Interrupt 6 8 6 MSM 6411 OKI 4-bit and applications

sources COP 420 National 4-bit

• Some important microcontroller ICs – 87C 552 Philips 8-bit
Intel 8155 The 8155 includes 256 bytes of RD/WR Instrumentation
TMS 7500 Texas 8-bit
memory i.e. RAM, 3 I/O ports and a 16- and simple
Instruments
bit timer.
PIC 16C 6X Microchip 8-bit industrial
Intel 8255 The 8255 is widely used programmable control
parallel I/O device. It can be 6500 Rockwell's 8-bit
programmed to transfer data under • Difference between Microprocessor and
various conditions from I/O to interrupt Microcontroller :
I/O.
Microprocessor Microcontroller
Intel 8251 (Programmable Communication
interface) Intel 8251 is also known as Microprocessors are Microcontrollers are special
universal synchronous/asynchronous designed to be used purpose digital computers
receiver/transmitter. as the CPU of requires few external component
Intel 8253 (Programmable Interval Timer) The general purpose for their working.
programmable counter is used in real computers.
time application of timing and counting Microprocessor Microcontrollers have all these as
such as BCD. contains an ALU, well as timers, I/O ports, RAM
Intel 8257 (Programmable DMA Controller) Intel general purpose and ROM on the chip.
8257 DMA Controller chip is a 40-pin registers, control and
programmable integrated Circuit. The interrupt circuits, in
DMA controller chip 8257 works in two one chip.
modes slave mode and master mode.
Microprocessor Many microcontroller requires no
Intel 8259 (Programmable Interrupt controller) It
require many external component for their
designed for the 8085 and Intel 8086
microprocessor. The 8259 combines components such as, working as all these components
multiple interrupt input source into a RAM, ROM etc for are built onto the microcontroller
signal interrupt output to the host their working. chip.
microprocessor. Microprocessors Microcontrollers have RAM,
Intel 8272 (Floppy Disk Controller) The function of have higher speed, ROM built on same chip. Since
floppy disk controller is to interface a greater data handling the microcontroller are designed
floppy disk system to a microprocessor. capacity and can for use in machine such as a
Intel 8275 (Programmable CRT Controller) an Intel address large control device, they have slower
8275 is a single chip device. Its function amounts of memory. speed and lesser address memory.
is to interface CRT raster scan display RS-232 Interface : Communication defined by RS-
with the microcomputer. 232 is serial data communication. There is a single
Intel 8279 (Programmable Keyboard/display wire, or link, for each direction of data flow, and the
interface) The INTEL 8279 is a bits of the message are sent in sequence once at a
keyboard/Display controller specially time.
developed for interfacing keyboard and The RS-232 specification is intended to provide
display device to Intel 8085,8086 and reliable communication up to a distance of soft, at
8088 microprocessor. rates up to 20,000 band. In RS-232 interface ASCII
• Other microcontroller and its applications - format is often used.
Microcontroller Name of Size Application
company
TMS 1000 Texas 4-bit
Instrument
TLCS 47 Toshiba 4-bit Toys control

Electrical Engineering Capsule 194 YCT

 PLC, SCADA AND AUTOMATION
PLC-PLC stands for "Programmable Logic d. Input & output module
Controller" A PLC is a computer specially designed
to operate reliably under harsh industrial
environments such as extreme temperatures, wet,
dry, and dusty conditions.
PLC Fundamental PLCs were invented by Dick
Morley in 1964. Since PLC has revolutionized the
industrial and manufacturing sectors. There is a wide
range of PLC functions like timing, counting,
Output Module
calculating, comparing and processing various
analog signals.
Structure of PLC A typical block diagram of PLC
consists of five parts namely.
a. Rack or chassis
b. Power supply Module
c. Central processing Unit (CPU) Input and output device used in PLC
d. Input & output Module Input Device Output Devices
e. Communication Interface Module. Switches and push buttons Valve
Sensing devices Motor Starters
Limit switches Horns and alarms
Proximity sensors Stack lights
Photoelectric sensors Control relays
Condition sensors Pumps
Temperature switches Prints
a. Rack or chassis PLC rack or chassis is a hardware
Level switches Fans
assembly that plugs communicating modules
together (like input, output, CPU, Power supply Pressure switches Solenoids
communication and additional function modules) in e. Communication interface module To transfer
a single frame. information between CPU and Communication
networks intelligent I/O modules are used.
• Some of the manufactures of PLCS
(a) Allen Bradlly
(b) Siemens
(d) Mitsubishi PLC
(e) Hitachi PLC
(f) Delta PLC
(g) Honeywell PLC
• PLC Programming Language
Textual Graphical forms
b. Power Supply Module- This module used to
Language
provide the required power to the whole PLC
Instruction List Ladder Diagrams
system.
c. CPU CPU is the brain of PLC with on octal or Structured text Function Block diagram
hexagonal microprocessor. Sequential Function chart

Electrical Engineering Capsule 195 YCT

 PLC Scan Cycle Ladder

Gate Ladder Logic

AND

OR

NOT

NAND
Difference Between compact and modular Type
PLC.
Compact Modular NOR
Input capability is fixed It can expand the capacities
and determined by the of input. EX-
manufacture. OR
They are used for small They are used for large
scale uses scale uses. EX-
A compact PLC is a Modular PLC NOT NOR
cheaper than modular cheaper than compact PLC.
PLC and it is used for TIMER IN PLC
performing stand alone
tasks.
Compact PLC are self In Modular PLC Individual
contained units, they blocks are easier to repair
are difficult to repair. since this does not affect the
entire system as a whole.
Low cost Higher cost compared to
compact PLC. TON (Timer on Delay)- Counts time-based
PLC Brands and software intervals when the instructions is true.
Brand Softwares TOFF (Timer off Delay)- Counts time-based
intervals when the instruction is false.
Allen Bradley RS Logix
RTO (Retentive Timer on)-Count-time-based
Siemens Simatic
intervals when the instructions is true and retains the
Omron CX Programmer
accumulated value when the instruction goes false or
Mitsubishi MELSOFT Series
when power cycle occurs.
General Electric Durus Terms represented in the timer block-
Honeywell HRA a. Timer base- means interval that the timer is going
FATEK Win proladder use.
Bosch Bosch Rexrot b. Preset- Means the delay period timer.
Hitachi EH-150 c. Accumulated- Current delay of timer.
ABB AC010 and AC500 d. Timer number- The timer file name.

