University of Benghazi Mathematics II General Department

Following Calculus (10th Edition) by Howard Anton

Faculty of Science Week 1 Mr. Hani Almajbry

Hyperbolic Functions

Certain even and odd combinations of the exponential functions and arise so frequently in mathematics and its
applications that they deserve to be given special names. In many ways they are analogous to the trigonometric
functions, and they have the same relationship to the hyperbola that the trigonometric functions have to the circle. For
this reason they are collectively called hyperbolic functions and individually called hyperbolic sine, hyperbolic cosine,
and so on.
Definition (Hyperbolic Functions)
Name Notation Formula
1. hyperbolic sine sinh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
2
2. hyperbolic cosine cosh 𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑥

2
3. hyperbolic tangent tanh 𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
4. hyperbolic cotangent coth 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
5. hyperbolic secant sech 𝑥 2
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑥

6. hyperbolic cosecant csch 𝑥 2

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥

Remember that

1 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
sech 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
cosh 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 = = 𝑥 2 −𝑥 = × 𝑥 =
cosh 𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑒 2 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
2
1 1 cosh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
csch 𝑥 = coth 𝑥 = = =
sinh 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥

1
Graphs of Hyperbolic Functions

Example

Find sinh(0) , cosh(0) , sinh(2) , sinh(𝑙𝑛3)

Solution

𝒆𝟎 − 𝒆−𝟎 𝟏 − 𝟏 𝟎 𝒆𝟎 + 𝒆−𝟎 𝟏 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝒆𝟐 − 𝒆−𝟐

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝟎) = = = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟎) = = = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝟐) =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
=𝟎 =𝟏 ≈ 𝟑. 𝟔𝟐𝟔𝟗
𝟏 𝟏
𝒆𝒍𝒏𝟑 − 𝒆−𝒍𝒏𝟑 𝒆𝒍𝒏𝟑 − 𝒆𝒍𝒏𝟑 𝟑 − 𝟑 𝟒
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡(𝒍𝒏𝟑) = = = =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
Even and odd Hyperbolic functions

Function Even or Odd

1. sinh(−𝑥) = − sinh 𝑥 Odd
2. cosh(−𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 Even
3. tanh(−𝑥) = − tanh 𝑥 Odd
4. csch(−𝑥) = − csch 𝑥 Odd

2
 5. sech(−𝑥) = sech 𝑥 Even
6. coth(−𝑥) = − coth 𝑥 Odd

Hyperbolic Identities

sinh 𝑥 + cosh 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 − cosh 𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥 cosh 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 = 1
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥
sinh(2𝑥) = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
cosh(2𝑥) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 − 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 = 1 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥
cosh(2𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 cosh(2𝑥) = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 + 1
cosh(2𝑥) + 1 cosh(2𝑥) − 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 =
2 2

sinh(𝑥 + 𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦 sinh(𝑥 − 𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 − cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
cosh(𝑥 + 𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦 cosh(𝑥 − 𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 − sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦

Example

Show the following

1) sinh(−𝑥) = − sinh 𝑥

Solution

𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −(−𝑥) 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 −(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
sinh(−𝑥) = = = = − sinh 𝑥
2 2 2

2) tanh(−𝑥) = − tanh 𝑥
Solution
𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 −(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
tanh(−𝑥) = = = − tanh 𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
3) csch(−𝑥) = − csch 𝑥
Solution
2 2
csch(−𝑥) = = = − csch 𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 −𝑒 𝑥 −(𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑥

4) sinh 𝑥 + cosh 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
Solution

3
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 2𝑒 𝑥
sinh 𝑥 + cosh 𝑥 = + = = = = 𝑒𝑥
2 2 2 2 2
5) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 = 1
Solution

