with grass and shrubs.
1 and 3 are in bad condition and the rest are in well condition
1 2 3 4
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MOVEMENT
LEGEND
ARTAIRAL ROOD
SUB ARTERIAL ROOD
COLLECTORE
Access road
The current situation of the road is
• Good enough to reach the site
• Have good condition in relation to the

total situation of the site.
• Have less traffic, helps the project

easily access by the public.
Recommendation:-
• Needs repair
• Increase the width
• Increase quality
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TOPOGRAPHY
The drainage pattern of the surrounding area of the site flows from NW to SW, E to S.
The proposed site is almost flat area but due to the soil dumbs sometimes the will be stagnant
water around the field.
At the back of the proposed site there is gorge which Leeds to the forest mountain and lakes
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INFRASTRACTURE
LEGEND
Water line
Electrical line
There are sufficient water supply and electricity in the site
Water pipe
Road light Electrical line
GROUP 3 Page 141

IMPACT OF THE PROJECT ON SITE
POSETIVE IMPACT
The project serve as a landmark to the city.
It helps the people to get nearby health care and special care as the same time.
It also helps to decrease infant and mothers mortality rate in some ratio.
GROUP 3 Page 142

SWOT ANALYSIS
Table 4-1
Strength Weakness
• The site have good view and noise free • Far away from main road of the
area. city
• The site as much as possible bounded with • Kulfo River impact
residence and service areas. • the site have connected to the
• The site is connected to the accesses road accesses road and the road is not
and the road standardized or well-constructed
• The site have well installed electric line, • the site has less hazardous and
telecommunication ,transportation and it when it comes to mam made
has good drainage ,solid and liquid west hazards

managements • The site is away from the rest city
• The site have access to the prevailing and but it near to the river that create
local winds and the shorter side of the site a noisy spaces because of the wild
is oriented to the harsh sun direction life
• The site have better natural drainage • The site road network is very
system which is related to the slop , the poor and it is hard to
slop is ensure to construct basement and transportation
the site has better relation with derange • The site doesn't have man mad
that will used as good aspects for derange systems but it has natural
landscape design derange systems.
• The site slope is in one direction that is • There are some noise during
good for natural derange student return to home
GROUP 3 Page 143

Opportunity Treat
• The site have large • Due to the site near to Kulfo river the are fear of flood and
opportunity for other related problems.
develop easily • Fear of electric disaster because of at small distance there
because of site is electric substation.
haven’t more • There is a potential problems in natural drainage system the
challenge inputs. site slope is in one direction it makes the drainage patterns in
• The site have good one direction that creates flood in the site that will be the
orientation and view potential treats
for good design • in the rain time the site will attacked by some soil erosion
developing. because of the city have high rain amount and the area have
some slope when we compare with left city areas.
NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT
Our selected environment have a neighborhood of:-
• Secondary School;- cover a large space in the south of our site.
• Commercial;- most of the buildings following the street are commercial.
• Launches;- simple and not permanent launches
• residential units at the back
• Garage
• Administration office;- a large administration office next to our site.
Recommendation:-
• Some of the launches have to remove as we see them they are built simply and looks
temporary.
• Residential units’ needs proper & designed orientation, some of them must be removed &
replaced according to our program.
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5. PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
Main functions Area in No. Of Total