Electrical Engineering Capsule 196 YCT

 Operation figure of ON delay timer- Control word (2)- (accumulated value)- The
accumulated word is the value that increment as
timer in timing, the accumulated value will stop
incrementing when its value reaches preset value.
Counter Instruction- Typically counters can count
from 0 to 9999, –32768 to +32767 or 0 to 65535

• Count up counter-
OFF-Delay Timer Operation figure-

Each time rung condition changing from false to

true.
When a counter up is counting, its CU bit high
DN bit high when Accumulate value greater or equal
Control words in PLC timer-
to preset value.
• Count-down counter-
Each time rung condition count when rung condition
true to false.
DN bit high when Accumulated value ≥ preset value

Enable bit (EN)- The enable bit is true (has a status

of 1) whenever the timer instruction is true. When UP/Down Counter (CTUD)-
the timer instruction is false, the enable bit is false Every+Ve edge on CU increment CV by 1
(has a status of 0) Every +Ve edge on CD decrement CV by1
Timer-timing (TT)- The timer-timing bit is true
whenever the accumulated value of timer is
changing, which means the timer is timing. When
the timer is not timing, the accumulated value is not
changing so the timer-timing bit is false.
Done (DN) bit- The done bit changes state R : Reset counter
whenever the accumulated value reaches preset LD : Load CV with the value PV
value. Its state depends on the type of timer being
used.
Control word (1)- (Preset value)- Preset value of
word is the set point of timer is that the value up to
which the timer will time. The preset word has range
of 0 through 32767 and it stored in binary form.
The preset will not store a negative number.
Electrical Engineering Capsule 197 YCT
 The Reset (RES) Instruction- The RES instruction data and reset to mask data. If you want to change
reset counting Instruction when the RES instruction the mask according to application requirements you
is enabled it resets the following. can use a mask word or file. If the mask is a file, its
Counters- length will be equal to the length of sequencer file
i. Accumulated value ii. Counter Done bit Dest- Address of the output word or file for a SQO
iii. Counter Enabled Bit to which the Instruction data from its sequencer.
Timers- Control- The control parameter is control structure
i. Accumulated value ii. Timer done Bit to do the following. Store the status byte of the
Instruction, length of sequencer file, and the
iii. Timer Timing Bit iv. Timer Enable Bit
instantaneous position in file. The control address
Reset ladder diagram example-
can not be used for any other instruction.
LENGTH- The length is the number of steps of the
sequencer file starting at position 1. The maximum
number of words is 255(in micrologix 1000
Comparison Instruction PLC controllers the max is 104 words.)
EQU= Equal LES= Less than POSITION- The position is the word location or
step the sequencer file from/ to which the instruction
move data.
Other sequencer Instruction-
a. Sequencer Load (SQL)
b. Sequencer Input (SQI)
c. Sequencer compare (SQC)
LEQ= Less than or Equal GRT= Greater than Data handling instruction
Radian to degrees (DEG)-

Degrees to Radians (RAD)-

SEQUENCER INSTRUCTION
SQO- Sequence Instruction (SQO) is an output
Instruction.

Convert to BCD (ToD)

In the above Block we have Six parameters. Convert from BCD to FRD-
File- The file is the address of sequencer file. The
file indicator (#) for the address must be used.
MASK- The mask is a hexadecimal code or the
address of the mask word or file through which the
instruction moves data. Masks bit can be set to pass

Electrical Engineering Capsule 198 YCT

 Flow Chart
Symbol Name Function
Process Indicates any type of internal operation inside the processor or memory

(Rectangle)
Input/output Used for any input/output (I/O) operation. Indicates that the computer is
to obtain data or output results
(Parallelogram)
Decision Used to ask a question that can answered in a binary format (Yes/No or
True/False)

(Diamond)
Connector Allows the flowchart to be drawn without intersecting lines or without a
reverse flow.

(Circle)
Predefined used to invoke a subroutine or an Interrupt program.
Process

Terminal Indicates the starting or ending of the program process, or interrupt

program

(Oval)
Flow lines Shows direction of flow.

(Arrows)
Remember point SCADA-SCADA (Supervisory Control and data
Time base timer parameters determines the accuracy acquisition) is used by manufactures across
of the timer. numerous industries and applications to remotely
Preset timer parameter determines the duration for monitor and automatic control of industrial
the timing circuit
processes and machines.
Accumulated time timer parameter represents the
value that increment as the timer is timing. SCADA Block Diagram
The visual programming language also called
Ladder logic.
Logic functions of PLC programming are "YES"
"AND", "OR" NOT" and "INHIBITION".
The simplest form of PLC programming, also
known as relay is ladder diagram.
For a 16 bit register largest integer number a PLC
counter function can reach is 65535.
Maximum number of Inputs and outputs that are in a
small PLC 128. • SCADA Consists of five main components,
Structure text programming is a programming outlined below:
language that utilizes statement to determine what to a. Field instrumention
execute. b. Field controllers (RTUs/PLCs)

Electrical Engineering Capsule 199 YCT

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