2 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥 = ( ) −( ) = −
2 2 4 4
𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 2 + 2 4
= − = = = =1
4 4 4 4 4
6) 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥
Solution
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 1
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 = 1 − 2 = 2 = 2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥
7) 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥
Solution
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 𝑥 − 1 = 2 − 1 = 2 = 2
2 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥
8) 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 = 1
Solution
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 + 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 = + = = =1
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥
9) sinh(𝑥 + 𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
Solution
We know that
𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒−𝑥 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑒−𝑦 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒−𝑥 𝑒𝑦 − 𝑒−𝑦
sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦 = ( )( )+( )( )
2 2 2 2
(𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒−𝑥 )(𝑒𝑦 + 𝑒−𝑦 ) (𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒−𝑥 )(𝑒𝑦 − 𝑒−𝑦 )
= +
4 4
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 −𝑥+𝑦 −𝑥−𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
𝑒 +𝑒 −𝑒 +𝑒 −𝑒 −𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥+𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑥−𝑦
=
4
(𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 ) + (−𝑒 −𝑥−𝑦 −𝑥−𝑦 ) + (𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 ) + (−𝑒 −𝑥+𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑥+𝑦 )
+𝑒 −𝑒
=
4
2𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 − 2𝑒 −𝑥−𝑦 2(𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑥−𝑦 ) 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 − 𝑒 −(𝑥+𝑦)
= = = = sinh(𝑥 + 𝑦)
4 4 2
10) sinh(2𝑥) = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
Solution
We know that
4
 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 = 2 × ( )( )=
2 2 2
𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥
= = = sinh(2𝑥)
2 2
11) cosh(2𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥
Solution
We know that
𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 = + =
4 4 4
2𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 −2𝑥 2(𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
= = = = cosh(2𝑥)
4 4 2

Exercise
Show that

cosh(−𝑥) = cosh 𝑥 sech(−𝑥) = sech 𝑥

coth(−𝑥) = − coth 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
sinh 𝑥 − cosh 𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥
sinh(𝑥 − 𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 − cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦 cosh(𝑥 − 𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 − sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
cosh(2𝑥) = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 + 1 cosh(2𝑥) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 − 1
cosh(2𝑥) + 1 cosh(2𝑥) − 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 =
2 2

5
 Derivatives and Integral of Hyperbolic Functions

Function 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑
Derivative 𝑓(𝑥) Integral ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
∫ cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 + 𝑐

cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥
∫ sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 + 𝑐

tanh 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tanh 𝑥 + 𝑐

coth 𝑥 −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − coth 𝑥 + 𝑐

sech 𝑥 − sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥

∫ sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − sech 𝑥 + 𝑐

csch 𝑥 − csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥

∫ csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csch 𝑥 + 𝑐

Example

Find 𝑓′(𝑥) for the following

1) sinh 𝑥
Solution
𝑑 𝑑 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
(sinh 𝑥) = ( )= = cosh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2
2) cosh 𝑥
Solution
𝑑 𝑑 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
(cosh 𝑥) = ( )= = sinh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2
3) tanh 𝑥
Solution
𝑑 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 − sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 1
( )= 2 = 2 = = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 cosh 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥
4) sech 𝑥
Solution