A Public areas m2 room area
1 Main Entrance Lobby 1 0

2 Reception Desk 7 3 21
3 Back Office 12 2 24
4 Admitting / Discharge Cubicle(s) 12 5 60
5 PRO's Office/Social 12 3 36
workers/Counseling Office
6 Retail Pharmacy 60 1 60
7 Delivery area 9 1 9
8 Work area 18 1 18
9 Storage Area 32 1 32
10 Office 12 1 12
11 Consultation Area 12 1 12
12 Convenience store 60 1 60
13 Coffee Shop 150 1 150
14 Food Court 150 1 150
15 Business Desk 7 2 14
16 Back Office for Business, 7 1 7
Insurance and Travel Functions
17 Insurance Desk 7 1 7
18 Internet Café 1 0
19 Gift Shop 35 1 35
20 Travel Desk / Transportation desk 7 1 7
21 Automated teller machines 5 2 10
22 Telephone booths 1 0
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23 Meeting room 26 1 26
24 Prayer Room (male) 25 1 25
25 Prayer Room (Female) 25 1 25
26 Baby Changing Room 5 2 10
27 Baby Feeding Area 20 1 20
28 Public toilets 14 2 28
29 Staff toilet 6 2 12
30 Wheelchair / Stretcher alcove 4 2 8
31 Housekeeping closet 12 2 24
902
GROUP 3 Page 146

B Main functions Area in No. Of Total

2
Emergency Care Services m room area
1 Resuscitation Bay 10 1 10
2 Emergency procedure room 25 1 25
3 Minor treatment / injection room 20 1 20
4 Observation beds 15 2 30
5 Consultation room 15 1 15
6 Nurse Station 12 1 12
7 Support 0
8 ECS Reception 15 1 15
9 Waiting 25 1 25
10 ECS Officer 12 1 12
11 Equipment Bay 20 1 20
12 Clean Utility 15 1 15
13 Dirty Utility 15 1 15
14 Ante room 5 1 5
15 Toilets - public 26 2 52
Toilet - assisted 0 1 0
Stretcher / Wheelchair Alcove 10 1 10
Housekeeping Closet 12 1 12
293
C Main functions Area in No. Of Total
Out-patient Department m2 room area
1 Consultation rooms 15 8 120

2 Consultation rooms - dedicated 15 4 60
3 Minor treatment / injection room 20 2 40
4 Sample collection with toilet 12 1 12
5 Sputum collection 1 0
6 Executive health check-up lounge with 20 1 20
toilet
7 Central Waiting space 1 0
GROUP 3 Page 147

8 Childrens play area 25 1 25

9 Support 0
10 OPD reception / Scheduling / 7 2 14
Billing
11 Back Office for Billing/Scheduling 12 1 12
14 Multi-purpose rooms 20 1 20
15 Toilets - public 14 2 28
16 Toilet - assisted 0 1 0
17 Wheelchair Alcove 5 1 5
18 Housekeeping Closet 12 1 12
19 Baby Changing Room 5 2 10
20 Baby Feeding Area 20 1 20
428
D Main functions Area in No. Of Total

Radiology / Imaging & Other m2 room area
Diagnostics
1 X-rays 500ma with IITV 40 1 40
2 X-ray 40 1 40
3 C.R. Room 30 1 30
4 CT Room 50 1 50
5 MRI + Equipment 50 0 50
6 MRI Chiller/Technical Equipment 12 0 12
room
7 Common Console 12 1 12
8 Ultrasound scan rooms + toilet 22 2 44
9 EEG 20 0 20
10 EMG 20 0 20
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11 Mammography 22 1 22
12 Bone Mineral Densitometry 25 1 25
13 Office (radiologist,Sonogist) 12 2 24
14 Report writing office 30 1 30
15 Waiting space 8 1 8
16 Sub waiting spaces 8 3 24
17 Nuclear medicine - Gamma Camera 40 0 40
18 Support
19 Reception / Scheduling 20 1 20
20 Scheduling substations 10 3 30
21 Inpatient holding 8 2 16
22 Unexposed film & chemical store 0 1 0
23 General stores 25 1 25
26 Toilets - Public 28 2 56
27 Toilet - Assisted 1 0
28 Staff toilet 10 1 10
690
E Main functions Area in No. Of Total

Day Care Unit m2 room area
1 Day care beds 15 6 90

2 Nurse station with medicine preparation 12 1 12
4 Soiled Utility 15 1 15
5 Equipment Storage 20 1 20
6 Assisted Toilet 7 1 7
7 Patient change 1 0
8 Discharge area 12 1 12
GROUP 3 Page 149

9 Consultation / Quiet room 12 1 12

10 Wheelchair / Stretcher Alcove 10 1 10
11 Family waiting with toilet 20 1 20
225
F Main functions Area in No. Of Total

Procedural Suite m2 room area
1 Operating room - Gynaec 40 2 80

2 Operating room (others) 40 2 80
3 Endoscopy room 35 2 70
4 Scope Storage area 12 1 12
5 Scope Sterilization area 22 1 22
6 Scrub areas 8 4 32
7 Sterile Substore, Consumables and 15 4 60
Medications
8 Support 0
9 OT Control station 12 1 12
10 OT In charge workroom 12 1 12
11 Anesthetists room 15 1 15
12 Equipment bay 15 1 15
13 General store 25 1 25
14 Patient prep area 8 4 32
15 Pre-op holding 8 4 32
16 Doctors Lockers & toilet 24 1 24
17 Nurses locker & toilet 30 1 30
18 Staff Lounge 25 1 25
19 Support staff locker & toilet 24 1 24
20 Clean utility 15 2 30
21 Dirty utility 15 1 15
GROUP 3 Page 150

22 Consultation / Quiet room 15 1 15

23 Stretcher Alcove 6 2 12
674
G Main functions Area in No. Of Total area

Post Anesthesia Care Unit m2 room
1 Intensive care beds 25 4 100
2 Anti-Room (Gowning) 5 1 5
3x Support
4 Nurse station (with monitoring) 12 2 24
5 Equipment storage 20 1 20
6 Dr sleep room with toilet 16 1 16
7 Consultation room (shared with NICU) 12 1 12
8 Pantry (shared with NICU 12 1 12
9 Clean Utility (shared with NICU 15 1 15
10 Soiled Utility (shared with NICU) 15 1 15
11 Assisted toilet 8 1 8
12 Wheelchair / Stretcher Alcove 4 1 4
13 Housekeeping closet/storage 12 1 12
14 Blood Gas Analysis Room 10 1 10
(shared with NICU)
15 Multi Disciplinary Team Room (shared 15 1 15
with NICU)
268
GROUP 3 Page 151

H Main functions Area in No. Of Total area

Intensive Care Unit m2 room
1 Intensive care beds 25 4 100

2 Anti-Room (Gowning) 5 5
3 Support 1
4 Nurse station (with 12 2 24
monitoring)
5 Equipment storage 20 1 20
6 Dr sleep room with toilet 16 1 16
7 Consultation room (shared 12 1 12
with NICU)
8 Pantry (shared with NICU 12 1 12
I9 Main
Cleanfunctions
Utility (shared with Area
15 in No.
1 Of Total
15 area
NICU m2 room
110 Soiled Utility

Bassinets - (shared
Single with
cot 12
15 41 15
48
NICU)
nursery
211 Assisted toilet
Nurse station (with 12
8 1 8
12
12 monitoring)
Wheelchair / Stretcher 4 1 4
3 Alcove
Examination room 15 1 15
413 Housekeeping
Office - Neonatologist 12 1 12
5 closet/storage
Formula / feeding room 8 1 8
14
6 Blood Gas Analysis
Vaccination room Room 10 1 10
7 (shared
Scrub &with
GownNICU) 4 1 4
815 Multi-Disciplinary
Clean Utility Team 15
15 11 15
15
9 Room (shared with NICU)
Dirty Utility 15 1 15
10 Relatives waiting with 20 1 268
20
toilet
159
J Main functions Area in No. Of Total
Maternity suite m2 room area
1 Labor / Recovery beds (ensuite toilet) 25 4 100
GROUP 3 Page 152