6
 𝑑 1 cosh 𝑥 (0) − 1(sinh 𝑥) − sinh 𝑥 1 sinh 𝑥
( )= 2 = 2 =− × = − sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 cosh 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
5) cosh(𝑥 3 )
Solution
sinh(𝑥 3 ) [3𝑥 2 ] = 3𝑥 2 sinh(𝑥 3 )
6) 𝑙𝑛(tanh 𝑥)
Solution
𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥
tanh 𝑥
7) cosh(7𝑥 5 − 6𝑥)3 + 𝑒 tanh 𝑥
Solution
sinh(7𝑥 5 − 6𝑥)3 [3(7𝑥 5 − 6𝑥)2 ][37𝑥 4 − 6] + 𝑒 tanh 𝑥 [𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥]
= 3(7𝑥 5 − 6𝑥)2 (37𝑥 4 − 6) sinh(7𝑥 5 − 6𝑥)3 + 𝑒 tanh 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥
8) (sinh 𝑥)𝑥
Solution
Let
𝑦 = (sinh 𝑥)𝑥 → 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(sinh 𝑥)𝑥 → 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛(sinh 𝑥)
𝑦′ cosh 𝑥
= 𝑥[ ] + 𝑙𝑛 sinh 𝑥 [1] → 𝑦′ = 𝑦[𝑥 coth 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 sinh 𝑥]
𝑦 sinh 𝑥
We have
𝑦 = (sinh 𝑥)𝑥
∴ 𝑦 ′ = (sinh 𝑥)𝑥 [𝑥 coth 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 sinh 𝑥]
9) sech(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3
Solution
− sech(𝑥 + 𝑦) tanh(𝑥 + 𝑦) [1 + 𝑦 ′ ] = 𝑥 2 [3𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ ] + 𝑦 3 [2𝑥]
− sech(𝑥 + 𝑦) tanh(𝑥 + 𝑦) − sech(𝑥 + 𝑦) tanh(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑥𝑦 3
3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ + sech(𝑥 + 𝑦) tanh(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥𝑦 3 + sech(𝑥 + 𝑦) tanh(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑦 ′ [3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + sech(𝑥 + 𝑦) tanh(𝑥 + 𝑦)] = 2𝑥𝑦 3 + sech(𝑥 + 𝑦) tanh(𝑥 + 𝑦)
2𝑥𝑦 3 + sech(𝑥 + 𝑦) tanh(𝑥 + 𝑦)
′
∴𝑦 = 2 2
3𝑥 𝑦 + sech(𝑥 + 𝑦) tanh(𝑥 + 𝑦)
10) cosh √𝑥
Solution
1 sinh √𝑥
sinh √𝑥 [ ]=
2√𝑥 2 √𝑥
7
Exercise
Find the derivative of

𝑦 = tanh √𝑥
3
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 4𝑥 𝑦 = csch(𝑥 2 )
𝑦 = 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ2 𝑥 𝑦 = coth 𝑥 sech 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 sech 𝑥 𝑦 = sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 𝑦 = tanh(𝑥 2 + 1)
𝑦 = log 8 (𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥) + 2sinh 𝑥 𝑦 = (5𝑥 8 − 9)coth 𝑥

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions and Their Derivatives

Because the hyperbolic functions are expressible in terms of 𝑒 𝑥 , it should not be surprising that the inverse hyperbolic
functions are expressible in terms of natural logarithms; the next theorem shows that this is so.
Theorem
The following relationships hold for all 𝑥 in the domains of the stated inverse hyperbolic functions:
Function Formula Derivative
1. sinh−1 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1) 1
√1 + 𝑥 2
2. cosh−1 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) 1
, 𝑥>1
√𝑥 2 − 1
3. tanh−1 𝑥 1 1+𝑥 1
𝑙𝑛 ( ) , |𝑥| < 1
2 1−𝑥 1 − 𝑥2
4. coth−1 𝑥 1 𝑥+1 1
𝑙𝑛 ( ) , |𝑥| > 1
2 𝑥−1 1 − 𝑥2
5. sech−1 𝑥 1 + √1 − 𝑥 2 −1
𝑙𝑛 ( ) , 0<𝑥<1
𝑥 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2