2 Delivery room (inc baby resus.) 28 2 56

3 Neo-Natal Recus Room
4 Nurse station (with monitoring) 12 1 12
5 Equipment room 20 1 20
6 Well baby nursery 20 6 120
7 Lamaze 20 1 20
10 Dr's duty room 12 1 12
11 Change rooms 12 2 24
12 Mothers prep room 8 1 8
13 Toilet - mother (assisted) 8 1 8
14 Toilet - staff 6 1 6
15 Relatives waiting with toilet 20 1 20
436
K Main functions Area in No. Of Total
Patient wing m2 room area
1 Single occupancy 35 25 875
2 Nurse station 12 2 24
3 Clean utility 15 2 30
4 Soiled utility 15 2 30
5 Floor pantry 15 2 30
6 Doctor room 12 2 24
7 Treatment room 12 2 24
8 Wheel chair 6 1 6
10 Toilet/ staff/ 8 2 16
11 Family waiting with toilet 18 1 18
1089m2
GROUP 3 Page 153

L Main functions Area in No. Of Total

Clinical laboratory m2 room area
1 Reception and specimen receipt 12 1 12
2 Bio chemistry 14 1 14
3 Genetic lab 12 1 12
4 Hematology 14 1 14
5 Serology 16 1 16
6 Clinical pathology 18 1 18
7 Microbiology 24 1 24
8 Histopathology 16 1 16
9 Wash and sterilization 10 1 10
10 Pathologists 12 1 12
11 Reporting room 15 1 15
12 Store 14 2 28
13 Deluge shower 4 1 4
14 Staff wash room/locker 12 1 12
207m2
M Main functions Area in No. Of Total

Kitchen and dining m2 room area
1 Kitchen including kitchen stores 42 1 42
2 Trolley washing Area 24 1 24

3 Office - Dietician 12 1 12
4 Office, manager - FSD 12 1 12
5 Serving & hand wash area 2 0
6 Dining, executive - 10 pax 12 1 12
7 Dining, staff - 40 pax 36 1 36
8 Dining, visitors - 25 pax 20 2 40
9 Toilet 28 2 56
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10 Housekeeping closet, trolley hold 12 1 12

246
N Main functions Area in No. Of Total

morgue m2 room area
1 Family Room 22 1 22
2 Body Holding Room 14 1 14

3 Presentation Room for Individual Body 16 1 16
52
O Main functions Area in No. Of Total

administration m2 room area
1 Loading / unloading dock 6 1 6
2 Breakdown / sorting area 18 1 18

3x General stores 30 1 30
4 Medical stores 20 1 20
5 Office - Materials manager 12 1 12
6 Office - Housekeeper 12 1 12
7 Clerical Staff 12 6 72
8 Soiled linen 15 1 15
9 Linen store, receiving & dispatch 22 1 22
11 Lockers
12 Nurses staff lockers with toilet 20 2 40
13 Female staff lockers with toilet 20 2 40
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14 Male staff lockers with toilet 10 1 10

15 Contract staff 10 1 10
327
P Main functions Area in No. Of Total

2
m room area
1 Materials mgt, housekeeping, linen 6 1 6

store & staff lockers
2 Loading / unloading dock 18 1 18
3 Breakdown / sorting area 30 1 30
4 General stores 20 1 20
5 Medical stores 12 1 12
6 Office - Materials manager 12 1 12
7 Office - Housekeeper 12 6 72
Q
8 Main functions
Clerical Staff Area
15 in No.
1 Of 15
Total
2
9 Soiled linen m
22 room
1 area
22
110 Dormitory/
Linen store,Bed rooms&with
receiving Ensuite
dispatch 16
20 61 96
20
211 Housekeeping closet
Toilets 4 2 8
12
3 Lockers
Counselling Room 20
12 21 40
12
413 Nurses staffroom/lounge
Rescource lockers with toilet 20
12 12 40
12
514 Femaleroom
Prayer staff lockers with toilet 10
12 1 10
12
15 Male staff lockers with toilet 10 1 10
327
GROUP 3 Page 156

Conclusion
As the results of fast changing in the world, it can be said that contemporary architecture in the Concept
project stage is proof to the limitlessness of human imagination. Especially, the scope of architecture from
micro-scale to macro-scale has been also changed during the last 21th century.
Therefore, it can be said that there is a limitlessness period on architecture. Having no limits in
architecture, as the projects have not been formulating according to neither to vernacular, nor to the
traditional architectural yet today, principles and guidelines are not the same than before, architectural
projects are focused on searching of the concept to create the best sellers than before to be focused on the
constructional principles.
Thus, architecture, today, there is no game and there is no new rule, just as in the contemporary
architecture, there is only some simulations as concepts of projects that are lived on the world.
GROUP 3 Page 157

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Bone structure, nov 2014
The art history archive,dec 2007
Built archi, may 2020
Design blendz
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Indian health facility guidelines draft 1.2, july 2014
2006 guidelines for design and construction of health care facilities - aia academy of arch for health.
Dha health facility guidelines 2019 part b – health facility briefing & design.
Architecture, engineering & project management services for royal maternity hospital kingdom of bahrain.
Part b – health facility briefing & design 20 birthing unit.
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7 things to discover about contemporary architecture - bone structure.
Contemporary architecture - the history of architecture - the art history archive
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Hospital and design. Pdf
Health facility guide lines.com
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Architectural handbook
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Research on contemporary architecture

Arba Minch Institute of Technology

Figure 3-24 .................................................................................................................................. 103

Table 1-1 ....................................................................................................................................... 17

1.4 CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL MATERIALS .............................................. 19

2.2 PUBLIC LIBRARY ........................................................................................................ 54

3.2.2 .Hospital Vs Maternity Center ................................................................................. 94

1. CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL THEMES AND TRENDS

1.1 ARCHITECTURAL TRENDS

1.1.1 Industrial Style in the Housing Architecture.

1.1.2 Home Automation and Smart Homes

1.1.3 Open and Multipurpose Spaces

1.1.5 Protagonist of Floors and Walls.

1.1.6 Risky Combinations.

1.1.7 White, Always White

1.1.8 Reform, Rehabilitate, Remodel

1.1.9 The New Minimalism.

1.1.10 The Contract Concept

1.1.11 Enjoy the Outdoors All Year

1.1.12 Less Noise, More Light

1.1.13 Tests With Novel Constructive Methods

1.1.14 Passive houses

1.2 ARCHITECTURAL THEMES

✓ What is a theme in design?

1.3 CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL THEMES

1.3.2 History of Contemporary Architecture

1.3.3 Characteristics of Contemporary Architecture

Figure 1-4 Figure 1-5

1.3.4 Features of Contemporary Architecture

Unconventional Materials - By its nature, contemporary architecture is inventive and unexpected.

Environmental Considerations - Sustainable design architecture has become increasingly

1.3.5 Contemporary Architecture VS Modern architecture

Modern architecture Contemporary architecture

Typically points to a type of style built The contemporary design essentially

1.3.6 Contemporary Architecture Philosophy

1.3.7 Contemporary Architecture Styles

1.4 CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL MATERIALS

➢ For their utility and availability or they were chosen formally.

C. Solar Panel Innovations

F. The Cabkoma Strand Rod

G. Light Generating Cement

H. Cigarette Butt Bricks

I. The Hollow Clay Bricks

L. The Aluminum Foam

P. Invisible Solar Cells

1.5 Recent innovation on contemporary architecture In terms of technologies

1.6 Typology of Contemporary Architectural Theme

1.6.1 Sustainable Architecture

1.6.1.1 The 3 Keys to Sustainable Architecture

1.6.1.2 Characteristics of Sustainable Architecture

✓ Overall focus on reducing human impact on the environment.

1.6.1.3 Spiritual Aspects of Sustainable Architecture

1.6.2 Low Cost Architecture

➢ Advantage of Low cost building material

➢ The Principles of Building A Low Cost House.

✓ Choose An Economical Building Lot

➢ Criteria of Low Cost Houses In Low Cost Architecture.

The six criteria of sustainable housing principles are:

✓ Material and resource