6. csch−1 𝑥 1 √1 + 𝑥 2 −1
𝑙𝑛 ( + ) , 𝑥≠0
𝑥 |𝑥| |𝑥|√1 + 𝑥 2

8
Properties of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Function Domain Range Basic Relationships

sinh−1 𝑥 (−∞, ∞) (−∞, ∞) sinh−1(sinh 𝑥) = 𝑥 if − ∞ < 𝑥 < ∞
sinh(sinh−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 if − ∞ < 𝑥 < ∞
cosh−1 𝑥 [1, ∞) [0, ∞) cosh−1 (cosh 𝑥) = 𝑥 if 𝑥 ≥ 0
cosh(cosh−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 if 𝑥 ≥ 1
tanh−1 𝑥 (−1,1) (−∞, ∞) tanh−1(tanh 𝑥) = 𝑥 if − ∞ < 𝑥 < ∞
tanh(tanh−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 if − 1 < 𝑥 < 1
coth−1 𝑥 (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞) (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) coth−1(coth 𝑥) = 𝑥 if 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 0
coth(coth−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 if 𝑥 < −1 or 𝑥 > 1
sech−1 𝑥 (0,1] [0, ∞) sech−1 (sech 𝑥) = 𝑥 if 𝑥 ≥ 0
sech(sech−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 if 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
csch−1 𝑥 (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) csch−1(csch 𝑥) = 𝑥 if 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 0
csch(csch−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 if 𝑥 < 0 or 𝑥 > 0

9
Note

𝑦 = sinh−1 𝑥 → 𝑥 = sinh 𝑦 𝑦 = cosh−1 𝑥 → 𝑥 = cosh 𝑦

𝑦 = tanh−1 𝑥 → 𝑥 = tanh 𝑦 𝑦 = coth−1 𝑥 → 𝑥 = coth 𝑦
𝑦 = sech−1 𝑥 → 𝑥 = sech 𝑦 𝑦 = csch−1 𝑥 → 𝑥 = csch 𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 = (sinh 𝑥)2 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 ≠ (sinh 𝑥)−1 =
sinh 𝑥
Example

Show that

1) sinh−1 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1)

Proof

𝑒 𝑦 −𝑒 −𝑦
Let 𝑦 = sinh−1 𝑥 → 𝑥 = sinh 𝑦 = 2

Which can be rewritten as

2𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑦 → 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0

Multiplying this equation through by 𝑒 𝑦 we obtain

𝑒 𝑦 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑒 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 = (0)𝑒 𝑦 → 𝑒 2𝑦 − 1 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 = 0

𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 1 = 0

And applying the quadratic formula yields

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎

−(−2𝑥) ± √(−2𝑥)2 − 4(1)(−1) 2𝑥 ± √4𝑥 2 + 4 2𝑥 ± √4(𝑥 2 + 1) 2𝑥 ± 2√(𝑥 2 + 1)

𝑒𝑦 = = = =
2(1) 2 2 2

∴ 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 ± √(𝑥 2 + 1)

Since 𝑒 𝑦 > 0, the solution involving the minus sign is extraneous and must be discarded. Thus,

𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 + √(𝑥 2 + 1)
Taking natural logarithms yields

𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 + √(𝑥 2 + 1)) → 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 + √(𝑥 2 + 1))

We have 𝑦 = sinh−1 𝑥, so
10
 sinh−1 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 + √(𝑥 2 + 1))

1 1+𝑥
2) tanh−1 𝑥 = 2 𝑙𝑛 (1−𝑥)

Proof
We know that

sinh 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
tanh 𝑥 = = 𝑥 → tanh 𝑥 =
cosh 𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )

𝑒 2𝑥 − 1
∴ tanh 𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑒 +1

Let 𝑦 = tanh−1 𝑥 → 𝑥 = tanh 𝑦

𝑒 2𝑦 − 1
∴𝑥= → 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑦 − 1 → −𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 + 𝑒 2𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥
𝑒 2𝑦 + 1
1+𝑥
𝑒 2𝑦 (1 − 𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1) → 𝑒 2𝑦 =
1−𝑥
Taking natural logarithms yields
1+𝑥 1+𝑥 1 1+𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑒 2𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 ( ) → 2𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 ( ) → 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
1−𝑥 1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥
We have 𝑦 = tanh−1 𝑥, so
1 1+𝑥
tanh−1 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
2 1−𝑥
1+√1−𝑥 2
3) sech−1 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑥

Proof
Let 𝑦 = sech−1 𝑥 → 𝑥 = sech 𝑦
1 2
∴ 𝑥= = 𝑦 −𝑦
→ 𝑥(𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦 ) = 2 → 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑒 −𝑦 − 2 = 0
sech 𝑦 𝑒 + 𝑒
Multiplying this equation through by 𝑒 𝑦 we obtain

𝑥𝑒 𝑦 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑒 −𝑦 𝑒 𝑦 − 2𝑒 𝑦 = 0 → 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 0
And applying the quadratic formula yields

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎

11
 −(−2) ± √(−2)2 − 4(𝑥)(𝑥) 2 ± √4 − 4𝑥 2 2 ± √4(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2 ± 2√1 − 𝑥 2
𝑒𝑦 = = = =
2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥

1 ± √1 − 𝑥 2
∴ 𝑒𝑦 =
𝑥

Since 𝑒 𝑦 > 0, the solution involving the minus sign is extraneous and must be discarded. Thus,
1 + √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑦
∴ 𝑒 =
𝑥

Taking natural logarithms yields

1 + √1 − 𝑥 2 1 + √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑙𝑛𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 ( ) → 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑥 𝑥
We have 𝑦 = sech−1 𝑥, so
1 + √1 − 𝑥 2
sech−1 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑥

𝑑 1
4) (sinh−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1+𝑥 2

Proof

Let 𝑦 = sinh−1 𝑥 → 𝑥 = sinh 𝑦

Now we differentiate

1 = cosh 𝑦 𝑦′

1
∴ 𝑦′ =
cosh 𝑦

We know that

𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑦 = 1 → 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑦 → cosh 𝑦 = √1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑦

1 1
∴ 𝑦′ = =
cosh 𝑦
√1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑦

We have 𝑥 = sinh 𝑦

𝑑 1
∴ 𝑦′ = (sinh−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2

12
 𝑑 1
5) (tanh−1 𝑥) = , |𝑥| < 1
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 2

Proof

Let 𝑦 = tanh−1 𝑥 → 𝑥 = tanh 𝑦

Now we differentiate

1
1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑦𝑦 ′ → 𝑦 ′ =
𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑦

We know that

1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑦

1
𝑦′ =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ2 𝑦

We have 𝑥 = tanh 𝑦

1
∴ 𝑦′ =
1 − 𝑥2
𝑑 −1
6) (sech−1 𝑥) = , 0<𝑥<1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√1−𝑥 2

Proof

We know that

1 + √1 − 𝑥 2
sech−1 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 ( ) = 𝑙𝑛 (1 + √1 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑥

Now we differentiate

−2𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 2 1 −𝑥 1
(sech−1 𝑥) = [𝑙𝑛 (1 + √1 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑙𝑛𝑥] = 2√1 − 𝑥 − = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 (1 + √1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑥
2 2

−𝑥 2 − √1 − 𝑥 2 (1 + √1 − 𝑥 2 ) −𝑥 2 − √1 − 𝑥 2 − √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 −𝑥 2 − √1 − 𝑥 2 − (1 − 𝑥 2 )
= = =
𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 (1 + √1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 (1 + √1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 (1 + √1 − 𝑥 2 )

−𝑥 2 − √1 − 𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝑥 2 −√1 − 𝑥 2 − 1 −(1 + √1 − 𝑥 2 ) −1
= = = =
𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 (1 + √1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 (1 + √1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 (1 + √1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2

13
Exercise
Show that

cosh−1 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) 1 𝑥+1 1 √1 + 𝑥 2
coth−1 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 ( ) −1
csch 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 ( + )
2 𝑥−1 𝑥 |𝑥|
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 −1
(cosh−1 𝑥) = , 𝑥>1 (coth−1 𝑥) = , |𝑥| > 1 (csch−1 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√1 + 𝑥 2

Theorem (Integral of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions)

Integration Result
1. 1 𝑥
sinh−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐 or 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2
2. 1 𝑥
cosh−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐 or 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐 , 𝑥 > 𝑎
∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
3. 1 1 𝑥 1
tanh−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐 , |𝑥| < 𝑎 or 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛 |𝑎−𝑥| |𝑥| ≠ 𝑎
𝑎+𝑥
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑎 − 𝑥2

4. 1 1 𝑥 1
coth−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐 , |𝑥| > 𝑎 or 2𝑎 𝑙𝑛 |𝑎−𝑥| |𝑥| ≠ 𝑎
𝑎+𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑎 − 𝑥2
2

5. 1 −1 𝑥 −1 𝑎+√𝑎2 −𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 sech−1 |𝑎| + 𝑐 or 𝑙𝑛 ( |𝑥|
) + 𝑐 , 0 < |𝑥| < 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
6. 1 −1 𝑥 −1 𝑎+√𝑎2 +𝑥2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 csch−1 |𝑎| + 𝑐 or 𝑙𝑛 ( |𝑥|
) +𝑐 , 𝑥 ≠0
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2

Example

Find 𝑦′ for the following

𝑦 𝑦′
1. sinh−1 (2𝑥) 2
√1 + 4𝑥 2
2. tanh−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 1
= 2 = = sec 𝑥
1 − (sin 𝑥) 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 cos 𝑥
3. cosh−1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑥
√𝑒 2𝑥 − 1

14
 4. coth−1 √𝑥 1
2√𝑥 1
2 =
1 − (√𝑥) 2√𝑥(1 − 𝑥)

5. cosh−1 √1 + 𝑥 2 , 2𝑥
2√1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥 1
𝑥>0 = = =
2 √1 + 𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥√1 + 𝑥 2
√(√1 + 𝑥 2 ) − 1

𝑥
6. 𝑥 sinh−1 ( ) 1
3 3 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 + sinh−1 ( ) [1] = + sinh−1 ( ) = + sinh−1 ( )
𝑥 2 3 9 + 𝑥2 3 √9 + 𝑥 2 3
√ 3√ 9
[ 1+ 9 ]

Example
3
Suppose that sinh 𝑥 = 4. Find the value of 𝑥.

Solution
We know that
3 2 9 25
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 → 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 = 1 + ( ) = 1 + =
4 16 16
5
∴ cosh 𝑥 =
4
In addition, we know that
3 5
sinh 𝑥 + cosh 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 → + = 𝑒𝑥 → 2 = 𝑒𝑥
4 4
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛2
Example
Solve the equation 2 cosh 2𝑥 + 10 sinh 2𝑥 = 5
Solution
First, we write
𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥
cosh 2𝑥 = , sinh 2𝑥 =
2 2
So
𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥
2( ) + 10 ( ) = 5 → 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 5𝑒 2𝑥 − 5𝑒 −2𝑥 = 5
2 2
6𝑒 2𝑥 − 4𝑒 −2𝑥 = 5 → 6𝑒 2𝑥 − 4𝑒 −2𝑥 − 5 = 0
Multiply by 𝑒 2𝑥
6𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 − 4𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 − 5𝑒 2𝑥 = 0 → 6𝑒 4𝑥 − 5𝑒 2𝑥 − 4 = 0

15
 4 1
(3𝑒 2𝑥 − 4)(2𝑒 2𝑥 + 1) = 0 → 𝑒 2𝑥 = , 𝑒 2𝑥 = −
3 2
4
The only real solution is 𝑒 2𝑥 = . So
3
4 1 4
2𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 → 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛
3 2 3
Exercise
5
1) Given that sinh 𝑥 = 12 Find the values of

cosh 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 sech 𝑥

coth 𝑥 sinh 2𝑥 cosh 2𝑥

5
2) Given that cosh 𝑥 = 4 determine the values of

sinh 𝑥 cosh 2𝑥 sinh 2𝑥

Use the formula for cosh(𝑥 + 2𝑥) to determine the value of cosh 3𝑥

3) Find the possible values of sinh 𝑥 for which 12𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 + 7 sinh 𝑥 = 24

4) Solve the following equations giving your answers in terms of natural logarithms.
a) 4 cosh 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥 = 4
b) 3 sinh 𝑥 − cosh 𝑥 = 1
c) 4 tanh 𝑥 = 1 + sech 𝑥
d) 3 cosh 2𝑥 + 5 cosh 𝑥 = 22
e) 4 cosh 2𝑥 − 2 sinh 𝑥 = 7

16